,P>T #b3 ,! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ,*APT] #e3 ,! ,ECONOMICS ( ,REVOLUTION 

#aigdaigd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,$ITOR 3 ,SAM ,DOLG(F 

,AU?OR 3 ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y 

,AU?OR 3 ,DIEGO ,ABAD ,DE ,SANTILLAN 

,TEXT 3 

0,! FOLL[+ MAP LOCATES A NUMB] ( >EAS1 CITIES1 & VILLAGES M5TION$ 9 ?IS BOOK4 ,A COMPLETE LI/+ IS NOT 9T5D$4 ',! ,LEVANT' REF]S TO ! EA/]N COA/ ( ,SPA9 FROM ,MURCIA TO ,VAL5CIA40 

,*APT] #e3 ,! ,ECONOMICS ( ,REVOLUTION 

  
,9TRODUCTION 

  

,! SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 WAS FAC$ ) BASIC ECONOMIC PROBLEMS UND] CONDITIONS ( UNUSUAL DIFFICULTY4 ,H[ W]E COMMODITIES TO BE PRODUC$1 DI/RIBUT$ & PUBLIC S]VICES R5D]$8 ,H[ & BY :OM W]E ECONOMIC DECISIONS TO BE MADE8 ,TO ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE EXT5T1 !SE PROBLEMS W]E TACKL$ 9 A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ MANN]--)\T ! CAPITALI/ PR(IT SY/EM & )\T ! 0TOP-D[N0 AU?ORIT>IAN BUREAUCRATIC SY/EM ( /ATE-CAPITALI/ 0SOCIALISM40 ,! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN COLLECTIVES DEVELOP$ PRACTICAL ALT]NATIVES TO BO? ! 0DEMOCRATIC0 & /ATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EMS4 

,9 ?IS *APT]1 ,SANTILLAN ILLU/RATES ) EXAMPLES ! PROBLEM ( SC>CITY ( RES\RCES AS WELL AS ECONOMIC SABOTAGE BY ANTI-LIB]T>IANS4 ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y \TL9ES H[ ! WORK]S' COLLECTIVES ORGANIZ$ F$]ATIONS TO SUCCESSFULLY COORD9ATE ! LIB]T>IAN ECONOMY4 ,! F9AL SELECTION 9 ?IS *APT] DEALS ) ! NECESSITY = SOME M$IUM ( EX*ANGE1 DEMON/RAT+ ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y ECONOMY MU/ ALSO REVOLUTIONIZE ! =M ( EX*ANGE4 ,IT EXPLA9S H[ ! WORK]S' COLLECTIVES WORK$ \T NEW & +5I\S =MS ( EX*ANGE--LOCAL CURR5CY1 V\*]S1 TOK5S1 RATION C>DS--)\T 9TRODUC+ PR(IT1 9T]E/1 OR R5T4 ,?US1 AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 !Y DID AWAY ) ! MONOPOLY ( MONEY & CR$IT ( ! CAPITALI/ BANK+ SY/EM1 :I* W\LD O!RWISE P]PETUATE ! EXPLOITATION ( ! PEOPLE4 0,AN>*I/ PEASANTS 9 RURAL ,SPA940  
,ECONOMIC ,/RUCTURE & ,COORD9ATION.<#c#d.>  

 BY ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y 

  

,TWO GREAT 9DU/RIAL SY/EMS1 PRIVATE CAPITALISM & /ATE CAPITALISM1 DOM9ATE ECONOMIC SOCIETY4 ,! NOTION ?AT /ATE [N]%IP OR CONTROL ( PRODUCTION IS PREF]ABLE TO PRIVATE CAPITALISM IS A WIDESPREAD FALSEHOOD444,?IS1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT MEAN ?AT CAPITALISM IS 9 ITSELF A GOOD ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,EV5 )\T ITS 5DEMIC ECONOMIC IMP]IALISM & IMP]IALI/IC W>S1 CAPITALISM W\LD /ILL BE A SOCIAL DISA/]4 ,NOR IS ! FUNDAM5TAL EVIL ( EXPLOITATION AUTOMATICALLY ABOLI%$ UND] /ATE CAPITALISM4 

,! ALT]NATIVE ECONOMIC SY/EM IS COLLECTIVISM--OR A SOCIALISM E/ABLI%$ BY ! PEOPLE !MSELVES )\T /ATE 9T]F]5CE4 ,TO AN A/ONI%+ DEGREE ?IS IDEAL WAS BE+ REALIZ$ 9 ,SPA94 ,)9 A FEW YE>S1 DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 ! ,SPANI% WORK]S & PEASANTS W]E E/ABLI%+ :AT C\LD BE LOOSELY CALL$ LIB]T>IAN SYNDICALI/ SOCIALISM1 A SY/EM )\T EXPLOITATION & 9JU/ICE4 ,9 ?IS TYPE ( LIB]T>IAN COLLECTIVI/ ECONOMY1 WAGE SLAV]Y IS REPLAC$ BY ! EQUITABLE & JU/ %>+ ( LABOR4 ,PRIVATE CAPITALISM OR /ATE CAPITALISM IS REPLAC$ BY ! WORK]S' FACTORY C\NCIL1 ! UNION1 & ! 9DU/RIAL ASSOCIATION ( UNIONS UP TO ! NATIONAL F$]ATION ( 9DU/RIAL UNIONS4.<#c#e.> 

,! ,SPANI% SYNDICALI/S DEMON/RAT$ ?AT SU* A SY/EM IS PRACTICAL4 ,LIB]T>IAN COLLECTIVISM PRES]VES & WID5S FRE$OM1 /IMULATES & 5C\RAGES 9ITIATIVE1 & SMOO?S ! WAY = PROGRESS4 ,A SYNDICALI/ COLLECTIVE ECONOMY IS NOT /ATE PLANN$ OR /ATE DOM9AT$4 ,PLANN+ IS DIRECT$ TO SATISFY ! CONSUM]4 ,! SYNDICALI/ COLLECTIVE IS = ! PRODUC] :AT ! CONSUM]'S COOP]ATIVE ASSOCIATION IS = ! CONSUM]4 

,! COLLECTIVES ORGANIZ$ DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> W]E WORK]S' ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONS )\T PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,! FACT ?AT COLLECTIVE PLANTS W]E MANAG$ BY ?OSE :O WORK$ 9 !M DID NOT MEAN ?AT !SE E/ABLI%M5TS BECAME !IR PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,! COLLECTIVE HAD NO RI<T TO SELL OR R5T ALL OR ANY P>T ( ! COLLECTIVIZ$ FACTORY OR WORK%OP4 ,! RI<TFUL CU/ODIAN WAS ! ,C,N,T1 ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,WORK]S ,ASSOCIATIONS4 ,BUT NOT EV5 ! ,C,N,T HAD ! RI<T TO DO AS IT PLEAS$4 ,EV]Y?+ HAD TO BE DECID$ & RATIFI$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES ?R\< CONF]5CES & CONGRESSES4 

,! NEW ORD] WAS FLEXIBLE4 ,! FACTORY OR PLANT WAS OP]AT$ BY ! WORK]S1 BUT !Y DID NOT RESEMBLE ,F\RI]'S 0,PHALAN/]IES0 OR ! 0NATIONAL WORK%OPS0 9 ,L\IS ,BLANC'S S5SE4 ,! COLLECTIVES W]E AN ATTEMPT TO ORGANIZE WORK ON ! BASIS ( SOLID>ITY & MUTUAL AID3 TO ORGANIZE ! ECONOMY ?R\< ! ORGANIZATION ( MUTUAL CR$IT )\T 9T]E/ 9 A MANN] SOME:AT SIMIL> TO ,PR\DHON'S ,MUTUAL ,CR$IT ,BANKS4 ,NOR DID ! SYNDICALI/ COLLECTIVE ECONOMY RESEMBLE ! 0FREE 5T]PRISE0 SY/EM4 ,!RE IS NO CONNECTION :ATEV] BETWE5 AN ECONOMY BAS$ ON WORK]S' CONTROL1 MUTUAL AID1 & SELF-MANAGEM5T & A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY ) ITS UNRE/RA9$ EXPLOITATION & CUT?ROAT COMPETITION4 

,! SYNDICALI/ ECONOMIC /RUCTURE WAS FIRMLY E/ABLI%$ 9 A FEW YE>S4 ,! PLANTS W]E MANAG$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES ?R\< MANAG]S *OS5 BY !M4 ,PROBLEMS BEYOND ! CAPACITY ( ! S+LE PLANT W]E TACKL$ BY ! LOCAL ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL 444 ,ON ,AUGU/ #b#h1 #a#i#c#g1 ONE YE> AFT] ! BEG9N+ ( COLLECTIVIZATION1 AN ECONOMIC CONGRESS ( ! ,CATALONIAN COLLECTIVES WAS HELD 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,%ORTLY AFT]1 A NATIONAL ECONOMIC CONGRESS EMBRAC+ ALL URBAN & AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES & ALL SOCIALIZ$ 9DU/RY WAS HELD 9 ,VAL5CIA4 ,H[ ! ,B>CELONA ,CONGRESS DEALT ) PROBLEMS ILLU/RATES ! *>ACT] ( ! NEW ECONOMIC /RUCTURE4 ,SEV]AL EXAMPLES3  

,! COLLECTIVIZ$ %OE FACTORIES NE$ CR$IT ( #b11 PESETAS4 ,!Y HAVE ALWAYS PAID ! WORK]S FULL WAGES1 BUT BECAUSE ( A LEA!R %ORTAGE !Y HAVE BE5 =C$ TO CUT D[N WORK+ TIME4 ,9 SPITE ( ?IS1 !Y >E PAY+ #e WORK]S FULL WEEKLY WAGES )\T D$UCTIONS = LO/ TIME4 ,! ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL /UDI$ ! CONDITION ( ! %OE 9DU/RY4 ,IT REPORTS ?AT !RE IS NO SURPLUS ( %OES4 ,GRANT+ ( CR$IT WILL 5ABLE ! PUR*ASE ( LEA!R & ! MOD]NIZATION ( A NUMB] ( \TDAT$ FACTORIES :I* WILL RESULT 9 L[] CO/S & L[] PRICES1 & ) IT 9CREAS$ CONSUMPTION4 ,! REORGANIZ$ & REHABILITAT$ 9DU/RY WILL !N BE ABLE TO HELP O!R 9DU/RIES 9 NE$ ( ASSI/ANCE4 ,ACT+ ON ?IS FAVORABLE REPORT1 CR$IT IS GRANT$4  

,!RE >E NO ALUM9UM FACTORIES 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,! ALUM9UM FACTORY LOCAT$ 9 ,HUESCA IS 9 FASCI/ H&S4 ,TO C>RY ON ! W>1 ALUM9UM IS CRUCIALLY NE$$4 ,! ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL1 ) ! COOP]ATION ( *EMI/S1 5G9E]S1 & TE*NICIANS1 WORK \T PLANS TO BUILD A NEW ALUM9UM FACTORY4 ,WAT] P[]1 ELECTRICITY1 COAL1 & BAUXITE >E AVAILABLE4 ,! ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL ALSO SUBMITS A PLAN TO F9ANCE ! 9/ALLATION4 ,MONEY IS TO BE RAIS$ ?R\< ! COLLECTIVIZ$ PLANTS1 ! SOCIALIZ$ 9DU/RIES1 & FROM ! UNION4 ,! ISSU+ ( /OCKS & BONDS IS NOT RECOMM5D$ BECAUSE IT W\LD LEAD TO ! RE/ORATION ( CAPITALISM4 ,CAPITALISM1 EJECT$ FROM ! DOOR1 W\LD CLIMB BACK 9 ?R\< ! W9D[444  

,! ,B>CELONA ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL1 TO MITIGATE UNEMPLOYM5T 9 ! CITIES1 WORK$ \T A PLAN ) ! COOP]ATION ( ! AGRICULTURAL WORK]S UNION TO BR+ NEW >EAS 9TO CULTIVATION 7IRRIGATION1 F]TILIZ]S1 NEW 9/ALLATIONS1 ETC474 ,UNEMPLOYM5T 9 ! CITIES WAS APPRECIABLY R$UC$1 :ILE NE$$ LABOR FROM ! CITIES WAS SUPPLI$ TO MOD]NIZE AGRICULTURE4 ,RUSSIAN /ATE CAPITALISM SOLV$ SU* PROBLEMS BY =C$ LABOR1 H]D+ MANY WORK]S 7AT LEA/ #b117 9TO CONC5TRATION CAMPS4 ,LIB]T>IANS VIEW$ SU* MEANS ) REPUGNANCE4 ,! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN COLLECTIVES HAVE PROV5 ?AT COMPULSORY LABOR IS C\NT]PRODUCTIVE & TOTALLY UNNECESS>Y4 ,! UNEMPLOY$ WORK] DID NOT HAVE TO BE =C$ TO WORK 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,HE WAS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 WELCOM$ ON EQUAL T]MS AS A BRO!R WORK] 5GAG$ 9 A COMMON COOP]ATIVE 5T]PRISE1 %>+ BO? ! BURD5S & REW>DS ( HIS FELL[ WORK]S4  

,H[ W]E SU* VA/1 COMPLEX1 & CO/LY OP]ATIONS F9ANC$ & COORD9AT$8 ,! WORK]S HELP$ EA* O!R4 ,ISOLAT$ 5T]PRISES W]E F9ANCIAL PYGMIES4 ,) ALL ! COLLECTIVIZ$ FACTORIES & E/ABLI%M5TS WORK+ & POOL+ !IR RES\RCES TOGE!R1 !Y W]E GIANTS4 ,! F9ANCES ( ALL ! COLLECTIVIZ$ PLANTS1 ! SOCIALIZ$ 9DU/RIES1 & ! UNIONS W]E DEPOSIT$ 9 ! ,C5TRAL ,LABOR ,BANK 9 ,B>CELONA1 ) BRAN*ES EV]Y:]E4 ,! BANK *ANNEL$ FUNDS FROM MORE PROSP]\S COLLECTIVES TO LESS PROSP]\S COLLECTIVES 9 NE$ ( CR$IT4 ,CA% TRANSACTIONS W]E R$UC$ TO AN ABSOLUTE M9IMUM4 ,CR$IT WAS NOT GIV5 9 CA%4 ,! BANK BALANC$ ACC\NTS BETWE5 COLLECTIVES & >RANG$ CR$IT :]E NE$$ NOT 9 CA% BUT 9 EX*ANGE = PRODUCTS OR S]VICES4  
  

,! ,BANK ( ,LABOR ALSO >RANG$ =EIGN EX*ANGE & IMPORTATION & PUR*ASE ( RAW MAT]IALS & O!R PRODUCTS4 ,AS 9 DOME/IC TRANSACTIONS1 PAYM5T WAS MADE 7:]E POSSIBLE7 9 COMMODITIES1 NOT 9 CA%4 ,ALL IMPORTANT OP]ATIONS ( ! ,LABOR ,BANK W]E REVIEW$1 & POLICIES SET1 AT UNION CONGRESSES4 ,F9ALLY1 ! ,LABOR ,BANK WAS NOT A CAPITALI/ BANK 9 BUS9ESS TO MAKE MONEY BY USURY4 ,IT S]V$ AS A COORD9AT+ AG5CY & *>G$ ONLY #a.0 9T]E/ TO DEFRAY EXP5SES4 

,A ,NOTE ON ! ,DIFFICULT ,PROBLEMS ( ,RECON/RUCTION.<#c#f.>  

 BY ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN 

  

,IT IS H>D TO IMAG9E ! COMPLEXITY ( ! PROBLEMS :I* ?IS CONVULSION1 W> & REVOLUTION1 CREAT$3 ! RUPTURE ( ! OLD RELATIONS & ! CREATION ( NEW =MS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,& ALL ?IS SIMULTANE\SLY ) C>RY+ ON ! ANTI-FASCI/ W>1 TO :I* WE S5T #c1 M5 TO ! ,>AGON FRONT1 NOT C\NT+ AUXILI>Y =CES4 ,IT TAKES ! LABOR ( #b1 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL WORK]S TO SUPPLY AN >MY ( #c14 ,ALL ?IS HAD TO BE BUILT UP FROM SCRAT*1 LACK+ 9DISP5SABLE RES\RCES & UND] ! WOR/ POSSIBLE CONDITIONS4 

,IF ON ! DAY FOLL[+ ! VICTORY OV] ! FASCI/S ! RAILROAD SY/EM DID NOT FUNCTION SMOO?LY AT FULL CAPACITY UND] ! NEW MANAGEM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S1 IT WAS NOT = LACK ( ABILITY1 BUT BECAUSE COAL WAS 9 %ORT SUPPLY1 & PRIORITY HAD TO BE GIV5 TO W> TRANSPORTATION4 ,FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ WE SUFF]$ FROM AN AL>M+ LACK ( 9DISP5SABLE W> MAT]IALS 9 A REGION NATURALLY POOR 9 M9]ALS1 TEXTILE FIB]S1 & COAL4 ,B>CELONA NORMALLY CONSUM$ #e#f1 TONS ( COAL DAILY4 ,& WE EXTRACT$ FROM ! POOR M9ES 9 ! REGION1 AFT] EXCE$+LY H>D LABOR1 ONLY #c TONS DAILY4 ,WE W]E ABLE 9 A FEW MON?S TO 9CREASE \TPUT TO #a1 TONS4 ,DESPITE ALL \R EF=TS1 ! SC>CITY ( COAL WAS A CON/ANT TRAG$Y1 P>TICUL>LY COAL = ! METAL 9DU/RY 7F\NDRIES1 ETC474 ,A/URIAS C\LD HAVE HELP$ GREATLY1.<#c#g.> BUT 9 RESPONSE TO \R REQUE/S ONE ( ITS TOP (FICIALS1 ,AMADOR ,F]N&EZ1 PREF]R$ TO %IP COAL TO O!RS OR TO KEEP IT UNUS$ RA!R ?AN TO SUPPLY ,CATALONIA4 ,?IS 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT WE (F]$ TO EX*ANGE SC>CE PRODUCTS BADLY NE$$ 9 ,A/URIAS 7ESPECIALLY CLO? & O!R MAT]IALS7 9 EX*ANGE = ! COAL444 

,MONEY & ,EX*ANGE  

 BY ,SAM ,DOLG(F 

  

,ONE ( ! MO/ VEX+ PROBLEMS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 AS 9 EV]Y REVOLUTION1 WAS EX*ANGE4 ,! :OLE QUE/ION ( ! 0ABOLITION ( MONEY0 P>TICUL>LY PROVOK$ CONSID]ABLE CONTROV]SY4 ,?IS PROBLEM HAD A GREAT BE>+ ON ! ,REVOLUTION1 ESPECIALLY ! RURAL COLLECTIVES4 ,! VIEWS \TL9$ H]E ( ! WORK]S ( ! ,C,N,T TEXTILE WORK]S UNION 7! 9DU/RY WAS COLLECTIVIZ$ A FEW MON?S AFT] ,JULY #a#i?7 >E ESPECIALLY COG5T3  
  

,9 A VIABLE SOCIAL ORD]1 MONEY ONLY AS A SYMBOL TO FACILITATE EX*ANGE ( GOODS & S]VICES WILL HAVE TO BE ADAPT$ TO ! REVOLUTION>Y ECONOMY1 PRES]V+ ALL ITS 9VALUABLE ADVANTAGES 7! PRODUCT ( ! ECONOMIC EXP]I5CE ( G5]ATIONS74 ,IT IS TO BE US$ SOLELY AS ! MO/ EFFICI5T MEANS ( CONDUCT+ TRANSACTIONS YET DEVELOP$4.<#c#h.>  
  

,SOME =M ( MONEY1 A UNI=M /&>D = ! EX*ANGE ( ! 9F9ITE V>IETY ( DISSIMIL> GOODS & S]VICES1 IS 9DISP5SABLE 9 A COMPLEX ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY4 ,?US VIEW$1 0MONEY0 IS A /&>D = MEASUR+ ! VALUE ( GOODS & S]VICES JU/ AS ! METRIC SY/EM IS US$ TO MEASURE DI/ANCES OR ! DIM5SIONS & WEI<T ( OBJECTS4 ,JU/ AS ! METRIC SY/EM REPLAC$ O!R SY/EMS ( MEASUREM5T1 ! MONET>Y SY/EM CAN ALSO BE ALT]$4 ,N9ETY-N9E P]C5T ( ! WORLD'S TRANSACTIONS >E CONDUCT$ NOT 9 H>D CA% BUT BY V\*]S 9 ! =M ( *ECKS1 NOTES1 CR$IT C>DS1 TRAD+ /AMPS1 ETC4 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT 0MONEY IS ABOLI%$40 ,IT SIMPLY MEANS ! SUB/ITUTION ( ONE SYMBOL ( EX*ANGE = ANO!R4 

,:5 TALK+ AB\T ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 ! CONFUSION /EMS FROM ! FAILURE TO /IPULATE ?AT 0ABOLI%+ MONEY0 REF]S TO ! (FICIAL NATIONAL MONEY ( ,SPA9 AS DI/9CT FROM ! LOCAL MONEY ISSU$ BY ! COLLECTIVES4 ,ONLY ! LOCAL USE ( ?IS NATIONAL CURR5CY WAS ABOLI%$ OR1 MO/ (T51 9 V>Y+ DEGREES CURTAIL$4 7,! VALUE ( GOODS & ! BALANC+ ( ACC\NTS WAS /ILL CALCULAT$ 9 T]MS ( ! PESETA47 ,IT W\LD BE MORE CORRECT TO SAY ?AT ! LIB]T>IAN COLLECTIVES 9 EA* LOCALITY 7TO ASSURE JU/ & EQUITABLE %>+ ( GOODS & S]VICES1 & PREV5T HO>D+ & SPECULATION7 WORK$ \T !IR [N SY/EMS ( EX*ANGE4 ,!Y ISSU$ !IR [N LOCAL MONEY 9 ! =M ( V\*]S1 TOK5S1 RATION+ BOOKLETS1 C]TIFICATES1 C\PONS1 ETC41 :I* C>RI$ NO 9T]E/ & W]E NOT NEGOTIABLE \TSIDE ( ! ISSU+ COLLECTIVE4 

,ASIDE FROM ! LOOSE USE ( ! T]M 0MONEY10 ,BURNETT ,BOLLOT5 GIVES A FAIR G5]AL IDEA ( ! EX*ANGE SY/EM 9 TYPICAL LIB]T>IAN COMMUNITIES3  
  

,9 ?OSE LIB]T>IAN COMMUNITIES :]E MONEY WAS SUPPRESS$1 WAGES W]E PAID 9 C\PONS1 ! SCALE BE+ DET]M9$ BY ! SIZE ( ! FAMILY4 ,LOCALLY PRODUC$ GOODS1 IF ABUNDANT1 SU* AS BREAD1 W9E1 & OLIVE OIL1 W]E DI/RIBUT$ FREELY1 :ILE O!R >TICLES C\LD BE OBTA9$ BY MEANS ( C\PONS AT ! COMMUNAL DEPOT4 ,SURPLUS GOODS W]E EX*ANG$ ) O!R AN>*I/ T[NS & VILLAGES1 MONEY .<! LEGAL NATIONAL CURR5CY.> BE+ US$ ONLY = TRANSACTIONS ) ?OSE COMMUNITIES ?AT HAD NOT YET ADOPT$ ! NEW SY/EM4 7PP4 #f#a1 #f#b7  
  

,SOME COLLECTIVES DID 9 FACT ABOLI% MONEY4 ,!Y HAD NO SY/EM ( EX*ANGE1 NOT EV5 C\PONS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 A RESID5T ( ,MAGDAL5A DE ,PULPIS1 :5 ASK$1 0,H[ DO Y\ ORGANIZE )\T MONEY8 ,DO Y\ USE B>T]1 A C\PON BOOK1 OR ANY?+ ELSE810 REPLI$1 0,NO?+4 ,EV]YONE WORKS & EV]YONE HAS ! RI<T TO :AT HE NE$S FREE ( *>GE4 ,HE SIMPLY GOES TO ! /ORE :]E PROVISIONS & ALL O!R NECESSITIES >E SUPPLI$4 ,EV]Y?+ IS DI/RIBUT$ FREE ) ONLY A NOTATION ( :AT HE TOOK40 

,H[EV]1 !SE ATTEMPTS TO REALLY ABOLI% MONEY W]E NOT G5]ALLY SUCCESSFUL4 ,PEIRATS RECALLS ?AT3  
  

,UND] ! CON/ANT PRESSURE ( POLITICAL-MILIT>Y CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! FIR/ ATTEMPTS TO ABOLI% MONEY & WAGES HAD TO BE AB&ON$ & REPLAC$ BY ! FAMILY WAGE4 7,LOS ,AN>QUI/AS 5 LA ,CRISIS ,POLITICA ,ESPANOLA1 P4 #a#c#a7  
  

,SOME K9D ( FAMILY WAGE BECAME QUITE COMMON 9 ! ,SPANI% COLLECTIVES4 ,?IS WAGE WAS ASSIGN$ TO FAMILIES & V>I$ ACCORD+ TO ! NUMB] ( MEMB]S 9 A FAMILY4 ,IT WAS BAS$ ON ! NE$S ( ! FAMILY RA!R ?AN ON ! PRODUCT ( ! FAMILY MEMB]S4 ,! EXACT NATURE ( A P>TICUL> FAMILY WAGE SY/EM DEP5D$ ON NUM]\S ?+S 7LIKE ! RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OR SC>CITY ( NECESSITIES = A COLLECTIVE OR REGION74 ,?IS L$ TO A WIDE V>IETY ( 0MONET>Y0 EXP]IM5TS4 ,LEVAL COMM5TS ?AT3  
  

,9 REGIONS LIKE ,CA/ILE1 ,CATALONIA1 OR 9 ! ,LEVANT1 :]E ! REPUBLICAN /ATE WAS MORE 5TR5*$1 ! 0PESETA10 (FICIAL NATIONAL CURR5CY BAS$ ON ! GOLD /&>D1 WAS RETA9$4 ,AL?\< OBLIG$ TO USE ! 0PESETA0 AS ! /&>D ( VALUE & UNIT ( DI/RIBUTION1 ! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ COLLECTIVES ADOPT$ ! FAMILY WAGE444,:]E ! /ATE WAS WEAK]1 EA* VILLAGE TACKL$ EX*ANGE 9 ITS [N FA%ION4 ,9 SU* LOCALITIES1 ABOVE ALL ,>AGON1 LOCAL COLLECTIVES ISSU$ AS MANY AS #be & EV5 #c DIFF]5T K9DS ( LOCAL MONEY1 V\*]S1 C\PONS1 RATION BOOKLETS1 METAL TOK5S1 C>DS1 ETC4.<#c#i.> 7,ESPAGNE ,LIB]TAIRE1 PP4 #b#c1 #b#h7  
  

,?IS *AOTIC SITUATION C\LD NOT BE TOL]AT$ = LONG4 ,! ,CONGRESS ( ! ,>AGON ,F$]ATION ( ,PEASANT ,COLLECTIVES1 = 9/ANCE1 UNANIM\SLY AGRE$ TO REPLACE LOCAL CURR5CIES ) A UNI=M RATION BOOKLET = ALL ! ,>AGON COLLECTIVES1 LEAV+ IT = EA* COLLECTIVE TO /IPULATE ! QUANTITY ( ITEMS AVAILABLE TO EA* FAMILY OR 9DIVIDUAL LIV+ ALONE4  
  

,! FAMILY RATION BOOKLET1 DAT$ ,APRIL #b#c1 #a#i#c#g1 7:5 ! NEW SY/EM W5T 9TO EFFECT7 TO ,DECEMB] #c#a1 #a#i#c#g1 WAS DIVID$ 9TO WEEKLY COLUMNS 5UM]AT+ #ba >TICLES MORE OR LESS 9 ! FOLL[+ ORD]3 BREAD1 W9E1 OIL1 RICE1 *ICK PEAS1 GRE5 BEANS1 FL\R1 SAUSAGE & SMOK$ SAUSAGE1 L>D1 SUG>1 PUDD+1 V>I\S PRES]VES1 CANN$ TOMATOES1 POTATOES1 MILK1 L5TILS1 OLIVES1 *OCOLATE1 FOOTWE>1 H\SEHOLD >TICLES1 H>DW>E1 HAB]DA%]Y444 7,GA/ON ,LEVAL1 ,ESPAGNE ,LIB]TAIRE1 P4 #b#a7  
  

,A UNI=M RATION BOOKLET WAS ONE ATTEMPT TO REF9E A *AOTIC SITUATION4 ,ANO!R PROBLEM WAS H[ TO COPE ) ! COMPLEX TRANSACTIONS NECESS>Y 9 ! ECONOMIC WORLD )\T FALL+ BACK TO OLD /ATI/ & CAPITALI/ WAYS ( DO+ ?+S4 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL REPORTS ! DECISION ( ! ,PEASANT ,F$]ATION ( ,LEVANT3  
  

TO E/ABLI% A BANK ( \R [N 444 TO KEEP ?+S MOV+ BETWE5 \R COLLECTIVIZ$ VILLAGES1 & = TRADE ) O!R T[NS 444 9/EAD ( HELP+ ! GOV]NM5T CUT ! GR\ND FROM UND] US4 7,NE ,FRANCO NE ,/AL91 P4 #c#a7  
  

,& ,M9TZ PO9TS \T ?AT3  
  

.<!.> AN>*I/S AB&ON$ ! IDEA ( A SUB/ITUTE = NATIONAL MONEY4 ,! AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES DECID$ TO ABOLI% MONEY1 ONLY TO ADOPT O!R SY/EMS ( EX*ANGE444 ,! DIFFICULTIES CREAT$ BY LOCAL MONEY & ! LACK ( A UNIFI$ CURR5CY SOON BECAME EVID5T4 ,V]Y SOON ! COLLECTIVI/S ( ,>AGON SAW ! ADVANTAGES ( A K9D ( NATIONAL BANK4 7P4 #a#f#h7.<#d.>  
  

,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN 7,M9I/] ( ! ,ECONOMY 9 ! ,CATALONIAN GOV]NM5T 9 #a#i#c#f7 =MULAT$ AN APPROA* TO ?IS PROBLEM4 ,9 \TL9+ HIS CONCEPTION ( ! FUTURE NEW REVOLUTION>Y ECONOMY1 HE SUGGE/S ?AT =EIGN & DOME/IC TRANSACTIONS W\LD BE CONDUCT$ BY F$]ATIONS ( COORD9ATIVE 0,C\NCILS ( ,CR$IT & ,EX*ANGE10 SORT ( CLE>+ H\SES :OSE 0P]SONNEL W\LD BE SELECT$ FROM ! PRES5T BANK+ 9/ITUTIONS40  
  

,CR$IT WILL BE A SOCIAL FUNCTION & NOT A PRIVATE SPECULATION OR USURY444 ,CR$IT WILL BE BAS$ ON ! ECONOMIC POSSIBILITIES ( SOCIETY & NOT ON 9T]E/S OR PR(IT444 ,%\LD IT BE NECESS>Y1 AS IT PROBABLY WILL1 TO CREATE A SYMBOL ( EX*ANGE .<MONEY.> 9 RESPONSE TO ! NECESSITIES ( CIRCULATION & EX*ANGE ( PRODUCTS1 ! ,C\NCIL WILL CREATE A UNIT = ?IS PURPOSE EXCLUSIVELY AS A FACILITY & NOT AS A MONEY P[]444 ,! ,C\NCIL ( ,CR$IT & ,EX*ANGE WILL BE LIKE A !RMOMET] ( ! PRODUCTS & NE$S ( ! C\NTRY4 7,AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION1 PP4 #h#g1 #h#h1 #h#i7  
  

,SANTILLAN ANTICIPAT$ ! EX*ANGE MEASURES ADOPT$ BY ! LIB]T>IAN ,LEVANT ,F$]ATION ( ,PEASANT ,COLLECTIVES4 ,S\*Y PO9TS \T ?AT3  
  

,WIDESPREAD & COMPLEX TRANSACTIONS MADE IT NECESS>Y = ! ,F$]ATION TO E/ABLI% ITS [N BANK444 ,! BANK1 ?R\< ITS F$]AT$ BRAN*ES1 COORD9AT$ ! EX*ANGE & SALE ( PRODUCTS )9 ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA9 & REGULAT$ ALL MATT]S P]TA9+ TO =EIGN TRADE4 ,! ,F$]ATION'S BANK WAS ( C\RSE ADM9I/]$ BY ! ,BANK ,WORK]S ,UNION444 ,9 ! ,C5TRAL ,LABOR ,BANK ( ,CATALONIA1 ORGANIZ$ 9 ,AUGU/1 #a#i#c#g1 CA% TRANSACTIONS W]E R$UC$ TO A M9IMUM4 ,CR$IT WAS NOT GIV5 9 CA%4 ,! BANK BALANC$ ACC\NTS BETWE5 COLLECTIVES & >RANG$ CR$IT :5 NE$$1 NOT 9 CA%1 BUT 9 EX*ANGE ( GOODS OR S]VICES444 ,IT S]V$ AS A COORD9AT+ AG5CY4 7,S\*Y1 PP4 #a#e#f1 #a#e#g7  
  

,BOLLOT5 ILLU/RATES ,S\*Y'S REF]5CE TO ! K9D ( 0COMPLEX TRANSACTIONS0 NECESSITAT+ ! BANK3  
  

,9 ! REGION ( ,VAL5CIA1 ! C5T] ( ! GREAT ORANGE 9DU/RY1 444 ! ,C,N,T SET UP AN ORGANIZATION = PUR*AS+1 PACK+1 & EXPORT+ ! ORANGE CROP.<#d#a.> ) A NETWORK ( #bg COMMITTEES 9 DIFF]5T T[NS & VILLAGES1 ELB[+ \T ( ?IS IMPORTANT TRADE SEV]AL ?\S& MIDDLEM54 7P4 #d#i7  
  

,LEVAL CONCLUDES ?AT ! COLLECTIVES TACKL$ ! PROBLEM ( DI/RIBUTION1 :I* IS1 AFT] ALL1 A PROBLEM ( MONEY & EX*ANGE  
  

) AN ORIG9ALITY1 9ITIATIVE1 & PRACTICAL S5SE :I* CAN ONLY CALL =? UNIV]SAL ADMIRATION444 ,! COLLECTIVE G5IUS ( ! RANK & FILE AGRICULTURAL WORK]S RESOLV$1 BY TRIAL & ]ROR1 PROBLEMS :I* ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T W\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 ABLE TO SOLVE444 ,9 ! ,REPUBLICAN ZONES DOM9AT$ BY ! /ATE ! 9CAPACITY OR ! GOV]NM5T TO HALT ! RISE 9 PRICES & SPECULATION BR\<T RU9\S 9FLATION & ) IT ! DEVALUATION ( ! PESETA444 7,ESPAGNE ,LIB]TAIRE1 P4 #b#a#a7  
  

,?AT ! COLLECTIVES W]E ABLE TO SOLVE ! PROBLEM ( DI/RIBUTION 9 ACCORD ) ! SPIRIT & PR9CIPLES ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES & ON SO VA/ A SCALE IS A FEAT NEV] EQUAL$ BY ! ,FR5*1 ,RUSSIAN1 OR ANY O!R REVOLUTION4 

,/ATI/ICAL ,9=MATION ON ,AGR>IAN & ,9DU/RIAL ,SOCIALIZATION 

  

,ADEQUATE /ATI/ICAL 9=MATION ON ?IS SUBJECT HAS NOT YET BE5 COMPIL$ & IS V]Y DIFFICULT TO OBTA91 BUT ! FOLL[+ DATA %\LD GIVE A G5]AL IDEA ( ! EXT5T ( ! LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION ON ! L& & 9 ! CITIES4 

,PI]RE ,BR\E & ,EMILE ,TEMIME /ATE ?AT 9 ,>AGON1 0UND] ! CONTROL ( ! AN>*I/S1 ! COLLECTIVIZATION MOVEM5T EMBRAC$ MORE ?AN ?REE-QU>T]S ( ! L&1 ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY 9 COMMUNITIES AFFILIAT$ TO ! ,C,N,T40 7P4 #a#e#i7 

0,OV] HALF ! L& 9 ! ,REPUBLICAN ZONE WAS COLLECTIVIZ$40 7,S\*Y7 ,LEVAL TALKS AB\T 0REVOLUTION>Y EXP]I5CE 9VOLV+1 DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY1 #g TO #h MILLION PEOPLE40 

,PEIRATS IS MORE SPECIFIC ON ! NUMB] ( HECT>ES CULTIVAT$ BY ! COLLECTIVES & MAKES A REVEAL+ COMP>ISON ) ! L& 0LEGALLY DI/RIBUT$ DUR+ ! FIVE YE>S ( AGR>IAN RE=M BY ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T0--#h#g#f1#c#b#g HECT>ES--:ILE ONLY 09 A FEW WEEKS ! ,REVOLUTION EXPROPRIAT$ #e1#f#i#b1#b#b HECT>ES DIRECTLY OCCUPI$ BY ! PEASANTS4440 7,LOS ,AN>QUI/AS 5 LA ,CRISIS ,POLITICA ,ESPANOLA1 ,BU5OS ,AIRES1 #a#i#f#d1 P4 #a#d#e--ITALICS \RS74 

,FRANK ,M9TZ E/IMATES #a1#b#f#e TO #a1#h#f#e COLLECTIVES1 0EMBRAC+ #f#a1 TO #h1 WORK]S4 ,) !IR FAMILIES1 !Y 9VOLVE A POPULATION ( #c1#b14440 7P4 #a#d#i7 

,LEVAL LI/S #a1#g AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES1 BROK5 D[N AS FOLL[S3 ,>AGON1 #d 7= ,>AGON ,S\*Y E/IMATES #e#a72 ,LEVANT1 #i2 ,CA/ILE1 #c2 ,E/REMADURA1 #c2 ,CATALONIA1 #d2 ,&ALUSIA1 UNKN[N4 ,= ! COLLECTIVIZ$ URBAN 9DU/RIES HE E/IMATES3 ,CATALONIA1 ALL ! 9DU/RIES & ALL TRANSPORTATION2 ,LEVANT1 #g.0 ( ALL ! 9DU/RIES2 ,CA/ILE1 P>T ( ! 9DU/RIES--HE GIVES NO FIGURES4 7,ESPAGNE ,LIB]TAIRE1 P4 #h7 0,:ILE SOME AN>*I/ COLLECTIVES ABOLI%$ ! USE ( MONEY ALTOGE!R1 O!RS ISSU$ !IR [N LOCAL CURR5CY C\PONS & RATION C>DS = LIMIT$ USE )9 ! COLLECTIVE40  

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aigc 3 ,P>T #b3 ,! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ,*APT] #e3 ,! ,ECONOMICS ( ,REVOLUTION -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #a#a1 #bai 3 ,P>T #b3 ,! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ,*APT] #e3 ,! ,ECONOMICS ( ,REVOLUTION -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/