,P>T #b3 ,! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ,*APT] #g3 ,URBAN ,COLLECTIVIZATION 

#aigdaigd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,$ITOR 3 ,SAM ,DOLG(F 

,AU?OR 3 ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y 

,AU?OR 3 ,DIEGO ,ABAD ,DE ,SANTILLAN 

,TEXT 3 

,9TRODUCTION 

  

,9DU/RIAL COLLECTIVIZATION WAS LIMIT$ PRIM>ILY TO ,B>CELONA & ! PROV9CE ( ,CATALONIA1 :]E ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ 9FLU5CE WAS GREATE/4 ,SOON AFT] ,JULY #a#i?1 ! CONTROL ( ! 9DU/RIES ( ,CATALONIA PASS$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! WORK]S ( ! ,C,N,T4 

,RURAL COLLECTIVIZATION ( L& WAS F> MORE WIDESPREAD & F> MORE ?OR\< ?AN URBAN COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I WAS NOT ABLE TO C>RY \T URBAN COLLECTIVIZATION TO ! EXT5T IT DESIR$ OR WAS POSSIBLE BECAUSE OPPOSITION WAS MU* GREAT] 9 ! 9DU/RIALIZ$ >EAS ?AN 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! ,U,G,T1 REPUBLICANS1 LIB]ALS1 SOCIALI/S1 COMMUNI/S1 ! =M] PROP]TY [N]S & !IR ALLIES1 ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,CATALONIA & ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T 9 ,VAL5CIA BITT]LY OPPOS$ & SABOTAG$ NOT ONLY FULL1 BUT EV5 P>TIAL COLLECTIVIZATION4 

,H[EV]1 AS !SE SELECTIONS %[1 TO ! LIMIT$ EXT5T ?AT URBAN COLLECTIVIZATION DID PREVAIL1 IT WAS SUCCESSFUL4 ,COLLECTIVIZATION WAS ADVANC$ NOT ONLY 9 ,CATALONIA1 BUT 9 ,ALCOY 79 ,ALICANTE PROV9CE71 :]E ALL 9DU/RY WAS COMPLETELY COLLECTIVIZ$1 & 9 ! ,BAY ( ,BISCAY >EA :]E ! FI%+ 9DU/RY WAS P>TIALLY COLLECTIVIZ$4 

,! SELECTIONS ALSO %[1 ! /RUCTURE & ! FUNCTION+ ( ! URBAN COLLECTIVES V>I$ GREATLY4 ,COLLECTIVIZ$ 5T]PRISES EMBRAC$ 9DU/RIES EMPLOY+ MANY ?\S&S ( WORK]S AS WELL AS WORK%OPS EMPLOY+ LESS ?AN A HUNDR$ WORK]S4 ,! EXT5T ( COLLECTIVIZATION RANG$ FROM ! CONSOLIDATION ( NUM]\S SMALL FACTORIES & WORK%OPS TO ! VA/ F$]ATIVE COORD9ATION ( RAILWAY NETWORKS4 

,F9ALLY1 !SE SELECTIONS AGA9 DEMON/RATE ! NON-AU?ORIT>IAN RANK & FILE DEMOCRATIC *>ACT] ( ! COLLECTIVE4 ,! TE*NICAL-ADM9I/RATIVE COMMITTEES W]E COMPOS$ ( WORK]S ELECT$ BY & AT ALL TIMES RESPONSIBLE TO !IR FELL[ WORK]S4 ,!Y S]V$ )\T PAY1 & G5]ALLY TRANSACT$ !IR AFFAIRS AFT] WORK+ H\RS4 ,!Y W]E ELECT$ = NO FIX$ T]M1 SUBJECT TO RECALL AT ANY TIME BY ! MEMB]%IP4 ,ONE ( ! 9NOVATIONS WAS ROTATION ( RANK & FILE WORK]S TO !SE COMMITTEES4 ,!RE IS ( C\RSE1 NO =M ( ORGANIZATION :I* WILL UNFAIL+LY PREV5T ABUSE ( P[]4 ,BUT EV]Y?+ HUMANLY POSSIBLE WAS DONE TO 9SURE ! MAXIMUM DEGREE ( GRASS ROOTS DEMOCRACY 9 9DU/RY4 

,COLLECTIVIZATIONS 9 ,CATALONIA.<#d#g.>  

 BY ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y 

  

,! COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ,B>CELONA EMBRAC$ CON/RUCTION ! METAL 9DU/RY1 BAK]IES1 SLAU<T] H\SES1 PUBLIC UTILITIES 7GAS1 WAT]1 ELECTRICITY1 ETC471 TRANSPORTATION1 HEAL? S]VICES1 !AT]S & C9EMAS1 BEAUTY P>LORS1 HOTELS & BO>D+ H\SES1 ETC444 ,WAGES W]E EQUALIZ$4 ,! WAGES ( L[] PAID WORK]S W]E 9CREAS$ & HI< SAL>IES 9 ! UPP] 9COME BRACKETS R$UC$4 

,! TAKEOV] ( 9DU/RY WAS SURPRIS+LY QUICK4 ,& ! TAKEOV] PROV$ BEYOND ! SLI<TE/ D\BT ?AT MOD]N 9DU/RY CAN BE EFFICI5TLY CONDUCT$ )\T /OCK & BOND HOLD]S & V]Y HI<LY PLAC$ EXECUTIVES4 ,WAGE WORK]S & SAL>I$ EMPLOYES 75G9E]S1 TE*NICIANS1 ETC47 CAN !MSELVES OP]ATE ! COMPLICAT$ MA*9]Y ( MOD]N 9DU/RY4 ,EXAMPLES >E 5DLESS4 ,H]E >E A FEW3 

,! ,COLLECTIVIZATION ( ,MUNICIPAL ,TRANSPORTATION 

,! FIR/ MEASURE 9 ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! ,B>CELONA /REET RAILWAYS WAS TO DIS*>GE ! EXCESSIVELY PAID DIRECTORS & COMPANY /OOGES4 ,! SAV+ WAS CONSID]ABLE4 ,A CONDUCTOR AV]AG$ #be TO #c PESETAS A MON?1 :ILE ! G5]AL DIRECTOR 7MANAG]7 WAS PAID #e1 & HIS ?REE ASSI/ANTS #d1#d#d#a1 #b1#c#h#d1 & #b1 PESETAS RESPECTIVELY4 ,! AM\NT SAV$ ?R\< ! ABOLITION ( !SE PO/S W5T TO 9CREASE ! WAGES ( ! L[E/ PAID WORK]S #d.0 TO #f.01 & 9T]M$IATE & HI<] BRACKETS #a.0 TO #b.04 ,! NEXT /EP WAS ! R$UCTION ( WORK+ TIME TO #d H\RS P] WEEK 7BUT = ! W> SITUATION1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 CUT TO #cf H\RS WEEKLY74 

,ANO!R IMPROVEM5T WAS 9 ! >EA ( MANAGEM5T4 ,BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION1 /REETC>S1 BUSSES1 & SUBWAYS W]E EA* PRIVATELY [N$ BY SEP>ATE COMPANIES4 ,! UNION DECID$ TO 9TEGRATE & CONSOLIDATE ALL TRANSPORTATION 9TO AN EFFICI5T SY/EM )\T WA/E4 ,?IS IMPROVEM5T MEANT BETT] FACILITIES1 RI<TS ( WAY1 & 9COMP>ABLY BETT] S]VICE = ! RID+ PUBLIC4 ,F>ES W]E R$UC$ FROM #ae TO #a C5TIMES1 ) FREE TRANSPORTATION = S*OOL *ILDR51 W\ND$ MILITIAM51 ?OSE 9JUR$ AT WORK1 O!R 9VALIDS1 & ! AG$4 

,! REPAIR %OPS WORK$ EXTRA %IFTS TO REPAIR DAMAG$1 & REMODEL OLD1 CONVEYANCES4 ,?IS PROV$ BETT] = ALL CONC]N$3 BETT] S]VICE = ! PUBLIC1 L[] F>ES1 & BETT] WAGES & WORK+ CONDITIONS4 ,NATURALLY ! ONLY ONES :O COMPLA9$ W]E ! 9VE/ORS & HI< SAL>I$ BUREAUCRATS4 ,! ,TRANSPORTATION & ,COMMUNICATION ,WORK]S' ,UNION BECAME A COLLECTIVIZ$ TRANSPORTATION ASSOCIATION4 ,?IS REPORT ( ! ,EXPROPRIATION ,COMMITTEE IS AN EXAMPLE ( H[ ?IS *ANGE WAS EFFECT$3  
  

,ON ! MORN+ ( ,JULY #b#d?1 :ILE ! PEOPLE 9 >MS W]E /ILL FI<T+ ! FASCI/S 9 ! /REETS ( ,B>CELONA1 444 A NUMB] ( >M$ COMRADES FROM ! ,C,N,T1 AT ! REQUE/ ( ! ,TRANSPORTATION ,UNION1 LEFT ! B>RICADES & 9 >MOR$ C>S DROVE TO ! HEAD (FICES ( ! /REET RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION COMPANY TO 5=CE & EXP$ITE ! EXPROPRIATION & COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! /REET C> SY/EM4 ,! PLACE WAS PATROLL$ 9SIDE & \T BY ,CIVIL ,GU>DS4 ,AFT] A %ORT CONSULTATION1 ! GU>DS LEFT & ! ,C,N,T TOOK POSSESSION4 ,!RE WAS NEI!R READY CA% 9 ! SAFE NOR FUNDS 9 ! BANK4 ,! [N]S HAD ABSCOND$ ) ! FUNDS1 & ! WORK]S HAD TO RESUME OP]ATIONS )\T CAPITAL444.<#d#h.>  
  

,! ,SOCIALIZATION ( ,TELEPHONE ,S]VICE 

,MORE ?AN HALF ! TELEPHONE L9ES W]E DE/ROY$ BY GR5ADES DUR+ ! FI<T+4 ,! RE/ORATION & REPAIR ( TELEPHONE CONNECTIONS WAS IMP]ATIVE4 ,)\T WAIT+ = ORD]S FROM ANYONE1 ! WORK]S RE/OR$ NORMAL TELEPHONE S]VICE )9 ?REE DAYS4 ,?\S&S ( NEW L9ES W]E 9/ALL$ 9 UNION LOCALS1 MILITIA C5T]S1 & COMMITTEE DI/RICTS4 ,ONCE ?IS CRUCIAL EM]G5CY WORK WAS F9I%$ A G5]AL MEMB]%IP MEET+ ( TELEPHONE WORK]S DECID$ TO COLLECTIVIZE ! TELEPHONE SY/EM4 ,FROM )9 !IR [N RANKS ! WORK]S *OSE A MANAGEM5T COMMITTEE4 ,EA* DI/RICT ELECT$ ITS [N RESPONSIBLE DIRECTOR4 ,AL?\< V]Y FEW TELEPHONE WORK]S BELONG$ TO ! ,U,G,T 7MO/ BELONG$ TO ! ,C,N,T71 ! COLLECTIVIZATION WAS CONDUCT$ UND] ! JO9T AUSPICES ( ! ,U,G,T & ,C,N,T4 

,! SUBSCRIB]S DECL>$ ?AT TELEPHONE S]VICE WAS BETT] UND] COLLECTIVIZATION ?AN UND] PRIVATE [N]%IP4 ,AS 9 COLLECTIVIZ$ TRANSPORTATION1 ! WAGES ( ! L[E/ PAID WORK]S WAS SIGNIFICANTLY 9CREAS$4 

,! ,COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! ,RAILROADS 

,SPANI% RAILROADS W]E PRIVATELY [N$4 ,DUR+ ! FASCI/ MILIT>Y UPRIS+ & ! G5]AL /RIKE1 RAIL S]VICE WAS HALT$4 ,PIT*$ BATTLES W]E F\<T NE> ,B>CELONA'S MA9 T]M9AL4 ,ON ! ?IRD DAY ( FI<T+ ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNIONS1 C]TA9 ( VICTORY 7?\< ! FI<T+ WAS /ILL GO+ ON71 ORGANIZ$ A REVOLUTION>Y RAILROAD COMMITTEE4 ,?IS L$ TO ! OCCUPATION & EXPROPRIATION ( RAILROAD /ATIONS1 RAILROAD RI<TS ( WAY1 & ! ADM9I/RATIVE HEADQU>T]S4 ,ALL IMPORTANT RAILROAD JUNCTIONS W]E GU>D$ BY WORK]S' PATROLS4 ,! EXECUTIVES FL$ ABROAD4 ,! WORK]S 9/ALL$ NEW ADM9I/RATIVE COMMITTEES4 ,AL?\< ! SYNDICALI/S CON/ITUT$ ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY1 !Y NEV]!LESS ACCORD$ ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC UNIONS EQUAL REPRES5TATION ON ! MANAGEM5T COMMITTEES3 ?REE MEMB]S FROM EA* ORGANIZATION4 ,! ,SPANI% AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S DID NOT WANT TO 9/ITUTE A ,BOL%EVIK-TYPE DICTATOR%IP4.<#d#i.> 

,9 A FEW DAYS ALL ! ,CATALONIAN RAILROADS W]E SOCIALIZ$4 ,= LACK ( SUPPLIES1 TE*NICAL IMPROVEM5TS C\LD NOT BE MADE4 ,) ! 5D ( ! FI<T+1 RAILROAD OP]ATIONS W]E RESUM$ UND] ! NEW UNION MANAGEM5T4 ,! RAILROADS FUNCTION$ NORMALLY )\T 9T]RUPTION4 ,F>ES & RATES REMA9$ ! SAME4 ,! WAGES ( ! L[E/ PAID WORK]S W]E SUB/ANTIALLY 9CREAS$4 ,! S9ECURES ( HI< SAL>I$ EXECUTIVES & USELESS BUREAUCRATS W]E ABOLI%$4 ,OBVI\SLY COLLECTIVIZATION MEANT ! 5D ( PRIVATE CAPITALI/ CORPORATIONS4 ,/OCKS1 BONDS1 & DEBTS CONTRACT$ BY ! OLD ADM9I/RATION W]E REPUDIAT$4 

,! RAILWAY REPAIR Y>DS 9 ,B>CELONA MANUFACTUR$ >MOR$ VEHICLES4 ,ONLY A WEEK AFT] RETURN+ TO WORK ! FIR/ AMBULANCES W]E BUILT4 ,! EQUIPM5T ELICIT$ ! PRAISE ( ! M$ICAL PR(ESSION4 ,& ! M$ICAL DEP>TM5T ( ! ,CATALONIAN GOV]NM5T (FICIALLY CONGRATULAT$ ! RAILROAD METAL WORK]S = !IR EXCELL5T WORKMAN%IP4 ,! CR$IT = !SE A*IEVEM5TS BELONGS SOLELY TO ! SYNDICALI/ WORK]S4 ,!RE W]E NO HI< PLAC$ FUNCTION>IES TO GIVE ORD]S4 ,! WORK]S !MSELVES DESIGNAT$ !IR TE*NICIANS & ADM9I/RATORS FROM )9 !IR [N RANKS4 ,& !SE A*IEVEM5TS MU/ TO A V]Y GREAT EXT5T BE ASCRIB$ NOT TO ,/AKHANOVITE COMPETITION BETWE5 FELL[ WORK]S1 BUT TO ! SPIRIT ( GOOD WILL & MUTUAL AID ?AT 9SPIR$ ! WORK]S4.<#e.> 

,! ,COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! ,LONG%OREM5 

,AT ! EXP5SE ( ! L[ WAGES & POOR WORK+ CONDITIONS = LONG%OREM51 ! RACKETE]S DOM9AT$ ! WAT]FRONT4 ,! WAT]FRONT REEK$ ) GRAFT1 WA/E1 & /EAL+4 ,! RACKETE]S & ! %IP AG5TS1 %IP CAPTA9S1 & ! LONG%ORE BOSSES W]E ALL 9 COLLUSION4 ,!SE ABUSES PROVOK$ 5DLESS /RIKES1 (T5 ACCOMPANI$ BY VIOL5CE1 NOT ONLY AGA9/ ! EMPLOY]S BUT AGA9/ ! :OLE SY/EM4 

,AFT] ,JULY #a#i?1 ! PORT & M>ITIME UNIONS GOT RID ( ! RACKETE]S & !IR AG5TS4 ,!Y DECID$ TO DEAL DIRECTLY1 )\T GO-BETWE5S1 ) ! %IP CAPTA9S & ! %IP COMPANIES4 ,?IS L$ TO ! TAKEOV] ( H>BOR OP]ATIONS BY ! NEWLY =M$ PORT WORK]S' COLLECTIVE4 ,:ILE CONTRACTS ALREADY MADE BETWE5 =EIGN %IP COMPANIES & !IR AG5TS C\LD NOT BE CANCEL$1 ! UNIONS CLOSELY SUP]VIS$ ! F9ANCIAL OP]ATIONS ( ! ,SPANI% AG5TS ( =EIGN %IP COMPANIES4 

,!SE *ANGES BR\<T MU* HI<] WAGES & BETT] WORK+ CONDITIONS = ! LONG%OREM54 ,BY SETT+ ASIDE A C]TA9 SUM = EA* TON ( C>GO H&L$1 UNEMPLOYM5T1 HEAL? & ACCID5T PROTECTION1 & O!R B5EFITS W]E PROVID$4.<#e#a.> ,! PORT ( ,B>CELONA WAS SOCIALIZ$4 

,! ,COLLECTIVIZATION ( ,GAS1 ,WAT]1 & ,ELECTRICITY 

,WAT]1 GAS1 & ELECTRIC UTILITIES 9 ALMO/ ALL ,SPANI% CITIES W]E PRIVATELY [N$4 ,! ,B>CELONA ,WAT]WORKS ,COMPANY & ITS SUBSIDI>Y1 ,LLOBREGAT ,WAT]WORKS1 [N$ GAS & WAT] UTILITIES 9 MANY ,SPANI% CITIES4 ,IT WAS A MAMMO? CORPORATION CAPITALIZ$ AT #bge MILLION PESETAS1 ) AN AV]AGE YE>LY PR(IT ( OV] #aa MILLION PESETAS4 

,! F9ANCI]S LEFT ! C\NTRY BE=E ,JULY #a#i? TO AWAIT ! \TCOME ( ! FASCI/ MILIT>Y (F5SIVE4 ,! SYNDICATES DECID$ TO TAKE OV] & COLLECTIVIZE ! PROP]TIES4 ,! MANAG]IAL /AFF WAS SELECT$ FROM !IR [N RANKS BY ! WORK]S4 ,UND] PRIVATE [N]%IP ! WORK]S W]E REFUS$ WAGE 9CREASES & O!R DEM&S4 ,UND] COLLECTIVIZATION1 A M9IMUM DAILY WAGE ( #ad PESETAS & ! #cf H\R WEEK W]E 9/ITUT$4 ,LAT]1 BECAUSE ( ! W> CRISIS & %ORTAGE ( MANP[]1 ! WORK WEEK WAS 9CREAS$ TO #d & /ILL LAT] TO #dh H\RS1 ) EQUAL WAGES = WOM51 SICK B5EFITS1 & OLD AGE P5SIONS4 ,! SAV+S ACCRU+ FROM GOOD MANAGEM5T1 & ABOLITION ( DIVID5DS1 PR(ITS1 9T]E/ ON LOANS1 ETC41 W]E DIV]T$ TO L[]+ WAT] RATES BY #e.04 ,ABOVE ALL1 CONTRIBUTIONS TO ! ANTI-FASCI/ MILIT>Y COMMITTEE TOTAL+ OV] #a1 PESETAS W]E MADE DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW MON?S AFT] ! #a#i? ( ,JULY4 

,=EIGN OBS]V]S W]E AMAZ$ TO SEE H[ QUICKLY & SMOO?LY ! *ANGEOV] FROM PRIVATE TO COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T WAS A*IEV$4 ,! REASON IS NOT H>D TO F9D4 ,! M>VEL\S SUCCESS ( COLLECTIVIZATION WAS TO A V]Y GREAT EXT5T DUE TO ! SY/EMATIC PREP>ATION ( ! SYNDICALI/S TO TACKLE JU/ SU* PROBLEMS ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,! ,BULLET9 ( ! ,WAT]1 ,GAS1 & ,ELECTRIC ,COLLECTIVE EXPLA9S3  
  

,DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD WE ORGANIZ$1 )9 ! UNIONS1 MANAGEM5T COMMISSIONS4 ,!SE COMMISSIONS PREP>$ !MSELVES = MANAGEM5T BY MAK+ !MSELVES FAMILI> ) ! P>TICUL> PROBLEMS 9 EA* DI/RICT4 ,! COMMISSION SUP]VIS$ PRODUCTION1 CALCULAT$ WAT] NE$S--= SUMM] & = W9T]1 /UDI$ H[ TO F9D ! RI<T P]SONNEL = ! RI<T JOBS1 OBS]VE SAFETY MEASURES1 ADEQUATE D9+ FACILITIES1 ETC4  
  

,?R\< !SE & O!R PREP>ATIONS1 ! WORK]S W]E ABLE TO SURM\NT DIFFICULT PROBLEMS4 ,! MANAGEM5T PROC$URES WORK$ \T BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES BE> WITNESS TO ! HEI<T5$ FEEL+ ( RESPONSIBILITY ( ! WORK]S FO/]$ BY ! SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATIONS4 

,PLANT C\NCILS1 MANAG]S1 & ADM9I/RATIVE BO>DS AT EV]Y LEVEL FUNCTION$ ACCORD+ TO 9/RUCTIONS OP5LY DISCUSS$ & 5ACT$ BY ALL ! WORK]S ASSEMBL$ 9 !IR G5]AL PLANT MEET+S4 ,ALL P]SONS 9 RESPONSIBLE PO/S W]E HELD /RICTLY ACC\NTABLE BY UNION CONTROL COMMISSIONS4 ,ONLY FULLY CAPABLE & QUALIFI$ WORK]S ( PROV5 P]SONAL 9TEGRITY W]E DEEM$ FIT = RESPONSIBLE PO/S4 ,IT WAS CONSID]$ A PRIVILEGE & AN HONOR TO BE 5TRU/$ ) RESPONSIBILITIES BY !IR FELL[ UNION MEMB]S444.<#e#b.> 

,! ,COLLECTIVIZATION ( ,HAIRDRESS+ ,E/ABLI%M5TS 

,COLLECTIVIZATION ALSO EMBRAC$ SMALL] E/ABLI%M5TS3 SMALL FACTORIES1 >TISAN WORK%OPS1 S]VICE & REPAIR %OPS1 ETC4 ,! >TISANS & SMALL WORK%OP [N]S1 TOGE!R ) !IR EMPLOYES & APPR5TICES1 (T5 JO9$ ! UNION ( !IR TRADE4 ,BY CONSOLIDAT+ !IR EF=TS & POOL+ !IR RES\RCES ON A FRAT]NAL BASIS1 ! %OPS W]E ABLE TO UND]TAKE V]Y BIG PROJECTS & PROVIDE S]VICES ON A MU* WID] SCALE4 ,9DEP5D5T >TISANS ) !IR TOOLS & WORK%OPS ALSO JO9$ ! TRADE COLLECTIVES4 ,! COLLECTIVIZATION ( HAIRDRESS+ %OPS PROVIDES AN EXCELL5T EXAMPLE ( H[ ! TRANSITION ( A SMALL SCALE MANUFACTUR+ & S]VICE 9DU/RY FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM WAS A*IEV$4 

,! HAIRDRESS]S ( ,B>CELONA1 ,MADRID1 & O!R ,SPANI% CITIES VOLUNT>ILY & ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE REORGANIZ$ !IR 9DU/RY4 ,9 ,MADRID ! %OPS W]E COLLECTIVIZ$ EV5 BE=E ,JULY #a#i?4 ,! PURPOSE ( ! COLLECTIVIZATION WAS TO OBLIT]ATE ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 %OPKEEP]S & !IR ASSI/ANTS4 ,HAIRDRESS+ WAS NOT BIG BUS9ESS4 ,= ! ,SPANI% SYNDICALI/S1 H[EV]1 SOCIALISM & COLLECTIVISM C\LD NOT BE CONF9$ ONLY TO ! ABOLITION ( L>GE SCALE CAPITALISM4 ,9 ! REORGANIZATION ( LABOR ACCORD+ TO ! PR9CIPLES ( FRE$OM & COOP]ATION !RE WAS ROOM = EV]YONE4 ,EV5 ! SMALLE/ 5T]PRISES EMPLOY+ ONE OR SEV]AL 9DIVIDUALS W]E 5TITL$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY4 

,BE=E ,JULY #a#i?1 #a#i#c#f1 !RE W]E #a1#a HAIRDRESS+ P>LORS 9 ,B>CELONA1 MO/ ( !M [N$ BY POOR WRET*ES LIV+ FROM H& TO M\?4 ,! %OPS W]E (T5 DIRTY & ILL-MA9TA9$4 ,! #e1 HAIRDRESS+ ASSI/ANTS W]E AMONG ! MO/ POORLY PAID WORK]S1 E>N+ AB\T #d PESETAS P] WEEK :ILE CON/RUCTION WORK]S W]E PAID #f TO #h PESETAS WEEKLY4 ,! #d H\R WEEK & #a#e.0 WAGE 9CREASE 9/ITUT$ AFT] ,JULY #a#i? SPELL$ RU9 = MO/ HAIRDRESS+ %OPS4 ,BO? [N]S & ASSI/ANTS !RE=E VOLUNT>ILY DECID$ TO SOCIALIZE ALL !IR %OPS4 

,H[ WAS ?IS DONE8 ,ALL ! %OPS SIMPLY JO9$ ! UNION4 ,AT A G5]AL MEET+ !Y DECID$ TO %UT D[N ALL ! UNPR(ITABLE %OPS4 ,! #a1#a %OPS W]E R$UC$ TO #bce E/ABLI%M5TS1 A SAV+ ( #a#c#e1 PESETAS P] MON? 9 R5T1 LI<T+1 & TAXES4 ,! REMA9+ #bce %OPS W]E MOD]NIZ$ & ELEGANTLY \TFITT$4 ,FROM ! MONEY SAV$ WAGES W]E 9CREAS$ BY #d.04 ,EV]YBODY HAD ! RI<T TO WORK & EV]YBODY RECEIV$ ! SAME WAGES4 ,! =M] [N]S W]E NOT ADV]SELY AFFECT$ BY SOCIALIZATION4 ,!Y W]E EMPLOY$ AT A /EADY 9COME4 ,ALL WORK$ TOGE!R UND] EQUAL CONDITIONS & EQUAL PAY4 ,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 EMPLOY]S & EMPLOYES WAS OBLIT]AT$ & !Y W]E TRANS=M$ 9TO A WORK+ COMMUNITY ( EQUALS--SOCIALISM FROM ! BOTTOM UP4 

,! ,COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! ,TEXTILE ,9DU/RY 

,IT IS NO SIMPLE MATT] TO COLLECTIVIZE & PLACE ON FIRM F\NDATIONS AN 9DU/RY EMPLOY+ ALMO/ A QU>T] ( A MILLION TEXTILE WORK]S 9 SCORES ( FACTORIES SCATT]$ 9 NUM]\S CITIES4 ,BUT ! ,B>CELONA SYNDICALI/ TEXTILE UNION ACCOMPLI%$ ?IS FEAT 9 A %ORT TIME4 ,IT WAS A TREM5D\SLY SIGNIFICANT EXP]IM5T4 ,! DICTATOR%IP ( ! BOSSES WAS TOPPL$1 & WAGES1 WORK+ CONDITIONS & PRODUCTION W]E DET]M9$ BY ! WORK]S & !IR ELECT$ DELEGATES4 ,ALL FUNCTION>IES HAD TO C>RY \T ! 9/RUCTIONS ( ! MEMB]%IP & REPORT BACK DIRECTLY TO ! M5 ON ! JOB & UNION MEET+S4 ,! COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY %ATT]S ONCE & = ALL ! LEG5D ?AT ! WORK]S >E 9CAPABLE ( ADM9I/RAT+ A GREAT & COMPLEX CORPORATION4 

,UPON BUILD+ ! COLLECTIVE1 A MANAGEM5T COMMITTEE ( #ai WAS *OS5 BY ! RANK & FILE MEMB]%IP4 ,AFT] ?REE MON?S ! MANAGEM5T COMMITTEE REPORT$ BACK TO ! MEMB]%IP ON ! CONDITION ( ! COLLECTIVE & ! PROGRESS MADE4.<#e#c.> 

,) ! CRU%+ ( ! FASCI/ PUTS*1 ! [N]S TRANSF]R$ !MSELVES & ! ASSETS ( ! 9DU/RY ABROAD4 ,BUT BY CUTT+ (F DIVID5DS & PREMIUMS & ELIM9AT+ HI< SAL>I$ DIRECTORS & O!R WA/EFUL EXP5DITURES1 ! COLLECTIVES W]E ABLE TO PAY ! 9CREAS$ CO/S = RAW MAT]IALS4 ,TWO NEW MA*9ES = ! MANUFACTURE ( >TIFICIAL SILK W]E PUR*AS$ FROM ABROAD4 ,! NECESS>Y =EIGN EX*ANGE WAS RAIS$ BY ! SALE ( F9I%$ PRODUCTS ABROAD4 

,EV]Y FACTORY ELECT$ ITS ADM9I/RATIVE COMMITTEE COMPOS$ ( ITS MO/ CAPABLE WORK]S4 ,DEP5D+ ON ! SIZE ( ! FACTORY1 ! FUNCTION ( !SE COMMITTEES 9CLUD$ 9N] PLANT ORGANIZATION1 /ATI/ICS1 F9ANCE1 CORRESPOND5CE1 & RELATIONS ) O!R FACTORIES & ) ! COMMUNITY4 ,P>TICUL>LY SIGNIFICANT WAS ! ORGANIZATION ( A TOP FLI<T TE*NICAL COMMISSION /AFF$ BY ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T TE*NICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE EXP]TS 9 ! 5TIRE 9DU/RY4 ,?IS COMMISSION ( 5G9E]S1 TE*NICIANS1 & COMM]CIAL EXP]TS DRAFT$ PLANS TO 9CREASE PRODUCTION1 DIVISION ( LABOR1 9/ALLATIONS1 ETC4 ,SEV]AL MON?S AFT] COLLECTIVIZATION ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY ( ,B>CELONA WAS 9 F> BETT] %APE ?AN UND] CAPITALI/ MANAGEM5T4 ,H]E WAS YET ANO!R EXAMPLE TO %[ ?AT GRASS ROOTS SOCIALISM FROM BEL[ DOES NOT DE/ROY 9ITIATIVE4 ,GRE$ IS NOT ! ONLY MOTIVATION 9 HUMAN RELATIONS4 

,COLLECTIVIZATION BR\<T BETT] CONDITIONS = ! WORK]S4 ,! #f H\R WORK WEEK 9 SOME FACTORIES WAS CUT TO #d4 ,WAGES W]E MORE EQUALIZ$4 ,OV]TIME WORK WAS ABOLI%$1 & WEEKLY WAGES 9CREAS$ FROM #fh TO #< PESETAS4 ,WAGE RATES W]E FIX$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES AT UNION MEET+S4 

,A GREAT MANY TROOPS FROM ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY MANN$ ! FI<T+ FRONTS4 ,FROM ,B>CELONA ALONE MORE ?AN #b1 TEXTILE WORK]S ( ! ,C,N,T JO9$ ! MILITIA4 ,NONCOMBATANT WORK]S CONTRIBUT$ VOLUNT>ILY #a.0 TO #a#e.0 ( !IR WEEKLY WAGES TO F9ANCE ! W> AGA9/ FASCISM1 & 9 ! LA/ ?REE MON?S ( #aicg CONTRIBUT$ TWO & A HALF MILLION PESETAS TO ! ANTI-FASCI/ MILITIAS444 

,! ,COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! ,METAL & ,MUNITIONS ,9DU/RY.<#e#d.>  

 BY ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y 

  

,ONE ( ! MO/ IMPRESSIVE A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,CATALONIAN METAL WORK]S WAS TO REBUILD ! 9DU/RY FROM SCRAT*4 ,T[>D ! CLOSE ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 #h1 WORK]S W]E SUPPLY+ ! ANTI-FASCI/ TROOPS ) W> MAT]IAL4 ,AT ! \TBREAK ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> ! ,CATALONIAN METAL 9DU/RY WAS V]Y POORLY DEVELOP$4 ,! L>GE/ 9/ALLATION1 ,HISPANO-,SUIZA ,AUTOMOBILE ,COMPANY1 EMPLOY$ ONLY #a1#a WORK]S4 ,A FEW DAYS AFT] ,JULY #a#i? ?IS PLANT WAS ALREADY CONV]T$ TO ! MANUFACTURE ( >MOR$ C>S1 H& GR5ADES1 MA*9E GUN C>RIAGES1 AMBULANCES1 ETC41 = ! FI<T+ FRONT4 ,! FIR/ W> VEHICLE C>RI$ ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I 9SIGNIA = ! TWO FI<T+ ORGANIZATIONS ( ! METAL WORK]S4 ,9 ,B>CELONA DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 F\R HUNDR$ METAL FACTORIES W]E BUILT1 MO/ ( !M MANUFACTUR+ W> MAT]IAL4 

,EI<TY P]C5T ( ! MUNITION WORK]S ADH]$ TO ! ,C,N,T4 ,:ILE ! POLITICAL P>TIES W]E BICK]+ & CONNIV+ TO SEIZE P[]1 ! SYNDICALI/S W]E WORK+ TO REBUILD ! 9DU/RY & DEFEAT ! FASCI/S4 ,! WORK BEGAN 9 ,AUGU/1 #a#i#c#f1 UND] ! DIRECTION ( ! 5]GETIC & CAPABLE TE*NICIAN ,EUG5IO ,VALLEJO1 A D$ICAT$ AN>*O-SYNDICALI/4 ,EXP]TS W]E TRULY A/\ND$ AT ! EXP]TIZE ( ! WORK]S 9 BUILD+ NEW MA*9]Y = ! MANUFACTURE ( >MS & MUNITIONS4 ,V]Y FEW MA*9ES W]E IMPORT$4 ,9 A %ORT TIME1 TWO HUNDR$ DIFF]5T HYDRAULIC PRESSES ( UP TO #be TONS PRESSURE1 ONE HUNDR$ SEV5TY-EI<T REVOLV+ LA!S1 & HUNDR$S ( MILL+ MA*9ES & BOR+ MA*9ES W]E BUILT4 ,A YE> AFT] ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 PRODUCTION ( AMMUNITION 9CREAS$ TO ONE MILLION #a#e#e-MILLIMET] PROJECTILES1 FIFTY ?\S& A]IAL BOMBS & MILLIONS ( C>TRIDGES4 ,9 !SE LA/ ?REE MON?S ( #aicg ALONE1 FIFTE5 MILLION C>TRIDGE CASES1 A MILLION CAPS = H& GR5ADES1 & 5ORM\S QUANTITIES ( O!R W> MAT]IALS W]E PRODUC$4 

,) ! 9TRODUCTION ( /ATE CONTROL OV] ! >MS & MUNITIONS 9DU/RY1 ! SELF-MANAGEM5T ( ?IS 9DU/RY BY ! WORK]S WAS 5D$4 ,BUT ! TREM5D\S ACCOMPLI%M5TS ( ! ,SPANI% WORK]S 9 !IR COLLECTIVIZ$1 METALS 9DU/RY BE> P]MAN5T WITNESS TO ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T4 0,WOM5 WORK+ 9 A COLLECTIVIZ$ TEXTILE FACTORY 9 ,B>CELONA40 0,M5 OP]AT+ SEW+ MA*9ES 9 A COLLECTIVIZ$ FACTORY40  
,! ,COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! ,OPTICAL ,9DU/RY.<#e#e.> 

  

,IF BY 9DU/RY IS MEANT A GR\P ( MANUFACTUR+ E/ABLI%M5TS MAK+ ! SAME TYPE ( M]*&ISE 9 A C\NTY1 PROV9CE1 OR REGION1 !N !RE WAS NO OPTICAL 9DU/RY 9 ,SPA9 BE=E ! #a#i? ( ,JULY4 ,) ! 5D ( ! FI<T+ 79 :I* ! OPTICAL WORK]S TOOK P>T71 ! WORK]S RAPIDLY BEGAN TO COLLECTIVIZE ! SMALL WORK%OPS4 ,! FIR/ /EP WAS TO 9/ITUTE /RICT WORK]S' SURVEILLANCE TO PREV5T ! BOSSES FROM ABSCOND+ ) FUNDS & M]*&ISE4 ,[N]S :O ACCEPT$ COLLECTIVIZATION W]E ADMITT$ TO MEMB]%IP ON EQUAL T]MS ) !IR =M] EMPLOYES4 ,! PLANTS W]E CONV]T$ 9TO A PRODUCTION COLLECTIVE444 ,ME?ODS ( MOD]NIZ+ & REBUILD+ ! 9DU/RY W]E /UDI$ & PUT 9TO EFFECT4 

,SEXUAL DISCRIM9ATION WAS ABOLI%$--EQUAL PAY = BO? M5 & WOM5 & ! FAMILY WAGE PREVAIL$4 ,WORK]S TW5TY-F\R YE>S ( AGE & OV] RECEIV$ #d PESETAS MON?LY1 PLUS #e PESETAS = EA* ( !IR DEP5D5TS EV5 IF !Y W]E NOT RELAT$ & DID NOT PREVI\SLY WORK 9 ! SAME 9DU/RY4 ,! GREATE/ 9NOVATION WAS ! CON/RUCTION ( A NEW FACTORY = OPTICAL APP>ATUSES & 9/RUM5TS4 ,! :OLE OP]ATION WAS F9ANC$ BY ! VOLUNT>Y CONTRIBUTIONS ( ! WORK]S4 ,9 A %ORT TIME ! FACTORY TURN$ \T OP]A GLASSES1 TELEMET]S1 B9OCUL>S1 SURVEY+ 9/RUM5TS1 9DU/RIAL GLASSW>E 9 DIFF]5T COLORS1 & C]TA9 SCI5TIFIC 9/RUM5TS4 ,IT ALSO MANUFACTUR$ & REPAIR$ OPTICAL EQUIPM5T = ! FI<T+ FRONTS4 7,! WORK]S PRES5T$ ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI ) A SPECIAL SET ( FIELD GLASSES47 ,ANO!R A*IEVEM5T WAS ! OP5+ ( A NEW1 UP-TO-DATE OPTICAL S*OOL444 ,! WORK]S HAD EV]Y REASON TO BE PR\D ( !SE A*IEVEM5TS4 ,:AT PRIVATE CAPITALI/S FAIL$ TO DO WAS ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! CREATIVE CAPACITY ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,OPTICAL ,WORK]S' ,UNION ( ! ,C,N,T4 

,! ,SOCIALIZATION ( ,HEAL? ,S]VICES.<#e#f.>  

 BY ,GA/ON ,LEVAL 

  

,! SOCIALIZATION ( HEAL? S]VICES WAS ONE ( ! GREATE/ A*IEVEM5TS ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,TO APPRECIATE ! EF=TS ( \R COMRADES IT MU/ BE BORNE 9 M9D ?AT !Y REHABILITAT$ ! HEAL? S]VICES 9 ALL ( ,CATALONIA 9 SO %ORT A TIME AFT] ,JULY #a#i?4 ,! REVOLUTION C\LD C\NT ON ! COOP]ATION ( A NUMB] ( D$ICAT$ DOCTORS :OSE AMBITION WAS NOT TO ACCUMULATE WEAL? BUT TO S]VE ! AFFLICT$ & ! UND]PRIVILEG$4 

,! ,HEAL? ,WORK]S' ,UNION WAS F\ND$ 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#i#c#f4 ,9 L9E ) ! T5D5CY TO UNITE ALL ! DIFF]5T CLASSIFICATIONS1 TRADES1 & S]VICES S]V+ A GIV5 9DU/RY1 ALL HEAL? WORK]S1 FROM PORT]S TO DOCTORS & ADM9I/RATORS1 W]E ORGANIZ$ 9TO ! ONE BIG UNION ( HEAL? WORK]S444 

,FIVE MON?S AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION1 #h1 HEAL? WORK]S JO9$ ! UNION 7EXCLUD+ ! MASSEURS & PHYSICAL !RAPI/S = :OM WE HAVE NO FIGURES74 ,! ,U,G,T ALSO ORGANIZ$ A HEAL? UNION1 BUT NUM]ICALLY V]Y MU* 9F]IOR TO \RS--#a DOCTORS TO \R #a1#b DOCTORS4 ,H]E IS A P>TIAL LI/3 #a1#b DOCTORS1 #c1#b#f NURSES1 #acc D5TI/S1 #cc MIDWIVES1 #bc PRACTITION]S 7/UD5T DOCTORS71 #ah PH>MACI/S & #ff APPR5TICE PH>MACI/S1 #aec H]BALI/S1 #cec /]ILIZ]S1 #ga RADIOLOGI/S1 & #b VET]9>IES4 

,BUT ! SYNDICATE DID NOT CONF9E ITSELF SOLELY TO 5ROLL+ NEW MEMB]S4 ,! URGE TO RECREATE ! HEAL? SY/EM WAS GREATE/ AMONG DOCTORS :O HAD NEV] DONE A ?+ 9 ?IS REG>D BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,P>ADOXICALLY 5\<1 IT WAS !SE V]Y DOCTORS :O W]E1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! MO/ AUDACI\S REVOLUTION>IES4 ,I C\LD CITE MANY EXAMPLES4 

,AL?\< ,SPA9 HAS A HEAL?FUL & G5]ALLY DRY CLIMATE1 9FANT MORTALITY WAS ONE ( ! HI<E/ 9 ,EUROPE4 ,?IS WAS DUE NOT ONLY TO POV]TY1 LACK ( HYGI5IC FACILITIES1 ETC41 BUT ALSO TO A GANG ( RACKETE]+ DOCTORS :O TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS SITUATION & ! 9COMPET5CE ( ! GOV]NM5T TO 5RI* !MSELVES4 

,\R COMRADES LAID ! F\NDATIONS ( A NEW HEAL? SY/EM444 ,! NEW M$ICAL S]VICE EMBRAC$ ALL ( ,CATALONIA4 ,IT CON/ITUT$ A GREAT APP>ATUS :OSE P>TS W]E GEOGRAPHICALLY DI/RIBUT$ ACCORD+ TO DIFF]5T NE$S1 ALL 9 ACCORD ) AN OV]ALL PLAN4 ,CATALONIA WAS DIVID$ 9TO N9E .<SIC.> ZONES3 ,B>CELONA1 ,T>RAGONA1 ,L]IDA1 ,REUS1 ,BOR<IDA1 ,RIPOLL1 & ,HAUTE ,PYRE5EES4 ,9 TURN1 ALL ! SURR\ND+ VILLAGES & T[NS W]E S]V$ FROM !SE C5T]S4 

,DI/RIBUT$ ?R\<\T ,CATALONIA W]E TW5TY-SEV5 T[NS ) A TOTAL ( ?IRTY-SIX HEAL? C5T]S CONDUCT+ S]VICES SO ?OR\<LY ?AT EV]Y VILLAGE1 EV]Y HAMLET1 EV]Y ISOLAT$ PEASANT 9 ! M\NTA9S1 EV]Y WOMAN1 EV]Y *ILD1 ANY:]E1 RECEIV$ ADEQUATE1 UP-TO-DATE M$ICAL C>E4 ,9 EA* ( ! N9E ZONES !RE WAS A C5TRAL SYNDICATE & A ,CONTROL ,COMMITTEE LOCAT$ 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,EV]Y DEP>TM5T WAS AUTONOM\S )9 ITS [N SPH]E4 ,BUT ?IS AUTONOMY WAS NOT SYNONYM\S ) ISOLATION4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE 9 ,B>CELONA1 *OS5 BY ALL ! SECTIONS1 MET ONCE A WEEK ) ONE DELEGATE FROM EA* SECTION TO DEAL ) COMMON PROBLEMS & TO IMPLEM5T ! G5]AL PLAN444 

,! PEOPLE IMM$IATELY B5EFIT$ FROM ! PROJECTS ( ! HEAL? SYNDICATE4 ,! SYNDICATE MANAG$ ALL HOSPITALS & CL9ICS4 ,SIX HOSPITALS W]E OP5$ 9 ,B>CELONA444 ,EI<T NEW SANATORIUMS W]E 9/ALL$ 9 CONV]T$ LUXURI\S HOMES IDEALLY SITUAT$ AMID M\NTA9S & P9E =E/S4 ,IT WAS NO EASY TASK TO CONV]T !SE HOMES 9TO EFFICI5T HOSPITALS ) ALL NEW FACILITIES4 ,ONE ( !M1 = ! TREATM5T ( TUB]CULOSIS1 WAS CONSID]$ AMONG ! BE/ 9/ALLATIONS ANY:]E444 

,TO AVOID EXCESSIVE TRAVEL+ ( SICK PEOPLE TO SPECIALIZ$ C5T]S1 POLYCL9IC HOSPITALS :]E ALL !SE SPECIALIZ$ TREAM5TS C\LD BE GIV5 9 ONE PLACE W]E ORGANIZ$444 ,:]E !RE HAD BE5 AN >TIFICIALLY CREAT$ SURPLUS ( DOCTORS S]V+ ! WEAL?Y UND] CAPITALISM1 !RE WAS N[ UND] ! SOCIALIZ$ M$ICAL SY/EM A %ORTAGE ( DOCTORS BADLY NE$$ TO S]VE ! DISADVANTAG$ MASSES :O NEV] BE=E RECEIV$ GOOD M$ICAL C>E444 

,:5 ! 9HABITANTS ( A LOCALITY REQUE/$ ! S]VICES ( A DOCTOR1 ! SYNDICATE ANALYZ$ !IR HEAL? NE$S & FROM A PANEL ( DOCTORS DESIGNAT$ ONE :OSE TRA9+ C\LD BE/ S]VE ! NE$S ( ! PATI5TS4 ,IF HE REFUS$ TO GO1 HE MU/ HAVE HAD V]Y GOOD REASONS4 ,IF NOT1 HE MAY BE SUSP5D$4 ,! HOSPITAL EXP5SES W]E PAID BY ! ,G5]ALIDAD 7,CATALAN GOV]NM5T7 & ! MUNICIPALITY4 ,POLYCL9IC HOSPITALS W]E BUILT UND] ! AUSPICES ( ! SYNDICATES & ! MUNICIPALITIES4 ,NOT ALL HEAL? S]VICES C\LD BE 5TIRELY SOCIALIZ$1 BUT MO/ ( ! D5TAL CL9ICS 9 ,CATALONIA W]E CONTROLL$ BY ! SYNDICATE1 AS W]E ALL ! HOSPITALS1 CL9ICS1 & SANATORIUMS4 ,! TR5D WAS TO SUB/ITUTE ! SOCIALIZ$ ORGANIZATION ( M$IC9E = PRIVATE PRACTICE4 ,PRIVATE DOCTORS /ILL PRACTIC$1 BUT ! MO/ PREVAL5T ABUSES HAD BE5 ELIM9AT$4 ,! CO/ ( OP]ATIONS WAS CONTROLL$4 ,PAYM5TS = TREATM5TS W]E MADE ?R\< ! SYNDICATES1 NOT DIRECTLY TO ! PHYSICIANS4.<#e#g.> 

,9 ! NEW CL9ICS1 SURG]Y & D5TAL EXTRACTIONS W]E FREE4 ,! NUMB] ( M5TAL PATI5TS ADMITT$ TO ASYLUMS = TREATM5T WAS MU* GREAT] ?AN BE=E4 ,! OLD PRIVILEG$ PHYSICIANS F\<T !SE *ANGES1 BUT ! Y\NG]1 LESS FAVOR$ DOCTORS VOLUNT>ILY COOP]AT$ ) ! NEW ORGANIZATION4 ,Y\NG DOCTORS W]E 5?USIA/IC4 ,UND] ! OLD SY/EM !Y W\LD HAVE HAD TO WORK = YE>S ) LITTLE OR NO PAYM5T & !Y W\LD HAVE HAD TO WAIT = ! DEA? ( ! OLD DOCTOR TO TAKE HIS PLACE4 

,ALL ! HOSPITALS' DOCTORS W]E PAID #e PESETAS A MON? = ?REE H\RS WORK P] DAY4 ,!RE WAS NO PRIVATE PRACTICE 7= !M74 ,S9CE A SKILL$ MANUAL WORK] DREW #ce TO #d PESETAS A MON? = SEV5 H\RS WORK P] DAY1 ! READ] CAN DRAW HIS [N CONCLUSIONS4.<#e#h.> 

,! MONEY SAV$ ?R\< WAGE EQUALIZATION WAS 5\< TO PAY ALL EXP5SES4 ,!RE W]E NO LONG] DOCTORS RECEIV+ 5ORM\S FEES :ILE O!RS W]E 9 NE$4 ,9 A PUBLIC E/ABLI%M5T NO ONE C\LD HAVE \TSIDE JOBS4 ,MORE ?AN HALF ! DOCTORS1 AFT] WORK+ !IR REGUL> H\RS1 WORK$ FREE ( *>GE4 ,NO ONE PRESSUR$ !M TO DO ?IS4 ,!Y DONAT$ !IR TIME GLADLY & COMPULSION WAS NOT NECESS>Y4 

0,EV]Y?+ IS JU/ F9E10 SAID ! SECRET>Y ( ! M$ICAL DEP>TM5T1 A ,BASQUE = :OM TIRELESS D$ICATION TO HIS WORK WAS A MORAL IMP]ATIVE4 0,! FAM\S DOCTOR :O CONDESC5DS TO VISIT ! DISP5S>Y ONCE A WEEK IS DE?RON$4 ,! IMPORTANT P]SONAGE :O P>ADES D[N ! HOSPITAL AISLES ATT5D$ BY A HALF-DOZ5 SUBS]VI5T COLLEAGUES1 HI]>*ICALLY 9F]IOR1 ONE HOLD+ A BAS91 ! O!R HIS SAT*EL1 & ! RE/ ESCORT+ HIS HONOR1 HUMBLE & AW$ BE=E SO GREAT AN AU?ORITY 7NOT ALWAYS DES]V$71 IS HAPPILY A ?+ ( ! PA/4 ,WE >E N[ ALL EQUAL COMRADES1 WORK+ TOGE!R1 :O E/EEM & RESPECT EA* O!R40 

,9DU/RIAL ,COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ,ALCOY.<#e#i.>  

 BY ,GA/ON ,LEVAL 

  

,ALCOY1 ! SECOND L>GE/ CITY 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,ALICANTE1 HAS A POPULATION ( #d#e1 & IS 5TIRELY DEVOT$ TO 9DU/RY & COMM]CE4 ,! TEXTILE 9DU/RY WAS MO/ IMPORTANT & 9CLUD$ ! MANUFACTURE ( FABRICS1 L+]IE1 & HOSI]Y4 ,NEXT 9 IMPORTANCE IS ! MANUFACTURE ( PAP]4 

,\R MOVEM5T 9 ,ALCOY HAS A LONG TRADITION ( /RUGGLE DAT+ BACK TO ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL 7#a#h#f#i7444 ,IT HAD1 9 FACT1 A HI<] PROPORTION ( AN>*I/S ?AN ANY CITY 9 ,SPA9444 ,9 #aiai ! MOVEM5T WAS 9VIGORAT$ BY ! ORGANIZATION ( ,S9DICATOS ,UNICOS4.<#f.> 

,ON MY FIR/ VISIT 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#c#g1 ! ,U,G,T 7,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY UNION7 HAD A MEMB]%IP ( #c11 MO/LY ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y CIVIL S]VICE EMPLOYES1 SMALL TRADESM5 7:O SAW 9 ! ,U,G,T ! GU>ANTEE ( !IR /ATUS71 & ! POLITICAL P>TIES 7NATURALLY HO/ILE TO ! ,C,N,T74 ,BUT ! ,C,N,T CONTROLL$ ! ESS5TIAL ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS NECESS>Y TO SOCIAL LIFE4 

,! ,C,N,T 9DU/RIES ORGANIZ$ 9 ! ,C,N,T UNIONS W]E3 FOOD2 PAP] & C>DBO>D MANUFACTURE2 CON/RUCTION1 9CLUD+ >*ITECTS2 HYGI5E 7B>B]S1 LAUND]]S1 /REET CLEAN]S72 TRANSPORT2 PUBLIC S]VICE WORK]S2 COBBL]S & BOOTBLACKS2 TE*NICIANS2 L95 & CLO?+ WORK]S2 METAL WORK]S2 DRESSMAK]S2 PR(ESSIONALS 7S*OOL TEA*]S1 PA9T]S1 WRIT]S72 &1 9 ! SUBURBS1 HORTICULTURI/S4 

,!IR CL>ITY ( IDEAS 5ABL$ \R COMRADES TO ACT QUICKLY & DECISIVELY4 ,TO REA* COLLECTIVIZATION ,ALCOY DID NOT HAVE TO PASS ?R\< ! (T5 PROLONG$ PHASE ( PIECEMEAL COLLECTIVIZATION ( SMALL %OPS OR 9DIVIDUAL PLANTS4 ,FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 ! SYNDICATES TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE 9 ORGANIZ+ ALL ! 9DU/RIES4 ,IT WAS1 9 FACT1 ! MO/ COMPLETE EXAMPLE ( ! 0SYNDICALIZATION ( PRODUCTION0444 ,! BE/ EXAMPLE WAS 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 ) A ,C,N,T MEMB]%IP ( #f1#e WORK]S4 

,AS WAS TO BE EXPECT$1 DISPUTES ) ! TEXTILE EMPLOY]S BECAME 9EVITABLE4 ,! EMPLOY]S 9T]PRET$ 0WORK]S' CONTROL0 9 AN ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T FA%ION ?AN DID ! SYNDICATES4 ,= ! EMPLOY]S 0WORK]S' CONTROL0 MEANT 7AT MO/7 ALL[+ A COMMITTEE TO 9SPECT ! ACC\NTS ( ! COMPANY4 ,BUT ! DEM&S ( ! WORK]S W5T MU* FUR!R ?AN ?AT4 ,!Y WANT$ ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! FACTORIES UND] ! TOTAL CONTROL & ADM9I/RATION ( PRODUCTION BY !IR SYNDICATE1 ! ,C,N,T444 

,! FIR/ /EP 9 ?IS DIRECTION WAS ! ORGANIZATION BY ! WORK]S ( A TE*NICAL ,COMMISSION ( ,CONTROL :I* FROM SUP]VIS+ ! ACTIVITIES ( ! EMPLOY]S QUICKLY TRANS=M$ ITSELF 9TO ! ORGAN = ! OV]ALL ADM9I/RATION ( ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY4 ,! EMPLOY]S W]E ELIM9AT$ & ! WORK]S TOOK OV]4 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#d?1 ! SYNDICATE (FICIALLY TOOK POSSESSION ( #da TEXTILE FACTORIES1 #a SP9N+ MILLS1 #d DYE WORKS1 #e PROCESS+ FACTORIES1 #bd L95 WORKS1 & #aa C>D+ %OPS1 ALL ( :I* COMPRIS$ ! :OLE TEXTILE 9DU/RY 9 ,ALCOY4 ,ITS DAY TO DAY ACTIVITIES W]E DET]M9$ ON ! ONE H& BY ! FEEL+S 7DESIRES7 ( ! WORK]S1 & ON ! O!R H& BY ! ORGANIZATION ( ! MANAG+ COMMITTEES4 

,EV]Y?+ WAS CONTROLL$ BY ! SYNDICATES4 ,BUT IT MU/ NOT !RE=E BE ASSUM$ ?AT EV]Y?+ WAS DECID$ BY A FEW HI<] BUREAUCRATIC COMMITTEES )\T CONSULT+ ! RANK & FILE MEMB]S ( ! UNION4 ,H]E ALSO LIB]T>IAN DEMOCRACY WAS PRACTIC$4 ,AS 9 ! ,C,N,T !RE WAS A RECIPROCAL D\BLE /RUCTURE3 FROM ! GRASS ROOTS AT ! BASE--! MASS ( UNIONI/S1 WORK]S1 & MILITANTS--UPW>DS1 & 9 ! O!R DIRECTION A RECIPROCAL 9FLU5CE FROM ! F$]ATIONS ( !SE SAME LOCAL UNITS AT ALL LEVELS D[NW>D4 ,FROM ! S\RCE BACK TO ! S\RCE4 0,FROM ! CIRCUMF]5CE TO ! C5T] & FROM ! C5T] TO ! CIRCUMF]5CE10 AS =MULAT$ BY ,PR\DHON & /RESS$ BY ,BAKUN94 

,EV]Y ,SUNDAY 9 EA* FACTORY1 DESIGN]S1 TE*NICIANS1 & PRODUCTION WORK]S MET 9 JO9T SESSION1 & EXAM9$ ! ACC\NTS1 PRODUCTION REPORTS1 QUALITY1 & ALL O!R P]T95T MATT]S4 ,!SE MEET+S MADE NO DECISIONS1 BUT !IR F9D+S W]E SUBMITT$ TO ! SECTIONS ( ! SYNDICATES 9VOLV$ = !IR CONSID]ATION4 

,! TE*NICAL ORGANIZATION ( ! FACTORIES WAS DIVID$ 9TO FIVE SECTIONS4 ,EA* ( !SE NOM9AT$ A DELEGATE TO ! FACTORY COMMITTEE & !SE COMMITTEES JO9$ TOGE!R TO =M ! ADM9I/RATIVE COMMITTEE ( ! SYNDICATE4 ,9 ?IS WAY EA* DIFF]5T WORK+ GR\P 9 EV]Y DEP>TM5T ( ! FACTORY WAS REPRES5T$ & ! COORD9AT$ ORGANIZATION ?US REFLECT$ ! 9T]NAL /RUCTURE ( ! 9DU/RY444 

,! REPRES5TATIVES FROM EA* ( !SE FIVE TE*NICAL DIVISIONS CON/ITUT$ ONLY ONE HALF ( ! ADM9I/RATIVE COMMISSION4 ,! O!R HALF CONSI/$ ( ! OV]ALL ,COMMISSION ( ,CONTROL 7M5TION$ ABOVE74 ,IT IS NOM9AT$ BY ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( SYNDICAT$ WORK]S & HAS DELEGATES DIRECT FROM ! FACTORIES SO AS NEV] TO LOSE CONTACT ) ! WORK]S4 ,9 ! FACTORIES & WORK%OPS1 COMMITTEES >E ELECT$ BY AN ASSEMBLY ( WORK]S GA!R$ TOGE!R ON ! SPOT444 ,WE >E NOT !RE=E FAC+ AN ADM9I/RATIVE DICTATOR%IP BUT RA!R A FUNCTIONAL DEMOCRACY1 9 :I* ALL ! SPECIALIZ$ WORK]S PLAY !IR ROLES :I* HAVE BE5 SETTL$ AFT] G5]AL EXAM9ATION BY ! ASSEMBLY444 

,! O!R 9DU/RIES W]E ORGANIZ$ ALONG SIMIL> L9ES3 COMPLETE ORGANIZATION 9 ! H&S ( ! SYNDICATES4 ,9 ! METALLURGICAL WORKS ?AT ,I VISIT$1 WORK WAS PROCE$+ VIGOR\SLY UND] ! DIRECTION ( ! WORK]S' C\NCILS4 ,9 A FEW MON?S A NEW >MAM5TS 9DU/RY HAD BE5 ORGANIZ$ )\T COMPETITION1 PRIVATE PR(ITS1 OR CAPITALISM444 ,! SOLID>ITY ( LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION MADE IT POSSIBLE TO HELP WEAK] 9DU/RIES LIKE PR9T+ & PAP]-MAK+ TO OV]COME !IR DIFFICULTIES 7F9ANCIAL & O!RWISE74 ,9 FACT ! SIXTE5 O!R SYNDICATES ?AT MAKE UP ! LOCAL ,9DU/RIAL ,F$]ATION ( ,ALCOY HELP ANY ( !IR AFFILIAT$ UNIONS :5EV] NECESS>Y4 

,EA* 9DU/RY IS COORD9AT$ ?R\< ! ,SYNDICAL ,ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMMITTEE4 ,?IS COMMITTEE IS DIVID$ 9TO AS MANY SECTIONS AS !RE >E 9DU/RIES4 ,:5 AN ORD] IS RECEIV$ BY ! SALES SECTION IT IS PASS$ ON TO ! PRODUCTION SECTION :OSE TASK IT IS TO DECIDE :I* WORK%OPS >E BE/ EQUIPP$ TO PRODUCE ! DESIR$ >TICLES4 ,:ILE SETTL+ ?IS QUE/ION1 !Y ORD] ! REQUIR$ RAW MAT]IALS FROM ! CORRESPOND+ SECTION4 ,! LATT] GIVES 9/RUCTIONS TO ! %OPS TO SUPPLY ! MAT]IALS & F9ALLY ! BUY+ SECTION RECEIVES DETAILS ( ! TRANSACTION SO ?AT IT CAN REPLACE ! MAT]IAL US$4 

,9 SPITE ( ALL ! MONUM5TAL DIFFICULTIES1 ONE BIG FACT /&S \T3 9 ,ALCOY #b1 WORK]S ORGANIZ$ 9 !IR SYNDICATES ADM9I/RAT$ PRODUCTION1 COORD9AT$ ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES1 & PROV$ ?AT 9DU/RY CAN BE OP]AT$ BETT] 9 EV]Y RESPECT ?AN UND] CAPITALISM1 :ILE /ILL ASSUR+ FRE$OM & JU/ICE = ALL444 0,! FIR/ BUS BUILT 9 ! WORK%OPS ( ! COLLECTIVIZ$ ,G5]AL ,AUTOBUS ,COMPANY40 0,WORK]S 9 A COLLECTIVIZ$ AIRCRAFT 5G9E PLANT 9 ,B>CELONA40 0,WORK]S 9 A L>GE COLLECTIVIZ$ FACTORY %IFT$ TO ! PRODUCTION ( W> MAT]IAL40 0,SPANI% M5 & WOM5 WORK+ SIDE-BY-SIDE 9 A SMALL1 MOD]N MA*9E %OP40  
,CONTROL ( ,9DU/RIES 9 ! ,NOR?.<#f#a.>  

 BY ,JOSE ,PEIRATS 

  

,AL?\< REPORTS AB\T COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ! NOR!RN >EA >E 9 VIEW ( ! SITUATION1 NECESS>ILY VAGUE1 ! FOLL[+ ?REE REPORTS >E MORE DEF9ITE & REFLECT ! REVOLUTION>Y REALIZATIONS SPONTANE\SLY A*IEV$ DESPITE MONUM5TAL OB/ACLES4 ,! REPORTS 9CLUDE ! FIR/ JO9T ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,U,G,T & ! ,C,N,T1 ( ! FI%+ 9DU/RY ( ,GIJON & ( ,L>$O4.<#f#b.> ,! TEXT ( ! ,MANIFE/O .<SUMM>IZ$ BY US.> READS AS FOLL[S3  
  

,MANIFE/O ON ! ,CONTROL ( ! ,9DU/RIES ( ,A/URIAS1 ,LEON1 & ,PAL5CIA 

,! ,PROV9CIAL ,SECRET>IAT ( ! ,U,G,T & ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T ( ,A/URIAS HAVE COME TO ! FOLL[+ AGREEM5T3  

,:]E ONE OR ! O!R SYNDICATE REPRES5T$ 9 ! ,CONTROL ,COMMITTEE CON/ITUTES LESS ?AN #a.0 ( ! WORK]S1 ! MAJORITY SYNDICATE %ALL ASSUME DIRECTION ( ! ,CONTROL ,COMMITTEE4  

,ELECTIONS TO ! ,CONTROL ,COMMITTEE WILL BE DEMOCRATIC4 ,! SYNDICATE %\LD NOM9ATE ONLY SU* C&IDATES :O BY !IR EXEMPL>Y CONDUCT HAVE E>N$ ! CONFID5CE ( ! MEMB]%IP1 PREF]ABLY M5 :O BELONG$ TO EI!R UNION BE=E ,JULY #a#i?1 #a#i#c#f4 ,BO? SYNDICATES %ALL HOLD REGUL> JO9T MEET+S TO DEAL ) COMMON PROBLEMS4  

,CONTROL ,COMMITTEES %ALL BE E/ABLI%$ 93  

FACTORIES & WORK%OPS  

M9ES & CON/RUCTION  

PORTS & SEAF>+  

RAILWAYS  

AGRICULTURAL PRODUC]S' & CONSUM]S' COOP]ATIVES 444  
  

,! ,CONTROL ,COMMITTEES %ALL 9 NO WAY USURP ! P[]S ( MANAGEM5T OR ( ! TE*NICAL ADM9I/RATION & !IR FUNCTIONS4 ,! PR9CIPAL FUNCTIONS ( ! ,CONTROL ,COMMITTEES >E TO HELP MANAGEM5T TO C>RY \T WOR?:ILE PLANS1 (F] CON/RUCTIVE SUGGE/IONS1 PROCESS WORK]S' GRIEVANCES1 & IMPROVE WORK+ CONDITIONS & WAGES444  

,A MEMB] ELECT$ TO S]VE ON ! ,CONTROL ,COMMITTEE %\LD CONSID] IT AN HONOR & A M>K ( CONFID5CE ?AT HE MU/ NOT BETRAY4 ,TO CUT (F ! P]NICI\S GR[? ( BUREAUCRACY AT ! S\RCE1 ,COMMITTEE MEMB]S %ALL VOLUNT>ILY S]VE )\T PAY1 %ALL TRANSACT !IR BUS9ESS AFT] WORK+ H\RS1 & BE REQUIR$ TO REPORT BACK TO !IR MEMB]%IP AT FREQU5T REGUL> MEET+S444  

.<444.>  

,BO? ! ,C,N,T & ! ,U,G,T AGREE NOT TO LURE MEMB]S AWAY FROM EA* O!R NOR PREV5T WORK]S FROM JO9+ ! UNION ( !IR *OICE444  

.<444.>  

,! SOLE & IMM$IATE OBJECTIVE ( ! ,U,G,T & ! ,C,N,T IS TO W9 ! W> & ORGANIZE ! REVOLUTION1 & ALL ! EF=TS ( BO? SYNDICATES MU/ BE DIRECT$ TO ?AT PURPOSE444 #a7 ,?IS AGREEM5T %ALL BE PUBLI%$ 9 ! (FICIAL J\RNALS ( BO? SYNDICATES = EI<T DAYS444 ,GIJON1 ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#c#g4  
  

,SIGN$3 = ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T1 ,SILV]IO ,TUNON1 ,SECRET>Y4 ,= ! ,PROV9CIAL ,F$]ATION ( ! ,U,G,T1 ,VALDES1 ,SECRET>Y4  
  

,! ,FI%+ ,9DU/RY ( ,GIJON.<#f#c.> 

,AT FIR/ ! LOCAL ,CONTROL ,COMMITTEE LEFT ! DI/RIBUTION ( FI% TO ! COMMITTEES :I* SPONTANE\SLY SPRANG UP TO SUPPLY NECESS>Y PROVISIONS TO ! PEOPLE4 ,!SE >RANGEM5TS W]E WORK$ \T BY ! ,FI%+ ,WORK]S' ,9DU/RIAL ,UNION AT ! RANK & FILE G5]AL MEMB]%IP MEET+S4 ,AS SOON AS ! FI%+ FLEET DOCK$1 ! FI% WAS FIR/ SUPPLI$ TO HOSPITALS & !N TO ! CIVILIAN POPULATION & ! MILITIAS4 

,DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW MON?S AFT] ,JULY #a#i?1 ! WAGE SY/EM 9 ! FI%+ & O!R 9DU/RIES WAS ABOLI%$4 ,EV]Y WORK] C>RI$ A CONSUM]'S C>D LI/+ ! NUMB] ( FAMILY MEMB]S1 !IR AGE1 & OCCUPATION4 ,! FI%]Y WORK]S SIMPLY DEPOSIT$ !IR M]*&ISE 9 EX*ANGE = !SE C>DS1 :I* 5TITL$ !M TO RATION$ SUPPLIES4 

,LAT] LOCAL COOP]ATIVES REPLAC$ ! AD HOC ,SUPPLY ,COMMITTEES4 ,?R\< A ,PROV9CIAL ,COOP]ATIVE ,C\NCIL1 ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,COMM]CE SUPPLI$ ALL ! COOP]ATIVES4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! PEOPLE W]E RELUCTANT TO ACCEPT ?IS >RANGEM5T4.<#f#d.> ,9 ,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#c#f1 ,AMADOR ,F]N&EZ PUBLI%$ A S]IES ( >TICLES 9 ,ADVANCE1.<#f#e.> DEF5D+ ! RI<TS ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE & M]*ANTS1 :I* PROVOK$ VEHEM5T POLEMICS BETWE5 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S & ! SOCIALI/S4 ,! FASCI/ BLOCKADE WAS P>TLY MITIGAT$ BY ! FI%+ FLEETS :O BRAV$ SEIZURE & S9K+ BY ! FASCI/ PATROL BOATS4 ,MANY BOATS W]E LO/ & !IR CREWS DR[N$ OR IF CAPTUR$ TAK5 TO ! FASCI/ HEADQU>T]S AT ,EL ,F]ROL TO BE TORTUR$ & %OT4 

,REFRIG]AT+ PLANTS & FOOD CANN]IES1 ! L>GE/ 9 ,SPA9 & ! SECOND MO/ IMPORTANT 9DU/RY 9 ,A/URIAS1 W]E FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ COMPLETELY SOCIALIZ$ 7AS W]E ! M>KETS74 ,EV]Y?+ WAS CONTROLL$ BY ! SYNDICATES :O MU* LAT] UNIT$ 9TO ! ,FI%]IES ,C\NCIL4 ,?IS CONTROL WAS EX]CIS$ ?R\< DELEGATES 9 ALL PORTS ( ,A/URIAS1 :]EV] !RE W]E FI%]IES & CANN]IES444 

,! ,FI%+ ,9DU/RY 9 ,L>$O.<#f#f.> 

,! FI%+ 9DU/RY 444 1 SOCIALIZ$ BY ! ,C,N,T & ,U,G,T ,SEAM5'S ,UNIONS1 WAS ORGANIZ$ 9TO AN ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL MADE UP ( SIX ,U,G,T & SIX ,C,N,T REPRES5TATIVES4 ,! :OLE FI%+ FLEET WAS EXPROPRIAT$4 ,! %IP[N]S FL$4 ,ECONOMIC 9EQUALITIES W]E ABOLI%$4 ,NO LONG] DID ! %IP[N]S & !IR AG5TS APPROPRIATE ! LION'S %>E ( ! 9COME4 ,N[ #d#e.0 ( ! PR(IT FROM ! SALE ( FI% 7AFT] D$UCT+ EXP5SES7 W5T TO IMPROVE & MOD]NIZE ! FI%+ 9DU/RY & ! REMA9+ #e#e.0 WAS EQUALLY DIVID$ AMONG ! FI%]M54 ,BE=E1 ! MIDDLEM5 SOLD ! FI% 9 ,BIBAO1 ,SANT&]1 ETC41 & POCKET$ ! PR(ITS4 ,! MIDDLEM5 W]E ELIM9AT$ & ! ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL C>RI$ ON ALL TRANSACTIONS4 ,?IS EXPLOD$ ! LIE ?AT ! WORK]S W]E UNABLE TO OP]ATE 9DU/RY )\T !IR EMPLOY]S444 ,SOON ! ,C,N,T & ! ,U,G,T MUNICIPALIZ$ H\S+1 ! L&1 PUBLIC S]VICES--9 %ORT1 EV]Y?+4 ,& SOCIETY WAS BE+ TRANS=M$4 ,! IDEAL :I* BO? ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S /ROVE TO BR+ AB\T WAS BE+ REALIZ$ BY ! PEOPLE ( ,L>$O444 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aigc 3 ,P>T #b3 ,! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ,*APT] #g3 ,URBAN ,COLLECTIVIZATION -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #a#a1 #bai 3 ,P>T #b3 ,! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ,*APT] #g3 ,URBAN ,COLLECTIVIZATION -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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