,! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA3 #a#h#g#g-#a#i#e#a ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,LUCI5 ,VAN ,D] ,WALT ,AU?OR 3 ,MI*AEL ,S*MIDT ,TEXT 3 ,! HI/ORY ( ! BROAD AN>*I/ TRADITION 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA HAS YET TO BE WRITT51 & MU/ !RE=E BE PIEC$ TOGE!R FROM A WIDE V>IETY ( S\RCES4 ,MOD]N1 DEVELOP$ ,EGYPT WAS - & /ILL IS - L>GELY CONF9$ BY ITS DES]T WA/ES TO A N>R[ F]TILE FUNNEL EMBRAC+ ! CAPITAL ( ,CAIRO ON ! ,NILE ,RIV] & ! ,NILE DELTA PORT CITIES ( ,ALEX&RIA & ,PORT ,SAID4 ,ORIG9ALLY P>T ( ! ,OTTOMAN ,EMPIRE1 IT BECAME AN AUTONOM\S ,OTTOMAN PROV9CE UND] ! DYNA/Y ( ,MOHAMM$ ,ALI FROM #a#h#e1 BUT ! OP5+ ( ! ,SUEZ ,CANAL 9 #ahfi PROV$ TOO MU* ( A TEMPTATION = IMP]IALI/ ,BRITA91 :I* OCCUPI$ ! C\NTRY 9 #a#h#h#b4 ,9 0,EGYPT & ,TUNIS10 ,MAX ,NETTLAU >GUES1 0,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/ EMIGRES & REFUGEES W]E = MANY YE>S ! LIFE & SPIRIT ( LIB]T>IAN ACTIVITY10 BUT HE ADDS LITTLE O!R MAT]IAL 9 EI!R HIS ,%ORT ,HI/ORY ( ,AN>*ISM1 OR1 9DE$1 ! SECTION ON ,NOR? ,AFRICA 9 HIS T5-VOLUME /UDY ( AN>*I/ HI/ORY .<#a.>4 ,SPA9 (T5 US$ ITS T]RITORIES 9 ! ,SAH>A & ! ,CAN>Y ,ISL&S AS P5AL COLONIES = ITS DISSID5TS3 IT WAS H]E1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT BO? ,DURRUTI & ,ASCASO W]E IMPRISON$ 9 #a#i#c#b4 ,A RANGE ( O!R MAT]IALS HAVE BE5 DRAWN TOGE!R BY ,VAN D] ,WALT1 :OSE NOTES >E 9CORPORAT$ H]E .<#b.>4 ,AN ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ J\RNAL1 ,IL ,LAVORATORE 7,! ,LABOR]71 BEGAN PR9T+ 9 ,ALEX&RIA1 ,EGYPT1 9 #a#h#g#g1 & ,ALEX&RIAN AN>*I/S W]E REPRES5T$ AT ! #ahgg ,V]VI]S ,CONGRESS ( ! ,SA9T-,IMI] ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,MALATE/A HIMSELF FL$ TO ,ALEX&RIA 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#g#h1 BUT WAS DEPORT$ :5 ,ITALIAN WORK]S ORGANIZ$ A DEMON/RATION \TSIDE ! ,ITALIAN CONSULATE TO APPLAUD AN ASSASS9ATION ATTEMPT AGA9/ ,ITALIAN ,K+ ,UMB]TO ,I BY A REPUBLICAN4 ,HE REPRES5T$ AN ',EGYPTIAN ,F$]ATION' AT ! #ahha ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,CONGRESS ( ! AN>*I/S1 ) A M&ATE FROM 'BODIES FROM ,CON/ANT9OPLE & ,ALEX&RIA4' ,MALATE/A RETURN$ TO ,EGYPT 9 #a#h#h#b1 - ! YE> ! C\NTRY WAS 9VAD$ BY ! ,BRITI% - :]E HE APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 9VOLV$ 9 ! ',PA%A REVOLT' ?AT BROKE \T ?AT YE>1 & :I* WAS SUPPRESS$ BY ,BRITI% =CES4 ,9 #a#h#h#d1 ! PAP] ,LA ,QUE/ION ,SOCIALE 7,! ,SOCIAL ,QUE/ION7 APPE>$ 9 ,EGYPT4 ,9 #a#h#g#g1 ! J\RNAL ,L',OP]AIA 7,! ,WORK]71 APPE>$ 9 ,TUNIS1 FOLL[$ 9 #ahha BY ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ J\RNAL ,IMOLA 7,9FLAME71PUBLI%$ BY ,&REA ,CO/A1 & ANO!R1 ,LA ,PROTE/A ,HUMANA 7,HUMAN ,PROTE/7 WAS SUBSEQU5TLY PUBLI%$ 9 ! CITY BE=E RELOCAT+ TO ,ITALY 9 #a#h#i#f4 ,! ,EGYPTIAN NEWSPAP] AL-,HILAL 7,! ,CRESC5T7 REPORT$ ON #ah ,M>* #ahid ?AT A ,GREEK WORK] WAS >RE/$ 9 ,ALEX&RIA = DI/RIBUT+ 'AN>*I/ LEAFLETS' CALL+ ON WORK]S TO CELEBRATE ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! #ahga ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,9 #a#i#a1 AN AN>*I/ PAP] 5TITL$ ,LA ,TRIBUNE ,LIBRE 7,! ,FREE ,TRIBUNE7WAS ALSO BE+ PUBLI%$ 9 ,ALEX&RIA4 ,9 ,ALEX&RIA1 AN ,ITALIAN-LANGUAGE AN>*I/ WEEKLY1 L',OP]AIO 7,! ,WORK]7 BEGAN PUBLI%+ 9 #aib & RAN UNTIL ! FOLL[+ YE>4,9 #a#i#d1 ! ,>ABIC-LANGUAGE RADICAL J\RNAL AL-,NUR 7,! ,LI1 AL-,NURHAD A CORRESPOND5T 9 ,CAIRO1 WAS PUBLI%$ UNTIL #a#i#h1 9CREAS+LY TOOK AN AN>*I/ L9E & HAD SUBSCRIB]S AMONG ! ,SYRIAN-,LEBANESE ,DIASPORA AS F> AFIELD AS ,HAITI & ,BRAZIL - ONE ( ! BE/ EXAMPLES ( ! EXT5T ( ,NOR? ,AFRICAN AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE4 ,! ,ITALIAN-LANGUAGE ,CRONACA ,SOVV]SIVA 7,SUBV]SIVE ,*RONICLES71 PUBLI%$ 9 ,V]MONT1 ,UNIT$ ,/ATES FROM #aic ONW>DS BY ,LUIGI ,GALLEANI1 REA*$ 'F> BEYOND ! CONF9ES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES' 9CLUD+ ,NOR? ,AFRICA & ,EGYPT4 ,ITALIAN RADICALS PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 F\ND+ ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,EGYPT1 =M+ A ,PEOPLE'S ,FREE ,UNIV]SITY 9 ,ALEX&RIA 9 #a#i#a1 & ACTIVI/S ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,UNIV]SITY & ,LE ,TRIBUNE ,LIBREAPPE> TO HAVE BE5 AMONG ?OSE 9VOLV$ 9 F\ND+ '9T]NATIONAL' UNIONS 9 E>LY #b? ,C5TURY ,EGYPT4 ,MO/ NOTABLE WAS ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,LEAGUE ( ,CIG>ETTE ,WORK]S & ,MILL]S ( ,CAIRO 9 #a#i#h1 'OP5 TO WORK]S ( ALL NATIONALITIES1 ,EGYPTIANS AS WELL AS =EIGN]S1' & APP>5TLY 9CLUD+ 'PRODUCTION WORK]S O!R ?AN ! SKILL$ ROLL]S4' ,O!R EXAMPLES ( 9TEGRAT$ LABOR SOLID>ITY EXI/$4 ,A MEET+ 9 #aia 9 SUPPORT ( /RIK+ G>M5T WORK]S 79CLUD+ ,EGYPTIANS7 9 A ,CAIRO CAFE 9CLUD$ A SPEE* BY ! PRESID5T ( ! CIG>ETTE ROLL]S' CRAFT UNION1 & A READ+ ( ! WORK]S' DEM&S 9 ,>ABIC AS WELL AS ,GREEK1 ,ITALIAN1 ,HEBREW & ,G]MAN4 ,?IS WAS FOLL[$ BY A M>* ( #c1 *ANT+ WORK]S ?R\< ,CAIRO4 ,:AT IS 9T]E/+ IS ?AT ,EUROPEAN CIG>ETTE WORK]S LIV+ 9 ,EGYPT W]E RADICALIZ$ BY ! LIKES ( ! ,EGYPTIAN SYNDICALI/S & RETURN$ TO ,EUROPE TO SPREAD AN>*I/ IDEAS !RE4 ,TWO NOTABLE EXAMPLES ( ?IS >E ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,KON/ANT9OS 0,KO/AS0 ,SP]AS 7#a#h#i#c-#a#i#d#c7 & ! AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ ,/AVROS ,K\*TSOGL\S 7#a#h#g#h-#a#i#d#i74 ,BO? W]E RADICALIZ$ 9 ,EGYPT & RETURN$ TO ,GREECE TO BECOME ! LEAD+ LIY TRADE UNION MOVEM5T !RE4 ,SP]AS WAS FLU5T 9 ,>ABIC & ,K\*TSOGL\S WAS 9VOLV$ 9 NUM]\S WORK] DEMON/RATIONS 9 ,ALEX&RIA & ,I/ANBUL4 ,!Y BO? HELP$ E/ABLI% AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ TRADE UNIONS 9 ,GREECE 9CLUD+ ! SYNDICALI/ M9ORITY )9 ! ,G5]AL ,WORK]S' ,CONF$]ATION ( ,GREECE 7,G,S,E,E7 9 #aiah .<#d.>4 ,AL?\< !SE CASES >E NOT NECESS>ILY REPRES5TATIVE1 !Y DO 9DICATE ?AT AN>*I/S W]E 9VOLV$ 9 F\ND+ RACIALLY 9TEGRAT$ UNIONS 9 COLONIAL ,EGYPT4 ,! EVID5CE = AN>*I/ ACTIVITY = SUBSEQU5T YE>S IS LESS CLE>4 ,BE>+ 9 M9D ! POSSIBLE MI/RANSLATION ( 'SYNDICALI/1' 9 ACADEMIC /UDIES1 & ! MISAPPLICATION ( ! T]M 'AN>*I/' 9 (FICIAL RECORDS1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO F9D M5TIONS ( SUBSEQU5T ACTIVITY4 ,9VE/IGATIONS 9TO ! ASSASS9ATION ( ! ,EGYPTIAN ,PRIME ,M9I/]1 ,BUTRUS ,Y #a#i#a1 = EXAMPLE1 REVEAL$ ! EXI/5CE ( A NUMB] ( SECRET SOCIETIES1 9CLUD+ ONE SPL9T] GR\P1 F\ND$ 9 #a#i#h1 BAS$ ON BO? ,SUFISM - A MY/ICAL =M ( ,ISLAM - & ',SYNDICALISM'4 ,9 #a#i#a#i1 ,VISC\NT ,ALL5BY ( ! ,BRITI% ADM9I/RATION 9 ,EGYPT NOT$ 9 HIS RECORDS ?AT ':ILE ! NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T HAD LO/ SOME ( ITS /R5G? ! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T WAS GR[+1 ) SECRET SUPPORT FROM ,ITALIAN J\RNALI/S4 ,A CURIOSITY 9 ?IS P]IOD WAS ! PRODUCTION 9 #aiba ( A ,FR5*-,EGYPTIAN SIL5T FILM CALL$ ,AZIZ ,BEY1 L',AN>*I/E1 ! EXI/5CE ( :I* IS NOT$ 9 ! LI/ ( AN>*I/-!M$ FILMS COMPIL$ 9 #bd BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,C5T] = ,RESE>* 9TO ,AN>*ISM 7,C,I,R,A7 9 ,SWITZ]L& .<#e.>4 ,! M]E CREATION ( A FILM AB\T AN ,EGYPTIAN AN>*I/1 FICTIONAL OR NOT1 SUGGE/S ! PRES5CE & 9FLU5CE ( AN>*I/ IDEAS 9 ,EGYPTIAN SOCIETY AT ?AT /AGE4 ,:ILE ! ,EGYPTIAN SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ECLIPS$ BY NATIONALISM 9 ! #a#i#bS & #a#i#cS1 IT REVIV$ 9 ! #a#i#dS4 ,! YE>S #a#i#d#b-#e SAW ! E/ABLI%M5T ( V>I\S SOCIALI/ GR\PS 9 ,EGYPT1 9CLUD+ ONE 'UND] ! SYNDICALI/ LEAD] ,MUD>AK4' ,ALG]IA1 UND] ,FR5* RULE FROM #a#h#c1 WAS ALSO A SITE ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITY4 ,A RANGE ( AN>*I/ J\RNALS W]E PUBLI%$ 9 ,ALGI]S AT ! 5D ( ! #a#i? ,C5TURY1 9CLUD+ ,L',ACTION ,REVOLUTIONNAIRE 7,REVOLUTION>Y ,ACTION77#a#h#h#g71 ,LE ,TOCS9 7,! ,AL>M77#a#h#i71 ,LE ,LIB]TAIRE 7,! ,LIB]T>IAN77#a#h#i#b7 & ,LA ,M>MITE ,SOCIALE 7,! ,SOCIAL ,CAULDRON7 7#a#h#i#c74 ,ACCORD+ TO ,&]SON1 BY #a#h#i#d1 ,JEAN ,GRAVE'S 9FLU5TIAL AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ ,LA ,REVOLTE7,REVOLT7HAD SUBSCRIB]S AS F> AFIELD AS ,ALG]IA & ,EGYPT1 :ILE ,EMILE ,P\GET'S AN>*O-9SURRECTIONI/ ,LE ,P]E ,PE9>D 7,! ,TOIL+ ,FA!R7 HAD SUBSCRIB]S 9 ,ALG]IA & ,TUNISIA1 ! LATT] A =M] ,OTTOMAN PROV9CE ?AT BECAME A ,FR5* PROTECTORATE 9 #ahha .<#f.>4 ,F]N& ,PELL\TI]'S #ahie ,AN>*ISM & ! ,WORK]S ,UNIONS 444 M5TIONS ?AT AN>*I/S HAD BECOME 9CREAS+LY ACTIVE 9 0MANY TRADE UNIONS01 9CLUD+ ?OSE 9 ,ALGI]S4 ,! AN>*I/ ,VICTOR ,B>R\C& PUBLI%$ A DAILY CALL$ ,LES ,N\VELLES 7,! ,NEW7 9 ,ALGI]S 9 ! FIR/ DECADE ( ! #b? ,C5TURY3 ITS MO/ FAM\S CORRESPOND5T WAS ,ISABELLE ,EB]H>DT 7#a#h#g#g-#a#i#d71 ! ,SWISS-,UKRA9IAN DOCKWORK]_/ADV5TUR]_/WRIT] :OSE FA!R HAD BE5 A FRI5D ( ,BAKUN94 ,! SYNDICALI/ SUCCESSOR ( ! ,FR5* ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,G,T71 ! ,C,G,T - ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALI/ 7,C,G,T-,S,R7 APP>5TLY OP]AT$ A SECTION 9 ,ALG]IA4 ,LIKE ! O!R ,FR5* AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS1 ! ,C,G,T-,S,R OPPOS$ ,FR5* COLONIALISM4 ,?US1 A JO9T /ATEM5T BY ! ,AN>*I/ ,UNION1 ! ,C,G,T-,S,R1 & ! ,ASSOCIATION ( ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATIONS D5\NC$ ! C5T5>Y ( ! ,FR5* OCCUPATION ( ,ALG]IA 9 #a#i#c1 >GU+ ',CIVILIZATION8 ,PROGRESS8 ,WE SAY3 MURD]6'4 ,A PROM95T MILITANT 9 ! ,C,G,T-,S,R'S ,ALG]IAN SECTION1 AS WELL AS 9 ! ,AN>*I/ ,UNION WAS ,SAIL ,MOHAM$ 7#a#h#i#d-#a#i#e#c71 AN ,ALG]IAN AN>*I/ ACTIVE 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T FROM ! #a#i#aS UNTIL HIS DEA? 9 #aiec .<#g.>4 ,AL?\< RESID5T 9 ,P>IS & ,AULNAY-S\S-BOIS = MU* ( HIS LIFE1 ,MOHAM$ WAS A F\ND] ( ORGANIZATIONS SU* AS ! ,ASSOCIATION = ! ,RI*I/ ,GR\P ( ! ,9DIG5\S ,ALG]IANS ) ,SLIMAN ,KI\ANE 9 #a#i#b#c1 ORGANIZ$ MEET+S ON ! COLONIAL EXPLOITATION ( ,NOR? ,AFRICANS 9 BO? ,FR5* & ,>ABIC1 & WAS ! SECRET>Y ( ! AN>*I/ ',ALG]IAN ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE ,AGA9/ ! ,PROVOCATIONS ( ! ,C5T5>Y' 9 #a#i#b#i4 ,SAIL ,MOHAM$ WAS ALSO $ITOR ( ! ,NOR? ,AFRICAN $ITION ( ! AN>*I/ P]IODICAL ,T]RE ,LIBRE 7,FREE ,E>?71 ALL COPIES ( :I* HAVE1 SADLY1 BE5 LO/4 ,JAIL$ ON NUM]\S OCCASIONS1 ,SAIL ,MOHAM$ WAS ALSO A CONTRIBUTOR TO AN>*I/ J\RNALS SU* AS ,L',EVEIL ,SOCIAL1 & ,LA ,VOIX ,LIB]TAIRE 7,! ,LIB]T>IAN ,VOICE71 (T5 ON ! ,ALG]IAN QUE/ION1 & F\*I/ WAS ,ALB]T ,GUIGUI-,!RAL 7#a#i#c-871 :O WAS BORN 9 ,ALG]IA1 BUT RAIS$ 9 ,P>IS1 RETURN+ TO ,ALG]IA 9 #aiah :]E HE WORK$ AS A ME*ANIC1 BUT BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 A S]IES ( METALWORK]S' /RIKES & WAS JAIL$ = DI/RIBUT+ AN>*I/ PROPAG&A .<#h.>4 ,9 #a#i#b#b1 AFT] A FAIL$ ATTEMPT TO E/ABLI% A PHALAN/]Y 9 ,ALG]IA1 ,GUIGUI-,!RAL MOV$ BACK TO ,P>IS :]E HE LO/ A S]IES ( JOBS BECAUSE ( HIS AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES1 BUT BECAME ACTIVE 9 ! ,C,G,T'S ,METAL ,F$]ATION :]E HE F\IS REGION ( ! ,C,G,T ASSI/+ ! ,SPANI% SYNDICALI/S4 ,HE WAS >RE/$ = HIS ACTIVITIES 9 ,JUNE #a#i#d1 AS ,FRANCE SUCCUMB$ TO ,NAZI RULE1 BUT WAS RELEAS$ & ESCAP$ TO ! 0FREE JO9+ ! ,MAQUIS RESI/ANCE UND] ,JEAN ,M\L91 WORK+ ) ! ,CL&E/9E ,C,G,T 9 TRY+ TO GET AID FROM ,G5]AL ,*>LES DE ,GAULLE 9 ,LONDON1 & ) ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,LABOR ,ORGANIZATION 7,I,L,O7 9 ,PHILADELPHIA1 ,U,S,A4 ,RETURN+ TO ,P>IS AMONG ! CITY'S ,SPANI% AN>*I/ LIB]ATORS 9 #a#i#d#d1 ,GUIGUI-,!RAL LAT] WORK$ = ! ,I,L,O 9 ,G5EVA4 ,PORTUGUESE AN>*I/S ALSO PLAY$ A ROLE 9 DISSEM9AT+ LIB]T>IAN IDEAS 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA4 ,SOME IDEA ( ! SCOPE ( ACTIVITIES MAY BE GLEAN$ FROM A REPORT 9 E>LY #a#i#c#f1 PREP>$ BY ! ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7,F,A,I7-AFFILIAT$ ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION ( ,PORTUGAL4 ,! REPORT NOT$ ?AT1 ',! ,PORTUGUESE ,F$]ATION 5T]$ A NEW PHASE 9 ,M>* #a#i#c#e4' ,IT 'E/ABLI%$ RELATIONS ) NUCLEI ( COMRADES 9 ,SPA91 ,FRANCE1 ,BRAZIL1 ,>G5T9A1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,FR5* ,AFRICA1 ,PORTUGUESE ,AFRICA1 & ,MOROCCO1' & WAS PUBLI%+ '\R J\RNAL1 ,REBELLION1 AL?\< NOT REGUL>LY1 BECAUSE WE DO NOT HAVE SUFFICI5T FUNDS4' ,?IS WAS 'DI/RIBUT$ 9SIDE ,PORTUGAL1 AS WELL AS 9 ! ,AZORES1 ,AFRICA & ,OCEANIA4' ,AL?\< ! ,SPANI% /ATE US$ T]RITORIES 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA = P5AL PURPOSES1 ,NOR? ,AFRICA WAS ALSO A HAV5 = AN>*I/ MILITANTS & REFUGEES4 ,JULIO ,SAN*EZ ,ORTIZ DRAWS ATT5TION TO ! ROLE PLAY$ BY ,TANGI]S 9 ,MOROCCO1 :I* WAS AN 9T]NATIONAL PROTECTORATE 9 ! E>LY #b? ,C5TURY 444 ,AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 & ) ! \TBREAK ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 ,TANGI]S1 :I* HAD =M]LY BE5 AN 9T]NATIONAL CITY1 CAME UND] ! CONTROL ( ! DICTATOR ,FRANCO1 & !RE WAS A MASSIVE CRACKD[N ON ! LEFT & LABOR 9 ?AT CITY4 ,MANY FL$ TO ,CASABLANCA 9 ,ALG]IA444 ,EXIL$ ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S1 LIKE ,CELSO ,P]SICI1 W]E 9VOLV$ 9 ! ANTI-,NAZI RESI/ANCE 9 ,MOROCCO DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 AS ,V]TICE ,P]SICI NOTES40 ,ACCORD+ TO ,JOSE ,PEIRATS1 ,ROQUE ,SANTAM>IA ,C O R T I G U E R A REPRES5T$ EXILE ORGANIZATIONS FROM ,NOR? ,AFRICA AT A #aidg 9T]CONT95TAL CONGRESS ( ! EXILE ,SPANI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,T\L\SE1 ,FRANCE .<#i.>4 ,A H&FUL ( ,E?IOPIANS F\*I/ MILITIA4 ,MANY ,SPANI% AN>*I/S FL$ FROM ! DEFEAT ( ! ,REVOLUTION 9TO EXILE 9 ,ALG]IA1 :]E !Y E/ABLI%$ AN EXILE COMMUNITY 9 ! CITY ( ,ORAN4 ,FROM #aici ONW>DS1 H[EV]1 ,SPANI% ,MOROCCO & ,WE/]N ,SAH>A REMA9$ UND] ! CONTROL ( ! NEW ,SPANI% REGIME1 :ILE FASCI/ ,PORTUGAL CONTROLL$ ! ,AZORES1 ,CAPE ,V]DE1 ,GU9EA-,BISSAU & ,SAO ,TOME & ,PR9CIPE 9 ,WE/ ,AFRICA FROM #aibg UNTIL #a#i#g#d4 ,E?IOPIA1 ,LIBYA & ,SOMALIL& REMA9$ UND] ,ITALIAN ,FASCI/ RULE FROM #aice UNTIL R\ WORE ON4 ,SAIL ,MOHAM$ BECAME AN ID5TITY DOCUM5T =G] = ! UND]GR\ND ANTI-FASCI/ RESI/ANCE 9 ,VI*Y ,FRANCE DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 ,9 ! W>1 MANY ,SPANI% REPUBLICANS1 9CLUD+ AN>*I/S1 S]V$ 9 ! ,LONG ,RANGE ,DES]T ,GR\P & O!R SPECIAL =CES 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA4 ,REPUBLICANS :O HAD JO9$ ! ,FR5* ,=EIGN ,LEGION 9 EX*ANGE FROM BE RELEAS$ FROM ! DET5TION CAMPS 9 S\!RN ,FRANCE4 ,MANY ( !M W]E /ATION$ 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA1 ,CAM]OON & ,*AD :5 ! W> BROKE \T4 ,! #i?,>M\R$ ,COMPANY - KN[N AS ,EL ,NUEVE - HAD BE5 F\ND$ 9 ,*AD AS P>T ( ! ,REGIM5TS ( ,M>* ( ,*AD4 ,! #i? ,>MOR$ ,COMPANY DROVE TANKS & >MOR$ HALF-TRACKS FLY+ ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLICAN FLAG & ) NAMES R$OL5T ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION PA9T$ ON !IR SIDES3 0,DURRUTI01 0,ASCASO01 0,CASA ,VIEJAS01 0,T]UEL01 0,MADRID01 0,BEL*ITE01 0,GUADALAJ>A0 & 0,GU]NICA04 ,IT 9CLUD$ LIB]T>IAN FIGELES CONC5TRATION CAMP1 !N DEPORT$ TO ,ALG]IA1 ,JESUS VOLUNTE]$ ) ! ,FR5* ,AFRICA ,CORPS1 F\*+ ,DIVISION ?AT F\MOR$ DIVISIONS 9 ! ,U,S #cRD ,>MY ?AT DEFEAT$ ?REE ,S,S ,PANZ] DIVISIONS & L9K$ UP ) ! ,CANADIAN =CES AT ,FALAIS - AT ! SAME TIME AS SOME #c1 ,MAQUIS TOOK UP >MS 9 ,BRITTANY - BE=E PU%+ ON TO ,P>IS :]E ! AN>*I/S BECAME ! FIR/ 0,ALLI$ TROOPS0 TO LIB]ATE ! CITY ON #bd ,AUGU/ #aidd .<#a.>4 ,! ,ITALIAN CONQUE/ ( ,LIBYA1 & ! ,NAZI VICTORY OV] HALF ( ,FRANCE HAD BE5 FOLL[$ BY ! SUPPRESSION ( ! LEFT 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA4 ,BY #a#i#c#i1 IT SEEMS CLE> ?AT ! AN>*I/ TRADITION HAD L>GELY WI!R$ AWAY 9 ,EGYPT1 BUT REMA9$ EXTANT 9 ,TUNISIA1 ,MOROCCO & ,ALG]IA1 ) ITS L9KS TO ! ,C,G,T-,S,R & ! WORK ( ACTIVI/S LIKE ,SAIL ,MOHAM$1 & ! EXI/5CE ( COMMUNITIES ( =EIGN AN>*I/S SU* AS ! ,SPANI% EXILES 9 ! CITY ( ,ORAN4,AMONG !SE EXILES WAS ,ROQUE ,SANTAM>IA ,CORTIGU]A 78-#a#i#h71 A ,C,N,T-,F,I,J,L 7,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR-,IB]IAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?7 B>B] :O HAD SAT ON ! ,C\NCIL ( ,VAL5CIA DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION1 & :O FL$ TO ,ORAN AFT] ! ,FRANCOI/ VICTORY 9 #a#i#c#i4 ,HE IS DESCRIB$ BY ,/U>T ,*RI/IE AS 0A MILITANT ( GREAT M]IT1 ) P>TICUL> /R5G?S AS A PUBLIC SPEAK] & POLEMICI/ & WELL V]S$ 9 MATT]S ORGANIZATIONAL0 .<#a#a.>4 ,! ASC5SION ( ,VI*Y ,FRANCE SAW ,SANTAM>IA 7& NO D\BT MANY O!R ,ORAN AN>*I/S7 9C>C]AT$ 9 ! CONC5TRATION CAMPS ( ,C]*EL & ,MOR&1 :]E ,SANTAM>IA CO-ORD9AT$ ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,N,T7 ACTIVISM1 BE+ RELEAS$ 9 ,NOVEMB] #aidb AFT] ! ,ALLI$ =CES TOOK ,ORAN4 ,ANO!R KEY ,SPANI% AN>*I/ :O SP5T TIME 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA WAS ! LEG5D>Y ,CIPRIANO ,M]A ,SANZ 7#a#h#i#g-#a#i#g#e71 A BRICKLAY] ILLIT]ATE UNTIL ! AGE ( #b :O HAD TAK5 P>T 9 ! AN>*I/ UPRIS+ 9 #aicc ALONGSIDE ,DURRUTI & ,ISAAC ,PU5TE1 & ROSE TO BECOME ! LEAD+ AN>*I/ MILIT>Y /RATEGI/ DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,M]A ALSO FL$ TO ,ORAN 9 #a#i#c#i1 & WAS LIKEWISE 9T]N$ 9 ,MOR& BUT ESCAP$ TO ,MOROCCO4 ,H[EV]1 ,M]A WAS >RE/$ !RE 9 ,M>* #aida & DEPORT$ TO ,SPA9 :]E HE WAS S5T5C$ TO DEA? 7HE WAS LAT] RELEAS$ & LIV$ 9 ,P>IS ! RE/ ( HIS LIFE1 DY+ 9 #a#i#g#e74 ,:AT ROLE1 IF ANY1 !SE EXILES PLAY$ 9 ! #aide UPRIS+ 9 ,ALG]IA1 IS NOT KN[N TO US1 BUT ,SANTAM>IA /AY$ ON 9 ,ALG]IA ACT+ AS ! SECRET>Y ( ! ,C,N,T'S ,NOR? ,AFRICAN BRAN* UNTIL HE TRAVEL$ TO ,T\L\SE1 ,FRANCE1 9 #aidf TO REPRES5T ,NOR? ,AFRICA AT ! ,M,L,E'S ,9T]CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS ! FOLL[+ YE>4 ,HE /AY$ ON 9 ,T\L\SE1 H[EV]1 BECOM+ ! CITY'S ,F,A,I SECRET>Y 9 #a#i#d#h-#a#i#e1 HELP+ TO REUNITE ! 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SYN!SI/ REMNANT RECON/ITUT$ ! ,F,A,F4 ,MOROCCO & ,TUNISIA GA9$ 9DEP5D5CE 9 #aief & SOME AN>*I/S ( ,EUROPEAN ORIG9 MAY WELL HAVE /AY$4 ,BUT ! SITUATION 9 ,ALG]IA QUICKLY SPIRAL$ \T ( CONTROL 9TO ALL-\T W>F>E4 ,:AT BECAME ( ! AN>*I/S 9 ,ORAN1 ,ALGI]S & ! BL$ IS UNKN[N TO US1 BUT IT IS LIKELY ?AT MANY W]E EI!R KILL$ OR FL$ TO ,FRANCE1 ESPECIALLY AFT] ,FRANCE'S LOSS ( ,ALG]IA AS A COLONY 9 #aifb FOLL[+ ! ,ORAN ,MASSACRE ( ?AT YE>4 ,WE WILL EXAM9E ! AN>*I/ RESPONSES TO DECOLONIZATION 9 ,AFRICA & ,S\?-,EA/ ,ASIA - ESPECIALLY ! 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