,! ,APRIL #ai ,UPRIS+ 9 ,NIC>AGUA 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,CRIME?,9C4 

,TEXT 3 

,9 ,APRIL1 A C\NTRYWIDE REVOLT BROKE \T 9 ,NIC>AGUA AGA9/ NEOLIB]AL RE=MS 9TRODUC$ BY ! GOV]NM5T ( ,DANIEL ,ORTEGA1 A ,S&9I/A REVOLUTION>Y FROM ! #a#i#hS4 ,WE WORK$ ) ,NIC>AGUAN AN>*I/S :O P>TICIPAT$ AT ! =EFRONT ( ! MOVEM5T TO BR+ Y\ ! FOLL[+ 9T]VIEW1 (F]+ AN OV]VIEW ( ! EV5TS & AN ANALYSIS ( ! DIFFICULTIES ( ORGANIZ+ AGA9/ LEFTI/ AU?ORIT>IAN GOV]NM5TS :ILE RESI/+ RI<T-W+ COOPTATION4 

,! ,F,S,L,N 7,S&9I/A ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION ,FRONT7 OV]?REW ! ,U,S-BACK$ MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP ( ,SOMOZA 9 #aigi & HELD P[] FROM #aigi TO #a#i#i4 .<,= A BRIEF SUMM>Y ( ,U,S 9T]V5TIONS 9 ,NIC>AGUA DUR+ ?AT TIME1 READ ?IS TEXT BY ,NOAM ,*OMSKY4.> ,AFT] #af YE>S ( NEOLIB]AL GOV]NM5TS1 ! ,F,S,L,N RETURN$ TO P[] 9 #b#f1 E/ABLI%+ AN AU?ORIT>IAN ADM9I/RATION ?AT MIXES SOCIALISM ) NEOLIB]ALISM1 CREAT+ NEW ECONOMIC ELITES :ILE (F]+ SOCIAL SUPPORT PROGRAMS TO ! L[] CLASSES4 ,! GOV]NM5T IS CONTROLL$ BY ! PRESID5TIAL C\PLE3 ,PRESID5T ,DANIEL ,ORTEGA & HIS WIFE & ,VICE ,PRESID5T1 ,ROS>IO ,MURILLO4 

,! SITUATION 9 ,NIC>AGUA RI<T N[ REM9DS US ( :AT HAPP5$ 9 ,BRAZIL 9 #b#a#c1 :5 AN>*I/S CATALYZ$ A POPUL> SOCIAL MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! NEOLIB]AL POLICIES ( ! 0LEFT0 GOV]NM5T ( ! ,WORK]S ,P>TY4 ,AT FIR/1 ?IS MOVEM5T WAS PLURALI/IC1 9CLUD+ ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN HORIZONTALISM ( ! AN>*I/S :O />T$ IT & A VAGUE POPUL> OPPOSITION UTILIZ+ NATIONALI/IC SYMBOLS4 ,YET OV] ! FOLL[+ YE>S1 AS ! POLICE /ATE CRACK$ D[N ON AN>*I/S1 RI<T-W+ REACTION>IES W]E ABLE TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( POPUL> DISCONT5T TO TOPPLE ! ,WORK]S ,P>TY GOV]NM5T & 9/ITUTE AN EV5 MORE REACTION>Y ADM9I/RATION4 ,?IS PROVOK$ MANY PEOPLE TO RALLY TO ! SAME ,WORK]S ,P>TY ?AT HAD ORIG9ALLY BETRAY$ !M1 SIDEL9+ AN>*I/S & SETT+ ! /AGE = EV] BLOODI] /ATE REPRESSION4 

,APOLOGI/S = ! AU?ORIT>IAN LEFT WILL USE ! EV5TS 9 ,BRAZIL AS AN EXCUSE TO DELEGITIMIZE UPRIS+S LIKE ! ONE 9 ,NIC>AGUA4 ,BUT !SE UPRIS+S >E CATALYZ$ BY REAL PROBLEMS4 ,DEF5D+ LEFT REGIMES AS 0! LESS] ( TWO EVILS0 ONLY 5SURES ?AT PEOPLE WILL CONT9UE TO SIDE ) ! O!R EVIL AGA9/ !M4 ,WE HAVE TO SUPPORT POPUL> UPRIS+S 9 A WAY ?AT OP5S A SPACE = GRASSROOTS1 HORIZONTAL MOVEM5TS TO DEVELOP4 

,ALL >\ND ! WORLD1 SIMIL> /ORIES >E PLAY+ \T AS AU?ORIT>IAN P>TIES FROM ! LEFT & RI<T ATTEMPT TO MONOPOLIZE ! FIELD ( POLITICAL POSSIBILITY BETWE5 !M :ILE IMPLEM5T+ DIFF]5T V]SIONS ( ! SAME NEOLIB]AL AG5DA4 ,BO? SIDES B5EFIT FROM R$UC+ POLITICS TO ?IS DI*OTOMY4 ,BECAUSE ALL ! *>GES ?AT EA* P>TY LEVELS AGA9/ ! O!RS >E ABSOLUTELY TRUE1 EA* CAN PO9T TO ! O!RS' MISDE$S TO RALLY SUPPORT4 ,SO LONG AS WE CAN ONLY IMAG9E *OOS+ BETWE5 LEFT & RI<T P>TIES1 WE WILL NEV] BE ABLE TO FREE \RSELVES ( ! HI]>*IES & 9JU/ICES ?AT BO? SIDES >E DET]M9$ TO IMPOSE ON US4 

,AN>*I/S CAN ID5TIFY SEV]AL ]RORS ?AT CAN >ISE 9 POPUL> UPRIS+S4 ,! DISC\RSE ( 0FI<T+ CORRUPTION10 WIDESPREAD FROM ,NIC>AGUA TO ,>M5IA1 APPE>S TO (F] A PO9T ( DEP>TURE TO BUILD POPUL> MOVEM5TS ?AT >E CRITICAL ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,YET 9 FACT1 BY IMPLY+ ?AT GOV]NM5T C\LD FUNCTION PROP]LY IF NOT = ! CORRUPTION ( SPECIFIC POLITICIANS1 ?IS DISC\RSE LEGITIMIZES GOV]NM5T ITSELF1 DI/RACT+ FROM ! SY/EMIC PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY CAPITALISM & SETT+ ! /AGE = NEW POLITICIANS TO REPLACE ! OLD ONES 9 AN 5DLESS CYCLE4 ,?AT EXPLA9S :Y ?IS RHETORIC HAS BE5 SO USEFUL TO DEMAGOGUES LIKE ,DONALD ,TRUMP :O *>GE !IR 5EMIES ) CORRUPTION 9 ORD] TO TAKE P[] & DO ! SAME ?+S !MSELVES4 

,LIKEWISE1 NATIONALISM CAN APPE> TO (F] A PLAT=M = PEOPLE TO COME TOGE!R ON A COMMON BASIS AGA9/ ! AU?ORITIES2 ?9K ( ! NATIONAL FLAGS ?AT W]E WIDESPREAD DUR+ ! ,>AB ,SPR+ & ,OCCUPY MOVEM5TS1 OR ! POPUL> *ANT DUR+ ! ,EGYPTIAN REVOLUTION ( #b#a#a1 0,MUSLIM--,*RI/IAN--,WE >E ALL ,EGYPTIAN40 ,YET !SE OLD SYMBOLS ALWAYS SET ! /AGE = NEW AU?ORIT>IANS TO TAKE P[] AS ! 0TRUE0 REPRES5TATIVES ( ! NATION3 REMEMB] H[ POLITICAL P>TIES LIKE ,SYRIZA COOPT$ & DE/ROY$ ! MOVEM5TS ( #b#a#a1 & H[ ! ,EGYPTIAN MILIT>Y TOOK P[] 9 #bac 9 A C\P DRAP$ 9 ,EGYPTIAN FLAGS4 

,9 ! COM+ YE>S1 AN>*I/S & O!R P>TICIPANTS 9 SOCIAL MOVEM5TS WILL HAVE TO DEVELOP A MORE NUANC$ ANALYSIS ( H[ TO PRES5T A ?IRD OPTION 9 ! CONFLICT BETWE5 AU?ORIT>IAN LEFTI/S & RI<T-W+ NATIONALI/S4 ,WE WILL HAVE TO F9D WAYS TO CRITIQUE ! NEOLIB]AL POLICIES ( LEFT GOV]NM5TS LIKE ?OSE 9 ,NIC>AGUA & ,BRAZIL ?AT DO NOT PLAY 9TO ! H&S ( RI<T-W+ NEOLIB]ALS4 ,?IS IS ONE ( ! MO/ PRESS+ QUE/IONS FAC+ US TODAY4 

,H]E FOLL[S ! 9T]VIEW FROM \R CONTACTS 9 ,NIC>AGUA4 

,I AM A P>T ( AN AFF9ITY GR\P ( SIX PEOPLE4 ,WE'VE ALL WORK$ TOGE!R S9CE #b#a#e4 ,! MAJORITY ( US ID5TIFY AS QUE]2 WE >E EMPLOY$ 9 V]Y DIFF]5T SECTORS4 ,>TS1 CULTURE1 FEM9ISM1 & POLITICS BR\<T US TOGE!R4 

,BO? ( MY P>5TS >E HI/ORIANS4 ,!Y BO? RECEIV$ !IR MA/]'S DEGREES 9 ,HI/ORY AT ! ,U,N,A,N .<,UNIV]SIDAD ,NACIONAL ,AUTONOMA DE ,NIC>AGUA1 ,NATIONAL ,AUTONOM\S ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NIC>AGUA.>4 ,MY MO!R IS A FEM9I/ & MY FA!R IS AN EX-MILIT>Y POET4 

,TIMEL9E ( ,EV5TS 

,APRIL #bah 

,! FIR/ PROTE/ WAS A DEMON/RATION DEM&+ IMM$IATE ACTION FROM ! AU?ORITIES TO EXT+UI% A L>GE-SCALE FIRE 9 ! MO/ IMPORTANT NATURE RES]VE 9 ! C\NTRY1 ,RES]VA ,9DIO ,MAIZ4.<#a.> ,! GOV]NM5T DID NOT LI/5 TO ! PROTE/]S' CALL TO ACTION1 :I* WAS BASICALLY A DEM& TO RECOGNIZE ! DAMAGE DONE BY ILLEGAL CATTLE F>MS 9 9DIG5\S T]RITORY4 ,! FIRE LA/$ T5 DAYS2 IT WAS F9ALLY EXT+UI%$ ) ! ASSI/ANCE ( ! MILIT>Y1 9DIG5\S VOLUNTE]S1 & 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY 7E4G41 A HELICOPT] S5T BY ,MEXICO74 

,?IS 5VIRONM5TAL DISA/] IGNIT$ 5VIRONM5TAL & SOCIAL ACTIVISM1 %$D+ LI<T ON ! GOV]NM5T'S COLONIAL PRACTICES & ON ITS RES\RCE-9T5SIVE NEOLIB]AL 9T]V5TIONS 9 9DIG5\S T]RITORIES1 SU* AS PROMOT+ CATTLE GRAZ+ & MONOCROPS LIKE PALM = PALM OIL4 ,?IS MOVEM5T WAS CALL$ _?,S,O,S,9DIO,MAIZ4 ,IT SUCCESSFULLY ORGANIZ$ ?REE PROTE/S 9 ! CAPITAL CITY1 ,MANAGUA4 ,I P>TICIPAT$ 9 ?IS ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITTEE2 IT HAS N[ BE5 DISSOLV$1 ) SEV]AL MEMB]S CREAT+ O!R GR\PS4 

,APRIL #af 

,TO ADD TO ?IS SOCIAL DISCONT5T1 ! ,ORTEGA ,REGIME ANN\NC$ RE=MS TO SOCIAL SECURITY 9CLUD+ AN 9CREASE 9 CONTRIBUTIONS = EMPLOYES & EMPLOY]S1 A DECREASE 9 FUTURE P5SIONS1 & A FEE FROM EV]Y RETIREE'S P5SION4 ,! CONTROV]SIAL RE=M WAS 9T5D$ TO SAVE ! SOCIAL SECURITY 9/ITUTE FROM A DEFICIT CRISIS4 ,! ,9,S,S HAS REPEAT$LY BE5 ACCUS$ ( APPROV+ MILLIONS ( DOLL>S 9 PRIVATE LOANS TO GOV]NM5T (FICIALS4 ,ESS5TIALLY1 WORK]S & RETIREES W]E TO BE =C$ TO PAY = ! CORRUPTION & MISMANAGEM5T ( ! SOCIAL SECURITY FUNDS 7,9,S,S74 

,A PREVI\S SOCIAL JU/ICE MOVEM5T HAD EM]G$ 9 #bac UND] ! NAME ( _?,OCUPA,9,S,S4 ,9 RESPONSE TO ! PROPOS$ SOCIAL SECURITY RE=MS1 ?IS GR\P ( Y\NG ORGANIZ]S JO9$ A GR\P ( ELD]LY SOCIAL SECURITY RECIPI5TS :O HAD />T$ PROTE/+ BECAUSE !Y W]E ! ONES :O W]E GO+ TO SUFF] ! MO/4 

,APRIL #ah 

,! _?,OCUPA,9,S,S MOVEM5T JO9$ TOGE!R ) ! _?,S,O,S,9DIO,MAIZ MOVEM5T4 ,PROTE/S TOOK PLACE 9 TWO LOCATIONS1 9 FRONT ( ! ,UNIV]SIDAD ,C5TROAM]ICANA & 9 ,CAM9O DE ,ORI5TE 7A PLAZA BESIDE ONE ( ! BUSIE/ ROADS 9 ,MANAGUA7 ON ,W$NESDAY1 ,APRIL #a#h4 ,! GOV]NM5T BRUTALLY ATTACK$ BO? ( !SE PROTE/S1 S5D+ ! POLICE & ITS P>AMILIT>Y =CES 7,MOTORIZADOS.<#b.> & ,S&9I/A ,Y\?--SEE BEL[7 TO ATTACK ! DEMON/RATORS4 ,AT #e PM1 ANTI-RIOT POLICE 7,ANTI-,MOT9ES7 SURR\ND$ & DISP]S$ PROTE/]S 9 ,CAM9O DE ,ORI5TE4 ,! PROTE/ 9 FRONT ( ,U,C,A ESCALAT$ 9SIDE & >\ND ! ,UNIV]SITY P]IMET]S4 ,MORE ?AN #b PEOPLE W]E SEV]ELY 9JUR$4 

,APRIL #ai 

,! 5TIRE C\NTRY MOBILIZ$ 9 PROTE/ 9 RESPONSE TO ! NEWS ( ! PREVI\S NI<T'S REPRESSION ( _?,OCUPA,9,S,S 9 ,U,C,A & 9 ,CAM9O DE ,ORI5TE4 

,! GOV]NM5T BEGAN C5SOR+ 9DEP5D5T NEWS *ANNELS ON NATIONAL TELEVISION4 ,!Y ALSO ORD]$ SOME HOSPITALS NOT TO AID W\ND$ DEMON/RATORS4 ,AFT] ! /ATIONS W]E REMOV$ FROM ! AIRWAVES1 PEOPLE FOLL[$ !M ON SOCIAL M$IA4 ,PRO-GOV]NM5T MOBS ATTACK$ /UD5TS 9SIDE SEV]AL UNIV]SITY CAMPUSES4 

,! FOLL[+ UNIV]SITIES W]E CLOS$ & OCCUPI$ BY /UD5TS4 ,NIC>AGUAN POLICE & MEMB]S FROM ! ,S&9I/A ,Y\? CLA%$ ) PROTE/]S 9SIDE & \TSIDE !SE FACILITIES4 

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,UNIV]SIDAD ,AGR>IA 7,U,N,A7 - ,A PUBLIC UNIV]SITY FOCUS$ ON AGRO9DU/RY4 ,!Y />T$ 9 ! MORN+1 TAK+ OV] ! ,NOR? ,HI<WAY NE> ! AIRPORT4 

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,UNIV]SIDAD ,C5TRO,AM]ICANA 7,U,C,A7 - ,A SEMI-PRIVATE UNIV]SITY S]V+ MIDDLE-CLASS & UPP] MIDDLE-CLASS /UD5T1 REC5TLY CRITICIZ$ = RE/RUCTUR+ !IR RESE>* & HUMANITIES DEP>TM5TS4 

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,UNIV]SIDAD DE ,+5I]IA 7,U,N,I7 - ,A PUBLIC UNIV]SITY = 5G9E]+4 ,U,C,A & ,U,N,I SAW ! MO/ 9T5SE CLA%ES AT ! BEG9N+1 AFT] :I* ! CONFRONTATIONS *IEFLY OCCURR$ >\ND ,U,P,O,L,I4 

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,UNIV]SIDAD ,POLITECNICA DE ,NIC>AGUA 7,U,P,O,L,I7 - ,A PUBLIC UNIV]SITY4 

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,U,N,A,N - ,! L>GE/ PUBLIC UNIV]SITY1 ) AB\T #e1 /UD5TS2 CONTROLL$ BY ,U,N,51 ! PRO-GOV]NM5T /UD5T 0UNION40 ,U,N,A,N HAS BE5 A /RON<OLD = ,U,N,54 ,I LIVE RI<T 9 FRONT ( ?IS UNIV]SITY4 

,PROTE/S W]E REPORT$ ALL OV] ! C\NTRY4 ,IT WAS ESPECIALLY SIGNIFICANT ?AT PROTE/S TOOK PLACE 9 ,MONIMBO1 ,MASAYA1 ,LEON1 ,MATAGALPA1 & ,E/ELI1 BECAUSE !Y HAVE BE5 TRADITIONALLY PRO-GOV]NM5T SITES4 ,! FACT ?AT RESI/ANCE ]UPT$ !RE WAS A BL[ TO ! /ATE & ! P[] ( ,U,N,54 ,GRANADA & ,LEON >E ! MO/ IMPORTANT T\RI/ DE/9ATIONS 9 ! C\NTRY4 

,! GOV]NM5T HAD MADE SEV]AL /ATEM5TS ADVOCAT+ = PEACE & DIALOGUE AS ! POLICE & ,S&9I/A ,Y\? VIOL5TLY ATTACK$ PEACEFUL PROTE/]S4 ,!Y W\LD ALSO SET UP ,P,A SY/EMS TO BLA/ REVOLUTION>Y SONGS & S+ !M TOGE!R1 PROTECT$ BY ! POLICE4 

,?IS WAS ! FIR/ TIME ?AT A NATIONWIDE /RIKE HAD OCCURR$ AT ?IS MAGNITUDE S9CE ! 0#f.00 /UD5T PROTE/S 9 ! LATE #a#i#iS .<DESCRIB$ BEL[.>4 

,APRIL #b 

,PROTE/S CONT9U$ ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY AS ANTI-RIOT POLICE 9T5SIFI$ !IR ATTACKS4 ,!Y RAID$ LOCATIONS :]E CIVILIANS W]E ORGANIZ+ M$IC9E & FOOD DONATIONS = PROTE/]S & /OLE !M4 

,AT APPROXIMATELY #c PM1 ! L>GE/ DEMON/RATION YET GA!R$ 9 ,C>RET]A ,MASAYA1 ONE ( ! MA9 ROADS 9 ,MANAGUA4 ,P>AMILIT>Y =CES ATTACK$ US+ TE> GAS & RUBB] BULLETS4 ,LAT] ?AT NI<T1 9 ,MANAGUA1 ,S&9I/A ,Y\? & POLICE SURR\ND$ /UD5TS & ACTIVI/S 9SIDE ! CA!DRAL1 ,U,N,I 7! NATIONAL 5G9E]+ UNIV]SITY71 & ,U,P,O,L,I 7! POLYTE*NIC UNIV]SITY74 ,POLICE ATTACK$ ,LEON1 :]E SEV]AL BUILD+S CAU<T FIRE1 9CLUD+ CIVILIAN H\SEHOLDS1 A RADIO /ATION1 RE/AURANTS1 & ,C,U,U,N 7! NATIONAL UNIV]SITY C\NCIL ( ,U,N,A,N ,LEON74 ,MASAYA & ,E/ELI W]E ALSO ATTACK$ & OCCUPI$ BY P>AMILIT>Y =CES4 ,9 ,GRANADA1 ! CITY HALL WAS BURN$ D[N4 ,SEV]AL PEOPLE W]E KILL$ & DOZ5S REPORT$ MISS+4 

,APRIL #ba 

,CONFRONTATIONS CONT9U$ ?R\<\T ,NIC>AGUA4 ,!RE W]E DEMON/RATIONS AT SEV]AL ,NIC>AGUAN EMBASSIES ABROAD4 ,! GOV]NM5T AGRE$ TO DISCUSS SOCIAL SECURITY RE=MS ) ,C,O,S,E,P1 ! PRIVATE 5T]PRISE C\NCIL4 ,MANY REJECT$ ! PROPOSAL1 DEM&+ ?AT REPRES5TATIVES FROM O!R ORGANIZATIONS & MOVEM5TS BE 9VIT$ TO ! NEGOTIATIONS AS WELL4 ,AT #a#b3#c PM1 9 HIS FIR/ ADDRESS TO ! NATION S9CE PROTE/S BEGAN1 ,DANIEL ,ORTEGA CALL$ ! DEMON/RATORS A 0GR\P ( CRIM9ALS & ?UGS ?AT PROMOTE A CULTURE ( VIOL5CE40 ,HE DID NOT M5TION ! MURD]S ( ACTIVI/S & /UD5TS1 NOR ! C5SOR%IP ( TELEVISION *ANNELS4 

,CONFRONTATIONS CONT9U$ AFT] ,ORTEGA'S ADDRESS4 ,PROTE/S TURN$ VIOL5T 9 SEV]AL CITIES 9CLUD+ ,LEON1 ,DIRIAMBA1 ,J9OTEPE1 ,MATAGALPA1 & ,*9&EGA4 ,/UD5TS AT ,U,P,O,L,I1 ! POLYTE*NIC UNIV]SITY1 CONT9U$ PROTE/+ AGA9/ POLICE REPRESSION4 ,! ,NIC>AGUAN >MY RELEAS$ A /ATEM5T BACK+ ! GOV]NM5T'S REQUE/ = DIALOGUE ) ,C,O,S,E,P1 ! PRIVATE 5T]PRISE C\NCIL1 & DEM&+ AN 5D TO POLICE REPRESSION1 ! RELEASE ( ! DETA9$ /UD5TS & ACTIVI/S1 & ! GU>ANTEE ( FREE PRESS )\T C5SOR%IP4 ,AT #d PM1 ! SELF-ASSEMBL$ MOVEM5T1 ,MOVIMI5TO ,AUTOCONVOCADO ,NIC>AGUA1 RELEAS$ A /ATEM5T DEM&+ PUBLIC NEGOTIATIONS 9CLUD+ A V>IETY ( ,NIC>AGUAN SECTORS1 LABEL+ A DIALOGUE BETWE5 ,C,O,S,E,P & ! GOV]NM5T A 0PACT40 ,AS ( #e PM1 ! DEA? TOLL WAS REPORT$ TO BE BETWE5 #be & #c1 ) #fd 9JUR$1 #dc MISS+1 & OV] #b DETA9$4 

,APRIL #bb 

,AS PROTE/S CONT9U$1 LOOT+ TOOK PLACE >\ND SEV]AL CITIES4 ,PRESID5T ,DANIEL ,ORTEGA ADDRESS$ ! NATION = ! SECOND TIME1 REVOK+ ! SOCIAL SECURITY RE=MS 9 A TELEVIS$ ANN\NCEM5T4 ,HE WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY SEV]AL TOP-RANK+ REPRES5TATIVES FROM FREE TRADE ZONES 9 ,NIC>AGUA4 ,ORTEGA BRIEFLY M\RN$ ! DEA?S ( CIVILIANS1 POLICE1 & J\RNALI/S1 )\T M5TION+ ! VIOL5CE ( ! ,S&9I/A ,Y\? & POLICE4 ,! PRESID5T CONT9U$ TO DESCRIBE PROTE/]S DEF5D+ !MSELVES AS 0?UGS & GANG MEMB]S10 COMP>+ !M TO LOOT]S4 ,AFT] HIS /ATEM5T1 ANO!R PROTE/ WAS CALL$ =2 POPUL> \TRAGE HAD GONE BEYOND ! SOCIAL SECURITY RE=MS TO EXT5D TO VIOL5T REPRESSION & GOV]NM5T CORRUPTION4 

,AFT] ,ORTEGA'S ADDRESS1 PEOPLE TOOK ! /REETS AGA9 DEM&+ JU/ICE & M\RN+ ?OSE :O HAD BE5 KILL$ BY ! NATIONAL POLICE4 ,C,O,S,E,P DEM&$ ?AT ! GOV]NM5T TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION !IR PROPOS$ T]MS & CONDITIONS = A DIALOGUE & NEGOTIATIONS TO TAKE PLACE1 & CONFIRM$ ! M>* !Y HAD ANN\NC$ = ! NEXT DAY1 ,MONDAY1 ,APRIL #b#c4 ,AT APPROXIMATELY #i PM1 /UD5TS AT ! POLYTE*NIC UNIV]SITY1 ,U,P,O,L,I1 REPORT$ BE+ BRUTALLY ATTACK$ BY ! POLICE :ILE !Y W]E PAY+ !IR RESPECTS TO ! FALL5 VICTIMS4 ,FRANCISCO ,DIAZ1 SECOND 9 COMM& ( ! NATIONAL POLICE1 CLAIM$ ?AT POLICE =CES W]E NO:]E NE> ,U,P,O,L,I1 DESPITE ACCUSATIONS FROM /UD5TS 9 ! >EA4 ,ACCORD+ TO LA ,PR5SA1 AT LEA/ ONE /UD5T WAS KILL$ & FIVE 9JUR$ BY GUN%OTS4 

,APRIL #bc 

,/UD5TS AT ,U,P,O,L,I CONFIRM$ ! DEA? ( TWO /UD5TS & AB\T ELEV5 9JUR$ FROM ! PREVI\S NI<T'S POLICE ATTACK4 ,!Y ALSO ANN\NC$ !Y W\LD NOT BE ATT5D+ ! M>* ANN\NC$ BY ,C,O,S,E,P1 AS !Y W\LD NOT BE LEAV+ ! UNIV]SITY GR\NDS4 ,! 0SELF-ASSEMBL$ MOVEM5T10 MOVIMI5TO AUTOCONVOCADO ,NIC>AGUA1 CALL$ = ANO!R M>* AT ! SAME TIME BUT ) A DIFF]5T R\TE ?AN ,C,O,S,E,P'S1 /AT+ ?AT ,C,O,S,E,P DID NOT REPRES5T !M4 ,VICE ,PRESID5T ,ROS>IO ,MURILLO ANN\NC$ ?AT ! DECREE READ BY ,ORTEGA ON ,SUNDAY REVOK+ ! SOCIAL SECURITY RE=MS HAD BE5 PUBLI%$ BY ! GOV]NM5T'S GAZETTE1 MAK+ IT (FICIAL4 ,APPROXIMATELY #g1 TO #h1 PEOPLE M>*$ TOGE!R TO ,U,P,O,L,I1 C>RY+ ,NIC>AGUAN FLAGS1 *ANT+ = ! 5D ( REPRESSION1 & CALL+ = JU/ICE = ! DECEAS$1 DETA9$1 & MISS+4 ,/UD5TS AT ,U,P,O,L,I WELCOM$ ! DEMON/RATORS & DEM&$ ! RESIGNATION ( SEV]AL GOV]NM5T (FICIALS 9CLUD+ ,DANIEL ,ORTEGA & ,ROS>IO ,MURILLO4 ,!Y ANN\NC$ A M>* FROM ,U,P,O,L,I TO ! POLICE /ATION 9 ,DI/RICT #f ON ,TUESDAY1 ,APRIL #b#d1 TO DEM& ! LIB]ATION ( ! ILLEGALLY DETA9$ /UD5TS & CIVILIANS4 ,S9CE ,FRIDAY1 FAMILIES ( ! DETA9$ HAD BE5 PROTE/+ \TSIDE ,EL ,*IPOTE1 ! JUDICIAL ASSI/ANCE DEP>TM5T4 

,APRIL #bd 

,! MASSIVE M>* CULM9AT$ ) ! REMOVAL ( ANO!R 0,*AYOPALO0 .<ONE ( ! BIG PIECES ( PUBLIC >T 9TRODUC$ BY ! ,ORTEGA FAMILY.> 9 ,MANAGUA4 ,/UD5TS AT ,U,P,O,L,I REPORT$ ATTACKS BY POLICEM5 DRESS$ AS CIVILIANS >\ND #c AM4 ,9 ! MORN+1 DETA9EES W]E RELEAS$ FROM 0,LA MODELO10 ,MANAGUA'S P5IT5TI>Y 9 ,TIPITAPA1 9 GR\PS ( #ae OR LESS ALONG A REMOTE ROAD ) %AV$ HEADS1 B>EFOOT1 ) #b C@s 74#f#d USD7 9 !IR H&S4 ,!Y DESCRIB$ BE+ TORTUR$ BY POLICEM5 BUT AID$ BY PRISON]S1 :O W]E CONSEQU5TLY TORTUR$ AS WELL4 ,A J\RNALI/ WAS ALSO RELEAS$ 9 ,LEON4 

,AFT] TRY+ TO REA* ,MANAGUA = TWO DAYS1 P>TICIPANTS 9 ! PEASANT MOVEM5T 9 ,NUEVA ,GU9EA1 ,RIO ,SAN ,JUAN1 & ,OMETEPE RESORT$ TO ROAD BLOCKADES TO SUPPORT ! PROTE/S4 ,?IS MOVEM5T JO9$ CALLS = A NATIONAL /RIKE4 ,! BODIES ( TWO MISS+ Y\?S SUDD5LY APPE>$ AT ! ,9/ITUTE ( ,M$ICAL ,=5SICS 7,I,M,L7 9 ,MANAGUA AFT] !IR FAMILIES HAD SE>*$ = !M AT DIFF]5T HOSPITALS4 ,ORTEGA'S GOV]NM5T BEGAN REMOV+ /ATE-SPONSOR$ WIFI FROM PUBLIC P>KS4 ,SECTORS ( ! =MAL LABOR M>KET RESUM$ OP]ATIONS & CITY HALLS BEGAN CLEAN+ UP DAMAG$ ROADS4 ,>\ND #f PM1 ! ,EPISCOPAL ,CONF]5CE ( ,NIC>AGUA ANN\NC$ ?AT !Y W\LD M$IATE ! DIALOGUE BETWE5 ,ORTEGA1 ! PRIVATE SECTOR1 & O!R CIVIC GR\PS4 ,AT #g PM1 ,ORTEGA 9T]RUPT$ NATIONAL TELEVISION TO ACCEPT ! ,EPISCOPAL ,CONF]5CE'S ANN\NCEM5T4 

,APRIL #be 

,A WEEK AFT] ! PROTE/S ]UPT$1 A S5SE ( E]IE CALM >OSE 9 RESPONSE TO ! PROMISE ( DIALOGUE4 ,CONFRONTATIONS CEAS$2 H[EV]1 ! DEA? TOLL CONT9U$ TO RISE AS ! BODIES ( /UD5TS REPORT$ MISS+ W]E ID5TIFI$4 ,BI%OP ,BAEZ1 A KEY FIGURE ( SUPPORT = PROTE/]S :O WAS 9CLUD$ 9 ! M$IATION COMMISSION1 /AT$ ?AT OPTIMAL CONDITIONS = DIALOGUE %\LD 9CLUDE PROSECUT+ ?OSE RESPONSIBLE = ! MURD]S & O!R ACTS ( VIOL5T REPRESSION4 ,9 A /ATEM5T FROM /UD5TS AT ,U,P,O,L,I1 ! SELF-PROCLAIM$ 0,MOVIMI5TO E/UDIANTIL #ai DE ABRIL10 !Y ACCEPT$ ! 9VITATION TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! DIALOGUE AS LONG AS !IR SAFETY WAS GU>ANTE$ DUR+ & AFT] ! MEET+4 ,SEV]AL RETIR$ & ACTIVE POLITICAL FIGURES JOCKEY$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! DIALOGUE1 9CLUD+ =M] MILIT>Y *IEF ,HUMB]TO ,ORTEGA ,SAAV$RA1 ! LIB]AL P>TY 7,P,L,C71 & ,TELEMACO ,TALAV]A1 PRESID5T ( BO? ! ,NATIONAL ,UNIV]SITY ,C\NCIL 7,C,N,U7 & ,U,N,A 7,NATIONAL ,AGR>IAN ,UNIV]SITY74 ,A /ATEM5T D5Y+ SUPPORT = ! P>TICIPATION ( ,TALAV]A 9 ! DIALOGUE WAS SIGN$ BY #af FACULTY MEMB]S AT ,U,N,A1 >GU+ ?AT HE REPRES5T$ CONFLICT+ 5TITIES4 ,9 ! AFT]NOON1 DEMON/RATORS HELD A M>* TO ACCOMPANY ! FAMILIES ( ?OSE /ILL DETA9$ AT 0,EL *IPOTE40 ,SEV]AL VIGILS TO HONOR ! VICTIMS ( POLICE REPRESSION TOOK PLACE NATIONWIDE4 

,APRIL #bf 

,ANONYM\S1 ! WORLD-FAM\S HACKTIVI/ GR\P1 ANN\NC$ ?AT !Y HACK$ SEV]AL GOV]NM5T WEBSITES 9 RESPONSE TO ! REPRESSION AGA9/ ! ,NIC>AGUAN PEOPLE4 ,! WEBSITE = CONGRESS WAS ONE ( ! HACK$ PAGES & /AY$ (FL9E = A C\PLE ( H\RS4 ,!SE 9T]V5TIONS W]E WIDELY CELEBRAT$ ON SOCIAL M$IA4 ,NEV]!LESS1 SEV]AL ( US W]E W>Y ( ! FACT ?AT ,ANONYM\S FUR!R LEGITIMIZ$ ! ,ORTEGUI/AS' CLAIM ?AT =EIGN P[]S--I4E41 ! ,U,S,A-->E 9T]V5+ 9 ,NIC>AGUAN AFFAIRS4 

,! PUBLIC PROSECUTOR'S (FICE ANN\NC$ ?AT !Y WILL BE 9VE/IGAT+ ALL !FTS1 9JURIES1 & DEA?S ?AT RESULT$ FROM ! DEMON/RATIONS4 ,E>LI] ?AT DAY1 ! ,NIC>AGUAN HUMAN RI<TS ASSOCIATION1 ,A,N,P,D,H1 PUBLICLY D5\NC$ ,PRESID5T ,DANIEL ,ORTEGA & ,VICE ,PRESID5T ,ROS>IO ,MURILLO BE=E ! PROSECUTORS (FICE = ! CRIMES & P]PETUATION ( VIOL5CE AGA9/ DEMON/RATORS4 ,LAT] 9 ! NI<T1 ! ,MOVIMI5TO #ai DE ,ABRIL ANN\NC$ ?AT !Y HAD LEFT ,U,P,O,L,I'S PREMISES AS !Y F\ND SEV]AL GOV]NM5T 9FILTRATORS )9 !IR ORGANIZATION4 ,9 ADDITION1 !Y /AT$ ?AT !Y DID NOT TRU/ ! 9VE/IGATION C>RI$ \T BY ! PUBLIC PROSECUTORS (FICE4 

,H[ WAS ! UPRIS+ ORGANIZ$8 

,AFF9ITY ACTIONS W]E SPONTANE\SLY CREAT$ ?R\< SOCIAL M$IA PLAT=MS LIKE ,SIGNAL1 ,TELEGRAM1 & ,:ATSAPP4 ,ALL ( !SE ORIG9ALLY />T$ ON ,FACEBOOK1 ) GR\PS ( UP TO #a PEOPLE1 :I* DEC5TRALIZ$ TO SEV]AL HUNDR$ SMALL] GR\PS4 ,!SE 0GR\PS0 =M$ AS A WAY TO C>E = & PROTECT ! /UD5T PROTE/]S :O W]E ON ! /REETS4 ,SOME ( ! ROLES !Y FILL$ 9CLUDE3 

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,E/ABLI%+ SAFE H\SES 

- 

,DI/RIBUT+ M$ICAL SUPPLIES 

- 

,SOCIAL M$IA ADVOCACY 

- 

,WRIT+ COMMUNIQUES 

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,CREAT+ MAPS ( SAFE R\TES & TRACK+ POLICE PRES5CE 

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,(F]+ M$ICAL SUPPORT 

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,CREAT+ %IELDS TO PROTECT PROTE/]S FROM ROCKS & RUBB] BULLETS 

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,S5D+ CR$ITS TO CELL PHONE NUMB]S 

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,CREAT+ EMOTIONAL SUPPORT GR\PS 

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,CREAT+ LI/S ( P>TICIPANTS ON ! GR\ND 9 CASE SOME W5T MISS+ 

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,BUY+ FOOD SUPPLIES 

,:AT W]E ! CAUSES ( ! UPRIS+8 

,!RE WAS NO 9DICATION ?AT ?IS WAS GO+ TO HAPP51 JU/ GR[+ SIL5T DISCONT5T4 ,! FIRE WAS IGNIT$ :5 ! ,S&9I/A ,Y\? & MOTORCYCLE GANGS ATTACK$ PROTE/]S & ?IS CONFRONTATION WAS BROADCA/ PUBLICLY4 

,! CONDITIONS ?AT W]E BOIL+ BE=E ! ,ABRIL #a#i? ,/UD5T ,UPRIS+ 9CLUDE3 

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,! ,9,S,S ,PROTE/S 9 #b#a#c4 ,ACTIVI/S E/ABLI%$ AN OCCUPATION 9 FRONT ( ! ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,SECURITY2 POLICE VIOL5TLY EVICT$ !M 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! NI<T4 

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,CORRUPTION AT ALL LEVELS ( GOV]NM5T4 ,CORRUPTION ?R\< PACTS BETWE5 GOV]NM5T (FICIALS & ! UPP]-CLASS 9VE/ORS4 ,CORRUPTION TO SUPPORT ! ,ORTEGA-,MURILLO FAMILY'S CONC5TRATION ( P[] & WEAL?4 

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,! CONC5TRATION ( P[] & WEAL?1 :AT WE CALL AU?ORIT>IANISM1 BY CONTROLL+ ! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY & ! ,ELECTORAL ,SUPREME ,C\NCIL4 ,OP5+ UP LITTLE POSSIBILITY = ANY P>TIES 79CLUD+ LEFT-W+ P>TIES7 TO RUN = ELECTIONS4 

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,UNDEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS3 NO =EIGN SUP]VISION ( LOCAL ELECTIONS AT ! NATIONAL & MUNICIPAL LEVELS4 ,! ELECTIONS >E BASICALLY SUP]VIS$ BY ! ,S&9I/A ,P>TY4 ,!RE IS EVID5CE ( PEOPLE VOT+ TWICE & DEAD PEOPLE ALSO VOT+4 

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,LACK ( TRANSP>5CY ON GOV]NM5T 9VE/M5TS & =EIGN AID 7= EXAMPLE1 ,V5EZUELAN OIL MONEY74 ,!RE IS LITTLE TRANSP>5CY OR ACC\NTABILITY 9 H[ GOV]NM5T FUNDS >E US$4 ,MU* GOES TO SOCIAL PROGRAMS1 BUT O!R P>TS >E ASSUM$ TO GO DIRECTLY TO ! P>TY4 

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,9CREAS+ GAS PRICES COMP>$ TO ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA1 DESPITE \R RELATION%IP ) ,V5EZUELA4 

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,POOR 9VE/M5T 9 $UCATION4 ,ONLY #e.0 ( APPLICANTS PASS$ ! MA? ADMISSION TE/ TO APPLY TO ,U,N,A,N1 ! L>GE/ PUBLIC UNIV]SITY 9 ! C\NTRY4 

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,A POLITICAL MODEL BAS$ ON DEP5D5CY BETWE5 POOR COMMUNITIES & ! /ATE 9/EAD ( CRITICAL P>TICIPATION & DIALOGUE4 ,?IS IS CALL$ CLI5TELISM4 

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,COOPTATION ( ,M$IA4 ,! GOV]NM5T [NS EI<T DIFF]5T TELEVISION & RADIO /ATIONS &1 AS !Y REC5TLY %[$1 >E KN[N TO C5SOR & ATTACK O!R 9DEP5D5T M$IA \TLETS1 9CLUD+ #a.0 ,NOTICIAS & ,CONFID5CIAL4 

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,OV]ALL HATR$ T[>DS ! POLICE ON ACC\NT ( CORRUPTION1 BRIB]Y1 & POLICE MURD]S SU* AS ! ,LAS ,JAGUITAS CASE4 ,BRIB+ TRAFFIC POLICE IS A LOCAL CU/OM4 

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,! ,GR& ,CANAL PROJECT1 :I* GAVE A LOT ( P[] TO A ,*9ESE COMPANY2 IT WAS POT5TIALLY GO+ TO DISPLACE 9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES 9 ! ,C>IBBEAN_/,ATLANTIC SIDE ( ! C\NTRY4 ,?IS @s#e BILLION PROJECT />T$ ) ! LEGAL 9FRA/RUCTURE BUT WAS NEV] ACTUALLY BUILT4 

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,NO PRIVATE SECTOR ACC\NTABILITY OV] ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,5VIRONM5TAL LAWS HAVE BE5 RELAX$ 9 ORD] TO 9C5TIVIZE PRIVATE 9VE/M5T4 

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,H>ASSM5T FROM ,JUV5TUD ,S&9I/A & MOTORCYCLE GANGS 7:I* W]E FIR/ IMPLEM5T$ BY ,V5EZUELA7 T[>DS PROTE/]S4 

- 

,! ES!TIC HIJACK+ ( ,NIC>AGUA--= EXAMPLE1 ! 0,TREES ( ,LIFE0 & ! NEW ,P>TY ES!TIC COLOR PALLET4 

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,! ,*UR* & ! ,/ATE >E NOT SEP>ATE4 ,! SLOGAN ( ! GOV]NM5T IS 0,SOCIALISM1 ,*RI/IANITY1 & ,SOLID>ITY40 

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,9/ITUTIONS ?AT %\LD BE NEUTRAL--SU* AS ! MILIT>Y1 ! M9I/RY ( $UCATION1 ! M9I/RY ( HEAL?1 & ! POLICE-->E PRO-GOV]NM5T4 

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,FEMICIDE RATES >E HI< = RURAL WOM54 

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,! CLOS+ ( WOM5'S C5T]S 7COMIS>IAS DE LA MUJ]74 

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,ABORTION HAS BE5 ILLEGAL S9CE #b#f4 

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,ORTEGA HAS BE5 ACCUS$ ( SEXUAL ABUSE AGA9/ HIS /EP-DAU<T]1 ,ZOILAM]ICA4 

,DESPITE ALL ?IS1 ?+S W]E NOT SO BAD = ! MIDDLE & UPP] CLASS4 ,?OSE SECTORS W]E PACIFI$4 ,! SITUATION C\LD BE A LOT WORSE4 ,PEOPLE C\LD WORK 9 ! PRIVATE SECTOR & DRAW B5EFITS FROM ! PUBLIC SECTOR4 ,WE HAVE FREE $UCATION & FREE HEAL?C>E4 ,!Y >E NOT ! BE/ QUALITY1 BUT !Y >E FREE & ACCESSIBLE TO MO/4 

,BUT ! GOV]NM5T COMPLETELY UND]E/IMAT$ ! LEVEL ( NATIONAL DISCONT5T T[>DS ! ,F,L,S,N4 ,?IS 9SURRECTION UNIT$ ALL !SE SECTORS >\ND ONE FEEL+3 WE DON'T LIKE ! GOV]NM5T & ?+S C\LD BE BETT]4 

,! TRIGG] = ALL ( ?IS WAS NOT A RI<T-W+ CONSPIRACY OR RI<T-W+ FUND+4 ,! /UD5T PROTE/S ]UPT$ SIMULTANE\SLY AT ,U,N,A1 ,U,C,A1 ,U,N,I1 & ,U,P,O,L,I ON ,?URSDAY & BY ,FRIDAY !SE PROTE/S HAD GR[N TO CITIES ALL OV] ,NIC>AGUA4 ,! RI<T W+ ONLY />T$ TO ORGANIZE AFT] !Y SAW AN OP5+ 9 ! DIALOGUE ?AT WAS GO+ TO OCCUR BETWE5 ! /UD5TS1 ! PRIVATE SECTOR1 & ! GOV]NM5T4 

,!RE IS PL5TY ( EVID5CE ( ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9VOLVEM5T 9 ,NIC>AGUA1 ?R\< ! 0,NICA ,ACT0 & ! ,NATIONAL ,5D[M5T = ,DEMOCRACY FUND+ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,NIC>AGUA4 ,BUT !RE IS NO EVID5CE CONNECT+ ?AT TO ! EM]G5CE ( ?IS PROTE/ MOVEM5T4 

,:O ,>E ! ,S&9I/A ,Y\?8 

,! ,S&9I/A ,Y\? IS ! Y\? W+ ( ! ,F,S,L,N_/,GOV]NM5T4 ,!Y >E KN[N = WE>+ ! V]Y COLORFUL :ITE %IRTS ) COLORFUL SLOGANS4 ,!Y >E ! FIR/ RESPOND]S TO NATURAL DISA/]S1 !Y >E ! ONES :O GO TO GOV]NM5T EV5TS1 & !Y >E ! ONES :O RESPOND TO ANY PUBLIC PROTE/4 

,MY FA!R 7A ,S&9I/A ,GU]ILL]O & !N A MAJOR 9 ! MILIT>Y7 TELLS ME ?AT 9 ! #a#i#gS & #a#i#h'S1 ! /UD5T MOVEM5T W]E ! ONES DEBAT+ !ORY & ACTION3 ,TRO/KY VS4 ,L59 VS4 ,MAO VS4 ,CA/RO VS4 ,GRAMSCI VS4 ,C>LOS ,FONSECA VS4 ,S&9O4 ,IF Y\ W]E A /UD5T ORGANIZ] AT ?AT TIME1 Y\ W\LD BE WELL-V]S$ 9 !ORY & PRACTICE2 Y\ W\LD ALSO ASPIRE TO BE A GOOD /UD5T & AN EXAMPLE ( ! HOMBRE NUEVO 70NEW MAN071 MODEL$ AFT] ,*E ,GUEV>A4 

,DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS BETWE5 #aigi & #a#i#i1 ! ,S&9I/A ,Y\? PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL & ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECT ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,!Y W]E ! Y\? W+ ( ! GOV]NM5T2 !Y GAVE ! ,S&9I/AS A RELATION%IP ) Y\NG PEOPLE2 !Y ORGANIZ$ ! ,LIT]ACY ,CRUSADE4 ,!Y W]E ALSO 9 ! MILIT>Y1 S9CE !RE WAS A DRAFT4 

,TODAY1 IT IS A DIFF]5T /ORY4 

,S9CE ,DANIEL ,ORTEGA'S DEMOCRATIC VICTORY 9 #b#f1 ! ,S&9I/A ,Y\? HAVE BE5 ! MO/ VISIBLE SECTOR ?AT SUPPORTS ! ,ORTEGAS4 ,!Y >E ! Y\? FACE ( ! GOV]NM5T2 !Y >E ORGANIZ$ V]Y HI]>*ICALLY2 !Y NO LONG] HAVE ! 9TELLECTUAL WEI<T ?AT ! HI/ORICAL ,S&9I/A ,Y\? HAD4 ,! GOV]NM5T RECOGNIZ$ ?AT #f-#g.0 ( ,NIC>AGUA IS BETWE5 ! AGES ( #a#h-#c#e--?IS IS AN IMPORTANT DEMOGRAPHIC4 

,! ,S&9I/A ,Y\? >E CONV9C$ ?AT ANYONE ?AT OPPOS$ ,DANIEL ,ORTEGA MU/ BE A RI<T-W+ NEO-LIB]AL :O WANTS TO OV]?R[ ! GOV]NM5T4 ,IT WAS RI<T TO REACT AGA9/ ! NEOLIB]AL P>TIES 9 ! #a#i#iS & E>LY #bS--BUT TODAY1 ?OSE P>TIES HAVE LO/ LEAD]%IP & P[]1 MA9LY AS A CONSEQU5CE ( DIVISIONS 9 ! RI<T W+ & CO-OPTATION BY ! ,ORTEGUI/A P>TY4 

,AFT] ! EV5TS ( ,APRIL #a#i1 ! IMAGE ( ! ,S&9I/A ,Y\? IS COMPLETELY TA9T$4 ,!RE >E CLE> PICTURES ( !M ATTACK+ PEACEFUL PROTE/]S1 MO/LY /UD5TS 7NOT TO M5TION #a YE>S ( EVID5CE ( ?IS OCCURR+ BE=E74 ,!RE >E PL5TY ( VIDEOS1 PHOTOGRAPHS1 & TE/IMONIES DESCRIB+ H[ ,S&9I/A ,Y\? ATTACK$ J\RNALI/S1 /UD5TS1 & PEACEFUL DEMON/RATORS4 ,I P]SONALLY WITNESS$ ?IS MYSELF 9 SEV]AL PROTE/S ON ,W$NESDAY1 ,?URSDAY1 & ,FRIDAY4 

,I BELIEVE ?AT ! ,S&9I/A ,Y\? >E FAC+ AN EXI/5TIAL CRISIS4 ,!Y ?\<T !Y W]E ! L>GE/ Y\? MOVEM5T 9 ! C\NTRY1 BUT ?IS IS NO LONG] TRUE4 ,!Y >E MEET+ /UD5TS & O!R Y\NG PEOPLE :O ?9K V]Y DIFF]5TLY & >E EMP[]$ 9 A COMPLETELY UNIQUE WAY ?AT IS NOT RELAT$ TO P>TY POLITICS4 

,! ,S&9I/A ,Y\? IS HI]>*ICAL1 & F> FROM AUTONOM\S1 BY CONTRA/ ) ! /UD5T & AUTOCONVOCADOS 70SELF-ASSEMBL$07 MOVEM5TS4 ,! ,S&9I/A ,Y\? ALREADY FAIL$ TO =M AN ALLIANCE ) P[]FUL ANTI-CANAL ,CAMPES9O ,MOVEM5T1 :I* WAS =M$ AGA9/ BUILD+ ! ,CANAL >\ND #b#a#c4 ,UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,FRANCISCA ,RAMIREZ1 ! ,CAMPES9O MOVEM5T 5T]$ ,MANAGUA ON ,APRIL #bh 9 SUPPORT ( PEACE & DIALOGUE & 9 SOLID>ITY ) ! /UD5T UPRIS+4 

,I HAVE NEV] BE5 9VOLV$ ) ! ,S&9I/A ,Y\?4 ,!Y HAVE TRI$ SEV]AL TIMES TO RECRUIT ME1 BUT ,I REJECT$ !IR CULT FOLL[+ ( ,DANIEL ,ORTEGA & ,ROS>IO ,MURILLO & !IR /RICTLY V]TICAL APPROA* TO P[]4 ,!Y DO HAVE A V]Y MILITANT ORGANIZATION & LANGUAGE4 ,SEV]AL FRI5DS ( M9E >E A P>T ( ! ,S&9I/A ,Y\?1 H[EV]1 ?R\< !IR FAMILIES' HI/ORICAL 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! ,S&9I/AS OR ?R\< !IR GOV]NM5T JOBS4 

,:AT IS ! RELATION%IP ( ! ,U,N,5 & ! ,S&9I/A ,Y\? TO ! ,/UD5T ,MOVEM5T8 

,U,N,5 IS ! PRO-GOV]NM5T /UD5T UNION1 :I* HAS *APT]S 9 EA* MAJOR UNIV]SITY1 MO/LY CONC5TRAT$ 9 ,U,N,A,N ,MANAGUA1 ! L>GE/ PUBLIC UNIV]SITY 9 ! C\NTRY4 

,U,N,5 GET !IR 0/REET CR$0 FROM ! /UD5T PROTE/S 9 ! LATE #a#i#iS1 :5 !Y W]E PROTE/+ ! NEOLIB]AL GOV]NM5T ( ,>NOLDO ,ALEMAN & ,BOLANOS1 :O WANT$ TO CUT $UCATION FUND+4 ,! DEMON/RATORS DEM&$ ?AT #f.0 ( ! ,NATIONAL ,BUDGET GO TO $UCATION4 

,BUT ! P>TICIPANTS 9 ! #f.0 PROTE/S >E NO LONG] Y\NG4 ,! CURR5T ,U,N,5 /UD5TS HAVE NO EXP]I5CE 9 PROTE/S2 !Y ONLY HAVE EXP]I5CE FOLL[+ ORD]S & SUPPORT+ ! ,S&9I/A ,GOV]NM5T4 ,IF Y\ >E A P>T ( ,U,N,51 Y\ WILL RECEIVE B5EFITS & S*OL>%IPS--BUT ?OSE %\LD BE ACCESSIBLE TO ALL1 NOT JU/ ,U,N,54 

,IT IS WELL DOCUM5T$ ?AT :5EV] !RE IS A PRO-GOV]NM5T EV5T OR DEMON/RATION1 ALL ! PUBLIC 9/ITUTIONS ( ! GOV]NM5T MU/ ATT5D !SE EV5TS1 9CLUD+ WORK]S' UNIONS4 ,!Y HAVE LI/S2 Y\ >E REQUIR$ TO GO1 OR Y\ WILL LOSE Y\ JOB OR Y\R S*OL>%IP4 ,?IS IS H[ !Y GET HUNDR$S ( PEOPLE TO ATT5D PRO-GOV]NM5T RALLIES4 ,IT IS ! SAME ) VOT+3 ,IF Y\ >E A /ATE EMPLOYEE OR P>T ( ,U,N,5 OR ( ! ,S&9I/A ,Y\?1 Y\ MU/ PROVE ?AT Y\ VOT$4 

,! PSY*OLOGY ( ! ,S&9I/A ,Y\? & ,U,N,5 IS 0US VS4 !M40 ,IF Y\ >E A Y\NG ORGANIZ] BUT Y\ >E NOT ,U,N,5 OR ,S&9I/A ,Y\?1 Y\ >E AUTOMATICALLY ASSUM$ TO BE A RI<T-W+1 ,C,I,A-FUND$ TRAITOR :O WANTS TO DE/ABILIZE ALL ! WOND]FUL ?+S ?AT ! GOV]NM5T HAS CREAT$4 

,?IS IS ONE ( ! MA9 FLAWS ( ! ,S&9I/A MODEL3 !IR RELATION%IP ) ! PEOPLE HAS BE5 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL1 9/EAD ( SOCIAL & SU/A9ABLE4 ,!Y HAVE CREAT$ DEP5D5CY 9/EAD ( AUTONOMY3 CLI5TELISM4 

,:AT MADE ! ,ORTEGA GOV]NM5T POPUL>8 

,! GOV]NM5T KEEPS CONTRA/+ ! CURR5T SITUATION TO ! #a#i#iS1 :I* W]E A COMPLETE DISA/] = ! POOR & WORK+-CLASS4 ,NEOLIB]AL GOV]NM5TS CREAT$ NEW POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ELITES1 RUL+ FROM ! #a#i#iS TO #b#f4 ,9 ! #a#i#iS1 WE HAD P[] \TAGES1 WAT] \TAGES1 EXTREME POV]TY1 & CRIME & DRUGS4 ,! ,WORLD ,BANK & ! ,I,M,F CREAT$ FREE TRADE ZONES1 ) MAQUILAS 7SWEAT%OPS71 ?AT W]E DESIGN$ TO MOD]NIZE ,NIC>AGUA4 ,AFT] ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ( ! #a#i#hS1 WE ALSO SAW ! 9TRODUCTION ( CAS9OS1 FA/ FOOD *A9S1 CALL C5T]S1 MALLS1 PRIVATE RESORTS1 CELL PHONES444 BASICALLY VIOL5T GLOBALIZATION4 

,S9CE #b#f1 ! GOV]NM5T HAS CREAT$ A /ABLE ECONOMY VIA AU?ORIT>IANISM & POLITICAL & ECONOMIC PACTS4 ,CO/A ,RICA IS TOO BOR+ & EXP5SIVE1 SO N[ADAYS MO/ T\RI/S >E COM+ TO ,NIC>AGUA4 ,N[ ! GOV]NM5T IS AFRAID ?AT T\RISM WILL DECL9E1 AFFECT+ ?\S&S ( JOBS4 

,NIC>AGUA EXP]I5CES RELATIVE PEACE COMP>$ TO ! MO/ DANG]\S ZONES 9 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA 7,EL ,SALVADOR1 ,HONDURAS1 & ,GUATEMALA74 ,WE 5JOY ?IS SAFETY NOT SIMPLY BECAUSE ( \R L>GE POLICE =CE1 BUT BECAUSE ,NIC>AGUANS MIGRATE TO ,CO/A ,RICA RA!R ?AN ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 SO WE DON'T FULLY P>TICIPATE 9 ! DYNAMICS >\ND MIGRATION TO ! ,U,S 9VOLV+ ! C>TELS4 ,!RE >E ALSO V]Y H>% BORD] LAWS BETWE5 ,NIC>AGUA & ,CO/A ,RICA4 ,RI<T N[1 A CAMP ( ,AFRO-,C>IBBEAN & ,CUBAN IMMIGRANTS WANT TO 5T] ,NIC>AGUA SO ?AT !Y CAN MAKE !IR WAY TO ! ,U,S,A1 BUT !Y >E NOT ALL[$ 9 ! C\NTRY1 NOT EV5 JU/ = TRANSIT4 

,! MO/ CELEBRAT$ ACT ( ! GOV]NM5T HAS BE5 CON/RUCT+ P>KS ) WIFI & REJUV5AT+ ! OLD D[NT[N4 ,!SE P>KS >E PA9T$ ) ! MULTICOLOR GOV]NM5T ES!TIC1 BUT !Y >E SPACES ?AT CAN BE 5JOY$ BY ALL4 ,EV]Y WEEK5D1 Y\ SEE ?\S&S ( PEOPLE 5JOY+ PUBLIC SPACES1 :I* WAS UNCONCEIVABLE 9 ! #a#i#iS4 

,H[ DOES ?IS RELATE TO ! HI/ORICAL LEGACY ( ! ,S&9I/AS8 

,! ]ROR ( ! ,S&9I/A ,P>TY IS ?AT !Y HAVE CREAT$ A DEP5D5CY BETWE5 ! POOR CLASS & ! GOV]NM5T4 ,Y\ CAN ONLY BUY LOYALTY = SO LONG2 !Y NE$$ TO BUILD SOCIAL 9FRA/RUCTURE BUT NEV] DID4 ,! ,S&9I/A ,Y\? WAS SUPPOS$ TO DO ?AT1 BUT !Y FAIL$4 ,! GOV]NM5T SUPPORT$ POOR COMMUNITIES BY GIV+ AWAY FREE FOOD & BUILD+ MAT]IALS4 

,!IR APPROA* HAS ALWAYS BE5 HI]>*ICAL1 V]TICAL1 & AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,?IS IS A BIG PROBLEM = NEW Y\?S :O DON'T LIKE BE+ TOLD :AT TO DO4 ,!RE IS NO DEBATE 9SIDE ( ! ,S&9I/A ,P>TY4 

,S&9O IS A NATIONAL H]O FROM ! #a#i#bS & #a#i#cS4 ,HIS ORIG9AL PLAT=M WAS ANTI-IMP]IALISM1 COOP]ATIVISM1 CITIZ5%IP1 & NATIONALISM4 ,S&9O WAS RADICALIZ$ 9 ,MEXICO1 :]E HE EXP]I5C$ ! LABOR MOVEM5T AFT] ! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,HE BR\<T ! ,S&9I/A R$ & BLACK FLAG TO ,NIC>AGUA FROM ,MEXICO AFT] HE MET ) ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S4 

,9 ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS1 ,C>LOS ,FONSECA 9TRODUC$ ,S&9ISMO AS AN IDEOLOGY & MOVEM5T BAS$ >\ND A REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY ?AT DID NOT 9CLUDE AN 9DU/RIAL CLASS--AS ,NIC>AGUA HAD FEW 9DU/RIAL WORK]S4 ,9 ! #a#i#hS1 ! ,F,S,L,N HELD P[]2 !Y 9TRODUC$ AGR>IAN RE=M1 ! ,NATIONAL ,LIT]ACY ,CRUSADE1 & A SOCIALI/ MODEL ) A /RONG C5TRAL GOV]NM5T & A SMALL PRIVATE SECTOR4 ,CUBA & ! ,SOVIET ,UNION W]E !IR *IEF SUPPORT]S4 

,AT ! TIME1 ! ,CONTRA ,W> IMPACT$ ! REVOLUTION4 ,! ,CONTRAS W]E SUPPORT$ BY ! ,U,S,A1 BUT !Y ALSO 9CLUD$ F>M]S :O DIDN'T WANT TO WORK 9 COOP]ATIVES & ?\<T ?AT ! ,F,S,L,N WAS HI]>*ICAL4 

,9 ANY CASE1 ! #bf ,S&9I/A ,GOV]NM5T IS NO?+ LIKE ! ,NIC>AGUAN GOV]NM5T ( ! #a#i#hS4 ,9 #b#f1 ! ,S&9I/AS ORIG9ALLY SPOKE ( CONT9U+ ! REVOLUTION :]E !Y LEFT (F 9 ! #a#i#hS4 ,BUT ! CURR5T ,ORTEGUISMO SOLD \T TO CORRUPTION 9 ORD] TO HOLD ON TO P[]4 ,!Y'VE BE5 9 P[] S9CE #bf BECAUSE3 

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,!Y [N ! ELECTORAL ASSEMBLY2 

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,!RE IS NO POLITICAL OPPOSITION 7! SECOND BIGGE/ P>TY RECEIV$ #a#b.0 ( ! VOTES 9 #b#a#f72 

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,!Y MAKE DEALS ) ! PRIVATE SECTOR & UPP] CLASS2 

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,!Y CONTROL ! POLICE2 

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,PEOPLE HATE VOT+ BECAUSE ! ELECTIONS >E NOT TRANSP>5T--! AB/5TION RATE 9 VOT+ IS >\ND #e.01 & Y\NG PEOPLE DON'T VOTE BECAUSE WE ALL KN[ :O IS GO+ TO W9 & !RE IS NO COH]5T OPPOSITION ?AT IS EV5 MILDLY LEFT-W+2 

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,Y\? >E TIR$ ( P>TY POLITICS2 

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,! ,F,L,S,N HAVE *ANG$ ! CON/ITUTION2 !Y HAVE SP5T ! LA/ #a YE>S BUILD+ !IR [N 9FRA/RUCTURE 9 ORD] TO HOLD ON TO CONTROL4 

,!SE 9SURRECTIONS >E A WAKE-UP CALL TO ! GOV]NM5T & TO ! ,S&9I/A ,Y\?4 ,!Y NO LONG] HAVE CONTROL ( ! DISC\RSE & ( ! IMAGE ( ,NIC>AGUA4 

,! ,U,N,5 & ! GOV]NM5T HAVE PO9T$ AT ! RI<T W+ & AT ! ,M,R,S 7,MOVIMI5TO ,R5OVADOR ,S&9I/A1 0,MOVEM5T TO R5OVATE ,S&9ISMO071 CLAIM+ ?AT ! ,M,R,S HAS 9FILTRAT$ /UD5T GR\PS & FUND$ ! PROTE/S4 ,! ,M,R,S IS A DISSID5T ,S&9I/A GR\P =M$ 9 ! #a#i#iS4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 RUNN+ 9 ELECTIONS )\T W9N+2 !IR SUPPORT IS >\ND #a.04 ,9 REALITY1 ! ,M,R,S ONLY WI% !Y HAD ! K9D ( MONEY IT W\LD TAKE TO FUND ! PROTE/S4 ,I HAVE SEV]AL FRI5DS 9 ! ,M,R,S2 !Y >E GOOD PEOPLE1 & SM>T1 BUT !Y /ILL PLAY P>TY POLITICS4 

,! MORE EXI/5TIAL QUE/IONS >E3 ,:AT DOES ,S&9ISMO MEAN TODAY8 ,:O SPEAKS = ,S&9ISMO8 ,:AT /ILL WORKS AB\T ,S&9ISMO8 ,:O [NS ,S&9ISMO8 ,! ,F,S,L,N8 ,! W> VET]ANS8 

,WE HAVE SE5 PEOPLE TRY+ TO RE-SIGNIFY ! CO-OPT$ IMAGE ( ,S&9O4 ,!RE HAS BE5 A NATIONWIDE EF=T TO PA9T BLUE & :ITE ALL ! ,S&9I/A MONUM5TS ?AT W]E ORIG9ALLY PA9T$ 9 R$ & BLACK4 ,PEOPLE >E PUTT+ ! ,NIC>AGUAN FLAG BEH9D ,S&9O1 BUT !Y >E /ILL RESPECT+ HIS IMAGE4 ,?IS SUGGE/S ?AT A LOT ( PEOPLE WANT A ,NATIONAL ,S&9ISMO 9/EAD ( AN ,ORTEGUI/A ,S&9ISMO4 ,BUT ?IS IS JU/ ES!TIC1 NO?+ POLITICAL HAS EM]G$4 

,WE LACK LEFTI/ CRITIQUES ( ,ORTEGUISMO4 ,:AT DOES A LEFT-W+ ANTI-,ORTEGUISMO LOOK LIKE8 

,H[ HAS ! PRIVATE SECTOR RESPOND$ TO ! SITUATION8 

,WE'VE HE>D RUMORS AB\T H[ ,ROB]TO ,PELLAS1 ,NIC>AGUA'S FIR/ BILLIONAIRE & HEAD ( ,CASA ,PELLAS1 ! COMPANY ?AT [NS ! UPP] CLASS PRIVATE ,HOSPITAL1 ! C> DEAL]%IPS1 ! 9SURANCE & ! BANKS1 IS POSITION+ HIMSELF /RATEGICALLY 9 LI<T ( FUTURE NEGOTIATIONS4 ,?IS IS ODD1 S9CE ! ,PELLAS FAMILIES HAVE B5EFIT$ FROM ! ,ORTEGA FAMILY BE+ 9 P[]4 ,BUT TO SAY ! LEA/1 ! ,PELLAS 9DU/RY SUPPORTS CAPITALISM & FUR!R ECONOMIC GR[? AT ALL CO/S4 

,I ONLY SEE ! UPP] CLASS SUPPORT+ /RONG] ,I,M,F 9FLU5CE4 ,NIC>AGUA ALREADY SURVIV$ #ae YE>S ( ,I,M,F & ,WORLD ,BANK CONTROL ?R\< NEOLIB]AL GOV]NM5TS4 ,EV]YBODY HAT$ IT4 ,?AT'S ! MA9 REASON ,ORTEGA WON 9 #b#f--PEOPLE WANT$ *ANGE4 ,I DON'T SEE WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE DEM&+ A RETURN TO NEOLIB]AL POLITICS4 

,! /UD5T MOVEM5T HAS SAID SEV]AL TIMES ?AT AL?\< ! PRIVATE SECTOR IS AFFECT$ BY ! ,9,S,S RE=M1 !Y DO NOT REPRES5T ! /UD5T MOVEM5T4 ,RI<T N[1 ! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE :O HAVE BE5 MURD]$ HAVE BE5 /UD5T PROTE/]S4 ,NO UPP]-CLASS OR PRIVATE SECTOR P]SON HAS DI$ AS A RESULT ( CONFRONTATIONS ) ! ,POLICE4 

,! BRAV]Y ( ! /UD5T PROTE/]S PLACES !M AT ! C5T] ( ! DIALOGUE4 ,! GOV]NM5T IS 9CLUD+ SEV]AL O!R SECTORS 9 ! DIALOGUE 7WORK]S1 PRIVATE SECTOR1 REPRES5TATIVES ( FREE TRADE ZONES7 9 ORD] TO SUPPRESS ! /UD5TS' DEM&S4 

,ONE ( ! *IEF ?+S ?AT ,I CELEBRATE =M !SE LA/ #a DAYS HAS BE5 H[ FA/ Y\? HAVE BE5 RADICALIZ$ 9TO TAK+ A POLITICAL POSITION & =M+ POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,UNIV]SITY /UD5TS HAVE ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9 ASSEMBLIES & COLLECTIVES4 ,PEOPLE HAVE PLAC$ PRESSURE NOT JU/ ON POLITICIANS BUT ON >TI/S & CULTURAL PRODUC]S4 ,WE >E EXP]I5C+ A NEW CULTURE W>4 ,PEOPLE >E ?9K+ BEYOND 9DIVIDUAL ACTION1 9 T]MS ( 9/ITUTIONS & COLLECTIVE SOLUTIONS4 ,BUT AGA91 HORIZONTAL ME?ODS DON'T RELATE TO PROGRESSIVE LEFTI/ POLITICS--OR DO !Y8 

,!RE >E EF=TS N[ TO CREATE A RADICAL LEFTI/ CONSCI\SNESS & ORGANIZATION4 ,SEV]AL ORGANIZATIONS & GR\PS >E PROMOT+ ?IS4 

,BUT EF=TS HAVE NOT BE5 T>GET$ T[>DS FULL 9FRA/RUCTURE *ANGE4 ,RI<T N[1 PEOPLE WANT JU/ICE = ! PEOPLE :O W]E MURD]$1 H5CE ! DIALOGUE ) ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! MA9 RHETORIC ( ! MOVEM5T HAS BE5 0,WE MU/ /AY 9 ! /REETS SO ?AT WE DON'T =GET ALL ! ONES :O HAVE DI$40 ,:ATEV] COMES \T ( ?IS DIALOGUE WILL NOT BE 5\<1 BECAUSE ! GOV]NM5T WILL NEV] GIVE Y\ ! TOOLS TO OV]?R[ IT4 

,HAVE RI<T-W+ GR\PS ATTEMPT$ TO CO-OPT ! MOVEM5T8 

,RI<T N[1 ! ONLY RI<T-W+ GR\P WE >E KEEP+ \R EYE ON IS ! ,P,L,C POLITICAL ,P>TY1 BUT !Y KEEP BE+ BOO$ \T ( M>*ES & PROTE/S4 ,NO POLITICAL P>TY HAS ATTEMPT$ TO TAKE !IR [N P>TY FLAGS TO ! DEMON/RATIONS YET4 ,! REAL RI<T-W+]S >E ! PEOPLE FROM ! PRIVATE SECTOR4 ,! RI<T W+ 9 ,NIC>AGUA WILL NOT COME FROM A NATIONALI/ E?NO-C5TRIC MOVEM5T BUT FROM PRIVATE 9T]E/S4 

,I WAS %OCK$ :5 ,I SAW H[ MANY UPP]-CLASS WEAL?Y FAMILIES W]E ATT5D+ ! M>*ES4 ,( C\RSE ?OSE M>*ES W]E NOT DISRUPT$ BY ! POLICE2 ( C\RSE !Y DID NOT 5C\NT] ANY VIOL5CE2 ( C\RSE !Y W]E SAFE & (F]$ A CA?>TIC FEEL+ ( BELONG+ TO A NATIONAL MOVEM5T4 ,I SAW ,PI]O ,COH51 A ,NIC>AGUAN MILLIONAIRE1 %\T+ ON LIVE TELEVISION AB\T H[ ,ORTEGA HAD TO BE OV]?R[N4 

,H]E IS :]E WE CAN SEE H[ OPPORTUNI/IC EV]YONE HAS BE54 0,OPPOSITION0 IS SU* A PLURAL & *ANG+ CONCEPT2 ! ONLY ?+ ALL ! OPPOSITION %>ES IS OPPOSITION TO ! ,ORTEGAS4 ,NIC>AGUA IS AN EXTREMELY ,CA?OLIC ,C\NTRY1 & SOME:AT CONS]VATIVE :5 IT COMES TO ,L,G,B,T,Q,I,A & FEM9I/ ISSUES4 ,! >GUM5TS & POSITIONS ( ! 0OPPOSITION0 HAVE TAK5 ON A V]Y NATIONALI/IC TONE ) A ,*RI/IAN 9FLECTION4 ,RI<T N[1 WE >E SEE+ A NATIONALI/IC PU% AGA9/ ! ,ORTEGAS1 BUT 9SIDE ( ?IS NATIONALISM !RE >E MANY DIFF]5T IDEALS ?AT CONTRADICT EA* O!R4 

,PEOPLE >E EXTREMELY SUSPICI\S ( ATTEMPTS TO SUPPORT & SPEAK ON BEHALF ( ! /UD5TS4 ,EV]YBODY IS ATTEMPT+ TO CO-OPT !SE MOVEM5TS4 ,EV]YONE WANTS A PIECE ( ! PIE4 ,PEOPLE FROM EV]Y SECTOR >E ORGANIZ+ !MSELVES & WANT TO PROMOTE A DIALOGUE ?AT 9CLUDES !M4 ,EV]YBODY IS %>+ !IR DISAPPROVAL ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! CONDITIONS HAVE BE5 CREAT$ UND] :I* NEW LEAD]S WILL EM]GE & TRY TO REPRES5T MOVEM5TS4 ,NOT NECESS>ILY FROM ! RI<T W+1 BUT :OEV] WANTS P[]4 ,IT IS ! TASK ( ! /UD5TS & ! SELF-ASSEMBL$ TO NOT FALL 9TO ?IS TRAP & TO DO A GOOD JOB AT HAV+ DELEGATES & REPRES5TATIVES ?AT CAN SPEAK ON BEHALF ( ! ORGANIZ$ MAJORITY4 ,:O HAS ! RI<T TO SPEAK ON BEHALF ( ! MURD]$ /UD5TS1 :O MO/LY CAME FROM WORK+ CLASS BACKGR\NDS8 

,TO BE HONE/1 \R RI<T W+ IS NOT AS ORGANIZ$ 9 ,NIC>AGUA AS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES OR ,V5EZUELA OR ,BRAZIL4 ,!Y DON'T ATTRACT Y\NG PEOPLE4 ,I ?9K PEOPLE >E TIR$ ( P>TY POLITICS2 WE HAVE SE5 ! SAME TALK+ HEADS OV] & OV] AGA9 = ! LA/ #a YE>S4 ,PEOPLE >E EXCIT$ = A NEW K9D ( LEAD]%IP4 ,BUT :AT ALSO NE$S TO BE PROPOS$ IS A NEW K9D ( ME?OD4 

,! RI<T W+ WAS 9 P[] ?R\< ! #a#i#iS ) ,>NOLDO ,ALEMAN & ,5RIQUE ,BOLANOS4 ,!Y SET ! GR\ND = VICI\S NEOLIB]AL POLICIES & CREAT$ A NEW POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ELITE AT ! EXP5SE ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,RI<T N[1 ,>NOLDO ,ALEMAN'S WIFE IS TRY+ TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ?IS SITUATION TO GET MORE VOTES ON H] P>TY4 ,BUT NOBODY WANTS TO TALK AB\T POLITICAL P>TIES AT ?IS PO9T4 ,I ?9K POPULISM IS OV] H]E4 

,! /RONGE/ ACTOR ?AT WANTS TO CO-OPT ! MOVEM5TS IS /ILL ! /ATE & ! ,S&9I/AS4 ,!Y HAVE ALREADY />T$ TO DRESS AS CIVILIANS 7)\T ! COLORFUL ,ORTEGA ,%IRTS7 & TO WAVE ,NIC>AGUAN ,FLAGS 9/EAD ( ,F,L,S,N FLAGS4 ,! GOV]NM5T HAS SAID 9 ALMO/ EV]Y COMMUNIQUE & TELEVISION ?AT ! 5TIRE UPRIS+ IS A PLAN FROM ! RI<T TO DE/ABILIZE ! C\NTRY4 ,?IS MESSAGE IS BE+ MULTIPLI$ AT ALL LEVELS ( SOCIETY4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! MOVEM5TS >E DO+ !IR BE/ AT CRITIQU+ ANY 0RI<T W+0 CONSPIRACY4 

,! 9T]E/ ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ?R\< ! ,NIC>AGUAN ,9VE/M5T ,CONDITIONALITY ,ACT 7,N,I,C,A7 HAS ALSO BE5 A CONC]N4 ,BUT PEOPLE >E NOT TALK+ AB\T IT V]Y MU* ON ! GR\ND4 

,A DOOR HAS BE5 OP5$1 BUT WE DON'T KN[ :AT'S GO+ TO COME \T ( ! O!R SIDE--IT C\LD BE A RI<T-W+ NEOLIB]AL SUBJECT OR A RADICAL LEFTI/ SUBJECT4 ,BUT ! ,S&9I/AS & ! ,M,R,S HAVE CO-OPT$ ALL ! LEFTI/S' LANGUAGE4 ,:AT DOES IT MEAN TO BE A ,NIC>AGUAN LEFTI/ & NOT SUPPORT ! ,ORTEGAS8 ,OR %\LD ! /RATEGY BE TO SUPPORT ! ,ORTEGAS AS A VEHICLE TO GET 9TO MORE RADICAL POLITICS8 ,!RE >E /ILL DEBATES AB\T ?IS4 

,:AT >E ! S\RCES ( ! HORIZONTAL VALUES & /RUCTURES )9 ! MOVEM5T8 

,! MA9 S\RCE HAS BE5 ! REALIZATION ?AT WE DON'T WANT TO REPLICATE ! AU?ORIT>IAN & V]TICAL MODEL REPRES5T$ BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,AS Y\NG PEOPLE1 WE DON'T WANT TO BE TOLD :AT TO DO BY PEOPLE :O CLAIM TO BE SM>T] ?AN US4 ,!RE=E1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO EXP]IM5T ) O!R MODELS4 ,SOME SECTORS ONLY SPOKE BRIEFLY ( !SE MODELS1 BUT IT WAS ! RI<T TIME TO IMPLEM5T !M & !Y W]E BEAUTIFUL TO SEE4 ,!SE MODELS >E N[ P>T ( \R COLLECTIVE VOCABUL>Y4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME1 ?\S&S ( PEOPLE >E LI/5+ TO GR\PS SPEAK1 H[ !Y TALK1 LE>N+ H[ ! PASS >\ND ! MICROPHONE1 H[ TO SPEAK AS A 0WE40 

,?IS ALL />T$ ) ,U,P,O,L,I1 BECAUSE !RE WAS NO LEAD]%IP 9 ! PROTE/S2 ?IS ALL />T$ :5 HUNDR$S ( PEOPLE CREAT$ ,SIGNAL & ,TELEGRAM GR\PS TO TALK & F9D WAYS TO HELP ! PROTE/S )\T NE$ ( AU?ORITY4 ,& ALL ( ?IS WORKS BECAUSE ?IS EXP]I5CE ( POLITICS IS V]Y DIFF]5T4 ,IT IS MORE EMP[]+1 BUT IT ALSO TAKES MORE WORK4 ,IT HAS L$ TO CONFUSION & DISORGANIZATION 9 SOME SECTORS4 ,IT DOES 9VOLVE A LOT ( COMMUNICATION4 

,WE HAVE NO IDEA :]E ALL ( !SE AN>*I/ IDEALS CAME FROM3 MUTUAL AID1 AFF9ITY GR\PS1 HORIZONTALISM1 COMMUNES1 OCCUPATIONS1 CONS5SUS4 ,IT WAS AS IF !Y HAD BE5 P>T ( \R COLLECTIVE UNCONSCI\S BUT WE HAD NEV] HAD AN OPPORTUNITY TO PRACTICE !M4 ,PRACTICE CAME FIR/1 !N !ORY4 ,IT'S NOT ?AT PEOPLE >E OP5LY READ+ AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE1 AS MU* AS ,I HAVE TRI$4 ,PEOPLE JU/ ORGANIZ$ ?IS WAY1 & MA9TA9$ ?IS WAY ( ORGANIZ+ ?R\< ! :OLE WEEK ( /RUGGLES4 

,NO POPULI/ LEAD] HAS EM]G$1 ONLY DELEGATES & SPOKESP]SONS4 ,WE HAVE IDEAS ( MOVEM5TS1 & ( SECRET MEET+S1 BUT NO AU?ORITY OR V]TICALITY4 ,/ILL1 \R P>5TS TELL US ?AT !RE IS A CULTURAL NE$ = LEAD]%IP4 ,SO WE HAVE CONFLICT+ MODELS FI<T+ EA* O!R4 

,WE HAVE /ILL BE5 LE>N+2 !RE HAVE BE5 CONFLICTS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 A GR\P ( ACTIVI/S LEAK$ NAK$ PICTURES ( ONE ( ! ,U,N,5 ORGANIZ]S4 ,?IS PROVOK$ ! FEM9I/ MOVEM5T TO CALL \T MISOGYNY & MA*ISMO1 & ALSO ! ROLE ( ! *UR* & AU?ORITY 9SIDE /UD5T MOVEM5TS4 ,! MO/ /RESSFUL ?+ HAS BE5 9FILTRATION4 ,MOVEM5TS HAVE BE5 9FILTRAT$ BY ,U,N,51 ! PRO-GOV]NM5T /UD5T UNION1 :O HAVE SL[LY 9FILTRAT$ UNIV]SITIES LIKE ,U,P,O,L,I & FOM5T$ DISAGREEM5TS )9 ! /UD5TS4 

,BUT EV]Y?+ ?AT WE HAVE LE>N$ OV] ! PA/ DAYS IS N[ P>T ( \R POLITICAL IMAG9ATION1 \R SKILLSET1 \R LANGUAGE4 ,!SE EV5TS CREAT$ ! CONDITIONS = US TO EXP]IM5T & PRACTICE !SE SKILLS1 & EV]Y DAY WE >E LE>N+ NEW SKILLS4 

,H[ DO ! EV5TS 9 ,NIC>AGUA RELATE TO O!R /RUGGLES 9 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA8 

,C5TRAL ,AM]ICAN HAS BE5 ?R\< A LOT4 ,LOOK AT ! ,FU]A ,J,O,H MOVEM5T 7:I* ,I ALSO BRIEFLY EXP]I5C$7 9 ,HONDURAS & ! BACKLA% AGA9/ ! 0ULTRA-CONS]VATIVE0 MOVEM5TS 9 ,CO/A ,RICA RI<T BE=E !IR ELECTIONS4 ,BUT NO ELEM5TS HAVE CONNECT$ !SE4 ,WE W]E KEEP+ A CLOSE EYE ON ,CO/A ,RICA BECAUSE WE W]E AFRAID ?AT ! 0ULTRA-CONS]VATIVES0 W\LD 9FLU5CE & 9SPIRE ,EVANGELICALS H]E 9 ,NIC>AGUA4 ,SO F> !Y HAVE NOT4 ,HONDURAS1 ,NIC>AGUA1 & ,CO/A ,RICA >E ?REE V]Y DIFF]5T C\NTRIES4 

,HONDURAS1 ,EL ,SALVADOR1 & ,GUATEMALA HAVE MORE 9 COMMON2 ,NIC>AGUA IS ITS [N BUBBLE4 ,9 T]MS ( AN>*I/ PRES5CE1 ,CO/A ,RICA1 ,EL ,SALVADOR & ,PU]TO ,RICO HAVE BY F> ! L>GE/ CONC5TRATIONS ( AN>*I/S4 ,BUT 9 MY EXP]I5CE1 WE EXP]I5CE V]Y LITTLE SOLID>ITY & POLITICAL EX*ANGE ) !SE C\NTRIES4 ,!RE IS MORE CULTURAL & ACADEMIC DIALOGUE ?AN POLITICAL COMMUNICATION4 

,9 #b#f1 ,S&9ISMO CAME TO P[] AS P>T ( ! 0,P9K ,TIDE10 A WAVE ( ELECTORAL VICTORIES = LEFTI/ P>TIES ?R\<\T ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 ,YET SURPRIS+LY1 WE HAVE V]Y LITTLE COMMUNICATION ) ! RE/ ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 ,!RE IS A CULTURAL FRONTI] BETWE5 ,PANAMA & ,COLOMBIA4 ,WE SOMETIMES HE> SOME?+ AB\T ! /UD5T MOVEM5TS 9 ,>G5T9A & ,*ILI OR 9DIG5\S RESI/ANCE 9 ! ,AMAZON4 ,BUT 9 T]MS ( ORGANIZ]S GETT+ TOGE!R & EX*ANG+ /RATEGIES BROADLY BETWE5 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICAN OR ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN C\NTRIES1 IT IS V]Y R>E4 ,WE MI<T HAVE MORE AFF9ITY TO ,MEXICO ?AN TO SOME ( ! PREVI\SLY M5TION$ C\NTRIES1 BUT /ILL1 IT DOESN'T COME ?R\< AS MU*1 & ( C\RSE ! MORE UPP]-CLASS SECTORS ( ! POPULATION HAVE !IR EYES & E>S & HE>TS AIM$ AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,MANY PEOPLE DRAW P>ALLELS ) ,V5EZUELA & ,NIC>AGUA4 ,A LOT ( PEOPLE 9 ,NIC>AGUA HAVE A /RANGE RELATION%IP TO ,V5EZUELA4 ,WE DO [E \R 0SU/A9ABILITY0 TO ,V5EZUELAN AID1 9 RETURN = :I* WE S5D MEAT BACK TO ,V5EZUELA4 ,ORTEGA & ,MADURO HAVE BE5 COMP>$ A LOT1 EV5 ,ORTEGA & ,*AVEZ4 ,BUT AGA91 ! CONTEXT IS V]Y DIFF]5T4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 WE /ILL NE$ TO DEVELOP AN 9T]SECTIONAL ANALYSIS 9SIDE ( ,NIC>AGUA & \TSIDE ( ,NIC>AGUA4 ,WE HAVE BE5 TOO BUSY FIGUR+ ?+S \T ON ! GR\ND1 WE HAVE NOT HAD A *ANCE TO REFLECT ON \R SITUATION 9 AN 9T]NATIONAL CONTEXT4 

,:AT CAN PEOPLE ELSE:]E >\ND ! WORLD LE>N FROM ?IS MOVEM5T8 

,?IS 9SURRECTION OCCURR$ SO FA/4 ,IT WAS LIT]ALLY OV]NI<T4 ,! IMAGES ( ! POLICE & ! ,S&9I/A ,Y\? BEAT+ UP PEACEFUL PROTE/]S RESONAT$ ACROSS ! 5TIRE C\NTRY4 ,IT WAS ! /RAW ?AT BROKE ! CAMEL'S BACK4 

,NEV] UND]E/IMATE ! SOLID>ITY ?AT CAN COME ?R\< /UD5TS4 ,NEV] UND]E/IMATE ! LEVEL ( SPONTANE\S ORGANIZATION ?AT CAN EM]GE BETWE5 FRI5DS1 FAMILY1 & /RANG]S4 ,I AM AMAZ$ AT H[ QUICKLY PEOPLE ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9TO AFF9ITY GR\PS & CELLS4 ,I AM AMAZ$ AT H[ HORIZONTAL ALL !SE EF=TS & MOVEM5TS HAVE BE54 

,UND]/& ! LOCAL CONDITIONS 9 :I* Y\ LIVE2 ALWAYS CONSID] CULTURE AS A FACTOR 9 Y\R ORGANIZ+4 ,:AT HAPP5S WILL FOLL[ CULTURAL PATT]NS1 BUT IT WILL ALSO R$EF9E !M4 ,TAKE !SE MOM5TS ( CRISIS TO LE>N NEW SKILLS & MAKE NEW FRI5DS4 ,TAKE *ANCES4 ,EXP]IM5T4 

,AN>*I/S & ACTIVE ORGANIZ]S & 5VIRONM5TALI/ ACADEMICS :O READ AB\T CLASS /RUGGLE W]E DEF9ITELY MORE PREP>$ ?AN O!RS ?AT W]E JU/ />T$ TO GET 9VOLV$4 ,BUT ?IS DID NOT MANIFE/ ITSELF 9 AN AU?ORIT>IAN WAY2 !Y JU/ (F]$ SUGGE/IONS & QUE/IONS & IDEAS & EXP]IM5TS4 ,SO />T GETT+ PREP>$1 ?9K ( Y\R IMM$IATE COMMUNITY NE$S4 ,TO QUOTE SOMEONE1 SOME:]E3 0SOMETIMES !RE >E DECADES 9 :I* NO?+ OCCURS1 & !N !RE >E WEEKS WOR? DECADES40 

,ADDRESS Y\R /RUGGLE TO Y\R [N LOCAL CONDITIONS4 ,DO+ SO WILL HELP Y\ SEE 9TO ! FUTURE & UND]/& ! PRES5T4 ,9 ,NIC>AGUA1 S9CE ,ORTEGA1 PEOPLE HAVE CLAIM$ ?AT ?+S C\LD BE WORSE COMP>$ TO \R HI/ORY1 BUT Y\ MU/ BE ABLE TO ALSO %[ H[ ?+S CAN BE BETT]4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,NIC>AGUA1 IT SEEMS ?AT ! PA/ 7! REVOLUTION FROM ! #a#i#hS7 HAS HIJACK$ ! PRES5T4 ,SO IT'S ! TASK ( NEW MOVEM5TS TO ANALYZE ! #a#i#hS & #a#i#iS1 9 P>T BY TALK+ ) ! G5]ATIONS ?AT EXP]I5C$ !M4 

,! QUE/ION ( 0! PEOPLE0 AS S+UL> HAS ALSO BE5 CONTE/$4 ,! PEOPLE AS PLURAL IS RI*] BUT AT ! SAME TIME MORE COMPLEX4 ,WE NE$ TO ATTACK ! C5T] FROM DIFF]5T PLACES1 AT DIFF]5T 9T5SITIES1 & AT DIFF]5T LEVELS4 ,!RE IS NO ONE /RATEGY2 ! DEC5TRALIZATION ( GR\PS & EF=TS 9TO SMALL] FACTIONS CONC5TRATES 5]GY 9 V]Y DIFF]5T PLACES4 ,WE NE$ TO /UDY ! C\NTRYSIDE & SEE H[ IT OP]ATES--& ! UNIV]SITIES1 ! ,S&9I/A Y\?1 ! PRIVATE S*OOLS1 ! POPUL> M>KETS1 ! NEI<BORHOOD1 ! WORKPLACES4 ,Y\ CAN'T BE 9VOLV$ 9 ALL ( ?OSE SPACES AT ! SAME TIME1 SO DEC5TRALIZ+ ATTACKS & CONV]SATIONS & CRITICAL REFLECTIONS HELPS EV]YONE4 

,WE MU/ EXPOSE ALL ! %ORTCOM+S ( ! RI<T4 ,!IR POLITICAL PLAT=M1 !IR IDEOLOGY1 !IR ORGANIZATION1 !IR P[] /RUCTURES--& CONNECT !M TO RACE1 CLASS1 G5D]1 HI/ORY1 GEOGRAPHY4 

,WE >E /ILL FIGUR+ ?IS \T4 ,RI<T N[1 WE >E TRY+ ?+S & RESPOND+ TO ! REACTIONS4 ,?+S NE$ TO HAPP5 9 ORD] = PEOPLE TO TAKE POSITIONS4 ,WE >E REACT+ TO ! GOV]NM5T1 BUT WE >E ALSO PROVID+ MAT]IAL = ! GOV]NM5T TO REACT TO4 ,WE NE$ TO MAP ! RI<T1 C5T]1 & LEFT PLAY]S--TO CRITIQUE !M1 TO EXPOSE !M4 ,! SAME GOES = ! SUPPOS$ NEUTRALITY ( 9/ITUTIONS4 

,NO MATT] :AT HAPP5S 9 ! FUTURE1 :AT ! GOV]NM5T DOES1 H[ ! PRIVATE SECTOR REACTS1 H[ ! /UD5TS MOVEM5TS UNFOLD--OV] ! LA/ WEEK1 ALL ! /UD5TS & ORGANIZ]S HAVE GR[N TREM5D\SLY4 ,WE HAVE LE>N$ SO MU*1 FAIL$ SO MU*1 BUT ALSO WON 9CR$IBLE BATTLES4 ,ALL !SE ?+S WE CANNOT UNLE>N & WE CANNOT UNSEE4 ,WE WILL NEV] UNSEE H[ H>D ! GOV]NM5T TRI$ TO COV] UP ITS FAILURE4 ,WE CANNOT UNSEE4 

.<#a.> ,! SITUATION 9 ,9DIO ,MAIZ IS MORE COMPLEX ?AN JU/ GOV]NM5T 9EPTITUDE4 ,AS AN ORGANIZ] 9SIDE ( ! _?,S,O,S,9DIO,MAIZ1 ,I MET ) ,RAMA & ,CRIOL 9DIG5\S LEAD]S & ) ,P>K ,RANG]S ?AT PROTECT ,9DIO ,MAIZ2 !Y TELL A /ORY ( RACISM1 ILLEGAL CATTLE RAN*ES1 GOV]NM5T & PRIVATE 9T]E/S1 CONC5TRATION ( P[] & T]RITORY VIA ! MILIT>Y1 & MORE4 ,! GOV]NM5T DEP>TM5T ?AT IS DESIGNAT$ TO PROTECT ITS NATURAL RES\RCES HAS NOT REPLI$ TO ANY ( ! LAWSUITS ?AT HAVE BE5 S5T = ! LA/ FIVE YE>S4 ,9DIO ,MAIZ WAS NOT JU/ AB\T ! FIRE4 ,IT WAS AB\T ! FACT ?AT ! GOV]NM5T B5EFITS FROM ILLEGAL WOOD EXTRACTION1 ILLEGAL CATTLE RAN*ES1 & PRIVATE SECTOR MONOCROPS 9 9DIG5\S T]RITORY4 ,9DIO ,MAIZ WAS AB\T ! RACI/ DYNAMIC BETWE5 ! /ATE & LOCAL 9DIG5\S GOV]NM5TS4 ,9DIO ,MAIZ WAS AB\T ! FACT ?AT IT IS V]Y DIFFICULT TO /UDY ECOLOGY OR 5VIRONM5TAL RES\RCES MANAGEM5T 9 ,NIC>AGUA4 ,9DIO ,MAIZ WAS AB\T ! ,GR& ,CANAL4 ,9DIO ,MAIZ WAS AB\T ! RELAX$ 5VIRONM5TAL POLICY REG>D+ PRIVATE 9VE/M5TS & CON/RUCTION4 

.<#b.> ,MOTORIZADOS1 MOTORCYCLE GANGS4 ,PROTE/]S W]E REPEAT$LY ATTACK$ BY !SE OLD] M5 WE>+ HELMETS & UTILIZ+ BASEBALL BATS1 METAL BATS1 ROCKS1 & O!R WEAPONS4 

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON #a#f? ,JUNE #bba FROM CRIME?9C4COM47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a#c1 #bbb 3 ,! ,APRIL #ai ,UPRIS+ 9 ,NIC>AGUA -- ,ADD$4 

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