,! ,BOL%EVIK ,MY? ,RELOAD$ 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,IA9 ,MC,KAY 

,TEXT 3 

,?IS IS A WRITE UP ( ! TALK ,I GAVE AT ! #baf ,LONDON ,AN>*I/ BOOKFAIR4 ,I COV]$ MO/ ( :AT ,I PLANN$ 9 MY NOTES AL?\< SOME ( IT WAS SUMM>IZ$ MORE ?AN 9DICAT$ H]E4 ,IT COV]S ! BASIC MY?S & REALITIES ( ! P]IOD & CONC5TRATES ON NON-,AN>*I/ S\RCES - ACADEMICS & ,L59I/S !MSELVES4 ,?IS IS NOT BECAUSE ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE IS LACK+1 NO F> FROM IT4 ,IT IS DONE TO %[ ?AT ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE HAS ! SUPPORT ( A SUB/ANTIAL BODY ( EVID5CE4 ,AS 9DICAT$ 9 ! TALK1 ALL QUOTES >E FROM SECTION ,H ( ,AN ,AN>*I/ ,F,A,Q4 

#bag M>KS ! #a? ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 ,WE CAN EXPECT A M\NTA9 ( >TICLES 7AL?\< LESS ?AN 9 #a#i#f#g67 AB\T H[ WOND]FUL ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E &1 ( C\RSE1 :Y WE %\LD SEEK TO APPLY !IR IDEAS TODAY4 

,SO ! TIME >RIVES :5 WE MU/ UND]/& :AT ACTUALLY HAPP5$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! REALITY - RA!R ?AN ! RHETORIC - ( ,BOL%EVISM1 TO EXPOSE1 TO USE ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN'S T]M1 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,MY?4 ,TO DO ?IS ,I WILL ATTEMPT TO SUMM>IZE ! RELEVANT 9=MATION 9 ,AN ,AN>*I/ ,F,A,Q 7SECTION ,H7 & ,I AM NOT GO+ TO QUOTE A S+LE AN>*I/ - ?IS ACC\NT IS BAS$ ON WORK BY HI/ORIANS & ,L59I/S4 ,I DO ?IS SIMPLY BECAUSE !Y PROVIDE OV]:ELM+ EVID5CE TO SUPPORT ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE - & PR$ICTIONS - ( BO? ,M>XISM & ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION4 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9 #aiag 

,! REVOLUTION 9 #aiag />T$ SPONTANE\SLY ) PROTE/S & /RIKES OV] FOOD %ORTAGES 9 ,PETROGRAD - PROTE/S :I* W]E OPPOS$ BY ! LOCAL ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP1 SO NOT ! MO/ AUSPICI\S ( />TS4 ,IT ALSO QUICKLY SAW ! RECREATION ( ! SOVIETS :I* HAD FIR/ APPE>$ DUR+ ! #aie NE>-REVOLUTION AS WELL AS ! EXT5SION ( DEM&S FROM JU/ POLITICAL TO SOCIAL TRANS=MATION - AS >GU$ BY AN>*I/S BUT REJECT$ BY ,M>XI/S 9 #aie - :I* LEAD TO ! RISE ( FACTORY COMMITTEES1 DEM&S = 0WORK]S' CONTROL01 EXPROPRIATION ( L& BY ! PEASANTS1 ETC4 

,IT WAS ONLY ONCE ,L59 HAD RETURN$ TO ,RUSSIA ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS />T$ E*O+ AN>*I/ >GUM5TS4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ,L59 CAME 9TO CONFLICT ) HIS P>TY BUREAUCRACY BUT ! MASS 9FLUX ( RADICALIZ$ WORK]S :O W]E NOT ,M>XI/S & NO CONC]N OV] FOLL[+ 0! P>TY L9E0 GAVE ! $GE TO ,L59 - :O ALSO CONT9UALLY VIOLAT$ ! P>TY'S [N 0NATURE1 /RUCTURE & IDEOLOGY0 TO =CE IT TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 #a#i#a#g4 

,! ,P>TY 

,SO 9 #aiag 0DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM10 ! LEITMOTIV ( ,BOL%EVISM1 WAS IGNOR$ TO 5SURE ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD ANY IMPACT ON EV5TS4 ,9DE$1 ! P>TY OP]AT$ 9 WAYS ?AT FEW MOD]N 0VANGU>D0 P>TIES W\LD TOL]ATE3 

0,! COMMITTEES W]E A LAW UNTO !MSELVES :5 IT CAME TO ACCEPT+ ORD]S FROM ABOVE 444 T[N COMMITTEES 9 PRACTICE HAD ! DEVIL'S [N JOB 9 IMPOS+ FIRM LEAD]%IP 444 ,9SUBORD9ATION WAS ! RULE ( ! DAY :5EV] L[] P>TY BODIES ?\<T QUE/IONS ( IMPORTANCE W]E AT /AKE 444 ,MANY A P>TY CELL SAW FIT TO ?UMB ITS NOSE AT HI<] AU?ORITY & TO PURSUE POLICIES :I* IT FELT TO BE MORE SUIT$ TO LOCAL CIRCUM/ANCES OR MORE DESIRABLE 9 G5]AL4 ,NO GREAT SECRET WAS MADE ( ?IS 444 H>DLY A P>TY COMMITTEE EXI/$ :I* DID NOT 5C\NT] PROBLEMS 9 5=C+ ITS WILL EV5 UPON 9DIVIDUAL ACTIVI/S40 

,SO UNLIKE ILLUSIONS ( MOD]N-DAY ,BOL%EVIKS1 9 #aiag P>TY WAS A LOOSE F$]ATION :I* WAS M>K$ BY AN 09T]NALLY RELATIVELY DEMOCRATIC1 TOL]ANT1 & DEC5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURE & ME?OD ( OP]ATION1 AS WELL AS ITS ESS5TIALLY OP5 & MASS *>ACT] -- 9 /RIK+ CONTRA/ TO ! TRADITIONAL ,L59I/ MODEL 444 SUBORD9ATE P>TY BODIES444 W]E P]MITT$ CONSID]ABLE 9DEP5D5CE & 9ITIATIVE 444 ,MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 !SE L[] BODIES W]E ABLE TO TAILOR !IR TACTICS & APPEALS TO SUIT !IR [N P>TICUL> CON/ITU5CIES AMID RAPIDLY *ANG+ CONDITIONS4 ,VA/ NUMB]S ( NEW MEMB]S W]E RECRUIT$ 9TO ! P>TY 444 :O KNEW LITTLE1 IF ANY?+1 AB\T ,M>XISM & C>$ NO?+ AB\T P>TY DISCIPL9E40 ,AS ONE OLD-,BOL%EVIK NAM$ ,LA%EVI* REM>K$3 0,FREQU5TLY IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO MAKE \T :]E ! ,BOL%EVIK 5DS & ! ,AN>*I/ BEG9S40 

,H[EV]1 IT RETA9$ A BUREAUCRACY4 ,AS ,TONY ,CLIFF ADMITT$1 0A C]TA9 CONS]VATISM >OSE0 )9 ! P>TY - SO MU* SO ?AT IT WAS A H9DRANCE TO ! REVOLUTION3 0,AT PRACTICALLY ALL %>P TURN+ PO9TS1 ,L59 HAD TO RELY ON ! L[] /RATA ( ! P>TY MA*9E AGA9/ ! HI<]1 OR ON ! RANK & FILE AGA9/ ! MA*9E AS A :OLE40 ,L59 SP5T AS MU* TIME FI<T+ HIS [N P>TY MA*9E AS HE DID ADVOCAT+ REVOLUTION4 

,?IS IS CONFIRM$ BY ,TROTSKY :O ADMITT$ ?AT 0.<W.>I?\T ,L591 NO ONE HAD KN[N :AT TO MAKE ( ! UNPREC$5T$ SITUATION0 & ! 0,APRIL CONFLICT BETWE5 ,L59 & ! G5]AL /AFF ( ! P>TY WAS NOT ! ONLY ONE ( ITS K9D4 ,?R\<\T ! :OLE HI/ORY ( ,BOL%EVISM444 ALL ! LEAD]S ( ! P>TY AT ALL ! MO/ IMPORTANT MOM5TS /OOD TO ! RI<T ( ,L5940 ,9DE$1 9 ,OCTOB] ,L59 0C\LD ONLY IMPOSE HIS VIEW BY GO+ OV] ! HEAD ( HIS ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE0 & 0CALL$ = RESOLUTE CONFRONTATION ( ! SLUGGI% ,P>TY MA*9E ) MASSES & IDEAS 9 MOTION40 ,9 %ORT3 

0! MASSES W]E 9COMP>ABLY MORE REVOLUTION>Y ?AN ! ,P>TY1 :I* 9 TURN WAS MORE REVOLUTION>Y ?AN ITS COMMITTEEM540 

,ALL ( :I* REFUTES ! BASIC ASSUMPTIONS ( ,L59'S P>TY S*EMA1 NAMELY ?AT ! BROAD P>TY MEMB]%IP1 LIKE ! WORK+ CLASS1 WAS SUBJECT TO B\RGEOIS 9FLU5CES SO NECESSITAT+ C5TRAL LEAD]%IP & CONTROL FROM ABOVE4 

,H[EV]1 ! P>TY BUREAUCRACY DID NOT DISAPPE> & PLAY$ A NEGATIVE ROLE ONCE ! P>TY SEIZ$ P[] - PROVID+ A /RUCTURE & AN IDEOLOGICAL JU/IFICATION TO 9TRODUCE ! C5TRALIZ$ CONTROL UPON :I* VANGU>DISM WAS PREMIS$4 

,L59'S ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION 

,?IS IS ! CONTEXT )9 :I* ,L59 WROTE ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION - ! ELECTION MANIFE/O1 IF Y\ LIKE1 ( ,BOL%EVISM4 ,LET US COMP>E IT TO ! REALITY ( ,BOL%EVISM 9 P[] 

,FIR/ (F1 IT MU/ BE /RESS$ ?AT MU* ( :AT PASSES = 0,M>XISM0 IS ACTUALLY AN>*ISM4 ,WORK]S C\NCILS AS ! FRAMEWORK ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY IS TO BE F\ND 9 ,BAKUN91 NOT ,M>X4 ,IT ALSO DI/ORTS ! AN>*I/ POSITION - ,AN>*I/S1 REG>DLESS ( ,L59'S CLAIMS1 HAVE ALWAYS SE5 NE$ TO DEF5D ! REVOLUTION 7US+ F$]AT$ WORK]S' MILITIAS TO DEF5D ! F$]AT$ WORK]S' C\NCILS7 & NEV] ?\<T AN>*ISM W\LD APPE> 0OV]NI<T40 

,SO :AT DOES ,L59'S BOOK >GUE8 ,US+ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE AS A PROTOTYPE ,L59 >GU$ = ! ABOLITION ( 0P>LIAM5T>IANISM0 BY TURN+ 0REPRES5TATIVE 9/ITUTIONS FROM M]E 'TALK+ %OPS' 9TO WORK+ BODIES0 BY REMOV+ 0! DIVISION ( LABOR BETWE5 ! LEGISLATIVE & ! EXECUTIVE02 0,ALL (FICIALS1 )\T EXCEPTION1 TO BE ELECT$ & SUBJECT TO RECALL AT ANY TIME02 ,! 0IMM$IATE 9TRODUCTION ( CONTROL & SUP]9T5D5CE BY ALL1 SO ?AT ALL %ALL BECOME 'BUREAUCRATS' = A TIME & SO ?AT1 !RE=E1 NO ONE CAN BECOME A 'BUREAUCRAT'40 ,PROLET>IAN DEMOCRACY W\LD 0TAKE IMM$IATE /EPS TO CUT BUREAUCRACY D[N TO ! ROOTS0 NO 0PRIVILEG$ P]SONS DIVORC$ FROM ! MASSES & SUP]IOR TO ! MASSES02 ,NO 0SPECIAL BODIES ( >M$ M50 /&+ AP>T FROM ! PEOPLE 0S9CE ! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE ITSELF SUPPRESSES ITS OPPRESSORS1 A 'SPECIAL =CE' IS NO LONG] NECESS>Y03 0ABOLITION ( ! /&+ >MY0 BY ! 0>M$ MASSES02 ,! NEW 7WORK]S7 /ATE W\LD BE 0! ORGANIZATION ( VIOL5CE = ! SUPPRESSION ( 444 ! EXPLOIT+ CLASS444 ,! TOIL]S NE$ A /ATE ONLY TO OV]COME ! RESI/ANCE0 ( 0! L&LORDS & ! CAPITALI/S40 ,!IR 0RESI/ANCE MU/ BE BROK5 BY =CE3 IT IS CLE> ?AT :]E !RE IS SUPPRESSION !RE IS ALSO VIOL5CE1 !RE IS NO FRE$OM1 NO DEMOCRACY40 

,?US ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 W\LD BE 0! 9TRODUCTION ( COMPLETE DEMOCRACY = ! PEOPLE40 

,LET US LOOK AT EA* ( !SE 9 TURN4 

,WORK+ ,BODIES 

,! PROMISE ( 0WORK+ BODIES0 - ! FUSION ( LEGISLATIVE & EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS 9 ! ONE BODY - WAS ! SWIFTLY BROK5 = ! V]Y FIR/ BODY TO BE CREAT$ WAS ! 0,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S04 ,?IS WAS A GOV]NM5T ABOVE ! ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! SOVIETS CONGRESS & SO SEP>ATE FROM & ABOVE ! NATIONAL SOVIET CONGRESS4 

,SO ,L59'S ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION DID NOT LA/ ! NI<T4 ,AS ! ,BOL%EVIK ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE PUT IT3 

0IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO REFUSE A PURELY ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T )\T TREASON TO ! SLOGAN ( ! P[] ( ! ,SOVIETS1 S9CE A MAJORITY AT ! ,SECOND ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS 444 H&$ P[] OV] TO ?IS GOV]NM5T40 

,P]HAPS IT C\LD BE >GU$ ?AT ,L59'S PROMISES W]E KEPT AS ! NEW GOV]NM5T SIMPLY GAVE ITSELF LEGISLATIVE P[]S F\R DAYS LAT]8 ,NO1 = ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE TOOK EXECUTIVE P[] 9TO ITS [N H&S1 ,L59 REV]S$ ?IS4 

,NOR WAS ?IS PROCESS LIMIT$ TO ! TOP3 0,EFFECTIVE P[] 9 ! LOCAL SOVIETS REL5TLESSLY GRAVITAT$ TO ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES1 & ESPECIALLY !IR PRESIDIUMS4 ,PL5>Y SESSIONS BECAME 9CREAS+LY SYMBOLIC & 9EFFECTUAL40 

,ELECTION1 ,RECALL1 ETC4 

,BY E>LY #a#i#a#h1 !RE WAS A SY/EMATIC CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! ELECTIVE PR9CIPLE 9 ALL >EAS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 

,9 ! MILIT>Y1 ,TROTSKY REPLAC$ ELECT$ (FIC]S ) APPO9T$ ONES 9 ,M>* #a#i#a#h3 0! PR9CIPLE ( ELECTION IS POLITICALLY PURPOSELESS & TE*NICALLY 9EXP$I5T1 & IT HAS BE51 9 PRACTICE1 ABOLI%$ BY DECREE40 

,9 ! WORKPLACE1 ,L59 >GU$ = & APPO9T$ ONE-MAN MANAG]S 0VE/$ ) DICTATORIAL P[]S0 9 ,APRIL #a#i#a#h4 ,?IS WAS ! ELIM9ATION ( FACTORY COMMITTEES BY 0ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T0 UND] C5TRALIZ$ /ATE CONTROL4 ,NOT1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT HE EV] SUPPORT$ G5U9E WORK]S' CONTROL BUT RA!R WORK]S' SUP]VISION ( BOSSES - & IT MU/ BE /RESS$ ?AT ! DEM& = WORK]S' CONTROL WAS RAIS$ BY WORK]S1 NOT ! P>TY1 :I* AGA9 REFUTES ! ASSUMPTIONS ( VANGU>DISM4 

,9 ! SOVIETS1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS REFUS$ TO HOLD ELECTIONS BECAUSE !Y 0FE>$ ?AT ! OPPOSITION P>TIES W\LD %[ GA9S40 ,:5 W]E F9ALLY ELECTIONS HELD1 0,BOL%EVIK >M$ =CE USUALLY OV]?REW ! RESULTS40 ,9 ADDITION1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS 0PACK.<$.> LOCAL SOVIETS0 ) REPRES5TATIVES ( ORGANIZATIONS !Y CONTROLL$ 0ONCE !Y C\LD NO LONG] C\NT ON AN ELECTORAL MAJORITY0 SO MAK+ DIRECT ELECTIONS FROM WORKPLACES IRRELEVANT 7= EXAMPLE1 9 ,PETROGRAD 0.<O.>NLY #bf ( R\<LY #g DEPUTIES 9 ! NEW SOVIET W]E TO BE ELECT$ 9 FACTORIES1 :I* GU>ANTE$ A L>GE ,BOL%EVIK MAJORITY 9 ADVANCE0 & SO ! ,BOL%EVIKS 0CONTRIV$ A MAJORITY0 BE=E GETT+ #abg ( ! #bf DIRECT DELEGATES74 

,ELIM9ATION ( BUREAUCRACY 

,9 />K CONTRA/ TO ! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION1 ! NEW ,/ATE SPAWN$ A BUREAUCRACY :I* 0GREW BY LEAPS & B\NDS4 ,CONTROL OV] ! NEW BUREAUCRACY CON/ANTLY DIM9I%$1 P>TLY BECAUSE NO G5U9E OPPOSITION EXI/$4 ,! ALI5ATION BETWE5 'PEOPLE' & '(FICIALS1' :I* ! SOVIET SY/EM WAS SUPPOS$ TO REMOVE1 WAS BACK AGA94 ,BEG9N+ 9 #a#i#a#h1 COMPLA9TS AB\T 'BUREAUCRATIC EXCESSES1' LACK ( CONTACT ) VOT]S1 & NEW PROLET>IAN BUREAUCRATS GREW L\D] & L\D]40 ,9 %ORT3 

0,! OLD /ATE'S POLITICAL APP>ATUS WAS 'SMA%$1' BUT 9 ITS PLACE A NEW BUREAUCRATIC & C5TRALIZ$ SY/EM EM]G$ ) EXTRAORD9>Y RAPIDITY444 ,AS ! FUNCTIONS ( ! /ATE EXP&$ SO DID ! BUREAUCRACY1 & BY ,AUGU/ #aiah NE>LY A ?IRD ( ,MOSC['S WORK+ POPULATION W]E EMPLOY$ 9 (FICES0 

,?IS SOON BECAME A S\RCE ( 9EFFICI5CY & WA/E - AS WELL AS NEW PRIVILEGES & P[]S = ! FEW4 

,ELIM9ATION ( SEP>ATE >M$ =CES 

,9 T]MS ( >M+ ! PEOPLE & REMOV+ 0SPECIAL BODIES0 ( >M$ M51 ?IS PROMISE DID NOT LA/ TWO MON?S4 ,9 ,DECEMB] #aiag ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S DECRE$ A POLITICAL POLICE =CE1 ! ,*EKA4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ITS FIR/ HEADQU>T]S W]E ?OSE ( ! ,CZ>'S SECRET POLICE4 

,AS NOT$1 ELECTIONS 9 ! >M$ =CES ELIM9AT$ BY DECREE 9 ,M>* #aiah & SO ! ,R$ ,>MY WAS TURN$ FROM A WORK]S' MILITIA 7I4E4 AN >M$ PEOPLE7 9TO A 0SPECIAL BODY04 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ?IS WAS SOON US$ TO DISB& SOVIETS1 BREAK /RIKES1 PROTE/S1 ETC4 

,YE> ,ONE ( ! ,REVOLUTION - ,SUMMATION 

,ALL ?IS WAS ! P]IOD BE=E ! \TBREAK ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 LATE ,MAY #a#i#a#h4 ,BY ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION1 ! NEW REGIME HAD TAK5 %APE - & IT BORE LITTLE RESEMBLANCE TO ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION4 

,POLITICALLY1 IT WAS 9 PRACTICE A ,P>TY ,DICTATOR%IP4 ,AS WELL AS ! ONSLAU<T ON ! LOCAL SOVIETS1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS PACK$ ! ,FIF? ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS 9 ,JULY #aiah D5Y+ ,LEFT-,S,RS !IR MAJORITY 7:I*1 9CID5TALLY1 EXPLA9S :Y ,L59I/S TODAY >E ALWAYS SO KE5 TO CONTROL ! CR$5TIALS COMMITTEE674 

,ECONOMICALLY1 IT WAS ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM ) 0ONE-MAN0 MANAGEM5T ! (FICIAL POLICY 7& SY/EMATICALLY IMPOS$ ONCE VICTORY WAS BELIEV$ TO BE SECURE 9 #a#i#b74 ,IT HAD A ,/ATI/ & C5TRALIZ$ ECONOMIC /RUCTURE :I* SIMPLY H&$ ! ECONOMY TO ! BUREAUCRACY4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! PREVI\S BOSSES MO/LY RETA9$ - !Y PREF]R$ /ATE CONTROL TO WORK]S' CONTROL4 

,! BUREAUCRACY WAS FIRMLY 9 PLACE = 09 ! SOVIETS & 9 ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T ! EMBRYO ( C5TRALIZ$ & BUREAUCRATIC /ATE =MS HAD ALREADY EM]G$ BY MID-#a#i#a#h40 ,BY ! 5D ( #a#i#b1 !RE W]E FIVE TIMES MORE (FICIALS 7#e1#h#h17 ?AN 9DU/RIAL WORK]S6 

,! P>TY F9ALLY SAW DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM IMPOS$ )9 IT AS 0! ,BOL%EVIKS1 :O = YE>S HAD TALK$ IDLY AB\T A /RICT HI]>*Y ( COMM& 9SIDE ! P>TY1 AT LA/ BEGAN TO PUT IDEAS 9TO PRACTICE40 ,! P>TY ITSELF SAW A R$UCTION 9 SIZE REFLECT+ WORK+ CLASS ALI5ATION ) REGIME & 0.<A.>S ! PROPORTION ( WORK+-CLASS MEMB]S DECL9$444 5TRANTS FROM ! MIDDLE-CLASS ROSE0 

,! REALITY - & NECESSITY - ( P>TY DICTATOR%IP WAS SOON OP5LY ACKN[L$G$4 ,VICTOR ,S]GE NOT$ ?AT 0AT ! />T ( #aiai ,I WAS HORRIFI$ TO READ AN >TICLE BY ,Z9OVIEV4444 ON ! MONOPOLY ( ! P>TY 9 P[]0 7HE HID IT WELL674 ,Z9OVIEV MADE ?IS POSITION CLE> TO ! WORLD ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #a#i#b3 

0PEOPLE444 SAY ?AT 9 ,RUSSIA Y\ DO NOT HAVE ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! WORK+ CLASS BUT ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY4 ,!Y ?9K ?IS IS A REPROA* AGA9/ US4 ,NOT 9 ! LEA/6 ,WE HAVE A DICTATOR%IP ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ?AT IS PRECISELY :Y WE ALSO HAVE A DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY IS ONLY A FUNCTION1 AN ATTRIBUTE1 AN EXPRESSION ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! WORK+ CLASS444 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT IS AT ! SAME TIME ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY40 

,L59 MADE SIMIL> COMM5TS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 #aib HE EXPLA9$ TO ! ,*EKA ?AT 0.<W.>I?\T REVOLUTION>Y CO]CION DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! AV[$ 5EMIES ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO BREAK D[N ! RESI/ANCE ( !SE EXPLOIT]S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 REVOLUTION>Y CO]CION IS B\ND TO BE EMPLOY$ T[>DS ! WAV]+ & UN/ABLE ELEM5TS AMONG ! MASSES !MSELVES40 ,ELSE:]E HE NOT$ ?AT 09 ALL CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES444 ! PROLET>IAT IS /ILL SO DIVID$1 SO DEGRAD$1 & SO CORRUPT$ 9 P>TS0 ?AT P[] 0CAN BE EX]CIS$ ONLY BY A VANGU>D444 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT CANNOT BE EX]CIS$ BY A MASS PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATION40 

,TROTSKY >GU$ LIKEWISE ?R\<\T ! #a#i#bS & HELD ?IS POSITION UNTIL HIS DEA?4 ,= EXAMPLE 9 #ai* HE >GU$ ?AT ! 0MASSES >E AT DIFF]5T TIMES 9SPIR$ BY DIFF]5T MOODS & OBJECTIVES4 ,IT IS JU/ = ?IS REASON ?AT A C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION ( ! VANGU>D IS 9DISP5SABLE4 ,ONLY A P>TY1 WIELD+ ! AU?ORITY IT HAS WON1 IS CAPABLE ( OV]COM+ ! VACILLATION ( ! MASSES !MSELVES 444 IF ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT MEANS ANY?+ AT ALL1 !N IT MEANS ?AT ! VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT IS >M$ ) ! RES\RCES ( ! /ATE 9 ORD] TO REPEL DANG]S1 9CLUD+ ?OSE EMANAT+ FROM ! BACKW>D LAY]S ( ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF40 ,( C\RSE1 EV]YONE IS 0BACKW>D0 COMP>$ TO ! 0VANGU>D0 & HE REPEAT$ ! CONCLUSION HE HAD DRAWN NE>LY TW5TY YE>S PREVI\SLY3 

0,! REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP ( A PROLET>IAN P>TY444 IS AN OBJECTIVE NECESSITY IMPOS$ UPON US BY ! SOCIAL REALITIES444 ,! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY 7VANGU>D7 :I* R5\NCES ITS [N DICTATOR%IP SURR5D]S ! MASSES TO ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION0 

,SO ! /ATE P[] IS NE$$ = ! VANGU>D TO RULE ! WORK+ CLASS - TO =CE ! MASSES TO BE FREE4 

,UNLIKE 9 #aiag :5 ,L59 HAD >GU$ ?AT ! NEW 70WORK]S07 /ATE W\LD REPRESS ONLY ! EXPLOIT]S1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 P[] SWIFTLY CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT IT MU/ BE US$ - & WAS US$ - TO REPRESS :OEV] OPPOS$ ,BOL%EVIK P[] - 9CLUD+ WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ( ! #a#g1 CAMP DETA9EES 9 ,NOVEMB] #aib ) /ATI/ICS1 #c#i.0 PEASANTS & #c#d.0 WORK]S4 

,LET US RECALL ,L59'S WORDS FROM #a#i#a#g3 0:]E !RE IS SUPPRESSION !RE IS ALSO VIOL5CE1 !RE IS NO FRE$OM1 NO DEMOCRACY40 ,SO1 !N1 !RE CANNOT BE WORK+ CLASS FRE$OM OR DEMOCRACY IF ! 0WORK]S' /ATE0 IS SUPPRESS+ IT4 

,IDEOLOGICAL ,ROOTS 

,?IS DID NOT HAPP5 BY ACCID5T - !RE >E IDEOLOGICAL ROOTS TO ALL ?IS4 

,L59 9 ,:AT IS TO BE DONE8 HAD >GU$ ?AT 0.<C.>LASS POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS CAN BE BR\<T TO ! WORK]S ONLY FROM )\T0 BY MIDDLE CLASS 9TELLECTUALS & !SE 09TELLECTUALS MU/ TALK TO US1 & TELL US MORE AB\T :AT WE DO NOT KN[ & :AT WE CAN NEV] LE>N FROM \R FACTORY & 'ECONOMIC' EXP]I5CE1 ?AT IS1 Y\ MU/ GIVE US POLITICAL KN[L$GE40 

,?IS CANNOT HELP BUT CREATE A PRIVILEG$ PLACE = ! P>TY & ITS LEAD]%IP4 ,MOREOV]1 ! LOGICAL CONCLUSION ( ?IS >GUM5T IS ?AT CLASS CONSCI\SNESS IS DET]M9$ BY H[ MU* ! WORK]S AGREE ) ! P>TY LEAD]S4 ,IT CANNOT HELP BUT SUB/ITUTE P>TY P[] = WORK]S' P[] - P>TICUL>LY AS ! =M] WAS ALWAYS ! AIM - & GIVE ?AT P[] AN AU?ORIT>IAN1 9DE$ DICTATORIAL1 ASPECT4 

,?US1 = EXAMPLE1 9 #aie ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY DEM&$ ( ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ,SOVIET ?AT IT 0IMM$IATELY ADOPT A ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM OR DISB&0 & W]E RI<TLY 0IGNOR$0 ,!N1 %[+ ! EFFICI5CY ( VANGU>DISM1 ! P>TY'S ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE MADE ?IS WRONG DECISION 0! B9D+ DIRECTIVE = ALL O!R ,BOL%EVIK ORGANIZATIONS40 ,TWO YE>S LAT] ,L59 >GU$ ?AT ! P>TY %\LD WORK 9 SOVIETS BUT ANY SU* ACTIVITY %\LD BE 0DONE ON /RICT ,P>TY L9ES = ! PURPOSE ( DEVELOP+ & /R5G!N+0 ! ,P>TY & HE ADD$ 0IF ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ACTIVITIES AMONG ! PROLET>IAN MASSES >E PROP]LY1 EFFECTIVELY & WIDELY ORGANIZ$1 SU* 9/ITUTIONS .<AS ! SOVIETS.> MAY ACTUALLY BECOME SUP]FLU\S40 

,?IS REFLECT$ ,:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8 & SO ! ,SOVIETS W]E SE5 AS 9/RUM5TAL = BUILD+ ! P>TY1 NOT MANAG+ SOCIETY1 & 9 #aiah ! CLA% BETWE5 SOVIET DEMOCRACY & P>TY RULE WAS RESOLV$ 9 FAVOR ( LATT] - ! SOVIETS DID 9DE$ BECOME 0SUP]FLU\S0 EV5 IF !Y REMA9$ 9 =MALLY EXI/5CE4 

,!N !RE WAS ! ,BOL%EVIK'S VISION ( 0,SOCIALISM40 ,?IS WAS 9H]IT$ FROM ,M>X & SO WAS M>K$ BY NATIONALIZATION1 C5TRALIZATION & ROOT$ 9 /ATI/ =MS & PREJUDICES4 ,L59'S POSITION ON 0ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T0 CLE>LY REFLECT$ ,5GELS' ANTI-AN>*I/ DIATRIBE 0,ON ,AU?ORITY0 = A P]SPECTIVE :I* VIEW$ ! WORKPLACE AS 9H]5TLY AU?ORIT>IAN DOES NOT SEE ! NECESSITY = SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,LIKEWISE1 ! ,BOL%EVIK'S ATTEMPTS AT ! 0MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR0 REFLECTS ! 09DU/RIAL >MIES0 ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O4 

,GIV5 ?IS IDEOLOGICAL LEGACY1 IT COMES AS NO SURPRISE ?AT C5TRALIZATION WAS FETI%IZ$ & IMPLEM5T$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,EQUALLY UNSURPRIS+1 9 REALITY ?IS MEANT ?AT P[] CONC5TRAT$ 9TO FEW] & FEW] H&S - BO? POLITICAL & ECONOMIC P[] - & SO ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD A VISION ( 0WORK]S' P[]0 :I* SY/EMATICALLY DISEMP[]$ ! WORK]S4 

,LIKE ! GOOD ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRAT HE WAS1 ,L59 SAW SOCIALISM AS BE+ BUILT ON ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURES 9H]IT$ FROM CAPITALISM RA!R ?AN1 AS AN>*I/S DID1 ON WORK]S' [N ORGANIZATIONS4 ,?US SOCIALISM WAS1 = ,L591 ! 0NEXT /EP =W>D FROM /ATE-CAPITALI/ MONOPOLY 444 SOCIALISM IS M]ELY /ATE-CAPITALI/ MONOPOLY :I* IS MADE TO S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( ! :OLE PEOPLE & HAS TO ?AT EXT5T CEAS$ TO BE CAPITALI/ MONOPOLY0 & 0! NEW MEANS ( CONTROL HAVE BE5 CREAT$ NOT BY US1 BUT BY CAPITALISM40 ,?US 0! '/ATE APP>ATUS' :I* WE NE$ TO BR+ AB\T SOCIALISM 444 WE TAKE READY-MADE FROM CAPITALISM2 \R TASK 4444 IS M]ELY TO LOP (F :AT CAPITALI/ICALLY MUTILATES ?IS EXCELL5T APP>ATUS1 TO MAKE IT EV5 BIGG]40 

,& SO :5 ! ,SUPREME ,C\NCIL ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ECONOMY WAS CREAT$ IT UTILIZ$ ! GLAVKI SY/EM FROM ,CZ>ISM 7) A TOK5 NUMB] ( REPRES5TATIVES FROM WORK]S' BODIES1 MO/LY FROM ! TRADE UNION (FICIALDOM74 ,?IS /RUCTURE WAS1 AS ONE EXP]T NOT$1 0AN EXPRESSION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( C5TRALIZATION & CONTROL FROM ABOVE :I* WAS PECULI> TO ! ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY40 ,MOREOV]1 GIV5 ! ASSUMPTIONS ( ,:AT IS TO BE ,DONE81 ! ,P>TY KNEW BE/ RA!R ?AN WORK]S3 

0,ON ?REE OCCASIONS 9 ! FIR/ MON?S ( ,SOVIET P[]1 ! .<FACTORY.> COMMITTEE LEAD]S S\<T TO BR+ !IR MODEL 9TO BE+4 ,AT EA* PO9T ! P>TY LEAD]%IP OV]RUL$ !M4 ,! RESULT WAS TO VE/ BO? MANAG]IAL & CONTROL P[]S 9 ORGANS ( ! /ATE :I* W]E SUBORD9ATE TO ! C5TRAL AU?ORITIES1 & =M$ BY !M40 

,UNSURPRIS+LY1 ! ,BOL%EVIK FETI% = C5TRALIZATION PROV$ TO BE 9EFFICI5T1 WA/EFUL & BUREAUCRATIC4 ,ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T PRODUC$ 0A GREAT] DEGREE ( CONFUSION & 9DECISION0 & ! 0RESULT 444 WAS NOT DIRECTIV5ESS1 BUT DI/ANCE1 & 9CREAS+ 9ABILITY TO MAKE DECISIONS APPROPRIATE TO LOCAL CONDITIONS4 ,DESPITE CO]CION1 ORD]S ON ! RAILROADS W]E (T5 IGNOR$ AS UNWORKABLE40 ,9DE$1 !RE WAS A M>K$ 0GULF BETWE5 ! AB/RACTION ( ! PR9CIPLES ON C5TRALIZATION & ITS REALITY0 & 9EFFICI5CIES GREW ) TIME WA/$ DUE TO 0/RICT COMPLIANCE ( V]TICAL ADM9I/RATION0 & 0SEMI-F9I%$ PRODUCTS .<W]E.> TRANSF]R$ TO O!R PROV9CES = FUR!R PROCESS+1 :ILE LOCAL FACTORIES444 W]E %UT D[N0 7& GIV5 ! /ATE ( ! TRANSPORT NETWORK1 ?IS WAS D\BLY 9EFFICI5T74 ,LOCAL GR\PS RI<TLY COMPLA9$ ?AT 0! C5T] HAD DISPLAY$ A GREAT DEAL ( CONS]VATISM & R\T9E ?9K+0 & !Y KNEW ! GRASSROOTS SITUATION BETT] & 0PROV$ TO BE MORE F>-SI<T$ ?AN ! C5T]40 

,MOREOV]1 ! 0%ORTCOM+S ( ! C5TRAL ADM9I/RATIONS & GLAVKI 9CREAS$ TOGE!R ) ! NUMB] ( 5T]PRISES UND] !IR CONTROL0 & 0! V>I\S (FICES ( ! ,SOVN>KHOZ & COMMISS>IAT /RUCTURE LIT]ALLY SWAMP$ ) 'URG5T' DELEGATIONS & SUBM]G$ 9 PAP]WORK40 ,?IS LEAD TO NUM]\S PROBLEMS 9CLUD+3 

0MAT]IALS W]E PROVID$ TO FACTORIES 9 >BITR>Y PROPORTIONS444 ! L5G? ( ! PROC$URE NE$$ TO RELEASE ! PRODUCTS 9CREAS$ SC>CITY444 S9CE PRODUCTS REMA9$ /OR$ UNTIL ! C5T] ISSU$ A PUR*ASE ORD] ON BEHALF ( A C5TRALLY DEF9$ CU/OM]4 ,UNUS$ /OCK COEXI/$ ) ACUTE SC>CITY4 ,! C5T] WAS UNABLE TO DET]M9E ! CORRECT PROPORTIONS444 ,! GAP BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE WAS SIGNIFICANT40 

,H[EV]1 0! FAILURE ( GLAVKISM DID NOT BR+ AB\T A RECONSID]ATION ( ! PROBLEMS ( ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION 444 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! IDEOLOGY ( C5TRALIZATION WAS RE9=C$40 ,?IS LEAD TO A CLAMP+ D[N ON LOCAL 9ITIATIVES AS !Y W\LD UND]M9E C5TRAL ACTIONS1 ! NET EFFECT ( :I* WAS TO 5SURE NO?+ WAS DONE AS ! C5T] WAS BUREAUCRATIC & 9EFFICI5T4 ,BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGY & ! PREJUDICES IT FO/]$ ALSO HAD ITS IMPACT 9 O!R >EAS1 = EXAMPLE3 

0%ORTAGE ( FUEL & MAT]IALS 9 ! CITY TOOK ITS GREATE/ TOLL ON ! L>GE/ 5T]PRISES1 :OSE OV]HEAD EXP5DITURES = HEAT+ ! PLANT & FIR+ ! FURNACES W]E PROPORTIONATELY GREAT] ?AN ?OSE = SMALL] 5T]PRISES 444 ,NOT UNTIL #aiai W]E ! REGIME'S LEAD]S PREP>$ TO ACKN[L$GE ?AT SMALL 5T]PRISES444 MI<T BE MORE EFFICI5T444 & NOT UNTIL #aiba DID A FEW ,BOL%EVIKS !ORI/S GRASP ! ECONOMIC REASONS = ?IS APP>5T VIOLATION ( !IR /&+ ASSUMPTION ?AT L>G] UNITS W]E 9H]5TLY MORE PRODUCTIVE40 

,?US ,BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGY1 VIA ! /RUCTURES IT FAVOR$ & DECISIONS IT %AP$1 MADE ! ECONOMIC CRISIS FAC+ ! REVOLUTION WORSE4 

,!N !RE >E ! /RUCTURAL ISSUES DUE TO /ATI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 NAMELY ! CREATION ( A RUL]_/RUL$ DIVISION & ?AT P[] CORRUPTS - :I* ! ,BOL%EVIKS SEEM$ BL9D TO4 ,AS AN EXAMPLE1 9 ,APRIL #aiah ,TROTSKY >GU$ ?AT ! GOV]NM5T WAS 0BETT] ABLE TO JUDGE 9 ! MATT] ?AN0 ! MASSES & ?AT ! PEOPLE W]E EXPECT$ TO OBEY UNTIL !Y 0DISMISS ?AT GOV]NM5T & APPO9T ANO!R40 ,HE RAIS$ ! QUE/ION ( :E!R IT W]E POSSIBLE = ! GOV]NM5T TO ACT 0AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S ( ! LABOR+ & PEASANT MASSES80 ,SOME:AT 9CR$IBLY HE ANSW]S NO = 0!RE CAN BE NO ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! GOV]NM5T & ! MASS ( ! WORK]S1 JU/ AS !RE IS NO ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! UNION & ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ITS MEMB]S0 

,AS ANY TRADE UNIONI/ CAN TELL Y\1 ?IS IS SIMPLY NAIVE4 ,&1 ( C\RSE1 ,TROTSKY EV5TUALLY RECOGNIZ$ ?AT 9 ANY SU* 0ANTAGONISM0 IT WAS ! MASSES :I* W]E 9 ! WRONG & ALL[+ !M TO 0DISMISS0 GOV]NM5T WRONG4 ,IRONICALLY1 HE LAT] ACKN[L$G$ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY ITSELF HAD A BUREAUCRATIC CA/E )9 IT4 

0,AS (T5 HAPP5S1 A %>P CLEAVAGE DEVELOP$ BETWE5 ! CLASSES 9 MOTION & ! 9T]E/S ( ! P>TY MA*9ES4 ,EV5 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY CADRES1 :O 5JOY$ ! B5EFIT ( EXCEPTIONAL REVOLUTION>Y TRA9+1 W]E DEF9ITELY 9CL9$ TO DISREG>D ! MASSES & TO ID5TIFY !IR [N SPECIAL 9T]E/S & ! 9T]E/S ( ! MA*9E ON ! V]Y DAY AFT] ! MON>*Y WAS OV]?R[N4 ,:AT1 !N1 C\LD BE EXPECT$ ( !SE CADRES :5 !Y BECAME AN ALL-P[]FUL /ATE BUREAUCRACY80 

,9DE$4 

,EXCUSES1 EXCUSES1 EXCUSES444 

,IT WILL BE H]E ?AT ! ,L59I/ WILL OBJECT ?AT ?AT ,I HAVE IGNOR$ ! 0OBJECTIVE0 REALITY FAC+ ! ,BOL%EVIKS & SO EXPRESS ! TYPICAL 0IDEALISM0 ASSOCIAT$ ) AN>*ISM 

,EXCEPT ,L59I/S !MSELVES /RESS ! IMPORTANCE ( IDEOLOGY AS CAN BE SE51 = EXAMPLE1 9 !IR EXTREMELY SUP]FICIAL ACC\NTS ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION & ! ACTIONS ( ! ,C,N,T :I* COMPLETELY IGNORE OBJECTIVE CIRCUM/ANCES & PLACE EV]Y?+ ON 0AN>*I/ IDEOLOGY40 ,& BE/ NOT M5TION !IR 5DLESS >TICLES !Y PRODUCE ON H[ ,BOL%EVISM IS ESS5TIAL = A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION444 

,SO :AT1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,L59I/S1 W]E ! 0OBJECTIVE0 FACTORS :I* D]AIL$ ,BOL%EVISM8 ,!RE >E USUALLY F\R3 CIVIL W>1 ECONOMIC DISRUPTION1 ! DECL9E & 0DECLASS+0 ( ! 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS2 & ISOLATION - ! LACK ( REVOLUTION 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 SPECIFICALLY 9 ,G]MANY4 

,I WILL DISCUSS EA* 9 TURN4 

,CIVIL ,W> 

,! KEY PROBLEM ) ! CIVIL W> EXCUSE IF ?AT ALMO/ EV]Y?+ LI/$ AS EXAMPLES ( 0RETREATS0 FROM SOCIALISM BY MOD]N-DAY ,L59I/S OCCURR$ BE=E CIVIL W>4 ,IGNOR+ ?AT AWKW>D FACT1 ! NEXT PROBLEM IS ?AT ,L59 >GU$ CIVIL W> WAS 9EVITABLE3 

0EV]Y GREAT REVOLUTION1 & A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION 9 P>TICUL>1 EV5 IF !RE IS NO EXT]NAL W>1 IS 9CONCEIVABLE )\T 9T]NAL W>1 I4E41 CIVIL W>1 :I* IS EV5 MORE DEVA/AT+ ?AN EXT]NAL W>0 

,& REMEMB]1 HE 7FALSELY7 PROCLAIM$ ?AT AN>*I/S IGNOR$ ! DANG] ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION - AS SU* IT IS H>DLY A S\ND DEF5SE TO BLAME ! DEG5]ATION ( ! REVOLUTION ON SOME?+ Y\ >E MEANT TO CONSID] AS 9EVITABLE & :OSE 9EVITABILITY Y\ 7DI%ONE/LY7 D5\NCE AN>*I/S = IGNOR+6 

,MOREOV]1 ! REPRESSION ( 9T]NAL SOCIALI/ & WORK+ CLASS OPPOSITION WAS 9V]SELY PROPORTIONAL TO ! ?REAT - ! CLOS] ! ,:ITES W]E1 ! LESS ! REPRESSION AS ! ,BOL%EVIKS NE$$ EV]YONE TO DEF5D ! REVOLUTION & ! SOCIALI/ OPPOSITION PREF]R$ ! ,R$S TO ! ,:ITES2 ! SAF] ! REGIME WAS FROM ! ,:ITES1 ! WORSE ! REPRESSION4 ,& ?IS REPRESSION WAS DIRECT$ AGA9/ EV5 ?OSE :O WORK$ )9 ! (FICIAL *ANNELS LAID D[N BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS 7?AT ! 0,M5%EVIKS W]E NOT PREP>$ TO REMA9 )9 LEGAL LIMITS444 DOES NOT SURVIVE AN EXAM9ATION ( ! FACTS4074 

,ECONOMIC DISRUPTION 

,AS ) CIVIL W>1 ECONOMIC DISRUPTION IS ALSO MEANT TO BE CONSID]$ AS 9EVITABLE4 ,?US ,L59 >GU$ REPEAT$LY ?AT ?OSE 0:O BELIEVE ?AT SOCIALISM CAN BE BUILT AT A TIME ( PEACE & TRANQUILITY >E PR(\NDLY MI/AK53 IT WILL BE EV]Y:]E BUILT AT A TIME ( DISRUPTION04 ,MOREOV]1 !RE C\LD BE 0NO CIVIL W> - ! 9EVITABLE CONDITION & CONCOMITANT ( SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION - )\T DISRUPTION0 

,9 ADDITION1 ?IS EXCISE IGNORES H[ ,BOL%EVIK ECONOMIC POLICIES MADE ! DISRUPTION ( ! ECONOMY WORSE - NO WOND] !RE WAS LITTLE TO EX*ANGE ) ! PEASANTS4 ,WORSE1 :ILE ! MOBILIZ$ TROOPS C\LD NOT PRODUCE GOODS & HAD TO BE F$1 ! PEASANTS ALSO HAD TO FE$ ! TROOPS /OPP+ !M TRY+ TO BR+ !IR CROPS TO ! T[NS & CITIES6 

,SO BLAM+ ! V]Y REAL ECONOMIC DISRUPTION = ,BOL%EVIK POLICIES :5 !SE V]Y POLICIES MADE A BAD SITUATION WORSE IS NOT V]Y CONV9C+4 

,! ,DISAPPE>+ & ,DECLASS+ ( ! WORK+ CLASS 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT !RE WAS A DECL9E 9 SIZE ( ! 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS DUR+ ?IS P]IOD H[EV] 0A SUB/ANTIAL CORE ( URBAN WORK]S REMA9$0 & !SE WORK]S W]E MORE ?AN CAPABLE ( TAK+ COLLECTIVE ACTION4 ,9DE$1 0EA* WAVE ( UNRE/ WAS MORE P[]FUL ?AN ! LA/1 CULM9AT+ 9 ! MASS MOVEM5T FROM LATE #a#i#b0 - ) CORRESPOND+ ,BOL%EVIK REPRESSION ( /RIKES & PROTE/S4 

,SO ?IS >GUM5T AS UNCONV9C+ N[ AS :5 ,L59 ORIG9ALLY RAIS$ IT DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W> - 9 FACE ( RIS+ WORK+ CLASS PROTE/S6 ,AS ONE HI/ORIAN NOTES3 

0,AS DISCONT5T AMONG WORK]S BECAME MORE & MORE DIFFICULT TO IGNORE1 ,L59 444 BEGAN TO >GUE ?AT ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK+ CLASS HAD DET]IORAT$ 444 WORK]S HAD BECOME 'DECLASS$4'0 

,?IS FL[S FROM ,:AT IS TO ,BE ,DONE8 :]E CLASS CONSCI\SNESS IS 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! MASSES BY A FEW 9TELLECTUALS FROM \TSIDE - SO IT LOGICALLY FL[$ ?AT IF WORK]S NO LONG] AGRE$ ) ! P>TY !Y MU/ BE 0DECLASS$40 ,IT W\LD BE H>D TO F9D A BETT] 7WORSE87 EXAMPLE ( CIRCUL> REASON+4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS SY/EMATICALLY REPRESS$ & ROOT$-\T ALL EXPRESSIONS ( COLLECTIVE PROTE/4 ,9 ,LEFT-W+ ,COMMUNISM1 = EXAMPLE1 ,L59 PO9T$ TO 0NON-,P>TY WORK]S' & PEASANTS' CONF]5CES0 ALONG ) ! CONGRESSES ( SOVIETS :I* W]E 0DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS1 ! LIKE ( :I* EV5 ! BE/ DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICS ( ! B\RGEOIS HAVE NEV] KN[N04 ,YET IF ?AT W]E ! CASE !N :Y 0SUPPORT1 DEVELOP & EXT5D0 !SE NON-,P>TY CONF]5CES 0TO BE ABLE TO OBS]VE ! TEMP] ( ! MASSES1 COME CLOS] TO !M1 MEET !IR REQUIREM5TS1 PROMOTE ! BE/ AMONG !M TO /ATE PO/S08 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 !IR FATE REFLECT$ ?OSE ( ANY SOVIET ) NON-,BOL%EVIK MAJORITIES 9 #aiah =1 AS ONE HI/ORIAN REC\NTS1 0DUR+ ! .<LABOR.> DI/URBANCES0 ( LATE #a#i#b0!Y PROVID$ AN EFFECTIVE PLAT=M = CRITICISM ( ,BOL%EVIK POLICIES0 & 0W]E DISCONT9U$ SOON AFT]W>DS40 

,SIMPLY PUT1 A 0DISAPPE>$0 WORK+ CLASS DOES NOT PRODUCE /RIKE WAVES NOR NE$ M>TIAL LAW TO BREAK !M4 ,! FACTS >E ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S W]E TAK+ COLLECTIVE ACTION AGA9/ ! SO-CALL$ WORK]S' /ATE4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS SIMPLY REPRESS$ ANY EXPRESSIONS ( COLLECTIVE DECISION-MAK+ & ACTION 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 P[] - AS ANY RUL+ CLASS DOES4 

,ISOLATION 

,AS = ISOLATION1 WELL ! ECONOMIC DISRUPTION 9 ,G]MANY WAS RELATIVELY ! SAME AS 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#g_/#a#h & IF ?AT CAUS$ ! 0RETREAT0 !RE !N SURELY WE CAN EXPECT ! SAME 9 ,G]MANY8 ,P>TICUL>LY GIV5 ! SAME UND]LY+ VISION ( SOCIALISM AS C5TRALIZ$ NATIONALIZATION ( PRODUCTION8 ,ALSO GIV5 ?AT ,G]MANY LIKEWISE FAC$ CIVIL W> DUR+ ?IS P]IOD4 ,& IT MU/ BE ADD$ ?AT ! NOTION ( ! OBJECTIVE NECESSITY ( P>TY DICTATOR%IP WAS WELL EMB$D$ BY ?IS /AGE4 

,9 %ORT1 IF ! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION HAD 0SUCCE$$0 IT W\LD HAVE FOLL[$ ! SAME PA? AS ! ,RUSSIAN ONE = MO/ ( ! OBJECTIVE & IDEOLOGICAL FACTORS W]E ! SAME4 

,LATT]-DAY RATIONALES444 

,MO/ ( !SE RATIONALES W]E DEVELOP$ LONG AFT] ! EV5T - ALONG ) AT LEA/ A V]BAL ADMISSION ?AT C]TA9 DECISIONS W]E ACTUALLY WRONG FROM A SOCIALI/ P]SPECTIVE 7ONCE MORE PEOPLE W]E MADE AW>E ( !M BY AN>*I/S74 ,YET WE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT !RE IS 0NO EVID5CE444 ?AT ,L59 OR ANY ( ! MA9/REAM ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S LAM5T$ ! LOSS ( WORK]S' CONTROL OR ( DEMOCRACY 9 ! SOVIETS1 OR AT LEA/ REF]R$ TO !SE LOSSES AS A RETREAT444 ! V]Y OPPOSITE IS ! CASE40 ,?IS CAN BE SE5 FROM ! DEF5SE ( P>TY DICTATOR%IP & H[ BO? ,L59 & ,TROTSKY 9 #aib >GU$ ?AT ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T WAS 9TRODUC$ :51 AS ! =M] ADMITT$1 0!RE WAS NO CIVIL W>0 9 #a#i#a#h4 

,SO !SE LATT]-DAY RATIONALES 9VOLVE A V]Y SELECTIVE MEMORY4 ,NOT LEA/ ) ,TROTSKY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ,! ,REVOLUTION ,BETRAY$ HE >GU$ ?AT ! 0DEMOBILIZATION ( ! ,R$ ,>MY ( FIVE MILLION PLAY$ NO SMALL ROLE 9 ! =MATION ( ! BUREAUCRACY4 ,! VICTORI\S COMM&]S ASSUM$ LEAD+ PO/S 9 ! LOCAL ,SOVIETS1 9 ECONOMY1 9 $UCATION1 & !Y P]SI/5TLY 9TRODUC$ EV]Y:]E ?AT REGIME :I* HAD 5SUR$ SUCCESS 9 ! CIVIL W>40 ,HE =GOT TO M5TION :O 9TRODUC$ ! REGIME 9 ! ,R$ ,>MY 9 #aiah & :O WI%$ TO EXT5D IT TO ! MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR 9 #a#i#b6 ,LIKEWISE1 HE OP9$ ?AT ! ,>MY'S 0COMM&+ /AFF NE$S DEMOCRATIC CONTROL4 ,! ORGANIZ]S ( ! ,R$ ,>MY W]E AW>E ( ?IS FROM ! BEG9N+1 & CONSID]$ IT NECESS>Y TO PREP>E = SU* A MEASURE AS ! ELECTION ( COMM&+ /AFF40 ,/RANGELY HE FAIL$ TO M5TION ?AT HIS FIR/ ACT AS HEAD ( ! ,R$ ,>MY WAS PRECISELY TO ABOLI% BY DECREE ! ELECTION ( (FIC]S4 

,NO ,ALT]NATIVE8 

,( C\RSE1 ,L59I/S CAN - & HAVE6 - PROCLAIM$ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD NO *OICE TO ACT AS !Y DID1 ?AT !IR ACTIONS W]E DRIV5 BY EV5TS1 NOT IDEOLOGY & ?AT AN>*I/S W\LD HAVE BE5 =C$ TO DO ! SAME ?+ IF !Y W]E 9 ! SAME CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,YET ?IS IS OBVI\SLY NOT TRUE3 ,BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGY OBVI\SLY 9FLU5C$ !IR DECISIONS4 ,?IS CAN BE SE5 FROM H[ !IR PREJUDICES = C5TRALIZATION & LONG-/&+ VISIONS ( SOCIALISM W]E REFLECT$ 9 PRACTICE 9 T]MS ( ! /RUCTURES !Y BUILT1 H[ ! PRIVILEG$ POSITION ( P>TY WAS REFLECT$ 9 AU?ORIT>IAN PRACTICE1 & SO ON4 

,MOREOV]1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S 9 ,UKRA9E %[ ?AT IDEOLOGY PLAC$ ITS P>T4 ,?IS AN>*I/ 9FLU5C$ MOVEM5T 5C\RAG$ SOVIET DEMOCRACY1 :ILE ! ,BOL%EVIKS BANN$ IT2 IT 5C\RAG$ ELECTION ( (FIC]S )9 ! >M$ =C$1 :ILE ,BOL%EVIKS BANN$ IT2 IT PROMOT$ FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 ETC41 :ILE ! ,BOL%EVIKS BANN$ ALL SU* ELEM5T>Y RI<TS4 

,SO WE HAVE ! SAME CIVIL W>1 SAME CONDITIONS 7>GUABLY WORSE7 & YET DIFF]5T RESULTS4 

,CONCLUSIONS 

,PR\DHON WROTE ?AT 0EV]Y SOCIETY DECL9ES ! MOM5T IT FALLS 9TO ! H&S ( ! IDEOLOGI/S0 & ?IS WAS MO/LY C]TA9LY ! CASE ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,YET !IR FAILURE WAS NOT UNEXPECT$ = ,BAKUN9 HAD >GU$ ?AT ,M>XISM W\LD LEAD TO EI!R RE=MISM 7DUE TO ,M>XISM'S ELECTIONE]+7 OR A NEW CLASS SY/EM BAS$ ON ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY & /ATE CAPITALISM 7DUE TO ITS ,/ATISM74 ,O!R AN>*I/S - LIKE ,KROPOTK9 - E*O$ ?IS ANALYSIS & D5\NC$ ! OBVI\S DESC5T ( ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY 9TO RE=MISM & W>N$ ?AT ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT W\LD BECOME ! DICTATOR%IP OV] ! PROLET>IAT4 

,ON BO? C\NTS1 WE W]E PROV5 CORRECT4 

,TODAY1 MO/ ,M>XI/S RECOGNIZE ! FIR/ 7BUT /RANGELY SEEK TO REPEAT IT BY FOLL[+ ! SAME /RATEGY67 BUT FEW RECOGNIZE ! SECOND4 ,!Y /ILL URGE US TO READ ! MANIFE/O & IGNORE ! PRACTICE4 ,YET AS ONE HI/ORIAN NOT$3 

0,TO CONSID] ',/ATE & ,REVOLUTION' AS ! BASIC /ATEM5T ( ,L59'S POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY444 IS A S]I\S ]ROR444 .<,IT.> NEV] ACTUALLY BECAME (FICIAL POLICY444 ! REVIV$ ,L59ISM ( #a#i#b444 PREVAIL$0 

,SO :Y ! FAILURE1 :Y ! RISE ( A NEW RUL+ CLASS8 

,?IS WAS DUE TO TWO FACTORS1 IDEOLOGICAL & /RUCTURAL4 ,BOL%EVISM'S VISION ( SOCIALISM WAS FLAW$1 ITS ANALYSIS_/!ORY ( ! /ATE WAS FLAW$1 ITS !ORY ( ! P>TY WAS FLAW$4 ,9 %ORT1 ,M>XISM IS FLAW$ - AS AN>*I/S >GU$ & WE SIMPLY SAW \R PR$ICTIONS CONFIRM$4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS BUILT A NEW SY/EM ROOT$ 9 ! /RUCTURES DEVELOP$ TO 5=CE M9ORITY RULE & LIKE ALL PREVI\S /ATES IT BECAME ! FOCUS ( M9ORITY P[] - FIR/ ! P>TY LEAD]%IP 7AS WAS WANT$7 & !N ! RISE ( A BUREAUCRACY >\ND IT 7:I* WAS1 = ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 AN UNEXPECT$ DEVELOPM5T74 ,GIV5 ITS SOCIAL POSITION1 IT IS ILLUSORY TO EXPECT ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY TO ACT 9 ANY O!R WAY - YET MU* ( ! LEFT PREF] WI%FUL ?9K+ TO EMPIRICAL EVID5CE444 

,A NEW SOCIETY NE$S NEW /RUCTURES1 NEW SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,!SE MU/ BE BAS$ ON MASS P>TICIPATION1 F$]ALISM1 BOTTOM-UP DECISION-MAK+ - 9 %ORT1 ALL ! ?+S :I* ! C5TRALIZ$1 PYRAMID ( ! ,/ATE WAS DESIGN$ TO EXCLUDE4 ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 !N1 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION CONFIRM$ AN>*I/ !ORY BO? 9 T]MS ( \R CRITIQUE ( /ATE SOCIALISM AS FIR/ RAIS$ BY ,PR\DHON 9 ! #a#h#dS & \R ALT]NATIVE VISION ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 

,WE NE$ TO UND]/& ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,MY? SO WE LE>N FROM1 RA!R ?AN REPEAT1 HI/ORY4 ,& :AT HAVE WE LE>N$8 ,9 ,KROPOTK9'S WORDS3 0H[ NOT TO 9TRODUCE COMMUNISM40 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,MY? ,RELOAD$ -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,MY? ,RELOAD$ -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/