,! ,BOMB & ,CIVILIZATION 

#aide 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL 

,TAGS 3 UNIT$ /ATES1 9T]NATIONAL AU?ORITY1 ATOMIC BOMB1 ATOMIC BOMBS1 HYDROG5 ATOM1 HUMAN RACE1 >M$ =CES1 CIVILIZ$ GOV]NM5T1 ATOMIC1 URANIUM4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,MATT1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO IMAG9E A MORE DRAMATIC & HORRIFY+ COMB9ATION ( SCI5TIFIC TRIUMPH ) POLITICAL & MORAL FAILURE ?AN HAS BE5 %[N TO ! WORLD 9 ! DE/RUCTION ( ,HIRO%IMA4 ,FROM ! SCI5TIFIC PO9T ( VIEW1 ! ATOMIC BOMB EMBODIES ! RESULTS ( A COMB9ATION ( G5IUS & PATI5CE AS REM>KABLE AS ANY 9 ! HI/ORY ( MANK9D4 ,ATOMS >E SO M9UTE ?AT IT MI<T HAVE SEEM$ IMPOSSIBLE TO KN[ AS MU* AS WE DO AB\T !M4 ,A MILLION MILLION BUNDLES1 EA* CONTA9+ A MILLION MILLION HYDROG5 ATOMS1 W\LD WEI< AB\T A GRAM & A HALF4 ,EA* HYDROG5 ATOM CONSI/S ( A NUCLEUS1 & AN ELECTRON GO+ R\ND ! NUCLEUS1 AS ! E>? GOES R\ND ! SUN4 ,! DI/ANCE FROM ! NUCLEUS TO ! ELECTRON IS USUALLY AB\T A HUNDR$-MILLION? ( A C5TIMET]2 ! ELECTRON & ! NUCLEUS >E SUPPOS$ TO BE SO SMALL ?AT IF !Y C\LD BE CR[D$ TOGE!R IT W\LD TAKE AB\T T5 MILLION MILLION ON 5D TO FILL A C5TIMET]4 ,! NUCLEUS HAS POSITIVE ELECTRICITY1 ! PLANET>Y ELECTRON AN EQUAL AM\NT ( NEGATIVE ELECTRICITY2 ! NUCLEUS IS AB\T #ahe TIMES AS HEAVY AS ! ELECTRON4 ,! HYDROG5 ATOM1 :I* ,I HAVE BE5 DESCRIB+1 IS ! SIMPLE/ ( ATOMS1 BUT ! ATOM US$ 9 ! ATOMIC BOMB IS AT ! O!R 5D ( ! SCALE4 

 ,URANIUM1 ! ELEM5T *IEFLY US$ 9 ! ATOMIC BOMB1 HAS ! HEAVIE/ & MO/ COMPLEX ( ATOMS4 ,NORMALLY !RE >E #ib PLANET>Y ELECTRONS1 :ILE ! NUCLEUS IS MADE UP ( AB\T #b* NEUTRONS 7:I* HAVE MASS )\T ELECTRICITY71 #b* POSITRONS 7:I* HAVE POSITIVE ELECTRICITY & V]Y LITTLE MASS7 & #adf ELECTRONS1 :I* >E LIKE POSITRONS EXCEPT ?AT !IR ELECTRICITY IS NEGATIVE4 ,POSITRONS REPEL EA* O!R1 & SO DO ELECTRONS2 BUT A POSITRON & ELECTRON ATTRACT EA* O!R4 ,! OV]CR[D+ ( MUTUALLY ATTRACT$ & REPELL$ P>TICLES 9 ! T9Y SPACE ( ! URANIUM NUCLEUS 9VOLVES 5ORM\S POT5TIALLY EXPLOSIVE =CES4 ,URANIUM IS SLI<TLY RADIOACTIVE1 :I* MEANS ?AT SOME ( ITS ATOMS BREAK UP NATURALLY4 ,BUT A QUICK] PROCESS ?AN ?IS IS REQUIR$ = ! MAK+ ( AN ATOMIC BOMB4 

 ,RU!R=D F\ND \T1 AB\T ?IRTY YE>S AGO1 ?AT LITTLE BITS C\LD BE *IPP$ (F AN ATOM BY BOMB>DM5T4 ,9 #aici A MORE P[]FUL PROCESS WAS DISCOV]$3 IT WAS F\ND ?AT NEUTRONS1 5T]+ ! NUCLEUS ( A URANIUM ATOM1 W\LD CAUSE IT TO SPLIT 9TO TWO R\<LY EQUAL HALVES1 :I* W\LD RU% (F & DISRUPT O!R URANIUM ATOMS 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD1 & SO SET UP A TRA9 ( EXPLOSIONS SO LONG AS !RE WAS ANY ( ! RI<T K9D ( URANIUM TO BE 5C\NT]$4 

 ,EV] S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! W>1 ! ,G]MANS ON ! ONE SIDE1 & ! ,BRITI% & ,AM]ICANS ON ! O!R1 HAVE BE5 WORK+ ON ! POSSIBILITY ( AN ATOMIC EXPLOSIVE4 ,ONE ( ! DIFFICULTIES WAS TO MAKE SURE ?AT IT W\LD NOT BE TOO EFFECTIVE3 !RE WAS A FE> ?AT IT MI<T DE/ROY NOT ONLY ! 5EMY1 BUT ! :OLE PLANET1 & NATURALLY EXP]IM5TS W]E RISKY4 ,BUT ! DIFFICULTIES W]E OV]COME1 & N[ ! POSSIBILITY :I* SCI5TI/S HAVE =ESE5 = OV] =TY YE>S HAS 5T]$ 9TO ! WORLD ( PRACTICAL POLITICS4 ,! LABORS ( ,RU!R=D & ,BOHR1 ( ,HEIS5B]G & ,S*ROD+]1 & A NUMB] ( O!R DI/+UI%$ M51 ! ABLE/ M5 ( \R TIME1 & MO/ ( !M BO? HI<-M9D$ & PUBLIC-SPIRIT$1 HAVE BORNE FRUIT3 9 AN 9/ANT1 BY MEANS ( ONE SMALL BOMB1 EV]Y VE/IGE ( LIFE ?R\<\T F\R SQU>E MILES ( A POPUL\S CITY HAS BE5 EXT]M9AT$4 ,AS ,I WRITE1 ,I LE>N ?AT A SECOND BOMB HAS BE5 DROPP$ ON ,NAGASAKI4 

 ,! PROSPECT = ! HUMAN RACE IS SOMB] BEYOND ALL PREC$5T4 ,MANK9D >E FAC$ ) A CLE>-CUT ALT]NATIVE3 EI!R WE %ALL ALL P]I%1 OR WE %ALL HAVE TO ACQUIRE SOME SLI<T DEGREE ( COMMON S5SE4 ,A GREAT DEAL ( NEW POLITICAL ?9K+ WILL BE NECESS>Y IF UTT] DISA/] IS TO BE AV]T$4 

 ,= ! MOM5T1 =TUNATELY1 ONLY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS 9 A POSITION TO MANUFACTURE ATOMIC BOMBS4 ,! IMM$IATE RESULT MU/ BE A RAPID 5D TO ! ,JAPANESE W>1 :E!R BY SURR5D] OR BY EXT]M9ATION4 ,! P[] ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 9T]NATIONAL AFFAIRS IS1 = ! TIME BE+1 IMMEASURABLY 9CREAS$2 A MON? AGO1 ,RUSSIA & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES SEEM$ AB\T EQUAL 9 W>LIKE /R5G?1 BUT N[ ?IS IS NO LONG] ! CASE4 ,?IS SITUATION1 H[EV]1 WILL NOT LA/ LONG1 = IT MU/ BE ASSUM$ ?AT BE=E LONG ,RUSSIA & ! ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE WILL SET TO WORK TO MAKE !SE BOMBS = !MSELVES4 ,URANIUM HAS SUDD5LY BECOME ! MO/ PRECI\S ( RAW MAT]IALS1 & NATIONS WILL PROBABLY FI<T = IT AS HI!RTO !Y HAVE F\<T = OIL4 ,9 ! NEXT W>1 IF ATOMIC BOMBS >E US$ ON BO? SIDES1 IT IS TO BE EXPECT$ ?AT ALL L>GE CITIES WILL BE COMPLETELY WIP$ \T2 SO WILL ALL SCI5TIFIC LABORATORIES & ALL GOV]NM5TAL C5T]S4 ,COMMUNICATIONS WILL BE DISRUPT$1 & ! WORLD WILL BE R$UC$ TO A NUMB] ( SMALL 9DEP5D5T AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES LIV+ ON LOCAL PRODUCE1 AS !Y DID 9 ! ,D>K ,AGES4 ,BUT PRESUMABLY NONE ( !M WILL HAVE EI!R ! RES\RCES OR ! SKILL = ! MANUFACTURE ( ATOMIC BOMBS4 

 ,!RE IS ANO!R & A BETT] POSSIBILITY1 IF M5 HAVE ! WISDOM TO MAKE USE ( ! FEW YE>S DUR+ :I* IT WILL REMA9 OP5 TO !M4 ,EI!R W> OR CIVILIZATION MU/ 5D1 & IF IT IS TO BE W> ?AT 5DS1 !RE MU/ BE AN 9T]NATIONAL AU?ORITY ) ! SOLE P[] TO MAKE ! NEW BOMBS4 ,ALL SUPPLIES ( URANIUM MU/ BE PLAC$ UND] ! CONTROL ( ! 9T]NATIONAL AU?ORITY1 :I* %ALL HAVE ! RI<T TO SAFEGU>D ! ORE BY >M$ =CES4 ,AS SOON AS SU* AN AU?ORITY HAS BE5 CREAT$1 ALL EXI/+ ATOMIC BOMBS1 & ALL PLANTS = !IR MANUFACTURE1 MU/ BE H&$ OV]4 ,& ( C\RSE ! 9T]NATIONAL AU?ORITY MU/ HAVE SUFFICI5T >M$ =CES TO PROTECT :ATEV] HAS BE5 H&$ OV] TO IT4 ,IF ?IS SY/EM W]E ONCE E/ABLI%$1 ! 9T]NATIONAL AU?ORITY W\LD BE IRRESI/IBLE1 & W>S W\LD CEASE4 ,AT WOR/1 !RE MI<T BE OCCASIONAL BRIEF REVOLTS ?AT W\LD BE EASILY QUELL$4 

 ,BUT ,I FE> ALL ?IS IS ,UTOPIAN4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WILL NOT CONS5T TO ANY POOL+ ( >MAM5TS1 & NO MORE WILL ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA4 ,EA* WILL 9SI/ ON RETA9+ ! MEANS ( EXT]M9AT+ ! O!R1 ON ! GR\ND ?AT ! O!R IS NOT TO BE TRU/$4 

 ,IF ,AM]ICA W]E MORE IMP]IALI/IC !RE W\LD BE ANO!R POSSIBILITY1 LESS ,UTOPIAN & LESS DESIRABLE1 BUT /ILL PREF]ABLE TO ! TOTAL OBLIT]ATION ( CIVILIZ$ LIFE4 ,IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE = ,AM]ICANS TO USE !IR POSITION ( TEMPOR>Y SUP]IORITY TO 9SI/ UPON DIS>MAM5T1 NOT ONLY 9 ,G]MANY & ,JAPAN1 BUT EV]Y:]E EXCEPT 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 OR AT ANY RATE 9 EV]Y C\NTRY NOT PREP>$ TO 5T] 9TO A CLOSE MILIT>Y ALLIANCE ) ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9VOLV+ COMPULSORY %>+ ( MILIT>Y SECRETS4 ,DUR+ ! NEXT FEW YE>S1 ?IS POLICY C\LD BE 5=C$2 IF ONE OR TWO W>S W]E NECESS>Y1 !Y W\LD BE BRIEF1 & W\LD SOON 5D 9 DECISIVE ,AM]ICAN VICTORY4 ,9 ?IS WAY A NEW ,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS C\LD BE =M$ UND] ,AM]ICAN LEAD]%IP1 & ! PEACE ( ! WORLD C\LD BE SECURELY E/ABLI%$4 ,BUT ,I FE> ?AT RESPECT = 9T]NATIONAL JU/ICE WILL PREV5T ,WA%+TON FROM ADOPT+ ?IS POLICY4 

 ,9 VIEW ( ! RELUCTANCE ( MANK9D TO =M VOLUNT>ILY AN EFFECTIVE 9T]NATIONAL AU?ORITY1 WE MU/ HOPE1 & P]HAPS WE MAY EXPECT1 ?AT AFT] ! NEXT WORLD W> SOME ONE ,P[] WILL EM]GE ) SU* PREPOND]ANT /R5G? AS TO BE ABLE TO E/ABLI% A PEACEFUL HEGEMONY OV] ! RE/ ( ! GLOBE4 ,! NEXT W>1 UNLESS IT COMES V]Y SOON1 WILL 5DANG] ALL CIVILIZ$ GOV]NM5T2 BUT IF ANY CIVILIZ$ GOV]NM5T SURVIVES & A*IEVES SUPREMACY1 !RE WILL AGA9 BE A POSSIBILITY ( ORD]$ PROGRESS & ( ! UTILIZATION ( SCI5CE = HAPP9ESS RA!R ?AN = DE/RUCTION4 

 ,ONE IS TEMPT$ TO FEEL ?AT ,MAN IS BE+ PUNI%$1 ?R\< ! AG5CY ( HIS [N EVIL PASSIONS1 = IMPIETY 9 9QUIR+ TOO CLOSELY 9TO ! HIDD5 SECRETS ( ,NATURE4 ,BUT SU* A FEEL+ IS UNDULY DEFEATI/4 ,SCI5CE IS CAPABLE ( CONF]R+ 5ORM\S BOONS3 IT CAN LI<T5 LABOR1 ABOLI% POV]TY1 & 5ORM\SLY DIM9I% DISEASE4 ,BUT IF SCI5CE IS TO BR+ B5EFITS 9/EAD ( DEA?1 WE MU/ BR+ TO BE> UPON SOCIAL1 & ESPECIALLY 9T]NATIONAL1 ORGANIZATION1 9TELLIG5CE ( ! SAME HI< ORD] ?AT HAS 5ABL$ US TO DISCOV] ! /RUCTURE ( ! ATOM4 ,TO DO ?IS EFFECTIVELY WE MU/ FREE \RSELVES FROM ! DOM9ATION ( ANCI5T %IBBOLE?S1 & ?9K FREELY1 FE>LESSLY1 & RATIONALLY AB\T ! NEW & APPALL+ PROBLEMS ) :I* ! HUMAN RACE IS CONFRONT$ BY ITS CONQUE/ ( SCI5TIFIC P[]4 

,FROM 3 MCMA/]4CA4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,AUGU/ #a#h1 #aide 3 ,! ,BOMB & ,CIVILIZATION -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #i1 #bag 3 ,! ,BOMB & ,CIVILIZATION -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,! ,BOMB & ,CIVILIZATION -- ,UPDAT$4 

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