,! ,*ILD 9 ! ,CITY 

#ai< 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,COL9 ,W>D 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ! EUSKADI #a#a1,C,C ,B,Y-,S,A ,LIC5SE ,=EWORD 

,?IS BOOK IS AN ATTEMPT TO EXPLORE ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 *ILDR5 & !IR URBAN 5VIRONM5T4 ,IT ASKS :E!R IT IS TRUE1 AS V]Y MANY BELIEVE IT TO BE TRUE1 ?AT SOME?+ HAS BE5 LO/ 9 ?IS RELATION%IP1 & IT SPECULATES AB\T ! WAYS 9 :I* ! L9K BETWE5 CITY & *ILD CAN BE MADE MORE FRUITFUL & 5JOYABLE = BO? ! *ILD & ! CITY4 

,BUT ! TITLE1 & P]HAPS ! V]Y CONCEPT1 >E OP5 TO CRITICISM BECAUSE !Y IMPLY ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO SPEAK 9 G5]AL T]MS AB\T EI!R *ILDR5 OR CITIES4 ,WE NE$ TO BE REM9D$1 AS ,M>G>ET ,MEAD NEV] FAILS TO REM9D US1 ?AT 0,IT'S A GOOD ?+ TO ?9K AB\T ! *ILD AS LONG AS Y\ REMEMB] ?AT ! *ILD DOESN'T EXI/4 ,ONLY *ILDR5 EXI/4 ,EV]Y TIME WE LUMP !M TOGE!R WE LOSE SOME?+04 ,IT IS NOT JU/ A MATT] ( ! 5ORM\S DIFF]5CES BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS4 ,EV]Y *ILD IS 9 A DIFF]5T /ATE ( BE+ OR BECOM+4 ,! LEGAL DEF9ITION ( *ILDHOOD V>IES FROM ONE PLACE TO AN!R1 & ACCORD+ TO ! K9D ( RI<T OR OBLIGATION WE >E DISCUSS+4 ,9 ,BRITA9 A :OLE S]IES ( LAWS1 OR RA!R A R&OM ACCUMULATION ( LAWS1 GRANTS RI<TS OR IMPOSES DUTIES AT DIFF]5T AGES1 :I* 9 V]Y G5]AL T]MS DEF9E ! /ATUS ( *ILDHOOD4 ,?IS BOOK IS CONC]N$ BROADLY ) PEOPLE )9 ! AGE-RANGE ( COMPULSORY S*OOL+ 9 ,BRITA93 FIVE TO SIXTE54 ,BUT MANY W\LD CLAIM ?AT1 9 T]MS ( LIFE-*ANCES & =MATIVE EXP]I5CES1 ! MO/ CRUCIAL ?+S HAVE ALREADY HAPP5$ TO US BY ! TIME ?AT AS FIVE-YE>-OLDS 9 ,BRITA91 OR AS SEV5-YE>-OLDS 9 MANY O!R C\NTRIES1 WE FIR/ ATT5D S*OOL4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT ?+ ( ALL IS ! ACCID5T ( :OSE *ILDR5 WE HAPP5 TO BE4 

,SIMIL>LY 9 MO/ P>TS ( ! WORLD IT W\LD BE FOOLI% TO DESCRIBE A FIFTE5-YE>-OLD AS A *ILD4 ,WE MAY ADOPT ! WORD ADOLESC5T TO DESCRIBE ?OSE FELL[-CITIZ5S :O >E BETWE5 PUB]TY & ! AGE ( FULL ADULT RI<TS1 AN AGE :I*1 )\T MU* DEBATE OR OPPOSITION1 HAS BE5 L[]$ FROM #ba TO #ah 9 MANY C\NTRIES 9 ! LA/ DECADE4 ,BUT IS ADOLESC5CE SIMPLY A CREATION ( SOCIETY8 ,FRANK ,MUSGROVE1 9 A MEMORABLE PHRASE1 CLAIM$ ?AT 0! ADOLESC5T WAS 9V5T$ AT ! SAME TIME AS ! /EAM 5G9E4 ,! PR9CIPAL >*ITECT ( ! LATT] WAS ,JAMES ,WATT 9 #a#g#e#f1 ( ! =M] ,R\SSEAU 9 #a#g#f#b40 ,TODAY NOT M]ELY ADOLESC5CE1 BUT ! SELF-EVID5T CONDITION ( *ILDHOOD IS UND] QUE/IONS AS A TIMELESS & UNIV]SAL CONCEPT4 ,! WORK ( SOCIOLOGICALLY-M9D$ HI/ORIANS LIKE ,PHILIPPE ,>IES & ,PET] ,LASLETT HAS MADE US REALIZE H[ REC5T IS \R CONC]N = *ILDHOOD AS SU*4 0,*ILDR5 >E A MOD]N 9V5TION10 REM>KS ! PLAYGR\ND PIONE] ,JOE ,B5JAM94 0,!Y US$ TO BE P>T ( ! FAMILY40 

,! FAMILY IS ALMO/ ALWAYS A MORE CRUCIAL ELEM5T 9 A *ILD'S DE/9Y ?AN ! CITY1 & 9 DIAGNOS+ ! SOCIAL ILLS ( ! CITY MORALI/S PO9T TO ! HI< 9CID5CE ( 0BROK5 FAMILIES0 & LAM5T ! DEA? ( ! 0EXT5D$ FAMILY01 BUT ! SOCIAL HI/ORIANS PO9T TO ! MORTALITY /ATI/ICS4 ,A WALK ?R\< ANY OLD GRAVEY>D SUPPORTS ! VIEW ?AT 9 BREAK+ FAMILIES ! DIVORCE C\RT HAS SIMPLY TAK5 OV] :]E ! FUN]AL UND]TAK] LEFT (F1 & EXPLA9S A GREAT DEAL AB\T \R ANCE/ORS' ATTITUDE TO *ILDHOOD4 ,BY SELECT+ ! EVID5CE WE CAN %[ ?AT ! *ILD 9 PA/ SOCIETIES WAS ACCORD$ SOME?+ ( ! DIGNITY ?AT ACCRUES TO SOMEONE ) AN ECONOMIC ROLE 9 ?IS WORLD1 OR WE CAN EXHIBIT ! *ILD AS ! VICTIM ( GROTESQUE EXPLOITATION1 OR WE CAN %[ ?AT ! HI/ORY ( *ILDHOOD1 AS ,LLOYD ,DEMAUSE >GUES 9 ! OP5+ *APT] ( HIS BOOK ( ?AT NAME1 0IS A NI<TM>E FROM :I* WE HAVE ONLY REC5TLY BEGUN TO AWAK540 

,MR ,DEMAUSE BELIEVES ?AT ! HI/ORY ( *ILD-RE>+ CAN BE SE5 AS A S]IES ( SIX OV]LAPP+ MODES1 ( :I* ! NEWE/1 ! 0HELP+ MODE0 BEG9S 7HE ?9KS7 9 ! MID-TW5TIE? C5TURY & RESULTS 9 A *ILD 0:O IS G5TLE1 S9C]E1 NEV] DEPRESS$1 NEV] IMITATIVE OR GR\P-ORI5T$1 /RONG-WILL$1 & UN-9TIMIDAT$ BY AU?ORITY40 ,FEW ADULTS W\LD D5Y AS 9DIVIDUALS ?AT !Y S\<T TO ADOPT A HELP+ MODE 9 RELATION%IPS ) ! *ILDR5 :O %>E !IR LIVES & !IR CITIES1 EV5 ?\< !Y MI<T FEEL LESS CONFID5T ?AT IT W\LD PRODUCE ?IS P>TICUL> COMB9ATION ( ATTRIBUTES4 ,BUT \R QUE/ION 9 ?IS BOOK IS :E!R ! CITY1 AS A HUMAN 9/ITUTION1 ADOPTS A HELP+ MODE T[>DS ITS Y\NG CITIZ5S1 OR :E!R ,PAUL ,GOODMAN WAS RI<T :5 HE DECL>$ YE>S AGO ?AT 0! CITY1 UND] 9EVITABLE MOD]N CONDITIONS1 CAN NO LONG] BE DEALT ) PRACTICALLY BY *ILDR50 BECAUSE 0CONCEAL$ TE*NOLOGY1 FAMILY MOBILITY1 LOSS ( ! C\NTRY1 LOSS ( NEI<BORHOOD TRADITION1 & EAT+ UP ( ! PLAY SPACE HAVE TAK5 AWAY ! REAL 5VIRONM5T04 

,A *ILD IS444 WELL1 A *ILD IS :AT Y\ RECOGNIZE AS A *ILD1 & ,I AM GO+ TO BE EQUALLY EVASIVE 9 DEF9+ ! CITY4 ,TRADITIONALLY !RE >E DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! ,BRITI% & ,AM]ICAN USAGE ( ! WORD4 ,! EXPANSIVE F\ND+ FA!RS ( SOME ,WE/]N T[N MAY HAVE NAM$ IT AS ! CITY IT NEV] QUITE BECAME4 ,SLEEPY ,BRITI% T[NS ?AT HAPP5 TO CONTA9 AN ,ANGLICAN CA!DRAL >E CALL$ CITIES & 9DE$ ?IS MAY BE JU/ = AS ,LESLIE ,LANCE ONCE REM>K$1 0,CANT]BURY & ,/ ,DAVIDS >E CITIES 9 A WAY ?AT HUNDR$S ( L>GE N9ETE5? & TW5TIE? C5TURY T[NS >E NOT40 ,A CITY IS LOOSELY DEF9$ AS A HUMAN SETTLEM5T L>G] ?AN A T[N1 & !RE >E ALREADY SEV5TY-FIVE CITIES ) POPULATIONS GREAT] ?AN A MILLION4 ,S[ETO1 :OSE *ILDR5 W]E PROVOK$ 9TO REVOLT 9 ,JUNE #a#i#g#f1 HAS OV] A MILLION 9HABITANTS1 BUT IS KN[N AS A T[N%IP4 ,IT IS E/IMAT$ ?AT BY ! 5D ( ! C5TURY ! GREAT] P>T ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION WILL BE LIV+ 9 MILLION-SIZ$ CITIES4 

,BUT ! DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 CITY1 SUBURB1 SMALL T[N & VILLAGE1 GR[ LESS T5ABLE AS ! YE>S GO BY4 ,9 :AT S5SE IS ! VILLAGE-DWELL] :O COMMUTES TO ! CITY1 & :OSE *ILDR5 COMMUTE TO ! NE>E/ URBAN S*OOL1 TO BE ?\<T ( AS A VILLAG]8 ,CLAUS ,MOS] & ,WILLIAM ,SCOTT 9 !IR /UDY ( ,BRITI% ,T[NS W>N US ?AT 0,ONE IS ALL TOO READY TO SPEAK ( ! URBAN DWELL]1 ! URBAN PATT]N1 ! URBAN WAY ( LIFE )\T APPRECIAT+ ! V>IATIONS F\ND BO? )9 & BETWE5 ! CITIES40 ,!RE >E MORE SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 URBAN & RURAL LIFE 9 ,BRITA9 ?AN BETWE5 URBAN LIFE 9 ,BRITA9 & URBAN LIFE 9 ,BURMA4 ,?]E IS MU* MORE 9 COMMON 9 ! EXP]I5CES ( *ILDR5 9 AFFLU5T FAMILIES1 RURAL OR URBAN1 ?AN 9 ?OSE ( RI* & POOR *ILDR5 9 ! SAME CITY4 ,9 PRACTICE IT IS MORE S5SIBLE TO ?9K ( ! CITY REGION ?AN ( ! CITY ITSELF & IT IS ONLY FISCAL & ADM9I/RATIVE REALITIES ?AT P]SUADE US ?AT ! CITY AS AN 5TITY /ILL EXI/S4 ,!SE CONSID]ATIONS PR(\NDLY AFFECT ! VIABILITY ( CITIES BUT \R CONSID]ATIONS ( ! LIVES ( *ILDR5 %\LD NOT BE LIMIT$ BY SOME OBSOLETE POLITICAL B\ND>Y4 

,AS A ?IRD DISCLAIM] ,I %\LD W>N ! READ] ?AT ?IS BOOK IS NOT ! PRODUCT ( 9T]VIEWS 9 DEP? ) A R&OM SAMPLE ( A ?\S& *ILDR5 9 A HUNDR$ CITIES4 ,MU* MI<T BE LE>N$ FROM SU* AN 5T]PRISE1 BUT NOT ACT$ UPON4 ,I HAVE MET A GREAT MANY PEOPLE :O HAVE F\ND FULFILLM5T 9 TRY+ TO MEET ! NE$S ( CITY *ILDR51 FROM ,ALEX ,BLOOM TO ,M>JORIE ,ALL5 ( ,HURTWOOD4 ,!IR MOTIVATION CAME1 ,I AM CONV9C$1 NOT FROM /ATI/ICAL SURVEYS1 BUT FROM EMPA?Y1 FROM !IR [N & O!R PEOPLE'S RECOLLECTIONS & FROM SYMPA!TIC OBS]VATION ( :AT *ILDR5 ACTUALLY DO4 ,EV]YONE HAS BE5 A *ILD1 & ! PHILOSOPH] ,GA/ON ,BA*EL>D DEVOT$ A BOOK ,! ,POETICS ( ,SPACE TO EVOK+1 ?R\< DAYDREAM1 M$ITATION & ! RESONANCE ( ! EVOCATIONS ( O!RS1 ! NEWNESS ( *ILDHOOD EXP]I5CE ( ! 5VIRONM5T4 0,AFT] #b YE>S10 HE SAYS1 09 SPITE ( ALL ! O!R ANONYM\S /AIRCASES1 WE W\LD RECAPTURE ! REFLEXES ( ! 'FIR/ /AIRWAY'1 WE W\LD NOT /UMBLE ON ?AT RA!R HI< /EP4 ,! H\SE'S 5TIRE BE+ W\LD OP5 UP1 FAI?FUL TO \R [N BE+4 ,WE W\LD PU% ! DOOR ?AT CREAKS ) ! SAME GE/URE1 WE W\LD F9D \R WAY 9 ! D>K TO ! DI/ANT ATTIC4 ,! FEEL ( ! T9IE/ LAT* HAS REMA9$ 9 \R H&S444 ,WE >E ! DIAGRAM ( ! FUNCTIONS ( 9HABIT+ ?AT P>TICUL> H\SE1 & ALL ! O!R H\SES >E BUT V>IATIONS ON A FUNDAM5TAL !ME4 ,! WORD HABIT IS TOO WORN A WORD TO EXPRESS ?IS PASSIONATE LIAISON ( \R BODIES1 :I* DO NOT =GET1 ) AN UN=GETTABLE H\SE40 ,IT IS ) ?IS K9D ( EXP]I5C$ REALITY ?AT ,I AM TRY+ TO 5TICE ! READ] TO /& 9 ! FOOTPR9TS ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y URBAN *ILD4 

,!RE IS A F9AL APOLOGY TO BE MADE4 ,I HAVE REF]R$ TO ! G5]ALIZ$ *ILD AS HE1 :5 ,I MEANT HE OR %E1 S9CE ,I CAN SC>CELY USE ! WORD IT4 ,BUT EV5 GRANT$ ?AT IT IS CONV5TIONAL TO USE ! MALE PRON\N TO SUBSUME BO? SEXES1 & GRANT$ ?AT MY [N EXP]I5CE AS 9DIVIDUAL1 AS P>5T & AS TEA*] HAS BE5 CONF9$ TO BOYHOOD1 ,I HAVE BE5 MADE CONSCI\S 9 COMPIL+ ?IS BOOK ?AT V]Y (T5 :5 ,I USE ! WORD HE1 ?IS IS :AT ,I MEAN1 ,BOYS DO EXP]I5CE1 EXPLORE & EXPLOIT ! 5VIRONM5T MU* MORE ?AN GIRLS DO4 ,!Y >E ALSO1 9 ALL BUT ONE VITAL RESPECT1 MU* MORE EXPOS$ TO ITS HAZ>DS4 ,SOME ( ! IMPLICATIONS ( ! DIFF]+ 5VIRONM5TAL EXP]I5CES ( BOYS & GIRLS >E DISCUSS$ 9 ?IS BOOK4 

,9 ATTEMPT+ TO CONVEY ! 9T5SITY1 V>IETY & +5UITY ( ! EXP]I5CE ( URBAN *ILDHOOD1 ! PHOTOGRAPHS >E PROBABLY MORE EFFECTIVE ?AN ! TEXT1 & ,I AM ESPECIALLY 9DEBT$ TO ,ANN ,GOLZ5 :O 9/ANTLY GRASP$ :AT PICTURES W]E NE$$ & W5T \T & TOOK !M4 ,I AM GRATEFUL TOO TO ! O!R PHOTOGRAPH]S & ESPECIALLY TO ,BECKY ,Y\NG & TO ,SALLY & ,RI*>D ,GRE5HILL4 ,I ALSO HAVE A DEBT TO 9NUM]ABLE *ILDR5 & ADULTS :O HAVE TALK$ TO ME AB\T !IR 5VIRONM5TAL EXP]I5CES & TO ALL ?OSE PEOPLE :OSE WRITT5 ACC\NTS ,I HAVE GRATEFULLY LOOT$4 ,ANYONE WRIT+ ON A !ME LIKE ?IS MU/ BE CONSCI\S ( AN 9DEBT$NESS TO ,IONA & ,PET] ,OPIE4 ,IT'S H>D TO IMAG9E ?AT !Y HAVE NOT SAID ! LA/ WORD ON *ILDR5'S GAMES4 ,I AM C]TA9 TOO ?AT ,PAUL ,GOODMAN WAS ! FIR/ TO >TICULATE ! MISGIV+S ( MANY :O HAVE BE5 CONC]N$ ) ! OB/ACLES FAC$ BY ! *ILDR5 ( \R CITIES 9 ATTEMPT+ TO GR[ UP4 ,JOHN & ,ELIZABE? ,NEWSON'S LONG-T]M /UDY ( *ILDR5 GR[+ UP 9 AN ,5GLI% CITY IS GO+ TO BE 9CREAS+LY IMPORTANT = ANYONE EXAM9+ URBAN *ILDHOOD1 AS IS ! ,NATIONAL ,*ILD ,DEVELOPM5T ,/UDY DIRECT$ BY ,MIA ,KELLM]-,PR+LE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,*ILDR5'S ,BUREAU4 ,I MU/ ALSO ACKN[L$GE MY 9DEBT$NESS TO ! WORK ( ,KEV9 ,LYN* & HIS COLLEAGUES4 

,GODFREY ,GOLZ5 FIR/ SUGGE/$ ?IS BOOK1 & ,I [E MU* = P>TICUL> 9SI<TS & ITEMS ( 9=MATION TO ,EILE5 ,ADAMS1 ,JOE ,B5JAM91 ,JEFF ,BI%OP1 ,PAUL9E ,CRABBE1 ,LOIS ,CRAIG1 ,FELICITY ,CRAV51 ,AASE ,]IKS51 ,AN?ONY ,FYSON1 ,ROG] ,H>T1 ,MUFFY ,H5D]SON1 ,BRIAN ,GOODY1 ,ROB9 ,MOORE1 ,ROSE ,TANN] & ,DAVID ,UZZELL4 

,IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO WRITE AB\T *ILDHOOD )\T EXPLOIT+ ONE'S [N FAMILY & ,I AM CONSCI\S ( :AT ,I [E TO MY WIFE ,H>RIET ,W>1 & TO MY FIVE *ILDR5 ( ! CITY1 ,ALAN ,BALF\R1 ,D\GLAS ,BALF\R1 ,B>NEY ,UNW91 ,TOM ,UNW9 & ,B5 ,W>D4 

#e4 ,PRIVACY &  ,ISOLATION 

0,AT SOME /AGES P>5TS >E AW>E ?AT !IR *ILDR5 W\LD DE>LY LIKE A ROOM ( !IR [N4 ,AT YET O!R AGES *ILDR5 MAY APPE> TO CREATE SEP>ATE PLACES = !MSELVES & !IR FRI5DS1 PLACES 9TO :I* ! 9TRUSION ( AN ADULT IS A PR(ANITY4 ,TO MY KN[L$GE1 NO RESE>*] HAS ATTEMPT$ TO TRACE ! DEVELOPM5T FROM ! D5 MADE ) A C>DBO>D BOX UND] ! KIT*5 TABLE BY ! ?REE YE> OLD1 TO ! D5 MADE AT ! BOTTOM ( ! G>D5 \T ( BRAN*ES BY ! N9E YE> OLD1 TO ! 'PRIVATE' ROOM ( ! TE5AG]1 TO ! /UDY1 LIBR>Y OR D5 ( ! ADULT4 ,!RE >E CLE>LY SIMIL>ITIES 9 !SE DIFF]5T USES ( SPACE BUT DIFF]5CES 9 ! WAY 9 :I* !SE PLACES TAKE ON !IR =M & MEAN+ AT ! DIFF]5T /AGES 9 DEVELOPM5T40 

,D,A,V,I,D ,C,A,N,T,] 

,! QUE/ = P]SONAL PRIVACY & ! S5SE ( SOCIAL ISOLATION >E NOT OPPOSITES 9 ! EXP]I5CE ( ! URBAN *ILD4 ,! SAME *ILD :O IS MO/ DEPRIV$ ( A PRIVATE & P]SONAL PLACE IS LIKELY TO BE ! *ILD :O IS MO/ ISOLAT$ SOCIALLY4 ,9N] CITY TEA*]S1 EV5 V]Y EXP]I5C$ ONES1 >E SO ACCU/OM$ TO MOBILITY1 FRE$OM ( ACCESS TO TRANSPORT & SOCIAL COMPET5CE 9 GETT+ >\ND1 ?AT !Y >E CONT9UALLY SURPRIS$ ?AT SO MANY ( ! *ILDR5 !Y TEA* LEAD LIVES CONF9$ TO A FEW /REETS OR BLOCKS4 ,A SURVEY CONDUCT$ = ! ,COMMUNITY ,RELATIONS ,COMMISSION F\ND ?AT JU/ UND] HALF ( ! *ILDR5 UND] FIVE 9 ! ,H&SWOR? DI/RICT ( ,BIRM+HAM NEV] W5T \T TO PLAY4 0,!Y HAVE NO ACCESS1 EI!R EXCLUSIVE OR %>$1 TO PLAY SPACES AT ! FRONT OR BACK ( ! H\SE & !IR P>5TS FE>$ = !IR SAFETY IF !Y LET !M \T40 

,DESCRIB+ AN 9FANT'S S*OOL 9 ,ISL+TON 9 ,NOR? ,LONDON1 ,SUE ,CAM]ON REM>KS ?AT 0,! EXP]I5CE ( MANY ( !SE *ILDR5 DUR+ ! FIR/ FIVE YE>S ( !IR LIVES HAS BE5 SO LIMIT$ ?AT !Y COME TO S*OOL LIKE SO MANY BLANK PAGES4 ,NE> ! S*OOL IS A P>K & A BUSY ,UND]GR\ND /ATION1 BUT MANY ( ! *ILDR5 HAVE NEV] BE5 9SIDE ! P>K & SOME ( !M DON'T KN[ :AT A TUBE TRA9 LOOKS LIKE4 ,ASK$ :AT !Y DID A ! WEEK-5D1 !Y USUALLY SAY !Y JU/ /AY$ AT HOME40 ,EV5 :5 WE ASSUME ?AT !Y MU/ HAVE BE5 >\ND BY ! TIME !Y REA* ?IRTE5 OR F\RTE51 WE F9D ?AT SU* *ILDR5'S WORLD IS FANTA/ICALLY RE/RICT$4 ,TEA*]S 9 A S*OOL ON A H\S+ E/ATE 9 ,BRI/OL TOLD ME ( ! %OCK ) :I* !Y LE>N$ ?AT SOME ( !IR TE5-AGE PUPILS HAD NEV] BE5 TO C5T] ( ! CITY4 ,TEA*]S 9 ! ,LONDON BOR\< ( ,BRANT TOLD ME ( #ac & #ad YE> OLDS :O HAD NEV] SE5 ! ,?AMES2 TEA*]S 9 ! BOR\<S ( ,LAMBE? & ,S\?W>K1 9 S*OOLS A FEW HUNDR$ Y>DS FROM ! ,RIV] TOLD ME ( PUPILS :O HAD NEV] CROSS$ IT4 

,IT IS DIFFICULT TO CONVEY ! PSY*OLOGICAL ISOLATION ( ! DEPRIV$ URBAN *ILD1 ?\< READ]S ( ,GEORGE ,D5NISON'S ACC\NT ( ! ,FIR/ ,/REET ,S*OOL1 MAY GA!R SOME?+ ( ITS IMPLICATION1 & ( ! P>ADOX ?AT MANY CITY *ILDR5 >E JU/ NOT HOOK$ ONTO ?OSE 0$UCATIONAL NETWORKS ( FANTA/IC RI*ES & V>IETY0 ?AT ! CITY ?R\< ITS V]Y EXI/5CE PROVIDES4 ,! H]O ( ,VITTORIO DE ,SETA'S ,DI>Y ( A ,S*OOL ,TEA*] F\ND ?AT HIS PUPILS 9 A WORK+-CLASS SUBURB ( ,ROME 0DID NOT FEEL ?AT ! BELONG$ TO ! BIG CITY0 & :5 HE TOOK ! CLASS TO EXPLORE ! ANCI5T HE>T ( ! CITY1 !Y W]E 0LIKE T\RI/S 9 !IR [N T[N40 ,EV5 ! ADOLESC5TS ( ,KEV9 ,LYN*'S ,U,N,E,S,C,O /UDY1 W]E1 9 HIS VIEW1 ! VICTIMS ( 0EXP]IM5TAL />VATION04 ,HE F\ND ?AT DI/ANCE IS NOT ! ESS5TIAL RE/RICTION ON ! MOVEM5T ( Y\NG ADOLESC5TS AWAY FROM !IR LOCAL >EAS4 ,MORE IMPORTANT IS ! MIXTURE ( P>5TAL CONTROL1 P]SONAL FE> & A LACK ( KN[L$GE ( H[ TO GET AB\T1 AS WELL AS ! AVAILABILITY & CO/ ( PUBLIC TRANSPORT4 0,IT IS ?US NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT MANY ( ! *ILDR5 SPEAK CON/ANTLY ( BOR$OM4 ,!RE SEEMS TO BE LITTLE TO DO OR SEE ?AT IS NEW40 

,9NUM]ABLE /UDIES ( DEL9QU5T OR POT5TIALLY DEL9QU5T *ILDR5 9 ! WORLD'S CITIES /RESS !IR 9SECURITY & ISOLATION4 ,>YEH ,LEISSN]1 ) EXP]I5CE ( BO? ,NEW ,YORK & ,TEL ,AVIV1 REM>KS ?AT 0/REET CLUB WORK]S W]E CON/ANTLY AW>E ( ! FEEL+S ( ISOLATION :I* P]VAD$ ! ATMOSPH]E40 ,HE SAYS ( ! LATT] CITY ?AT 0! Y\NG1 AS WELL AS ! ADULTS ( !SE POOR COMMUNITIES ID5TIFY !MSELVES AS 9HABITANTS ( !IR [N IMM$IATE NEI<BORHOODS4 ,BUT !Y SAY ?AT !Y >E 'GO+ TO ,TEL ,AVIV'1 :5 !Y LEAVE !IR [N >EAS TO ATT5D TO SOME BUS9ESS 9 O!R P>TS ( ! CITY1 SOMETIMES ONLY A FEW M9UTES' WALK OR A %ORT BUS RIDE AWAY4 ,!Y DI/+UI% BETWE5 %OPS1 C9EMAS1 CAFES1 ETC41 9 !IR [N NEI<BORHOOD & '9 ,TEL ,AVIV'4 ,AL?\< !IR [N COMMUNITIES >E GEOGRAPHICALLY & ADM9I/RATIVELY 9TEGRAL P>TS ( ! ,CITY ( ,TEL ,AVIV1 ! PEOPLE :O LIVE 9 ! !SE COMMUNITIES DO NOT SEEM TO FEEL AS IF !Y >E40 

,9 ,*ICAGO1 ,J4 ,F4 ,%ORT & ,F4 ,L4 ,/ODTBECK NOT$ ?AT 0! RANGE ( GANG BOYS' PHYSICAL MOVEM5TS IS SEV]ELY RE/RICT$0 NOT ONLY = FE> ( O!R GANGS1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE ( A 0MORE G5]AL LACK ( SOCIAL ASSURANCE40 ,JAMES ,PATRICK F\ND ! SAME 0SOCIAL DISABILITY0 9 ! ,GLASG[ BOYS HE OBS]V$4 

,! LACK ( SOCIAL ASSURANCE C]TA9LY DOES AM\NT TO A SOCIAL DISABILITY = MANY CITY *ILDR54 ,SOME *ILDR5 /EAL1 NOT BECAUSE !Y HAVE NO ACCESS TO ! PUR*ASE MONEY1 BUT BECAUSE !Y F9D IT A LESS >DU\S TRANSACTION ?AN ! V]BAL 5C\NT] ) ! SELL]4 ,!Y MOVE LIKE /RANG]S ?R\< !IR [N CITY1 SO ?AT ONE IS =C$ TO ADMIRE ?OSE *E]FUL ROGUES :O KN[ EV]Y 9* ( IT BACKW>DS & GET 9VOLV$ 9 MU* MORE S]I\S & SOPHI/ICAT$ (F5SES1 JU/ BECAUSE !Y HAVE ABSORB$ ! /RUCTURE & FUNCTIONS ( ! CITY4 

,! POOR *ILD1 :O IS USUALLY ! MO/ ISOLAT$ FROM ! LIFE ( ! CITY AS A CITY1 IS ALSO1 P>ADOXICALLY1 ! *ILD :O IS D5I$ ! SOLACE ( SOLITUDE4 ,HE IS SELDOM ALONE2 HE IS ! *ILD :O IS LEA/ LIKELY TO HAVE A B$ROOM OR A B$ TO HIMSELF4 ,9 MANY ( ! CITIES ( ! WORLD1 ! V]Y CONCEPT ( PRIVACY = ! *ILD IS MEAN+LESS4 ,:AT S5SE DOES IT MAKE 9 ,HONG ,KONG OR ,MANILA TO SPEAK ( ! *ILD'S RI<T TO PRIVACY8 ,WE MAY SUGGE/ ?AT PEOPLE DON'T MISS :AT !Y HAVE NEV] EXP]I5C$1 & !RE IS EVID5CE ?AT DIFF]5T CULTURES HAVE DIFF]5T CONCEPTS ( P]SONAL SPACE1 ?\< EV5 ! POORE/ ( CITIES1 ONE ( ! ?+S ?AT WEAL? BUYS IS PRIVACY4 ,GA/ON ,BA*EL>D PITI$ ?OSE *ILDR51 :O LACK+ A ROOM ( !IR [N TO GO & CRY 91 HAD TO SULK 9 ! CORN] ( ! LIV+ ROOM1 ?\< ! BOYS 9T]VIEW$ BY ,FLOR5CE ,LADD1 BECAUSE !IR B$ROOMS W]E %>$1 M5TION$ ! LIV+ ROOM OR SITT+ ROOM AS A PLACE :]E ONE MI<T BE ALONE4 

,:AT DOES PRIVACY ACTUALLY MEAN TO ! *ILD8 ,MAX9E ,WOLFE & ,ROB]T ,LAUF] ( ! ,CITY ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NEW ,YORK HAVE BE5 9VE/IGAT+ ! CONCEPT ( PRIVACY 9 *ILDHOOD & ADOLESC5CE1 BY QUE/ION+ *ILDR5 AG$ BETWE5 FIVE & #a#g4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 !Y F\ND ?AT ! IDEA BECAME MORE COMPLEX ) AGE1 BUT !Y F\ND F\R MAJOR MEAN+S AT ALL AGES4 ,! FIR/ WAS ?AT ( BE+ ALONE & UN9T]RUPT$1 OR ( BE+ ABLE TO BE ALONE4 ,! SECOND WAS ?AT ( CONTROLL+ ACCESS TO 9=MATION - BE+ ABLE TO HAVE SECRETS4 ,ONCE ! *ILD GOES TO S*OOL1 HE IS ABLE TO REVEAL SOME ?+S TO ONE SET ( ADULTS1 ! P>5TS1 & O!R ?+S TO O!RS1 ! TEA*]S1 & TO DIFF]5TIATE BETWE5 SIBL+S & O!R *ILDR5 9 ! DISCLOSURE & )HOLD+ ( 9=MATION4 ,! ?IRD MEAN+ WAS ?AT ( 0NO ONE BO!R+ ME01 & ! F\R? WAS ?AT ( CONTROLL+ ACCESS TO SPACES4 ,?REE ( !SE F\R MEAN+S W]E GIV5 MORE FREQU5TLY BY ?OSE *ILDR5 :O HAD !IR [N ROOMS - BE+ ALONE1 NO-ONE BO!R+ ME1 & CONTROLL+ ACCESS TO SPACES 70NO ONE BE+ ABLE TO GO 9TO MY ROOM2 NO ONE CAN COME 9 UNLESS ,I WANT !M TO074 ,KEEP+ SECRETS1 & NOT TELL+ :AT Y\ >E ?9K+1 W]E AVAILABLE TO ALL GR\PS1 ?\< ?IS ASPECT ( PRIVACY1 ! CONTROL ( 9=MATION1 IS OBVI\SLY IMPORTANT TO ?OSE *ILDR5 :O W]E NOT ABLE TO SECURE IT PHYSICALLY4 ,! RESE>*]S PO9T \T ?AT 0A *ILD :O HAS NEV] HAD A ROOM ( HIS [N MAY NOT DEF9E PRIVACY AS A PHYSICAL SEP>ATION FROM O!RS BUT MAY DEVELOP TE*NIQUES ( PSY*OLOGICAL )DRAWAL4 ,A *ILD 9 A SMALL T[N1 ONCE AW>E ?AT CONTROL ( P]SONAL HI/ORY IS IMPOSSIBLE1 MAY NOT SEE ?IS AS A RELEVANT ASPECT ( PRIVACY40 

,! COMP>ISON ) ! SITUATION ( ! SMALL T[N *ILD RAISES ! QUE/ION ( ! RELATIVE ISOLATION & PRIVACY ( *ILDR51 ALL ALONG ! RURAL-URBAN CONT9UUM4 ,WE ASSUME ?AT ! C\NTRY *ILD IS MORE ISOLAT$1 BUT HE IS USUALLY P>T ( A F> MORE HOMOG5E\S COMMUNITY1 JU/ AS HE WAS 9 ! 0VILLAGE 9 ! CITY0 :5 URBAN COMMUNITIES W]E MORE /ABLE4 ,WE ASSUME ?AT HE HAD MORE PRIVACY1 BUT AS ,MAX9E ,WOLFE & ,ROB]T ,LAUF] SUGGE/1 0IF CITY *ILDR5 WALK >\ND ! CORN] OR A FEW /REETS AWAY FROM HOME !RE IS A HI< PROBABILITY !Y WILL NOT BE KN[N4 ,! *ILD LIV+ 9 A SMALL T[N MAY HAVE TO GO FUR!R 7I4E4 9TO ! WOODS7 TO A*IEVE ! SAME TYPE ( PRIVACY40 

,! ISOLAT$ *ILD 9 ! CITY IS UNFAMILI> ) ! PUBLIC TRANSPORT SY/EM1 ) ! USE ( ! TELEPHONE1 ) ! PUBLIC LIBR>Y1 ) ELICIT+ 9=MATION FROM /RANG]S1 ) ! NORMS ( BEHAVIOR 9 CAFES & RE/AURANTS1 ) PLANN+ HIS ACTIVITIES AN ADVANCE1 ) >TICULAT+ OR RESPOND+ TO REQUE/S \TSIDE ! IMM$IATE FAMILY CIRCLE4 ,! READ] MI<T WELL ASK :E!R SU* A *ILD REALLY EXI/S1 & ! ANSW] FROM ANY 9N] CITY TEA*] W\LD BE ?AT *ILDR5 AS ISOLAT$ AS ?IS FROM ! MA9/REAM ( URBAN LIFE1 EXI/S 9 V]Y L>GE NUMB]S4 ,V>I\S ATTEMPTS >E MADE TO PROVIDE AN EXPLANATION = !IR ISOLATION3 ! IDEA ( A 0CULTURE ( POV]TY01 ! IDEA ( A 0CYCLE ( DEPRIVATION01 & ! IDEA ( A 0RE/RICT$ LANGUAGE CODE40 ,EA* ( !SE EXPLANATIONS HAS ITS PASSIONATE OPPON5TS1 :O SEE !M AS MOD]N V]SIONS ( ! ,VICTORIAN EQUATION ( POV]TY ) S91 ! IDEA ?AT ! POV]TY ( ! POOR IS !IR [N FAULT1 OR AS AN ASSUMPTION ( ! SUP]IORITY ( MIDDLE CLASS VALUES4 

,BUT IF WE SIMPLE WANT TO KN[ :Y SO L>GE A PROPORTION ( 9N] CITY *ILDR5 GR[ UP UNABLE TO MANIPULATE !IR 5VIRONM5T 9 ! WAY ?AT IS TAK5 = GRANT$ 9 ! MIDDLE CLASS HOME1 WE >E B\ND TO LOOK = EXPLANATIONS 9 ! SOCIAL ISOLATION ( ! HOME ( ! MOD]N 9N] CITY *ILD1 SOB]LY ANALYZ$ BY ,M>T9 ,DEUTS* 9 !SE T]MS3 0,VISUALLY1 ! URBAN SLUM & ITS OV]CR[D$ AP>TM5TS (F] ! *ILD A M9IMAL RANGE ( /IMULI4 ,!RE >E USUALLY FEW IF ANY PICTURES ON ! WALL1 & ! OBJECTS 9 ! H\SEHOLD1 BE !Y TOYS1 FURNITURE1 OR UT5SILS1 T5D TO SP>SE1 REPETITI\S1 & LACK+ 9 =M & COLOR V>IATIONS4 ,! SP>SITY ( OBJECTS & LACK ( DIV]SITY ( HOME >TIFACTS :I* >E AVAILABLE & MEAN+FUL TO ! *ILD1 9 ADDITION TO ! UNAVAILABILITY ( 9DIVIDUALIZ$ TRA9+1 GIVES ! *ILD FEW OPPORTUNITIES TO MANIPULATE & ORGANIZE ! VISUAL PROP]TIES ( HIS 5VIRONM5T & ?US P]CEPTUALLY TO ORGANIZE & DISCRIM9ATE ! NUANCES ( ?AT 5VIRONM5T4444 ,IT IS TRUE1 AS HAS BE5 PO9T$ \T FREQU5TLY1 ?AT ! PIONE] *ILD DIDN'T HAVE MANY PLAY?+S EI!R4 ,BUT HE HAD A MORE ACTIVE RESPONSIBILITY T[>DS ! 5VIRONM5T & A GREAT V>IETY ( GR[+ PLANTS & O!R NATURAL RES\RCES AS WELL AS A /ABLE FAMILY ?AT ASSUM$ A PRIM>Y ROLE = ! $UCATION & TRA9+ ( ! *ILD40 

,! TRAG$Y ( ! ISOLAT$ CITY *ILD1 & ! DILEMMA ( ALL \R EF=TS TO ALLEVIATE HIS DEPRIVATION W]E MO/ POIGNANTLY EXPRESS$ BY ,JOHN & ,ELIZABE? ,NEWSON AS !Y REA*$ ! ?IRD /AGE ( !IR LONG-T]M /UDY ( *ILD-RE>+ 9 AN ,5GLI% CITY4 ,!Y REM>K$ ?AT !Y >E CONT9UALLY ASK$ TO SPECIFY H[ *ILDR5 %\LD BE BR\<T UP1 :ILE !Y HAVE NEV] CLAIM$ TO BE CAPABLE ( GIV+ SU* ADVICE4 ,!Y HAVE1 H[EV]1 REA*$ A CONCLUSION3 0,P>5TS AT ! UPP] 5D ( ! SOCIAL SCALE >E MORE 9CL9$ ON PR9CIPLE TO USE DEMOCRATICALLY BAS$1 HI<LY V]BAL MEANS ( CONTROL1 & ?IS K9D ( DISCIPL9E IS LIKELY TO PRODUCE P]SONALITIES :O CAN BO? ID5TIFY SUCCESSFULLY ) ! SY/EM & USE IT TO !IR [N 5DS LAT] ON4 ,AT ! BOTTOM ( ! SCALE1 9 ! UNSKILL$ GR\P1 P>5TS *OOSE ON PR9CIPLE TO USE A HI<LY AU?ORIT>IAN1 MA9LY NON-V]BAL MEANS ( CONTROL1 9 :I* WORDS >E US$ MORE TO ?REAT5 & BAMBOOZLE ! *ILD 9TO OB$I5CE ?AN TO MAKE HIM UND]/& ! RATIONALE BEH9D SOCIAL BEHAVIOR3 & ?IS SEEMS LIKELY TO RESULT 9 A P]SONALITY :O CAN NEI!R ID5TIFY ) NOR BEAT ! SY/EM4 ,9 %ORT1 PRIVILEG$ P>5TS1 BY US+ ! ME?ODS ?AT !Y PREF]1 PRODUCE *ILDR5 :O EXPECT AS ( RI<T TO BE PRIVILEG$ & :O >E V]Y WELL EQUIPP$ TO REALIZE !SE EXPECTATIONS2 :ILE DEPRIV$ P>5TS1 ALSO BY US+ ! ME?ODS ?AT !Y PREF]1 WILL PROBABLY PRODUCE *ILDR5 :O EXPECT NO?+ & >E NOT EQUIPP$ TO DO ANY?+ AB\T IT4 ,?US ! *ILD BORN 9TO ! L[E/ SOCIAL BRACKET HAS EV]Y?+ /ACK$ AGA9/ HIM 9CLUD+ HIS P>5TS' PR9CIPLES ( *ILD UPBR++40 

,?IS IS A BLEAK CONCLUSION1 MADE ALL MORE PO9T$ BY ! FACT ?AT IT IS ! \TCOME ( MANY YE>S ( 9VE/IGATION & REFLECTION4 ,IT UND]L9ES ! VITAL COMP5SATORY ROLE ( NURS]Y $UCATION1 ( EF=TS TO IMPROVE ! QUALITY ( *ILD-M9D+1 & ( ALL ?OSE ATTEMPTS1 9 & \T ( ! S*OOLS1 TO 5L>GE ! 5VIRONM5TAL EXP]I5CE & CAPABILITY ( 9N] CITY *ILDR54 ,BUT IT ALSO LEADS US TO SPECULATE ON ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! 0SLUMS ( HOPE0 & ! 0SLUMS ( DESPAIR04 ,OSC> ,LEWIS1 :O 9V5T$ ! CONCEPT ( ! CULTURE ( POV]TY1 REM>K$ ?AT 9 ,CUBA1 OR 9 ! SQUATT] CITIES ( ,P]U1 ,TURKEY1 ,A!NS1 ,HONG ,KONG & ,BRAZIL1 !RE >E MILLIONS ( POOR PEOPLE1 BUT LITTLE SIGN ( ! CULTURE ( POV]TY4 ,= ! *ILD 9 SU* PLACES !RE >E FEW ( ! BLESS+S ( PRIVACY1 BUT WE MAY SPECULATE ?AT !RE IS LITTLE ( ! CRIPPL+ ISOLATION ?AT 5VELOPS ! POOR *ILD 9 ! RI* CITIES4 

#f4 ,ADRIFT 9 ! ,CITY 

0,9 ! MEANTIME ,I WAIT = MY CLI5TS4 ,LET ! *ILDR5 - \R EXAM9]S - COME ) !IR HOT H&S & FRAGRANT R\ND HEADS1 !IR LAC$ %OES ?AT SW+ LIKE P5DULUMS1 & ! SMILES !Y DISPLAY LIKE M$ALS1 !IR ATAVI/IC FE>S & AMAZ+ ABILITY TO LE>N1 !IR OBSESSIONS & CAJOL]IES1 !IR REL5TLESS SELFI%NESS & IRRESI/IBLE WEAKNESS1 !IR VULN]ABLE DOCILITY & !IR MIRROR IMAGES ( \R [N DEPRAVITY444 

0,LET ! RUNAWAYS COME1 ?OSE CAU<T AFT] NI<TS SP5T 9 ! WOODS1 9 CONFESSIONALS1 COTTON BALES1 S&BOXES1 OR EMPTY PIG/IES2 ! BOY :O IS 9CONSOLABLE BECAUSE HIS MO!R HAS MOV$ HIM TO ! FLOOR TO MAKE ROOM 9 B$ = H] NEW LOV]2 ! GIRL :O WAS GO+ TO PUT H] HALF-SI/]'S EYE \T ) A R$-HOT POK] BUT DROPP$ IT AT ! LA/ M9UTE2 ! Y\? :OSE FA!R *AS$ HIM >\ND ! Y>D ) A KNIFE & ALMO/ CAU<T HIM :5 A PI\S WID[ NEXT DOOR TRIPP$ ! FA!R UP ) H] BROOM/ICK1 PULL$ ! BOY 91 & LAU<$ & CRI$1 & COV]$ HIM ) KISSES :ILE HE ATE & SLEET444 

0,LET ALL ! O!RS COME1 ?OSE :OM NO AM\NT ( C&Y1 TE>S1 & TOY TRA9S CAN KEEP AT HOME1 :O CLIMB \T ( ! W9D[1 TOSS !IR S*OOL BAGS 9TO ! CELL>1 HIDE /OL5 MONEY UND] !IR 9N] SOLES1 >M !MSELVES ) COMPASS1 KIT*5 KNIFE1 PAP] MASK1 & FLA%LI<T1 & SET \T = ! BORD]1 = NEW WORLDS ACROSS ! SEA1 BUT 5D UP UN JAIL4440 

,G,E,O,R,G,E ,K,O,N,R,A,D 

,! CITY IS AN IRRESI/IBLE MAGNET4 ,= ! Y\NG 9 SMALL T[NS & VILLAGES :]E NO?+ EV] HAPP5S1 IT PULLS ) ! PROMISE ( V>IETY & EXCITEM5T4 ,IT DRAWS ?OSE :O *AFE AGA9/ ! DAILY R\ND & COMMON TASK1 ?OSE :O FEEL ?AT !Y CAN NO LONG] /& ,MOM & ,DAD & ! CON/RA9TS !Y REPRES5T1 ?OSE :O KN[ ?AT BACK !RE 9 ,DEADSVILLE !RE >E GO+ TO BE NO JOBS & NO PROSPECTS1 ?AT NO?+ IS EV] GO+ TO HAPP54 

,:5 ,!ODORE ,DREIS] WAS A *ILD 9 ,EVANSVILLE1 ,9DIANA1 HIS OLD] BRO!R CAME BACK FROM ,*ICAGO & DECL>$1 0,Y\ NEV] SAW SU* A PLACE64444 ?AT'S ! PLACE = A FAMILY1 :]E !Y CAN DO SOME?+ & GET ALONG6 ,NOT /UCK (F 9 A LITTLE HOLE LIKE !RE6 ,:Y1 SAY1 !RE MU/ BE F\R OR FIVE HUNDR$ ?\S& PEOPLE !RE6 ,& ! %OPS6 ,& ! HI< BUILD+S60 

,LIT]ATURE1 TRADITION & ! CONV5TIONAL WISDOM HAVE SANCTIFI$ ! SMALL T[N1 9 ,EUROPE1 ,AM]ICA & ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 ,! T[N WAS SMALL 5\< TO BE HOME3 0NOT JU/ ! H\SE BUT ALL ! T[N4 ,?AT IS :Y *ILDHOOD 9 ! SMALL T[NS IS DIFF]5T FROM *ILDHOOD 9 ! CITY4 ,EV]Y?+ IS HOME40 ,TO ,]IC ,SEV>EID EV]Y?+ WAS HOME1 & = ,PAGE ,SMI?1 EV5 ! 0BAD BOYS0 ( ! SMALL T[N W]E PRANK/]S RA!R ?AN DEL9QU5TS1 & TO HIS EYES ! T[N 0(F]$ ! BOY & EXTRAORD9>Y DEGREE ( FRE$OM )9 ! SECURITY4 ,A SUBURBAN NEI<BORHOOD MI<T RIVAL ! T[N 9 ! SECURE WORLD ?AT 5WOMB$ ! GR[+ BOY1 BUT IT WAS G5]ALLY A WORLD ( B>RI]S1 ( B>R$ EXITS1 ( NURSES & SOLICIT\S AUNTS40 

,HE GOES ON1 0,9 EV]Y RECOLLECTION ( ! T[N WE F9D ! SYMBOL ( WAT]4 ,9 ITS CLASSIC =M IT IS ! OLD SWIMM+ HOLE OR ! BROAD ,MISSISSIPPI ( TOM SAWY] OR ,HUCK ,F9N4 ,IT IS ! SYMBOL = FRE$OM & ALSO = MY/]Y & P]HAPS = SOME?+ DEEP]4 ,9 ! SWIMM+ HOLE1 CLO!S & ! CONV5TIONS ( ! T[N >E DISC>D$4 ,! ADULT WORLD IS REJECT$ 9 ?IS UNIQUE >5A :I* CU/OM HAS ALL[$ AS ! ,AM]ICAN BOY'S SPECIAL PRES]VE4 ,! POND1 ! LAKE1 ! RIV]1 ! SWAMP1 ! /REAM2 IT IS AS ?\< H]E ! SMALL- T[N BOY IS DIMLY AW>E ?AT HE T\*ES ! S\RCE ( LIFE - DANG]\S1 /RANGELY LOV+ & 5FOLD+40 

,DANG]\S & 5FOLD+1 BUT TOL]AT+ RA!R ?AN LOV+1 ! ANALOGY ( WAT] FITS ! CITY TOO4 ,T[N ,SWAMPS WAS ! TITLE ,GEORGE ,GODW9 GAVE TO HIS /UDY ( ! CITY 9 ! EI<TE5-FIFTIES4 ,IMM]S$ 9 ! CITY1 SYMBOL TOO1 ( FRE$OM1 MY/]Y & ! DISC>D+ ( SMALL- T[N CONV5TIONS & ASSUMPTIONS1 Y\ S9K OR SWIM4 ,! ?\<TFUL Y\NG/] 9 A SMALL OR PROV9CIAL CITY1 UNLESS HE HAS A FOO?OLD ON ! ESCALATOR ( HI<] $UCATION1 KN[S EXACTLY ! JOB PROSPECTS AWAIT+ HIM IF HE /AYS AT HOME4 ,>MIES >E RECRUIT$ ?IS WAY4 ,= ! BOY FROM AN ,EGYPTIAN VILLAGE ! >MY IS AN $UCATION1 AN 9ITIATION 9TO SOPHI/ICAT$ URBAN HABITS1 AN OPPORTUNITY TO ACQUIRE SALABLE SKILLS4 ,BUT Y\ DON'T HAVE TO GO TO COLLAPS+ TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES TO SEE ! SAME PH5OM5A4 ,A Y\NG SOLDI] FROM ,S\? ,%IELDS SAID TO ME1 0 ,I RECKON$ ,I HAD ONLY TWO *OICES3 TO BECOME A HIPPIE OR TO JO9 ! >MY4 ,:5 ,I GO HOME1 NOT ?AT ,I ALWAYS DO GO HOME :5 ,I HAVE LEAVE1 ,I MEET ! BOYS :O W]E AT S*OOL ) ME4 ,! ONES :O >E /ILL !RE >E DRAW+ SOCIAL SECURITY & ,I JU/ HAVE TO BUY !M DR9KS4 ,! O!RS HAVE GONE TO ,NEWCA/LE OR ,LONDON40 

,AS JUV5ILE UNEMPLOYM5T GR[S1 ! FLI<T1 NOT ONLY ( ! Y\NG :O HAVE LEFT S*OOL1 BUT ( ?OSE :O SIMPLE AB&ON S*OOL1 HOME & P>5TS1 BECAUSE !SE SEEM NO LONG] RELEVANT TO !IR NE$S1 SET \T = ! BIG GL[+ CITY1 LIKE MO?S FLUTT]+ T[>DS ! LI<T4 ,9 ! LATE N9ETE5-SIXTIES !Y CAME FROM ! /RICK5 CITIES ( ,NOR!RN ,IREL&1 FROM ,SCOTL& & ! ,NOR? ,EA/4 ,BY ! MID-#a#i#gS !Y W]E COM+ FROM A MU* WID] & MORE DISP]S$ S]IES ( HOME T[NS4 ,:AT JOBS >E OP5 TO ! S*OOL-LEAV]S ( ,H]E=D%IRE1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! SUMM]S ( ! LATE SEV5TIES8 ,9 ! H9T]L& ( O!R WORLD CITIES1 ! SAME JUV5ILE MIGRATION IS F> MORE OBVI\S4 

,!IR ELD]S1 FROM ,ITALY1 ,SPA91 ,PORTUGAL1 ,GREECE1 ,YUGOSLAVIA1 ,TURKEY1 & ,NOR? ,AFRICA1 FLOCK$ TO ! 9DU/RIAL CONURBATIONS ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE TO PROVIDE LABOR = ! JOBS ! NATIVES W]E NO LONG] WILL+ TO UND]TAKE !MSELVES4 ,?OSE :O RETURN$1 BR++ ! H>D-E>N$ CONSUM] GOODS ( ! BIG CITY1 %[$ ?OSE :O REMA9$1 AS WELL AS !IR *ILDR51 :AT ?Y HAD MISS$4 ,! SITUATION WAS BEAUTIFULLY & BITT]LY DESCRIB$ BY ,GUY DE ,MAUPASSANT 9 HIS /ORY ( ! PEASANT FAMILIES :O 0LABORI\SLY TILL$ ! UNFRUITFUL SOIL TO RE> !IR *ILDR54 ,ALL ( !M W]E BR\<T UP ) DIFFICULTY ON S\P & POTATOES & FRE% AIR40 ,A RI* LADY SEE+ ! Y\NGE/ ( ! ,TUVA*E *ILDR5 GRUBB+ >\ND 9 ! DU/1 TOOK A FANCY TO HIM1 PLI$ HIM ) P5NIES1 SWEETS & KISSES1 & F9ALLY S\<T ! RELUCTANT P>5T'S AGREEM5T TO HIS ADOPTION4 ,9DIGNANTLY !Y REFUS$1 BUT %E WAS MORE SUCCESSFUL ) ! ,VALL9 FAMILY NEXT DOOR4 ,LITTLE ,JEAN ,VALL9 WAS ADOPT$1 & YE>S LAT] RETURN$ TO VISIT HIS P>5TS1 :O PR\DLY DISPLAY$ HIM TO ! PRIE/1 ! S*OOLMA/] & ! MAYOR4 ,*>LOT ,TUVA*E WAT*$ S\RLY FROM ! DOORWAY ( HIS P>5T'S COTTAGE1 LI/5+ TO !IR TUT-TUTT+ AB\T ! FAMILY NEXT DOOR4 0,FOOLS0 HE SAID 9 ! D>K5+ POR*1 0IT'S P>5TS LIKE Y\ :O BR+ UNHAPP9ESS TO !IR *ILDR540 

,! RI* LADY1 ,MME D',HUBI]ES1 IS ! CITY BECKON+ ! Y\NG1 = OPPORTUNITIES1 EXP]I5CES & JOYS ?Y NEV] ?\<T C\LD BE !IRS4 ,EV]Y?+1 FROM HO>Y TRADITIONS LIKE ,DICK ,:ITT+TON TO ! LATE/ TV ADV]TISEM5TS1 P]SUADES ! PRES5T DAY ,TUVA*E KIDS ?AT ! BIG CITY IS :]E ! ACTION IS & EV]Y K9D ( *ANGE & EXCITEM5T IS TO BE F\ND4 

,! REALITY IS TOTALLY DIFF]5T ( C\RSE1 BUT P]HAPS ! SURPRIS+ ?+ IS NOT H[ MANY Y\NG PEOPLE MAKE ! 5ORM\S EMOTIONAL & PSY*OLOGICAL LEAP TO ! BIG CITY1 & ) SU* 9ADEQUATE PREP>ATION = EXP]I5CE1 BUT H[ MANY RESI/ ITS MAGNETIC ATTRACTION BECAUSE ! TIES ( FAMILY & FAMILI>ITY1 ( PLACE & REASSUR+ R\T9E >E SUFFICI5T TO HOLD !M 9 AN 5VIRONM5T :I* HAS PA!TICALLY LITTLE TO (F]4 ,SP5D AN AFT]NOON ON E>LY CLOS+ DAY 9 AN ,5GLI% OR ,SCOTTI% PROV9CIAL T[N1 & ASK :AT IT HAS TO (F] = ! Y\NG4 ,A HUNDR$ YE>S AGO ,GEORGE ,R4 ,SIMS 7AU?OR ( ,*RI/MAS ,DAY 9 ! ,WORKH\SE7 MET A HOPEFUL PAIR AT ,HI<GATE NE>+ !IR DE/9ATION AS !Y SAW ! CITY LI<TS1 & WROTE ! BALLAD ?AT BR\<T HIM1 BUT NOT !M1 FAME & =TUNE3 

,O CRUEL LAMPS ( ,LONDON1 IF TE>S Y\R LI<T C\LD DR[N1 

,Y\R VICTIM'S EYES W\LD WEEP !M1 ,O LI<TS ( ,LONDON ,T[N6 

,ITS ,AM]ICAN EQUIVAL5T1 FROM #a#h#g#g1 HAD WORDS & MUSIC BY ! ,REV4 ,ROB]TS ,L[RY1 PA/OR ( ,PLA9FIELD1 ,NEW ,J]SEY4 ,K5NE? ,ALLSOP CALL$ IT ! SONG ?AT IMPAL$ ,AM]ICA1 BECAUSE IT 0/AT$ A COMMONPLACE TRU? A PRECISELY ! EMOTIONAL PIT* A :I* IT IS FELT BY US ALL40 ,IT WAS 0,:]E ,IS ,MY ,W& 'R+ ,BOY ,TONI<T80 & CONSID]+ ! VA/ NUMB]S ( *ILDR5 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES :O LEAVE HOME EV]Y YE>1 ITS SUCCESS WAS PR$ICTABLE4 0,9 #icb A ,*ICAGO ,UNIV]SITY RESE>* TEAM REPORT$ = ! ,*ILDR5'S ,BUREAU ?AT !RE W]E PROBABLY #b1 JUV5ILE HOBOS !N 9 MOVEM5T ON ,AM]ICA'S HI<WAYS & RAILROADS - & !N APOLOGETICALLY ADJU/$ !IR E/IMATE TO ?AT APPALL+ SUM ( HALF A MILLION444 0,MO/ ( ?OSE 9T]VIEW$ BY ! BUSY SOCIOLOGI/S ( ! DAY SAID !Y HAD LEFT HOME SO ?AT !RE W\LD BE ONE LESS M\? TO FE$4 ,MORE ?AN HALF CAME FROM HOMES BROK5 BY DEA?1 SEP>ATION & DIVORCE4 ,MO/ ( !M1 ,?OMAS ,M9EHAN F\ND1 REMA9$ )9 FIVE HUNDR$ MILES ( HOME DO+ ! CIRCUIT FROM CITY TO CITY1 =C$ TO KEEP MOV+ BY RELIEF POLICIES :I* W]E H>D] ON JUV5ILES ?AN ON OLD] VAGRANTS4 ,ALLSOP SAYS ?AT 0,:]E AN ADULT WAS GIV5 SIX MEALS & TWO NI<TS' LODG+1 ! BOY TRAMP GOT ONE ( EA*4 7,A GIRL TRAMP WAS S5T TO JAIL47 ,BY =C+ ! Y\NG/]S \T ( T[N & ONW>D1 ! RELIEF M5 >GU$1 !Y W]E =C+ !M BACK HOME4 ,9 REALITY1 BECAUSE FEW HAD HOMES1 !Y W]E BE+ =C$ 9TO BEGG>Y & !FT40 

,OV] =TY YE>S LAT] 9 ! MID-#a#i#gS !RE W]E E/IMAT$ TO BE NOT HALF A MILLION1 BUT A MILLION RUNAWAY *ILDR5 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ) AN AV]AGE AGE ( F\RTE54 ,FEW W]E DRIV5 BY HUNG] OR POV]TY4 ,9DE$1 ! MOTIVES !Y REPORT$ TO SOLICIT\S 9T]VIEW]S - USUALLY A MILD P>5TAL REBUKE - SEEM A TRIVIAL REASON = F9D+ ONE'S WAY ?\S&S ( MILES TO ! CITIES ( ! ,WE/ ,COA/ JU/ TO HANG >\ND BEGG+ = *ANGE FROM PASS]SBY4 ,! ISSUE ONLY GETS HI<LI<T$ BECAUSE ( SOME TRAG$Y - ! MURD]S ( MISS+ GIRLS 9 ,TUCSON1 ,>IZONA 9 #aiff OR ( MISS+ BOYS 9 ,H\/ON1 ,TEXAS 9 #aigc - :5 WE>Y POLICEM5 EXPLA9 ?AT 9 ANY CITY !RE >E SO MANY *ILD RUNAWAYS MANY NOT REPORT$ TO ! POLICE1 ?AT IT IS PO9TLESS TO 9VE/IGATE EA* CASE1 :5 ! *ILD IS PROBABLY SOME:]E 9 ! ,SAN ,FRANCISCO ,BAY WAIT+ =1 OR P]HAPS IGNOR+ ! MESSAGE ON ! P9-BO>D3 ,COME HOME4 ,ALL IS =GIV54 

,IT IS EASY TO HOMILIES AB\T ! DECL9E ( FAMILY SOLID>ITY1 & TO /RESS ?AT ONE SIX? ( ! *ILDR5 ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES >E GR[+ UP 9 ONE-P>5T FAMILIES 7AS >E ONE T5? ( ! *ILDR5 ( ,BRITA97 BUT ! ,AM]ICAN *ILD IS ALSO ! HEIR TO AN IMM5SE & EXHIL>AT+ TRADITION ( ,GET ,UP & ,GO1 ,GO ,WE/ ,Y\NG ,MAN1 FOLKLORE :I* IS RE9=C$ EV]Y DECADE4 ,AP>T FROM ! RAGS TO RI*ES MY?S ( ! #a#i? C5TURY !RE HAS BE5 ! ROMANTICIZ$ LEG5D ( ! HOBO1 ! VA/ MIGRATIONS ( ! DEPRESSION YE>S1 ,ON ! ,ROAD 9 ! FIFTIES1 ! PILGRIMAGE TO ,HAI<T-,A%BURY 9 ! SIXTIES1 & A GREAT *ORUS ( RAILROAD SONGS1 FOLK1 ROCK1 C\NTRY-&-WE/]N & POP :I* CRY \T ?AT TO HAVE BEAT ONE'S WAY FROM ,FRISCO ,BAY TO ! ROCKB\ND COA/S ( ,MA9E1 IS A K9D ( W&]JAHRE OR 9ITIATION RITE :I* EV]YBODY GOES ?R\<4 ,EV]YBODY DOESN'T ( C\RSE1 & P]HAPS WE %\LD WOND]1 NOT AT ! NUMB]S ( ,AM]ICAN *ILDR5 :O TAKE (F1 BUT AT ! NUMB] :O RESI/S ! PRESSURE TO DO SO 9 FAVOR ( ! DAILY R\ND1 ! COMMON TASK1 ! ORD9>Y DOME/IC AFFECTIONS & LOCAL TIES4 

,IF Y\'RE NOT 9VOLV$1 IF ! P>5TAL HE>TA*ES >E NOT Y\RS1 Y\ WOND]1 NOT ONLY AT ! FOOLH>D9ESS ( ! KIDS 9 TAK+ (F1 BUT AT ! 9DEP5D5CE & 9TREPIDNESS ?AT LEAVES !M AS SURVIVORS 9 ! CITY ?\S&S ( MILES AWAY4 ,! *ILDR5 WE NEV] HE> AB\T >E ?OSE :O MAKE \T ON !IR [N1 ! ONES :O DON'T FALL 9TO ! H&S ( EXPLOIT]S1 ! POLICE OR ! SOCIAL AG5CIES4 0,! ,HELP+ ,H&S ,/RIKES ,AGA960 AS ,JOHN ,HOLT REM>KS1 & WANT+ TO /RESS ! COMPET5CE ( *ILDR51 HE TELLS US AB\T ! ,ITALIAN TW9S :O CAME TO ! S*OOL 9 ,COLORADO :]E HE FIR/ TAU<T4 0,:5 !Y W]E V]Y SMALL1 AT MO/ F\R OR FIVE YE>S OLD1 DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 !IR P>5TS HAD DISAPPE>$ - KILL$ OR TAK5 PRISON]4 ,SOMEH[ !SE TWO SMALL BOYS HAD MANAG$ TO LIVE & SURVIVE = SEV]AL YE>S1 9 A L>GE CITY1 9 A C\NTRY T]RIBLY TORN & DISLOCAT$ BY W>1 9 ! MID/ ( GREAT POV]TY & PRIVATION - ALL BY !MSELVES4 ,!Y HAD APP>5TLY F\ND OR MADE SOME SORT ( %ELT] = !MSELVES 9 A GRAVEY>D & LIV$ BY BEGG+ & /EAL+ :AT !Y NE$$4 ,ONLY AFT] SEV]AL YE>S ( ?IS LIFE W]E !Y DISCOV]$ & BR\<T UND] ! W+ ( ! /ATE40 ,! TW9S W]E NOT LIKE ?OSE F]AL *ILDR5 F\ND 9 ! WOODS4 ,:5 AN ,AM]ICAN ADOPT$ !M & BR\<T !M HOME1 ,HOLT F\ND !M 0FRI5DLY1 LIVELY1 CURI\S1 5?USIA/IC0 & 0QUICK1 /RONG & WELL COORD9AT$1 BY F> ! BE/ SOCC] PLAY]S 9 ! S*OOL40 

,JOHN ,HOLT HAS TO EMPHASIZE1 = ! SAKE ( IDIOT READ]S1 ?AT HE IS NOT 9 FAVOR ( 9FANTS LIV+ ALONE 9 GRAVEY>DS1 BUT ! /ORY IS WOR? CONSID]+ 9 ! LI<T ( ?OSE PAMP]$ *ILDR5 :O CAN /& EV]Y?+ EXCEPT BE+ PAMP]$4 ,IT WAS1 CURI\SLY 5\<1 A PAIR ( TW9 BOYS1 AG$ #ae NOT FIVE1 :O MADE HEADL9ES 9 ! ,BRITI% PRESS BECAUSE !Y SUCCE$$ 9 0EVAD+0 HELP FROM ! SOCIAL S]VICES DEP>TM5T ( AN ,5GLI% CITY = MORE ?AN A YE>4 ,!IR BOR\<'S ASSI/ANT DIRECTOR = CASEWORK :OSE (FICE WAS #b Y>DS FROM ! BOYS' HOME EXPLA9$ 0,WE W]E TOLD !SE BOYS W]E LIV+ ALONE & EV5 !IR TEA*]S DID NOT KN[4 ,! BOYS HAVE ADMITT$ ?AT !Y US$ =G$ NOTES TO EXPLA9 :Y !Y W]E NOT AT S*OOL4 ,! NEI<BORS W]E APP>5TLY AW>E ( ! SITUATION BUT NOBODY TOLD US40 ,& ! *AIRMAN ( HIS COMMITTEE COMPLA9$ ?AT ! BOYS 0DELIB]ATELY & SUCCESSFULLY AVOID$ !IR SITUATION BECOM+ KN[N TO ! C\NCIL40 ,NOBODY M5TION$ ! ?\S&S ( P\NDS ! PAIR SAV$ ! C\NCIL BY REFRA9+ FROM BE+ TAK5 9TO C>E OR SUGGE/$ ?AT !Y W]E 5TITL$ TO SOME K9D ( PAY-\T AS A REW>D4 

,! DRIFT+ *ILD POPULATION ALWAYS WAS CONSID]$ A M5ACE TO ! CITY4 ,9 #agc & #agag VAGRANT1 BEGG+ & ?IEV+ BOYS 9 ! /REETS ( ,LONDON W]E R\ND$ UP & %IPP$ (F TO ,VIRG9IA1 FOLL[+ ! PREC$5T ( A C5TURY E>LI] :51 ,JOSEPH ,HAWES TELLS US1 0,! ,VIRG9IA ,COMPANY MADE >RANGEM5TS ) ! ,COMMON ,C\NCIL ( ,LONDON TO HAVE #a Y\NG VAGRANTS COLLECT$ FROM ! /REETS ( ,LONDON & S5T TO ,VIRG9IA 9 #a#f#a#h4 ,! ,VIRG9IANS W]E GLAD TO HAVE ! *ILDR51 & 9 #aiai !Y P]SUAD$ ! ,COMMON ,C\NCIL TO S5D A HUNDR$ MORE40 

,H5RY ,FIELD+1 9 HIS CAPACITY AS A ,LONDON MAGI/RATE1 REM>K$ ( ! *ILDR5 :O HAD COME BE=E HIM 9 9 ! YE> #a#g#e#e-#f ?AT 0!SE DES]T$ ,BOYS W]E ,?IEVES FROM ,NECESSITY1 !IR ,SI/]S >E ,:ORES FROM ! SAME CAUSE2 & HAV+ ! SAME $UCATION ) !IR WRET*$ ,BRO!RS1 JO9 ! ,?IEF TO ! ,PRO/ITUTE444 ,! LIVES ( ! ,FA!R BE+ (T5 %ORT5$ BY !IR ,9TEMP]ANCE1 A ,MO!R IS LEFT ) MANY HELPLESS ,*ILDR51 TO BE SUPPLI$ BY H] ,9DU/RY3 :OSE RES\RCE = MA9T5ANCE IS EI!R ! ,WA% ,TUB1 ,GRE5 ,/ACK OR ,B>R[4 ,:AT MU/ BECOME ( ! ,DAU<T]S ( ,SU* ,WOM51 :]E ,POV]TY & ,ILLIT]AT5ESS CONSPIRE TO EXPOSE !M TO EV]Y ,TEMPTATION8 ,& !Y (T5 BECOME ,PRO/ITUTES FROM ,NECESSITY BE=E !IR ,PASSIONS CAN HAVE ANY %>E 9 !IR ,GUILT44440 

,MR ,HAWES C>EFULLY FOLL[S ?IS !ME ?R\< ! CITIES ( #a#i? C5TURY ,AM]ICA4 ,! ,COMMON ,C\NCIL ( ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY W]E BEGG$ BY ! ,REV4 ,JOHN ,/ANTON 9 #ahab TO 0MAKE AN ATTEMPT TO RESCUE FROM 9DOL5CE1 VISE & DANG]1 ! HUNDR$S ( VAGRANT *ILDR5 & Y\?1 :O DAY & NI<T 9VADE \R /REETS10 & 9 #ahbf 9 ,BO/ON1 ! ,REV4 ,JOSEPH ,TUCK]MAN COMPLA9$ AB\T ! 0HORDES ( Y\NG BOYS :O ?RONG$ ! /REETS & AT TIMES DISRUPT$ ! OP]ATIONS ( ! CITY M>KET0 :ILE BY #a#h#d#i1 ,GEORGE ,W4 ,MANSELL1 *IEF ( POLICE 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 REPORT$ TO ! ,MAYOR CALL+ ATT5TION TO 0! CON/ANTLY 9CREAS+ NUMB]S ( VAGRANT1 IDLE & VICI\S *ILDR50 :O SW>M$ 9 ! PUBLIC PLACES ( ! CITY4 0,!IR NUMB]S >E ALMO/ 9CR$IBLE4440 

,9 ! SAME YE> 9 ,LONDON1 ,ALB]T ,SMI? REPORT$ 9 A GRAPHIC VIGNETTE NOT ON ! ATTRACTIONS ( CRIME & VISE = ! HORDE ( *ILDR5 ADRIFT 9 ! CITY1 BUT ON ! MAGIC ( %[-BIZ3 

0,AS Y\ PASS ?R\< ONE ( ?OSE L[1 D5SELY-POPULAT$ DI/RICTS ( ,LONDON Y\ WILL BE /RUCK BY ! SW>MS ( *ILDR5 EV]Y:]E COLLECT$4 ,!SE *ILDR5 >E NOT ALTOGE!R ! RESULT ( OV]-FECUNDITY ( ! 9HABITANTS4 ,!IR P>5TS LIVE HUDDL$ UP 9 DIRTY S+LE ROOMS1 REPELL+ ALL ATTEMPTS TO IMPROVE !IR CONDITION &1 :5EV] ! RA9 IS NOT ACTUALLY P\R+ D[N 9 TORR5TS1 !Y TURN !IR *ILDR5 \T TO F9D MEANS ( AMUSEM5T & SUBSI/5CE1 9 ! /REETS4 ,PICTURE SU* A BIT ( WA/E GR\ND ON A F9E AFT]NOON1 ALIVE ) *ILDR54 ,AMONG ! REVEL]S !RE IS A BOY1 :O = ! LA/ FIVE M9UTES HAS BE5 HANG+ BY HIS LEGS TO A BIT ( TEMPOR>Y RAIL+1 ) HIS HAIR SWEEP+ ! GR\ND4 ,ON QUITT+ IT1 HE GOES TO A RETIR$ CORN] ( ! PLOT1 &1 GRAVELY PUTT+ HIS HEAD & H&S UPON ! GR\ND1 AT A %ORT DI/ANCE FROM ! WALL1 TURNS HIS HEELS UP 9 ! AIR1 UNTIL HE T\*ES ! H\SE ) HIS FEET4 ,?IS ACCOMPLI%$1 HE :I/LES A MELODY1 CLAPS HIS %OELESS SOLES TOGE!R1 GOES ?R\< C]TA9 TELEGRAPHIC EVOLUTIONS ) HIS LEGS1 & !N CALMLY RESUMES HIS NORMAL POSITION 444 ,?IS BOY IS DE/9$ TO BECOME AN ,ACROBAT-AT A MORE ADVANC$ P]IOD ( HIS LIFE TO P]=M FE>S ( SUPPL5ESS & AGILITY 9 ! MUD ( ! /REETS1 ! SAWDU/ ( ! CIRCUS1 OR ! TURF ( A RACE-C\RSE4 ,! Y\NG ,OLYMPIAN GRADUALLY LE>NS HIS BUS9ESS4 ,HE FIR/ ( ALL RUNS AWAY FROM HOME & JO9S A TR\P ( !SE AGILE W&]]S TO :OM HE S]VES AN APPR5TICE%IP4 ,IT IS HIS TASK1 :IL/ SUFFICI5TLY LI<T & SL5D]1 TO BE TOSS$ AB\T ON ! ELEVAT$ FEET ( A ',PR(ESSOR'-TO =M ! TOP FIGURE ( ! LIV+ COLUMN OR PYRAMID1 OR TO HAVE HIS HEELS TWI/$ R\ND HIS NECK1 & !N TO BE ?R[N AB\T OR WORN AS A TURBAN BY ! /RONGE/ MAN ( ! P>TY4 ,NEXT1 9 HIS HOBBL$EHOY /ATE ( TRANSITION -- :5 HE HAS GR[N TOO BIG = ! BUS9ESS JU/ NAM$1 HIS (FICE IS TO CLE> ! R+ ) ! L>GE BALLS AT ! 5D ( A CORD1 & TO SOLICIT ! CONTRIBUTIONS ( ! SPECTATORS4 ,& F9ALLY1 HE PROVES HIS FIB]S TO BE AS FIRMLY BRAC$ AS ?OSE ( HIS COMPANIONS & COMES \T 9 ! OCRE COTTON TI<TS1 ! RU/Y-SPANGL$ BRACES1 & ! FILLET ( BLACK5$ SILV]-CORD1 AS ! P]FECT ,ACROBAT40 

,FROM ,GAV>NI ! ACROBAT TO ,$I? ,PIAF1 TO HAVE />T$ AS A /REET 5T]TA9] AS A *ILD IS P>T ( ! FOLKLORE ( ! 5T]TA9M5T 9DU/RY4 ,BOYS /ILL DO C>T:EELS = P5NIES 9 ! %OPP+ MALL ( ,DUSSELDORF & DOVE = ! T\RI/'S SMALL *ANGE 9 ! H>BORS ( ! ,EA/4 ,:5 ,&IE ,CL]K WAS A T5-YE>-OLD 9 ,LIV]POOL1 HE WORK$ = A QUEUE 5T]TA9]3 0,HE WAS :AT 9 ! WORLD ( GYMNA/S WAS KN[N AS A GOOD CAT*]4 ,HE'D *UCK ME UP1 SOM]SAULT ME & CAT* ME1 & IF ! CR[D LOOK$ PROMIS+1 ,I'D HAVE TO DO A D\BLE ONE4 ',I'LL GIVE Y] AN EXTRA FL+ AN M9D Y] OV] TWICE1 HE'D SAY1 & HE'D GIVE ME A GOOD HID+ :5 ! FOLKS HAD GONE 91 IF ,I P>TLY MISS$ ! SECOND TURN & WAS AWKW>D = HIM TO CAT*4 ,I BECAME SO SUPPLE ?AT ,I'D GO D[N BACKW>DS & PICK UP HA'P5NIES 9 MY M\? FROM ! /REET :I* HE 9VIT$ PEOPLE TO PUT D[N4 ,AS LONG AS !RE W]E HA'P5NIES COM+1 !RE ,I'D GOT TO /OP1 PICK+ !M UP & HE'D TAKE !M FROM ME4 ,I DON'T ?9K ,I LIK$ IT1 MY M\? & LIPS W]E DIRTY & NA/Y AS ,I TRI$ TO GET HOLD ( ! CO9S40 ,TRAVEL+ !ATRICAL COMPANIES & MUSIC HALL OR VAUDEVILLE ACTS1 :5 !Y NE$$ *ILDR5 TO COMPLETE ! ACT1 US$ TO TAKE !M (F ! /REET4 0,F]D ,C>NO 9 HIS WEEK 9 T[N W\LD TAKE SOME KIDS /RAI<T (F ! /REET TO COMPLETE ! REALITY ( HIS %[4 ,& ,I KNEW A KID ?AT ,H>RY ,TATE 5GAG$ ONE ,MONDAY MORN+ = ! WEEK1 NI<TLY = ! SIX-?IRTY & EI<T-=TY %[S & ?REE %[S ON ,SATURDAY1 :5 ! KID W\LD BE GIV5 T5 %ILL+S & DEP>T FEEL+ LIKE A MILLIONAIRE40 

,A *ANCE 9 A MILLION C]TA9LY3 ! 9TOXICAT+ CONTACT ) ! WORLD ( 5T]TA9M5T1 ! GLAM\R ( BE+ P>T ( IT 9 ! !AT] ( ! /REET >E & ALWAYS W]E1 ILLUSIONS = ! *ILDR5 ( ! /REET1 BUT !Y >E P>T ( ITS MY? = OBS]V]S & /REET KIDS ALIKE4 ,H5CE ! ,BOGOTA DAILY ,EL ,TIEMPO HAS A C>TOON ( ,COPET91 ! >*ETYPAL GAM9E1 & H5CE TOO ,JOSE ,MAURO DE ,VASCONCELOS' NOVEL ,O ,MEU ,PE DE ,L>ANJA ,LIMA1 AB\T ,ZEZE1 0! MO/ +5I\S 5TREPR5EUR AMONG ! %OE-%9E BOYS ( ! CITY1 SUP]B AT CONN+ RI* CU/OM]S1 UNTIR+ 9 HIS EF=TS TO HELP SUPPORT HIS HUGE1 HUNGRY1 ANGRY1 P5NILESS FAMILY1 & ABSOLUTELY UNABLE TO CURB HIS 9F9ITIES ( LEFTOV] 5]GY & 9SPIRATION10 :I* WAS ! BE/-SELL+ NOVEL 9 ,BRAZIL 9 ! E>LY N9ETE5-SEV5TIES4 ,A HUNDR$ YE>S E>LI] 9 ,LONDON & ,NEW ,YORK !RE WAS A SIMIL> VOGUE = BOOKS LIKE ! NOVELS ( ,HORATIO ,ALG] OR HIS ,5GLI% EQUIVAL5TS4 ,9 ! ,5GLI% G5RE ! CITY WAIFS USUALLY DI$ ( HUNG] & COLD1 BUT 9 !IR 9NOC5T VIRTUE W]E AN 9SPIRATION TO ALL >\ND !M2 9 ! ,AM]ICAN V]SIONS !Y HAD ?AT PLUCKY GET-UP-&- GO *>ACT] :I* 5SUR$1 AS IT DOES ) ,COPET9 OR ,ZEZE1 ?AT !Y WILL BE AMONG ! SURVIVORS4 

,TO A *ILD'S HOPEFUL VISION1 ! MY? IS TRUE4 ,MAYHEW F\ND ?AT ! *ILDR5 ( ! /REET C\LD NOT BE> ! RE/RA9TS ( A MORE SECURE EXI/5CE1 & ,S>ITA ,K5DALL WRITES TODAY ( ! REAL LIFE ,COPET9OS ( ,BOGOTA ?AT 0FRE$OM & ADV5TURE >E ! *IEF ATTRACTIONS ( ! /REETS -GAM9ES :O HAVE DESCRIB$ !IR LIVES TO ME EMPHASIZE ! EXCITEM5T & ! 9DEP5D5CE ABOVE ALL1 DWELL+ ON ! MIS]Y ONLY :5 !Y EXPECT$ TO GET A TIP10 :ILE A PRES5T-DAY ,9DIAN SOCIAL WORK]1 ,JAILAK%MI1 SAYS 0SLUM *ILDR5 >E FREE BIRDS1 !Y WANT TO BE FREE ALL ! TIME40 ,WELL OV] A C5TURY AGO A #a#b-YE>-OLD /REET TRAD] ANSW]$ ,MAYHEW'S QUE/ION )1 0,NO1 ,I W\LDN'T LIKE TO GO TO S*OOL1 NOR TO BE 9 A %OP1 NOR BE ANYBODY'S S]VANT BUT MY [N40 

,! ,VICTORIANS RESPECT$ ?IS FI]Y 9DEP5D5CE1 EXCEPT = ! CONVICT$ *ILD :O WAS TO HAVE HIS SPIRIT CRU%$ 9 PRISON OR RE=MATORY1 BECAUSE IT FITT$ ! IDEOLOGY ( SELF-HELP4 ,?US ! ,*ILDR5'S ,AID ,SOCIETY 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 :I* DISAPPROV$ ( 9DISCRIM9ATE ALMS-GIV+ AS P]PETUAT+ PAUP]ISM1 PROVID$ A ,NEWSBOYS' ,LODG+ ,H\SE = PAP]BOYS & %OE%9E BOYS1 ) EV5+ CLASSES AS WELL AS B$S & MEALS1 = :I* ! BOYS W]E OBLIG$ TO PAY4 ,JAMES ,MC,GREGOR SET UP A ,%OEBLACK ,SOCIETY 9 ,LONDON 9 #ahea TO H\SE ! BOYS :O SUPPORT$ !MSELVES BY CLEAN+ ! %OES ( VISITORS TO ! ,GREAT ,EXHIBITION1 & 9 #ahfh ,DR ,B>N>DO ORGANIZ$ A ,WOOD*OPP+ ,BRIGADE4 ,SU* OCCUPATIONS = VAGRANT *ILDR5 W]E MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO LIT]>Y ROMANTICIZATION ?AN ! MORE *>ACT]I/IC TRADES ( BEGG+1 CROSS+-SWEEP+1 !FT1 PRO/ITUTION1 OR ! V>IETY ( 0/REET- F9D]S0 LI/$ BY ,MAYHEW3 ! BONE-GRUBB]S1 RAG-GA!R]S1 PURE-F9D]S1 CIG>-5D & OLD WOOD COLLECTORS1 DR$G]M51 MUDL>KS & SEW]-HUNT]S4 

,! VISITOR TO ! CITIES ( ,ASIA1 ,AFRICA & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 SW>M+ ) *ILDR51 SCRAT*ES HIS HEAD & WOND]S :Y ! SC5E HAS A K9D ( FAMILI>ITY1 ,SL[LY IT DAWNS ON HIM ?AT HE HAS BE5 PREP>$ = ! SC5E BY ,TOM ,JONES & ,OLIV] ,TWI/4 ,:5 HE DOESN'T GET ?IS FEEL+ HE KN[S HE IS 9 A POLICE /ATE1 & ! *ILDR5 >E \T !RE 9 5ORM\S BLACK T[N%IPS LIKE ,S[ETO1 OR ?AT !Y D>E NOT %[ !MSELVES = FE> ( ! POLICE4 ,! LATE ,ROB9 ,COPP+ W5T TO ,ECUADOR TO COLLECT ZOOLOGICAL SPECIM5S & F\ND ?AT ! AU?ORITIES 9 ,QUITO & ,GUAYAQUIL IMPOS$ A #i PM CURFEW ON UNACCOMPANI$ *ILDR54 ,HE SET UP CLUBS = ! /REET *ILDR5 :]E1 BESIDES MEALS1 !Y W]E PAID TO ATT5D CLASSES1 TO COMP5SATE !M = LOSS ( E>N+S4 ,:5 ,RI*>D ,HOLL[AY W5T TO ,ADDIS ,ABABA HE F\ND ?AT ! BOYS ( EI<T TO F\RTE5 :O ?RONG ! CITY FROM ! C\NTRYSIDE P]PETUALLY 0LIVE ON ! DEF5SIVE01 BUT ?AT 0:5 ! POSSIBILITIES ( ATT5D+ S*OOL W]E PRES5T$ TO !M !SE W]E EAG]LY ACCEPT$1 ,!Y T5D$ TO ID5TIFY !MSELVES AS S*OL>S & !RE=E A CUT ABOVE !IR =M] ASSOCIATES /ILL ON ! /REET4 0 ,:5 ,MIKE ,FRANCIS ( ,9T]NATIONAL ,*ILDR5'S ,AID S\<T 9 ,DACCA TO PROVIDE FACILITIES = SOME ( ! HUNDR$S ( *ILDR5 ?R[N \T ON ! /REETS AS A RESULT ( SOCIAL UPHEAVAL & POV]TY1 & LIV+ AT ! M]CY ( GANGS SPECIALIZ+ 9 PRO/ITUTION & SLAV]Y1 HE F\ND ?AT MU* ( HIS TIME WAS SP5T 9 TRY+ TO SECURE ! RELEASE ( UNTRI$ *ILDR5 FROM ! ,C5TRAL ,JAIL1 :]E !IR LIVES W]E EV5 MORE P]IL\S ?AN 9 ! /REETS4 

,9 ! CITIES ( ! POOR WORLD1 IT IS1 ,RI*>D ,HOLL[AY REM>KS1 0IMPORTANT TO UND]/& ?AT /REET BOYS >E EXTREMELY REALI/IC AB\T ! WORLD !Y LIVE 94 ,H[EV] WRET*$ LIFE IS ON ! /REETS !Y >E KE5LY AW>E ?AT ! CITY HOLDS ! PROMISE ( MU* MORE = !M ?AN !IR ORIG9AL FEUDAL F>MS40 ,BUT IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT TO UND]/& ?AT ! RUNAWAY *ILDR5 ( ! RI* WORLD HAVE ! SAME CONVICTION4 ,& 9 ! TI<TLY ORGANIZ$ ,WE/]N CITY !Y >E OBLIG$ TO DISAPPE> 9TO ONE OR O!R ( ! URBAN SUB-CULTURES4 ,IMAG9E A RUNAWAY *ILD FROM ,/RA?CLYDE :O HAD ! NAIVETY TO PRES5T HIMSELF AT A ,LONDON COMPREH5SIVE S*OOL TO ASK = AN $UCATION4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE HE W\LDN'T BE WANT$1 & 9 ! SECOND1 ! 9ITIAL TELEPHONE CALL MADE ON HIS BEHALF W\LD BE TO ! POLICE4 ,! EXAMPLE NEV] ACTUALLY >ISES BECAUSE ! FIR/ ?+ ! *ILD HAS DISCOV]$ IS ?AT ! SY/EM IS SOME?+ TO BE AVOID$1 OR AT MO/ EXPLOIT$1 RA!R ?AN TO BE US$4 

,A V>IETY ( NETWORKS >E AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! RUNAWAY *ILD :O KN[S ! PASSWORDS & L9KS4 ,?OSE :O DON'T KN[ !M LE>N V]Y RAPIDLY1 OR FALL V]Y SOON 9TO ! H&S ( ! POLICE4 ,ONE IS ! WORLD ( SQUATT+1 :I* 9 ,LONDON HAS BECOME ABSOLUTELY ESS5TIAL TO ! Y\NG 9COM] ( ANY AGE S9CE ! *EAP R5T$ ROOM HAS DISAPPE>$4 ,ANO!R IS ! DRUG SUBCULTURE1 ANO!R IS ! WORLD ( CLUBS & DISCOS1 & ! F9AL ONE IS ?AT ( PRO/ITUTION4 ,! MIGRANT JUV5ILE HAS PA!TICALLY FEW ASSETS TO EXPLOIT1 SO IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ONE ( !M IS CAT]+ = M9ORITY SEXUAL TA/ES4 ,! PRO/ITUTION ( Y\NG GIRLS WAS ONE ( ! UNM5TIONABLE COMMONPLACES ( ! ,VICTORIAN CITY1 MADE M5TIONABLE BY ! TRIAL ( ! CRUSAD+ J\RNALI/ ,W4 ,T4 ,/EAD 9 #ahhe FOLL[+ HIS S]IES ( >TICLES 0,! ,MAID5 ,TRIBUTE ( ,MOD]N ,BABYLON04 ,KELL[ ,*ESNEY SAYS ?AT 0,ACCORD+ TO ! *APLA9 ( ,CL]K5WELL ,JAIL1 ! APPEAL ( IMMATURITY HAD SO 9CREAS$ BY ! E>LY 'EI<TIES ?AT7 :]E IT HAD ONCE BE5 COMMON = *ILD PRO/ITUTES TO APE ! APPE>ANCE ( ADULTS1 IT WAS N[ GR[N PRO/ITUTES :O GOT !MSELVES UP TO LOOK LIKE *ILDR540 

,! EV5T :I* BR\<T HOME TO A WIDE PUBLIC 9 ,BRITA9 TRU?S KN[N TO ANY OBS]V] ( ! CITY SC5E1 WAS ! ,YORK%IRE TELEVISION PROGRAM 0,JOHNNY ,GO ,HOME04 ,?IS GREW FROM ! EXP]I5CE ( TWO MEMB]S ( ! FIRM'S DOCUM5T>Y TEAM :O1 LEAV+ A FILM CUTT+ ROOM (F ,W>D\R ,/REET 9 ! E>LY H\RS ( ! MORN+1 /UMBL$ OV] TWO Y\NG BOYS ASLEEP ON ! PAVEM5T4 ,ASK$ :AT !Y W]E DO+ !RE 9 ! DEP? ( W9T]1 ! BOYS REPLI$1 0,WE LIVE H]E04 ,JOHN ,WILLIS1 :O EV5TUALLY DIRECT$ ! PROGRAM1 RECALL$ ?AT 0,NEXT DAY1 EV]YBODY AT ! DOCUM5T>Y DEP>TM5T HAD NAGG+ D\BTS4 ,EV]YONE KN[S AB\T W9OS1 SQUATT]S & TRAMPS4 ,BUT !SE W]E HEAL?Y Y\NG BOYS1 & AL?\< ONLY HALF A DOZ5 S5T5CES HAD BE5 EX*ANG$ ) !M1 :AT /RUCK US WAS !IR ACCEPTANCE ( ! ESS5TIAL NORMALITY ( !IR EXI/5CE40 

,! SITUATION 9 ,BRITI% CITIES IS ?AT HO/ELS RUN BY (FICIAL OR REPUTABLE VOLUNT>Y BODIES >E NOT AVAILABLE = 0*ILDR501 :I* 9 ! LEGAL S5SE MEANS ANYONE UND] SEV5TE54 ,IT W\LD 9 FACT BE ILLEGAL TO MAKE SU* PROVISION4 ,! L>GE NUMB] ( VAGRANT *ILDR51 MANY ( !M RUNAWAYS FROM ,SCOTL& & ! ,NOR?-,EA/1 HAVE NO (FICIAL EXI/5CE 9 ,LONDON4 ,!RE WAS MORE PROVISION = !M 9 ,VICTORIAN TIMES ?AN TODAY4 ,!N AS N[1 !Y >RIV$ AT ! MA9 L9E /ATIONS :I* W]E ! HUNT+ GR\ND ( ! *>ITABLE ORGANIZATIONS !N1 & ( 0,BI%OP0 ,ROG] ,GLEAVES & HIS ASSI/ANTS A HUNDR$ YE>S LAT]4 

,! FIR/ P>T ( ,MR ,WILLIS'S FILM PICK$ \T JU/ A FEW ( ! Y\NG W&]]S FROM ! ,WE/ ,5D4 ,ONE WAS ,ANNIE1 :O BEGAN TO LEAVE HOME = A FEW DAYS AT A TIME1 SLEEP+ ON ! ,CIRCLE ,L9E1 :5 %E WAS #a4 ,AT #ab %E BECAME A JUNKIE1 LAT] %E WAS RAP$1 & BY N[ %E HAD BE5 ?R\< ELEV5 9/ITUTIONS1 ALWAYS RUNN+ AWAY4 ,SIXTE5 :5 ! FILM WAS MADE1 %E GOT H] BREAKFA/ FROM ! NUNS 9 ,BL&=D ,/REET & SP5T H] DAYS 0BOTTL+ = A BUSK]0 7COLLECT+ ! MONEY = A /REET MUSICIAN74 ,ANO!R WAS ,NI*OLAS1 A BOY PRO/ITUTE :O1 AFT] W&]+ HOMELESS = A WEEK1 F\ND IT POSSIBLE TO MAKE ,G,B,P#h 9 A FEW H\RS1 *>G+ ,G,B,P#e = 'TOSS+ (F' HIS CLI5TS4 0,IT WAS A FRI<T5+ EXP]I5CE AT FIR/ BUT IT DAWN$ ON ME ?AT IT WAS AN EASY WAY TO GET MONEY4 ,IT'S A BOR+ & LONELY LIFE4 ,O!RS DON'T LIKE Y\ IF Y\'RE 'ONE ( !M' 04 ,YET ANO!R WAS ,TOMMY1 :O RAN AWAY FROM HIS P>5TS' HOME 9 ,GLASG[4 ,HE HAD BE5 PICK$ UP AT ,EU/ON ,/ATION1 US$ = PORNOGRAPHIC PHOTOGRAPHS & ?R[N \T AGA94 ,!N HE WAS COLLECT$ BY ,GLEAVES & 9/ALL$ 9 ONE ( HIS *A9 ( HO/ELS AT ,LAMBE?1 & S5T TO REGI/] = SOCIAL SECURITY PAYM5TS GIV+ HIS AGE AS #a#g4 

,! ,G,B,P#i A WEEK WAS COLLECT$ BY ,GLEAVES = EA* 9MATE4 ,!Y LIV$ 9 SQUALOR ON CANN$ BEANS & OLD FROZ5 FOOD4 ,MR ,WILLIS'S /ORY W\LD HAVE 5D$ !RE1 BUT :5 ! TELEVISION CREW W5T BACK TO ! HO/EL TO GET MORE FILM1 !Y F\ND IT FULL ( POLICE 9VE/IGAT+ ! BRUTAL MURD] ( A #a#i-YE>- OLD RESID5T1 BY ?REE EMPLOYES ( ,ROG] ,GLEAVES4 ,! SECOND P>T ( !IR FILM 9VE/IGAT$ ! EV5TS SURR\ND+ HIS DEA?1 & IT 5D$ BACK 9 ,PICCADILLY TO COMM5T ?AT ! *ILDR5 DRIFT+ !RE W]E GETT+ Y\NG] EV]Y YE>1 & TO WAT* ,JOHNNY1 JU/ #a#a1 F9D+ HIS WAY TO ! BRI<T LI<TS4 

,! VIEW]S W]E NOT TOLD ,JOHNNY'S /ORY1 BUT :5 ,JOHN ,WILLIS & ! EXECUTIVE PRODUC] ,MI*AEL ,DEAK9 REC\NT$ ! BACKGR\ND TO ! FILM !Y EXPLA9$ ,JOHNNY'S MODE ( SURVIVAL 9 ! CITY4 0,TO DESCRIBE ,JOHNNY AS A TRUANT W\LD BE MILD4 ,QUITE SIMPLY HE CANNOT REMEMB] :5 HE LA/ W5T TO S*OOL 444 ,:5 HE SWAGG]S D[N ! /REET 9 ! ,ELEPHANT & ,CA/LE :]E HE LIVES1 O!R KIDS' MO!RS TURN !IR HEADS4 ,HE IS AT ONCE PRETTY & MASCUL9E1 AN IRRESI/IBLE COMB9ATION 9 A Y\NG BOY40 ,HE LIV$ ) HIS DRUNK5 FA!R 9 TWO SQUALID ROOMS1 & 0,A C\PLE ( YE>S AGO HE EVOLV$ A PATT]N ( LIFE1 BETT] ADAPT$ TO SURVIV+ 9 SO UNC>+ AN 5VIRONM5T1 & UP TILL N[ IT HAS SUCCE$$ 9 MAK+ HIM BO? HAPPY &1 AFT] A V]Y SPECIAL FA%ION1 $UCAT$40 ,AFT] HIS FA!R HAD GONE TO WORK1 ,JOHNNY W\LD CLIMB OV] ! BACK F5CE TO SEE HIS FRI5D ,]NIE1 AN EX- BOY PRO/ITUTE 9 HIS MIDDLE TW5TIES1 TO GO UP WE/4 0,!Y ALL TREAT$ ,JOHNNY AS ?\< HE W]E ONE ( !M1 & AN ADULT4 ,BETT] /ILL1 !Y ADMITT$ HIM TO A CLUB1 A SOCIETY ( PEOPLE :O LIV$ \TSIDE ! REGULATIONS ( :AT !Y CALL$ /RAI<T SOCIETY4 ,9 !IR WORLD PEOPLE /OLE1 OR RIPP$ ?+S (F1 NATURALLY & LOGICALLY40 ,:5 ,]NIE WAS >RE/$ = A C> !FT1  ,JOHNNY WAS DEVA/AT$1 & W5T AGA9 TO ! ,WE/ ,5D TO SEE :AT W\LD TURN UP4 

,! SITUATION REVEAL$ TO A VA/ PUBLIC BY 0,JOHNNY ,GO ,HOME0 RECEIV$ IMM5SE PUBLIC DISCUSSION1 IF ONLY = ITS REVELATION ( H[ ,ROG] ,GLEAVES WAS ABLE TO EXPLOIT ! WELF>E SY/EM1 & TAKE 9 ! ,*>ITY ,COMMISSION]S1 ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,HEAL? & ,SOCIAL ,SECURITY1 ! POLICE1 ! PROBATION S]VICE1 SEV]AL BOR\< C\NCILS & A PRISON GOV]NOR4 ,IT L$ TO DEM&S = BETT] ADVICE BACK HOME = *ILDR5 LIKELY TO FLEE TO ,LONDON1 & = A MORE EFFECTIVE TRAVEL]S' AID S]VICE AT ! ,LONDON /ATIONS AS WELL AS DEM&S = ! CLOS+ ( AMUSEM5T >CADES 9 ! ,WE/ ,5D :]E ! RUNAWAYS CONGREGAT$ & W]E PICK$ UP4 ,(FICIAL GUESSES AT ! TIME ! FILM WAS MADE ASSUM$ ! NUMB] ( VAGRANT *ILDR5 9 ,LONDON TO BE BETWE5 #b#e1 & #c14 ,! POLICE 9 !IR 0JUV5ILE SWEEPS0 ( ! ,WE/ ,5D R\ND UP & S5D HOME A DOZ5 A WEEK1 USUALLY ! LEA/ EXP]I5C$4 ,BUT ANO!R TW5TY >RIVE 9 ,LONDON EV]Y DAY4 ,?OSE :O >E S5T HOME SELDOM /AY HOME4 ,TOMMY = EXAMPLE WAS TAK5 BACK TO HIS HOME BY ! TELEVISION COMPANY4 ,DI ,BURGESS SAYS1 0,WE TOOK HIM BACK TO HIS P>5TS' C\NCIL FLAT ON ONE ( ?OSE GRIM E/ATES JU/ \TSIDE ,GLASG[4 ,HIS P>5TS W]E GOOD1 D[N-TO-E>? ,GLASWEGIANS :O G5U9ELY DIDN'T KN[ :]E HE WAS & WORRI$ AB\T HIM4 ,BUT IT DIDN'T WORK4 ,HE W\LDN'T EV5 /AY ! NI<T40 ,:AT HAPP5S TO ! RUNAWAYS 9 ! 5D8 ,DEAK9 & ,WILLIS CONCLUD$ ?AT 0= A SURPRIS+ NUMB] ( ! CASES WE FOLL[$1 9 ! 5D ?+S TURN$ \T BETT] = ! KIDS ?AN WE AT LEA/ HAD EV] EXPECT$40 

,9 ALL ! ACRES ( SANCTIMONI\S COMM5T ?AT ! EPISODE PROVOK$1 ! WISE/ SUMM+ UP CAME FROM ,DON ,BUSBY1 ! $ITOR ( A HOMOSEXUAL NEWSPAP] :O REM>K$ ?AT ! MORE %ELT]$ MEMB]S ( ! VIEW+ PUBLIC 0W\LD BE V]Y LIKELY TO ID5TIFY ! MON/] ,GLEAVES ) ALL ?OSE M5 :O BEFRI5D BOYS4 ,9DE$ ONE ( ! MAJOR EFFECTS ( ! PROGRAM IS ?AT IT HAS N[ MADE IT DIFFICULT = ANYONE TO BEFRI5D !SE BOYS AP>T FROM ! AU?ORITIES4 ,9 FACT ! GREAT] P]C5TAGE >E RUNN+ AWAY FROM LOCAL AU?ORITY ',C>E' HOMES BECAUSE !Y >E UNHAPPY !RE 444 ,:Y DO SO MANY BOYS RUN AWAY8 ,?IS IS ! QUE/ION :I* %\LD HAVE BE5 ASK$4 ,ALMO/ ALL BOYS RUN AWAY BECAUSE !Y >E />V$ ( AFFECTION4 ,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT !Y WILL RESPOND TO ! AFFECTION (F]$ BY ! FIR/ /RANG] :O COMES ALONG4 ,! SOCIAL S]VICES ATTEMPT TO 'LOOK AFT]' !IR ECONOMIC & MORAL NE$S1 BUT >E 9CAPABLE ( SATISFY+ !IR BASIC EMOTIONAL NE$S4 ,JOHNNY DOESN'T WANT TO GO HOME40 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aigg 3 ,! ,*ILD 9 ! ,CITY -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #b#b1 #bai 3 ,! ,*ILD 9 ! ,CITY -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,! ,*ILD 9 ! ,CITY -- ,UPDAT$4 

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