,! ,*ILD 9 ! ,C\NTRY 

#aihh 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,COL9 ,W>D 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,ADRIA ,PAEZ ,=TESA1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,9TRODUCTION & ,ACKN[L$GM5TS 

,T5 YE>S AGO ,I WROTE A BOOK1 ,! ,*ILD 9 ! ,CITY1 AB\T ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 URBAN *ILDR5 & !IR 5VIRONM5T4 ,! BOOK WAS1 TO MY M9D1 MORE A CELEBRATION ( RES\RCEFULNESS ?AN A CATALOG ( DEPRIVATIONS1 BUT :5 IT WAS DISCUSS$ AT MEET+S & CONF]5CES ( TEA*]S & SOCIAL WORK]S !RE WAS ALWAYS SOMEBODY :O W\LD COMM5T ?AT1 :ILE WE HAD A :OLE LIBR>Y ( /UDIES ( ! CITY *ILD1 RURAL *ILDHOOD WAS EXAM9$ ONLY AS A HI/ORICAL PH5OM5ON OR ?R\< ROSY NO/ALGIA4 

,ASSUMPTIONS ( ! CITY DEPRIVATION W]E BAS$ ON AN UN/AT$ COMP>ISON1 IT WAS CLAIM$1 ) SOME IDEAL C\NTRY 5VIRONM5T1 YET !RE W]E MANY C\NTRY *ILDR5 :O GREW UP 9 CONDITIONS ( DISADVANTAGE & DEPRIVATION1 UNNOTIC$ JU/ BECAUSE ( \R AUTOMATIC ASSUMPTIONS AB\T RURAL LIFE4 ,I TOOK !SE OBS]VATIONS S]I\SLY BUT W\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 ABLE TO PURSUE ?IS !ME BUT = ! AW>D ( ! ,SUSAN ,ISAACS ,RESE>* ,FELL[%IP 5D[$ BY ! ,MEMORIAL ,FUND SET UP BY H] FRI5DS TO COMMEMORATE ,SUSAN ,ISAACS 7#a#h#h#e -#a#i#d#h71 ! PSY*OANALY/ :O F\ND$ ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,*ILD ,DEVELOPM5T 9 ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,LONDON ,9/ITUTE ( ,$UCATION 9 #a#i#c#c4 

,I HAVE ?US EV]Y REASON TO BE GRATEFUL = ! AFFECTION ?AT ,SUSAN ,ISAACS WON FROM H] COLLEAGUES & /UD5TS 9 ! ACADEMIC WORLD ( *ILD DEVELOPM5T1 & TO ,AUDREY ,CURTIS1 ! HONOR>Y SECRET>Y ( ! ,SUSAN ,ISAACS ,MEMORIAL ,FUND ,TRU/EES1 & S5IOR LECTUR] 9 ,E>LY ,*ILDHOOD ,$UCATION 9 ! DEP>TM5T ?AT ,SUSAN ,ISAACS F\ND$4 

,= ME1 ! MO/ 5DE>+ ?+ AB\T ,SUSAN ,ISAACS WAS ! WAY 9 :I* %E ROSE TO ! OPPORTUNITIES ?AT CAME H] WAY1 SU* AS ! OPPORTUNITY TO RUN ! ,MALT+ ,H\SE ,S*OOL 9 ,CAMBRIDGE 9 ! #a#i#bS ONW>D4 ,AN UNLIKELY FULL-PAGE ADV]TISEM5T 9 ! ,NEW ,/ATESMAN 9 ! #aibd S\<T AN ,$UCAT$ ,Y\NG ,WOMAN TO CONDUCT ! $UCATION ( A SMALL GR\P ( *ILDR5 AS A PIECE ( SCI5TIFIC RESE>* - 'SOMEONE :O HAS CONSID]$ H]SELF TOO GOOD = TEA*+ & :O HAS ALREADY 5GAG$ 9 ANO!R OCCUPATION'4 ,IT SEEM$ ABSOLUTELY MADE = H]1 & %E US$ ?IS *ANCE = CLOSE & DIRECT OBS]VATION ( H] *ILDR5'S BEHAVIOR4 ,*>ACT]I/ICALLY1 %E SIMIL>LY SEIZ$ ! OPPORTUNITY TO S]VE AS AN 'AGONY AUNT'4 ',URSULA ,WISE' WAS ! REASSUR+ PSEUDONYM %E *OSE 9 ! COLUMNS ( ! ,NURS]Y ,WORLD4 ,N[ADAYS1 NO D\BT1 ANY ( US W\LD GLADLY ACCEPT A COMMISSION TO DISP5SE ADVICE 9 ?IS WAY & TO BE 9/ANTLY PUT 9 T\* ) ! WORRIES & PREOCCUPATIONS ( READ]S AB\T *ILD-RE>+1 BUT 9 ?OSE DAYS ?IS WAS NOT ONE ( ! ACTIVITIES ?\<T APPROPRIATE = ACADEMIC RESE>*]S4 ,!RE WAS A CONSCI\S EF=T 9 H] WORK TO BRIDGE ! GULF ?AT SEP>ATES ! WORLD ( ! PR(ESSIONALS & ! EXP]TS FROM ?AT ( ! ORD9>Y P>5T & TEA*]4 ,?IS WAS EPITOMIZ$ 9 H] BOOK ,! ,NURS]Y ,YE>S :I* W5T ?R\< NUM]\S PR9T+S AFT] ITS FIR/ APPE>ANCE 9 #a#i#b#i4 ,MY COPY IS DAT$ #a#i#f#e1 SO H]E WAS A BOOK ) AN UNUSUALLY LONG LIFE-SPAN1 P>TICUL>LY 9 A WORLD :]E !RE >E FA%IONS 9 *ILD-RE>+ AS 9 EV]Y?+ ELSE4 

,! ONE OCCASION 9 REC5T HI/ORY :5 CITY & C\NTRY *ILDR5 W]E BR\<T FACE TO FACE ) EA* O!R1 AS W]E !IR TEA*]S1 WAS 9 ! W>TIME EVACUATION4 ,SUSAN ,ISAACS PUT TOGE!R ! BOOK KN[N AS ,! ,CAMBRIDGE ,EVACUATION ,SURVEY .<#a.> & H] BIOGRAPH] ,DORO?Y ,G>DN]1 PRAIS+ H] 'REALI/IC COMMON S5SE'1 REM>KS ?AT1 ',%E DID NOT HOLD A METICUL\SLY SEV]E VIEW ( ! NE$ = RIGID ME?ODS ( TAK+ EVID5CE BUT SAID ?AT ! S9C]ELY HELD OP9IONS ( TEA*]S W]E WELL WOR? GA!R+ & ?AT EV5 LESS PRECISELY TAK5 EVID5CE W\LD GET !M NE>] ! TRU? ?AN ANY?+ ELSE !Y C\LD GET AT ?AT /AGE ( ! PROBLEM4'.<#b.> 

,I %>E ?IS VIEW4 ,! DISCUSSION ( A TOPIC AS AMORPH\S AS ?AT ( ! C\NTRY *ILD1 :5 WE >E BY NO MEANS C]TA9 ?AT 9 MOD]N ,BRITA9 SU* A DI/9CTIVE CATEGORY EXI/S ANY MORE1 RE/S HEAVILY ON '! S9C]ELY HELD OP9IONS ( TEA*]S4' ,NOTORI\SLY TEA*]S SEE ONLY ONE ASPECT ( ANY *ILD'S P]SONALITY1 BUT !Y DO 5C\NT] A GREAT MANY *ILDR54 ,& S9CE FEW RURAL TEA*]S HAVE SP5T A LIFETIME 9 RURAL S*OOLS1 !Y >E ABLE1 & >E (T5 V]Y WILL+1 TO MAKE COMP>ISONS4 ,SUSAN ,ISAACS & H] COLLEAGUES W]E ALMO/ UNIQUE AT ! TIME 9 C>EFULLY SEEK+ & PUBLI%+ ! OP9IONS ( *ILDR5 !MSELVES4 

,:5 ,I WROTE AB\T ! *ILD 9 ! CITY1 ,I BECAME AW>E ?AT 9 MOD]N ,BRITA9 ! DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 CITY1 SUBURB1 SMALL T[N & VILLAGE GR[ LESS T5ABLE AS ! YE>S GO BY4 ,9 :AT S5SE IS ! C\NTRY-DWELL] :O COMMUTES TO ! CITY1 & :OSE *ILDR5 COMMUTE TO ! NE>E/ URBAN S*OOL1 TO BE ?\<T ( AS A VILLAG]8 ,SIMIL>LY1 IS ! EXP]I5CE ( ! *ILD 9 ! ,ORKNEY ,ISL&S OR ON ,ANGLESEY ANY?+ LIKE ?AT ( ! *ILD LIV+ 9 ! GRE5 BELT ( A METROPOLITAN CITY8 

,ONE ?+ ?AT ,I HAVE LE>N$ IS ?AT ! *ILDR5 ( :AT SEEM TO BE REMOTE PLACES >E ESPECIALLY ANXI\S TO REM9D Y\ ?AT !Y DO NOT SP5D !IR LIVES *AS+ %EEP BUT FOLL[ ! SAME FA%IONS & PLAY ! SAME TAPES AS !IR URBAN C\NT]P>TS4 

,ALSO1 !RE IS MU* MORE 9 COMMON 9 ! EXP]I5CES ( *ILDR5 9 AFFLU5T FAMILIES1 RURAL OR URBAN1 ?AN 9 ?OSE ( RI* & POOR *ILDR5 9 ! SAME CITY OR 9 ! SAME VILLAGE4 

,AGA91 ,I BECAME AW>E :5 WRIT+ AB\T CITY *ILDR5 ?AT BOYS EXP]I5CE1 EXPLORE & EXPLOIT !IR 5VIRONM5T MU* MORE ?AN GIRLS DO4 ,?IS IS EV5 MORE TRUE 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,! RANGE ( ACTIVITIES ?\<T APPROPRIATE = BOYS IS F> WID] ?AN = GIRLS1 :O >E ALSO SUBJECT TO A WID] RANGE ( P>5TAL PROHIBITIONS4 

,! LIVES ( RURAL *ILDR5 SC>CELY CON=M TO \R /]EOTYPES4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ IRONIC ?+ IS ?AT1 AMONG ?AT M9ORITY ( FAMILIES :]E ! BREADW9N]S >E FULL-TIME F>M WORK]S1 =TY P] C5T HAVE 9COMES :I* FALL BEL[ ! SUPPLEM5T>Y B5EFIT 5TITLEM5T LEVEL4 ,F>M WORK]S ( BO? SEXES >E ! L[E/-PAID WORK]S 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,!Y W]E DUR+ ! AGRICULTURAL DEPRESSION & !Y W]E ALL ?R\< ! BOOM YE>S ( ! 9DU/RY1 N[ SAID TO BE AT AN 5D4 

,BRIAN ,MC,LAU<L91 9 HIS UNPUBLI%$ F9AL REPORT TO ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ! ,5VIRONM5T ON ,DEPRIVATION 9 ,RURAL ,>EAS1 PO9TS TO ! IMPLICATIONS ( ! FACT ?AT 9 ,BRITA9 ! POOR1 ONCE ! GREAT] P>T ( ! C\NTRY POPULATION1 HAVE BECOME A M9ORITY GR\P LIV+ AMID COMP>ATIVE AFFLU5CE4 ',AS A RESULT1 MANY ( ! POLICIES :I* HAVE BE5 DEVIS$ = RURAL >EAS 7E4G4 TRANSPORT1 H\S+1 EMPLOYM5T ETC 7 T5D TO REFLECT ! DESIRES & WI%ES ( ! MAJORITY1 RA!R ?AN ! NE$S & ASPIRATIONS ( ! POOR4' .<#c.> ,IT IS ASSUM$ ?AT !RE >E FR+E B5EFITS = ! RURAL WORK]1 OR ?AT LIV+ 9 ! C\NTRY IS *EAP]1 BUT ,MC,LAU<L9 F9DS ?AT OV] EI<TY P] C5T ( POOR RURAL WORK]S HAVE NO FR+E B5EFITS AT ALL & ?AT = LACK ( TRANSPORT POOR FAMILIES >E DEP5D5T ON ?OSE VILLAGE %OPS ?AT REMA9 & >E MORE VULN]ABLE :5 !Y CLOSE1 :ILE1 ',A COMMON EXPLANATION GIV5 BY ! BETT]-(F H\SEHOLDS = NOT US+ LOCAL %OPS WAS !IR HI< CO/S4' 

,! LIVES ( RURAL *ILDR5 >E FULL ( P>ADOXES & SURPRISES = ! ADULT OBS]V] ) OP9IONS =M$ BY ! USUAL PRECONCEPTIONS C>RI$ OV] FROM ! PA/4 ,BUT A CLOS] LOOK AT ! REALITIES ( ! C\NTRY *ILDHOOD MI<T 5ABLE US TO R$UCE ITS DISADVANTAGES & MAKE ! MO/ ( ITS OPPORTUNITIES4 

,I AM MU* 9DEBT$ TO ALL ?OSE P>5TS & TEA*]S :O HAVE %>$ !IR RECOLLECTIONS1 EXP]I5CES & IMPRESSIONS ) ME1 & :O HAVE GIV5 ME ! OPPORTUNITY TO TALK TO *ILDR5 UP & D[N ! C\NTRY1 9 AD \T ( S*OOL4 ,I ?ANK ! *ILDR5 !MSELVES = !IR C&OR & TOL]ANCE4 

,I MU/ MAKE GRATEFUL ACKN[L$GM5T TO ! AU?ORS & PUBLI%]S ( ALL ! WORKS QUOT$ 9 ! TEXT & LI/$ 9 ! NOTES4 ,I [E A P>TICUL> DEBT TO ! WORK ( REC5T RESE>*]S 9 ?IS FIELD1 ,ADRIAN ,BELL1 ,DAVID ,CL>K1 ,GW5 ,DUNN1 ,HUMB]SIDE ,PLAY+ ,FIELDS ,ASSOCIATION1 ,ALLAN ,K5N$Y1 ,BRIAN ,MC,LAU<L91 ,SIMON ,NI*OLSON & ,ALAN ,SIGSWOR?4 

,EXTRACTS FROM ,! ,PEEWIT'S ,CRY - ,A ,NORFOLK ,*ILDHOOD BY ,CAMILLA ,CAMPBELL >E QUOT$ BY K9D P]MISSION ( ! AU?OR4 ,EXTRACTS FROM ,! ,OLD ,C5TURY1 & ,SEV5 ,MORE ,YE>S BY ,SIEGFRI$ ,SASSOON >E QUOT$ BY K9D P]MISSION ( ,MESSRS ,FAB] & ,FAB]4 

,IT IS A P>TICUL> PLEASURE TO ?ANK ,VIV ,>KELL1 ,JOHN & ,JEAN ,BULMAN1 ,DELLA ,*APMAN1 ,*RIS ,CULP91 ,CORIANNE ,GRETTON1 ,SUE ,GRIFFI?S1 ,KEI? ,(=D1 ,]ICA ,POM]ANS1 ,KATE ,RIDDLE/ON1 ,MOLLY & ,RAY ,/ILES1 ,TIM & ,%IRLEY ,W>D4 

,COL9 ,W>S 

,DEF9+ ! ,C\NTRY ,*ILD 

#a4 ,IMAGES ( ,*ILDHOOD 

,! WILD ANEMONES 9 ! WOODS 9 ,APRIL1 ! LA/ LOAD AT NI<T ( HAY BE+ DRAWN D[N A LANE AS ! TWILI<T COMES ON1 :5 Y\ CAN SC>CELY DI/+UI% ! FIGURES ( ! HORSES AS !Y TAKE IT HOME TO ! F>M1 & ABOVE ALL1 MO/ SUBTLE1 MO/ P5ETRAT+ & MO/ MOV+1 ! SMELL ( WOOD SMOKE COM+ UP 9 AN AUTUMN EV5+1 OR ! SMELL ( ! SCUT* FIRES2 ?AT WOOD SMOKE ?AT \R ANCE/ORS1 T5S ( ?\S&S ( YE>S AGO1 MU/ HAVE CAU<T ON ! AIR :5 !Y W]E /ILL NOMADS1 & :5 !Y W]E /ILL ROAM+ ! =E/S & ! PLA9S ( ! CONT95T ( ,EUROPE4 ,!SE ?+S /RIKE D[N 9TO ! V]Y DEP?S ( \R NATURE4444 

,!SE >E ! ?+S ?AT MAKE ,5GL&1 & ,I GRIEVE = IT ?AT !Y >E NOT ! *ILDI% 9H]ITANCE ( ! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE TODAY 9 \T C\NTRY4 

,/ANLEY ,BALDW91 ,ON ,5GL&1 #aibf 

,5GLI% LIT]ATURE AB\NDS 9 ! K9D ( AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOVEL 9 :OSE OP5+ *APT]S \R Y\NG H]O 7= IT IS SELDOM A H]O9E7 IS SE5 9 ! ANCI5T SMALL-T[N GRAMM> S*OOL1 DAYDREAM+ ( ! WOODS & FIELDS1 :ILE HIS ELD]LY TEA*] IS DRON+ ON AB\T ,LAT9 DECL5SIONS4 ,ONCE LET \T ( S*OOL1 HIS REAL LIFE BEG9S - W&]+ BY ! RIV] BANKS & UP ?R\< SP9NEY & COPSE TO ! HILLTOPS1 OBS]V+ NATURE ) A LE>N+ EYE & ABSORB+ ! WISDOM ( %EPH]D & GAMEKEEP]1 =E/] & F>RI]1 FROM ! LOVABLE OLD POA*] ) A HE>T ( GOLD & FROM ! SC>Y OLD H]MIT :OSE TUMBL$[N COTTAGE IS REALLY A TREASURE TROVE ( C\NTRY LORE & BYGONES4 

,9 ! URBAN EQUIVAL5T \R H]O IS RA!R L[] D[N ! SOCIAL SCALE4 ,ONCE RELEAS$ FROM HIS /]N M5TORS 9 ! BO>D S*OOL1 HE IS \T & D[N ! /REET LIKE A %OT1 EV]YBODY'S FRI5D 9 ! M>KET1 BESIEG+ ! OLD LADY 9 ! SWEET%OP ON ! CORN]1 BEGG+ ORANGE BOXES FROM ! GRE5GROC]1 NICK+ COAL FROM ! RAILWAY Y>D1 ALL AS A R\<-&-READY APPR5TICE%IP TO ! LIFE ( ! CITY4 

,YE>S LAT] 7= SU* /ORIES >E ALWAYS SET 9 ! PA/7 !SE /]EOTYPES HAVE BECOME SUCCESSFUL CITIZ5S1 & :5 !Y UNB5D TO ! Y\NG GRADUATE SEEK+ ! H& ( !IR FAVORITE DAU<T]1 !Y USUALLY CONFESS ?AT1 ',I WAS $UCAT$ 9 ! ,S*OOL ( ,LIFE'1 ,! PO9T ?AT !Y & !IR CREATORS >E MAK+ IS ! TRUISM ?AT \R HOMESPUN PHILOSOPH]S 9V>IABLY CALL IT1 IS NO SUB/ITUTE = ,LIFE ,ITSELF4 

,! /]EOTYPES >E1 ( C\RSE1 9T5SELY LIT]>Y 9 ORIG94 ,! FIR/ [ES A GREAT DEAL TO ,WORDSWOR? & HIS IMM5SE 9FLU5CE ON ! ,BRITI% IMAG9ATION1 ) ! LONG %AD[ ( ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU'S CULT ( ! 'NATURAL MAN' BEH9D IT1 & ! SECOND BELONGS TO A PIC>ESQUE TRADITION /RET*+ BACK ?R\< ,DICK5S TO ,DEFOE4 ,TEA*]S ( ,5GLI% HAVE = YE>S S\<T TO DEMOCRATIZE & UPDATE !SE /]EOTYPES ( ! SEP>AT5ESS ( URBAN & RURAL EXP]I5CE4 ,?9K ( ! :OLE S]IES ( EXCELL5T BOOKS ) :I* VA/ NUMB]S ( *ILDR5 HAVE BE5 MADE FAMILI> AS !Y BECAME SET BOOKS = EXAM9ATION PURPOSES4 ,I AM ?9K+ ( TEXTS LIKE ,FLORA ,?OMPSON'S EVOCATION ( ,VICTORIAN RURAL *ILDHOOD 9 ,L>K ,RISE1 ,ALISON ,UTTLEY'S ,$WADIAN ,! ,C\NTRY ,*ILD1 ,LAURIE ,LEE'S IDYLL ( ! YE>S AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 ,CID] ,) ,ROSIE1 & ,RONALD ,BLY!'S ASSEMBLAGE ( HIS NEI<BORS' RECOLLECTIONS 9 ,AK5FIELD4 ,EXCELL5T BOOKS1 ALL ( !M1 9 !IR EXAM9ATION ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 *ILDR5 & !IR 5VIRONM5T1 BUT ,I (T5 WOND] IF !IR POPUL>ITY AMONG TEA*]S IS PRECISELY BECAUSE !Y PROMOTE A PICTURE ( A PURIFI$ ID5TITY ( RURAL *ILDHOOD1 UNCONTAM9AT$ BY URBAN 9FLU5CES :I* MUDDY & CONFUSE ! IMAGE4 

,9 EXACTLY ! SAME WAY1 TRAVEL]S RETURN+ FROM ,POLYNESIA REPORT ?AT SECOND>Y S*OOL PUPILS !RE >E OBLIG$ TO READ ,M>G>ET ,MEAD'S ,GR[+ ,UP 9 ,NEW ,GU9EA & ,COM+ ( ,AGE 9 ,SAMOA1 ! FRUIT ( H] RESE>* 9 ! N9ETE5-?IRTIES1 TO LE>N AB\T ! WORLD !Y HAVE LO/4 

,MORALI/S & $UCATORS1 ALL ?R\< HI/ORY1 AS ,RAYMOND ,WILLIAMS HAS 5T]TA9+LY ILLU/RAT$1.<#d.> HAVE POL>IZ$ ! C\NTRY & ! CITY AS 5VIRONM5TS = *ILDR5 & HAVE CONCLUD$ ?AT1 H[EV] MU* ! CITY MAY BE A NECESS>Y PROVID] ( CIVILIZ$ LIFE = SOPHI/ICAT$ ADULTS1 NATURE IS ! ONLY TRUE TEA*] & ?AT !RE IS SOME?+ ' AU!NTIC' OR 'ORGANIC' AB\T RURAL *ILDHOOD4 ,A C5TURY & A HALF AGO ! ,AM]ICAN ESSAYI/ ,EM]SON GRUMBL$ ?AT1 ',I WI% TO HAVE RURAL /R5G? & RELIGION = MY *ILDR5 & ,I WI% CITY FACILITY & POLI%4 ,I F9D ) *AGR9 ?AT ,I CANNOT HAVE BO?4'.<#e.> 

,H[EV]1 ABOVE A C]TA9 SOCIAL LEVEL1 P>5TS TOOK IT = GRANT$ ?AT !IR *ILDR5 %\LD HAVE BO? URBAN & RURAL EXP]I5CES1 ?\< ) A /RONG BIAS = ! RURAL4 ,! RI*1 9 BR++ UP !IR *ILDR51 HAVE ALWAYS BE5 ABLE TO M+LE URBAN & RURAL EXP]I5CES4 ,! POSSESSION ( A T[N H\SE AS WELL AS A RURAL E/ATE1 :E!R WE >E ?9K+ ( ,IMP]IAL ,ROME1 EI<TE5?-C5TURY ,5GL& OR N9ETE5?- C5TURY ,RUSSIA1 5SUR$ ?AT ! *ILDR5 ( ! FAMILY GA9$ EXP]I5CE ( BO?1 AS WELL AS ( ! DRAMA ( ! TRANSITION BETWE5 ! TWO4 ,IT WAS EXP$I5T = ! PATRICIANS ?AT !IR *ILDR51 OR AT LEA/ !IR SONS1 %\LD GA9 ! EXP]I5CE ( NEGOTIAT+ ) GAMEKEEP] & BAILIFF AS WELL AS ) GAM+-H\SE KEEP] & TAILOR4 ,IT WAS EXP$I5T ?AT !IR DAU<T]S %\LD A*IEVE M>RIAGEABILITY & AVOID ! ATTRIBUTES ( HOYD5S OR TOMBOYS BY BE+ 'F9I%$' 9 T[N BE=E 'COM+ \T'4 

,IT WAS A MATT] ( COM=T & CONV5I5CE ?AT ! G5TRY %\LD DES]T !IR E/ATES 9 W9T]TIME1 EV5 IF ONLY = ?OSE LITTLE W9T] ASSEMBLY T[NS :]E !Y BUILT !MSELVES H\SES = ! SEASON :5 ! C\NTRY ROADS W]E IMPASSABLE4 ,! SONS & DAU<T]S REHE>S$ !IR URBAN ROLES & URBAN MANN]S 9 !SE SMALL T[NS4 ,JANE ,AU/5 WAT*$ !M4 ,LEA/ =TUNE WAS ?OSE *ILDR5 ( ! AFFLU5T :O LIV$ AT HOME 9 ! C\NTRY1 W]E S5T (F TO A BO>D+ S*OOL ALSO 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,! ORD9>Y URBAN EXP]I5CE PASS$ !M BY1 JU/ AS IT PASS$ BY ! *ILDR5 ( ! RURAL POOR1 UNTIL ! GIRLS W]E S5T 9TO S]VICE & ! BOYS EMIGRAT$ 9 SE>* ( WORK4 

,NOT ONLY PUBLIC S*OOLS & PREP>ATORY S*OOLS BUT BOR/ALS1 RE=MATORIES & APPROV$ S*OOLS W]E DELIB]ATELY SITUAT$ 9 ! C\NTRY1 F> FROM ! TEMPTATIONS & /IMULATIONS ( ! CITY1 = RURAL *ILDHOOD WAS ESPECIALLY VALU$4 ',R\SSEAU'S ,EMILE1' WROTE ,H]B]T ,READ1 'SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 TAU<T 9 A WELL-FURNI%$ C\NTRY H\SE1 SURR\ND$ BY A WELL-CULTIVAT$ G>D5 ) ALL V>IETY ( NATURAL PH5OM5A )9 EASY REA*4 ,?AT MAY BE 9 IDEAL 5VIRONM5T = ! UNFOLD+ S5SIBILITY ( A *ILD - P]SONALLY ,I BELIEVE ?AT IT IS4'.<#f.> 

,! C\NTRY MAY HAVE BE5 ! IDEAL *ILD-RE>+ 5VIRONM5T = ?OSE :O HAD ! *OICE1 BUT ALL ?R\< ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ! 'DRIFT FROM ! L&' DREW POOR C\NTRY-DWELL]S 9TO ! CITIES & ! NEW 9DU/RIAL T[NS1 \T ( ECONOMIC NECESSITY1 9 A MIGRATION AS DRAMATIC AS ! GIGANTIC MOVEM5TS ( POPULATION 9TO ! EXPLOD+ CITIES ( ,AFRICA1 ,ASIA & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA TODAY4 ,& 9 ,BRITA9 !N1 JU/ AS 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD TODAY1 IF ! P>5TS W]E ASK$ :AT !Y HOP$ TO A*IEVE BY EX*ANG+ RURAL = URBAN POV]TY1 !Y W\LD REPLY ?AT !Y HAD TAK5 ?IS DECISIVE /EP = ! SAKE ( !IR *ILDR5'S FUTURE4 

,IT IS V]Y 9T]E/+ ?AT1 9 ! ,VICTORIAN CITY1 SOCIAL PROBLEMS W]E BLAM$ ON ! 'RIFF-RAFF' ( ! POPULATION ?AT WAS MOV+ 9 FROM RURAL >EAS4 ,IT WAS ?\<T ?AT SU* >EAS W]E EXPORT+ ! ?RIFTLESS1 UN/ABLE1 FOOTLOOSE ELEM5TS 9 !IR VILLAGE POPULATION TO ! T[NS4 ,AT ! V]Y SAME TIME1 OBS]V]S ( RURAL LIFE W]E LAM5T+ ?AT ! ABLE1 5T]PRIS+1 /ABLE1 BRI<T & ADV5TUR\S MEMB]S ( ! RURAL POPULATION W]E ?OSE :O EMIGRAT$1 LEAV+ BEH9D ?OSE :O LACK$ !SE QUALITIES4 ,! DIM9I%+ RURAL POPULATION WAS ?\<T1 9 ! CRUDE SOCIAL ,D>W9ISM ( ! P]IOD1 TO CONSI/ ( ! UNFIT1 S9CE ! MOVEM5T AWAY FROM RURAL LIFE EXEMPLIFI$ ! SURVIVAL ( ! FITTE/4 

,VICTORIAN M$ICAL AU?ORITIES 9SI/$ ?AT ! UNHEAL?Y CITIES DEP5D$ ON A CONT9UAL MIGRATION FROM ! C\NTRY & W\LD WI!R AWAY )\T IT4 ,! CITY ATTRACT$ '! PICK ( ! Y\?1 BO? PHYSICALLY & 9TELLECTUALLY'1 ACCORD+ TO ,DR ,P4 ,WILLIAMS-,FREEMAN1 & ?US 5C\RAG$ 'A SURVIVAL ( ! UNFITTE/ BY ELIM9ATION ( ! BE/'4 ,= HIM1 ',! *ILD ( ! T[NSMAN IS 0BR$ TOO F9E01 IT IS TOO GREAT AN EXAGG]ATION ( HIMSELF1 EXCITABLE & PA9FULLY PRECOCI\S 9 ITS *ILDHOOD1 NEUROTIC1 DYSPEPTIC1 PALE1 & UND]SIZ$ 9 ITS ADULT /ATE1 IF IT EV] REA*ES IT4'.<#g.> ,= ,DR ,J4 ,MILN] ,FO!RGILL1 ',!Y >E C]TA9LY MORE AFFLU5T ?AT !IR C\NTRY C\S9S2 BUT !Y >E T[N DWELL]S1 & !RE=E A DOOM$ RACE4 ,)\T 9FUSIONS ( NEW BLOOD 9 A FEW G5]ATIONS !Y DIE \T2 :ILE !IR C\NTRY C\S9S REMA9 A F]TILE FOLK4'.<#h.> 

,!SE OP9IONS CONT9U$ TO BE HELD WELL 9TO ! TW5TIE? C5TURY & W]E L9K$ ) ! VIEW ?AT ! C\NTRY WAS ! IDEAL 5VIRONM5T = ! *ILD4 ,:5 ! W>S 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA REVEAL$ ! POOR PHYSICAL CONDITION ( RECRUITS = ! ,>MY1 A ,GOV]NM5T REPORT CONCLUD$ ?AT1 ',) A VIEW TO COMBAT+ ! EVILS RESULT+ FROM ! CON/ANT 9FLUX FROM C\NTRY TO T[N1 ! ,COMMITTEE RECOMM5DS ?AT EV]Y EF=T %\LD BE MADE BY ?OSE *>G$ ) ! CONDUCT & CONTROL ( RURAL S*OOLS TO OP5 ! M9DS ( ! *ILDR5 TO ! RES\RCES & OPPORTUNITIES ( RURAL EXI/5CE4' .<#i.> ,& A REPORT ON DEL9QU5CY UND]L9$ ! ,WORDSWOR?IAN VIEW ?AT ,NATURE WAS ! ONLY S\ND MORAL 9/RUCTOR3 ' ,REC5T DEVELOPM5TS HAVE CLE>LY %[N ?AT NOT ONLY DOES JUV5ILE DEL9QU5CY 9CREASE 9 DIRECT PROPORTION TO POPULATION1 BUT IT HAS ALSO %[N ?AT ! FUR!R A GR[+ *ILD IS REMOV$ FROM HEAL?-GIV+ 9FLU5CES ( ! C\NTRY1 ! MORE FREQU5T >E HIS LAPSES 9TO MIS*IEF & CRIME4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ APP>5T EFFECTS ( T[N LIFE UPON ! *>ACT] ( A *ILD IS SE5 9 A LACK ( REV]5CE4 ,C\NTRY DWELL]S1 FROM AN E>LY AGE1 >E WITNESSES ( ! WORKS ( ,NATURE1 & !RE=E !IR SUBCONSCI\S M9D IS IMBU$ ) A SPIRIT ( REV]5CE4444' .<#a.> 

,REG9ALD ,BRAY1 A PROGRESSIVE MEMB] ( ! ,LONDON ,C\NTRY ,C\NCIL'S $UCATION COMMITTEE1 F\ND ?AT ,LONDON *ILDR5 LIV$ 9 A DI/URB+ ATMOSPH]E ( RE/LESS EXCITEM5T BECAUSE1 ',! CONC5TRAT$ P[] ( ! HUMAN ELEM5T1 :5 EX]T$ TO ITS FULL EXT5T1 CREATES ! ,HOOLIGAN2 BUT 9 BRE$S EXCITEM5T & DISLIKE ( ANY RE/RA9T 9 ALL ALIKE :O 9HABIT A L>GE CITY1' JU/ BECAUSE1 ',A MASS ( IMPRESSIONS >E HURL$ AT ! OBS]V]1 A ?\S& SC5ES SWEEP BY HIM2 BUT !RE IS NO?+ TO HOLD !M TOGE!R1 NO?+ TO PRODUCE A S5SE ( ORD]1 NO?+ TO GIVE A P]CEPTION ( SIMIL>ITY4' .<#a#a.> ,& ! ,G]MAN $UCATIONAL PHILOSOPH] ,K>L ,WEIDEL URG$ RURAL PRIM>Y S*OOL TEA*]S TO MAKE /R5U\S EF=TS TO KEEP !IR PUPILS ON ! L&3 ',9 CONTRA/ TO ! PEASANT1 HE >GU$1 ! URBANITE WAS 5AMOR$ ( 9TELLECT & SKEPTICAL ( AU?ORITY4 ,HE WAS A NOMAD1 BO? PHYSICALLY & EMOTIONALLY1 & HIS *>ACT] SUFF]$ FROM SUP]FICIALITY & 9N] EMPT9ESS4 .<#a#b.> 

,BUT NOT EV]Y OBS]V] ( ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 URBAN & RURAL *ILDHOOD SAW IT 9 !SE T]MS4 ,! N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,RUSSIAN NOVELI/ ,LEO ,TOL/ROY WAS A SOPHI/ICAT$ >I/OCRAT1 :O YE>N$ TO BE A PEASANT4 ,BE=E HE SET UP HIS VILLAGE S*OOL ON HIS E/ATE AT ,YASNAYA ,POLYANA1 HE GAVE HIMSELF A GR& T\R ( ! PUBLIC $UCATION SY/EMS ( ,G]MANY1 ,FRANCE & ,BRITA94 ,HE REA*$ ! CONCLUSION ?AT1 ',$UCATION IS AN ATTEMPT TO CONTROL :AT GOES ON SPONTANE\SLY 9 CULTURE3 IT IS CULTURE UND] RE/RA9T4' ,HE ILLU/RAT$ ?IS FROM HIS OBS]VATIONS 9 VISIT+ ,M>SEILLES1 :]E HE W5T TO EV]Y S*OOL ATT5D$ BY WORK+ PEOPLE'S *ILDR5 & HAD LONG CONV]SATIONS ) TEA*]S & PUPILS 9 & \T ( S*OOL4 ,HE WITNESS$ ME*ANICAL ROTE LE>N+ ( ! K9D TAK5 = GRANT$ 9 ?OSE DAYS1 F\ND ?AT PUPILS C\LD NOT READ ANY O!R BOOKS ?AN ?OSE !Y HAD /UDI$ & ?AT1 ',SIX YE>S ( S*OOL HAD NOT GIV5 !M ! FACULTY ( WRIT+ A WORD )\T A MI/AKE4' ,HE CONV9C$ HIMSELF ?AT ! S*OOLS ( ,M>SEILLES W]E EXCE$+LY BAD4 

,!N ,TOL/OY DREW A V]Y SIGNIFICANT CONCLUSION3 ',IF1 BY SOME MIRACLE1 A P]SON %\LD SEE ALL !SE E/ABLI%M5TS1 )\T HAV+ SE5 ! PEOPLE 9 ! /REETS1 9 !IR %OPS1 9 ! CAFES1 9 !IR HOME SURR\ND+S1 :AT OP9ION W\LD HE =M ( A NATION :I* WAS $UCAT$ 9 SU* MANN]8 ,HE C]TA9LY W\LD CONCLUDE ?AT ?AT NATION WAS IGNORANT1 RUDE1 HYPOCRITICAL1 FULL ( PREJUDICES1 & ALMO/ WILD4 ,BUT IT IS 5\< TO 5T] 9TO RELATIONS & TO *AT ) A COMMON MAN 9 ORD] TO BE CONV9C$ ?AT ! ,FR5* NATION IS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ALMO/ SU* AS IT REG>DS ITSELF TO BE3 9TELLIG5T1 CLEV]1 AFFABLE1 FREE FROM PREJUDICES1 & REALLY CIVILIZ$4' 

,H[ C\LD ?IS BE8 ',I 9VOLUNT>ILY F\ND AN ANSW] 9 ,M>SEILLES1 :5 AFT] ! S*OOLS1 ,I BEGAN TO /ROLL D[N ! /REETS1 TO FREQU5T ! DRAM-%OPS1 CAFES *ANTANTS1 MUSEUMS1 WORK%OPS1 QUAYS & BOOK-/ALLS4' 

,! CITY1 HE F\ND WAS ITSELF AN $UCATION3 ',:E!R ?IS $UCATION IS GOOD OR BAD IS ANO!R MATT]2 BUT H]E IT IS1 ?IS UNCONSCI\S $UCATION :I* IS SO MU* MORE P[]FUL ?AN ! ONE BY COMPULSION2 H]E IS ! UNCONSCI\S S*OOL :I* HAS UND]M9$ ! COMPULSORY S*OOL & HAS MADE ITS CONT5TS TO DW9DLE D[N ALMO/ TO NO?+4444 ,:AT ,I SAW 9 ,M>SEILLES TAKES PLACE 9 ALL ! O!R C\NTRIES3 EV]Y:]E ! GREAT] P>T ( ONE'S $UCATION IS ACQUIR$1 NOT AT S*OOL1 BUT 9 LIFE4 ,!RE :]E LIFE IS 9/RUCTIVE1 AS 9 ,LONDON1 ,P>IS1 &1 9 G5]AL1 9 ALL L>GE CITIES1 ! MASSES >E $UCAT$2 !RE :]E LIFE IS NOT 9/RUCTIVE1 AS 9 ! C\NTRY1 ! PEOPLE >E UN$UCAT$ 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT ! S*OOLS >E ! SAME 9 BO?4' .<#a#c.> 

,TOL/ROY PROVID$ AN ELOQU5T RECOMM5DATION = ! CITY AS AN AUTOMATIC $UCATOR &1 AS A C\NTRYMAN1 DID NOT BELIEVE 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S BOOKS 9 ! RUNN+ BROOKS1 S]MONS 9 /ONES1 & GOOD 9 EV]Y?+'4 ,9 FACT1 HE RE9=CES A /]EOTYPE ?AT IS AS OLD AS URBAN LIFE ITSELF4 ,! T[N *ILD IS KN[+1 QUICK-WITT$1 /REETWISE & LE>NS FROM EV]Y DAY'S NEW 5C\NT]S4 ,! C\NTRY *ILD IS SL[1 9NOC5T & EV5 BOV9E4 ,WORDS LIKE CLODHOPP]1 BUMPK91 YOKEL & HAYSE$ W]E 9V5T$ TO EPITOMIZE ?IS /]EOTYPE4 ,LIKE ! OPPOSITE MY?OLOGY1 IT SIMIL>LY P]MEATES LIT]ATURE1 FROM ! ,ROMAN ,PETRONIUS TO ,P4,G4 ,WODEH\SE 7:O REM>K$ ?AT1 ',AB\T ! ,LONDON *ILD !RE IS BREEZY 9S\CIANCE :I* HIS C\NTRY C\S9 LACKS4'7 ,M>X & ,5GELS1 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 WROTE A FAM\S PASSAGE AB\T '! IDIOCY ( RURAL LIFE' &1 ( C\RSE1 ONLY VILLAGES HAVE VILLAGE IDIOTS4 

#b4 ',VILLAGE ,*ILDR5' 

,:5 WE W]E NE>LY !RE WE W]E SURPRIS$ TO HE> ! NOISE ( BOYS %\T+ & *AS+ EA* O!R4 ,USUALLY !RE WAS NO ONE !RE EXCEPT \RSELVES4 ,WE LOOK$ AT ,MO!R & %E SAID1 ',IT IS JU/ ! VILLAGE BOYS1 D>L+S1 IT'S ,SATURDAY1 Y\ KN[4 ,& !Y LIKE PLAY+ 9 ! WOODS JU/ AS MU* AS Y\ DO1 AFT] A WEEK ( S*OOL4 

,CAMILLA ,CAMPBELL1 ,! ,PEEWIT'S ,CRY - ,A ,NORFOLK ,*ILDHOOD1 #aih 

,:5 ,BRITA9 5T]$ ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ITS *ILDR5 W]E ! *ILDR5 ( F>M LABOR]S4 ,BY ! 5D ( ?AT C5TURY1 AL?\< ,BRITA9 HAD BECOME A PR$OM9ANTLY URBAN NATION1 F>M LABOR]S W]E /ILL ! BIGGE/ S+LE OCCUPATIONAL GR\P 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,AT ?AT TIME !RE W]E TWO MILLION F>M WORK]S4 ,TODAY ! F>M LABOR] AS SU* HAS VIRTUALLY DISAPPE>$1 S9CE ! #a#f1#g WORK]S ( #aihd W]E ALMO/ ALL SKILL$ 9 H&L+ ! COMPLEX MA*9]Y ( MOD]N AGRICULTURE4 7,!Y W]E SUPPLEM5T$ AT C]TA9 TIMES 9 ! YE> BY ANO!R #a#e#f1 CASUAL OR P>T-TIME WORK]S47 

,ONLY A SMALL M9ORITY ( *ILDR5 LIV+ 9 ! C\NTRY TODAY >E ! SONS & DAU<T]S ( F>M WORK]S4 ,! 'VILLAGE *ILDR5' HAVE DISAPPE>$ FROM HI/ORY4 ,BUT !Y W]E SC>CELY EV] 9 IT1 EV5 ?\< !Y W]E ONCE ! MAJORITY ( ALL *ILDR54 ,PET] ,LASLETT1 COMM5T+ ON ! SW>MS ( *ILDR5 SURR\ND+ \R ANCE/ORS1 AS WELL AS ON !IR PITIFULLY L[ EXPECTATION ( LIFE1 REM>KS ?AT !SE CR[DS ( *ILDR5 >E /RANGELY ABS5T FROM ! WRITT5 RECORD3 ',!RE IS SOME?+ MY/]I\S AB\T ! SIL5CE ( ALL !SE MULTITUDES ( BABIES 9 >MS1 TODDL]S & ADOLESC5TS 9 ! /ATEM5TS M5 MADE AT ! TIME AB\T !IR [N EXP]I5CE4'.<#a#d.> 

,ONLY \R MOD]N 9T]E/ 9 WORK+-CLASS AUTOBIOGRAPHY1 LOCAL & ORAL HI/ORY1 HAS EXCAVAT$ ! P]SONAL EXP]I5CES ( ?IS SIL5T MAJORITY ( C\NTRY *ILDR51 BURI$ 9 ! BLUEBOOKS ( A DOZ5 N9ETE5?-C5TURY ROYAL COMMISSIONS1 S*OOL LOGBOOKS & P>I% RECORDS1 & 9 ! H&FUL ( AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL WRIT+S ( EXCEPTIONAL *ILDR5 ( ! LABOR+ POOR LIKE ! POETS ,JOHN ,CL>E1 BORN 9 #a#g#i#c1 & ,ROB]T ,BLOOMFIELD1 BORN 9 #a#g#f#f4 ,VILLAGE *ILDR5 W]E FIGURES 9 ! BACKGR\ND ( ! VA/ LIT]ATURE ( RURAL LIFE1 P>T ( ! PICTURESQUE SC5]Y1 ! DES]V+ POOR :O W]E OBJECTS ( *>ITY = ! BIG H\SE OR ! VIC>AGE4 

,! P]CEPTION ( RURAL *ILDHOOD ?AT F$ MY?OLOGY = HALF A C5TURY WAS ,M>Y ,RUSSELL ,MIT=D'S ,\R ,VILLAGE1 PUBLI%$ 9 P>TS BETWE5 #ahbd & #ahcb & CONT9U\SLY REPR9T$ TO ?IS DAY4 

,( C\NTRY BOYS %E WROTE1 ',9 G5]AL !Y >E OP51 SPIRIT$1 GOODHUMOR$ RACE1 ) A PRON5ESS TO EMBRACE ! PLEASURES & ES*EW ! EVILS ( !IR CONDITION1 A CAPACITY = HAPP9ESS QUITE UNMAT*$ 9 MAN1 OR WOMAN1 OR GIRL4 ,!Y >E PATI5T1 TOO1 & BE> !IR FATE AS SCAPEGOATS 7 = ALL S9S :ATSOEV] >E LAID AS MATT]S ( C\RSE TO !IR DOOR71 :E!R AT HOME OR ABROAD1 ) AMAZ+ RESIGNATION2 &1 CONSID]+ ! MANY LIES ( :I* !Y >E ! OBJECTS1 !Y TELL WOND]FULLY FEW 9 RETURN4 ,! WOR/ ?AT CAN BE SAID ( !M IS1 ?AT !Y SELDOM1 :5 GR[N TO MAN'S E/ATE1 KEEP ! PROMISE ( !IR BOYHOOD444' ,%E DOES NOT /OP TO ASK :Y1 & GOES ON TO DESCRIBE ,JOE1 A POOR TWELVE-YE>-OLD'4444 AS MAY BE CONJECTUR$ FROM ! LAM5TABLE /ATE ( ?AT PAT*$ R\ND FROCK1 & ! RAGG$ CONDITION ( ?OSE UNPAT*$ %OES1 :I* W\LD 5CUMB]1 IF ANY?+ C\LD1 ! LI<T FEET ?AT WE> !M4 ,BUT :Y %\LD ,I LAM5T ! POV]TY ?AT NEV] TR\BLES HIM8 444 ,HE WORKS AT YOND] F>M ON ! TOP ( ! HILL444' 

  

444,! LITTLE DAMSEL GETS ADMISSION TO ! *>ITY S*OOL1 & TRIPS M9C+LY ?I!R EV]Y MORN+1 DRESS$ 9 ! OLD-FA%ION$ BLUE G[N1 & :ITE CAP1 & TIPPET1 & BIB & APRON ( ?AT PRIMITIVE 9/ITUTION1 LOOK+ AS DEMURE AS A NUN1 & AS TIDY2 H] ?\<TS FIX$ ON BUTTON-HOLES & SPELL+-BOOKS - ?OSE 5SIGNS ( PROMOTION4444 ,!N AT TWELVE ! LITTLE LASS COMES HOME AGA91 UNCAPP$1 UNTIPPET$1 UNS*OOL$2 BR[N AS A B]RY1 WILD AS A COLT1 BUSY AS A BEE - WORK+ 9 ! FIELDS1 DIGG+ 9 ! G>D51 FRY+ RA%]S1 BOIL+ POTATOES1 %ELL+ BEANS1 D>N+ /OCK+S1 NURS+ *ILDR51 FE$+ PIGS2 -- ALL !SE EMPLOYM5TS V>I$ BY OCCASIONAL FITS OR ROMP+ & FLIRT+1 & IDLE PLAY ACCORD+ AS ! NASC5T COQUETRY1 OR ! LURK+ LOVE ( SPORT1 HAPP5S TO PREPOND]ATE2 M]RY1 & PRETTY1 & GOOD ) ALL H] LITTLE FAULTS4 ,IT W\LD BE WELL IF A C\NTRY GIRL C\LD /& AT ?IRTE54 ,!N %E IS *>M+4 ,BUT ! CLOCK WILL /& AT ?IRTE54 ,!N %E IS *>M+4 ,BUT ! CLOCK WILL MOVE =W>D1 & AT F\RTE5 %E GETS A S]VICE 9 A NEI<BOR+ T[N2 & H] NEXT APPE>ANCE IS 9 ! P]FECTION ( ! BUTT]FLY /ATE1 FLUTT]+1 GLITT]+1 9CON/ANT1 VA9 - ! GAYE/ & GAUDIE/ 9SECT ?AT EV] SKIMM$ OV] A VILLAGE GRE54 ,& ?IS IS ! TRUE PROGRESS ( A RU/IC BEAUTY1 ! AV]AGE LOT ( \R C\NTRY GIRLS2 SO !Y SPR+ UP1 FL\RI%1 *ANGE1 & DISAPPE>4 .<#a#e.> 

  

,M>Y ,RUSSELL ,MIT=D'S /YLE MU/ SEEM >*LY S5TIM5TAL TO PEOPLE FAMILI> ) ! SOCIAL HI/ORY ( ! P]IOD1 BUT H] ACC\NT ( ! VILLAGE *ILDR5 ( ,?REE ,MILE ,CROSS1 BETWE5 ,READ+ & ,BAS+/OKE1 /RESSES TRU?S :I* REMA9$ CON/ANT = A C5TURY AFT] %E WROTE4 ,! BOYS W]E DE/9$ TO H>D LABOR FROM *ILDHOOD ONW>D1 RESULT+ 9 ! *>ACT]I/IC /OOP+ /ANCE & GAIT ( ,HODGE1 ! ,VICTORIAN F>M WORK]1 :ILE ! GIRLS W]E EQUALLY 9EVITABLY TO GO 9TO 'S]VICE' AT ?IRTE5 OR F\RTE51 FIR/ 9 A NE>BY T[N & !N 9 ! WID] WORLD4 ,FROM *ILDHOOD1 !Y HAD A %>E ( DOME/IC TASKS1 & !IR E>LY DEP>TURE FROM ! OV]CR[D$ COTTAGE MADE MORE ROOM = ! Y\NG] *ILDR54 ,MISS ,MIT=D WAS A PRE-,VICTORIAN &1 9 H] ACC\NT1 GIRLS UND] T5 C\LD BEHAVE AS 9DECOR\SLY AS ! BOYS1 SOME?+ ?AT WAS NOT CONSID]$ CORRECT 9 ,FLORA ,?OMPSON'S VILLAGE GIRLHOOD FIFTY YE>S LAT]1 :5 ',VICTORIAN IDEAS1 TOO1 HAD P5ETRAT$ TO SOME EXTANT4' .<#a#f.> 

,& H[EV] PATRONIZ+ ,MISS ,MIT=D'S APPROA*1 ! VILLAGE *ILDR5 W]E TO H] S5TI5T HUMANS RA!R ?AN P>T ( ! L&SCAPE4 ,NO?+ C\LD BE MORE SUDD5LY *ILL+ ?AN ?AT PASSAGE 9 ,ALISON ,UTTLEY'S IDYLLIC ,! ,C\NTRY ,*ILD :5 H] ALT] EGO ,SUSAN ,G>L& OV]HE>S A REM>K AS ! CONGREGATION FILES \T ( ! ,*RI/MAS S]VICE3 ' 0,:AT A V]Y PLA9 *ILD ?AT ,G>L& *ILD IS6 ,POSITIVELY UGLY10 SAID ,MRS ,DRAYTON TO H] HUSB&4 ,SUSAN GASP$ & /OOD /ILL4 ,! WORLD WAS FILL$ ) SORR[4 ,! GLEAM+ SN[ WAS DULL$1 A CL\D SWEPT OV] ! SUN1 & ! SKY DROOP$4 ,MRS ,DRAYTON TURN$ R\ND & SAW ! GIRL'S />TL$ EYES4 0,WILL Y\ PLEASE ASK Y\R MO!R TO S5D TO %ILL+S' WOR? ( EGGS80 %E SAID /IFFLY1 & PASS$ ON LIKE A QUE54' .<#a#g.> 

,OR ! 5C\NT] FROM ,W9IFR$'S GIRLFRI5D 9 ! 9T]-W> YE>S1 :51 ',ONE AUTUMN DAY1 ,I NIPP$ D[N ! FIELD 9 ! HOPE ( F9D+ A WALNUT UND] A TREE 9 ! CORN]4 ,AS ,I SE>*$1 A HUNTSWOMAN RODE UP4 ,%E RE9$ 9 H] M\NT AT ! SIDE ( ME1 & 9 A L\D1 ASSUR$ 0C\NTRY0 VOICE1 CALL$ TO A MALE RID] A FEW Y>DS3 0,DO COME & HAVE A LOOK AT ?IS4 ,ISN'T IT QUA9T80 ,%E />T$ AT ME ) SU* 9SOL5T AMUSEM5T ?AT ,I REALIZ$ ,I WAS ! 0IT0 REF]R$ TO4444' .<#a#h.> 

,AL?\< PEOPLE *OSE TO LOOK BACK ON VILLAGE LIFE AS ?AT ( A CLOSELY KNIT COMMUNITY1 IT WAS 9 FACT A S]IES ( QUITE SEP>ATE COMMUNITIES1 BAS$ ON UNQUE/ION+ DEF]5CE4 ,SUNDAY ,S*OOLS BEGAN TO P5ETRATE ! LIVES ( VILLAGE *ILDR5 FROM #a#g#h#e1 ',NATIONAL' S*OOLS FROM #a#h#a#a1 & ',BRITI%' S*OOLS FROM #a#h#a#d1 & AS E>LY AS #agib ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 WAS W>N+ ?AT1 ,PUBLIC $UCATION HAS ALWAYS EXP5D$ ITS 5]GIES 9 ! SUPPORT ( PREJUDICE2 IT TEA*ES ITS PUPILS1 NOT ! =TITUDE ?AT %ALL BR+ EV]Y PROPOSITION TO ! TE/ ( EXAM9ATION1 BUT ! >T ( V9DICAT+ SU* T5ETS AS MAY *ANCE TO BE E/ABLI%$4444 ,?IS FEATURE RUNS ?R\< EV]Y SPECIES ( PUBLIC E/ABLI%M5T2 &1 EV5 9 ! PETTY 9/ITUTION ( ,SUNDAY S*OOLS1 ! *IEF LESSONS ?AT >E TAU<T >E A SUP]/ITI\S V5]ATION = ! *UR* ( ,5GL&1 & TO B[ TO EV]Y MAN 9 A H&SOME COAT4 '.<#a#i.> ,HIS =ECA/ WAS PROV$ CORRECT BY EV]Y ACC\NT ( ! S*OOL+ ( ! ,VICTORIAN VILLAGE *ILD4 ,PAMELA ,HORN1 9 H] /UDY ( !IR EXP]I5CES1 REPORTS H[1 

  

,FROM TIME TO TIME1 TOO1 ! APPE>ANCE ON ! ROAD ( A C>RIAGE BELONG+ TO ! SQUIRE OR SOME O!R VILLAGE NOTABLE W\LD J]K !M BACK TO !IR BE/ BEHAVIOR4 ,AS ! C>RIAGE PASS$ IT WAS CU/OM>Y = ! *ILDR5 TO DRAW HA/ILY TO ONE SIDE & TO SALUTE ! PASS5G]S 9 AN APPROPRIATE MANN]4 ,?US AT ,LANGLEY ,BURRELL 9 ,WILT%IRE1 ,MISS ,CON/ANCE ,PE>CE1 :O WAS ! DAU<T] ( ! LOCAL BREW]1 REMEMB]S ?AT AT AB\T ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 ! *ILDR51 :O ATT5D$ ! VILLAGE S*OOL W]E /ILL 'TAU<T TO BOB TO ! ,SQUI]'S FAMILY1 OR ,SIR ,JOHN ,DICKSON'S FAMILY1 :O LIV$ 9 ,PE:ILL H\SE1 :5 \T ON ! ROAD4 ' 7,! ,SQUI] WAS A ,MR ,A%E1 & IT IS P]HAPS 9DICATIVE ( ! AWE 9 :I* HE WAS HELD1 ACCORD+ TO AN E>LI] OBS]V] - ,FRANCIS ,KILV]T - AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#h#gS1 ',ONE ( ! ,LANGLEY ,BURRELL S*OOL *ILDR5 BE+ ASK$1 ,:O MADE ! ,WORLD8 ,REPLI$1 ,MR ,A%E4'7 ,SIMIL>LY ATTITUDES SEEM TO HAVE BE5 DISPLAY$ 9 A NUMB] ( O!R P>I%ES1 & AT ,HELM+HAM 9 ,SUFFOLK A GIRL :O OMITT$ ON ONE OCCASION TO CURTSY TO ! ,SQUI]'S LADY1 WAS APP>5TLY CAN$ 9 S*OOL = ?IS ! NEXT DAY4 .<#b.> 

  

,!SE ATTITUDES TOOK AN IMM5SE TIME TO DIE \T4 ,/AN ,HOLMES1 A F>M] LABOR]'S SON1 N[ A SELF-EMPLOY$ BUS9ESSMAN1 REMEMB]S FROM HIS S*OOL DAYS 9 ! #a#i#cS ?AT1 ',:5 ! SQUIRE OR F>M] CAME ALONG Y\ HAD TO /& & RAISE Y\R HAT TO HIM4 ,SAME = ! VIC> & S*OOLMA/]4 ,Y\ HAD TO RESPECT EV]YBODY = :AT !Y W]E4 ,!Y HAD :AT WE CALL A 0PECK+ ORD]0 & Y\ HAD TO TREAT PEOPLE AS SU*4 ,IF Y\ DIDN'T -- LOOK \T6 .<#b#a.> ,! SOCIAL DI/ANCE BETWE5 VILLAGE *ILDR5 & !IR BETT]S WAS 5ORM\S & VIRTUALLY UNBRIDGEABLE4 ,?US1 DRAW+ ON ! RECOLLECTIONS ( TWO CL]GYM5'S DAU<T]S 7 BORN 9 #ai & #ahgi RESPECTIVELY7 1 ,JOHN ,BURNETT RECORDS ?AT1 ',AT HI<] SOCIAL LEVELS1 CONTACTS ) 0! POOR0 W]E DELIB]ATELY AVOID$ OR C>EFULLY CONTROLL$4 ,M>G>ET ,CUNN+HAM1 DAU<T] ( ! RECTOR ( ,CRANLEI<1 WAS =BIDD5 TO TALK TO 0! POOR *ILDR50 :O ATT5D$ ! ,NATIONAL 7I4E4 ,*UR*7 ,S*OOL1 ?\< !Y (F]$ TO %>E A SKIPP+ ROPE :I* 0,I W\LD HAVE LIK$ TO HAVE ACCEPT$ AS ,I WAS NO MEAN SKIPP]40 ,ANO!R CL]GYMAN'S DAU<T]1 ,LUDIV9A ,JACKSON1 WAS ALL[$ LIMIT$ CONTACT ) 0 ! UN=TUNATES0 :5 %E BECAME A ,SUNDAY ,S*OOL TEA*] AT ! AGE ( T51 BUT H]E ! RELATION%IP WAS CLE>LY ONE ( SUP]IOR & 9F]IOR1 NOT ( EQUALS4' .<#b#b.> 

,VILLAGE *ILDR5 LIV$ 9 A CULTURE ( DEF]5CE & DEP5D5CE1 & FEW ( !IR 'BETT]S' WORRI$ AB\T !IR ISOLATION FROM ! *ANG+ \TSIDE WORLD4 ,! RECTOR ( ,GREAT ,LEI<S 9 ,ESSEX REM>K$ GUITE CASUALLY 9 HIS DI>Y ?AT1 ',IT IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ! VILLAGE M9D ?AT IT IS TOO FEEBLE TO ACCEPT A SIMPLE FACT4' .<#b#c.> 

,9 ! MID-#a#i#bS ,J4,W4 ,ROB]TS5 ,SCOTT1 F\ND] ON ! MAGAZ9E ,! ,C\NTRYMAN WROTE A ONCE-FAM\S BOOK1 ,5GL&'S ,GRE5 & ,PLEASANT ,L&1 AB\T ! REAL /ATE ( RURAL LIFE BEH9D ! SELF-9DULG5T RURALISM4 ,HE WAS BOLD 5\< TO REM>K ?AT1 ',AS ONE M$ITATES ON ! MATT] ONE COMES TO SEE ?AT ! ?+ ?AT IS WR+ ) A L>GE PROPORTION ( ! AGRICULTURAL CLASS IS SOME?+ ?AT IS WRONG FROM ITS *ILDHOOD4444' & HE DECL>$ ?AT1 ',TO />VE ! JUNIOR S*OOLS ( \R HAMLETS IS TO CUT AT ! ROOTS ( \R HOPES = ! RE=MATION ( RURAL ,5GL&4' .<#b#d.> 

,A DECADE E>LI] ?AN ,ROB]TSON ,SCOTT1 9 #a#i#a#b1 ! BOOK ,*ANGE 9 ! ,VILLAGE WAS PUBLI%$4 ,IT WAS BY ,GEORGE ,B\RNE1 ALSO KN[N AS ,GEORGE ,/URT1 :OSE BOOKS HAVE BE5 KN[N TO G5]ATIONS ( ,5GLI% TEA*]S AS ACCURATE & SYMPA!TIC ACC\NTS ( TRADITIONAL VILLAGE LIFE & WORK4 ,! AU?OR WAS A S*OOL TEA*] 9 RURAL ,SURREY BE=E 9H]IT+ HIS FAMILY'S :EELWRI<T+ BUS9ESS4 ,HIS BOOK WAS AN ELEGY = :AT HE SAW AS A PEASANTRY DE/ROY$ & DEMORALIZ$ BY ! 5CLOSURE ( COMMON L& & BY ! %ORT-LIV$ P]IOD ( 'HI< F>M+' :I* FOLL[$4 ,HE SAYS1 ',:AT WAS REALLY DEMOLI%$ 9 ?AT /RUGGLE WAS ! C\NTRY SKILL1 ! C\NTRY LORE1 ! C\NTRY \TLOOK2 SO ?AT N[1 ?\< WE HAD NO SMA%$ MA*9]Y1 WE HAVE A PEOPLE 9 :OM ! PRIDE ( LIFE IS BROK5 D[N2 A %ATT]$ SECTION ( ! COMMUNITY2 A LIV+ 5G9E :OSE FLY-:EEL ( TRADITION IS 9 FRAGM5TS & WILL NOT REVOLVE AGA94' 

,B\RNE'S F9AL *APT]1 :I* HE CALL$ ',! ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T'1 REM9D$ HIS READ]S ?AT1 ',$UCATIONAL 5?USIA/ >E BUSY2 LEGISLATORS HAVE !IR EYES ON VILLAGES2 ?R\<\T ! LEISUR$ CLASSES IT IS HABITUAL TO LOOK UPON 0! POOR0 AS A SORT ( RAW MAT]IAL1 TO BE REMODEL$ ACCORD+ TO ! LEISUR$ IDEAS ( :AT IS VIRTU\S OR REF9$1 OR USEFUL1 OR NICE2 & NOBODY SEEMS TO REFLECT ?AT ! POOR MAY BE /EADILY1 ALBEIT UNCONSCI\SLY1 MOV+ ALONG A C\RSE ( !IR [N4444' ,ONE AG5CY = ?IS *ANGE WAS ! DESPIS$ POPUL> PRESS1 P5ETRAT+ 9TO POOR RURAL HOMES4 ',!RE IS NO SAY+1 ' ,B\RNE CONCLUD$1 ':AT ITS (FSPR+ MAY NOT A*IEVE1 ONCE !Y GET !IR P[]S ( 9TELLECT AWAKE ON MOD]N L9ES & CAN DRAW FREELY UPON ! GREAT WORLD = IDEAS4' .<#b#e.> 

,TODAY !RE >E SO FEW 'VILLAGE *ILDR5' 9 ! OLD S5SE AMONG ! 9HABITANTS ( VILLAGES ?AT WE S5D TODAY'S *ILDR5 FROM ! VILLAGE TO 9T]VIEW ! OLD 9HABITANTS ) CASSETTE RECORD]S TO LE>N :AT LIFE WAS LIKE 9 ! DAYS :5 ! 'VILLAGE COMMUNITY' /ILL EXI/$4 ,! OLD PEOPLE OBLIGE1 REM9ISC+ AB\T ! WAY *ILDR5 MADE !IR [N AMUSEM5TS1 ! EXCITEM5T ( FAIRS & DAY TRIPS1 ! WAY !IR MO!RS /RUGGL$ TO MA9TA9 FAMILIES ON PA!TICALLY SMALL 9COMES1 BUT !Y ALSO REM9D US ( 9CR$IBLE H>D%IP1 SQUALOR & EXPLOITATION WELL )9 !IR [N MEMORY4 ,SOMETIMES !Y REFLECT UPON ! MEAN+ ( !IR [N MEMORIES4 ,MR ,G4 ,F4 ,SEYM\R RECALLS ?AT AMONG ! COMMON SI<TS ( HIS *ILDHOOD W]E '4444 ,*ILDR5 RUNN+ AB\T 9 ALL WEA!R )\T BOOTS & /OCK+S1 *ILDR5 9 DIRTY RAGG$ CLO!S1 *ILDR5 :O /OOD ) !IR NOSES PRESS$ TO ! PANES ( ! BAK]'S %OP W9D[4444'1 & HE GOES ON TO /RESS ?AT1 ',WE W]E ( C\RSE1 ONE ( ! RI*E/ C\NTRIES 9 ! WORLD4 ,O!R OLD PEOPLE1 LOOK+ BACK1 MAY AGREE ?AT IT WAS A PITY ?AT ?OSE RI*ES C\LDN'T HAVE BE5 MORES EV5LY DI/RIBUT$4444 ,! 0GOOD OLD DAYS0 >E CREAT$ BY \R MEMORIES & IMAG9ATIONS4 ,! PRES5T TIME IS REALLY ! GOOD OLD DAYS1 IF ONLY PEOPLE CAN BE MADE TO REALIZE IT1 & NOT BL9D !MSELVES TO ! FACTS ( H[ T\< LIFE CAN BE4444'.<#b#f.> 

.<#a.> ,SUSAN ,ISAACS1 ,CLEM5T ,BR[N & ,R4,H4 ,?\LESS1 ,! ,CAMBRIDGE ,EVACUATION ,SURVEY 7 ,ME?U51 #a#i#d#a7 

.<#b.> ,D4,E4,M ,G>DN]1 ,SUSAN ,ISAACS 7 ,ME?U51 #aifi 74 ,A MORE REC5T /UDY ( H] WORK IS ,LYDIA ,A4,H4 ,SMI?1 ,TO ,UND]/& & TO ,HELP3 ,! ,LIFE & ,WORK ( ,SUSAN ,ISAACS 7,ASSOCIAT$ ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#e7 

.<#c.> ,BRIAN ,MC,LAU<L91 ',RURAL ,RIDES' 9 ,POV]TY1 ,NO4 #f#c1 #aihf 

.<#d.> ,RAYMOND ,WILLIAMS1 ,! ,C\NTRY & ! ,CITY 7,*ATTO @& ,W9DUS1 #a#i#g#c7 

.<#e.> ,EM]SON'S J\RNAL QUOT$ BY ,MORT5 & ,LUCIA ,:ITE ,! ,9TELLECTUAL V]SUS ! ,CITY 7 M5TOR ,BOOKS1 #a#i#f#d7 

.<#f.> ,H]B]T  ,READ1 ,! ,$UCATION ( ,FREE ,M5 7 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#d7 

.<#g.> ,P4 ,WILLIAMS-,FREEMAN1 ,! ,EFFECT ( ,T[N ,LIFE ON ! ,G5]AL ,HEAL? 7,P4 ,S4 ,K+1 #a#h#h#i7 

.<#h.> ,J4 ,MILN] ,FO!RGILL1 ,! ,T[N ,DWELL]3 ,HIS ,NE$S & ,WANTS 7,LONGMANS1 #a#h#h#i7 

.<#i.> ,REPORT ( ! ,9T]-,DEP>TM5TAL ,COMMITTEE ON ,PHYSICAL ,DET]M9ATION1 #aid 

.<#a.> ,M>Y ,G4 ,B>NETT1 ,Y\NG ,DEL9QU5TS3 ,A ,/UDY ( ,RE=MATORY & ,9DU/RIAL ,S*OOLS 7,ME?U51 #a#i#a#c7 

.<#a#a.> ,REG9ALD ,BRAY1 ,! ,T[N ,*ILD 7,P4,S4 ,K+1 #a#i#g7 

.<#a#b.> ,K>L ,WEIDEL1 ',/ADT UND ,L& 9 ,KULTURPHILOSOPISC] ,BELEU*TUNG'#a#i#b#g1 QUOT$ 9 ,&REW ,LEES1 ,CITIES ,P]CEIV$3 ,URBAN ,SOCIETY 9 ,EUROPEAN & ,AM]ICAN ,?\<T #a#h#b-#a#i#d 7 ,MAN*E/] ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#e7 

.<#a#c.> ,LEO ,TOL/ROY1 ',ON ,POPUL> ,$UCATION'7 #a#h#f#b7 9 ,TOL/ROY ON ,$UCATION 7 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#g7 

.<#a#d.> ,PET] ,LASLETT1 ,! ,WORLD ,WE ,HAVE ,LO/ 7,ME?U51 #a#i#f#e7 

.<#a#e.> ,M>Y ,RUSSELL ,MIT=D1 ,\R ,VILLAGE1 #ahbd - #cb 7,GEORGE ,H>RAP1 #a#i#d#g7 

.<#a#f.> ,FLORA ,?OMSON1 ,L>K ,RISE 7,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#c#i7 

.<#a#g.> ,ALISON ,UTTLEY1 ,! ,C\NTRY ,*ILD 7,FAB] @& ,FAB]1 #a#i#c#a7 

.<#a#h.> ,W9IFR$ ,FOLEY1 ,A ,*ILD 9 ! ,=E/ 7,B,B,C ,\BLICATIONS1 #a#i#g#d7 

.<#a#i.> ,WILLIAM ,GODW91 ,9QUIRY ,CONC]N+ ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE1 #agib 7,P5GU9 ,CLASSICS1 #a#i#g#f7 

.<#b.> ,PAMALA ,HORN1 ,! ,VICTORIAN ,C\NTRY ,*ILD 7,R\NDSWOOD ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#d7 

.<#b#a.> ,RI*>D ,SCASE & ,ROB]T ,G(FEE1 ,! ,REAL ,WORLD ( ! ,SMALL ,BUS9ESS ,[N] 7 ,CROOM ,HELM1 #a#i#h7 

.<#b#b.> ,JOHN ,BURNETT 7$471 ,DE/9Y ,OBSCURE3 ,AUTOBIOGRAPHIES ( ,*ILDHOOD1 ,$UCATION & ,FAMILY FROM ! #a#h#bS TO ! #a#i#bS 7,ALL5 ,LANE1 #a#i#h#b7 

.<#b#c.> ,JAMES ,MUNSON 7$471 ,E*OES ( ! ,GREAT ,W>3 ,! ,DI>Y ( ! ,REV4 ,&REW ,CL>K #aiad - #aiai 7,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#e7 

.<#b#d.> ,J4,W4 ,ROB]TSON ,SCOTT1 ,5GL&'S ,GRE5 & ,PLEASANT L&1 #aibe 7,P5GU91 #a#i#d#g7 

.<#b#e.> ,GEORGE ,B\RNE1 ,*ANGE 9 ! ,VILLAGE1 #aiab 7,P5GU91 #a#i#h#d7 

.<#b#f.> ,G4,F4 ,SEYM\R 9 ,JUNE ,JONES & ,JULIA ,?OROGOOD 7$S471 ,:5 ,I ,WAS A ,*ILD 7,+ATE/ONE3 ,S>S5 ,PUBLI%+ = ,AGE ,CONC]N 7,ESSEX71 #a#i#h#e7 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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