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 ,! VIEWS TAK5 9 ! PREC$+ >TICLE"9 AS TO ! COMB9ATION ( EF=TS BE+ ! *IEF S\RCE ( \R WEAL? EXPLA9 :Y MORE AN>*I/S SEE 9 COMMUNISM ! ONLY EQUITABLE SOLUTION AS TO ! ADEQUATE REMUN]ATION ( 9DIVIDUAL EF=TS4  ,!RE WAS A TIME :5 A FAMILY 5GAG$ 9 AGRICULTURE1 & SUPPORT$ BY A FEW DOME/IC TRADES1 C\LD CONSID] ! CORN !Y RAIS$ & ! PLA9 WOOL5 CLO? !Y WOVE AS PRODUCTION ( !IR [N & NOBODY ELSE'S LABOR4  ,EV5 !N SU* A VIEW WAS NOT QUITE CORRECT3 !RE W]E =E/S CLE>$ & ROADS BUILT BY COMMON EF=TS2 & EV5 !N ! FAMILY HAD CONT9UALLY TO APPLY = COMMUNAL HELP1 AS IT IS /ILL ! CASE 9 SO MANY VILLAGE COMMUNITIES4  ,BUT N[1 UND] ! EXTREMELY 9T]WOV5 /ATE ( 9DU/RY1 ( :I* EA* BRAN* SUPPORTS ALL O!RS1 SU* AS ! 9DIVIDUALI/IC VIEW CAN BE HELD NO MORE4  ,IF ! IRON TRADE & ! COTTON 9DU/RY ( ?IS C\NTRY HAVE REA*$ SO HI< A DEGREE ( DEVELOPM5T1 !Y HAVE DONE SO [+ TO ! P>ALLEL GR[? ( ! RAILWAY SY/EM2 TO AN 9CREASE ( KN[L$GE AMONG BO? ! SKILL$ 5G9E]S & ! MASS ( ! WORKM52 TO A C]TA9 TRA9+ 9 ORGANIZATION SL[LY DEVELOP$ AMONG ,BRITI% PRODUC]S2 &1 ABOVE ALL1 TO ! WORLD-TRADE :I* HAS ITSELF GR[N UP1 ?ANKS TO WORKS EXECUT$ ?\S&S ( MILES AWAY4  ,! ,ITALIANS :O DI$ FROM *OL]A 9 DIGG+ ! ,SUEZ ,CANAL1 OR FROM 'TUNNEL-DISEASE' 9 ! ,/4 ,GO?>D ,TUNNEL1 HAVE CONTRIBUT$ AS MU* T[>DS ! 5RI*M5T ( ?IS C\NTRY AS ! ,BRITI% GIRL :O IS PREMATURELY GR[+ OLD 9 S]V+ A MA*9E AT ,MAN*E/]2 & ?IS GIRL IS MU* AS ! 5G9E] :O MADE A LABOR-SAV+ IMPROVEM5T 9 \R MA*9]Y4 ,H[ CAN WE PRET5D TO E/IMATE ! EXACT P>T ( EA* ( !M 9 ! RI*ES ACCUMULAT$ >\ND US8  

 ,WE MAY ADMIRE ! 9V5TIVE G5IUS OR ! ORGANIZ+ CAPACITIES ( AN IRON LORD2 BUT WE MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT ALL HIS G5IUS & 5]GY W\LD NOT REALIZE ONE-T5? ( :AT !Y REALIZE H]E IF !Y W]E SP5T DEAL+ ) ,MONGOLIAN %EPH]DS OR ,SIB]IAN PEASANTS 9/EAD ( ,BRITI% WORKM51 ,BRITI% 5G9E]S1 & TRU/WOR?Y MANAG]S4  ,AN ,5GLI% MILLIONAIRE :O SUCCE$$ 9 GIV+ A P[]FUL IMPULSE TO A BRAN* ( HOME 9DU/RY WAS ASK$ ! O!R DAY :AT W]E1 9 HIS OP9ION1 ! REAL CAUSES ( HIS SUCCESS8  ,HIS ANSW] WAS3---',I ALWAYS S\<T \T ! RI<T MAN = A GIV5 BRAN* ( CONC]N1 & ,I LEFT HIM FULL 9DEP5D5CE---MA9TA9+1 ( C\RSE1 = MYSELF ! G5]AL SUP]VISION 4'  ',DID Y\ NEV] FAIL TO F9D SU* M58' WAS ! NEXT QUE/ION4  ',NEV]4'  ',BUT 9 ! NEW BRAN*ES :I* Y\ 9TRODUC$ Y\ WANT$ A NUMB] ( NEW 9V5TIONS4'  ',NO D\BT2 WE SP5D ?\S&S 9 BUY+ PAT5TS4'  ,?IS LITTLE COLLOQUY SUMS UP1 9 MY OP9ION1 ! REAL CASE ( ?OSE 9DU/RIAL UND]TAK+S :I* >E QUOT$ BY ! ADVOCATES ( 'AN ADEQUATE REMUN]ATION ( 9DIVIDUAL EF=TS' 9 ! %APE ( MILLIONS BE/[$ ON ! MANAG]S ( PROSP]\S 9DU/RIES4 ,IT %[S H[ F> ! EF=TS >E REALLY '9DIVIDUAL4'  ,LEAV+ ASIDE ! ?\S& CONDITIONS :I* SOMETIMES P]MIT A MAN TO %[1 & SOMETIMES PREV5T HIM FROM %[+1 HIS CAPACITIES TO !IR FULL EXT5T1 IT MI<T BE ASK$ 9 H[ F> ! SAME CAPACITIES C\LD BR+ \T ! SAME RESULTS1 IF ! V]Y SAME EMPLOY] C\LD F9D NO 9V5TIONS W]E NOT /IMULAT$ BY ! ME*ANICAL TURN ( M9D ( SO MANY 9HABITANTS ( ?IS C\NTRY4 ,BRITI% 9DU/RY IS ! WORK ( ! ,BRITI% NATION---NAY1 ( ,EUROPE & ,9DIA TAKE TOGE!R---NOT ( SPATE 9DIVIDUALS4  

 ,:ILE HOLD+ ?IS SYN!TIC VIEW ON PRODUCTION1 ! AN>*I/S CANNOT CONSID]1 LIKE ! COLLECTIVI/S1 ?AT A REMUN]ATION :I* W\LD BE PROPORTIONATE TO ! H\RS ( LABOR SP5T BY EA* P]SON 9 ! PRODUCTION ( RI*ES MAY BE AN IDEAL1 OR EV5 AN APPROA* TO AN IDEAL1 SOCIETY4  ,)\T 5T]+ H]E 9TO A DISCUSSION AS TO H[ F> ! EX*ANGE VALUE ( EA* M]*&ISE IS REALLY MEASUR$ N[ BY ! AM\NT ( LABOR NECESS>Y = ITS PRODUCTION---A SEP>ATE /UDY MU/ BE DEVOT$ TO ! SUBJECT---WE MU/ SAY ?AT ! COLLECTIVI/ IDEAL SEEMS TO US M]ELY UNREALIZABLE 9 A SOCIETY :I* W\LD BE BR\<T TO CONSID] ! NECESS>IES = PRODUCTION AS A COMMON PROP]TY4 ,SU* A SOCIETY W\LD BE COMPELL$ TO AB&ON ! WAGE-SY/EM ALTOGE!R4 ,IT APPE>S IMPOSSIBLE ?AT ! MITIGAT$ 9DIVIDUALISM ( ! COLLECTIVI/ S*OOL C\LD CO-EXI/ :I* ! P>TIAL COMMUNISM IMPLI$ BY HOLD+ L& & MA*9]Y 9 COMMON---UNLESS IMPOS$ BY A P[]FUL GOV]NM5T1 MU* MORE P[]FUL ?AN ALL ?OSE ( \R [N TIMES4 ,! PRES5T WAGE-SY/EM HAS GR[N UP FROM ! APPROPRIATION ( ! NECESSITIES = PRODUCTION BY ! FEW2 IT WAS A NECESS>Y CONDITION = ! GR[? ( ! PRES5T CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION2 & IT CANNOT \TLIVE IT1 EV5 IF AN ATTEMPT BE MADE TO PAY TO ! WORK] ! FULL VALUE ( HIS PRODUCE1 & MONEY BE SUB/ITUT$ BY H\RS ( LABOR *ECKS4  ,COMMON POSSESSION ( ! NECESS>IES = PRODUCTION IMPLIES ?AT COMMON 5JOYM5T ( ! FRUITS ( ! COMMON PRODUCTION2 & WE CONSID] ?AT AN EQUITABLE ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY CAN ONLY >ISE :5 EV]Y WAGE-SY/EM IS AB&ON$1 & :5 EV]Y-BODY1 CONTRIBUT+ = ! COMMON WELL-BE+ TO ! FULL EXT5T ( HIS CAPACITIES1 %ALL 5JOY ALSO FROM ! COMMON /OCK ( SOCIETY TO ! FULLE/ POSSIBLE ( HIS NE$S4  

 ,WE MA9TA91 MOREOV]1 NOT ONLY ?AT COMMUNISM IS A DESIRABLE /ATE ( SOCIETY1 BUT ?AT ! GR[+ T5D5CY ( MOD]N SOCIETY IS PRECISELY T[>DS COMMUNISM---FREE COMMUNISM---NOT)/&+ ! SEEM+LY CONTRADICTORY GR[? ( 9DIVIDUALISM4  ,9 ! GR[? ( 9DIVIDUALISM 7ESPECIALLY DUR+ ! LA/ ?REE C5TURIES7 WE M]ELY SEE ! 5DEAVORS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL T[>DS EMANCIPAT+ HIMSELF FROM ! /EADILY GR[+ P[]S ( ,CAPITAL & ! ,/ATE4 ,BUT SIDE BY SIDE ) ?IS GR[? WE SEE ALSO1 ?R\<\T HI/ORY UP TO \R [N TIMES1 ! LAT5T /RUGGLE ( ! PRODUC]S ( WEAL? = MA9TA9+ ! P>TIAL COMMUNISM ( OLD1 AS WELL AS = RE9TRODUC+ COMMUNI/ PR9CIPLES 9 A NEW %APE1 AS SOON AS FAVORABLE CONDITIONS P]MIT IT4  ,AS SOON AS ! COMMUNES ( ! T5?1 ELEV5?1 & TWELF? C5TURIES W]E 5ABL$ TO />T !IR [N 9DEP5D5T LIFE1 !Y GAVE A WIDE EXT5SION TO WORK 9 COMMON1 TO TRADE 9 COMMON1 & TO A P>TIAL CONSUMPTION 9 COMMON4  ,ALL ?IS HAS DISAPPE>$2 BUT ! RURAL COMMUNE FI<TS A H>D /RUGGLE TO MA9TA9 ITS OLD FEATURES1 & IT SUCCE$S 9 MA9TA9+ !M 9 MANY PLACES ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 ,SWITZ]L&1 & EV5 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY2 :ILE NEW ORGANIZATIONS1 BAS$ ON ! SAME PR9CIPLES1 NEV] FAIL TO GR[ UP AS SOON AS IT IS POSSIBLE4  ,NOT)/&+ ! EGOTI/IC TURN GIV5 TO PUBLIC M9D BY ! M]*ANT-PRODUCTION ( \R C5TURY1 ! COMMUNI/ T5D5CY IS CONT9UALLY REASS]T+ ITSELF & TRY+ TO MAKE ITS WAY 9TO ! PUBLIC LIFE4  ,! P5NY BRIDGE DISAPPE>S BE=E ! PUBLIC BRIDGE2 SO ALSO ! ROAD :I* =M]LY HAD TO BE PAID = ITS USE4  ,MUSEUMS1 FREE LIBR>IES1 & FREE PUBLIC S*OOLS2 P>KS & PLEASURE GR\NDS2 PAV$ & LI<T$ /REETS1 FREE = EV]YBODY'S USE2 WAT] SUPPLI$ TO PRIVATE DWELL+S1 ) A GR[+ T5D5CY T[>DS DISREG>D+ ! EXACT AM\NT ( IT US$ BY ! 9DIVIDUAL2 TRAMWAYS & RAILWAYS :I* HAVE ALREADY BEGUN TO 9TRODUCE ! SEASON TICKET OR ! UNI=M TAX1 & WILL SURELY GO MU* FUR!R ON ?IS L9E :5 !Y >E NO LONG] PRIVATE PROP]TY3 ALL !SE >E TOK5S %[+ 9 :I* DIRECTION FUR!R PROGRESS IS TO BE EXPECT$4  

 ,IT IS PUTT+ ! WANTS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ABOVE ! VALUATION ( ! S]VICES HE HAS R5D]$1 OR MI<T R5D]1 TO SOCIETY2 IT IS 9 CONSID]+ SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 SO 9TIMATELY CONNECT$ TOGE!R ?AT A S]VICE R5D]$ TO ANY 9DIVIDUAL IS A S]VICE R5D]$ TO ! :OLE SOCIETY4  ,! LIBR>IAN ( ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM DOES NOT ASK ! READ] :AT HAVE BE5 HIS PREVI\S S]VICES TO SOCIETY1 HE SIMPLY GIVES HIM ! BOOK HE REQUIRES2 & = A UNI=M FEE1 A SCI5TIFIC ,SOCIETY LEAVES ITS G>D5S & MUSEUMS AT ! FREE DISPOSAL ( EA* MEMB] 4  ,! CREW ( A LIFEBOAT DO NOT ASK :E!R ! M5 ( A DI/RESS$ %IP >E 5TITL$ TO BE RESCU$ AT A RISK ( LIFE2 & ! ,PRISON]S' ,AID ,SOCIETY DO NOT 9QUIRE :AT ! RELEAS$ PRISON] IS WOR?4  ,H]E >E M5 9 NE$ ( S]VICE2 !Y >E FELL[ M51 & NO FUR!R RI<TS >E REQUIR$4  ,& IF ?IS V]Y CITY1 SO EGOTI/IC TO-DAY1 BE VISIT$ BY A PUBLIC CALAMITY---LET IT BE BESIEG$1 = EXAMPLE1 LIKE ,P>IS 9 #a#h#g#a1 & EXP]I5CE DUR+ ! SIEGE A WANT ( FOOD---?IS V]Y SAME CITY W\LD BE UNANIM\S 9 PROCLAIM+ ?AT ! FIR/ NE$S TO BE SATISFI$ >E ?OSE ( ! *ILDR5 & OLD1 NO MATT] :AT S]VICES !Y MAY R5D] OR HAVE R5D]$ TO SOCIETY4  ,& IT W\LD TAKE C>E ( ! ACTIVE DEF5D]S ( ! CITY1 :ATEV] ! DEGREES ( GALLANTRY DISPLAY$ BY EA* ( !M4  ,BUT1 ?IS T5D5CY ALREADY EXI/+1 NOBODY WILL D5Y1 ,I SUPPOSE1 ?AT1 9 PROPORTION AS HUMANITY IS RELIEV$ FROM ITS H>D /RUGGLE = LIFE1 ! SAME T5D5CY WILL GR[ /RONG]4  ,IF \R PRODUCTIVE P[]S BE FULLY APPLI$ = 9CREAS+ ! /OCK ( ! /APLE NECESSITIES = LIFE2 IF A MODIFICATION ( ! PRES5T CONDITIONS ( PROP]TY 9CREAS$ ! NUMB] ( PRODUC]S BY ALL ?OSE :O >E NOT PRODUC]S ( WEAL? N[2 & IF MANUAL LABOR RECONQU]$ ITS PLACE ( HONOR 9 SOCIETY---ALL ?IS DECUPLAT+ \R PRODUCTION & R5D]+ LABOR EASI] & MORE ATTRACTIVE---! COMMUNI/ T5D5CIES ALREADY EXI/+ W\LD IMM$IATELY 5L>GE !IR SPH]E ( APPLICATION4  

 ,TAK+ ALL ?AT 9TO ACC\NT1 & /ILL MORE ! PRACTICAL ASPECTS ( ! QUE/ION AS TO H[ PRIVATE PROP]TY MI<T BECOME COMMON PROP]TY1 MO/ ( ! AN>*I/S MA9TA9 ?AT ! V]Y NEXT /EP TO BE MADE BY SOCIETY1 AS SOON AS ! PRES5T REGIME ( PROP]TY UND]GOES A MODIFICATION1 WILL BE 9 A COMMUNI/ S5SE4  ,WE >E COMMUNI/S4  ,BUT \R COMMUNISM IS NOT ?AT ( EI!R ! ,PHALAN/]E OR ! AU?ORIT>IAN S*OOL3 IT IS AN>*I/ COMMUNISM1 COMMUNISM )\T GOV]NM5T1 FREE COMMUNISM4  ,IT IS A SYN!SIS ( ! TWO *IEF AIMS PROSECUT$ BY HUMANITY S9CE ! DAWN ( ITS HI/ORY--- ECONOMICAL FRE$OM & POLITICAL FRE$OM4  

 ,I HAVE ALREADY SAID ?AT AN>*Y MEANS NO-GOV]NM5T4  ,WE KN[ WELL ?AT ! WORD 0AN>*Y0 IS ALSO US$ 9 ! CURR5T LANGUAGE AS SYNONYM\S ) DISORD]4  ,BUT ?AT MEAN+ ( 0AN>*Y0 BE+ A D]IV$ ONE1 IMPLIES AT LEA/ TWO SUPPOSITIONS4  ,IT IMPLIES1 FIR/1 ?AT :5EV] !RE IS NO GOV]NM5T !RE IS DISORD]2 & IT IMPLIES1 MOREOV]1 ?AT ORD]1 DUE TO A /RONG GOV]NM5T & A /RONG POLICE1 IS ALWAYS B5EFICIAL4  ,BO? IMPLICATIONS1 H[EV]1 >E ANY?+ BUT PROV$4  ,!RE IS PL5TY ( ORD]---WE %\LD SAY1 ( H>MONY---9 MANY BUN*ES ( HUMAN ACTIVITY :]E ! GOV]NM5T1 HAPPILY1 DOES NOT 9T]F]E4  ,AS TO ! B5EFICIAL EFFECTS ( ORD]1 ! K9D ( ORD] ?AT REIGN$ AT ,NAPLES UND] ! ,B\RBONS SURELY WAS NOT PREF]ABLE TO SOME DISORD] />T$ BY ,G>IBALDI2 :ILE ! ,PROTE/ANTS ( ! ?IS C\NTRY WILL PROBABLY SAY ?AT ! GOOD DEAL ( DISORD] MADE BY ,LU!R WAS PREF]ABLE1 AT ANY RATE1 TO ! ORD] :I* REIGN$ UND] ! ,POPE4  ,AS TO ! PROV]BIAL 0ORD]0 :I* WAS ONCE 0RE/OR$ AT ,W>SAW10 !RE >E1 ,I SUPPOSE1 NO TWO OP9IONS AB\T IT4  ,:ILE ALL AGREE ?AT H>MONY IS ALWAYS DESIRABLE1 !RE IS NO SU* UNANIMITY AB\T ORD]1 & /ILL LESS AB\T ! 0ORD]0 :I* IS SUPPOS$ TO REIGN ON \R MOD]N SOCIETIES2 SO ?AT WE HAVE NO OBJECTION :ATEV] TO ! USE ( ! WORD 0AN>*Y0 AS A NEGATION ( :AT HAS BE5 (T5 DESCRIB$ AS ORD]4  

 ,BY TAK+ = \R WAT*WORD AN>*Y1 9 ITS S5SE ( NO-GOV]NM5T1 WE 9T5D TO EXPRESS A PRON\NC$ T5D5CY ( HUMAN SOCIETY4  ,9 HI/ORY WE SEE ?AT PRECISELY ?OSE EPO*S :5 SMALL P>TS ( HUMANITY BROKE D[N ! P[] ( !IR RUL]S & REASSUM$ !IR FRE$OM W]E EPO*S ( ! GREATE/ PROGRESS1 ECONOMICAL & 9TELLECTUAL4  ,BE IT ! GR[? ( ! FREE CITIES1 :OSE UNRIVAL$ MONUM5TS---FREE WORK ( FREE ASSOCIATIONS ( WORK]S---/ILL TE/IFY ( ! REVIVAL ( M9D & ( ! WELL-BE+ ( ! CITIZ52 BE IT ! GREAT MOVEM5T :I* GAVE BIR? TO ! ,RE=MATION---?OSE EPO*S WITNESS$ ! GREATE/ PROGRESS :5 ! 9DIVIDUAL RECOV]$ SOME P>T ( HIS FRE$OM4  ,& IF WE C>EFULLY WAT* ! PRES5T DEVELOPM5T ( CIVILIZ$ NATIONS1 WE CANNOT FAIL TO DISCOV] 9 IT A M>K$ & EV]-GR[+ MOVEM5T T[>DS LIMIT+ MORE & MORE ! SPH]E ( ACTION ( GOV]NM5T1 SO AS TO LEAVE MORE & MORE LIB]TY TO ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4  ,AFT] HAV+ TRI$ ALL K9DS ( GOV]NM5T1 & 5DEAVOR+ TO SOLVE ! 9SOLUBLE PROBLEM ( HAV+ A GOV]NM5T 0:I* MI<T COMPEL ! 9DIVIDUAL TO OB$I5CE1 )\T ESCAP+ ITSELF FROM OB$I5CE TO COLLECTIVELY10 HUMANITY IS TRY+ N[ TO FREE ITSELF FROM ! BONDS ( ANY GOV]NM5T :ATEV]1 & TO RESPOND TO ITS NE$S ( ORGANIZATION BY ! FREE UND]/&+ BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS PROSECUT+ ! SAME COMMON AIMS4  ,HOME ,RULE1 EV5 = ! SMALLE/ T]RITORIAL UNITY OR GR\P1 BECOMES A GR[+ NE$2 FREE AGREEM5T IS BECOM+ A SUB/ITUTE = ! LAW2 & FREE COOP]ATION A SUB/ITUTE = ! GOV]NM5TAL GU>DIAN%IP4  ,ONE AFT] ! O!R ?OSE FUNCTIONS :I* W]E CONSID]$ AS ! FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T DUR+ ! LA/ TWO C5TURIES >E DISPUT$2 SOCIETY MOVES BETT] ! LESS IT IS GOV]N$4  ,& ! MORE WE /UDY ! ADVANCE MADE 9 ?IS DIRECTION1 AS WELL AS ! 9ADEQUACY ( GOV]NM5TS TO FULFILL ! EXPECTATIONS LAID 9 !M1 ! MORE WE >E B\ND TO CONCLUDE ?AT ,HUMANITY1 BY /EADILY LIMIT+ ! FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T1 IS M>*+ T[>DS R$UC+ !M F9ALLY TO NIL2 & WE ALREADY =ESEE A /ATE ( SOCIETY :]E ! LIB]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL WILL BE LIMIT$ BY NO LAWS1 NO BONDS---BY NO?+ ELSE BY HIS [N SOCIAL HABITS & ! NECESSITY1 :I* EV]YONE FEELS1 ( F9D+ COOP]ATION1 SUPPORT1 & SYMPA?Y AMONG HIS NEI<BORS4  

 ,( C\RSE1 ! NO-GOV]NM5T E?ICS WILL MEET ) AT LEA/ AS MANY OBJECTIVES AS ! NO-CAPITAL ECONOMICS4  ,\R M9DS HAVE BE5 SO NURTUR$ IS PREJUDICES AS TO ! PROVID5TIAL FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T ?AT AN>*I/ IDEAS MU/ BE RECEIV$ ) DI/RU/4  ,\R :OLE $UCATION1 S9CE *ILDHOOD UP TO ! GRAVE1 NURTURES ! BELIEF 9 ! NECESSITY ( A GOV]NM5T & ITS B5EFICIAL EFFECTS4  ,SY/EMS ( PHILOSOPHY HAVE BE5 ELABORAT$ TO SUPPORT ?IS VIEW2 HI/ORY HAS BE5 WRITT5 FROM ?IS /&PO9T2 !ORIES ( LAW HAVE BE5 CIRCULAT$ & TAU<T = ! SAME PURPOSE4  ,ALL POLITICS >E BAS$ ON ! SAME PR9CIPLES1 EA* POLITICIAN SAY+ TO ! PEOPLE HE WANTS TO SUPPORT HIM3 0,GIVE ME ! GOV]NM5TAL P[]2 ,I WILL1 ,I CAN1 RELIEVE Y\ FROM ! H>D%IPS ( Y\R PRES5T LIFE40  ,ALL \R $UCATION IS P]MEAT$ ) ! SAME TEA*+S4  ,WE MAY OP5 ANY BOOK ( SOCIOLOGY1 HI/ORY1 LAW1 OR E?ICS3 EV]Y:]E WE F9D GOV]NM5T1 ITS ORGANIZATION1 ITS DE$S1 PLAY+ SO PROM95T A P>T ?AT WE GR[ ACCU/OM$ TO SUPPOSE ?AT ! ,/ATE & ! POLITICAL M5 >E EV]Y?+2 ?AT !RE IS NO?+ BEH9D ! BIG /ATESM54  ,! SAME TEA*+S >E DAILY REPEAT$ 9 ! ,PRESS4  ,:OLE COLUMNS >E FILL$ UP ) M9UTE/ RECORDS ( P>LIAM5T>Y DEBATES1 ( MOVEM5TS ( POLITICAL P]SONS2 &1 :ILE READ+ !SE COLUMNS1 WE TOO (T5 =GET ?AT !RE IS AN IMM5SE BODY ( M5---MAN-K9D1 9 FACT---GR[+ & DY+1 LIV+ 9 HAPP9ESS OR SORR[1 LABOR+ & CONSUM+1 ?9K+ & CREAT+1 BESIDES ?OSE FEW M5 :OSE IMPORTANCE HAS BE5 SO SWOLL5 UP AS TO OV]%AD[ HUMANITY4  

 ,& YET1 IF WE REV]T FROM ! PR9T$ MATT] TO \R REAL LIFE1 & CA/ A BROAD GLANCE ON SOCIETY AS IT IS1 WE /RUCK ) ! 9F9ITESIMAL P>T PLAY$ BY GOV]NM5T 9 \R LIFE4  ,MILLIONS ( HUMAN BE+S LIVE & DIE )\T HAV+ HAD ANY?+ TO DO ) GOV]NM5T4  ,EV]Y DAY MILLIONS ( TRANSACTIONS >E MADE )\T ! SLI<TE/ 9T]F]5CE ( GOV]NM5T2 & ?OSE :O 5T] 9TO AGREEM5TS HAVE NOT ! SLI<TE/ 9T5TION ( BREAK+ B>GA9S4  ,NAY1 ?OSE AGREEM5TS :I* >E NOT PROTECT$ BY GOV]NM5T 7?OSE ( ! ,EX*ANGE1 OR C>D DEBTS7 >E P]HAPS BETT] KEPT ?AN ANY O!RS4  ,! SIMPLY HABIT ( KEEP+ HIS WORD1 ! DESIRE ( NOT LOS+ CONFID5CE1 >E QUITE SUFFICI5T 9 ! IMM5SE OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( CASES TO 5=CE ! KEEP+ ( AGREEM5TS4  ,( C\RSE1 IT MAY BE SAID ?AT !RE IS /ILL ! GOV]NM5T :I* MI<T 5=CE !M IF NECESS>Y4  ,BUT NOT TO SPEAK ( ! NUMB]LESS CASES :I* EV5 C\LD NOT BE BR\<T BE=E A C\RT1 EV]YBODY :O HAS ! SLI<TE/ ACQUA9TANCE ) TRADE WILL UND\BT$LY CONFIRM ! ASS]TION ?AT1 IF !RE W]E NOT SO /RONG A FEEL+ ( HONOR TO KEEP AGREEM5TS1 TRADE ITSELF W\LD BECOME UTT]LY IMPOSSIBLE4  ,EV5 ?OSE M]*ANTS & MANUFACTUR]S :O FEEL NOT ! SLI<TE/ REMORSE :5 POISON+ !IR CU/OM]S ) ALL K9DS ( ABOM9ABLE DRUGS1 DULY LABEL$1 EV5 !Y ALSO KEEP !IR COMM]CIAL AGREEM5TS4  ,BUT1 IF SU* A RELATIVE MORALITY AS COMM]CIAL HONE/Y EXI/S N[1 UND] ! PRES5T CONDITIONS1 :5 5RI*M5T IS ! *IEF MOTIVE1 ! SAME FEEL+ WILL FUR!R DEVELOP V]Y FA/ AS SOON AS ROBB+ SOMEBODY ( ! FRUITS ( HIS LABOR IS NO LONG] ! ECONOMICAL BASIS ( \R LIFE4  

 ,ANO!R /RIK+ FEATURE ( \R C5TURY TELLS 9 FAVOR ( ! SAME NO-GOV]NM5T T5D5CY4  ,IT IS ! /EADY 5L>GEM5T ( ! FIELD COV]$ BY PRIVATE 9ITIATIVE1 & ! REC5T GR[? ( L>GE ORGANIZATIONS RESULT+ M]ELY & SIMPLY FROM FREE AGREEM5T4  ,! RAILWAY NET ( ,EUROPE IS A CONF$]ATION ( SO MANY SCORES ( SEP>ATE SOCIETIES & ! DIRECT TRANSPORT ( PASS5G]S & M]*&ISE OV] SO MANY L9ES :I* W]E BUILT 9DEP5D5TLY & F$]AT$ TOGE!R1 )\T EV5 SO MU* AS A ,C5TRAL ,BO>D ( ,EUROPEAN ,RAILWAYS1 >E A MO/ /RIK+ 9/ANCE ( :AT IS ALREADY DONE BY M]E AGREEM5T4  ,IF FIFTY YE>S AGO SOMEBODY HAD PR$ICT$ ?AT RAILWAYS BUILT BY SO MANY SEP>ATE COMPANIES F9ALLY W\LD CON/ITUTE SO P]FECT A NET AS !Y TO-DAY1 HE SURELY W\LD HAVE BE5 TREAT$ AS A FOOL4  ,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 URG$ ?AT SO MANY COMPANIES1 PROSECUT+ TO !IR [N 9T]E/S1 W\LD NEV] AGREE )\T AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,BO>D ( ,RAILWAYS1 SUPPORT$ BY AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONV5TION ( ! ,EUROPEAN ,/ATES1 & 5D[$ ) GOV]NM5TAL P[]S4  ,BUT NO SU* BO>D WAS RE/OR$ TO1 & ! AGREEM5T CAME NEV]!LESS4  ,! ,DUT* ,BEURD5 EXT5D+ N[ !IR ORGANIZATIONS OV] ! RIV]S ( ,G]MANY1 & EV5 TO ! %IPP+ TRADE ( ! ,BALTIC2 ! NUMB]LESS AMALGAMAT$ MANUFACTUR]S0 ASSOCIATIONS1 & ! SYNDICATE ( ,FRANCE1 >E SO MANY 9/ANCES 9 PO9T4  ,IF IT BE >GUES ?AT MANY ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS >E ORGANIZATIONS = EXPLOITATION1 IT W\LD PROVE NO?+1 BECAUSE1 IF M5 PROSECUT+ !IR [N EGOTI/IC1 (T5 V]Y N>R[1 9T]E/S CAN AGREE TOGE!R1 BETT] 9SPIR$ M51 COMPELL$ TO BE MORE CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) O!R GR\PS1 WILL NECESS>ILY AGREE /ILL EASI] & /ILL BETT]4  

 ,BUT !RE ALSO IS NO LACK ( FREE ORGANIZATIONS = NOBL] PURSUITS4 ,ONE ( ! NOBLE/ A*IEVEM5TS ( \R C5TURY IS UND\BT$LY ! ,LIFEBOAT ,ASSOCIATION4  ,S9CE ITS FIR/ HUMBLE />T1 :I* WE ALL REMEMB]1 IT HAS SAV$ NO LESS ?AN #c#b1 HUMAN LIVES4  ,IT MAKES APPEAL TO ! NOBLE/ 9/9CTS ( MAN2 ITS ACTIVITY IS 5TIRELY DEP5D5T UPON DEVOTION TO ! COMMON CAUSE2 :ILE ITS 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION IS 5TIRELY BAS$ UPON ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! LOCAL COMMITTEES4  ,! ,HOSPITALS ,ASSOCIATIONS & HUNDR$S ( LIKE ORGANIZATIONS1 OP]AT+ ON A L>GE SCALE & COV]+ EA* A WIDE FIELD1 MAY ALSO BE M5TION$ UND] ?IS HEAD4  ,BUT1 :ILE WE KN[ EV]Y?+ AB\T GOV]NM5TS & !IR DE$S1 :AT DO WE KN[ AB\T ! RESULTS A*IEV$ BY FREE COOP]ATION8  ,?\S&S ( VOLUMES HAVE BE5 WRITT5 TO RECORD ! ACTS ( GOV]NM5TS2 ! MO/ TRIFL+ AMELIORATION DUE TO LAW HAS BE5 RECORD$2 ITS GOOD EFFECTS HAVE BE5 EXAGG]AT$1 ITS BAD EFFECTS PASS$ BY 9 SIL5CE4  ,BUT :]E IS ! BOOK RECORD+ :AT HAS BE5 A*IEV$ BY FREE COOP]ATION ( WELL-9SPIR$ M58 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 HUNDR$S ( SOCIETIES >E CON/ITUT$ EV]Y DAY = ! SATISFACTION ( SOME ( ! 9F9ITELY V>I$ NE$S ( CILIVIS$ MAN4  ,WE HAVE SOCIETIES = ALL POSSIBLE K9DS ( /UDIES -- SOME ( !M EMBRAC+ ! :OLE FIELD ( NATURAL SCI5CE1 O!RS LIMIT$ TO A SMALL SPECIAL BRAN*2 SOCIETIES = GYMNA/ICS1 = %OR?&-WRIT+1 = ! /UDY ( A SEP>ATE AU?OR1 = GAMES & ALL K9DS ( SPORTS1 = =W>D+ ! SCI5CE ( MA9TA9+ LIFE1 & = FAVOR+ ! KN[L$GE ( H[ TO DE/ROY IT2 PHILOSOPHICAL & 9DU/RIAL1 >TI/IC & ANTI->TI/IC2 = S]I\S WORK & = M]E AMUSEM5T -- 9 %ORT1 !RE IS NOT A S+LE DIRECTION 9 :I* M5 W\LD EX]CISE !IR FACULTIES )\T COMB9+ TOGE!R = ! PROSECUTION ( SOME COMMON AIM4  ,EV]Y DAY NEW SOCIETIES >E =M$1 :ILE EV]Y YE> ! OLD ONES AGGREGATE TOGE!R 9TO L>G] UNITS1 F$]ATE ACROSS ! NATIONAL FRONTI]S1 & CO-OP]ATE 9 SOME COMMON WORK4  

 ,! MO/ /RIK+ FEATURE ( !SE NUMB]LESS FREE GR[?S IS ?AT !Y CONT9UALLY 5CROA* ON :AT WAS =M]LY ! DOMA9 ( ! ,/ATE ( ! ,MUNICIPALITY4  ,A H\SEHOLD] 9 A ,SWISS VILLAGE ( ! BANKS ( ,LAKE ,LEMAN BELONGS N[ TO1 AT LEA/1 A DOZ5 DIFF]5T SOCIETIES :I* SUPPLY HIM ) :AT IS ELSE:]E AS A FUNCTION ( ! MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T4  ,FREE F$]ATION ( 9DEP5D5T COMMUNES = TEMPOR>Y OR P]MAN5T PURPOSES LIES AT ! V]Y BOTTOM ( ,SWISS LIFE1 & TO !SE F$]ATIONS MANY A P>T ( ,SWITZ]L& IS 9 9DEBT$ = ITS ROADS & F\NTA9S1 ITS RI* V9EY>DS1 WELL-KEPT =E/S1 & MEAD[S :I* ! =EIGN] ADMIRES4  ,& BESIDES !RE SMALL SOCIETIES1 SUB/ITUT+ !MSELVES = ! ,/ATE )9 SOME LIMIT$ SPH]E1 DO WE NOT SEE O!R SOCIETIES DO+ ! SAME ON A MU* WID] SCALE8  ,EA* ,G]MAN ,BURG] IS PR\D ( ! ,G]MAN >MY1 BUT FEW ( !M KN[ H[ MU* IT BORR[S ( ITS =CE FROM ! NUMB]LESS PRIVATE SOCIETIES = MILIT>Y /UDIES1 EX]CISE1 & GAME2 & H[ FEW >E ?OSE :O UND]/& ?AT !IR >MY W\LD BECOME AN 9COH]5T MASS ( M5 ! DAY ?AT EA* SOLDI] WAS NO LONG] 9SPIR$ BY ! FEEL+ :I* 9SPIRE HIM N[8  ,9 ?IS C\NTRY1 EV5 ! TASK ( DEF5D+ ?AT T]RITORY -- ?AT IS1 ! *IEF1 ! GREAT FUNCTION ( ! ,/ATE -- HAS BE5 UND]TAK5 BY AN >MY ( ,VOLUNTE]S1 & ?IS >MY SURELY MI<T /& AGA9/ ANY >MY ( SLAVES OBEY+ A MILIT>Y DESPOT4 ,MORE ?AN ?AT3 A PRIVATE SOCIETY = ! DEF5SE ( ! COA/S ( ,5GL& HAS BE5 S]I\SLY SPOK5 (4  ,LET IT ONLY COME 9TO LIFE1 & SURELY IT WILL BE A MORE EFFECTIVE WEAPON = SELF-DEF5SE ?AN ! IRONCLADS ( ! NAVY4  ,ONE ( ! MO/ REM>KABLE SOCIETIES1 H[EV]1 :I* HAS REC5TLY >IS5 IS UND\BT$LY ! ,R$ ,CROSS ,SOCIETY4 ,TO SLAU<T] M5 ON ! BATTLE-FIELDS1 ?AT REMA9S ! DUTY ( ! ,/ATE2  BUT !SE V]Y ,/ATES RECOGNIZE !MSELVES UNABLE TO TAKE C>E ( !IR [N W\ND$3 !Y AB&ON ! TASK1 TO A GREAT EXT5T1 TO PRIVATE 9ITIATIVE4  ,:AT A DELUGE ( MOCK]IES W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 CA/ OV] ! POOR 0,UTOPI/0 :O %\LD HAVE D>$ TO SAY TW5TY-FIVE YE>S AGO ?AT ! C>E ( ! W\ND$ MI<T BE LEFT TO PRIVATE SOCIETIES6 0,NOBODY W\LD GO 9 ! DANG]\S PLACES6 ALL HOSPITALS W\LD GA!R :]E !RE WAS NO NE$ ( !M6 NATIONAL RIVALRIES W\LD RESULT 9 ! POOR SOLDI]S DY+ )\T ANY HELP1 & SO ON10 -- SU* W\LD HAVE BE5 ! \TCRY4  ,! W> ( #ahga HAS %[N H[ P]SPICACI\S ?OSE PROPHETS >E :O NEV] BELIEVE 9 HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE1 DEVOTION1 & GOOD S5SE4  

 ,!SE FACTS -- SO NUM]\S & SO CU/OM>Y ?AT WE PASS BY )\T EV5 NOTIC+ !M -- >E 9 \R OP9ION ONE ( ! MO/ PROM95T FEATURES ( ! SECOND HALF ( \R C5TURY4  ,! JU/-M5TION$ ORGANISMS GREW UP SO NATURALLY2 !Y >E SU* RAPIDLY EXT5D$ & SO EASILY AGGREGAT$ TOGE!R2 !Y >E SU* UNAVOIDABLE \TGR[?S ( ! MULTIPLICATION ( NE$S ( ! CIVILIZ$ MAN1 & !Y SO WELL REPLACE ,/ATE-9T]F]5CE1 ?AT WE MU/ RECOG9ISE 9 !M A GR[+ FACTOR ( \R LIFE4  ,MOD]N PROGRESS IS REALLY T[>DS ! FREE AGGREGATION ( FREE 9DIVIDUALS SO AS TO SUPPLANT GOV]NM5T 9 ALL ?OSE FUNCTIONS :I* =M]LY W]E 5TRU/$ TO IT1 & :I* IT MO/LY P]=M$ SO BADLY4  

 ,AS TO P>LIAM5T>Y RULE1 & REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T ALTOGE!R1 !Y >E RAPIDLY FALL+ 9TO DECAY4 ,! FEW PHILOSOPH]S :O ALREADY HAVE %[N !IR DEFECTS HAVE ONLY TIMIDLY SUMM$ UP ! GR[+ PUBLIC DISCONT5T4  ,IT IS BECOM+ EVID5T ?AT IT IS M]ELY /UPID TO ELECT A FEW M51 & TO 5TRU/ !M ) ! TASK ( MAK+ LAWS ON ALL POSSIBLE SUBJECTS1 ( :I* SUBJECTS MO/ ( !M >E V]Y IGNORANT4  ,IT IS BECOM+ UND]/OOD ?AT ,MAJORITY RULE IS AS DEFECTIVE AS ANY O!R K9D ( RULE2 & ,HUMANITY SE>*ES1 & F9DS1 NEW *ANNELS = RESOLV+ ! P5D+ QUE/IONS4  ,! ,PO/AL ,UNION DID NOT ELECT AN 9T]NATIONAL PO/AL P>LIAM5T 9 ORD] TO MAKE LAWS = ALL PO/AL ORGANIZATIONS ADH]5T TO ! ,UNION4 ,! RAILWAYS ( ,EUROPE DID NOT ELECT AN 9T]NATIONAL RAILWAY P>LIAM5T 9 ORD] TO REGULATE ! M>* ( TRA9S & ! REP>TITION ( ! 9COME ( 9T]NATIONAL TRAFFIC2 & ! ,METEOROLOGICAL & ,GEOLOGICAL ,SOCIETIES ( ,EUROPE DID NOT ELECT EI!R METEOROLOGICAL OR GEOLOGICAL P>LIAM5TS = S*EM+ POL> /ATIONS1 OR = E/ABLI%+ A UNI=M SUBDIVISION ( GEOLOGICAL =MATIONS & A UNI=M COLORATION ( GEOLOGICAL MAPS4  ,!Y PROCE$$ BY MEANS ( AGREEM5TS4  ,TO AGREE TOGE!R !Y RESORT$ TO CONGRESSES2 BUT1 :ILE S5D+ DELEGATES TO !IR CONGRESSES1 !Y DID NOT ELECT ,M4,P4'S BONS A T\T FAIRE2 !Y DID NOT SAY TO !M1 0,VOTE AB\T EV]Y?+ Y\ LIKE -- WE %ALL OBEY40  ,!Y PUT QUE/IONS & DISCUSS$ !M FIR/ !MSELVES2 !N !Y S5T DELEGAT$ ACQUA9T$ ) ! SPECIAL QUE/ION TO BE DISCUSS$ AT ! CONGRESS1 & !Y S5T DELEGATES -- NOT RUL]S4  ,!IR DELEGATES RETURN$ FROM ! CONGRESS ) NO LAWS 9 !IR POCKETS1 BUT ) PROPOSALS ( AGREEM5TS4  ,SU* IS ! WAY ASSUM$ N[ 7! V]Y OLD WAY1 TOO7 = DEAL+ ) QUE/IONS ( PUBLIC 9T]E/ -- NOT ! WAY ( LAW-MAK+ BY MEANS ( A REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T4  ,REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T HAS ACCOMPLI%$ ITS HI/ORICAL MISSION2 IT HAS GIV5 A MORTAL BL[ TO ,C\RT-RULE2 & BY ITS DEBATE IT HAS AWAK5$ PUBLIC 9T]E/ 9 PUBLIC QUE/IONS4  ,BUT1 TO SEE 9 IT ! GOV]NM5T ( ! FUTURE ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 IS TO COMMIT A GROSS ]ROR4  ,EA* ECONOMICAL PHASE ( LIFE IMPLIES ITS [N POLITICAL PHASE2 & IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO T\* ! V]Y BASES ( ! PRES5T ECONOMICAL LIFE -- PRIVATE PROP]TY -- )\T A CORRESPOND+ *ANGE 9 ! V]Y BASES ( ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,LIFE ALREADY %[S 9 :I* DIRECTION ! *ANGE WILL BE MADE4  ,NOT 9 9CREAS+ ! P[]S ( ! ,/ATE1 BUT 9 RE/OR+ TO FREE ORGANIZATION & FREE F$]ATION 9 ALL ?OSE BRAN*ES :I* >E N[ CONSID]$ AS ATTRIBUTIONS ( ! ,/ATE4  

 ,! OBJECTION TO ! ABOVE MAY BE EASILY =ESE54  ,IT WILL BE SAID ( C\RSE3 --- 0,BUT :AT IS TO BE DONE ) ?OSE :O DO NOT KEEP !IR AGREEM5TS8  ,:AT ) ?OSE :O >E NOT 9CL9$ TO WORK8  ,:AT ) ?OSE :O W\LD PREF] BREAK+ ! WRITT5 LAWS ( SOCIETY1 OR -- 9 ! AN>*I/ HYPO!SIS -- ITS UNWRITT5 CU/OMS8  ,AN>*Y MAY BE GOOD = A HI<] HUMANITY1 -- NOT = ! M5 ( \R [N TIMES4'  

 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 !RE >E TWO K9DS ( AGREEM5TS3 !RE IS ! FREE ONE :I* IS 5T]$ UPON BY FREE CONS5T1 AS A FREE *OICE BETWE5 DIFF]5T C\RSES EQUALLY OP5 BE=E EA* ( ! AGREE+ P>TIES2 & !RE IS ! 5=C$ AGREEM5T1 IMPOS$ BY ONE P>TY UPON ! O!R1 & ACCEPT$ BY ! LATT] FROM %E] NECESSITY2 9 FACT1 IT IS NO AGREEM5T AT ALL2 IT IS M]E SUBMISSION TO NECESSITY4  ,UNHAPPILY1 ! GREAT BULK ( :AT >E N[ DESCRIB$ AS AGREEM5TS BELONG TO ! LATT] CATEGORY4  ,:5 A WORKMAN SELLS HIS LABOR TO AN EMPLOY]1 & KN[S P]FECTLY WELL ?AT SOME VALUE ( HIS PRODUCE WILL BE UNJU/LY TAK5 BY ! EMPLOY]2 :5 HE SELLS IT )\T EV5 ! SLI<TE/ GU>ANTEE ( BE+ EMPLOY$ SO MU* AS SIX CONSECUTIVE MON?S -- & HE IS COMPELL$ TO DO SO BECAUSE HE & HIS FAMILY W\LD O!RWISE />VE NEXT WEEK -- IT IS A SAD MOCK]Y TO CALL ?AT A FREE CONTRACT4  ,MOD]N ECONOMI/S MAY CALL IT FREE1 BUT ! FA!R ( POLITICAL ECONOMY -- ,ADAM ,SMI? -- WAS NEV] GUILTY ( SU* A MISREPRES5TATION4  ,AS LONG AS ?REE-QU>T]S ( HUMANITY >E COMPELL$ TO 5T] 9TO AGREEM5TS ( ?AT DESCRIPTION1 =CE IS1 ( C\RSE1 BO? TO 5=CE ! SUPPOS$ AGREEM5TS & TO MA9TA9 SU* A /ATE ( ?+S4  ,=CE -- & A GOOD DEAL ( =CE -- IS NECESS>Y = PREV5T+ ! LABOR]S FROM TAK+ POSSESSION ( :AT !Y CONSID] UNJU/LY APPROPRIAT$ BY ! FEW2  & =CE IS NECESS>Y = ALWAYS BR++ NEW 0UNCIVILIZ$ NATIONS0 UND] ! SAME CONDITIONS4  ,! ,SP5C]IAN NO-=CE P>TY P]FECTLY WELL UND]/& ?AT2 & :ILE !Y ADVOCATE NO =CE = *ANG+ ?AT EXI/+ CONDITIONS1 !Y ADVOCATE /ILL MORE =CE ?AN IS N[ US$ = MA9TA9+ !M4  ,AS TO AN>*Y1 IT IS OBVI\SLY AS 9COMPATIBLE ) PLUTOCRACY AS ) ANY O!R K9D ( CRACY4  

 ,BUT WE DO NOT SEE ! NECESSITY ( =CE = 5=C+ AGREEM5TS FREELY 5T]$ UPON4  ,WE NEV] HE>D ( A P5ALTY IMPOS$ ON A MAN :O BELONG$ TO ! CREW ( A LIFEBOAT & AT A GIV5 MOM5T PREF]R$ TO AB&ON ! ASSOCIATION4  ,ALL ?AT HIS COMRADES W\LD DO ) HIM1 IF HE W]E GUILTY ( A GROSS NEGLECT1 W\LD BE PROBABLY TO REFUSE FUR!R TO DO ANY?+ ) HIM4  ,NOR DID WE HE> ( F9ES IMPOS$ ON A CONTRIBUTOR ( ,MR4 ,MURRAY0S ,DICTION>Y = A DELAY 9 HIS WORK1 OR ( G5D>MES DRIV+ ! VOLUNTE]S ( ,G>IBALDI TO ! BATTLE-FIELDS4  ,FREE AGREEM5TS NE$ NOT TO BE 5=C$4  

 ,AS TO ! SO-(T5 REPEAT$ OBJECTION ! NOBODY W\LD LABOR IF HE W]E NO COMPELL$ TO DO SO BY %E] NECESSITY1 WE HE>D 5\< ( IT BE=E ! EMANCIPATION ( SLAVES 9 ,AM]ICA1 AS WELL AS BE=E ! EMANCIPATION ( ! S]FS 9 ,RUSSIA2 & WE HAVE HAD ! OPPORTUNITY ( APPRECIAT+ IT AT ITS JU/ VALUE4  ,SO WE %ALL NOT TRY TO CONV9CE ?OSE :O CAN BE CONV9C$ ONLY BY ACCOMPLI%$ FACTS4  ,AS TO ?OSE :O REASON1 !Y \<T TO KN[ ?AT1 IF IT REALLY WAS SO ) SOME P>TS ( HUMANITY AT ITS L[E/ /AGE -- & YET1 :AT DO WE KN[ AB\T IT8 -- OR IF IT IS SO ) SOME SMALL COMMUNITIES 1 OR SEP>ATE 9DIVIDUALS1 BR\<T TO %E] DESPAIR BY UNSUCCESSES 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ UNFAVORABLE CONDITIONS1 IT IS NOT SO ) ! BULK ( ! CIVILIZ$ NATIONS4  ,) US WORK IS A HABIT1 & IDL5ESS AN >TIFICIAL GR[?4  ,( C\RSE1 :5 TO BE A MANUAL WORK] MEANS TO BE COMPELL$ TO WORK ALL ! LIFE LONG = T5 H\RS A DAY1 & (T5 MORE1 AT PRODUC+ SOME P>T ( SOME?+ -- A P90S HEAD1 = 9/ANCE2 :5 IT MEANS TO BE PAID WAGES ON :I* A FAMILY CAN LIVE ONLY ON ! CONDITION ( ! /RICTE/ LIMITATION ( ALL ITS NE$S2 :5 IT MEANS TO BE ALWAYS UND] ! M5ACE ( BE+ ?R[N TO-MORR[ \T ( EMPLOYM5T -- & WE KN[ H[ FREQU5T >E ! 9DU/RIAL CRISES1 & :AT A MIS]Y !Y IMPLY2 :5 IT MEANS1 9 A V]Y GREAT NUMB] ( CASES1 PREMATURE DEA? 9 A PAUP]S0 HOSPITAL1 IF NOT 9 ! WORKH\SE2 :5 TO BE MANUAL WORK] SIGNIFIES TO WE> ALL LIFE LONG A /AMP ( 9F]IORITY 9 ! EYES ( ?OSE V]Y PEOPLE :O LIVE ON ! WORK ( !IR 0H&S20 :5 IT ALWAYS MEANS ! R5\NCEM5T ( ALL ?OSE HI<] 5JOYM5TS ?AT SCI5CE & >T GIVE TO MAN -- OH1 !N !RE IS NO WOND] ?AT EV]YBODY -- ! MANUAL WORK] AS WELL -- HAS BUT ONE DREAM3 ?AT ( RIS+ TO A CONDITION :]E O!RS W\LD WORK = HIM4  ,:5 ,I SEE WRIT]S :O BOA/ ?AT !Y >E ! WORK]S1 & WRITE ?AT ! MANUAL WORK]S >E AN 9F]IOR RACE ( LAZY & IMPROVID5T FELL[S1 ,I AM 9CL9$ TO ASK !M1 ,:O1 !N HAS MADE ALL Y\ SEE R\ND AB\T Y\3 ! H\SES Y\ LIVE 91 ! *AIRS1 ! C>PETS1 ! /REETS Y\ 5JOY1 ! CLO!S Y\ WE>8  ,:O BUILT ! UNIV]SITIES :]E Y\ W]E TAU<T1 & :O PROVID$ Y\ ) FOOD DUR+ Y\R S*OOL YE>S8  ,& :AT W\LD BECOME ( Y\R READ9ESS TO 0WORK10 IF Y\ W]E COMPELL$ TO WORK 9 ! ABOVE CONDITIONS ALL Y\R LIFE ON A P90S HEAD8  ,NO D\BT1 ANYH[ Y\ W\LD BE REPORT$ AS A LAZY FELL[6  ,& ,I AFFIRM ?AT NO 9TELLIG5T MAN CAN BE CLOSELY ACQUA9T$ ) ! LIFE ( ! ,EUROPEAN WORK+ CLASSES )\T WOND]+1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 AT !IR READ9ESS TO WORK1 EV5 UND] SU* ABOM9ABLE CONDITIONS4  

 ,OV]WORK IS RELUCTANT TO HUMAN NATURE -- NOT WORK4  ,OV]WORK = SUPPLY+ ! FEW ) LUXURY -- NOT WORK = ! WELL-BE+ ( ALL4  ,WORK1 LABOR1 IS A PHYSIOLOGICAL NECESSITY1 A NECESSITY ( SP5D+ ACCUMULAT$ BODILY 5]GY1 A NECESSITY :I* IS HEAL? & LIFE ITSELF4  ,IF SO MANY BRAN*ES ( USEFUL WORK >E SO RELUCTANTLY DONE N[1 IT IS M]ELY BECAUSE !Y MEAN OV]WORK1 OR !Y >E IMPROP]LY ORGANIZ$4  ,BUT WE KN[ -- OLD ,FRANKL9 KNEW IT -- ?AT F\R H\RS ( USEFUL WORK EV]Y DAY W\LD BE MORE ?AN SUFFICI5T = SUPPLY+ EV]YBODY ) COM=T ( A MOD]ATELY WELL-TO-DO MIDDLE-CLASS H\SE1 IF WE ALL GAVE \RSELVES TO PRODUCTIVE WORK1 & IF WE DID NOT WA/E \R PRODUCTIVE P[]S AS WE DO WA/E !M N[4  ,AS TO ! *ILDI% QUE/ION1 REPEAT$ = FIFTY YE>S 7:O W\LD DO DISAGREEABLE WORK871 FRANKLY ,I REGRET ?AT NONE ( \R SAVANTS HAS EV] BE5 BR\<T TO DO IT1 BE IT = ONLY ONE DAY 9 HIS LIFE4  ,IF !RE IS /ILL WORK :I* IS REALLY DISAGREEABLE 9 ITSELF1 IT IS ONLY BECAUSE \R SCI5TIFIC M5 HAVE NEV] C>$ TO CONSID] ! MEANS = R5D]+ IT LESS SO3 !Y ALWAYS KNEW ?AT !RE W]E PL5TY ( />V+ M5 :O W\LD DO IT = A FEW P5CE A DAY4  

 ,AS TO ! ?IRD -- ! *IEF -- OBJECTION1 :I* MA9TA9S ! NECESSITY ( A GOV]NM5T = PUNI%+ ?OSE :O BREAK ! LAW ( SOCIETY1 !RE IS SO MU* TO SAY AB\T IT ?AT IT H>DLY CAN BE T\*$ 9CID5TALLY4  ,! MORE WE /UDY ! QUE/ION1 ! MORE WE >E BR\<T TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT SOCIETY ITSELF IS RESPONSIBLE = ! ANTI-SOCIAL DE$S P]PETRAT$ 9 ITS MID/2 & ?AT NO PUNI%M5TS1 NO PRISONS1 & NO HANGM5 CAN DIM9I% ! NUMB]S ( LIKE DE$S2 NO?+ %ORT ( A RE-ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY ITSELF4  ,?REE-QU>T]S ( ALL ! ACTS :I* >E BR\<T EV]Y YE> BE=E \R C\RTS HAVE !IR ORIG91 EI!R DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY1 9 ! PRES5T DISORGAIS$ /ATE ( SOCIETY ) REG>D TO ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL? -- NOT 9 ! P]V]SITY ( HUMAN NATURE4  ,AS TO ! RELATIVELY FEW ANTI-SOCIAL DE$S :I* RESULT FROM ANTI-SOCIAL 9CL9ATIONS ( SEP>ATE 9DIVIDUALS1 IT IS NOT BY PRISONS1 NOR EV5 BY RESORT+ TO ! HANGMAN1 ?AT WE CAN DIM9I% !IR NUMB]S4  ,BY \R PRISONS1 WE M]ELY MULTIPLY !M & R5D] !M WORSE4  ,BY \R DETECTIVES1 \R 0PRICE ( BLOOD10 \R EXECUTIONS1 & \R JAILS1 WE SPREAD 9 SOCIETY SU* A T]RIBLE FL[ ( BASE/ PASSIONS & HABITS1 ?AT HE :O W\LD REALIZE ! EFFECTS ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS TO !IR FULL EXT5T1 W\LD BE FRI<T5$ BY :AT SOCIETY IS DO+ UND] ! PRETEXT ( MA9TA9+ MORALITY4  ,WE MU/ SE>* = O!R REM$IES1 & ! REM$IES HAVE BE5 9DICAT$ LONG S9CE4  

 ,( C\RSE N[1 :5 A MO!R 9 SE>* ( FOOD & %ELT] = H] *ILDR5 MU/ PASS BY %OPS FILL$ UP ) ! MO/ REF9$ DELICACIES ( REF9$ GLUTTONY2 :5 GORGE\S & 9SOL5T LUXURY IS DISPLAY$ SIDE BY SIDE ) ! MO/ EXECRABLE MIS]Y2 :5 ! DOG & ! HORSE ( A RI* MAN >E F> BETT] C>$ = ?AN MILLIONS ( *ILDR5 :OSE MO!RS E>N A PITIFUL SAL>Y 9 ! PIT OR ! MANUFACTORY2 :5 EA* 0MODE/0 EV5+ DRESS ( A LADY REPRES5TS EI<T MON?S1 OR ONE YE>1 ( HUMAN LABOR2 :5 5RI*M5T ON SOMEBODY'S ACC\NT IS ! AV[$ AIM ( ! 0UPP] CLASSES10 & NO DI/9CT B\ND>Y CAN BE TRAC$ BETWE5 HONE/ & DI%ONE/ MEANS ( MAK+ MONEY -- !N =CE IS ! ONLY MEANS = MA9TA9+ SU* A /ATE ( ?+S2 !N AN >MY ( POLICEM51 JUDGES1 & HANGM5 BECOMES A NECESS>Y 9/ITUTION4  

 ,BUT IF ALL \R *ILDR5 -- ALL *ILDR5 >E \R *ILDR5 -- RECEIV$ A S\ND 9/RUCTION & $UCATION -- & WE HAVE ! MEANS ( DO+ SO2 IF EV]Y FAMILY LIV$ 9 A DEC5T HOME -- & !Y C\LD UND] ! PRES5T HI< PIT* ( \R PRODUCTION2 IF EV]Y BOY & GIRL W]E TAU<T A H&ICRAFT AT ! SAME TIME AS HE OR %E RECEIVES A SCI5TIFIC 9/RUCTION1 & NOT TO BE A MANUAL PRODUC] ( WEAL? W]E CONSID]$ A TOK5 ( 9F]IORITY2 IF M5 LIV$ 9 CLOS] CONTACT ) ONE ANO!R1 & HAD CONT9UALLY TO COME 9TO CONTACT ON ?OSE PUBLIC AFFAIRS :I* N[ >E 9VE/$ 9 ! FEW2 & IF1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( A CLOS] CONTACT1 WE W]E BR\<T TO TAKE AS LIVELY AN 9T]E/ 9 \R NEI<BORS' DIFFICULTIES & PA9S AS WE =M]LY TOOK 9 ?OSE ( \R K9SFOLK -- !N WE %\LD NOT RESORT TO POLICEM5 & JUDGES1 TO PRISONS & EXECUTIONS4  ,! ANTI-SOCIAL DE$S W\LD BE PREV5T$ 9 BUD1 NOT PUNI%$2 ! FEW CONTE/S :I* W\LD >ISE W\LD BE EASILY SETTL$ BY >BITRATORS2 & NO MORE =CE W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO IMPOSE !IR DECISIONS ?AN IS REQUIR$ N[ = 5=C+ ! DECISIONS ( ! FAMILY TRIBUNALS ( ,*9A1 OR ( ! ,VAL5CIA WAT]-C\RTS4  

 ,& H]E WE >E BR\<T TO CONSID] A GREAT QUE/ION3 ,:AT W\LD BECOME ( MORALITY 9 A SOCIETY :I* W\LD RECOGNIZE NO LAWS & PROCLAIM ! FULL FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL8  ,\R ANSW] IS PLA94  ,PUBLIC MORALITY IS 9DEP5D5T FROM1 & ANT]IOR TO1 LAW & RELIGION4  ,UNTIL N[1 ! TEA*+S ( MORALITY HAVE BE5 ASSOCIAT$ ) RELIGI\S TEA*+S4  ,BUT ! 9FLU5CE :I* RELIGI\S TEA*+S =M]LY EX]CIS$ ON ! M9D HAS FAD$ ( LATE1 & ! SANCTION :I* MORALITY D]IV$ FROM RELIGION HAS NO MORE ! P[] IT =M]LY HAD4  ,MILLIONS & MILLIONS GR[ 9 \R CITIES :O HAVE LO/ ! OLD FAI?4  ,IS IT A REASON = ?R[+ MORALITY OV]BO>D1 & = TREAT+ IT ) ! SAME S>CASM AS PRIMITIVE COSMOGONY8  

 ,OBVI\SLY NOT4 ,NO SOCIETY IS POSSIBLE )\T C]TA9 PR9CIPLES ( MORALITY G5]ALLY RECOGNIZ$4  ,IF EV]YBODY GREW ACCU/OM$ TO DECEIVE HIS FELL[-MAN2 IF WE NEV] C\LD RELY ON EA* O!R0S PROMISE & WORDS2 IF EV]YBODY TREAT$ HIS LIKE AS AN 5EMY1 AGA9/ :OM EV]Y MEANS ( W>F>E IS JU/IFIABLE -- NO SOCIETY C\LD EXI/4  ,& WE SEE1 9 FACT1 ?AT NOT)/&+ ! DECAY ( RELIGI\S BELIEFS1 ! PR9CIPLES >E 9DEP5D5T ( RELIGI\S BELIEFS3 !Y >E ANT]IOR TO !M4  ,! PRIMITIVE ,T*UKT*IS HAVE NO RELIGION3 !Y HAVE ONLY SUP]/ITI\S & FE> ( ! HO/ILE =CES ( NATURE2 & NEV]!LESS WE F9D ) !M ! V]Y SAME PR9CIPLES ( MORALITY :I* >E TAU<T BY ,*RI/IANS & ,BUDDHI/S1 ,MUSSULMANS & ,HEBREWS4  ,NAY1 SOME ( !IR PRACTICES IMPLY A MU* HI<] /&>D ( TRIBAL MORALITY ?AN ?AT :I* APPE>S 9 \R CIVILIZ$ SOCIETY4  ,9 FACT1 EA* NEW RELIGION TAKES ITS MORAL PR9CIPLES FROM ! ONLY REAL /OCK ( MORALITY -- ! MORAL HABITS :I* GR[ ) M5 AS SOON AS !Y UNITE TO LIVE TOGE!R 9 TRIBES1 CITIES1 OR NATIONS4  ,NO ANIMAL SOCIETY IS POSSIBLE )\T RESULT+ 9 GR[? ( C]TA9 MORAL HABITS ( MUTUAL SUPPORT & EV5 SELF-SACRIFICE = ! COMMON WELL-BE+4  ,!SE HABITS >E A NECESS>Y CONDITION = ! WELF>E ( ! SPECIES 9 ITS /RUGGLE = LIFE -- COOP]ATION ( 9DIVIDUALS BE+ A MU* MORE IMPORTANT FACTOR 9 ! /RUGGLE = ! PRES]VATION ( ! SPECIES ?AN ! SO-MU*-SPOK5-( PHYSICAL /RUGGLE BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS = ! MEANS ( EXI/5CE4  ,! 0FITTE/0 9 ! ORGANIC WORLD >E ?OSE :O GR[ ACCU/OM$ TO LIFE 9 SOCIETY2 & LIFE 9 SOCIETY NECESS>ILY IMPLIES MORAL HABITS4  ,AS TO MANK9D1 IT HAS1 DUR+ ITS LONG EXI/5CE1 DEVELOP$ 9 ITS MID/ A NUCLEUS ( SOCIAL HABITS1 ( MORAL HABITS1 :I* CANNOT DISAPPE> AS LONG AS HUMAN SOCIETIES EXI/4  ,& !RE=E1 NOT)/&+ ! 9FLU5CE TO ! CONTR>Y :I* >E N[ AT WORK 9 CONSEQU5CE ( \R PRES5T ECONOMICAL RELATIONS1 ! NUCLEUS ( \R MORAL HABITS CONT9UES TO EXI/4  ,LAW & RELIGION ONLY =MULATE !M & 5DEAVOR TO 5=CE !M BY !IR SANCTION4  

 ,:ATEV] ! V>IETY ( !ORIES ( MORALITY1 ALL CAN BE BR\<T UND] ?REE *IEF CATEGORIES3 ! MORALITY ( RELIGION2 ! UTILIT>IAN MORALITY2 & ! !ORY ( MORAL HABITS RESULT+ FROM ! V]Y NE$S ( LIFE 9 SOCIETY4  ,EA* RELIGI\S MORALITY SANCTIFIES ITS PRESCRIPTIONS BY MAK+ !M ORIG9ATE FROM REVELATION2 & IT TRIES TO IMPRESS ITS TEA*+S ON ! M9D BY A PROMISE ( REW>D1 OR PUNI%M5T1 EI!R 9 ?IS OR 9 ! FUTURE LIFE4  ,! UTILIT>IAN MORALITY MA9TA9S ! IDEA ( REW>D1 BUT IT F9DS IT 9 MAN HIMSELF4  ,IT 9VITES M5 TO ANALYZE !IR PLEASURES1 TO CL>IFY !M1 & TO GIVE PREF]5CE TO ?OSE :I* >E MO/ 9T5SE & MO/ DURABLE4  ,WE MU/ RECOGNIZE1 H[EV]1 ?AT1 AL?\< HAV+ EX]CIS$ SOME 9FLU5CE1 ?IS SY/EM HAS BE5 JUDG$ TOO >TIFICIAL BY ! GREAT MASS ( HUMAN BE+S4  ,& F9ALLY -- :ATEV] ITS V>IETIES -- !RE IS ! ?IRD SY/EM ( MORALITY :I* SEES 9 MORAL ACTIONS -- 9 ?OSE ACTIONS :I* >E MO/ P[]FUL 9 R5D]+ M5 BE/ FITT$ TO LIFE 9 SOCIETY -- A M]E NECESSITY ( 5JOY+ ! JOYS ( HIS BRE?R51 ( SUFF]+ :5 SOME ( HIS BRE?R5 >E SUFF]+2 A HABIT & A SECOND NATURE1 SL[LY ELABORAT$ & P]FECT$ BY LIFE 9 SOCIETY4  ,?AT IS ! MORALITY ( MANK9D2 & ?AT IS ALSO MORALITY ( AN>*Y4  

 ,I C\LD NOT BETT] ILLU/RATE ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ?REE SY/EMS ( MORALITY ?AN BY REPEAT+ ?AT FOLL[+ EXAMPLE4  ,SUPPOSE A *ILD IS DR[N+ 9 A RIV]1 & ?REE M5 /& ON ! BANK ( ! RIV]3 ! RELIGI\S MORALI/1 ! UTILIT>IAN1 & ! PLA9 MAN ( ! PEOPLE4  ,! RELIGI\S MAN IS SUPPOS$1 FIR/1 TO SAY TO HIMSELF ?AT TO SAVE ! *ILD W\LD BR+ HIM HAPP9ESS 9 ?IS OR ANO!R LIFE1 & !N SAVE ! *ILD2 BUT IF HE DOES SO1 HE IS M]ELY A GOOD RECKON]1 NO MORE4  ,!N COMES ! UTILIT>IAN1 :O IS SUPPOS$ TO REASON ?US3 0,! 5JOYM5T ( LIFE MAY BE ( ! HI<] & ! L[] DESCRIPTION4  ,TO SAVE ! *ILD W\LD ASSURE ME ! HI<] 5JOYM5T4  ,!RE=E1 LET ME JUMP 9 ! RIV]40  ,BUT1 ADMITT+ ?AT !RE EV] WAS A MAN :O REASON$ 9 ?IS WAY1 AGA91 HE W\LD BE A M]E RECKON]1 & SOCIETY W\LD DO BETT] NOT TO RELY V]Y MU* UPON HIM3 :O KN[S :AT A SOPHISM MI<T PASS ONE DAY ?R\< HIS HEAD 6  ,& H]E IS ! ?IRD MAN4  ,HE DOES NOT MU* CALCULATE4  ,BUT HE HAS GR[N 9 ! HABIT ( ALWAYS FEEL+ ! JOYS ( ?OSE :O SURR\ND HIM1 & TO FEEL HAPPY :5 O!RS >E HAPPY2 ( SUFF]+1 DEEPLY SUFF]+ :5 O!RS SUFF]4  ,TO ACT ACCORD+LY IS HIS SECOND NATURE4  ,HE HE>S ! CRY ( ! MO!R1 HE SEES ! *ILD /RUGGL+ = LIFE1 & HE JUMPS 9 ! RIV] LIKE A GOOD DOG1 & SAVES ! *ILD1 ?ANKS TO ! 5]GY ( HIS FEEL+S4  ,& :5 ! MO!R ?ANKS HIM1 HE ANSW]S3 0,:Y 6 ,I C\LD NOT DO O!RWISE ?AN ,I DID40  ,?AT IS ! REAL MORALITY4  ,?AT IS ! MORALITY ( ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE2 ! MORALITY GR[N TO A HABIT1 :I* WILL EXI/1 :ATEV] ! E?ICAL !ORIES MADE BY PHILOSOPH]S1 & WILL /EADILY IMPROVE 9 PROPORTION AS ! CONDITIONS ( \R SOCIAL LIFE >E IMPROV$4  ,SU* A MORALITY NE$S NO LAWS = ITS MA9T5ANCE4  ,IT IS A NATURAL GR[? FAVOR$ BY ! G5]AL SYMPA?Y :I* EV]Y ADVANCE T[>DS A WID] & HI<] MORALITY F9DS 9 ALL FELL[-M54  

 ,SU* >E1 9 A V]Y BRIEF SUMM>Y1 ! LEAD+ PR9CIPLES ( AN>*Y4  ,EA* ( !M HURT MANY A PREJUDICE1 & YET EA* ( !M RESULTS FROM AN ANALYSIS ( ! V]Y T5D5CIES DISPLAY$ BY HUMAN SOCIETY4  ,EA* ( !M IS RI* 9 CONSEQU5CES & IMPLIES A ?OR\< REVISION ( MANY A CURR5T OP9ION4  ,& IT IS NOT A M]E 9SI<T 9TO A REMOTE FUTURE4  ,ALREADY N[1 :ATEV] ! SPH]E ( ACTION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 HE CAN ACT1 EI!R 9 ACCORDANCE ) AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES OR ON AN OPPOSITE L9E4  ,& ALL ?AT MAY BE DONE 9 ?AT DIRECTION WILL BE DONE 9 ! DIRECTION :]ETO FUR!R DEVELOPM5T GOES4  ,ALL ?AT MAY BE DONE 9 ! OPPOSITE WAY WILL BE AN ATTEMPT TO =CE HUMANITY TO GO :]E IT WILL NOT GO4  

 ,P4 ,K,R,O,P,O,T,K,94  

 "9,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY1 ,FEBRU>Y #a#h#h#g4 ,! PRES5T >TICLE HAS BE5 DELAY$ 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! ILLNESS ( ! AU?OR4  

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

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