,! ,COMMUNALI/ ,PROJECT 

#bb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,LOCO ,/EVE1,C,C ,B,Y-,S,A ,LIC5SE  
,:E!R ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY WILL BE ! MO/ RADICAL ( TIMES OR ! MO/ REACTION>Y - OR WILL SIMPLY LAPSE 9TO A GRAY ]A ( DISMAL M$IOCRITY - WILL DEP5D OV]:ELM+LY UPON ! K9D ( SOCIAL MOVEM5T & PROGRAM ?AT SOCIAL RADICALS CREATE \T ( ! !ORETICAL1 ORGANIZATIONAL1 & POLITICAL WEAL? ?AT HAS ACCUMULAT$ DUR+ ! PA/ TWO C5TURIES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ]A4 

,! DIRECTION WE SELECT1 FROM AMONG SEV]AL 9T]SECT+ ROADS ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T1 MAY WELL DET]M9E ! FUTURE ( \R SPECIES = C5TURIES TO COME4 ,AS LONG AS ?IS IRRATIONAL SOCIETY 5DANG]S US ) NUCLE> & BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS1 WE CANNOT IGNORE ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ! 5TIRE HUMAN 5T]PRISE MAY COME TO A DEVA/AT+ 5D4 ,GIV5 ! EXQUISITELY ELABORATE TE*NICAL PLANS ?AT ! MILIT>Y-9DU/RIAL COMPLEX HAS DEVIS$1 ! SELF-EXT]M9ATION ( ! HUMAN SPECIES MU/ BE 9CLUD$ 9 ! FUTURI/IC SC5>IOS ?AT1 AT ! TURN ( ! MILL5NIUM1 ! MASS M$IA >E PROJECT+ - ! 5D ( A HUMAN FUTURE AS SU*4 

,LE/ !SE REM>KS SEEM TOO APOCALYPTIC1 ,I %\LD EMPHASIZE ?AT WE ALSO LIVE 9 AN ]A :5 HUMAN CREATIVITY1 TE*NOLOGY1 & IMAG9ATION HAVE ! CAPABILITY TO PRODUCE EXTRAORD9>Y MAT]IAL A*IEVEM5TS & TO 5D[ US ) SOCIETIES ?AT ALL[ = A DEGREE ( FRE$OM ?AT F> & AWAY EXCE$S ! MO/ DRAMATIC & EMANCIPATORY VISIONS PROJECT$ BY SOCIAL !ORI/S SU* AS ,SA9T-,SIMON1 ,*>LES ,F\RI]1 ,K>L ,M>X1 & ,PET] ,KROPOTK94.<#a.> ,MANY ?9K]S ( ! PO/MOD]N AGE HAVE OBTUSELY S+L$ \T SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY AS ! PR9CIPAL ?REATS TO HUMAN WELL-BE+1 YET FEW DISCIPL9ES HAVE IMP>T$ TO HUMANITY SU* A /UP5D\S KN[L$GE ( ! 9N]MO/ SECRETS ( MATT] & LIFE1 OR PROVID$ \R SPECIES BETT] ) ! ABILITY TO ALT] EV]Y IMPORTANT FEATURE ( REALITY & TO IMPROVE ! WELL-BE+ ( HUMAN & NONHUMAN LIFE-=MS4 

,WE >E ?US 9 A POSITION EI!R TO FOLL[ A PA? T[>D A GRIM 05D ( HI/ORY10 9 :I* A BANAL SUCCESSION ( VACU\S EV5TS REPLACES G5U9E PROGRESS1 OR TO MOVE ON TO A PA? T[>D ! TRUE MAK+ ( HI/ORY1 9 :I* HUMANITY G5U9ELY PROGRESSES T[>D A RATIONAL WORLD4 ,WE >E 9 A POSITION TO *OOSE BETWE5 AN IGNOM9I\S F9ALE1 POSSIBLY 9CLUD+ ! CATA/ROPHIC NUCLE> OBLIVION ( HI/ORY ITSELF1 & HI/ORY'S RATIONAL FULFILLM5T 9 A FREE1 MAT]IALLY ABUNDANT SOCIETY 9 AN ES!TICALLY CRAFT$ 5VIRONM5T4 

,NOT)/&+ ! TE*NOLOGICAL M>VELS ?AT COMPET+ 5T]PRISES ( ! RUL+ CLASS 7?AT IS1 ! B\RGEOISIE7 >E DEVELOP+ 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE HEGEMONY OV] ONE ANO!R1 LITTLE ( A SUBJECTIVE NATURE ?AT EXI/S 9 ! EXI/+ SOCIETY CAN R$EEM IT4 ,PRECISELY AT A TIME :5 WE1 AS A SPECIES1 >E CAPABLE ( PRODUC+ ! MEANS = AMAZ+ OBJECTIVE ADVANCES & IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! HUMAN CONDITION & 9 ! NONHUMAN NATURAL WORLD - ADVANCES ?AT C\LD MAKE = A FREE & RATIONAL SOCIETY - WE /& ALMO/ NAK$ MORALLY BE=E ! ONSLAU<T ( SOCIAL =CES ?AT MAY V]Y WELL LEAD TO \R PHYSICAL IMMOLATION4 ,PROGNOSES AB\T ! FUTURE >E UND]/&ABLY V]Y FRAGILE & >E EASILY DI/RU/$4 ,PESSIMISM HAS BECOME V]Y WIDESPREAD1 AS CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS BECOME MORE DEEPLY 5TR5*$ 9 ! HUMAN M9D ?AN EV] BE=E1 & AS CULTURE REGRESSES APPALL+LY1 ALMO/ TO A VANI%+ PO9T4 ,TO MO/ PEOPLE TODAY1 ! HOPEFUL & V]Y RADICAL C]TA9TIES ( ! TW5TY-YE> P]IOD BETWE5 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g-#a#h & ! 5D ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 9 #aici SEEM ALMO/ NAIVE4 

,YET \R DECISION TO CREATE A BETT] SOCIETY1 & \R *OICE ( ! WAY TO DO IT1 MU/ COME FROM )9 \RSELVES1 )\T ! AID ( A DEITY1 /ILL LESS A MY/ICAL 0=CE ( NATURE0 OR A *>ISMATIC LEAD]4 ,IF WE *OOSE ! ROAD T[>D A BETT] FUTURE1 \R *OICE MU/ BE ! CONSEQU5CE ( \R ABILITY - & \RS ALONE - TO LE>N FROM ! MAT]IAL LESSONS ( ! PA/ & TO APPRECIATE ! REAL PROSPECTS ( ! FUTURE4 ,WE WILL NE$ TO HAVE REC\RSE1 NOT TO <O/LY VAG>IES CONJUR$ UP FROM ! MURKY HELL ( SUP]/ITION OR1 ABSURDLY1 FROM ! C\LOIRS ( ! ACADEMY1 BUT TO ! 9NOVATIVE ATTRIBUTES ?AT MAKE UP \R V]Y HUMANITY & ! ESS5TIAL FEATURES ?AT ACC\NT = NATURAL & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! SOCIAL PA?OLOGIES & ACCID5TAL EV5TS ?AT HAVE SIDETRACK$ HUMANITY FROM ITS SELF-FULFILLM5T 9 CONSCI\SNESS & REASON4 ,HAV+ BR\<T HI/ORY TO A PO9T :]E NE>LY EV]Y?+ IS POSSIBLE1 AT LEA/ ( A MAT]IAL NATURE - & HAV+ LEFT BEH9D A PA/ ?AT WAS P]MEAT$ IDEOLOGICALLY BY MY/ICAL & RELIGI\S ELEM5TS PRODUC$ BY ! HUMAN IMAG9ATION - WE >E FAC$ ) A NEW *ALL5GE1 ONE ?AT HAS NEV] BE=E CONFRONT$ HUMANITY4 ,WE MU/ CONSCI\SLY CREATE \R [N WORLD1 NOT ACCORD+ TO DEMONIC FANTASIES1 M9DLESS CU/OMS1 & DE/RUCTIVE PREJUDICES1 BUT ACCORD+ TO ! CANONS ( REASON1 REFLECTION1 & DISC\RSE ?AT UNIQUELY BELONG TO \R [N SPECIES4 

,:AT FACTORS %\LD BE DECISIVE 9 MAK+ \R *OICE8 ,FIR/1 ( GREAT SIGNIFICANCE IS ! IMM5SE ACCUMULATION ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL EXP]I5CE ?AT IS AVAILABLE TO REVOLUTION>IES TODAY1 A /OREH\SE ( KN[L$GE ?AT1 PROP]LY CONCEIV$1 C\LD BE US$ TO AVOID ! T]RIBLE ]RORS ?AT \R PR$ECESSORS MADE & TO SP>E HUMANITY ! T]RIBLE PLAGUES ( FAIL$ REVOLUTIONS 9 ! PA/4 ,( 9DISP5SABLE IMPORTANCE IS ! POT5TIAL = A NEW !ORETICAL SPR+BO>D ?AT HAS BE5 CREAT$ BY ! HI/ORY ( IDEAS1 ONE ?AT PROVIDES ! MEANS TO CATAPULT AN EM]G+ RADICAL MOVEM5T BEYOND EXI/+ SOCIAL CONDITIONS 9TO A FUTURE ?AT FO/]S HUMANITY'S EMANCIPATION4 

,BUT WE MU/ ALSO BE FULLY AW>E ( ! SCOPE ( ! PROBLEMS ?AT WE FACE4 ,WE MU/ UND]/& ) COMPLETE CL>ITY :]E WE /& 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PREVAIL+ CAPITALI/ ORD]1 & WE HAVE TO GRASP EM]G5T SOCIAL PROBLEMS & ADDRESS !M 9 ! PROGRAM ( A NEW MOVEM5T4 ,CAPITALISM IS UNQUE/IONABLY ! MO/ DYNAMIC SOCIETY EV] TO APPE> 9 HI/ORY4 ,BY DEF9ITION1 TO BE SURE1 IT ALWAYS REMA9S A SY/EM ( COMMODITY EX*ANGE 9 :I* OBJECTS ?AT >E MADE = SALE & PR(IT P]VADE & M$IATE MO/ HUMAN RELATIONS4 ,YET CAPITALISM IS ALSO A HI<LY MUTABLE SY/EM1 CONT9UALLY ADVANC+ ! BRUTAL MAXIM ?AT :ATEV] 5T]PRISE DOES NOT GR[ AT ! EXP5SE ( ITS RIVALS MU/ DIE4 ,H5CE 0GR[?0 & P]PETUAL *ANGE BECOME ! V]Y LAWS ( LIFE ( CAPITALI/ EXI/5CE4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT CAPITALISM NEV] REMA9S P]MAN5TLY 9 ONLY ONE =M2 IT MU/ ALWAYS TRANS=M ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT >ISE FROM ITS BASIC SOCIAL RELATIONS4 

,AL?\< CAPITALISM BECAME A DOM9ANT SOCIETY ONLY 9 ! PA/ FEW C5TURIES1 IT LONG EXI/$ ON ! P]IPH]Y ( E>LI] SOCIETIES3 9 A L>GELY COMM]CIAL =M1 /RUCTUR$ >\ND TRADE BETWE5 CITIES & EMPIRES2 9 A CRAFT =M ?R\<\T ! ,EUROPEAN ,MIDDLE ,AGES2 9 A HUGELY 9DU/RIAL =M 9 \R [N TIME2 & IF WE >E TO BELIEVE REC5T SE]S1 9 AN 9=MATIONAL =M 9 ! COM+ P]IOD4 ,IT HAS CREAT$ NOT ONLY NEW TE*NOLOGIES BUT ALSO A GREAT V>IETY ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL /RUCTURES1 SU* AS ! SMALL %OP1 ! FACTORY1 ! HUGE MILL1 & ! 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL COMPLEX4 ,C]TA9LY ! CAPITALISM ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION HAS NOT COMPLETELY DISAPPE>$1 ANY MORE ?AN ! ISOLAT$ PEASANT FAMILY & SMALL CRAFTSMAN ( A /ILL E>LI] P]IOD HAVE BE5 CONSIGN$ TO COMPLETE OBLIVION4 ,MU* ( ! PA/ IS ALWAYS 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! PRES5T2 9DE$1 AS ,M>X 9SI/5TLY W>N$1 !RE IS NO 0PURE CAPITALISM10 & NONE ( ! E>LI] =MS ( CAPITALISM FADE AWAY UNTIL RADICALLY NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS >E E/ABLI%$ & BECOME OV]:ELM+LY DOM9ANT4 ,BUT TODAY CAPITALISM1 EV5 AS IT COEXI/S ) & UTILIZES PRECAPITALI/ 9/ITUTIONS = ITS [N 5DS 7SEE ,M>X'S ,GRUNDRISSE = ?IS DIALECTIC71 N[ REA*ES 9TO ! SUBURBS & ! C\NTRYSIDE ) ITS %OPP+ MALLS & NEWLY /YL$ FACTORIES4 ,9DE$1 IT IS BY NO MEANS 9CONCEIVABLE ?AT ONE DAY IT WILL REA* BEYOND \R PLANET4 ,9 ANY CASE1 IT HAS PRODUC$ NOT ONLY NEW COMMODITIES TO CREATE & FE$ NEW WANTS BUT NEW SOCIAL & CULTURAL ISSUES1 :I* 9 TURN HAVE GIV5 RISE TO NEW SUPPORT]S & ANTAGONI/S ( ! EXI/+ SY/EM4 ,! FAM\S FIR/ P>T ( ,M>X & ,5GELS'S ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 9 :I* !Y CELEBRATE CAPITALISM'S WOND]S1 W\LD HAVE TO BE P]IODICALLY REWRITT5 TO KEEP PACE ) ! A*IEVEM5TS - AS WELL AS ! HORRORS - PRODUC$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE'S DEVELOPM5T4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ /RIK+ FEATURES ( CAPITALISM TODAY IS ?AT 9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD ! HI<LY SIMPLIFI$ TWO-CLASS /RUCTURE - ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT - ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS1 9 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 PR$ICT$ W\LD BECOME DOM9ANT UND] 0MATURE0 CAPITALISM 7& WE HAVE YET TO DET]M9E :AT 0MATURE10 /ILL LESS 0LATE0 OR 0MORIBUND0 CAPITALISM ACTUALLY IS7 HAS UND]GONE A PROCESS ( RECONFIGURATION4 ,! CONFLICT BETWE5 WAGE LABOR & CAPITAL1 :ILE IT HAS BY NO MEANS DISAPPE>$1 NONE!LESS LACKS ! ALL-EMBRAC+ IMPORTANCE ?AT IT POSSESS$ 9 ! PA/4 ,CONTR>Y TO ,M>X'S EXPECTATIONS1 ! 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS IS N[ DW9DL+ 9 NUMB]S & IS /EADILY LOS+ ITS TRADITIONAL ID5TITY AS A CLASS - :I* BY NO MEANS EXCLUDES IT FROM A POT5TIALLY BROAD] & P]HAPS MORE EXT5SIVE CONFLICT ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE AGA9/ CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,PRES5T-DAY CULTURE1 SOCIAL RELATIONS1 CITYSCAPES1 MODES ( PRODUCTION1 AGRICULTURE1 & TRANSPORTATION HAVE REMADE ! TRADITIONAL PROLET>IAT1 UPON :I* SYNDICALI/S & ,M>XI/S W]E OV]:ELM+LY1 9DE$ ALMO/ MY/ICALLY FOCUS$1 9TO A L>GELY PETTY-B\RGEOIS /RATUM :OSE M5TALITY IS M>K$ BY ITS [N B\RGEOIS UTOPIANISM ( 0CONSUMPTION = ! SAKE ( CONSUMPTION40 ,WE CAN =ESEE A TIME :5 ! PROLET>IAN1 :ATEV] ! COLOR ( HIS OR H] COLL> OR PLACE ON ! ASSEMBLY L9E1 WILL BE COMPLETELY REPLAC$ BY AUTOMAT$ & EV5 M9IATURIZ$ MEANS ( PRODUCTION ?AT >E OP]AT$ BY A FEW :ITE-COAT$ MANIPULATORS ( MA*9ES & BY COMPUT]S4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 ! LIV+ /&>DS ( ! TRADITIONAL PROLET>IAT & ITS MAT]IAL EXPECTATIONS 7NO SMALL FACTOR 9 ! %AP+ ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS67 HAVE *ANG$ 5ORM\SLY1 SO>+ )9 ONLY A G5]ATION OR TWO FROM NE> POV]TY TO A COMP>ATIVELY HI< DEGREE ( MAT]IAL AFFLU5CE4 ,AMONG ! *ILDR5 & GR&*ILDR5 ( =M] /EEL & AUTOMOBILE WORK]S & COAL M9]S1 :O HAVE NO PROLET>IAN CLASS ID5TITY1 A COLLEGE $UCATION HAS REPLAC$ ! HI< S*OOL DIPLOMA AS EMBLEMATIC ( A NEW CLASS /ATUS4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ONCE-OPPOS+ CLASS 9T]E/S HAVE CONV]G$ TO A PO9T ?AT ALMO/ #e P]C5T ( ,AM]ICAN H\SEHOLDS [N /OCKS & BONDS1 :ILE A HUGE NUMB] >E PROPRIETORS ( ONE K9D OR ANO!R1 POSSESS+ !IR [N HOMES1 G>D5S1 & RURAL SUMM] RETREATS4 

,GIV5 !SE *ANGES1 ! /]N WORK+ MAN OR WOMAN1 PORTRAY$ 9 RADICAL PO/]S ( ! PA/ ) A FLEX$1 HI<LY MUSCUL> >M HOLD+ A BONE-CRU%+ HAMM]1 HAS BE5 REPLAC$ BY ! G5TEEL & WELL-MANN]$ 7SO-CALL$7 0WORK+ MIDDLE CLASS40 ,! TRADITIONAL CRY 0,WORK]S ( ! WORLD1 UNITE60 9 ITS OLD HI/ORICAL S5SE BECOMES EV] MORE MEAN+LESS4 ,! CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :I* ,M>X TRI$ TO AWAK5 9 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 HAS BE5 HEMORRHAG+ /EADILY & 9 MANY PLACES HAS VIRTUALLY DISAPPE>$4 ,! MORE EXI/5TIAL CLASS /RUGGLE HAS NOT BE5 ELIM9AT$1 TO BE SURE1 ANY MORE ?AN ! B\RGEOISIE C\LD ELIM9ATE GRAVITY FROM ! EXI/+ HUMAN CONDITION1 BUT UNLESS RADICALS TODAY BECOME AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT IT HAS BE5 N>R[$ D[N L>GELY TO ! 9DIVIDUAL FACTORY OR (FICE1 !Y WILL FAIL TO SEE ?AT A NEW1 P]HAPS MORE EXPANSIVE =M ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS CAN EM]GE 9 ! G5]ALIZ$ /RUGGLES ?AT FACE US4 ,9DE$1 ?IS =M ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS CAN BE GIV5 A REFRE%+LY NEW MEAN+ AS ! CONCEPT ( ! REBIR? ( ! CITOY5 - A CONCEPT SO IMPORTANT TO ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION ( #a<i & ITS MORE BROADLY HUMANI/IC S5TIM5T ( SOCIALITY ?AT IT BECAME ! =M ( ADDRESS AMONG LAT] REVOLUTION>IES SUMMON$ TO ! B>RICADES BY ! H]ALDIC CR[+ ( ! R$ ,FR5* ROO/]4 

,SE5 AS A :OLE1 ! SOCIAL CONDITION ?AT CAPITALISM HAS PRODUC$ TODAY /&S V]Y MU* AT ODDS ) ! SIMPLI/IC CLASS PROGNOSES ADVANC$ BY ,M>X & BY ! REVOLUTION>Y ,FR5* SYNDICALI/S4 ,AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 CAPITALISM UND]W5T AN 5ORM\S TRANS=MATION1 CREAT+ BROAD NEW SOCIAL ISSUES ) EXTRAORD9>Y RAPIDITY1 ISSUES ?AT W5T BEYOND TRADITIONAL PROLET>IAN DEM&S = IMPROV$ WAGES1 H\RS1 & WORK+ CONDITIONS3 NOTABLY 5VIRONM5TAL1 G5D]1 HI]>*ICAL1 CIVIC1 & DEMOCRATIC ISSUES4 ,CAPITALISM1 9 EFFECT1 HASG5]ALIZ$ ITS ?REATS TO HUMANITY1 P>TICUL>LY ) CLIMATIC *ANGES ?AT MAY ALT] ! V]Y FACE ( ! PLANET1 OLIG>*ICAL 9/ITUTIONS ( A GLOBAL SCOPE1 & RAMPANT URBANIZATION ?AT RADICALLY CORRODES ! CIVIC LIFE BASIC TO GRASSROOTS POLITICS4 

,HI]>*Y1 TODAY1 IS BECOM+ AS PRON\NC$ AN ISSUE AS CLASS - AS WITNESS ! EXT5T TO :I* MANY SOCIAL ANALYZES HAVE S+L$ \T MANAG]S1 BUREAUCRATS1 SCI5TI/S1 & ! LIKE AS EM]G+1 O/5SIBLY DOM9ANT GR\PS4 ,NEW & ELABORATE GRADATIONS ( /ATUS & 9T]E/S C\NT TODAY TO AN EXT5T ?AT !Y DID NOT 9 ! REC5T PA/2 !Y BLUR ! CONFLICT BETWE5 WAGE LABOR & CAPITAL ?AT WAS ONCE SO C5TRAL1 CLE>LY DEF9$1 & MILITANTLY WAG$ BY TRADITIONAL SOCIALI/S4 ,CLASS CATEGORIES >E N[ 9T]M+L$ ) HI]>*ICAL CATEGORIES BAS$ ON RACE1 G5D]1 SEXUAL PREF]5CE1 & C]TA9LY NATIONAL OR REGIONAL DIFF]5CES4 ,/ATUS DIFF]5TIATIONS1 *>ACT]I/IC ( HI]>*Y1 T5D TO CONV]GE ) CLASS DIFF]5TIATIONS1 & A MORE ALL-9CLUSIVE CAPITALI/IC WORLD IS EM]G+ 9 :I* E?NIC1 NATIONAL1 & G5D] DIFF]5CES (T5 SURPASS ! IMPORTANCE ( CLASS DIFF]5CES 9 ! PUBLIC EYE4 ,?IS PH5OM5ON IS NOT 5TIRELY NEW3 9 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> C\NTLESS ,G]MAN SOCIALI/ WORK]S CA/ ASIDE !IR E>LI] COMMITM5T TO ! R$ FLAGS ( PROLET>IAN UNITY 9 FAVOR ( ! NATIONAL FLAGS ( !IR WELL-F$ & P>ASITIC RUL]S & W5T ON TO PLUNGE BAYONETS 9TO ! BODIES ( ,FR5* & ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/ WORK]S - AS !Y DID1 9 TURN1 UND] ! NATIONAL FLAGS ( !IR [N OPPRESSORS4 

,AT ! SAME TIME CAPITALISM HAS PRODUC$ A NEW1 P]HAPS P>AM\NT CONTRADICTION3 ! CLA% BETWE5 AN ECONOMY BAS$ ON UN5D+ GR[? & ! DESICCATION ( ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T4.<#b.> ,?IS ISSUE & ITS VA/ RAMIFICATIONS CAN NO MORE BE M9IMIZ$1 LET ALONE DISMISS$1 ?AN ! NE$ ( HUMAN BE+S = FOOD OR AIR4 ,AT PRES5T ! MO/ PROMIS+ /RUGGLES 9 ! ,WE/1 :]E SOCIALISM WAS BORN1 SEEM TO BE WAG$ LESS >\ND 9COME & WORK+ CONDITIONS ?AN >\ND NUCLE> P[]1 POLLUTION1 DE=E/ATION1 URBAN BLI<T1 $UCATION1 HEAL? C>E1 COMMUNITY LIFE1 & ! OPPRESSION ( PEOPLE 9 UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES - AS WITNESS ! 7ALBEIT SPORADIC7 ANTIGLOBALIZATION UPSURGES1 9 :I* BLUE- & :ITE-COLL> 0WORK]S0 M>* 9 ! SAME RANKS ) MIDDLE-CLASS HUMANIT>IANS & >E MOTIVAT$ BY COMMON SOCIAL CONC]NS4 ,PROLET>IAN COMBATANTS BECOME 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM MIDDLE-CLASS ONES4 ,BURLY WORK]S1 :OSE HALLM>K IS A COMBATIVE MILITANCY1 N[ M>* BEH9D 0BREAD & PUPPET0 !AT] P]=M]S1 (T5 ) A CONSID]ABLE MEASURE ( %>$ PLAYFULNESS4 ,MEMB]S ( ! WORK+ & MIDDLE CLASSES N[ WE> MANY DIFF]5T SOCIAL HATS1 SO TO SPEAK1 *ALL5G+ CAPITALISM OBLIQUELY AS WELL AS DIRECTLY ON CULTURAL AS WELL AS ECONOMIC GR\NDS4 

,NOR CAN WE IGNORE1 9 DECID+ :AT DIRECTION WE >E TO FOLL[1 ! FACT ?AT CAPITALISM1 IF IT IS NOT *ECK$1 WILL 9 ! FUTURE - & NOT NECESS>ILY ! V]Y DI/ANT FUTURE - DIFF] APPRECIABLY FROM ! SY/EM WE KN[ TODAY4 ,CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T CAN BE EXPECT$ TO VA/LY ALT] ! SOCIAL HORIZON 9 ! YE>S AHEAD4 ,CAN WE SUPPOSE ?AT FACTORIES1 (FICES1 CITIES1 RESID5TIAL >EAS1 9DU/RY1 COMM]CE1 & AGRICULTURE1 LET ALONE MORAL VALUES1 ES!TICS1 M$IA1 POPUL> DESIRES1 & ! LIKE WILL NOT *ANGE IMM5SELY BE=E ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY IS \T8 ,9 ! PA/ C5TURY1 CAPITALISM1 ABOVE ALL ELSE1 HAS BROAD5$ SOCIAL ISSUES - 9DE$1 ! HI/ORICAL SOCIAL QUE/ION ( H[ A HUMANITY1 DIVID$ BY CLASSES & EXPLOITATION1 WILL CREATE A SOCIETY BAS$ ON EQUALITY1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( AU!NTIC H>MONY1 & FRE$OM - TO 9CLUDE ?OSE :OSE RESOLUTION WAS B>ELY =ESE5 BY ! LIB]ATORY SOCIAL !ORI/S 9 ! N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES4 ,\R AGE1 ) ITS 5DLESS >RAY ( 0BOTTOM L9ES0 & 09VE/M5T *OICES10 N[ ?REAT5S TO TURN SOCIETY ITSELF 9TO A VA/ & EXPLOITATIVE M>KETPLACE4.<#c.> 

,! PUBLIC ) :I* ! PROGRESSIVE SOCIALI/ HAD TO DEAL IS ALSO *ANG+ RADICALLY & WILL CONT9UE TO DO SO 9 ! COM+ DECADES4 ,TO LAG 9 UND]/&+ BEH9D ! *ANGES ?AT CAPITALISM IS 9TRODUC+ & ! NEW OR BROAD] CONTRADICTIONS IT IS PRODUC+ W\LD BE TO COMMIT ! RECURR+LY DISA/R\S ]ROR ?AT L$ TO ! DEFEAT ( NE>LY ALL REVOLUTION>Y UPSURGES 9 ! PA/ TWO C5TURIES4 ,=EMO/ AMONG ! LESSONS ?AT A NEW REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T MU/ LE>N FROM ! PA/ IS ?AT IT MU/ W9 OV] BROAD SECTORS ( ! MIDDLE CLAS/O ITS NEW POPULI/ PROGRAM4 ,NO ATTEMPT TO REPLACE CAPITALISM ) SOCIALISM EV] HAD OR WILL HAVE ! REMOTE/ *ANCE ( SUCCESS )\T ! AID ( ! DISCONT5T$ PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 :E!R IT WAS ! 9TELLIG5TSIA & PEASANTRY-9-UNI=M ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION OR ! 9TELLECTUALS1 F>M]S1 %OPKEEP]S1 CL]KS1 & MANAG]S 9 9DU/RY & EV5 9 GOV]NM5T 9 ! ,G]MAN UPHEAVALS ( #a#i#a#h-#b#a4 ,EV5 DUR+ ! MO/ PROMIS+ P]IODS ( PA/ REVOLUTION>Y CYCLES1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ,M5%EVIKS1 ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 & ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/S NEV] ACQUIR$ ABSOLUTE MAJORITIES 9 !IR RESPECTIVE LEGISLATIVES BODIES4 ,SO-CALL$ 0PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS0 W]E 9V>IABLY M9ORITY REVOLUTIONS1 USUALLY EV5 )9 ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF1 & ?OSE ?AT SUCCE$$ 7(T5 BRIEFLY1 BE=E !Y W]E SUBDU$ OR DRIFT$ HI/ORICALLY \T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T7 DEP5D$ OV]:ELM+LY ON ! FACT ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE LACK$ ACTIVE SUPPORT AMONG ITS [N MILIT>Y =CES OR WAS SIMPLY SOCIALLY DEMORALIZ$4 

,GIV5 ! *ANGES ?AT WE >E WITNESS+ & ?OSE ?AT >E /ILL TAK+ =M1 SOCIAL RADICALS CAN NO LONG] OPPOSE ! PR$ATORY 7AS WELL AS IMM5SELY CREATIVE7 CAPITALI/ SY/EM BY US+ ! IDEOLOGIES & ME?ODS ?AT W]E BORN 9 ! FIR/ ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 :5 A FACTORY PROLET>IAN SEEM$ TO BE ! PR9CIPAL ANTAGONI/ ( A TEXTILE PLANT [N]4 7,NOR CAN WE USE IDEOLOGIES ?AT W]E SPAWN$ BY CONFLICTS ?AT AN IMPOV]I%$ PEASANTRY US$ TO OPPOSE FEUDAL & SEMIFEUDAL L&[N]S47 ,NONE ( ! PR(ESS$LY ANTICAPITALI/ IDEOLOGIES ( ! PA/ - ,M>XISM1 AN>*ISM1 SYNDICALISM1 & MORE G5]IC =MS ( SOCIALISM - RETA9 ! SAME RELEVANCE ?AT !Y HAD AT AN E>LI] /AGE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & 9 AN E>LI] P]IOD ( TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCE4 ,NOR CAN ANY ( !M HOPE TO 5COMPASS ! MULTITUDE ( NEW ISSUES1 OPPORTUNITIES1 PROBLEMS1 & 9T]E/S ?AT CAPITALISM HAS REPEAT$LY CREAT$ OV] TIME4 

,M>XISM WAS ! MO/ COMPREH5SIVE & COH]5T EF=T TO PRODUCE A SY/EMATIC =M ( SOCIALISM1 EMPHASIZ+ ! MAT]IAL AS WELL AS ! SUBJECTIVE HI/ORICAL PRECONDITIONS ( A NEW SOCIETY4 ,?IS PROJECT1 9 ! PRES5T ]A ( PRECAPITALI/ ECONOMIC DECOMPOSITION & ( 9TELLECTUAL CONFUSION1 RELATIVISM1 & SUBJECTIVISM1 MU/ NEV] SURR5D] TO ! NEW B>B>IANS1 MANY ( :OM F9D !IR HOME 9 :AT WAS ONCE A B>RI] TO IDEOLOGICAL REGRESSION - ! ACADEMY4 ,WE [E MU* TO ,M>X'S ATTEMPT TO PROVIDE US ) A COH]5T & /IMULAT+ ANALYSIS ( ! COMMODITY & COMMODITY RELATIONS1 TO AN ACTIVI/ PHILOSOPHY1 A SY/EMATIC SOCIAL !ORY1 AN OBJECTIVELY GR\ND$ OR 0SCI5TIFIC0 CONCEPT ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 & A FLEXIBLE POLITICAL /RATEGY4 ,M>XI/ POLITICAL IDEAS W]E EM95TLY RELEVANT TO ! NE$S ( A T]RIBLY DISORI5T$ PROLET>IAT & TO ! P>TICUL> OPPRESSIONS ?AT ! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE 9FLICT$ UPON IT 9 ,5GL& 9 ! #a#h#dS1 SOME:AT LAT] 9 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 & ,G]MANY1 & V]Y PRESCI5TLY 9 ,RUSSIA 9 ! LA/ DECADE ( ,M>X'S LIFE4 ,UNTIL ! RISE ( ! POPULI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA 7MO/ FAM\SLY1 ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA71 ,M>X EXPECT$ ! EM]G+ PROLET>IAT TO BECOME ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION 9 ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 & TO 9EVITABLY 5GAGE 9 REVOLUTION>Y CLASS W> AS A RESULT ( CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION & IMMIS]ATION4 ,& ESPECIALLY BETWE5 #aiag & #a#i#c#i1 LONG AFT] ,M>X'S DEA?1 ,EUROPE WAS 9DE$ BELEAGU]$ BY A M\NT+ CLASS W> ?AT REA*$ ! PO9T ( \TRI<T WORK]S' 9SURRECTIONS4 ,9 #a#i#a#g1 [+ TO AN EXTRAORD9>Y CONFLU5CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES - P>TICUL>LY ) ! \TBREAK ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 :I* R5D]$ SEV]AL QUASI-FEUDAL ,EUROPEAN SOCIAL SY/EMS T]RIBLY UN/ABLE - ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS TRI$ TO USE 7BUT GREATLY ALT]$7 ,M>X'S WRIT+S 9 ORD] TO TAKE P[] 9 AN ECONOMICALLY BACKW>D EMPIRE1 :OSE SIZE SPANN$ ELEV5 TIME ZONES ACROSS ,EUROPE & ,ASIA4.<#d.> 

,BUT = ! MO/ P>T1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ,M>XISM'S ECONOMIC 9SI<TS BELONG$ TO AN ]A ( EM]G+ FACTORY CAPITALISM 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,BRILLIANT AS A !ORY ( ! MAT]IALPRECONDITIONS = SOCIALISM1 IT DID NOT ADDRESS ! ECOLOGICAL1 CIVIC1 & SUBJECTIVE =CES OR !EFFICI5T CAUSES ?AT C\LD IMPEL HUMANITY 9TO A MOVEM5T = REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 = NE>LY A C5TURY ,M>XISM /AGNAT$ !ORETICALLY4 ,ITS !ORI/S W]E (T5 PUZZL$ BY DEVELOPM5TS ?AT HAVE PASS$ IT BY &1 S9CE ! #a#i#fS1 HAVE ME*ANICALLY APP5D$ 5VIRONM5TALI/ & FEM9I/ IDEAS TO ITS =MULAIC \VRI]I/ \TLOOK4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 AN>*ISM - :I*1 ,I BELIEVE1 REPRES5TS 9 ITS AU!NTIC =M A HI<LY 9DIVIDUALI/IC \TLOOK ?AT FO/]S A RADICALLY UNFETT]$ LIFE/YLE1 (T5 AS A SUB/ITUTE = MASS ACTION - IS F> BETT] SUIT$ TO >TICULATE A ,PR\DHONIAN S+LE-FAMILY PEASANT & CRAFT WORLD ?AN A MOD]N URBAN & 9DU/RIAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,I MYSELF ONCE US$ ?IS POLITICAL LABEL1 BUT FUR!R ?\<T HAS OBLIG$ ME TO CONCLUDE ?AT1 ITS (T5-REFRE%+ APHORISMS & 9SI<TS NOT)/&+1 IT IS SIMPLY NOT A SOCIAL !ORY4 ,ITS =EMO/ !ORI/S CELEBRATE ITS SEEM+ OP5NESS TO ECLECTICISM & ! LIB]ATORY EFFECTS ( 0P>ADOX0 OR EV5 0CONTRADICTION10 TO USE ,PR\DHONIAN HYP]BOLE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 & )\T PREJUDICE TO ! E>NE/NESS ( MANY AN>*I/IC PRACTICES1 A CASE CAN MADE ?AT MANY ( ! IDEAS ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION ?AT 9 ! PA/ HAVE BE5 ADVANC$ 9 ! NAME ( 0AN>*Y0 W]E (T5 DRAWN FROM ,M>XISM 79CLUD+ MY [N CONCEPT ( 0PO/-SC>CITY10 :I* UND]/&ABLY 9FURIAT$ MANY AN>*I/S :O READ MY ESSAYS ON ! SUBJECT74 ,REGRETTABLY1 ! USE ( SOCIALI/IC T]MS HAS (T5 PREV5T$ AN>*I/S FROM TELL+ US OR EV5 UND]/&+ CLE>LY:AT !Y >E3 9DIVIDUALI/S :OSE CONCEPTS ( AUTONOMY ORIG9ATE 9 A /RONG COMMITM5T TOP]SONAL LIB]TY RA!R ?AN TO SOCIAL FRE$OM1 OR SOCIALI/S COMMITT$ TO A /RUCTUR$1 9/ITUTIONALIZ$1 & RESPONSIBLE =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,AN>*ISM'S IDEA ( SELF-REGULATION 7AUTO-NOMOS7 L$ TO A RADICAL CELEBRATION ( ,NIETZS*E'S ALL-ABSORB+ WILL4 ,9DE$ ! HI/ORY ( ?IS 0IDEOLOGY0 IS PEPP]$ ) IDIOSYNCRATIC ACTS ( DEFIANCE ?AT V]GE ON ! ECC5TRIC1 :I* NOT SURPRIS+LY HAVE ATTRACT$ MANY Y\NG PEOPLE & ES!TES4 

,9 FACT AN>*ISM REPRES5TS ! MO/ EXTREME =MULATION ( LIB]ALISM'S IDEOLOGY ( UNFETT]$ AUTONOMY1 CULM9AT+ 9 A CELEBRATION ( H]OIC ACTS ( DEFIANCE ( ! /ATE4 ,AN>*ISM'S MY?OS ( SELF-REGULATION 7AUTO NOMOS7 - ! RADICAL ASS]TION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL OV] OR EV5 AGA9/ SOCIETY & ! P]SONALI/IC ABS5CE ( RESPONSIBILITY = ! COLLECTIVE WELF>E - LEADS TO A RADICAL AFFIRMATION ( ! ALL-P[]FUL WILL SO C5TRAL TO ,NIETZS*E'S IDEOLOGICAL P]EGR9ATIONS4 ,SOME SELF-PR(ESS$ AN>*I/S HAVE EV5 D5\NC$ MASS SOCIAL ACTION AS FUTILE & ALI5 TO !IR PRIVATE CONC]NS & MADE A FETI% ( :AT ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S CALL$ GRUPISMO1 A SMALL-GR\P MODE ( ACTION ?AT IS HI<LY P]SONAL RA!R ?AN SOCIAL4 

,AN>*ISM HAS (T5 BE5 CONFUS$ ) REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM1 A HI<LY /RUCTUR$ & WELL-DEVELOP$ MASS =M ( LIB]T>IAN TRADE UNIONISM ?AT1 UNLIKE AN>*ISM1 WAS LONG COMMITT$ TO DEMOCRATIC PROC$URES1.<#e.> TO DISCIPL9E 9 ACTION1 & TO ORGANIZ$1 LONG-RANGE REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE TO ELIM9ATE CAPITALISM4 ,ITS AFF9ITY ) AN>*ISM /EMS FROM ITS /RONG LIB]T>IAN BIAS1 BUT BITT] ANTAGONISMS BETWE5 AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S HAVE A LONG HI/ORY 9 NE>LY EV]Y C\NTRY 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 AS WITNESS ! T5SIONS BETWE5 ! ,SPANI% ,C,N,T & ! AN>*I/ GR\PS ASSOCIAT$ ) ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD E>LY 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY2 BETWE5 ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ & AN>*I/ GR\PS 9 ,RUSSIA DUR+ ! #aiag REVOLUTION2 & BETWE5 ! ,I,W,W 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,SW$51 TO CITE ! MORE ILLU/RATIVE CASES 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! LIB]T>IAN LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,MORE ?AN ONE ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ WAS AFFRONT$ BY ,JOE ,HILL'S DEFIANT MAXIM ON ! EVE ( HIS EXECUTION 9 ,UTAH3 0,DON'T M\RN - ,ORGANIZE60 ,ALAS1 SMALL GR\PS W]E NOT QUITE ! 0ORGANIZATIONS0 ?AT ,JOE ,HILL1 OR ! GROSSLY MISUND]/OOD IDOL ( ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T1 ,SALVADOR ,SEGUI1 HAD 9 M9D4 ,IT WAS L>GELY ! %>$ WORD LIB]T>IAN ?AT MADE IT POSSIBLE = SOME:AT CONFUS$ AN>*I/S TO COEXI/ 9 ! SAME ORGANIZATION ) REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S4 ,IT WAS (T5 V]BAL CONFUSION RA!R ?AN IDEOLOGICAL CL>ITY ?AT MADE POSSIBLE ! COEXI/5CE 9 ,SPA9 ( ! ,F,A,I1 AS REPRES5T$ BY ! AN>*I/ ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y1 ) ! SYNDICALI/S1 AS REPRES5T$ BY ,JUAN ,PRIETO1 9 ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 A TRULY CONFUS$ ORGANIZATION IF EV] !RE WAS ONE4 

,REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM'S DE/9Y HAS BE5 TI$ 9 V>Y+ DEGREES TO A PA?OLOGY CALL$\VRI]ISME1 OR 0WORK]ISM10 & :ATEV] PHILOSOPHY1 !ORY ( HI/ORY1 OR POLITICAL ECONOMY IT POSSESSES HAS BE5 BORR[$1 (T5 PIECEMEAL & 9DIRECTLY1 FROM ,M>X - 9DE$1 ,GEORGES ,SOREL & MANY O!R PR(ESS$ REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S 9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY EXPRESSLY REG>D$ !MSELVES AS ,M>XI/S & EV5 MORE EXPRESSLY ES*EW$ AN>*ISM4 ,MOREOV]1 REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM LACKS A /RATEGY = SOCIAL *ANGE BEYOND ! G5]AL /RIKE1 :I* REVOLUTION>Y UPRIS+S SU* AS ! FAM\S ,OCTOB] & ,NOVEMB] G5]AL /RIKES 9 ,RUSSIA DUR+ #aie PROV$ TO BE /IRR+ BUT ULTIMATELY 9EFFECTUAL4 ,9DE$1 AS 9VALUABLE AS ! G5]AL /RIKE MAY BE AS A PRELUDE TO DIRECT CONFRONTATION ) ! /ATE1 !Y DECID$LY DO NOT HAVE ! MY/ICAL CAPACITY ?AT REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S ASSIGN$ TO !M AS MEANS = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,!IR LIMITATIONS >E /RIK+ EVID5CE ?AT1 AS EPISODIC =MS ( DIRECT ACTION1 G5]AL /RIKES >E NOT EQUATABLE ) REVOLUTION NOR EV5 ) PR(\ND SOCIAL *ANGES1 :I* PRESUPPOSE A MASS MOVEM5T & REQUIRE YE>S ( GE/ATION & A CLE> S5SE ( DIRECTION4 ,9DE$1 REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM EXUDES A TYPICAL \VRI]I/ ANTI-9TELLECTUALISM ?AT DISDA9S ATTEMPTS TO =MULATE A PURPOSIVE REVOLUTION>Y DIRECTION & A REV]5CE = PROLET>IAN 0SPONTANEITY0 ?AT1 AT TIMES1 HAS L$ IT 9TO HI<LY SELF-DE/RUCTIVE SITUATIONS4 ,LACK+ ! MEANS = AN ANALYSIS ( !IR SITUATION1 ! ,SPANI% SYNDICALI/S 7& AN>*I/S7 REVEAL$ ONLY A M9IMAL CAPACITY TO UND]/& ! SITUATION 9 :I* !Y F\ND !MSELVES AFT] !IR VICTORY OV] ,FRANCO'S =CES 9 ! SUMM] ( #aicf & NO CAPACITY TO TAKE 0! NEXT /EP0 TO 9/ITUTIONALIZE A WORK]S' & PEASANTS' =M ( GOV]NM5T4 

,:AT !SE OBS]VATIONS ADD UP TO IS ?AT ,M>XI/S1 REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S1 & AU!NTIC AN>*I/S ALL HAVE A FALLACI\S UND]/&+ ( POLITICS1 :I* %\LD BE CONCEIV$ AS ! CIVIC >5A & ! 9/ITUTIONS BY :I* PEOPLE DEMOCRATICALLY & DIRECTLY MANAGE !IR COMMUNITY AFFAIRS4 ,9DE$ ! ,LEFT HAS REPEAT$LY MI/AK5 /ATECRAFT = POLITICS BY ITS P]SI/5T FAILURE TO UND]/& ?AT ! TWO >E NOT ONLY RADICALLY DIFF]5T BUT EXI/ 9 RADICAL T5SION - 9 FACT1 OPPOSITION - TO EA* O!R4.<#f.> ,AS ,I HAVE WRITT5 ELSE:]E1 HI/ORICALLY POLITICS DID NOT EM]GE FROM ! /ATE - AN APP>ATUS :OSE PR(ESSIONAL MA*9]Y IS DESIGN$ TO DOM9ATE & FACILITATE ! EXPLOITATION ( ! CITIZ5RY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( A PRIVILEG$ CLASS4 ,RA!R1 POLITICS1 ALMO/ BY DEF9ITION1 IS ! ACTIVE 5GAGEM5T ( FREE CITIZ5S 9 ! H&L+ !IR MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS & 9 !IR DEF5SE ( ITS FRE$OM4 ,ONE CAN ALMO/ SAY ?AT POLITICS IS ! 0EMBODIM5T0 ( :AT ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>IES ( ! #a#g#iS CALL$ CIVICISME4 ,QUITE PROP]LY1 9 FACT1 ! WORD POLITICS ITSELF CONTA9S ! ,GREEK WORD = 0CITY0 OR POLIS1 & ITS USE 9 CLASSICAL ,A!NS1 TOGE!R ) DEMOCRACY1 CONNOT$ ! DIRECT GOV]N+ ( ! CITY BY ITS CITIZ5S4 ,C5TURIES ( CIVIC DEGRADATION1 M>K$ P>TICUL>LY BY ! =MATION ( CLASSES1 W]E NECESS>Y TO PRODUCE ! /ATE & ITS CORROSIVE ABSORPTION ( ! POLITICAL REALM4 

,A DEF9+ FEATURE ( ! ,LEFT IS PRECISELY ! ,M>XI/1 AN>*I/1 & REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ BELIEF ?AT NO DI/9CTION EXI/S1 9 PR9CIPLE1 BETWE5 ! POLITICAL REALM & ! /ATI/ REALM4 ,BY EMPHASIZ+ ! NATION-/ATE - 9CLUD+ A 0WORK]S' /ATE0 - AS ! LOCUS ( ECONOMIC AS WELL AS POLITICAL P[]1 ,M>X 7AS WELL AS LIB]T>IANS7 NOTORI\SLY FAIL$ TO DEMON/RATE H[ WORK]S C\LD FULLY & DIRECTLY CONTROL SU* A /ATE )\T ! M$IATION ( AN EMP[]$ BUREAUCRACY & ESS5TIALLY /ATI/ 7OR EQUIVAL5TLY1 9 ! CASE ( LIB]T>IANS1 GOV]NM5TAL7 9/ITUTIONS4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! ,M>XI/S UNAVOIDABLY SAW ! POLITICAL REALM1 :I* IT DESIGNAT$ A 0WORK]S' /ATE10 AS A REPRESSIVE 5TITY1 O/5SIBLY BAS$ ON ! 9T]E/S ( A S+LE CLASS1 ! PROLET>IAT4 

,REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM1 = ITS P>T1 EMPHASIZ$ FACTORY CONTROL BY WORK]S' COMMITTEES & CONF$]AL ECONOMIC C\NCILS AS ! LOCUS ( SOCIAL AU?ORITY1 !REBY SIMPLY BYPASS+ ANY POPUL> 9/ITUTIONS ?AT EXI/$ \TSIDE ! ECONOMY4 ,ODDLY1 ?IS WAS ECONOMIC DET]M9ISM ) A V5GEANCE1 :I*1 TE/$ BY ! EXP]I5CES ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f1 PROV$ COMPLETELY 9EFFECTUAL4 ,A VA/ DOMA9 ( REAL GOV]NM5TAL P[]1 FROM MILIT>Y AFFAIRS TO ! ADM9I/RATION ( JU/ICE1 FELL TO ! ,/AL9I/S & ! LIB]ALS ( ,SPA91 :O US$ !IR AU?ORITY TO SUBV]T ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T - & ) IT1 ! REVOLUTION>Y A*IEVEM5TS ( ! SYNDICALI/ WORK]S 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 OR :AT WAS D\RLY CALL$ BY ONE NOVELI/ 0,! ,BRIEF ,SUMM] ( ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM40 

,AS = AN>*ISM1 ,BAKUN9 EXPRESS$ ! TYPICAL VIEW ( ITS ADH]5TS 9 #ahga :5 HE WROTE ?AT ! NEW SOCIAL ORD] C\LD BE CREAT$ 0ONLY ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T & ORGANIZATION ( ! NONPOLITICAL OR ANTIPOLITICAL SOCIAL P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 CITY & C\NTRY10 !REBY REJECT+ ) *>ACT]I/IC 9CONSI/5CY ! V]Y MUNICIPAL POLITICS :I* HE SANCTION$ 9 ,ITALY >\ND ! SAME YE>4 ,ACCORD+LY1 AN>*I/S HAVE LONG REG>D$ EV]Y GOV]NM5T AS A/ATE & CONDEMN$ IT ACCORD+LY - A VIEW ?AT IS A RECIPE = ! ELIM9ATION ( ANYORGANIZ$ SOCIAL LIFE :ATEV]4 ,:ILE ! /ATE IS ! 9/RUM5T BY :I* AN OPPRESSIVE &EXPLOITATIVE CLASS REGULATES & CO]CIVELY CONTROLS ! BEHAVIOR ( AN EXPLOIT$ CLASS BY A RUL+ CLASS1 A GOV]NM5T - OR BETT] /ILL1 A POLITY - IS AN 5SEMBLE ( 9/ITUTIONS DESIGN$ TO DEAL ) ! PROBLEMS ( CONSOCIATIONAL LIFE 9 AN ORD]LY & HOPEFULLY FAIR MANN]4 ,EV]Y 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ ASSOCIATION ?AT CON/ITUTES A SY/EM = H&L+ PUBLIC AFFAIRS - ) OR )\T ! PRES5CE ( A /ATE - IS NECESS>ILY A GOV]NM5T4 ,BY CONTRA/1 EV]Y /ATE1 AL?\< NECESS>ILY A =M ( GOV]NM5T1 IS A =CE = CLASS REPRESSION & CONTROL4 ,ANNOY+ AS IT MU/ SEEM TO ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/ ALIKE1 ! CRY = A CON/ITUTION1 = A RESPONSIBLE & A RESPONSIVE GOV]NM5T1 & EV5 = LAW OR NOMOS HAS BE5 CLE>LY >TICULAT$ - & COMMITT$ TO PR9T6 - BY ! OPPRESS$ = C5TURIES AGA9/ ! CAPRICI\S RULE EX]CIS$ BY MON>*S1 NOBLES1 & BUREAUCRATS4 ,! LIB]T>IAN OPPOSITION TO LAW1 NOT TO SPEAK ( GOV]NM5T AS SU*1 HAS BE5 AS SILLY AS ! IMAGE ( A SNAKE SWALL[+ ITS TAIL4 ,:AT REMA9S 9 ! 5D IS NO?+ BUT A RET9AL AFT]IMAGE ?AT HAS NO EXI/5TIAL REALITY4 

,! ISSUES RAIS$ 9 ! PREC$+ PAGES >E ( MORE ?AN ACADEMIC 9T]E/4 ,AS WE 5T] ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY1 SOCIAL RADICALS NE$ A SOCIALISM - LIB]T>IAN & REVOLUTION>Y - ?AT IS NEI!R AN EXT5SION ( ! PEASANT-CRAFT 0ASSOCIATIONISM0 ?AT LIES AT ! CORE ( AN>*ISM NOR ! PROLET>IANISM ?AT LIES AT ! CORE ( REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM & ,M>XISM4 ,H[EV] FA%IONABLE ! TRADITIONAL IDEOLOGIES 7P>TICUL>LY AN>*ISM7 MAY BE AMONG Y\NG PEOPLE TODAY1 A TRULY PROGRESSIVE SOCIALISM ?AT IS 9=M$ BY LIB]T>IAN AS WELL AS ,M>XIAN IDEAS BUT TRANSC5DS !SE OLD] IDEOLOGIES MU/ PROVIDE 9TELLECTUAL LEAD]%IP4 ,= POLITICAL RADICALS TODAY TO SIMPLY RESUSCITATE ,M>XISM1 AN>*ISM1 OR REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM & 5D[ !M ) IDEOLOGICAL IMMORTALITY W\LD BE OB/RUCTIVE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( A RELEVANT RADICAL MOVEM5T4 ,A NEW & COMPREH5SIVE REVOLUTION>Y \TLOOK IS NE$$1 ONE ?AT IS CAPABLE ( SY/EMATICALLY ADDRESS+ ! G5]ALIZ$ ISSUES ?AT MAY POT5TIALLY BR+ MO/ ( SOCIETY 9TO OPPOSITION TO AN EV]-EVOLV+ & *ANG+ CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 

,! CLA% BETWE5 A PR$ATORY SOCIETY BAS$ ON 9DEF9ITE EXPANSION & NONHUMAN NATURE HAS GIV5 RISE TO AN 5SEMBLE ( IDEAS ?AT HAS EM]G$ AS ! EXPLICATION ( ! PRES5T SOCIAL CRISIS & MEAN+FUL RADICAL *ANGE4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 A COH]5T VISION ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT 9T]TW9ES ! MUTUAL IMPACT ( HI]>*Y & CLASS ON ! CIVILIZ+ ( HUMANITY1 HAS = DECADES >GU$ ?AT WE MU/ REORD] SOCIAL RELATIONS SO ?AT HUMANITY CAN LIVE 9 A PROTECTIVE BALANCE ) ! NATURAL WORLD4.<#g.> 

,CONTR>Y TO ! SIMPLI/IC IDEOLOGY ( 0ECO-AN>*ISM10 SOCIAL ECOLOGY MA9TA9S ?AT AN ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ SOCIETY CAN BE PROGRESSIVE RA!R ?AN REGRESSIVE1 PLAC+ A /RONG EMPHASIS NOT ON PRIMITIVISM1 AU/]ITY1 & D5IAL BUT ON MAT]IAL PLEASURE & EASE4 ,IF A SOCIETY IS TO BE CAPABLE ( MAK+ LIFE NOT ONLY VA/LY 5JOYABLE = ITS MEMB]S BUT ALSO LEISURELY 5\< ?AT !Y CAN 5GAGE 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL & CULTURAL SELF-CULTIVATION ?AT IS NECESS>Y = CREAT+ CIVILIZATION & A VIBRANT POLITICAL LIFE1 IT MU/ NOT D5IGRATE TE*NICS & SCI5CE BUT BR+ !M 9TO ACCORD ) VISIONS HUMAN HAPP9ESS & LEISURE4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS AN ECOLOGY NOT ( HUNG] & MAT]IAL DEPRIVATION BUT ( PL5TY2 IT SEEKS ! CREATION ( A RATIONAL SOCIETY 9 :I* WA/E1 9DE$ EXCESS1 WILL BE CONTROLL$ BY A NEW SY/EM ( VALUES2 & :5 OR IF %ORTAGES >ISE AS A RESULT ( IRRATIONAL BEHAVIOR1 POPUL> ASSEMBLIES WILL E/ABLI% RATIONAL /&>DS ( CONSUMPTION BY DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES4 ,9 %ORT1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY FAVORS MANAGEM5T1 PLANS1 & REGULATIONS =MULAT$ DEMOCRATICALLY BY POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 NOT FREE:EEL+ =MS ( BEHAVIOR ?AT HAVE !IR ORIG9 9 9DIVIDUAL ECC5TRICITIES4 

,IT IS MY CONT5TION ?AT ,COMMUNALISM IS ! OV]>*+ POLITICAL CATEGORY MO/ SUITABLE TO 5COMPASS ! FULLY ?\<T \T & SY/EMATIC VIEWS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 9CLUD+ LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM & DIALECTICAL NATURALISM4.<#h.> ,AS AN IDEOLOGY1 ,COMMUNALISM DRAWS ON ! BE/ ( ! OLD] ,LEFT IDEOLOGIES - ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM1 MORE PROP]LY ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ TRADITION - :ILE (F]+ A WID] & MORE RELEVANT SCOPE = \R TIME4 ,FROM ,M>XISM1 IT DRAWS ! BASIC PROJECT ( =MULAT+ A RATIONALLY SY/EMATIC & COH]5T SOCIALISM ?AT 9TEGRATES PHILOSOPHY1 HI/ORY1 ECONOMICS1 & POLITICS4 ,AV[$LY DIALECTICAL1 IT ATTEMPTS TO 9FUSE !ORY ) PRACTICE4 ,FROM AN>*ISM1 IT DRAWS ITS COMMITM5T TO ANTI/ATISM & CONF$]ALISM1 AS WELL AS ITS RECOGNITION ?AT HI]>*Y IS A BASIC PROBLEM ?AT CAN BE OV]COME ONLY BY A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4.<#i.> 

,! *OICE ( ! T]M ,COMMUNALISM TO 5COMPASS ! PHILOSOPHICAL1 HI/ORICAL1 POLITICAL1 & ORGANIZATIONAL COMPON5TS ( A SOCIALISM = ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY HAS NOT BE5 A FLIPPANT ONE4 ,! WORD ORIG9AT$ 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 :5 ! >M$ PEOPLE ( ! ,FR5* CAPITAL RAIS$ B>RICADES NOT ONLY TO DEF5D ! CITY C\NCIL ( ,P>IS & ITS ADM9I/RATIVE SUB/RUCTURES BUT ALSO TO CREATE A NATIONWIDE CONF$]ATION ( CITIES & T[NS TO REPLACE ! REPUBLICAN NATION-/ATE4 ,COMMUNALISM AS AN IDEOLOGY IS NOT SULLI$ BY ! 9DIVIDUALISM & ! (T5 EXPLICIT ANTIRATIONALISM ( AN>*ISM2 NOR DOES IT C>RY ! HI/ORICAL BURD5 ( ,M>XISM'S AU?ORIT>IANISM AS EMBODI$ 9 ,BOL%EVISM4 ,IT DOES NOT FOCUS ON ! FACTORY AS ITS PR9CIPAL SOCIAL >5A OR ON ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT AS ITS MA9 HI/ORICAL AG5T2 & IT DOES NOT R$UCE ! FREE COMMUNITY ( ! FUTURE TO A FANCIFUL M$IEVAL VILLAGE4 ,ITS MO/ IMPORTANT GOAL IS CLE>LY SPELL$ \T 9 A CONV5TIONAL DICTION>Y DEF9ITION3 ,COMMUNALISM1 ACCORD+ TO ,! ,AM]ICAN ,H]ITAGE ,DICTION>Y ( ! ,5GLI% ,LANGUAGE1 IS 0A !ORY OR SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T 9 :I* VIRTUALLY AUTONOM\S LOCAL COMMUNITIES >E LOOSELY B\ND 9 A F$]ATION40.<#a.> 

,COMMUNALISM SEEKS TO RECAPTURE ! MEAN+ ( POLITICS 9 ITS BROADE/1 MO/ EMANCIPATORY S5SE1 9DE$1 TO FULFILL ! HI/ORIC POT5TIAL ( ! MUNICIPALITY AS ! DEVELOPM5TAL >5A ( M9D & DISC\RSE4 ,IT CONCEPTUALIZES ! MUNICIPALITY1 POT5TIALLY AT LEA/1 AS A TRANS=MATIVE DEVELOPM5T BEYOND ORGANIC EVOLUTION 9TO ! DOMA9 ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,! CITY IS ! DOMA9 :]E ! >*AIC BLOOD-TIE ?AT WAS ONCE LIMIT$ TO ! UNIFICATION ( FAMILIES & TRIBES1 TO ! EXCLUSION ( \TSID]S1 WAS - JURIDICALLY1 AT LEA/ - DISSOLV$4 ,IT BECAME ! DOMA9 :]E HI]>*IES BAS$ ON P>O*IAL & SOCIOBIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES ( K9%IP1 G5D]1 & AGE C\LD BE ELIM9AT$ & REPLAC$ BY A FREE SOCIETY BAS$ ON A %>$ COMMON HUMANITY4 ,POT5TIALLY1 IT REMA9S ! DOMA9 :]E ! ONCE-FE>$ /RANG] CAN BE FULLY ABSORB$ 9TO ! COMMUNITY - 9ITIALLY AS A PROTECT$ RESID5T ( A COMMON T]RITORY & EV5TUALLY AS A CITIZ51 5GAG$ 9 MAK+ POLICY DECISIONS 9 ! PUBLIC >5A4 ,IT IS ABOVE ALL ! DOMA9 :]E 9/ITUTIONS & VALUES HAVE !IR ROOTS NOT 9 ZOOLOGY BUT 9 CIVIL HUMAN ACTIVITY4 

,LOOK+ BEYOND !SE HI/ORICAL FUNCTIONS1 ! MUNICIPALITY CON/ITUTES ! ONLY DOMA9 = AN ASSOCIATION BAS$ ON ! FREE EX*ANGE ( IDEAS & A CREATIVE 5DEAVOR TO BR+ ! CAPACITIES ( CONSCI\SNESS TO ! S]VICE ( FRE$OM4 ,IT IS ! DOMA9 :]E A M]E ANIMALI/ICADAPTATION TO AN EXI/+ & PREGIV5 5VIRONM5T CAN BE RADICALLY SUPPLANT$ BY PROACTIVE1RATIONAL 9T]V5TION 9TO ! WORLD - 9DE$1 A WORLD YET TO BE MADE & MOLD$ BY REASON - ) A VIEW T[>D 5D+ ! 5VIRONM5TAL1 SOCIAL1 & POLITICAL 9SULTS TO :I* HUMANITY & ! BIOSPH]E HAVE BE5 SUBJECT$ BY CLASSES & HI]>*IES4 ,FRE$ ( DOM9ATION AS WELL AS MAT]IAL EXPLOITATION - 9DE$1 RECREAT$ AS A RATIONAL >5A = HUMAN CREATIVITY 9 ALL SPH]ES ( LIFE - ! MUNICIPALITY BECOMES ! E?ICAL SPACE = ! GOOD LIFE4 ,COMMUNALISM IS ?US NO CONTRIV$ PRODUCT ( M]E FANCY3 IT EXPRESSES AN ABID+ CONCEPT & PRACTICE ( POLITICAL LIFE1 =M$ BY A DIALECTIC ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T & REASON4 

,AS A EXPLICITLY POLITICAL BODY ( IDEAS1 ,COMMUNALISM SEEKS TO RECOV] & ADVANCE ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CITY 7OR COMMUNE7 9 A =M ?AT ACCORDS ) ITS GREATE/ POT5TIALITIES & HI/ORICAL TRADITIONS4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ,COMMUNALISM ACCEPTS ! MUNICIPALITY AS IT IS TODAY4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! MOD]N MUNICIPALITY IS 9FUS$ ) MANY /ATI/ FEATURES & (T5 FUNCTIONS AS AN AG5T ( ! B\RGEOIS NATION-/ATE4 ,TODAY1 :5 ! NATION-/ATE /ILL SEEMS SUPREME1 ! RI<TS ?AT MOD]N MUNICIPALITIES POSSESS CANNOT BE DISMISS$ AS ! EPIPH5OM5A ( MORE BASIC ECONOMIC RELATIONS4 ,9DE$1 TO A GREAT DEGREE1 !Y >E ! H>D-WON GA9S ( COMMON]S1 :O LONG DEF5D$ !M AGA9/ ASSAULTS BY RUL+ CLASSES OV] ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY - EV5 AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE ITSELF4 

,! CONCRETE POLITICAL DIM5SION ( ,COMMUNALISM IS KN[N AS LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 AB\T :I* ,I HAVE PREVI\SLY WRITT5 EXT5SIVELY4.<#a#a.> ,9 ITS LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ PROGRAM1 ,COMMUNALISM RESOLUTELY SEEKS TO ELIM9ATE /ATI/ MUNICIPAL /RUCTURES & REPLACE !M ) ! 9/ITUTIONS ( A LIB]T>IAN POLITY4 ,IT SEEKS TO RADICALLY RE/RUCTURE CITIES' GOV]N+ 9/ITUTIONS 9TO POPUL> DEMOCRATIC ASSEMBLIES BAS$ ON NEI<BORHOODS1 T[NS1 & VILLAGES4 ,9 !SE POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 CITIZ5S - 9CLUD+ ! MIDDLE CLASSES AS WELL AS ! WORK+ CLASSES - DEAL ) COMMUNITY AFFAIRS ON A FACE-TO-FACE BASIS1 MAK+ POLICY DECISIONS 9 A DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 & GIV+ REALITY TO ! IDEAL ( A HUMANI/IC1 RATIONAL SOCIETY4 

,M9IMALLY1 IF WE >E TO HAVE ! K9D ( FREE SOCIAL LIFE TO :I* WE ASPIRE1 DEMOCRACY %\LD BE \R =M ( A %>$ POLITICAL LIFE4 ,TO ADDRESS PROBLEMS & ISSUES ?AT TRANSC5D ! B\ND>IES ( A S+LE MUNICIPALITY1 9 TURN1 ! DEMOCRATIZ$ MUNICIPALITIES %\LD JO9 TOGE!R TO =M A BROAD] CONF$]ATION4 ,!SE ASSEMBLIES & CONF$]ATIONS1 BY !IR V]Y EXI/5CE1 C\LD !N *ALL5GE ! LEGITIMACY ( ! /ATE & /ATI/ =MS ( P[]4 ,!Y C\LD EXPRESSLY BE AIM$ AT REPLAC+ /ATE P[] & /ATECRAFT ) POPUL> P[] & A SOCIALLY RATIONAL TRANS=MATIVE POLITICS4 ,& !Y W\LD BECOME >5AS :]E CLASS CONFLICTS C\LD BE PLAY$ \T & :]E CLASSES C\LD BE ELIM9AT$4 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/S DO NOT DELUDE !MSELVES ?AT ! /ATE WILL VIEW ) EQUANIMITY !IR ATTEMPTS TO REPLACE PR(ESSIONALIZ$ P[] ) POPUL> P[]4 ,!Y H>BOR NO ILLUSIONS ?AT ! RUL+ CLASSES WILL 9DIFF]5TLY ALL[ A ,COMMUNALI/ MOVEM5T TO DEM& RI<TS ?AT 9FR+E ON ! /ATE'S SOV]EIGNTY OV] T[NS & CITIES4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 REGIONS1 LOCALITIES1 & ABOVE ALL T[NS & CITIES HAVE DESP]ATELY /RUGGL$ TO RECLAIM !IR LOCAL SOV]EIGNTY FROM ! /ATE 7ALBEIT NOT ALWAYS = HI<-M9D$ PURPOSES74 ,COMMUNALI/S' ATTEMPT TO RE/ORE ! P[]S ( T[NS & CITIES & TO KNIT !M TOGE!R 9TO CONF$]ATIONS CAN BE EXPECT$ TO EVOKE 9CREAS+ RESI/ANCE FROM NATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,?AT ! NEW POPUL>-ASSEMBLYI/ MUNICIPAL CONF$]ATIONS WILL EMBODY A DUAL P[] AGA9/ ! /ATE ?AT BECOMES A S\RCE ( GR[+ POLITICAL T5SION IS OBVI\S4 ,EI!R A ,COMMUNALI/ MOVEM5T WILL BE RADICALIZ$ BY ?IS T5SION & WILL RESOLUTELY FACE ALL ITS CONSEQU5CES1 OR IT WILL SURELY S9K 9TO A MORASS ( COMPROMISES ?AT ABSORB IT BACK 9TO ! SOCIAL ORD] ?AT IT ONCE S\<T TO *ANGE4 ,H[ ! MOVEM5T MEETS ?IS *ALL5GE IS A CLE> MEASURE ( ITS S]I\SNESS 9 SEEK+ TO *ANGE ! EXI/+ POLITICAL SY/EM & ! SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS IT DEVELOPS AS A S\RCE ( PUBLIC $UCATION & LEAD]%IP4 

,COMMUNALISM CON/ITUTES A CRITIQUE ( HI]>*ICAL & CAPITALI/ SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,IT SEEKS TO ALT] NOT ONLY ! POLITICAL LIFE ( SOCIETY BUT ALSO ITS ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,ON ?IS SCORE1 ITS AIM IS NOT TO NATIONALIZE ! ECONOMY OR RETA9 PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BUT TOMUNICIPALIZE ! ECONOMY4 ,IT SEEKS TO 9TEGRATE ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9TO ! EXI/5TIAL LIFE ( ! MUNICIPALITY1 SU* ?AT EV]Y PRODUCTIVE 5T]PRISE FALLS UND] ! PURVIEW ( ! LOCAL ASSEMBLY1 :I* DECIDES H[ IT WILL FUNCTION TO MEET ! 9T]E/S ( ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE4 ,! SEP>ATION BETWE5 LIFE & WORK1 SO PREVAL5T 9 ! MOD]N CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 MU/ BE OV]COME SO ?AT CITIZ5S' DESIRES & NE$S1 ! >TFUL *ALL5GES ( CREATION 9 ! C\RSE ( PRODUCTION1 & ROLE ( PRODUCTION 9 FA%ION+ ?\<T & SELF-DEF9ITION >E NOT LO/4 0,HUMANITY MAKES ITSELF10 TO CITE ! TITLE ( ,V4 ,GORDON ,*ILDE'S BOOK ON ! URBAN REVOLUTION AT ! 5D ( ! ,NEOLI?IC AGE & ! RISE ( CITIES1 & IT DOES SO NOT ONLY 9TELLECTUALLY & ES!TICALLY1 BUT BY EXP&+ HUMAN NE$S AS WELL AS ! PRODUCTIVE ME?ODS = SATISFY+ !M4 ,WE DISCOV] \RSELVES - \R POT5TIALITIES & !IR ACTUALIZATION - ?R\< CREATIVE & USEFUL WORK ?AT NOT ONLY TRANS=MS ! NATURAL WORLD BUT LEADS TO \R SELF-=MATION & SELF-DEF9ITION4 

,WE MU/ ALSO AVOID ! P>O*IALISM & ULTIMATELY ! DESIRES = PROPRIETOR%IP ?AT HAVE AFFLICT$ SO MANY SELF-MANAG$ 5T]PRISES1 SU* AS ! 0COLLECTIVES0 9 ! ,RUSSIAN & ,SPANI% REVOLUTIONS4 ,NOT 5\< HAS BE5 WRITT5 AB\T ! DRIFT AMONG MANY 0SOCIALI/IC0 SELF-MANAG$ 5T]PRISES1 EV5 UND] ! R$ & R$-&-BLACK FLAGS1 RESPECTIVELY1 ( REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA & REVOLUTION>Y ,SPA91 T[>D =MS ( COLLECTIVE CAPITALISM ?AT ULTIMATELY L$ MANY ( !SE CONC]NS TO COMPETE ) ONE ANO!R = RAW MAT]IALS & M>KETS4.<#a#b.> 

,MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 9 ,COMMUNALI/ POLITICAL LIFE1 WORK]S ( DIFF]5T OCCUPATIONS W\LD TAKE !IR SEATS 9 POPUL> ASSEMBLIES NOT AS WORK]S - PR9T]S1 PLUMB]S1 F\NDRY WORK]S & ! LIKE1 ) SPECIAL OCCUPATIONAL 9T]E/S TO ADVANCE - BUT AS CITIZ5S1 :OSE OV]RID+ CONC]N %\LD BE ! G5]AL 9T]E/ ( ! SOCIETY 9 :I* !Y LIVE4 ,CITIZ5S %\LD BE FRE$ ( !IR P>TICUL>I/IC ID5TITY AS WORK]S1 SPECIALI/S1 & 9DIVIDUALS CONC]N$ PRIM>ILY ) !IR [N P>TICUL>I/IC 9T]E/S4 ,MUNICIPAL LIFE %\LD BECOME A S*OOL = ! =MATION ( CITIZ5S1 BO? BY ABSORB+ NEW CITIZ5S & BY $UCAT+ ! Y\NG1 :ILE ! ASSEMBLIES !MSELVES %\LD FUNCTION NOT ONLY AS P]MAN5T DECISION-MAK+ 9/ITUTIONS BUT AS >5AS = $UCAT+! PEOPLE 9 H&L+ COMPLEX CIVIC & REGIONAL AFFAIRS4.<#a#c.> 

,9 A ,COMMUNALI/ WAY ( LIFE1 CONV5TIONAL ECONOMICS1 ) ITS FOCUS ON PRICES & SC>CE RES\RCES1 W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY E?ICS1 ) ITS CONC]N = HUMAN NE$S & ! GOOD LIFE4 ,HUMAN SOLID>ITY - OR PHILIA1 AS ! ,GREEKS CALL$ IT - W\LD REPLACE MAT]IAL GA9 & EGOTISM4 ,MUNICIPAL ASSEMBLIES W\LD BECOME NOT ONLY VITAL >5AS = CIVIC LIFE & DECISION-MAK+ BUT C5T]S :]E ! %AD[Y WORLD ( ECONOMIC LOGI/ICS1 PROP]LY COORD9AT$ PRODUCTION1 & CIVIC OP]ATIONS W\LD BE DEMY/IFI$ & OP5$ TO ! SCRUT9Y & P>TICIPATION ( ! CITIZ5RY AS A :OLE4 ,! EM]G5CE ( ! NEW CITIZ5 W\LD M>K A TRANSC5D5CE ( ! P>TICUL>I/IC CLASS BE+ ( TRADITIONAL SOCIALISM & ! =MATION ( ! 0NEW MAN0 :I* ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>IES HOP$ !Y C\LD EV5TUALLY A*IEVE4 ,HUMANITY W\LD N[ BE ABLE TO RISE TO ! UNIV]SAL /ATE ( CONSCI\SNESS & RATIONALITY ?AT ! GREAT UTOPIANS ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & ! ,M>XI/S HOP$ !IR EF=TS W\LD CREATE1 OP5+ ! WAY TO HUMANITY'S FULFILLM5T AS A SPECIES ?AT EMBODIES REASON RA!R ?AN MAT]IAL 9T]E/ & ?AT AF=DS MAT]IAL PO/-SC>CITY RA!R ?AN AN AU/]E H>MONY 5=C$ BY A MORALITY ( SC>CITY & MAT]IAL DEPRIVATION4.<#a#d.> 

,CLASSICAL ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY ( ! FIF? C5TURY ,B4,C4,E41 ! S\RCE ( ! ,WE/]N DEMOCRATIC TRADITION1 WAS BAS$ ON FACE-TO-FACE DECISION-MAK+ 9 COMMUNAL ASSEMBLIES ( ! PEOPLE & CONF$]ATIONS ( ?OSE MUNICIPAL ASSEMBLIES4 ,= MORE ?AN TWO MILL5NIA1 ! POLITICAL WRIT+S ( ,>I/OTLE RECURR5TLY S]V$ TO HEI<T5 \R AW>5ESS ( ! CITY AS ! >5A = ! FULFILLM5T ( HUMAN POT5TIALITIES = REASON1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & ! GOOD LIFE4 ,APPROPRIATELY1 ,>I/OTLE TRAC$ ! EM]G5CE ( ! POLIS FROM ! FAMILY OR OIKOS - I4E41 ! REALM ( NECESSITY1 :]E HUMAN BE+S SATISFI$ !IR BASICALLY ANIMALI/IC NE$S1 & :]E AU?ORITY RE/$ ) ! ELDE/ MALE4 ,BUT ! ASSOCIATION ( SEV]AL FAMILIES1 HE OBS]V$1 0AIM.<$.> AT SOME?+ MORE ?AN ! SUPPLY ( DAILY NE$S0.<#a#e.>2 ?IS AIM 9ITIAT$ ! E>LIE/ POLITICAL =MATION1 ! VILLAGE4 ,>I/OTLE FAM\SLY DESCRIB$ MAN 7BY :I* HE MEANT ! ADULT ,GREEK MALE.<#a#f.>7 AS A 0POLITICAL ANIMAL0 7POLITIKON ZOON7 :O PRESID$ OV] FAMILY MEMB]S NOT ONLY TO MEET !IR MAT]IAL NE$S BUT AS ! MAT]IAL PRECONDITION = HIS P>TICIPATION 9 POLITICAL LIFE1 9 :I* DISC\RSE & REASON REPLAC$ M9DLESS DE$S1 CU/OM1 & VIOL5CE4 ,?US1 0.<W.>H5 SEV]AL VILLAGES >E UNIT$ 9 A S+LE COMPLETE COMMUNITY 7KO9ONAN71 L>GE 5\< TO BE NE>LY OR QUITE SELF-SUFFIC+10 HE CONT9U$1 0! POLIS COMES 9TO EXI/5CE1ORIG9AT+ 9 ! B>E NE$S ( LIFE1 & CONT9U+ 9 EXI/5CE = ! SAKE ( A GOOD LIFE40.<#a#g.> 

,= ,>I/OTLE1 & WE MAY ASSUME ALSO = ! ANCI5T ,A!NIANS1 ! MUNICIPALITY'S PROP] FUNCTIONS W]E ?US NOT /RICTLY 9/RUM5TAL OR EV5 ECONOMIC4 ,AS ! LOCALE ( HUMAN CONSOCIATION1 ! MUNICIPALITY1 & ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL >RANGEM5TS ?AT PEOPLE LIV+ !RE CON/RUCT$1 WAS HUMANITY'S TELOS1 ! >5A P> EXCELL5CE :]E HUMAN BE+S1 OV] ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY1 C\LD ACTUALIZE !IR POT5TIALITY = REASON1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & CREATIVITY4 ,?US = ! ANCI5T ,A!NIANS1 POLITICS D5OT$ NOT ONLY ! H&L+ ( ! PRACTICAL AFFAIRS ( A POLITY BUT CIVIC ACTIVITIES ?AT W]E *>G$ ) MORAL OBLIGATION TO ONE'S COMMUNITY4 ,ALL CITIZ5S ( A CITY W]E EXPECT$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 CIVIC ACTIVITIES AS E?ICAL BE+S4 

,EXAMPLES ( MUNICIPAL DEMOCRACY W]E NOT LIMIT$ TO ANCI5T ,A!NS4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y1 LONG BE=E CLASS DIFF]5TIATIONS GAVE RISE TO ! /ATE1 MANY RELATIVELY SECUL> T[NS PRODUC$ ! E>LIE/ 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURES ( LOCAL DEMOCRACY4 ,ASSEMBLIES ( ! PEOPLE MAY HAVE EXI/$ 9 ANCI5T ,SUM]1 AT ! V]Y BEG9N+ ( ! SO-CALL$ 0URBAN REVOLUTION0 SOME SEV5 OR EI<T ?\S& YE>S AGO4 ,!Y CLE>LY APPE>$ AMONG ! ,GREEKS1 & UNTIL ! DEFEAT ( ! ,GRAC*US BRO!RS1 !Y W]E POPUL> C5T]S ( P[] 9 REPUBLICAN ,ROME4 ,!Y W]E NE>LY UBIQUIT\S 9 ! M$IEVAL T[NS ( ,EUROPE & EV5 9 ,RUSSIA1 NOTABLY 9 ,NOVGOROD & ,PSKOV1 :I*1 = A TIME1 W]E AMONG ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC CITIES 9 ! ,SLAVIC WORLD4 ,! ASSEMBLY1 IT %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$1 BEGAN TO APPROXIMATE ITS TRULY MOD]N =M 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS ( #a#g#i#c1 :5 !Y BECAME ! AU!NTIC MOTIVE =CES ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION & CONSCI\S AG5TS = ! MAK+ ( A NEW BODY POLITIC4 ,?AT !Y W]E NEV] GIV5 ! CONSID]ATION !Y DES]VE 9 ! LIT]ATURE ON DEMOCRACY1 P>TICUL>LY DEMOCRATIC ,M>XI/ T5D5CIES & REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S1 IS DRAMATIC EVID5CE ( ! FLAWS ?AT EXI/$ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION4 

,!SE DEMOCRATIC MUNICIPAL 9/ITUTIONS NORMALLY EXI/$ 9 COMBATIVE T5SION ) GRASP+ MON>*S1 FEUDAL LORDS1 WEAL?Y FAMILIES1 & FREEBOOT+ 9VAD]S UNTIL !Y W]E CRU%$1 FREQU5TLY 9 BLOODY /RUGGLES4 ,IT CANNOT BE EMPHASIZ$ TOO /RONGLY ?AT EV]Y GREAT REVOLUTION 9 MOD]N HI/ORY HAD A CIVIC DIM5SION ?AT HAS BE5 SMO!R$ 9 RADICAL HI/ORIES BY AN EMPHASIS ON CLASS ANTAGONISMS1 H[EV] IMPORTANT !SE ANTAGONISMS HAVE BE54 ,?US IT IS UN?9KABLE ?AT ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION ( ! #a#f#dS CAN BE UND]/OOD )\T S+L+ \T ,LONDON AS ITS T]RA92 OR1 BY ! SAME TOK51 ANY DISCUSSIONS ( ! V>I\S ,FR5* ,REVOLUTIONS )\T FOCUS+ ON ,P>IS1 OR ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTIONS )\T DWELL+ ON ,PETROGRAD1 OR ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #aicf )\T CIT+ ,B>CELONA AS ITS MO/ ADVANC$ SOCIAL C5T]4 ,?IS C5TRALITY ( ! CITY IS NOT A M]E GEOGRAPHIC FACT2 IT IS1 ABOVE ALL1 A PR(\NDLY POLITICAL ONE1 :I* 9VOLV$ ! WAYS 9 :I* REVOLUTION>Y MASSES AGGREGAT$ & DEBAT$1 ! CIVIC TRADITIONS ?AT N\RI%$ !M1 & ! 5VIRONM5T ?AT FO/]$ !IR REVOLUTION>Y VIEWS4 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! ,COMMUNALI/ FRAMEWORK1 9DE$ ITS PRAXIS1 JU/ AS ,COMMUNALISM AS A SY/EMATIC BODY ( REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T IS MEAN+LESS )\T LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 ,! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,COMMUNALISM & AU!NTIC OR 0PURE0 AN>*ISM1 LET ALONE ,M>XISM1 >E MU* TOO GREAT TO BE SPANN$ BY A PREFIX SU* AS AN>*O-1SOCIAL1 NEO-1 OR EV5 LIB]T>IAN4 ,ANY ATTEMPT TO R$UCE ,COMMUNALISM TO A M]E V>IANT ( AN>*ISM W\LD BE TO D5Y ! 9TEGRITY ( BO? IDEAS - 9DE$1 TO IGNORE !IR CONFLICT+ CONCEPTS ( DEMOCRACY1 ORGANIZATION1 ELECTIONS1 GOV]NM5T1 & ! LIKE4 ,GU/AVE ,LEFRANCAIS1 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUN>D :O MAY HAVE CO9$ ?IS POLITICAL T]M1 ADAMANTLY DECL>$ ?AT HE WAS 0A ,COMMUNALI/1 NOT AN AN>*I/40.<#a#h.> 

,ABOVE ALL1 ,COMMUNALISM IS 5GAG$ ) ! PROBLEM ( P[]4.<#a#i.> ,9 M>K$ CONTRA/ TO ! V>I\S K9DS ( COMMUNIT>IAN 5T]PRISES FAVOR$ BY MANY SELF-DESIGNAT$ AN>*I/S1 SU* AS 0PEOPLE'S0 G>AGES1 PR9T %OPS1 FOOD COOPS1 & BACKY>D G>D5S1 ADH]5TS ( ,COMMUNALISM MOBILIZE !MSELVES TO ELECTORALLY 5GAGE 9 A POT5TIALLY IMPORTANT C5T] ( P[] - ! MUNICIPAL C\NCIL - & TRY TO COMPEL IT TO CREATE LEGISLATIVELY POT5T NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES4 ,!SE ASSEMBLIES1 IT %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$1 W\LD MAKE EV]Y EF=T TO DELEGITIMATE & DEPOSE ! /ATI/ ORGANS ?AT CURR5TLY CONTROL !IR VILLAGES1 T[NS1 OR CITIES & !REAFT] ACT AS ! REAL 5G9ES 9 ! EX]CISE ( P[]4 ,ONCE A NUMB] ( MUNICIPALITIES >E DEMOCRATIZ$ ALONG COMMUNALI/ L9ES1 !Y W\LD ME?ODICALLY CONF$]ATE 9TO MUNICIPAL LEAGUES & *ALL5GE ! ROLE ( ! NATION-/ATE &1 ?R\< POPUL> ASSEMBLIES & CONF$]AL C\NCILS1 TRY TO ACQUIRE CONTROL OV] ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LIFE4 

,F9ALLY1 ,COMMUNALISM1 9 CONTRA/ TO AN>*ISM1 DECID$LY CALLS = DECISION-MAK+ BY MAJORITY VOT+ AS ! ONLY EQUITABLE WAY = A L>GE NUMB] ( PEOPLE TO MAKE DECISIONS4 ,AU!NTIC AN>*I/S CLAIM ?AT ?IS PR9CIPLE - ! 0RULE0 ( ! M9ORITY BY ! MAJORITY - IS AU?ORIT>IAN & PROPOSE 9/EAD TO MAKE DECISIONS BY CONS5SUS4 ,CONS5SUS1 9 :I* S+LE 9DIVIDUALS CAN VETO MAJORITY DECISIONS1 ?REAT5S TO ABOLI% SOCIETY AS SU*4 ,A FREE SOCIETY IS NOT ONE 9 :I* ITS MEMB]S1 LIKE ,HOM]'S LOTUS-EAT]S1 LIVE 9 A /ATE ( BLISS )\T MEMORY1 TEMPTATION1 OR KN[L$GE4 ,LIKE IT OR NOT1 HUMANITY HAS EAT5 ( ! FRUIT ( KN[L$GE1 & ITS MEMORIES >E LAD5 ) HI/ORY & EXP]I5CE4 ,9 A LIV$ MODE ( FRE$OM - CONTR>Y TO M]E CAFE *ATT] - ! RI<TS ( M9ORITIES TO EXPRESS !IR DISS5T+ VIEWS WILL ALWAYS BE PROTECT$ AS FULLY AS ! RI<TS ( MAJORITIES4 ,ANY ABRIDGM5TS ( ?OSE RI<TS W\LD BE 9/ANTLY CORRECT$ BY ! COMMUNITY - HOPEFULLY G5TLY1 BUT IF UNAVOIDABLE1 =CEFULLY - LE/ SOCIAL LIFE COLLAPSE 9TO %E] *AOS4 ,9DE$1 ! VIEWS ( A M9ORITY W\LD BE TREASUR$ AS POT5TIAL S\RCE ( NEW 9SI<TS & NASC5T TRU?S ?AT1 IF ABRIDG$1 W\LD D5Y SOCIETY ! S\RCES ( CREATIVITY & DEVELOPM5TAL ADVANCES - = NEW IDEAS G5]ALLY EM]GE FROM 9SPIR$ M9ORITIES ?AT GRADUALLY GA9 ! C5TRALITY !Y DES]VE AT A GIV5 TIME & PLACE - UNTIL1 AGA91 !Y TOO >E *ALL5G$ AS ! CONV5TIONAL WISDOM ( A P]IOD ?AT IS BEG9N+ TO PASS AWAY & REQUIRES NEW 7M9ORITY7 VIEWS TO REPLACE FROZ5 OR?ODOXIES4 

,IT REMA9S TO ASK3 H[ >E WE TO A*IEVE ?IS RATIONAL SOCIETY8 ,ONE AN>*I/ WRIT] W\LD HAVE IT ?AT ! GOOD SOCIETY 7OR A TRUE 0NATURAL0 DISPOSITION ( AFFAIRS1 9CLUD+ A 0NATURAL MAN07 EXI/S B5EA? ! OPPRESSIVE BURD5S ( CIVILIZATION LIKE F]TILE SOIL B5EA? ! SN[4 ,IT FOLL[S FROM ?IS M5TALITY ?AT ALL WE >E OBLIG$ TO DO TO A*IEVE ! GOOD SOCIETY IS TO SOMEH[ ELIM9ATE ! SN[1 :I* IS TO SAY CAPITALISM1 NATION-/ATES1 *UR*ES1 CONV5TIONAL S*OOLS1 & O!R ALMO/ 5DLESS TYPES ( 9/ITUTIONS ?AT P]V]SELY EMBODY DOM9ATION 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R4 ,PRESUMABLY AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY - ONCE /ATE1 GOV]NM5TAL1 & CULTURAL 9/ITUTIONS >E M]ELY REMOV$ - W\LD EM]GE 9TACT1 READY TO FUNCTION & ?RIVE AS A FREE SOCIETY4 ,SU* A 0SOCIETY10 IF ONE CAN EV5 CALL IT SU*1 W\LD NOT REQUIRE ?AT WE PROACTIVELYCREATE IT3 WE W\LD SIMPLY LET ! SN[ ABOVE IT MELT AWAY4 ,! PROCESS ( RATIONALLY CREAT+ A FREE ,COMMUNALI/ SOCIETY1 ALAS1 WILL REQUIRE SUB/ANTIALLY MORE ?\<T & WORK ?AN EMBRAC+ A MY/IFI$ CONCEPT ( ABORIG9AL 9NOC5CE & BLISS4 

,A ,COMMUNALI/ SOCIETY %\LD RE/1 ABOVE ALL1 ON ! EF=TS ( A NEW RADICAL ORGANIZATION TO *ANGE ! WORLD1 ONE ?AT HAS A NEW POLITICAL VOCABUL>Y TO EXPLA9 ITS GOALS1 & A NEW PROGRAM & !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK TO MAKE ?OSE GOALS COH]5T4 ,IT W\LD1 ABOVE ALL1 REQUIRE D$ICAT$ 9DIVIDUALS :O >E WILL+ TO TAKE ON ! RESPONSIBILITIES ( $UCATION &1 YES1LEAD]%IP4 ,UNLESS WORDS >E NOT TO BECOME COMPLETELY MY/IFI$ & OBSCURE A REALITY ?AT EXI/S BE=E \R V]Y EYES1 IT %\LD M9IMALLY BE ACKN[L$G$ ?AT LEAD]%IP ALWAYS EXI/S & DOES NOT DISAPPE> BECAUSE IT IS CL\D$ BY EUPHEMISMS SU* AS 0MILITANTS0 OR1 AS 9 ,SPA91 09FLU5TIAL MILITANTS40 ,IT MU/ ALSO BE ACKN[L$GE ?AT MANY 9DIVIDUALS 9 E>LI] GR\PS LIKE ! ,C,N,T W]E NOT JU/ 09FLU5TIAL MILITANTS0 BUT \TRI<T LEAD]S1 :OSE VIEWS W]E GIV5 MORE CONSID]ATION - & DES]V$LY SO6 - ?AN ?OSE ( O!RS BECAUSE !Y W]E BAS$ ON MORE EXP]I5CE1 KN[L$GE1 & WISDOM1 AS WELL AS ! PSY*OLOGICAL TRAITS ?AT W]E NE$$ TO PROVIDE EFFECTIVE GUIDANCE4 ,A S]I\S LIB]T>IAN APPROA* TO LEAD]%IP W\LD 9DE$ ACKN[L$GE ! REALITY & CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE ( LEAD]S - ALL ! MORE TO E/ABLI% ! GREATLY NE$$ =MAL /RUCTURES & REGULATIONS ?AT CAN EFFECTIVELY CONTROL & MODIFY ! ACTIVITIES ( LEAD]S & RECALL !M :5 ! MEMB]%IP DECIDES !IR RESPECT IS BE+ MISUS$ OR :5 LEAD]%IP BECOMES AN EX]CISE 9 ! ABUSIVE EX]CISE ( P[]4 

,A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ MOVEM5T %\LD FUNCTION1 NOT ) ! ADH]5CE ( FLIPPANT & T5TATIVE MEMB]S1 BUT ) PEOPLE :O HAVE BE5 S*OOL$ 9 ! MOVEM5T'S IDEAS1 PROC$URES & ACTIVITIES4 ,!Y %\LD1 9 EFFECT1 DEMON/RATE A S]I\S COMMITM5T TO !IR ORGANIZATION - AN ORGANIZATION :OSE /RUCTURE IS LAID \T EXPLICITLY 9 A =MAL CON/ITUTION & APPROPRIATE BYLAWS4 ,)\T A DEMOCRATICALLY =MULAT$ & APPROV$ 9/ITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK :OSE MEMB]S & LEAD]S CAN BE HELD ACC\NTABLE1 CLE>LY >TICULAT$ /&>DS ( RESPONSIBILITY CEASE TO EXI/4 ,9DE$1 IT IS PRECISELY :5 A MEMB]%IP IS NO LONG] RESPONSIBLE TO ITS CON/ITUTIONAL & REGULATORY PROVISIONS ?AT AU?ORIT>IANISM DEVELOPS & EV5TUALLY LEADS TO ! MOVEM5T'S IMMOLATION4 ,FRE$OM FROM AU?ORIT>IANISM CAN BE/ BE ASSUR$ ONLY BY ! CLE>1 CONCISE1 & DETAIL$ ALLOCATION ( P[]1 NOT BY PRET5SIONS ?AT P[] & LEAD]%IP >E =MS ( 0RULE0 OR BY LIB]T>IAN METAPHORS ?AT CONCEAL !IR REALITY4 ,IT HAS BE5 PRECISELY :5 AN ORGANIZATION FAILS TO >TICULATE !SE REGULATORY DETAILS ?AT ! CONDITIONS EM]GE = ITS DEG5]ATION & DECAY4 

,IRONICALLY1 NO /RATUM HAS BE5 MORE 9SI/5T 9 DEM&+ ITS FRE$OM TO EX]CISE ITS WILL AGA9/ REGULATION ?AN *IEFS1 MON>*S1 NOBLES1 & ! B\RGEOISIE2 SIMIL>LY EV5 WELL-MEAN+ AN>*I/S HAVE SE5 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY AS ! TRUE EXPRESSION ( FRE$OM FROM ! 0>TIFICIALITIES0 ( CIVILIZATION4 ,9 ! REALM ( TRUE FRE$OM - ?AT IS1 FRE$OM ?AT HAS BE5 ACTUALIZ$ AS ! RESULT ( CONSCI\SNESS1 KN[L$GE1 & NECESSITY - TO KN[ :AT WE CAN & CANNOT DO IS MORE CLEANLY HONE/ & TRUE TO REALITY ?AN TO AV]T ! RESPONSIBILITY ( KN[+ ! LIMITS ( ! LIV$ WORLD4 ,SAID A V]Y WISE MAN MORE ?AN A C5TURY & A HALF AGO3 0,M5 MAKE !IR [N HI/ORY1 BUT !Y DO NOT MAKE IT JU/ AS !Y PLEASE40 

,! NE$ = ! 9T]NATIONAL ,LEFT TO ADVANCE C\RAGE\SLY BEYOND A ,M>XI/1 AN>*I/1 SYNDICALI/1 OR VAGUE SOCIALI/ FRAMEWORK T[>D A ,COMMUNALI/ FRAMEWORK IS P>TICUL>LY COMPELL+ TODAY4 ,R>ELY 9 ! HI/ORY ( LEFTI/ POLITICAL IDEAS HAVE IDEOLOGIES BE5 SO WILDLY & IRRESPONSIBLY MUDDL$2 R>ELY HAS IDEOLOGY ITSELF BE5 SO DISP>AG$2 R>ELY HAS ! CRY = 0,UNITY60 ON ANY T]MS BE5 HE>D ) SU* DESP]ATION4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! V>I\S T5D5CIES ?AT OPPOSE CAPITALISM %\LD 9DE$ UNITE >\ND EF=TS TO DISCR$IT & ULTIMATELY EFFACE ! M>KET SY/EM4 ,TO SU* 5DS1 UNITY IS AN 9VALUABLE DESID]ATUM3 A UNIT$ FRONT ( ! 5TIRE ,LEFT IS NE$$ 9 ORD] TO C\NT] ! 5TR5*$ SY/EM - 9DE$1 CULTURE - ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE1 & TO DEF5D ! RESIDUAL RI<TS ?AT ! MASSES HAVE WON 9 E>LI] /RUGGLES AGA9/ OPPRESSIVE GOV]NM5TS & SOCIAL SY/EMS4 

,! URG5CY ( ?IS NE$1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT REQUIRE MOVEM5T P>TICIPANTS TO AB&ON MUTUAL CRITICISM1 OR TO /IFLE !IR CRITICISM ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN TRAITS PRES5T 9 ANTICAPITALI/ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,LEA/ ( ALL DOES IT REQUIRE !M TO COMPROMISE ! 9TEGRITY & ID5TITY ( !IR V>I\S PROGRAMS4 ,! VA/ MAJORITY ( P>TICIPANTS 9 TODAY'S MOVEM5T >E 9EXP]I5C$ Y\NG RADICALS :O HAVE COME ( AGE 9 AN ]A ( PO/MOD]NI/ RELATIVISM4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! MOVEM5T IS M>K$ BY A *ILL+ ECLECTICISM1 9 :I* T5TATIVE OP9IONS >E *AOTICALLY MISM>RI$ TO IDEALS ?AT %\LD RE/ ON S\NDLY OBJECTIVE PREMISES4.<#b.> ,9 A MILIEU :]E ! CLE> EXPRESSION ( IDEAS IS NOT VALU$ & T]MS >E 9APPROPRIATELY US$1 & :]E >GUM5TATION IS DISP>AG$ AS 0AGGRESSIVE0 &1 WORSE1 0DIVISIVE10 IT BECOMES DIFFICULT TO =MULATE IDEAS 9 ! CRUCIBLE ( DEBATE4 ,IDEAS GR[ & MATURE BE/1 9 FACT1 NOT 9 ! SIL5CE & CONTROLL$ HUMIDITY ( AN IDEOLOGICAL NURS]Y1 BUT 9 ! TUMULT ( DISPUTE & MUTUAL CRITICISM4 

,FOLL[+ REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ PRACTICES ( ! PA/1 ,COMMUNALI/S W\LD TRY TO =MULATE A M9IMUM PROGRAM ?AT CALLS = SATISFACTION ( ! IMM$IATE CONC]NS ( ! MASSES1 SU* AS IMPROV$ WAGES & %ELT] OR ADEQUATE P>K SPACE & TRANSPORTATION4 ,?IS M9IMUM PROGRAM W\LD AIM TO SATISFY ! MO/ ELEM5TAL NE$S ( ! MASSES1 TO IMPROVE !IR ACCESS TO ! RES\RCES ?AT MAKE DAILY LIFE TOL]ABLE4 ,! MAXIMUM PROGRAM1 BY CONTRA/1 W\LD PRES5T AN IMAGE ( :AT HUMAN LIFE C\LD BE LIKE UND] LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 AT LEA/ AS F> AS SU* A SOCIETY IS =ESEEABLE 9 A WORLD ?AT IS CONT9UALLY *ANG+ UND] ! IMPACT ( SEEM+LY UN5D+ 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTIONS4 

,EV5 MORE1 H[EV]1 ,COMMUNALI/S W\LD SEE !IR PROGRAM & PRACTICE AS A PROCESS4 ,9DE$1 A TRANSITIONAL PROGRAM 9 :I* EA* NEW DEM& PROVIDES ! SPR+BO>D = ESCALAT+ DEM&S ?AT LEAD T[>D MORE RADICAL & EV5TUALLY REVOLUTION>Y DEM&S4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ /RIK+ EXAMPLES ( A TRANSITIONAL DEM& WAS ! PROGRAMMATIC CALL 9 ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY BY ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL = A POPUL> MILITIA TO REPLACE A PR(ESSIONAL >MY4 ,9 /ILL O!R CASES1 REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S DEM&$ ?AT RAILROADS BE PUBLICLY [N$ 7OR1 AS REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S MI<T HAVE DEM&$1 BE CONTROLL$ BY RAILROAD WORK]S7 RA!R ?AN PRIVATELY [N$ & OP]AT$4 ,NONE ( !SE DEM&S W]E 9 !MSELVESREVOLUTION>Y1 BUT !Y OP5$ PA?WAYS1 POLITICALLY1 TO REVOLUTION>Y =MS ( [N]%IP & OP]ATION - :I*1 9 TURN1 C\LD BE ESCALAT$ TO A*IEVE ! MOVEM5T'S MAXIMUM PROGRAM4 ,O!RS MI<T CRITICIZE SU* /EP-BY-/EP 5DEAVORS AS 0RE=MI/10 BUT ,COMMUNALI/S DO NOT CONT5D ?AT A ,COMMUNALI/ SOCIETY CAN BE LEGISLAT$ 9TO EXI/5CE4 ,:AT !SE DEM&S TRY TO A*IEVE1 9 ! %ORT T]M1 >E NEW RULES ( 5GAGEM5T BETWE5 ! PEOPLE & CAPITAL - RULES ?AT >E ALL ! MORE NE$$ AT A TIME :5 0DIRECT ACTION0 IS BE+ CONFUS$ ) PROTE/S ( M]E EV5TS :OSE AG5DA IS SET 5TIRELY BY ! RUL+ CLASSES4 

,ON ! :OLE1 ,COMMUNALISM IS TRY+ TO RESCUE A REALM ( PUBLIC ACTION & DISC\RSE ?AT IS EI!R DISAPPE>+ OR ?AT IS BE+ BE R$UC$ TO (T5-MEAN+LESS 5GAGEM5TS ) ! POLICE1 OR TO /REET !AT] ?AT1 H[EV] >TFULLY1 R$UCES S]I\S ISSUES TO SIMPLI/IC P]=MANCES ?AT HAVE NO 9/RUCTIVE 9FLU5CE4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ,COMMUNALI/S TRY TO BUILD LA/+ ORGANIZATIONS & 9/ITUTIONS ?AT CAN PLAY A SOCIALLY TRANS=MATIVE ROLE 9 ! REAL WORLD4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,COMMUNALI/S DO NOT HESITATE TO RUN C&IDATES 9 MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS :O1 IF ELECT$1 W\LD USE :AT REAL P[] !IR (FICES CONF] TO LEGISLATE POPUL> ASSEMBLIES 9TO EXI/5CE4 ,!SE ASSEMBLIES1 9 TURN1 W\LD HAVE ! P[] ULTIMATELY TO CREATE EFFECTIVE =MS ( T[N-MEET+ GOV]NM5T4 ,9ASMU* AS ! EM]G5CE ( ! CITY - & CITY C\NCILS - LONG PREC$$ ! EM]G5CE ( CLASS SOCIETY1 C\NCILS BAS$ ON POPUL> ASSEMBLIES >E NOT 9H]5TLY /ATI/ ORGANS1 & TO P>TICIPATE S]I\SLY 9 MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS C\NT]VAILS RE=MI/ SOCIALI/ ATTEMPTS TO ELECT /ATI/ DELEGATES BY (F]+ ! HI/ORIC LIB]T>IAN VISION ( MUNICIPAL CONF$]ATIONS AS A PRACTICAL1 COMBATIVE1 & POLITICALLY CR$IBLE POPUL> ALT]NATIVE TO /ATE P[]4 ,9DE$1 ,COMMUNALI/ C&IDACIES1 :I* EXPLICITLY D5\NCE P>LIAM5T>Y C&IDACIES AS OPPORTUNI/1 KEEP ALIVE ! DEBATE OV] H[ LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM CAN BE A*IEV$ - A DEBATE ?AT HAS BE5 LANGUI%+ = YE>S4 

,!RE %\LD BE NO SELF-DECEPTION AB\T ! OPPORTUNITIES ?AT EXI/ AS A MEANS ( TRANS=M+ \R EXI/+ IRRATIONAL SOCIETY 9TO A RATIONAL ONE4 ,\R *OICES ON H[ TO TRANS=M ! EXI/+ SOCIETY >E /ILL ON ! TABLE ( HI/ORY & >E FAC$ ) IMM5SE PROBLEMS4 ,BUT UNLESS PRES5T & FUTURE G5]ATIONS >E BEAT5 9TO COMPLETE SUBMISSION BY A CULTURE BAS$ ON QUEASY CALCULATION AS WELL AS BY POLICE ) TE> GAS & WAT] CANNONS1 WE CANNOT DESI/ FROM FI<T+ = :AT FRE$OMS WE HAVE & TRY TO EXP& !M 9TO A FREE SOCIETY :]EV] ! OPPORTUNITY TO DO SO EM]GES4 ,AT ANY RATE WE N[ KN[1 9 ! LI<T ( ALL ! WEAPONRY & MEANS ( ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION ?AT >E AT H&1 ?AT ! NE$ = RADICAL *ANGE CANNOT BE 9DEF9ITELY DEF]R$4 ,:AT IS CLE> IS ?AT HUMAN BE+S >E MU* TOO 9TELLIG5T NOT TO HAVE A RATIONAL SOCIETY2 ! MO/ S]I\S QUE/ION WE FACE IS :E!R !Y >E RATIONAL 5\< TO A*IEVE ONE4 

.<#a.> ,MANY LESS-WELL-KN[N NAMES C\LD BE ADD$ TO ?IS LI/1 BUT ONE ?AT 9 P>TICUL> ,I W\LD LIKE V]Y MU* TO S+LE \T IS ! GALLANT LEAD] ( ! ,LEFT ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY1 ,M>IA ,SPIRIDONOVA1 :OSE SUPPORT]S W]E VIRTUALLY ALONE 9 PROPOS+ A WORKABLE REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM = ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE 9 #a#i#a#g-#a#h4 ,!IR FAILURE TO IMPLEM5T !IR POLITICAL 9SI<TS & REPLACE ! ,BOL%EVIKS 7) :OM !Y 9ITIALLY JO9$ 9 =M+ ! FIR/ ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T7 NOT ONLY L$ TO !IR DEFEAT BUT CONTRIBUT$ TO ! DISA/R\S FAILURE ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 ! C5TURY ?AT FOLL[$4 

.<#b.> ,I FRANKLY REG>D ?IS CONTRADICTION AS MORE FUNDAM5TAL ?AN ! (T5-9DISC]NIBLE T5D5CY ( ! RATE ( PR(IT TO DECL9E & !REBY TO R5D] CAPITALI/ EX*ANGE 9OP]ABLE--A CONTRADICTION TO :I* ,M>XI/S ASSIGN$ A DECISIVE ROLE 9 ! N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES4 

.<#c.> ,CONTR>Y TO ,M>X'S ASS]TION ?AT A SOCIETY DISAPPE>S ONLY :5 IT HAS EXHAU/$ ITS CAPACITY = NEW TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5TS1 CAPITALISM IS 9 A /ATE ( P]MAN5T TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTION--AT TIMES1 FRI<T5+LY SO4 ,M>X ]R$ ON ?IS SCORE3 IT WILL TAKE MORE ?AN TE*NOLOGICAL /AGNATION TO T]M9ATE ?IS SY/EM ( SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,AS NEW ISSUES *ALL5GE ! VALIDITY ( ! 5TIRE SY/EM1 ! POLITICAL & ECOLOGICAL DOMA9S WILL BECOME ALL ! MORE IMPORTANT4 ,ALT]NATIVELY1 WE >E FAC$ ) ! PROSPECT ?AT CAPITALISM MAY PULL D[N ! 5TIRE WORLD & LEAVE BEH9D LITTLE MORE ?AN A%ES & RU9--A*IEV+1 9 %ORT1 ! 0CAPITALI/ B>B>ISM0 ( :I* ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG W>N$ 9 H] 0,JUNIUS0 ESSAY4 

.<#d.> ,I USE ! WORD EXTRAORD9>Y BECAUSE1 BY ,M>XI/ /&>DS1 ,EUROPE WAS /ILL OBJECTIVELY UNPREP>$ = A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#a#d4 ,MU* ( ! CONT95T1 9 FACT1 HAD YET TO BE COLONIZ$ BY ! CAPITALI/ M>KET OR B\RGEOIS SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,! PROLET>IAT--/ILL A V]Y CONSPICU\S M9ORITY ( ! POPULATION 9 A SEA ( PEASANTS & SMALL PRODUC]S--HAD YET TO MATURE AS A CLASS 9TO A SIGNIFICANT =CE4 ,DESPITE ! OPPROBRIUM ?AT HAS BE5 HEAP$ ON ,PLEKHANOV1 ,KAUTSKY1 ,B]N/E9 ET AL41 !Y HAD A BETT] UND]/&+ ( ! FAILURE ( ,M>XI/ SOCIALISM TO EMB$ ITSELF 9 PROLET>IAN CONSCI\SNESS ?AN DID ,L594 ,LUXEMBURG1 9 ANY CASE1 /RADDL$ ! SO-CALL$ 0SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC0 & 09T]NATIONALI/0 CAMPS 9 H] IMAGE ( A ,M>XI/ P>TY'S FUNCTION1 9 CONTRA/ TO ,L591 H] PR9CIPAL OPPON5T 9 ! SO-CALL$ 0ORGANIZATIONAL QUE/ION0 9 ! ,LEFT ( ! W>TIME SOCIALI/S1 :O WAS PREP>$ TO E/ABLI% A 0PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP0 UND] ALL & ANY CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> WAS BY NO MEANS 9EVITABLE1 & IT G5]AT$ DEMOCRATIC & NATIONALI/ REVOLUTIONS RA!R ?AN PROLET>IAN ONES4 7,RUSSIA1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 WAS NO MORE A 0WORK]S' /ATE0 UND] ,BOL%EVIK RULE ?AN W]E ! ,HUNG>IAN & ,BAV>IAN 0SOVIET0 REPUBLICS47 ,NOT UNTIL #aici WAS ,EUROPE PLAC$ 9 A POSITION :]E A WORLD W> WAS 9EVITABLE4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y ,LEFT 7TO :I* ,I BELONG$ AT ! TIME7 FRANKLY ]R$ PR(\NDLY :5 IT TOOK A SO-CALL$ 09T]NATIONALI/0 POSITION & REFUS$ TO SUPPORT ! ,ALLIES 7!IR IMP]IALI/ PA?OLOGIES NOT)/&+7 AGA9/ ! VANGU>D ( WORLD FASCISM1 ! ,?IRD ,REI*4 

.<#e.> ,KROPOTK91 = EXAMPLE1 REJECT$ DEMOCRATIC DECISION-MAK+ PROC$URES3 0,MAJORITY RULE IS AS DEFECTIVE AS ANY O!R K9D ( RULE10 HE ASS]T$4 ,SEE ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 0,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM3 ,ITS ,BASIS & ,PR9CIPLES10 9 ,KROPOTK9'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PAMPHLETS1 $IT$ BY ,ROG] ,N4 ,BALDW9 7#a#i#b#g2 REPR9T$ BY ,NEW ,YORK3 ,DOV]1 #a#i#g71 P4 #f#h4 

.<#f.> ,I HAVE MADE ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 POLITICS & /ATECRAFT 91 = EXAMPLE1 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES3 ,T[>D A ,NEW ,POLITICS ( ,CITIZ5%IP 7#a#i#h#g2 REPR9T$ BY ,LONDON3 ,CASSELL1 #a#i#i#b71 PP4 #d#a-#c1 #e#i-#f#a 

.<#g.> ,ON SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 SEE ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM3 ,! ,EM]G5CE & ,DISSOLUTION ( ,HI]>*Y 7#a#i#h#b2 REPR9T$ BY ,W>N]1 ,N,H3 ,SILV] ,BROOK1 #b#b72 ,! ,MOD]N ,CRISIS 7,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#g72 & ,REMAK+ ,SOCIETY 7,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#i74 ,! LATT] TWO BOOKS >E \T ( PR9T2 SOME COPIES MAY BE AVAILABLE FROM ! ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 9 ,PLA9FIELD1 ,V]MONT 7WWW4SOCIAL-ECOLOGY4ORG74 

.<#h.> ,SEV]AL YE>S AGO1 :ILE ,I /ILL ID5TIFI$ MYSELF AS AN AN>*I/1 ,I ATTEMPT$ TO =MULATE A DI/9CTION BETWE5 0SOCIAL0 & 0LIFE/YLE0 AN>*ISM1 & ,I WROTE AN >TICLE ?AT ID5TIFI$ ,COMMUNALISM AS 0! DEMOCRATIC DIM5SION ( AN>*ISM0 7SEE ,LEFT ,GRE5 ,P]SPECTIVES1 NO4 #c#a1 ,OCTOB] #a#i#i#d74 ,I NO LONG] BELIEVE ?AT ,COMMUNALISM IS A M]E 0DIM5SION0 ( AN>*ISM1 DEMOCRATIC OR O!RWISE2 RA!R1 IT IS A DI/9CT IDEOLOGY ) A REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION ?AT HAS YET TO BE EXPLOR$4 

.<#i.> ,TO BE SURE1 !SE PO9TS UND]GO MODIFICATION 9 ,COMMUNALISM3 = EXAMPLE1 ,M>XISM'S HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 EXPLA9+ ! RISE ( CLASS SOCIETIES1 IS EXP&$ BY SOCIAL ECOLOGY'S EXPLANATION ( ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL & HI/ORICAL RISE ( HI]>*Y4 ,M>XIAN DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM1 9 TURN1 IS TRANSC5D$ BY DIALECTICAL NATURALISM2 & ! AN>*O-COMMUNI/ NOTION ( A V]Y LOOSE 0F$]ATION ( AUTONOM\S COMMUNES0 IS REPLAC$ ) A CONF$]ATION FROM :I* ITS COMPON5TS1 FUNCTION+ 9 A DEMOCRATIC MANN] ?R\< CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLIES1 MAY )DRAW ONLY ) ! APPROVAL ( ! CONF$]ATION AS A :OLE4 

.<#a.> ,:AT IS SO SURPRIS+ AB\T ?IS M9IMALI/ DICTION>Y DEF9ITION IS ITS OV]ALL ACCURACY3 ,I W\LD TAKE ISSUE ONLY ) ITS =MULATIONS 0VIRTUALLY AUTONOM\S0 & 0LOOSELY B\ND10 :I* SUGGE/ A P>O*IAL & P>TICUL>I/IC1 EV5 IRRESPONSIBLE RELATION%IP ( ! COMPON5TS ( A CONF$]ATION TO ! :OLE4 

.<#a#a.> ,MY WRIT+S ON LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM DATE BACK TO ! E>LY #a#i#gS1 ) 0,SPR+ ,(F5SIVES & ,SUMM] ,VACATIONS10 ,AN>*OS1 NO4 #d 7#a#i#g#b74 ,! MORE SIGNIFICANT WORKS 9CLUDE ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES 7#a#i#h#g2 REPR9T$ BY ,LONDON3 ,CASSELL1 #a#i#i#b71 0,!SES ON ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM10 ,\R ,G5]ATION .<,MONTREAL.>1 VOL4 #a#f1 NOS4 #c-#d 7,SPR+_/,SUMM] #a#i#h#e72 0,RADICAL ,POLITICS 9 AN ,]A ( ,ADVANC$ ,CAPITALISM10 ,GRE5 ,P]SPECTIVES1 NO4 #ah 7,NOV4 #a#i#h#i72 0,! ,MEAN+ ( ,CONF$]ALISM10 ,GRE5 ,P]SPECTIVES1 NO4 #b 7,NOVEMB] #a#i#i72 0,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM3 ,AN ,OV]VIEW10 ,GRE5 ,P]SPECTIVES1 NO4 #bd 7,OCTOB] #a#i#i#a72 & ,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,CITY 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P] ,COLOPHON1 #a#i#g#d74 ,= A CONCISE SUMM>Y1 SEE ,JANET ,BIEHL1,! ,POLITICS ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY3 ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM 7,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#i#h74 

.<#a#b.> ,= ONE SU* DISCUSSION1 SEE ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 0,! ,<O/ ( ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM10,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES1 VOL4 #a1 NO4 #a 7,SPR+ #a#i#i#c74 

.<#a#c.> ,ONE ( ! GREAT TRAG$IES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #aiag & ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #aicf WAS ! FAILURE ( ! MASSES TO ACQUIRE MORE ?AN ! SCANTIE/ KN[L$GE ( SOCIAL LOGI/ICS & ! COMPLEX 9T]L9KAGES 9VOLV$ 9 PROVID+ = ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE 9 A MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,9ASMU* AS ?OSE :O HAD ! EXP]TIZE 9VOLV$ 9 MANAG+ PRODUCTIVE 5T]PRISES & 9 MAK+ CITIES FUNCTIONAL W]E SUPPORT]S ( ! OLD REGIME1 WORK]S W]E 9 FACT UNABLE TO ACTUALLY TAKE OV] ! FULL CONTROL ( FACTORIES4 ,!Y W]E OBLIG$ 9/EAD TO DEP5D ON 0B\RGEOIS SPECIALI/S0 TO OP]ATE !M1 9DIVIDUALS :O /EADILY MADE !M ! VICTIMS ( A TE*NOCRATIC ELITE4 

.<#a#d.> ,I HAVE PREVI\SLY DISCUSS$ ?IS TRANS=MATION ( WORK]S FROM M]E CLASS BE+S 9TO CITIZ5S1 AMONG O!R PLACES1 9 ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES 7#a#i#h#g2 REPR9T$ BY ,LONDON3 ,CASSELL1 #a#i#i#e71 & 9 0,WORK]S & ! ,PEACE ,MOVEM5T0 7#a#i#h#c71 PUBLI%$ 9 ,! ,MOD]N ,CRISIS 7,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#g74 

.<#a#e.> ,>I/OTLE1 ,POLITICS 7#a#b#e#b .<B.> #a#f71 TRANS4 ,B5JAM9 ,J[ETT1 9 ,! ,COMPLETE ,WORKS ( ,>I/OTLE1 ,REVIS$ ,OX=D ,TRANSLATION1 $4 ,JONA?AN ,B>NES 7,PR9CETON1 ,N,J3 ,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#d71 VOL4 #b1 P4 #a#i#h#g4 

.<#a#f.> ,AS A LIB]T>IAN IDEAL = ! FUTURE ( HUMANITY & A G5U9E DOMA9 ( FRE$OM1 ! ,A!NIAN POLIS FALLS F> %ORT ( ! CITY'S ULTIMATE PROMISE4 ,ITS POPULATION 9CLUD$ SLAVES1 SUBORD9AT$ WOM51 & FRAN*ISELESS RESID5T ALI5S4 ,ONLY A M9ORITY ( MALE CITIZ5S POSSESS$ CIVIC RI<TS1 & !Y RAN ! CITY )\T CONSULT+ A L>G] POPULATION4 ,MAT]IALLY1 ! /ABILITY ( ! POLIS DEP5D$ UPON ! LABOR ( ITS NONCITIZ5S4 ,!SE >E AMONG ! SEV]AL MONUM5TAL FAIL+S ?AT LAT] MUNICIPALITIES W\LD HAVE TO CORRECT4 ,! POLIS IS SIGNIFICANT1 H[EV]1 NOT AN EXAMPLE ( AN EMANCIPAT$ COMMUNITY BUT = ! SUCCESSFUL FUNCTION+ ( ITS FREE 9/ITUTIONS4 

.<#a#g.> ,>I/OTLE1 ,POLITICS 7#a#b#e#b .<B.> #b#i-#c71 TRANS4 ,J[ETT2 EMPHASIS ADD$4 ,! WORDS FROM ! ORIG9AL ,GREEK TEXT MAY BE F\ND 9 ! ,LOEB ,CLASSICAL ,LIBR>Y $ITION3 ,>I/OTLE1 ,POLITICS1 TRANS4 ,H4 ,RACKHAM 7,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#b74 

.<#a#h.> ,LEFRANCAIS IS QUOT$ 9 ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,MEMOIRS ( A ,REVOLUTIONI/ 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,HORIZON ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#h71 P4 #c#i#c4 ,I TOO W\LD BE OBLIG$ TODAY TO MAKE ! SAME /ATEM5T4 ,9 ! LATE #a#i#eS1 :5 AN>*ISM 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS A B>ELY DISC]NIBLE PRES5CE1 IT SEEM$ LIKE A SUFFICI5TLY CLE> FIELD 9 :I* ,I C\LD DEVELOP SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 AS WELL AS ! PHILOSOPHICAL & POLITICAL IDEAS ?AT W\LD EV5TUALLY BECOME DIALECTICAL NATURALISM & LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 ,I WELL KNEW ?AT !SE VIEWS W]E NOT CONSI/5T ) TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ IDEAS1 LEA/ ( ALL PO/-SC>CITY1 :I* IMPLI$ ?AT A MOD]N LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY RE/$ ON ADVANC$ MAT]IAL PRECONDITIONS4 ,TODAY ,I F9D ?AT AN>*ISM REMA9S ! V]Y SIMPLI/IC 9DIVIDUALI/IC & ANTIRATIONALI/ PSY*OLOGY IT HAS ALWAYS BE54 ,MY ATTEMPT TO RETA9 AN>*ISM UND] ! NAME ( 0SOCIAL AN>*ISM0 HAS L>GELY BE5 A FAILURE1 & ,I N[ F9D ?AT ! T]M ,I HAVE US$ TO D5OTE MY VIEWS MU/ BE REPLAC$ ) ,COMMUNALISM1 :I* COH]5TLY 9TEGRATES & GOES BEYOND ! MO/ VIABLE FEATURES ( ! AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ TRADITIONS4 ,REC5T ATTEMPTS TO USE ! WORD AN>*ISM AS A LEVEL] TO M9IMIZE ! ABUNDANT & CONTRADICTORY DIFF]5CES ?AT >E GR\P$ UND] ?AT T]M & EV5 CELEBRATE ITS OP5NESS TO 0DIFF]5CES0 MAKE IT A DIFFUSE CAT*-ALL = T5D5CIES ?AT PROP]LY %\LD BE 9 %>P CONFLICT ) ONE ANO!R4 

.<#a#i.> ,= A DISCUSSION ( ! V]Y REAL PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY AN>*I/S' DISDA9 = P[] DUR+ ! #aicf ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 SEE ! APP5DIX TO ?IS >TICLE1 0,AN>*ISM & ,P[] 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION40 

.<#b.> ,I %\LD NOTE ?AT BY OBJECTIVE ,I DO NOT REF] M]ELY TO EXI/5TIAL 5TITIES & EV5TS BUT ALSO TO POT5TIALITIES ?AT CAN BE RATIONALLY CONCEIV$1 NURTUR$1 & 9 TIME ACTUALIZ$ 9TO :AT WE W\LD N>R[LY CALL REALITIES4 ,IF M]E SUB/ANTIALITY W]E ALL ?AT ! T]M OBJECTIVEMEANT1 NO IDEAL OR PROMISE ( FRE$OM W\LD BE AN OBJECTIVELY VALID GOAL UNLESS IT EXI/$ UND] \R V]Y NOSES4 

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