,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O3 ,9SI<TS & ,PROBLEMS 

#aiih 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TAGS 3 SOCIAL & POLITICAL ORD] ( ?+S1 MANIFE/O ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY1 P>IS COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 CIVIL W> 9 FRANCE1 M>X & 5GELS1 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION1 RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 SOCIAL & POLITICAL1 GREAT FR5* REVOLUTION1 CONF$]ATION ( COMMUNES4 

,TEXT 3 

,?IS >TICLE APPE>S 9 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES ) ! P]MISSION ( ! AU?OR & ,NEW ,POLITICS4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O3 ,9SI<TS & ,PROBLEMS 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

.<FROM ,NEW ,POLITICS1 VOL4 #f1 NO4 #d 7NEW S]IES71 :OLE 

NO4 #b#d1 ,W9T] #a#i#i#h.> 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 IS ! AU?OR ( NUM]\S BOOKS ON LEFT 

SOCIAL !ORY & HI/ORY4 ,HIS MO/ REC5T WORK IS ,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION1 A 

?REE-VOLUME HI/ORY ( POPUL> MOVEM5TS 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y ]A1 ,VOLUMES #a & #b 

( :I* HAVE REC5TLY BE5 PUBLI%$ BY ,CASSELL4 

  

,PHOTO BY DUNCAN C1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,I,T ,I,S ,P,O,L,I,T,I,C,A,L,L,Y ,R,E,/,O,R,A,T,I,V,E ,T,O ,L,O,O,K ,) ,A ,F,R,E,% ,E,Y,E AT ,! ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7TO USE ITS ORIG9AL TITLE71 WRITT5 BE=E ,M>XISM WAS OV]LAID BY RE=MI/1 PO/MOD]NI/1 SPIRITUAL1 & PSY*OLOGICAL COMM5T>IES4 ,FROM AN EXAM9ATION ( ?IS WORK ON ITS [N T]MS1 :AT EM]GES IS ?AT IT IS NOT A 0TEXT0 9T5D$ TO BE S]V$ UP = ACADEMIC DECON/RUCTION & CONVOLUT$ EXEGESIS BUT RA!R ! MANIFE/O ( A P>TY ?AT *ALL5G$ ! EXI/5CE ( CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS & !IR UND]LY+ CLASS BASE4 ,! ,MANIFE/O DIRECTLY FAC$ ! EXPLOITATIVE SOCIAL ORD] ( ITS TIME & 9T5D$ TO MOVE A CLASS--! PROLET>IAT--TO REVOLUTION>Y ACTION AGA9/ IT4 

,BR++ !ORY TO ! S]VICE ( BUILD+ A MOVEM5T1 AS ,M>X & ,5GELS DID--9DE$1 !Y P]CEPTIVELY 9T]WOVE BASIC ANALYTICAL IDEAS ) PROGRAMMATIC & ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES--IS BECOM+ ALI5 9 ! PRES5T ]A1 :I* IS %>PLY DI*OTOMIZ+ ! TWO4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! EXI/5CE ( 0,M>XOLOGY0 AS A UNIV]SITY DISCIPL9E TODAY1 ) ITS [N PR(ESSORIAT & J\RNALS1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM A LIV+ PRACTICE1 IS NOT AN 5TIRELY UNPREC$5T$ PH5OM5ON4 ,KAUTSKY1 AMONG O!RS1 ALREADY BEGAN TO MAKE ?IS DI*OTOMY AS $ITOR ( ,DIE ,NEUE ,ZEIT 9 ! #a#h#iS4 ,BUT ,DIE ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 AT LEA/1 WAS ! !ORETICAL ORGAN ( A MASS MOVEM5T ?AT MOBILIZ$ HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE ON ! ,G]MAN POLITICAL SC5E4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL REC5T DECADES ?AT /RICTLY S*OL>LY ,M>XIAN J\RNALS APPE>$ ?AT EXHIBIT$ FEW OR NO POLITICAL 9T5TIONS & H5CE PROVID$ NO BASIS = A PRACTICE 5GAG$ 9 TRANS=M+ SOCIETY4 ,! DIVORCE BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE--& ! FAILURE ( AV[$ LEFTI/S TO BUILD A REVOLUTION>Y PUBLIC SPH]E 9 ! PA/ FEW DECADES--HAS L$ TO ! DEBILITATION ( !ORY ITSELF1 AS WITNESS ! CURR5T ACCEPTANCE ( PO/MOD]NI/ NIHILISM1 ,SITUATIONI/ ES!TICISM1 & QUITE REC5TLY1 EV5 ,EA/]N SPIRITUALISM AMONG A NUMB] ( SELF-PR(ESS$ ,M>XI/S4 

,BY CONTRA/1 ! MO/ REFRE%+ FEATURE ( ,! ,MANIFE/O AS A !ORETICAL DOCUM5T IS ?AT IT C&IDLY & UNABA%$LY ADDRESSES LIV$ SOCIAL RELATIONS1 NOT SIMPLY !IR CULTURAL (F%OOTS4 ,ITS /YLI/IC MAGNETISM1 :I* MADE IT ! 9IMITABLE MODEL = SO MANY LAT] PROGRAMMATIC /ATEM5TS BY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 LIES PRECISELY 9 ITS BOLD C&OR AB\T ! MAT]IAL FACTORS ?AT GUIDE HUMAN BEHAVIOR4 ,F> MORE ?AN ,NIETZS*E1 ,M>X 7:O SEEMS TO HAVE P5N$ MO/ ( ,! ,MANIFE/O7 WROTE ) A HAMM] AB\T ! REALITIES ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ?AT W]E EM]G+ 9 HIS TIME4 ,! FAM\S OP5+ L9E--0,! HI/ORY ( ALL HI!RTO EXI/+ SOCIETY IS ! HI/ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLES0--IS >RE/+LY DECL>ATIVE1 ALL[+ = NO EQUIVOCATION4#a 

,PUBLI%$ 9 A LIMIT$ ,G]MAN $ITION ( #h ON ! EVE ( ! #ahdh ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION 9 ,FRANCE1 ,! ,MANIFE/O SYN!SIZ$ G5]ATIONS ( REFLECTION ON ! ROOT CAUSES ( SOCIAL 9JU/ICE & CONFLICT4 ,AS ,M>X HIMSELF FREELY ACKN[L$G$1 ! IMPORTANCE ?AT IT ATTA*ES TO CLASS /RUGGLES WAS NOT NEW TO REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T4 ,IT CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! ,LEVEL]S ( ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION & EV5 TO ,LOLL>DS SU* AS ,JOHN ,BALL 9 ! ,5GLI% ,PEASANT ,W> ( ! #a#d? C5TURY4 ,HAV+ NO DIRECT IMPACT UPON ! EV5TS ?AT MADE UP ! /ORMY YE> ( #a#h#d#h1 ,! ,MANIFE/O NONE!LESS LEFT A LA/+ IMPR9T UPON SUBSEQU5T WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5TS1 PROVID+ A DEF9ITIVE /&>D BY :I* !IR REVOLUTION>Y 9T5TIONS W]E TO BE JUDG$4 ,& IT PLAC$ UPON EV]Y SUBSEQU5T REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ! OBLIGATION TO MAKE ! OPPRESS$ CONSCI\S ( !IR /ATUS--?AT IS TO SAY1 TO 9CULCATE AMONG ! EXPLOIT$ A DEEP S5SE ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & TO URGE !M TO ABOLI% CLASS SOCIETY AS SU*4  

,P\ND$ \T AS IT WAS1 ! OP5+ L9E ( ,! ,MANIFE/O--UNADORN$ & UNEQUIVOCAL--IMM$IATELY FIX$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE 7= :I* IT WAS WRITT57 AS AN OV]TLY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,!REAFT]1 SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS & MOVEM5TS ?AT PR(ESS$ TO SEEK JU/ICE = ! OPPRESS$ HAD TO VALIDATE !IR /&+ ) ! EM]G+ WORK+ CLASS 9 ITS CONFLICT ) ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,AFT] ! PUBLICATION ( ,! ,MANIFE/O1 CLASS /RUGGLE WAS TAK5 = GRANT$ AMONG SU* MOVEM5TS1 EV5 IF !Y S\<T TO A*IEVE SOCIALISM 9 PEACEFUL & PIECEMEAL WAYS BY MAK+ COMPROMISES BETWE5 WORK]S & CAPITALI/S4  

,MOREOV]1 ,M>X'S OP5+ L9E ANN\NC$ ?AT ,! ,MANIFE/O W\LD NOT OBFUSCATE ! REAL SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT MAKE UP CAPITALISM4 ,CAPITALISM1 ,! ,MANIFE/O W5T ON TO EMPHASIZE1 IS AN UNREL5T+LY EXPLOITATIVE ECONOMY ?AT IS DRIV5 BY ITS COMPETITIVE RELATIONS TO COLONIZE ! 5TIRE WORLD & TO BR+ SOCIAL LIFE AS SU* FACE TO FACE ) ! QUE/ION ( ITS V]Y ABILITY TO SURVIVE 9 ! ABS5CE ( A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,TODAY1 :5 RE=MISM P]MEATES MO/ ( ! POLITICAL ?9K+ ?AT GOES UND] ! NAME ( LEFTISM1 WE W\LD DO WELL TO RECALL ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS W>N$1 A C5TURY & A HALF AGO1 ?AT 0! B\RGEOISIE IS UNFIT ANY LONG] TO BE ! RUL+ CLASS 9 SOCIETY1 & TO IMPOSE ITS CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE UPON SOCIETY AS AN OV]-RID+ LAW10 9DE$1 ?AT 0ITS EXI/5CE IS NO LONG] COMPATIBLE ) SOCIETY0 7PP4 #d#i#e1 #d#i#g74"9 

,P>TS ,I 70,B\RGEOIS & ,PROLET>IANS07 & ,I,I 70,PROLET>IANS & ,COMMUNI/S07 ( ,! ,MANIFE/O LAY \T ! MA9 >GUM5T ( VOLUME ONE ( ,CAPITAL1 9 VIVID1 CLE> PROSE ?AT IS AS EXCIT+LY PROGRAMMATIC AS IT IS BRILLIANTLY !ORETICAL4 ,! PI?Y =MULATIONS >E IMPOSSIBLE TO SUMM>IZE )\T DO+ !M 9JU/ICE1 :ILE ! BRILLIANCE ) :I* ,M>X & ,5GELS DEMON/RAT$ ?AT CAPITALISM CREATES ! CONDITIONS = ITS 9EVITABLE DE/RUCTION IS IMPOSSIBLE TO CAPTURE4 ,! CULM9AT+ PASSAGE ( P>T ,I CONTA9S IDEAS ?AT >E PROVOCATIVE & PRESCI5T EV5 = ! COM+ C5TURY3 

,! B\RGEOISIE CANNOT EXI/ )\T CON/ANTLY REVOLUTIONIZ+ ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION1 & !REBY ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 & ) !M ! :OLE RELATIONS ( SOCIETY4 4 4 4 ,CON/ANT REVOLUTIONIZ+ ( PRODUCTION1 UN9T]RUPT$ DI/URBANCE ( ALL SOCIAL CONDITIONS1 EV]LA/+ UNC]TA9TY & AGITATION DI/+UI% ! B\RGEOIS EPO* FROM ALL E>LI] ONES4 ,ALL FIX$1 FA/-FROZ5 RELATIONS1 ) !IR TRA9 ( ANCI5T & V5]ABLE PREJUDICES & OP9IONS1 >E SWEPT AWAY1 ALL NEW-=M$ ONES BECOME ANTIQUAT$ BE=E !Y CAN OSSIFY4 ,ALL ?AT IS SOLID MELTS 9TO AIR1 ALL ?AT IS HOLY IS PR(AN$1 & MAN IS AT LA/ COMPELL$ TO FACE ) SOB] S5SES HIS REAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 & HIS RELATIONS ) HIS K9D4 

,! NE$ ( A CON/ANTLY EXP&+ M>KET = ITS PRODUCTS *ASES ! B\RGEOISIE OV] ! :OLE SURFACE ( ! GLOBE4 ,IT MU/ NE/LE EV]Y:]E1 SETTLE EV]Y:]E1 E/ABLI% CONNECTIONS EV]Y:]E4 4 4 4 ,MOD]N B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ) ITS RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 ( EX*ANGE & ( PROP]TY1 A SOCIETY ?AT HAS CONJUR$ UP SU* GIGANTIC MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ( EX*ANGE1 IS LIKE ! SORC]]1 :O IS NO LONG] ABLE TO CONTROL ! P[]S ( ! NE!R WORLD :OM HE HAS CALL$ UP BY HIS SPELLS4 7PP4 #d#h#g1 #d#h#i7 

,!SE L9ES W]E WRITT5 A C5TURY & A HALF AGO1 :5 CAPITALISM WAS H>DLY ! PREVAL5T SOCIAL ORD] ON ! ,EUROPEAN CONT95T1 AL?\< IT HAD MADE GREAT 9ROADS 9TO ,BRITA9 & ITS ULTIMATE ASC5DANCE 9 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY WAS =ESEEABLE4 ,9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM ON ! ,EUROPEAN CONT95T WAS /ILL EMB$D$ 9 A MIX$ ECONOMY--P>TLY B\RGEOIS1 P>TLY FEUDAL1 & L>GELY PEASANT4 ,NE>LY ALL CITIES W]E /ILL COMPACT 5TITIES1 CR[D$ ) W9D+ M$IEVAL /REETS & SURR\ND$ BY WALLS1 & EV]YDAY COMMODITIES W]E /ILL FA%ION$ BY ! H&S ( SKILL$ >TISANS4 ,! W9T] ( #a#h#d#g-#d#h WAS /ILL ! 9CEPTION ( ! B\RGEOIS EPO*1 NOT ITS HI< PO9T1 LET ALONE ITS 5D1 & ! WORDS GLOBALIZATION & MULT9ATIONALISM W]E UNHE>D (1 EV5 AS ,! ,MANIFE/O DESCRIB$ SIMIL> PH5OM5A4 ,! PR$ICTIONS 9 ?IS PASSAGE MI<T HAVE BE5 DISMISS$ AS FANCIFUL VISIONS1 HAD !Y NOT BE5 PLAC$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( ,! ,MANIFE/O1 :I* GAVE !M AN HI/ORICAL AS WELL AS AN $UCATIVE MEAN+ ?AT PREVI\S ACC\NTS ( CAPITALISM 7A WORD ?AT WAS /ILL NEW7 HAD LACK$4  

,!SE L9ES DEMON/RATE ! P[] ( !ORY TO PROJECT ITSELF BEYOND GIV5 CONDITIONS 9TO ! FUTURE--& ! !ORETICAL PROJECTIONS ( ,M>X & ,5GELS H]E BECAME GL>+ REALITIES MANY G5]ATIONS LAT]1 AL?\< REMA9+ UNFULFILL$ EV5 9TO ! NEW MILL5NIUM4 ,P>AM\NT IS ! SALI5T REALITY ?AT CAPITALISM IS ! UNCONTROLLABLE WORK ( HI/ORICAL 0SORC]Y0--A SY/EM ( PRODUCTION = ITS [N SAKE--?AT1 :ILE IT EXI/S1 MU/ EAT AWAY AT ! NATURAL WORLD & DRA/ICALLY REMAKE ! PLANET1 PROBABLY TO ! DETRIM5T ( ALL LIFE-=MS1 9CLUD+ HUMAN BE+S4 ,)\T A REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE1 ITS DRIVE AS A TRANS=MATIVE SY/EM--A SOCIETY ?AT RUNS ON ITS [N1 BEYOND EV5 ! CONTROL ( ! B\RGEOISIE ITSELF--MAY BE MODIFI$ BUT CANNOT BE >RE/$4  

,NO 0DISC\RSE0 ON ! !ORETICAL OR PROGRAMMATIC ISSUES ( ,! ,MANIFE/O CAN BE MEAN+FUL UNLESS IT ADDRESSES ! NE$ = ! =MATION A 0REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! EXI/+ SOCIAL & POLITICAL ORD] ( ?+S0 7P4 #e#a#i74 0,! !ORY ( ! ,COMMUNI/S10 AS ,! ,MANIFE/O DECL>ES1 0MAY BE SUMM$ UP 9 ! S+LE S5T5CE3 ,ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY0 7P4 #d#i#h7--OR EQUIVAL5TLY1 ABOLITION ( CAPITALISM1 )\T ANY RES]VATIONS4 ,= A COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T TO FALL %ORT ( ?IS GOAL1 AS ,M>X & ,5GELS UND]/OOD1 W\LD BE1 NOT TO 0APPROXIMATE0 IT OR TO 0REALI/ICALLY0 MODIFY IT1 BUT TO AB&ON IT ALTOGE!R4 ,AS ! AU?ORS ( ,! ,MANIFE/O W]E TO WRITE 9 !IR ADDRESS TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE AFT] ! EV5TS ( #a#h#d#h-#d#i1 RE=MS C\LD VALIDLY BE DEM&$1 BUT ONLY AS A MEANS TO RAT*ET UP GREAT] DEM&S ?AT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE = ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD] TO SATISFY & ?AT ?US W\LD LEAD TO AN >M$ CONFRONTATION ) ! B\RGEOISIE OV] ! V]Y /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY4 

,NOR W]E ! READ]S ( ,! ,MANIFE/O 9 ?OSE YE>S--& NOT EV5 = A G5]ATION LAT]--MEMB]S ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 TO :OM ! DOCUM5T WAS ADDRESS$4 ,BY F> ! GREAT MAJORITY ( WORK]S :O C\LD UND]/& ITS MESSAGE W]E >TISANS :O ASPIR$ TO ! RI<T TO 0ASSOCIATE0 79 CRAFTLIKE MUTUALI/IC BRO!RHOODS OR 9DU/RIAL TRADE UNIONS7 &1 AMONG ! MO/ ADVANC$ WORK]S1 TO ! RI<T TO 0ORGANIZE WORK0 COOP]ATIVELY4 ,?IS >TISANAL OR ASSOCIATIVE SOCIALISM1 AS HI/ORIANS HAVE CALL$ IT1 WAS MORE COOP]ATIVE ?AN COMMUNI/IC1 REW>D+ ! MEMB]S ( ASSOCIATIONS ACCORD+ TO !IR WORK RA!R ?AN ACCORD+ TO !IR NE$S4 

,BY CONTRA/1 ,! ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY MADE A DRAMATIC LEAP1 UNEQUAL$ BY ANY CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIALI/IC DOCUM5T4 ,IT %[$ ?AT COMMUNISM WAS NOT M]ELY AN E?ICAL DESID]ATUM = SOCIAL JU/ICE BUT A COMPELL+ HI/ORICAL NECESSITY1 FL[+ \T ( ! V]Y DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM ITSELF4 ,?IS LEAP WAS RE9$ 9 BY ITS T5-PO9T M9IMUM PROGRAM1 L>GELY ! WORK ( ,5GELS4 ,) ITS MOD]ATE DEM&S1 IT SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 DESIGN$ = ! ,G]MAN WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 :I* WAS /ILL ALLI$ ) ! MIDDLE CLASSES AGA9/ ! >I/OCRACY4 ,H5CE EV5 ! MO/ SOCIALI/IC ( ! T5 DEM&S1 ! SEV5?1 PRUD5TLY CALL$ = ! 0EXT5SION ( FACTORIES & 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION [N$ BY ! /ATE0 RA!R ?AN ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! ECONOMY 7P4 #e#e74 ,9 A LONG-RANGE P]SPECTIVE1 P>T ,I,I ( ,! ,MANIFE/O PROJECT$ ! CONC5TRATION ( ALL PRODUCTIVE FACILITIES1 9CLUD+ ! L&1 9 ! 0H&S ( A VA/ ASSOCIATION ( ! :OLE NATION0 7P4 #e#e74 ,ACTUALLY1 ?IS LA/ PHRASE1 0A VA/ ASSOCIATION ( ! :OLE NATION10 WAS SPECIFIC TO ! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION2 ! ORIG9AL ,G]MAN SPOKE ( 0ASSOCIAT$ 9DIVIDUALS10 A SOME:AT ,PR\DHONI/ =MULATION ?AT W\LD HAVE MADE ! DOCUM5T MORE ACCEPTABLE 9 ,G]MANY AT ! TIME4 

,AFT] CLASSES DISAPPE> & PROP]TY HAS BECOME SOCIALIZ$1 ,! ,MANIFE/O SAYS1 ! 0PUBLIC P[] WILL LOSE ITS POLITICAL *>ACT]10 ?AT IS1 ITS /ATI/ =M3 

,POLITICAL P[] .<! /ATE.>1 PROP]LY SO CALL$1 IS M]ELY ! ORGANIZ$ P[] ( ONE CLASS = OPPRESS+ ANO!R4 ,IF ! PROLET>IAT 9 ITS CONTE/ ) ! B\RGEOISIE IS COMPELL$1 BY =CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES1 TO ORGANIZE ITSELF AS A CLASS1 IF1 BY MEANS ( A REVOLUTION IT MAKES ITSELF ! RUL+ CLASS1 &1 AS SU*1 SWEEPS AWAY ! OLD CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION BY =CE1 !N IT WILL1 ALONG ) !SE CONDITIONS1 HAVE SWEPT AWAY ! CONDITIONS = ! EXI/5CE ( CLASS ANTAGONISMS & ( CLASS G5]ALLY & WILL !REBY HAVE ABOLI%$ ITS [N SUPREMACY AS A CLASS4 

,9 PLACE ( ! OLD B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ) ITS CLASS & CLASS ANTAGONISMS1 WE %ALL HAVE AN ASSOCIATION1 9 :I* ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( EA* IS ! CONDITION = ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( ALL4 7PP4 #e#e-#f7 

,! ,COMMUNI/S :O TRY TO A*IEVE !SE AIMS1 SAYS ! DOCUM5T1 HAVE NO 9T]E/S 0AP>T FROM ?OSE ( ! PROLET>IAT AS A :OLE0 7P4 #d#i#f74 ,!Y CON/ITUTE ! MO/ RESOLUTE P>TY 9 ! /RUGGLE = PROMOT+ ! WELF>E ( ! PROLET>IAT1 BUT ALWAYS VIEW+ ! CONT\RS ( ! /RUGGLE AS A :OLE1 !Y 0EV]Y:]E SUPPORT EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! EXI/+ SOCIAL & POLITICAL ORD] ( ?+S40 ,9DE$1 !Y ALWAYS BR+ TO ! FRONT 0AS ! LEAD+ QUE/ION 9 EA* .</RUGGLE.>1 ! PROP]TY QUE/ION1 NO MATT] :AT ITS DEGREE ( DEVELOPM5T AT ! TIME0 7P4 #e#a#i74 

,G,I,V,5 ,I,T,S ,A,N,A,L,Y,S,I,S ,( ,C,A,P,I,T,A,L,I,S,M ,A,S ,A ,D,O,O,M,$ ,S,O,C,I,A,L ,O,R,D,] )9 :I* RE=MS MU/ ALWAYS BE PLAC$ 9 ! S]VICE ( REVOLUTION2 ITS RESOLUTE COMMITM5T TO 7G5]ALLY VIOL5T7 REVOLUTION2 ITS VIEW ( COMMUNISM AS AN ASSOCIATIVE RA!R ?AN A /ATE SY/EM 09 :I* ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( EA* IS ! CONDITION = ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( ALL10 IT IS ONLY FAIR TO ASK :AT ,M>X & ,5GELS MEANT BY 0POLITICAL P[]0 9 #a#h#d#g-#d#h4 ,! ANSW]--IDIOSYNCRATIC 9 ! LI<T ( :AT ! TWO M5 W]E TO WRITE 9 LAT] YE>S--IS SURPRIS+LY LIB]T>IAN4 

,9 ,! ,MANIFE/O1 ! PROLET>IAN 0/ATE0 ?AT WILL REPLACE ! B\RGEOIS 0POLITICAL P[]0 & 9ITIALLY MAKE ! MO/ 0DESPOTIC 9ROADS ON ! RI<T ( PROP]TY0 WILL CONSI/ ( ! PROLET>IAT RAIS$ TO 0! POSITION ( RUL+ CLASS40 ,MORE SPECIFICALLY3 

,! PROLET>IAT WILL USE ITS POLITICAL SUPREMACY TO WRE/1 BY DEGREES1 ALL CAPITAL FROM ! B\RGEOISIE1 TO C5TRALIZE ALL 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION 9 ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE1 I4E41 ( ! PROLET>IAT ORGANIZ$ AS ! RUL+ CLASS1 & TO 9CREASE ! TOTAL ( PRODUCTIVE =CES AS RAPIDLY AS POSSIBLE4 7EMPHASIS ADD$1 P4 #e#d7 

,?IS CAN H>DLY BE CALL$ A /ATE 9 EI!R ! USUAL ,M>XIAN OR ! SOCIAL AN>*I/ S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,9 FACT1 ! IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS EXTRAORD9>Y =MULATION HAVE VEX$ EV5 ! ABLE/ ( SOCIALI/ !ORI/S1 AN>*I/ AS WELL AS ,M>XI/--& !Y DOGG$ ,M>X & ,5GELS !MSELVES AS A PROBLEM UP TO ! LA/ YE>S ( !IR LIVES4 ,H[ C\LD AN 5TIRE CLASS1 ! PROLET>IAT ORGANIZ$ AS A 0MOVEM5T0 ?AT W\LD EV5TUALLY SPEAK = SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 9/ITUTIONALIZE ITSELF 9TO A 0POLITICAL0 7OR /ATE7 P[]8 ,BY :AT CONCRETE 9/ITUTIONAL =MS W\LD ?IS CLASS1 :OSE REVOLUTION 9 CONTRA/ TO ALL PREVI\S ONES W\LD REPRES5T 0! 9T]E/ ( ! IMM5SE MAJORITY0 7P4 #d#i#e71 EX]CISE ITS ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SOV]EIGNTY8 

,UNTIL ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 ,M>X & ,5GELS PROBABLY 9T5D$ = ! 0POLITICAL P[]0 ?AT ! PROLET>IAT W\LD E/ABLI% TO BE NO?+ MORE ?AN A REPUBLIC1 ?AT IS1 A REPRES5TATIVE =M ( GOV]NM5T1 ALBEIT ONE ROOT$ 9 POLITICAL RI<TS SU* AS RECALL4 ,AN>*I/ CRITICS ( ,M>X PO9T$ \T ) CONSID]ABLE EFFECT ?AT ANY SY/EM ( REPRES5TATION W\LD BECOME A /ATI/ 9T]E/ 9 ITS [N RI<T1 ONE ?AT AT BE/ W\LD WORK AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASSES 79CLUD+ ! PEASANTRY71 & ?AT AT WOR/ W\LD BE A DICTATORIAL P[] AS VICI\S AS ! WOR/ B\RGEOIS /ATE MA*9ES4 ,9DE$1 ) POLITICAL P[] RE9=C$ BY ECONOMIC P[] 9 ! =M ( A NATIONALIZ$ ECONOMY1 A 0WORK]S' REPUBLIC0 MI<T WELL PROVE TO BE A DESPOTISM 7TO USE ONE ( ,BAKUN9'S MORE FAVORITE T]MS7 ( UNP>ALLEL$ OPPRESSION4 

,M>X & ,5GELS HAD NO EFFECTIVE RESPONSE TO MAKE TO ?IS CRITICISM1 AS WE CAN TELL FROM !IR CORRESPOND5CE ) !IR ,G]MAN SUPPORT]S4 ,NO?+ 9 !IR WRIT+S %[S ?AT !Y GAVE ANY S]I\S REG>D TO ! 0ASSEMBLYI/0 TRADITION E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 9 :I* ! SANS CULOTTES1 9CLUD+ ! POORE/ & MO/ DISPOSSESS$ 9 ! ,FR5* CAPITAL1 ACTUALLY EX]CIS$ COLLECTIVE P[] 9 !IR NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES DUR+ ! /ORMY P]IOD BETWE5 ! ,AUGU/ J\RNEE ( #a#g#i#b1 :I* ELIM9AT$ ! MON>*Y1 & ! ,JUNE J\RNEE ( #a#g#i#c1 :I* NE>LY REPLAC$ ! ,CONV5TION ) A COMMUNALI/ SY/EM ( ADM9I/RATION UND] SECTIONAL CONTROL4 ,?IS TRADITION1 :I* L+]$ 9 ,FRANCE ?R\< MO/ ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 F\ND NO E*O 9 ! ,M>XI/ LIT]ATURE4  

,BUT ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #ahga CAME AS A BREA? ( FRE% AIR TO ,M>X & ,5GELS1 :O1 A G5]ATION AFT] ,! ,MANIFE/O WAS PUBLI%$1 EMBRAC$ ! ,COMMUNE AS ! 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURE ?AT ! PROLET>IAT W\LD PRODUCE BETWE5 A CAPITALI/ & A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 OR AS ,M>X PUT IT 9 HIS ,CRITIQUE ( ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM1 0! REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT40#b ,M>X PRAIS$ ! ,COMMUNE = 9TRODUC+ ! RI<T TO RECALL DEPUTIES TO ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL 7! EQUIVAL5T ( ! CITY C\NCIL ( ,P>IS71 ! ADOPTION ( A SKILL$ WORK]'S WAGE AS REIMBURSEM5T = P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! ,C\NCIL1 ! >M+ ( ! PEOPLE1 & V]Y SIGNIFICANTLY1 A 0WORK+1 NOT A P>LIAM5T>Y1 BODY1 EXECUTIVE & LEGISLATIVE AT ! SAME TIME40#c 

,! ECONOMIC A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,COMMUNE W]E V]Y LIMIT$2 NOT ONLY DID IT FAIL TO SOCIALIZE ! ECONOMY1 IT BR\<T MU*-NE$$ RE=MS TO ! WORK+ CLASS ONLY BECAUSE ! MORE RADICAL ,9T]NATIONALI/S1 :O =M$ A M9ORITY ( ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL1 HAD TO OV]COME ! OB/RUCTION ( ! NEO-,JACOB9S1 :O SUPPORT$ B\RGEOIS LEGALITIES4 ,9 ITS POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS ! ,COMMUNE WAS MU* MORE ( A MUNICIPALI/ 5TITY1 ) /RONG AFF9ITIES TO AN>*I/ NOTIONS ( A CONF$]ATION ( COMMUNES4 ,IT ESS5TIALLY *ALL5G$ ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,FR5* NATION-/ATE1 CALL+ UPON ! ?\S&S ( COMMUNES ?AT DOTT$ ,FRANCE TO UNITE 9 A ,PR\DHONI/ CONTRACTUAL NETWORK ( AUTONOM\S COMMUNES RA!R ?AN SUBJECT !MSELVES TO A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE4 

,M>X EMBRAC$ ?IS MUNICIPALI/ ,COMMUNE1 & 9 SUB/ANCE ITS CALL = A CONF$]ATION ( COMMUNES 7)\T US+ ! COMPROMIS+ WORD CONF$]ATION1 :I* HIS AN>*I/ OPPON5TS EMPLOY$71 AS A POLITICAL /RUCTURE 9 :I* 0! OLD C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T 9 ! PROV9CES0 W\LD1 FOLL[+ ,P>IS AS A MODEL1 0HAVE TO GIVE WAY TO ! SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ! PRODUC]S0--PRESUMABLY A PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP4 ,EA* DELEGATE FROM ! V>I\S COMMUNES W\LD BE B\ND 0BY ! M&AT IMP]ATIF 7=MAL 9/RUCTIONS7 ( HIS CON/ITU5TS10 A /RICTLY AN>*I/ CONCEPT ?AT R$UC$ A DELEGATE FROM A P>LIAM5T>Y REPRES5TATIVE OR DEPUTY TO A M]E AG5T ( ! PEOPLE1 9 :OSE VOICE HE WAS EXPECT$ TO SPEAK & VOTE4#d 

,M>X S ASS]TION ?AT ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T W\LD RETA9 0FEW BUT IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS0 WAS BRAVE BUT H>DLY CR$IBLE--& EV5 ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME1 ONE ( ,BAKUN9'S CLOSE/ ASSOCIATES1 REG>D$ ,M>X'S FAVORABLE APPRAISAL ( ! ,COMMUNE'S LIB]T>IAN FEATURES AS ! BASIS = A RECONCILIATION BETWE5 ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,5GELS1 9 AN #ahge LETT] TO ,AUGU/ ,BEBEL CRITICIZ+ ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM 7:I* HAD JU/ BE5 ADOPT$ BY ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS71 EV5 URG$ ?AT 9/EAD ( 0,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE10 ! PROGRAM USE A 0GOOD OLD ,G]MAN WORD10 ,GEME9WES51 0:I* CAN V]Y WELL DO S]VICE = ! ,FR5* ',COMMUNE1'0 AL?\< HE SAID LITTLE AB\T ITS SUB/ANCE4#e 

,9 TIME1 & NOT )\T VACILLATION1 ,M>X W5T BACK ON HIS FAVORABLE ACC\NT ( ! ,COMMUNE4#f ,!RE IS LITTLE D\BT ?AT HE RETURN$ TO ! SUPPORT = REPUBLICAN 9/ITUTIONS ?AT HAD M>K$ HIS POLITICAL VIEWS 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! REVOLUTIONS ( #a#h#d#h4 ,9 ! LA/ YE>S ( HIS LIFE1 )\T SAY+ MU* ON ! SUBJECT ( ! ,COMMUNE1 HE CLE>LY /ILL FAVOR$ 9CORPORAT+ 9TO ! REPUBLIC MANY ( ! FEATURES--! PAY SCALE = DEPUTIES1 ! RI<T TO RECALL1 ! NE$ TO >M ! WORK+ CLASS1 & ! M&AT IMP]ATIF--?AT HE HAD PRAIS$ 9 ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE4 ,BUT ! EXT5T TO :I* HE ?\<T A WORK]'S /ATE %\LD BE C5TRALIZ$ & H[ MU* AU?ORITY HE ?\<T IT %\LD 5JOY REMA9$ UNANSW]$ QUE/IONS UPON HIS DEA?4 

,R,E,P,U,B,L,I,C,A,N ,9,/,I,T,U,T,I,O,N,S1 ,H,[,E,V,] ,M,U,* ,!,Y ,>,E,9,T,5,D,$ ,T,O ,E,X,P,R,E,S,S ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK]S1 NECESS>ILY PLACE POLICY-MAK+ 9 ! H&S ( DEPUTIES & CATEGORICALLY DO NOT CON/ITUTE A 0PROLET>IAT ORGANIZ$ AS A RUL+ CLASS40 ,IF PUBLIC POLICY1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ADM9I/RATIVE ACTIVITIES1 IS NOT MADE BY ! PEOPLE MOBILIZ$ 9TO ASSEMBLIES & CONF$]ALLY COORD9AT$ BY AG5TS ON A LOCAL1 REGIONAL1 & NATIONAL BASIS1 !N A DEMOCRACY 9 ! PRECISE S5SE ( ! T]M DOES NOT EXI/4 ,! P[]S ?AT PEOPLE 5JOY UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES CAN BE USURP$ )\T DIFFICULTY4 ,SOME AN>*I/S WILL ALWAYS F9D FAULT ) ANY =M ( 9/ITUTIONAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 BUT IF ! PEOPLE >E TO ACQUIRE REAL P[] OV] !IR LIVES & SOCIETY1 !Y MU/ E/ABLI%--& 9 ! PA/ !Y HAVE1 = BRIEF P]IODS ( TIME E/ABLI%$--WELL-ORD]$ 9/ITUTIONS 9 :I* !Y !MSELVES DIRECTLY =MULATE ! POLICIES ( !IR COMMUNITIES &1 9 ! CASE ( !IR REGIONS1 ELECT CONF$]AL FUNCTION>IES1 REVOCABLE & /RICTLY CONTROLLABLE1 :O WILL EXECUTE !M4 ,ONLY 9 ?IS S5SE CAN A CLASS1 ESPECIALLY ONE COMMITT$ TO ! ABOLITION ( CLASSES1 BE MOBILIZ$ AS A CLASS TO MANAGE SOCIETY4 

,AP>T FROM !IR WRIT+S 9 ]/:ILE SUPPORT ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 NEI!R ,M>X NOR ,5GELS EV] RESOLV$ ! PROBLEM ( ! POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS = PROLET>IAN RULE ?AT !Y SET = !MSELVES 9 ,! ,MANIFE/O3 ! PROBLEM ( H[ A CLASS1 /ILL LESS ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 WILL TAKE OV] ! RE9S ( P[] AS A CLASS OR A PEOPLE4 ,9 #aie ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S CAME UP ) !IR [N SOLUTION TO ! QUE/ION ( A POLITICAL 9/ITUTION = CLASS P[]3 ! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET4 ,?IS CITYWIDE SOVIET1 :I* EM]G$ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN CAPITAL 9 ! #aie ,REVOLUTION1 WAS AN APPROXIMATION ( ! ASSEMBLIES ?AT HAD APPE>$ 9 ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,HAD IT REMA9$ M]ELY A MUNICIPAL C\NCIL1 IT W\LD HAVE DIFF]$ LITTLE FROM ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 AL?\< IT WAS MU* MORE WORK+ CLASS 9 *>ACT]4  

,BUT ! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET ALSO SANK DEEP ROOTS 9 ! CITY'S FACTORIES & WAS GUID$1 ?R\< /RIKE COMMITTEES & %OP COMMITTEES1 DIRECTLY BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,MORE ?AN ,L591 IT WAS ,LEON ,TROTSKY1 ONE ( ITS LA/ & C]TA9LY ITS MO/ PROM95T *AIRM51 :O SAW 9 ! SOVIET NOT ONLY ! 9/ITUTION ?AT C\LD MOBILIZE ! PROLET>IAT AS A CLASS BUT PROVIDE ! TRANSITIONAL POLITICAL & ECONOMIC BRIDGE FROM A CAPITALI/ TO A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,L59'S VIEW ( ! SOVIET WAS MORE 9/RUM5TAL3 HE REG>D$ IT M]ELY AS A MEANS = $UCAT+ ! WORK+ CLASS & 5LI/+ IT 9 ! S]VICE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY4  

,NOT UNTIL #aiag DID ,L59 DECISIVELY *ANGE HIS VIEW AB\T ! SOVIETS & COME TO REG>D !M AS 9/ITUTIONS ( WORK+-CLASS P[]4 ,EV5 SO1 HE WAV]$ DUR+ ! ,JULY EV5TS1 :5 ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S W]E IMPRISON$ AS A RESULT ( A PREMATURE SPONTANE\S 9SURRECTION1 BUT BY ! AUTUMN ( #aiag HE HAD RETURN$ TO ! GOAL ( A SOVIET GOV]NM5T4 ,= A TIME HE SUGGE/$ ?AT A SOVIET GOV]NM5T MI<T 9CLUDE ALL ! SOVIET P>TIES--,M5%EVIKS & ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>IES ( ALL K9DS AS WELL AS ,BOL%EVIKS--BUT BY ! 5D ( #a#i#a#h1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS RUL$ ! NEWLY E/ABLI%$ SOVIET /ATE 5TIRELY ALONE & EV5TUALLY TURN$ ! SOVIETS 9TO DOCILE 9/RUM5TS ( !IR P>TY APP>ATUS4 

,! QUE/ION ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL MANAGEM5T BY A CLASS AS  A :OLE--& EV5TUALLY BY CITIZ5S 9 A CLASSLESS SOCIETY--HAS NO EASY RESOLUTION4 ,PLA9LY IT IS NOT ANSW]$ ADEQUATELY BY ,PR\DHON'S SY/EM ( F$]ALISM1 :I* IS TOO 9COH]5T & VAGUE & RETA9S TOO MANY B\RGEOIS FEATURES1 SU* AS CONTRACT & 9DIVIDUAL PROPRIETOR%IP1 TO PROVIDE A TRULY REVOLUTION>Y SOLUTION4 ,! SOLUTIONS ?AT LAT] AN>*I/S1 MORE COLLECTIVI/ ?AN ! ,PR\DHONI/S1 (F]$ >E PREGNANT ) POSSIBILITIES1 BUT !Y TOO SUFF] FROM A LACK ( DEF9ITION & >TICULATION4 

,= !IR P>T1 AN>*OSYNDICALI/S HAVE (F]$ WORK]S' CONTROL ( 9DU/RY AS ! MO/ VIABLE REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE TO ! /ATE1 ADDUC+ ! TAKEOV] ( FACTORIES & AGRICULTURAL L& AS EVID5CE ( ITS FEASIBILITY4 ,AN ADEQUATE ACC\NT ( ITS POSSIBILITIES & LIMITATIONS W\LD REQUIRE ANO!R >TICLE4#g ,BUT AS SOCIAL ELEM5TS = A LIB]ATORY SOCIETY1 WORK]S' CONTROL HAS BASIC PROBLEMS--NOT ONLY !IR P>O*IALISM & ! HI<LY VISIBLE DECL9E 9 NUMB]S ( ! MANUFACTUR+ WORK+ CLASS BUT MO/ ESPECIALLY !IR T5D5CY TO TURN 9TO COMPETITIVE COLLECTIVELY [N$ CAPITALI/IC 5T]PRISES4 ,M]E ECONOMIC CONTROL ( PLANTS & FACTORIES IS ONLY ONE SIDE ( ! CO9 ( A REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION1 A LESSON ! ,SPANI% AN>*OSYNDICALI/S LE>N$ ONLY TOO DRAMATICALLY 9 #a#i#c#f-#c#g1 :51 DESPITE ! GREATE/ COLLECTIVIZATION EXP]IM5T 9 HI/ORY1 !Y FAIL$ TO ELIM9ATE ! B\RGEOIS /ATE--ONLY TO F9D ?AT IT RETURN$ 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 =CIBLY DEMOLI%+ ! P[]FUL AN>*I/ 5CLAVES 9 ,CATALONIA & ,>AGON4 

,:AT SEEMS NECESS>Y >E ! 9/ITUTIONS ( A DEMOCRATIC POLITICS--TO USE ! WORD POLITICS 9 ITS ,HELL5IC S5SE1 NOT AS A EUPHEMISM = MOD]N-DAY ,REPUBLICAN /ATECRAFT4 ,I REF] TO A POLITICS ?AT W\LD CREATE LOCAL ASSEMBLIES ( ! PEOPLE & CONF$]ATE !M 9 PURELY ADM9I/RATIVE C\NCILS1 9 ORD] TO CON/ITUTE A C\NT]P[] TO ! NATION-/ATE4 ,H[ SU* A C\NT]P[] C\LD BE E/ABLI%$ & C\LD FUNCTION FALLS \TSIDE ! PROV9CE ( ?IS >TICLE2 F> TOO MANY IMPORTANT DETAILS1 BO? HI/ORICAL & LOGI/ICAL1 W\LD BE LO/ 9 A BRIEF SUMM>Y ( ?IS 0ASSEMBLYI/0 POSITION4#h 

,?AT ! ISSUE ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ( CLASS RULE WAS EV5 RAIS$ 9 ,! ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY IS ONE ASPECT ( ! DOCUM5T ?AT MAKES IT AS LIV+ 9 #aiih AS IT WAS 9 #a#h#d#h4 ,?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ) !IR !ORETICAL DEP?1 =ESAW ! TRAJECTORY ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 9 T]MS ?AT >E EV5 MORE RELEVANT TODAY ?AN 9 !IR [N DAY1 W\LD BE 5\< TO MAKE ! WORK A T\R DE =CE 9 ! REALM ( POLITICAL ?\<T4 ,BO? ITS GREAT 9SI<TS & ITS VEX+ PROBLEMS LIVE ON ) US TO ?IS DAY4 ,! TRAG$Y ( ,M>XISM IS ?AT IT WAS BL9D TO ! 9SI<TS ( SOCIAL AN>*ISM & ?AT LAT] REVOLUTION>IES FAIL$1 AT CRUCIAL MOM5TS 9 HI/ORY1 TO 9CORPORATE ! 9SI<TS ( BO? =MS ( SOCIALISM & GO BEYOND !M4 

,N,O,T,E,S 

"9   ,! ,MANIFE/O'S CASE = ! B\RGEOISIE'S ULTIMATE 9ABILITY TO TAKE CU/ODY ( SOCIAL LIFE RE/$ ON ITS 0PAUP]IZATION0 ( ! PROLET>IAT--! FAM\S 0IMMIS]ATION0 !SIS ON :I* VOLUME #a ( ,CAPITAL WAS TO CONCLUDE4 ,) ! LAT] EM]G5CE ( WELF>E /ATES & !IR ABILITY TO MANAGE CRISES1 CAPITALISM SEEM$ ABLE TO PREV5T ITSELF FROM S9K+ 9TO A DEEP-SEAT$ ECONOMIC CRISIS1 CAUS+ ?IS NOTION ( 0IMMIS]ATION0 TO SEEM QUE/IONABLE4  ,BUT ! VOLATILITY ( MOD]N1 0NEO-LIB]AL0 CAPITALISM & ! ]OSION ( ITS ME?ODS = CRISIS MANAGEM5T HAVE BR\<T 9TO QUE/ION ! ABILITY ( CAPITALISM TO BE A SELF-CORRECT+ SY/EM4  ,IT IS F> FROM CLE> ?AT1 9 ! YE>S AHEAD1 ECONOMIC COLLAPSE 7AS WELL AS ECOLOGICAL DISA/]S7 WILL BE AVOID$4  ,CAPITALISM IS /ILL V]Y MU* 9 FLUX1 & ,! ,MANIFE/O'S W>N+S AB\T 0AN>*Y 9 PRODUCTION0 CAN BY NO MEANS BE RUL$ \T AS A S\RCE ( MASSIVE SOCIAL UNRE/4 

#a   ,K>L ,M>X & ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS1 ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 9 ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 #f 7,MOSC[3 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#g#f71 P4 #d#h#b4 ,ALL CITATIONS FROM ,! ,MANIFE/O H]E9 >E DRAWN FROM ?IS TRANSLATION1 GIV+ PAGE NUMB]S4  

#b   ,K>L ,M>X1 ,CRITIQUE ( ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM 9 ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 #b#d1 P4 #i#e2 EMPHASIS 9 ! ORIG9AL4   

#c   ,K>L ,M>X1 ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE1 9 ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 #b#b1 #c#c#a4 

#d   ,IBID41 P4 #c#c#b4  

#e   ,5GELS1 0,LETT] TO ,AUGU/ ,BEBEL1 ,M>* #a#h-#b#h1 #a#h#g#e10 9 ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 #b#d1 P4 #g#a4   

#f   ,SEE ,M>X'S LETT] TO ,F]D9& ,DOMELA ,NIEUW5HUIS1 ,FEBRU>Y #b#b1 #a#h#h#a1 9 ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 #d#f1 PP4 #f#e-#f#f4   

#g   ,MY FULL ASSESSM5T APPE>S 9 0,! ,<O/ ( ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM10 ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES1 VOL4 #a 7#a#i#i#c71 PP4 #c-#b#d4  

#h   ,= A REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS BY :I* PEOPLE CAN MANAGE !IR AFFAIRS ?R\< DIRECT-DEMOCRATIC POPUL> ASSEMBLIES 9 CONF$]ATIONS -- OR :AT ,I HAVE CALL$ LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM--! READ] MAY C>E TO CONSULT MY BOOK ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES 7#a#i#h#g2 ,LONDON & ,NEW ,YORK3 ,CASSELL1 #a#i#i#f7 AS WELL AS ,JANET ,BIEHL'S ,! ,POLITICS ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY3 ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM 7,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#i#g74 ,REC5T !ORIES ( 0/RONG DEMOCRACY0 & ! LIKE PRESUPPOSE ! EXI/5CE ( ! /ATE & T5D TO DEF] TO ! NOTION ?AT PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY IS TOO 0COMPLEX0 TO P]MIT A DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 !REBY (F]+ NO S]I\S *ALL5GE TO ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD]4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiig 3 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O3 ,9SI<TS & ,PROBLEMS -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bag 3 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O3 ,9SI<TS & ,PROBLEMS -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O3 ,9SI<TS & ,PROBLEMS -- ,UPDAT$4 

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