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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

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,! HUMAN RACE HAS TRAVEL$ F> S9CE1 ?OSE BYGONE AGES :5 M5 US$ TO FA%ION !IR RUDE IMPLEM5TS ( FL9T1 & LIV$ ON ! PREC>I\S SPOILS ( ! *ASE1 LEAV+ TO !IR *ILDR5 = !IR ONLY H]ITAGE A %ELT] B5EA? ! ROCKS1 SOME POOR UT5SILS--& ,NATURE1 VA/1 UNUND]/OOD1 & T]RIFIC1 ) :OM !Y HAD TO FI<T = !IR WRET*$ EXI/5CE4 

,DUR+ ! AGITAT$ TIMES :I* HAVE ELAPS$ S9CE1 & :I* HAVE LA/$ = MANY ?\S& YE>S1 MANK9D HAS NEV]!LESS AMASS$ UNTOLD TREASURES4 ,IT HAS CLE>$ ! L&1 DRI$ ! M>%ES1 PI]C$ ! =E/S1 MADE ROADS2 IT HAS BE5 BUILD+1 9V5T+1 OBS]V+1 REASON+2 IT HAS CREAT$ A COMPLEX MA*9]Y1 WRE/$ H] SECRETS FROM ,NATURE1 & F9ALLY IT HAS MADE A S]VANT ( /EAM4 ,& ! RESULT IS1 ?AT N[ ! *ILD ( ! CIVILIZ$ MAN F9DS READY1 AT ITS BIR?1 TO HIS H& AN IMM5SE CAPITAL ACCUMULAT$ BY ?OSE :O HAVE GONE BE=E HIM4 ,& ?IS CAPITAL 5ABLES HIM TO ACQUIRE1 

 M]ELY BY HIS [N LABOR1 COMB9$ ) ! LABOR ( O!RS1 RI*ES SURPASS+ ! DREAMS ( ! ,ORI5T1 EXPRESS$ 9 ! FAIRY TALES ( ! ,?\S& & ,ONE ,NI<TS4 

,! SOIL IS CLE>$ TO A GREAT EXT5T1 FIT = ! RECEPTION ( ! BE/ SE$S1 READY TO MAKE A RI* RETURN = ! SKILL & LABOR SP5T UPON IT-- A RETURN MORE ?AN SUFFICI5T = ALL ! WANTS ( HUMANITY4 ,! ME?ODS ( CULTIVATION >E KN[N4 

,ON ! WIDE PRAIRIES ( ,AM]ICA EA* HUNDR$ M51 ) ! AID ( P[]FUL MA*9]Y1 CAN PRODUCE 9 A FEW MON?S 5\< :EAT TO MA9TA9 T5 ?\S& PEOPLE = A :OLE YE>4 ,& :]E MAN WI%ES TO D\BLE HIS PRODUCE1 TO TREBLE IT1 TO MULTIPLY IT A HUNDR$-FOLD1 HE MAKES ! SOIL1 GIVES TO EA* PLANT ! REQUISITE C>E1 & ?US OBTA9S 5ORM\S RETURNS4 ,:ILE ! HUNT] ( OLD HAD TO SC\R FIFTY OR SIXTY SQU>E MILES TO F9D FOOD = HIS FAMILY1 ! CIVILIZ$ MAN SUPPORTS HIS H\SEHOLD1 ) F> LESS PA9S1 & F> MORE C]TA9TY1 ON A ?\S&? P>T ( ?AT SPACE4 ,CLIMATE IS NO LONG] AN OB/ACLE4 ,:5 ! SUN FAILS1 MAN REPLACES IT BY >TIFICIAL HEAT2 & WE SEE ! COM+ ( A TIME :5 >TIFICIAL LI<T ALSO WILL BE US$ TO /IMULATE VEGETATION4 ,MEAN:ILE1 BY ! USE ( GLASS & HOT WAT] PIPES1 MAN R5D]S A GIV5 SPACE T5 & FIFTY TIMES MORE PRODUCTIVE ?AN IT WAS 9 ITS NATURAL /ATE4 

,! PRODIGIES ACCOMPLI%$ 9 9DU/RY >E /ILL MORE /RIK+4 ,) ! COOP]ATION ( ?OSE 9TELLIG5T BE+S1 MOD]N MA*9ES--!MSELVES ! FRUIT ( ?REE OR F\R G5]ATIONS ( 9V5TORS1  MO/LY UNKN[N--A HUNDR$ M5 MANUFACTURE N[ ! /UFF TO CLO! T5 ?\S& P]SONS = A P]IOD ( TWO YE>S4 ,9 WELL-MANAG$ COAL M9ES ! LABOR ( A HUNDR$ M9]S FURNI%ES EA* YE> 5\< FUEL TO W>M T5 ?\S& FAMILIES UND] AN 9CLEM5T SKY4 ,& WE HAVE LATELY WITNESS$ TWICE ! SPECTACLE ( A WOND]FUL CITY SPR++ UP 9 A FEW MON?S AT ,P>IS1#a )\T 9T]RUPT+ 9 ! SLI<TE/ DEGREE ! REGUL> WORK ( ! ,FR5* NATION4 

,& IF 9 MANUFACTURES AS 9 AGRICULTURE1 & AS 9DE$ ?R\< \R :OLE SOCIAL SY/EM1 ! LABOR1 ! DISCOV]IES1 & ! 9V5TIONS ( \R ANCE/ORS PR(IT *IEFLY ! FEW1 IT IS NONE ! LESS C]TA9 ?AT MANK9D 9 G5]AL1 AID$ BY ! CREATURES ( /EEL & IRON :I* IT ALREADY POSSESSES1 C\LD ALREADY PROCURE AN EXI/5CE ( WEAL? & EASE = EV]Y ONE ( ITS MEMB]S4 

,TRULY1 WE >E RI*1 F> RI*] ?AN WE ?9K2 RI* 9 :AT WE ALREADY POSSESS1 RI*] /ILL 9 ! POSSIBILITIES ( PRODUCTION ( \R ACTUAL ME*ANICAL \TFIT2 RI*E/ ( ALL 9 :AT WE MI<T W9 FROM \R SOIL1 FROM \R MANUFACTURES1 FROM \R SCI5CE1 FROM \R TE*NICAL KN[L$GE1 W]E !Y BUT APPLI$ TO BR++ AB\T ! WELL-BE+ ( ALL4 

,I,I 

,WE1 9 CIVILIZ$ SOCIETIES1 >E RI*4 ,:Y !N >E ! MANY POOR8 ,:Y ?IS PA9FUL DRUDG]Y = ! MASSES8 ,:Y1 EV5 TO ! BE/ PAID WORKMAN1  ?IS UNC]TA9TY = ! MORR[1 9 ! MID/ ( ALL ! WEAL? 9H]IT$ FROM ! PA/1 & 9 SPITE ( ! P[]FUL MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 :I* C\LD 5SURE COM=T TO ALL 9 RETURN = A FEW H\RS ( DAILY TOIL8 

,! ,SOCIALI/S HAVE SAID IT & REPEAT$ IT UNWE>Y+LY4 ,DAILY !Y REIT]ATE IT1 DEMON/RAT+ IT BY >GUM5TS TAK5 FROM ALL ! SCI5CES4 ,IT IS BECAUSE ALL ?AT IS NECESS>Y = PRODUCTION-- ! L&1 ! M9ES1 ! HI<WAYS1 MA*9]Y1 FOOD1 %ELT]1 $UCATION1 KN[L$GE--ALL HAVE BE5 SEIZ$ BY ! FEW 9 ! C\RSE ( ?AT LONG /ORY ( ROBB]Y1 5=C$ MIGRATION & W>S1 ( IGNORANCE & OPPRESSION1 :I* HAS BE5 ! LIFE ( ! HUMAN RACE BE=E IT HAD LE>N$ TO SUBDUE ! =CES ( ,NATURE4 ,IT IS BECAUSE1 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ALLEG$ RI<TS ACQUIR$ 9 ! PA/1 !SE FEW APPROPRIATE TO-DAY TWO-?IRDS ( ! PRODUCTS ( HUMAN LABOR1 & !N SQU&] !M 9 ! MO/ /UPID & %AMEFUL WAY4 ,IT IS BECAUSE1 HAV+ R$UC$ ! MASSES TO A PO9T AT :I* !Y HAVE NOT ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE = A MON?1 OR EV5 = A WEEK 9 ADVANCE1 ! FEW ONLY ALL[ ! MANY TO WORK ON CONDITION ( !MSELVES RECEIV+ ! LION'S %>E4 ,IT IS BECAUSE !SE FEW PREV5T ! REMA9D] ( M5 FROM PRODUC+ ! ?+S !Y NE$1 & =CE !M TO PRODUCE1 NOT ! NECESS>IES ( LIFE = ALL1 BUT :ATEV] (F]S ! GREATE/ PR(ITS TO ! MONOPOLI/S4 ,9 ?IS IS ! SUB/ANCE ( ALL ,SOCIALISM4 

,TAKE1 9DE$1 A CIVILIZ$ C\NTRY4 ,! =E/S :I* ONCE COV]$ IT HAVE BE5 CLE>$1 ! M>%ES  DRA9$1 ! CLIMATE IMPROV$4 ,IT HAS BE5 MADE HABITABLE4 ,! SOIL1 :I* BORE =M]LY ONLY A CO>SE VEGETATION1 IS COV]$ TO-DAY ) RI* H>VE/S4 ,! ROCK-WALLS 9 ! VALLEYS >E LAID \T 9 T]RACES & COV]$ ) V9ES BE>+ GOLD5 FRUIT4 ,! WILD PLANTS1 :I* YIELD$ NAU<T BUT ACRID B]RIES1 OR UNEATABLE ROOTS1 HAVE BE5 TRANS=M$ BY G5]ATIONS ( CULTURE 9TO SUCCUL5T VEGETABLES1 OR TREES COV]$ ) DELICI\S FRUITS4 ,?\S&S ( HI<WAYS & RAILROADS FURR[ ! E>?1 & PI]CE ! M\NTA9S4 ,! %RIEK ( ! 5G9E IS HE>D 9 ! WILD GORGES ( ! ,ALPS1 ! ,CAUCASUS1 & ! ,HIMALAYAS4 ,! RIV]S HAVE BE5 MADE NAVIGABLE2 ! COA/S1 C>EFULLY SURVEY$1 >E EASY ( ACCESS2 >T7FICIAL H>BORS1 LABORI\SLY DUG \T & PROTECT$ AGA9/ ! FURY ( ! SEA1 AF=D %ELT] TO ! %IPS4 ,DEEP %AFTS HAVE BE5 SUNK 9 ! ROCKS2 LABYR9?S ( UND]GR\ND GALL]IES HAVE BE5 DUG \T :]E COAL MAY BE RAIS$ OR M9]ALS EXTRACT$4 ,AT ! CROSS+S ( ! HI<WAYS GREAT CITIES HAVE SPRUNG UP1 & )9 !IR BORD]S ALL ! TREASURES ( 9DU/RY1 SCI5CE1 & >T HAVE BE5 ACCUMULAT$4 

,:OLE G5]ATIONS1 ?AT LIV$ & DI$ 9 MIS]Y1 OPPRESS$ & ILL-TREAT$ BY !IR MA/]S1 & WORN \T BY TOIL1 HAVE H&$ ON ?IS IMM5SE 9H]ITANCE TO \R C5TURY4 

,= ?\S&S ( YE>S MILLIONS ( M5 HAVE LABOR$ TO CLE> ! =E/S1 TO DRA9 ! M>%ES1 & TO OP5 UP HI<WAYS BY L& & WAT]4 ,EV]Y ROOD ( SOIL WE CULTIVATE 9 ,EUROPE HAS BE5 WAT]$ BY ! SWEAT ( SEV]AL RACES ( M54 ,EV]Y ACRE 

 HAS ITS /ORY ( 5=C$ LABOR1 ( 9TOL]ABLE TOIL1 ( ! PEOPLE'S SUFF]+S4 ,EV]Y MILE ( RAILWAY1 EV]Y Y>D ( TUNNEL1 HAS RECEIV$ ITS %>E ( HUMAN BLOOD4 

,! %AFTS ( ! M9E /ILL BE> ON !IR ROCKY WALLS ! M>KS MADE BY ! PICK ( ! WORKMAN :O TOIL$ TO EXCAVATE !M4 ,! SPACE BETWE5 EA* PROP 9 ! UND]GR\ND GALL]IES MI<T BE M>K$ AS A M9]'S GRAVE2 & :O CAN TELL :AT EA* ( !SE GRAVES HAS CO/1 9 TE>S1 9 PRIVATIONS1 9 UNSPEAKABLE WRET*$NESS TO ! FAMILY :O DEP5D$ ON ! SCANTY WAGE ( ! WORK] CUT (F 9 HIS PRIME BY FIRE-DAMP1 ROCK-FALL1 OR FLOOD8 

,! CITIES1 B\ND TOGE!R BY RAILROADS & WAT]WAYS1 >E ORGANISMS :I* HAVE LIV$ ?R\< C5TURIES4 ,DIG B5EA? !M & Y\ F9D1 ONE ABOVE ANO!R1 ! F\NDATIONS ( /REETS1 ( H\SES1 ( !AT]S1 ( PUBLIC BUILD+S4 ,SE>* 9TO !IR HI/ORY & Y\ WILL SEE H[ ! CIVILIZATION ( ! T[N1 ITS 9DU/RY1 ITS SPECIAL *>ACT]I/ICS1 HAVE SL[LY GR[N & RIP5$ ?R\< ! COOP]ATION ( G5]ATIONS ( ITS 9HABITANTS BE=E IT C\LD BECOME :AT IT IS TO-DAY4 ,& EV5 TO-DAY2 ! VALUE ( EA* DWELL+1 FACTORY1 & W>EH\SE1 :I* HAS BE5 CREAT$ BY ! ACCUMULAT$ LABOR ( ! MILLIONS ( WORK]S1 N[ DEAD & BURI$1 IS ONLY MA9TA9$ BY ! V]Y PRES5CE & LABOR ( LEGIONS ( ! M5 :O N[ 9HABIT ?AT SPECIAL CORN] ( ! GLOBE4 ,EA* ( ! ATOMS COMPOS+ :AT WE CALL ! ,WEAL? ( ,NATIONS [ES ITS VALUE TO ! FACT ?AT IT IS A P>T ( ! GREAT :OLE4 ,:AT W\LD A ,LONDON DOCKY>D OR A GREAT ,P>IS  W>EH\SE BE IF !Y W]E NOT SITUAT$ 9 !SE GREAT C5T]S ( 9T]NATIONAL COMM]CE8 ,:AT W\LD BECOME ( \R M9ES1 \R FACTORIES1 \R WORK%OPS1 & \R RAILWAYS1 )\T ! IMM5SE QUANTITIES ( M]*&ISE TRANSPORT$ EV]Y DAY BY SEA & L&8 

,MILLIONS ( HUMAN BE+S HAVE LABOR$ TO CREATE ?IS CIVILIZATION ON :I* WE PRIDE \RSELVES TO-DAY4 ,O!R MILLIONS1 SCATT]$ ?R\< ! GLOBE1 LABOR TO MA9TA9 IT4 ,)\T !M NO?+ W\LD BE LEFT 9 FIFTY YE>S BUT RU9S4 

,!RE IS NOT EV5 A ?\<T1 OR AN 9V5TION1 :I* IS NOT COMMON PROP]TY1 BORN ( ! PA/ & ! PRES5T4 ,?\S&S ( 9V5TORS1 KN[N & UNKN[N1 :O HAVE DI$ 9 POV]TY1 HAVE COOP]AT$ 9 ! 9V5TION ( EA* ( !SE MA*9ES :I* EMBODY ! G5IUS ( MAN4 

,?\S&S ( WRIT]S1 ( POETS1 ( S*OL>S1 HAVE LABOR$ TO 9CREASE KN[L$GE1 TO DISSIPATE ]ROR1 & TO CREATE ?AT ATMOSPH]E ( SCI5TIFIC ?\<T1 )\T :I* ! M>VELS ( \R C5TURY C\LD NEV] HAVE APPE>$4 ,& !SE ?\S&S ( PHILOSOPH]S1 ( POETS1 ( S*OL>S1 ( 9V5TORS1 HAVE !MSELVES BE5 SUPPORT$ BY ! LABOR ( PA/ C5TURIES4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 UPHELD & N\RI%$ ?R\< LIFE1 BO? PHYSICALLY & M5TALLY1 BY LEGIONS ( WORK]S & CRAFTSM5 ( ALL SORTS4 ,!Y HAVE DRAWN !IR MOTIVE =CE FROM ! 5VIRONM5T4 

,! G5IUS ( A ,SEGU91 A ,MAY]1 A ,GROVE1 HAS C]TA9LY DONE MORE TO LAUN* 9DU/RY 9 NEW DIRECTIONS ?AN ALL ! CAPITALI/S 9 ! WORLD4 ,BUT M5 ( G5IUS >E !MSELVES ! *ILDR5 (  9DU/RY AS WELL AS ( SCI5CE4 ,NOT UNTIL ?\S&S ( /EAM-5G9ES HAD BE5 WORK+ = YE>S BE=E ALL EYES1 CON/ANTLY TRANS=M+ HEAT 9TO DYNAMIC =CE1 & ?IS =CE 9TO S\ND1 LI<T1 & ELECTRICITY1 C\LD ! 9SI<T ( G5IUS PROCLAIM ! ME*ANICAL ORIG9 & ! UNITY ( ! PHYSICAL =CES4 ,& IF WE1 *ILDR5 ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 HAVE AT LA/ GRASP$ ?IS IDEA1 IF WE KN[ N[ H[ TO APPLY IT1 IT IS AGA9 BECAUSE DAILY EXP]I5CE HAS PREP>$ ! WAY4 ,! ?9K]S ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY SAW & DECL>$ IT1 BUT ! IDEA REMA9$ UNDEVELOP$1 BECAUSE ! EI<TE5? C5TURY HAD NOT GR[N UP LIKE \RS1 SIDE BY SIDE ) ! /EAM-5G9E4 ,IMAG9E ! DECADES ?AT MI<T HAVE PASS$ :ILE WE REMA9$ 9 IGNORANCE ( ?IS LAW1 :I* HAS REVOLUTIONIZ$ MOD]N 9DU/RY1 HAD ,WATT NOT F\ND AT ,SOHO SKILL$ WORKM5 TO EMBODY HIS IDEAS 9 METAL1 BR++ ALL ! P>TS ( HIS 5G9E TO P]FECTION1 SO ?AT /EAM1 P5T 9 A COMPLETE ME*ANISM1 & R5D]$ MORE DOCILE ?AN A HORSE1 MORE MANAGEABLE ?AN WAT]1 BECAME AT LA/ ! V]Y S\L ( MOD]N 9DU/RY4 

,EV]Y MA*9E HAS HAD ! SAME HI/ORY--A LONG RECORD ( SLEEPLESS NI<TS & ( POV]TY1 ( DISILLUSIONS & ( JOYS1 ( P>TIAL IMPROVEM5TS DISCOV]$ BY SEV]AL G5]ATIONS ( NAMELESS WORK]S1 :O HAVE ADD$ TO ! ORIG9AL 9V5TION !SE LITTLE NO?+S1 )\T :I* ! MO/ F]TILE IDEA W\LD REMA9 FRUITLESS4 ,MORE ?AN ?AT3 EV]Y NEW 9V5TION IS A SYN!SIS1 ! RESULTANT ( 9NUM]ABLE 9V5TIONS :I* HAVE PREC$$ IT 9 ! VA/ FIELD ( ME*ANICS & 9DU/RY4 

,SCI5CE & 9DU/RY1 KN[L$GE & APPLICATION1 DISCOV]Y & PRACTICAL REALIZATION LEAD+ TO NEW DISCOV]IES1 CUNN+ ( BRA9 & ( H&1 TOIL ( M9D & MUSCLE--ALL WORK TOGE!R4 ,EA* DISCOV]Y1 EA* ADVANCE1 EA* 9CREASE 9 ! SUM ( HUMAN RI*ES1 [ES ITS BE+ TO ! PHYSICAL & M5TAL TRAVAIL ( ! PA/ & ! PRES5T4 

,BY :AT RI<T !N CAN ANY ONE :ATEV] APPROPRIATE ! LEA/ MORSEL ( ?IS IMM5SE :OLE & SAY--,?IS IS M9E1 NOT Y\RS8 

,I,I,I 

,IT HAS COME AB\T1 H[EV]1 9 ! C\RSE ( ! AGES TRAV]S$ BY ! HUMAN RACE1 ?AT ALL ?AT 5ABLES MAN TO PRODUCE1 & TO 9CREASE HIS P[] ( PRODUCTION1 HAS BE5 SEIZ$ BY ! FEW4 ,SOMETIME1 P]HAPS1 WE WILL RELATE H[ ?IS CAME TO PASS4 ,= ! PRES5T LET IT SUFFICE TO /ATE ! FACT & ANALYZE ITS CONSEQU5CES4 

,TO-DAY ! SOIL1 :I* ACTUALLY [ES ITS VALUE TO ! NE$S ( AN EV]-9CREAS+ POPULATION1 BELONGS TO A M9ORITY :O PREV5T ! PEOPLE FROM CULTIVAT+ IT--OR DO NOT ALL[ !M TO CULTIVATE IT ACCORD+ TO MOD]N ME?ODS4 

,! M9ES1 ?\< !Y REPRES5T ! LABOR ( SEV]AL G5]ATIONS1 & D]IVE !IR SOLE VALUE FROM ! REQUIREM5TS ( ! 9DU/RY ( A NATION & ! CL5SITY ( ! POPULATION--! M9ES ALSO BELONG TO ! FEW2 & !SE FEW RE/RICT ! \TPUT ( COAL1 OR PREV5T IT 5TIRELY1 IF !Y F9D MORE PR(ITABLE 9VE/M5TS = !IR CAPITAL4 ,MA*9]Y1 TOO1  HAS BECOME ! EXCLUSIVE PROP]TY ( ! FEW1 & EV5 :5 A MA*9E 9CONTE/ABLY REPRES5TS ! IMPROVEM5TS ADD$ TO ! ORIG9AL R\< 9V5TION BY ?REE OR F\R G5]ATIONS ( WORK]S1 IT NONE ! LESS BELONGS TO A FEW [N]S4 ,& IF ! DESC5DANTS ( ! V]Y 9V5TOR :O CON/RUCT$ ! FIR/ MA*9E = LACE-MAK+1 A C5TURY AGO1 W]E TO PRES5T !MSELVES TO-DAY 9 A LACE FACTORY AT ,BALE OR ,NOTT+HAM1 & DEM& !IR RI<TS1 !Y W\LD BE TOLD3 0,H&S (F6 ?IS MA*9E IS NOT Y\RS10 & !Y W\LD BE %OT D[N IF !Y ATTEMPT$ TO TAKE POSSESSION ( IT4 

,! RAILWAYS1 :I* W\LD BE USELESS AS SO MU* OLD IRON )\T ! TEEM+ POPULATION ( ,EUROPE1 ITS 9DU/RY1 ITS COMM]CE1 & ITS M>TS1 BELONG TO A FEW %>EHOLD]S1 IGNORANT P]HAPS ( ! :]EAB\TS ( ! L9ES ( RAILS :I* YIELD !M REV5UES GREAT] ?AN ?OSE ( M$IEVAL K+S4 ,& IF ! *ILDR5 ( ?OSE :O P]I%$ BY ?\S&S :ILE EXCAVAT+ ! RAILWAY CUTT+S & TUNNELS W]E TO ASSEMBLE ONE DAY1 CR[D+ 9 !IR RAGS & HUNG]1 TO DEM& BREAD FROM ! %>EHOLD]S1 !Y W\LD BE MET ) BAYONETS & GRAPE-%OT1 TO DISP]SE !M & SAFEGU>D 0VE/$ 9T]E/S40 

,9 VIRTUE ( ?IS MON/R\S SY/EM1 ! SON ( ! WORK]1 ON 5T]+ LIFE1 F9DS NO FIELD :I* HE MAY TILL1 NO MA*9E :I* HE MAY T5D1 NO M9E 9 :I* HE MAY DIG1 )\T ACCEPT+ TO LEAVE A GREAT P>T ( :AT HE WILL PRODUCE TO A MA/]4 ,HE MU/ SELL HIS LABOR = A SCANT & UNC]TA9 WAGE4 ,HIS FA!R & HIS GR&FA!R HAVE TOIL$ TO DRA9 ?IS FIELD1 TO BUILD ?IS MILL1 TO P]FECT ?IS MA*9E4 

 ,!Y GAVE TO ! WORK ! FULL MEASURE ( !IR /R5G?1 & :AT MORE C\LD !Y GIVE8 ,BUT !IR HEIR COMES 9TO ! WORLD POOR] ?AN ! L[E/ SAVAGE4 ,IF HE OBTA9S LEAVE TO TILL ! FIELDS1 IT IS ON CONDITION ( SURR5D]+ A QU>T] ( ! PRODUCE TO HIS MA/]1 & ANO!R QU>T] TO ! GOV]NM5T & ! MIDDLEM54 ,& ?IS TAX1 LEVI$ UPON HIM BY ! ,/ATE1 ! CAPITALI/1 ! LORD ( ! MANOR1 & ! MIDDLEMAN1 IS ALWAYS 9CREAS+2 IT R>ELY LEAVES HIM ! P[] TO IMPROVE HIS SY/EM ( CULTURE4 ,IF HE TURNS TO 9DU/RY1 HE IS ALL[$ TO WORK--?\< NOT ALWAYS EV5 ?AT --ONLY ON CONDITION ?AT HE YIELD A HALF OR TWO-?IRDS ( ! PRODUCT TO HIM :OM ! L& RECOGNIZES AS ! [N] ( ! MA*9E4 

,WE CRY %AME ON ! FEUDAL B>ON :O =BADE ! PEASANT TO TURN A CLOD ( E>? UNLESS HE SURR5D]$ TO HIS LORD A F\R? ( HIS CROP4 ,WE CALL ?OSE ! B>B>\S TIMES4 ,BUT IF ! =MS HAVE *ANG$1 ! RELATIONS HAVE REMA9$ ! SAME1 & ! WORK] IS =C$1 UND] ! NAME ( FREE CONTRACT1 TO ACCEPT FEUDAL OBLIGATIONS4 ,=1 TURN :]E HE WILL1 HE CAN F9D NO BETT] CONDITIONS4 ,EV]Y?+ HAS BECOME PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & HE MU/ ACCEPT1 OR DIE ( HUNG]4 

,! RESULT ( ?IS /ATE ( ?+S IS ?AT ALL \R PRODUCTION T5DS 9 A WRONG DIRECTION4 ,5T]PRISE TAKES NO ?\<T = ! NE$S ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,ITS ONLY AIM IS TO 9CREASE ! GA9S ( ! SPECULATOR4 ,H5CE ! CON/ANT FLUCTUATIONS ( TRADE1 ! P]IODICAL 9DU/RIAL CRISES1 EA* ( :I* ?R[S SCORES ( ?\S&S ( WORK]S ON ! /REETS4 

,! WORK+ PEOPLE CANNOT PUR*ASE ) !IR WAGES ! WEAL? :I* !Y HAVE PRODUC$1 & 9DU/RY SEEKS =EIGN M>KETS AMONG ! MONEY$ CLASSES ( O!R NATIONS4 ,9 ! ,EA/1 9 ,AFRICA1 EV]Y:]E1 9 ,EGYPT1 ,TONK9 OR ! ,CONGO1 ! ,EUROPEAN IS ?US B\ND TO PROMOTE ! GR[? ( S]FDOM4 ,& SO HE DOES4 ,BUT SOON HE F9DS EV]Y:]E SIMIL> COMPETITORS4 ,ALL ! NATIONS EVOLVE ON ! SAME L9ES1 & W>S1 P]PETUAL W>S1 BREAK \T = ! RI<T ( PREC$5CE 9 ! M>KET4 ,W>S = ! POSSESSION ( ! ,EA/1 W>S = ! EMPIRE ( ! SEA1 W>S TO IMPOSE DUTIES ON IMPORTS & TO DICTATE CONDITIONS TO NEI<BOR+ /ATES2 W>S AGA9/ ?OSE 0BLACKS0 :O REVOLT6 ,! RO> ( ! CANNON NEV] CEASES 9 ! WORLD1 :OLE RACES >E MASSACR$1 ! /ATES ( ,EUROPE SP5D A ?IRD ( !IR BUDGETS 9 >MAM5TS2 & WE KN[ H[ HEAVILY !SE TAXES FALL ON ! WORK]S4 

,$UCATION /ILL REMA9S ! PRIVILEGE ( A SMALL M9ORITY1 = IT IS IDLE TO TALK ( $UCATION :5 ! WORKMAN'S *ILD IS =C$1 AT ! AGE ( ?IRTE51 TO GO D[N 9TO ! M9E OR TO HELP HIS FA!R ON ! F>M4 ,IT IS IDLE TO TALK ( /UDIES TO ! WORK]1 :O COMES HOME 9 ! EV5+ CRU%$ BY EXCESSIVE TOIL ) ITS BRUTALIZ+ ATMOSPH]E4 ,SOCIETY IS ?US B\ND TO REMA9 DIVID$ 9TO TWO HO/ILE CAMPS1 & 9 SU* CONDITIONS FRE$OM IS A VA9 WORD4 ,! ,RADICAL BEG9S BY DEM&+ A GREAT] EXT5SION ( POLITICAL RI<TS1 BUT HE SOON SEES ?AT ! BREA? ( LIB]TY LEADS TO ! UPLIFT+ ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & !N HE TURNS R\ND1 *ANGES  HIS OP9IONS1 & REV]TS TO REPRESSIVE LEGISLATION & GOV]NM5T BY ! SWORD4 

,A VA/ >RAY ( C\RTS1 JUDGES1 EXECUTION]S1 POLICEM51 & JAIL]S IS NE$$ TO UPHOLD !SE PRIVILEGES2 & ?IS >RAY GIVES RISE 9 ITS TURN TO A :OLE SY/EM ( ESPIONAGE1 ( FALSE WITNESS1 ( SPIES1 ( ?REATS & CORRUPTION4 

,! SY/EM UND] :I* WE LIVE *ECKS 9 ITS TURN ! GR[? ( ! SOCIAL S5TIM5T4 ,WE ALL KN[ ?AT )\T UPRI<TNESS1 )\T SELF-RESPECT1 )\T SYMPA?Y & MUTUAL AID1 HUMAN K9D MU/ P]I%1 AS P]I% ! FEW RACES ( ANIMALS LIV+ BY RAP9E1 OR ! SLAVE-KEEP+ ANTS4 ,BUT SU* IDEAS >E NOT TO ! TA/E ( ! RUL+ CLASSES1 & !Y HAVE ELABORAT$ A :OLE SY/EM ( PSEUDO-SCI5CE TO TEA* ! CONTR>Y4 

,F9E S]MONS HAVE BE5 PREA*$ ON ! TEXT ?AT ?OSE :O HAVE %\LD %>E ) ?OSE :O HAVE NOT1 BUT HE :O W\LD ACT \T ?IS PR9CIPLE IS SPE$ILY 9=M$ ?AT !SE BEAUTIFUL S5TIM5TS >E ALL V]Y WELL 9 POETRY1 BUT NOT 9 PRACTICE4 0,TO LIE IS TO DEGRADE & BESMIR* ONESELF10 WE SAY1 & YET ALL CIVILIZ$ LIFE BECOMES ONE HUGE LIE4 ,WE ACCU/OM \RSELVES & \R *ILDR5 TO HYPOCRISY1 TO ! PRACTICE ( A D\BLE-FAC$ MORALITY4 ,& S9CE ! BRA9 IS ILL AT EASE AMONG LIES1 WE *EAT \RSELVES ) SOPHI/RY4 ,HYPOCRISY & SOPHI/RY BECOME ! SECOND NATURE ( ! CIVILIZ$ MAN4 

,BUT A SOCIETY CANNOT LIVE ?US2 IT MU/ RETURN TO TRU? OR CEASE TO EXI/4 

,?US ! CONSEQU5CES :I* SPR+ FROM ! ORIG9AL ACT ( MONOPOLY SPREAD ?R\< ! :OLE 

 ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,UND] PA9 ( DEA?1 HUMAN SOCIETIES >E =C$ TO RETURN TO FIR/ PR9CIPLES3 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BE+ ! COLLECTIVE WORK ( HUMANITY1 ! PRODUCT %\LD BE ! COLLECTIVE PROP]TY ( ! RACE4 ,9DIVIDUAL APPROPRIATION IS NEI!R JU/ NOR S]VICEABLE4 ,ALL BELONGS TO ALL4 ,ALL ?+S >E = ALL M51 S9CE ALL M5 HAVE NE$ ( !M1 S9CE ALL M5 HAVE WORK$ 9 ! MEASURE ( !IR /R5G? TO PRODUCE !M1 & S9CE IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO EVALUATE EV]Y ONE'S P>T 9 ! PRODUCTION ( ! WORLD'S WEAL?4 

,ALL ?+S >E = ALL4 ,H]E IS AN IMM5SE /OCK ( TOOLS & IMPLEM5TS2 H]E >E ALL ?OSE IRON SLAVES :I* WE CALL MA*9ES1 :I* SAW & PLANE1 SP9 & WEAVE = US1 UNMAK+ & REMAK+1 WORK+ UP RAW MATT] TO PRODUCE ! M>VELS ( \R TIME4 ,BUT NOBODY HAS ! RI<T TO SEIZE A S+LE ONE ( !SE MA*9ES & SAY1 0,?IS IS M9E2 IF Y\ WANT TO USE IT Y\ MU/ PAY ME A TAX ON EA* ( Y\R PRODUCTS10 ANY MORE ?AN ! FEUDAL LORD ( M$IEVAL TIMES HAD ! RI<T TO SAY TO ! PEASANT1 0,?IS HILL1 ?IS MEAD[ BELONG TO ME1 & Y\ MU/ PAY ME A TAX ON EV]Y %EAF ( CORN Y\ REAP1 ON EV]Y RICK Y\ BUILD40 

,ALL IS = ALL6 ,IF ! MAN & ! WOMAN BE> !IR FAIR %>E ( WORK1 !Y HAVE A RI<T TO !IR FAIR %>E ( ALL ?AT IS PRODUC$ BY ALL1 & ?AT %>E IS 5\< TO SECURE !M WELL-BE+4 ,NO MORE ( SU* VAGUE =MULAS AS 0,! ,RI<T TO WORK10 OR 0,TO EA* ! :OLE RESULT ( HIS LABOR40 ,:AT WE PROCLAIM IS ,! ,R,I,<,T ,T,O ,W,E,L,L-,B,E,+3 

 ,W,E,L,L-,B,E,+ ,= ,A,L,L6 

 ,FOOTNOTES 

  

#a,= ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,P>IS ,EXHIBITIONS ( #ahhi & #a#i4 

,?IS TEXT WAS TAK5 FROM A #a/ $ITION ( ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD1 ,G4 ,P4 ,PUTNAM'S ,SONS1 ,NEW ,YORK & ,LONDON1 #a#i#f4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aie 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#c1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

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