,*APT] #ad 
,CONSUMPTION ,& ,PRODUCTION 

#aifaif 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY VELOD5Z1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE  
,! ,C,O,N,Q,U,E,/ ,( ,B,R,E,A,D 

BY ,P4 ,KROPOTK9 

,*,A,P,T,] ,X,I,V 

,CONSUMPTION ,& ,PRODUCTION 

,I 

,L,O,O,K,+ AT SOCIETY & ITS POLITICAL ORGANIZATION FROM A DIFF]5T /&PO9T ?AN ?AT ( AU?ORIT>IAN S*OOLS- = WE />T FROM A FREE 9DIVIDUAL TO REA* A FREE SOCIETY1 9/EAD ( BEG9N+ BY ! ,/ATE TO COME D[N TO ! 9DIVIDUAL- WE FOLL[ ! SAME ME?OD 9 ECONOMIC QUE/IONS4 ,WE /UDY ! NE$S ( 9DIVIDUALS1 & ! MEANS BY :I* !Y SATISFY !M1 BE=E DISCUSS+ ,PRODUCTION1 ,EX*ANGE1 ,TAXATION1 ,GOV]NM5T1 ETC4 

,TO BEG9 )1 ! DIFF]5CE MAY APPE> TRIFL+1 BUT 9 REALITY IT UPSETS (FICIAL ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 

,IF Y\ OP5 ! WORKS ( ANY ECONOMI/ Y\ WILL F9D ?AT HE BEG9S ) ,P,R,O,D,U,C,T,I,O,N1 ! ANALYSIS ( MEANS EMPLOY$ N[ADAYS = ! CREATION ( WEAL?2 DIVISION ( LABOR1 MANUFACTURE1 MA*9]Y1 ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,FROM ,ADAM ,SMI? TO ,M>X1 ALL HAVE PROCE$$ ALONG !SE L9ES4 ,ONLY 9 ! LATT] P>TS ( !IR BOOKS DO !Y TREAT ( ,C,O,N,S,U,M,P,T,I,O,N1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ( ! MEANS NECESS>Y TO SATISFY ! NE$S ( 9DIVIDUALS2 &1 MOREOV]1 !Y CONF9E !MSELVES TO EXPLA9+ H[ RI*ES >E DIVID$ AMONG ?OSE :O VIE ) ONE ANO!R = !IR POSSESSION4 

,P]HAPS Y\ WILL SAY ?IS IS LOGICAL4 ,BE=E SATISFY+ NE$S Y\ MU/ CREATE ! :]E)AL TO SATISFY !M4 ,BUT BE=E PRODUC+ ANY?+1 MU/ Y\ NOT FEEL ! NE$ ( IT8 ,IS IT NOT NECESSITY ?AT FIR/ DROVE MAN TO HUNT1 TO RAISE CATTLE1 TO CULTIVATE L&1 TO MAKE IMPLEM5TS1 & LAT] ON TO 9V5T MA*9]Y8 ,IS IT NOT ! /UDY ( NE$S ?AT %\LD GOV]N PRODUCTION8 ,IT W\LD !RE=E BE QUITE AS LOGICAL TO BEG9 BY CONSID]+ NE$S & AFT]W>DS TO DISCUSS ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9 ORD] TO SATISFY !SE NE$S4 

,?IS IS PRECISELY :AT WE MEAN TO DO4 

,BUT AS SOON AS WE LOOK AT IT FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY 5TIRELY *ANGES ITS ASPECT4 ,IT CEASES TO BE A SIMPLE DESCRIPTION ( FACTS1 & BECOMES A SCI5CE4 ,WE CAN DEF9E IT AS3 ,! /UDY ( ! NE$S ( HUMANITY1& ! MEANS ( SATISFY+ !M ) ! LEA/ POSSIBLE WA/E ( HUMAN 5]GY4 ,ITS TRUE NAME %\LD BE1 ,PHYSIOLOGY ( ,SOCIETY4 ,IT CON/ITUTES A P>ALLEL SCI5CE TO ! PHYSIOLOGY ( PLANTS & ANIMALS1 :I* ALSO IS ! /UDY ( ! NE$S ( PLANTS & ANIMALS1 & ! MO/ ADVANTAGE\S WAYS ( SATISFY+ !M4 ,9 ! S]IES ( SOCIAL SCI5CES1 ! ECONOMY ( HUMAN SOCIETIES TAKES ! PLACE1 OCCUPI$ 9 ! S]IES ( BIOLOGICAL SCI5CES BY ! PHYSIOLOGY ( ORGANIC BODIES4 

,WE SAY1 H]E >E HUMAN BE+S1 UNIT$ 9 A SOCIETY4 ,ALL FEEL ! NE$ ( LIV+ 9 HEAL?Y H\SES4 ,! SAVAGE'S HUT NO LONG] SATISFIES !M2 !Y REQUIRE A MORE OR LESS COM=TABLE SOLID %ELT]4 ,! QUE/ION IS1 !N3 :E!R1 MAN'S CAPACITY = PRODUCTION BE+ GIV51 EV]Y MAN CAN HAVE A H\SE ( HIS [N8 & :AT IS H9D]+ HIM FROM HAV+ IT8 

,& WE >E SOON CONV9C$ ?AT EV]Y FAMILY 9 ,EUROPE C\LD P]FECTLY WELL HAVE A COM=TABLE H\SE1 SU* AS >E BUILT 9 ,5GL&1 9 ,BELGIUM1 OR 9 ,PULLMAN ,CITY1 OR ELSE AN EQUIVAL5T SET ( ROOMS4 ,A C]TA9 NUMB] ( DAYS' WORK W\LD SUFFICE TO BUILD A PRETTY LITTLE AIRY H\SE1 WELL FITT$ UP & LI<T$ BY GAS4 

,BUT N9E-T5?S ( ,EUROPEANS HAVE NEV] POSSESS$ A HEAL?Y H\SE1 BECAUSE AT ALL TIMES COMMON PEOPLE HAVE HAD TO WORK DAY AFT] DAY TO SATISFY ! NE$S ( !IR RUL]S1 & HAVE NEV] HAD ! NECESS>Y LEISURE OR MONEY TO BUILD1 OR TO HAVE BUILT1 ! HOME ( !IR DREAMS4 ,& !Y CAN HAVE NO H\SES1 & WILL 9HABIT HOVELS AS LONG AS PRES5T CONDITIONS REMA9 UN*ANG$4 

,AS Y\ SEE1 WE PROCE$ CONTR>Y TO ECONOMI/S1 :O IMMORTALIZE ! SO-CALL$ LAWS ( PRODUCTION1 & RECKON+ UP ! NUMB] ( H\SES BUILT EV]Y YE>1 DEMON/RATE BY /ATI/ICS1 ?AT ! NEW BUILT H\SES NOT SUFFIC+ TO MEET ALL DEM&S1 N9E-T5?S ( ,EUROPEANS MU/ LIVE 9 HOVELS4 

,LET US PASS ON TO FOOD4 ,AFT] HAV+ 5UM]AT$ ! B5EFITS ACCRU+ FROM ! DIVISION ( LABOR ECONOMI/S TELL US ! DIVISION ( LABOR REQUIRES ?AT SOME M5 %\LD WORK AT AGRICULTURE & O!RS AT MANUFACTURE4 ,F>M]S PRODUC+ SO MU*1 FACTORIES SO MU*1 EX*ANGE BE+ C>RI$ ON 9 SU* A WAY1 !Y ANALYZE ! SALE1 ! PR(IT ! NET GA9 OR ! SURPLUS VALUE1! WAGES1 ! TAXES1 BANK+1 & SO ON4 

,BUT AFT] HAV+ FOLL[$ !M SO F>1 WE >E NONE ! WIS]1 & IF WE ASK !M3 0,H[ IS IT ?AT MILLIONS ( HUMAN BE+S >E 9 WANT ( BREAD1 :5 EV]Y FAMILY C\LD GR[ SUFFICI5T :EAT TO FE$ T51 TW5TY1 & EV5 A HUNDR$ PEOPLE ANNUALLY80 !Y ANSW] US BY DRON+ ! SAME AN!M- DIVISION ( LABOR1 WAGES1 SURPLUS VALUE1 CAPITAL1 ETC4- >RIV+ AT ! SAME CONCLUSION1 ?AT PRODUCTION IS 9SUFFICI5T TO SATISFY ALL NE$S2 A CONCLUSION :I*1 IF TRUE1 DOES NOT ANSW] ! QUE/ION3 0,CAN OR CANNOT MAN BY HIS LABOR PRODUCE ! BREAD HE NE$S8 ,& IF HE CANNOT1 :AT IS H9D]+ HIM80 

,H]E >E #ce MILLION ,EUROPEANS4 ,!Y NE$ SO MU* BREAD1 SO MU* MEAT1 W9E1 MILK1 EGGS1 & BUTT] EV]Y YE>4 ,!Y NE$ SO MANY H\SES1 SO MU* CLO?+4 ,?IS IS ! M9IMUM ( !IR NE$S4 ,CAN !Y PRODUCE ALL ?IS8 & IF !Y CAN1 WILL !RE !N BE LEFT SUFFICI5T LEISURE = >T1SCI5CE1 & AMUSEM5T8- 9 A WORD1 = EV]Y?+ ?AT IS NOT COMPRIS$ 9 ! CATEGORY ( ABSOLUTE NECESSITIES8 ,IF ! ANSW] IS 9 ! AFFIRMATIVE1 -,:AT H9D]S !M GO+ AHEAD8 ,:AT MU/ !Y DO TO REMOVE OB/ACLES8 ,IS TIME NE$$8 ,LET !M TAKE IT6 ,BUT LET US NOT LOSE SI<T ( ! AIM ( PRODUCTION- ! SATISFACTION ( NE$S4 

,IF ! MO/ IMP]I\S NE$S ( MAN REMA9 UNSATISFI$1 :AT MU/ HE DO TO 9CREASE ! PRODUCTIVITY ( HIS WORK8 ,& IS !RE NO O!R CAUSE8 ,MI<T IT NOT BE ?AT PRODUCTION1 HAV+ LO/ SI<T ( ! NE$S ( MAN1 HAS /RAY$ 9 AN ABSOLUTELY WRONG DIRECTION1 & ?AT ITS ORGANIZATION IS AT FAULT8 ,& AS WE CAN PROVE ?AT SU* IS ! CASE1 LET US SEE H[ TO REORGANIZE PRODUCTION SO AS TO REALLY SATISFY ALL NE$S4 

,?IS SEEMS TO US ! ONLY RI<T WAY ( FAC+ ?+S4 ,! ONLY WAY ?AT W\LD ALL[ ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY BECOM+ A SCI5CE- ! ,SCI5CE ( ,SOCIAL ,PHYSIOLOGY4 

,IT IS EVID5T ?AT :5 ?IS SCI5CE WILL TREAT ( PRODUCTION1 AS IT IS AT PRES5T C>RI$ ON BY CIVILIZ$ NATIONS1 BY ,H9DU COMMUNES1 OR BY SAVAGES1 IT WILL H>DLY /ATE FACTS O!RWISE ?AN ! ECONOMI/S /ATE !M N[2 ?AT IS TO SAY AS A SIMPLE DESCRIPTIVE *APT]1 ANALOG\S TO DESCRIPTIVE *APT]S ( ,ZOOLOGY & ,BOTANY4 ,BUT IF ?IS *APT] W]E WRITT5 TO ?R[ LI<T ON ! ECONOMY ( 5]GY1 NECESS>Y TO SATISFY HUMAN NE$S1 ! *APT] W\LD GA9 9 PRECISION1 AS WELL AS 9 DESCRIPTIVE VALUE4 ,IT W\LD CLE>LY PROVE ! FRI<TFUL WA/E ( HUMAN 5]GY UND] ! PRES5T SY/EM1 & W\LD ADMIT1 AS WE DO1 ?AT AS LONG AS ?IS SY/EM EXI/S1! NE$S ( HUMANITY WILL NEV] BE SATISFI$4 

,! PO9T ( VIEW1 WE SEE1 W\LD BE 5TIRELY *ANG$4 ,BEH9D ! LOOM ?AT WEAVES SO MANY Y>DS ( CLO?1 BEH9D ! /EEL-PLATE P]=ATOR1 & BEH9D ! SAFE 9 :I* DIVID5DS >E HO>D$1 WE %\LD SEE MAN1 ! >TISAN ( PRODUCTION1 MORE (T5 ?AN NOT EXCLUD$ FROM ! FEA/ HE HAS PREP>$ = O!RS4 ,WE %\LD ALSO UND]/& ?AT ! /&PO9T BE+ WRONG1 SO-CALL$ LAWS ( VALUE & EX*ANGE >E BUT A V]Y FALSE EXPLANATION ( EV5TS1 AS !Y HAPP5 N[ADAYS2 & ?AT ?+S WILL COME TO PASS V]Y DIFF]5TLY :5 PRODUCTION IS ORGANIZ$ 9 SU* A MANN] AS TO MEET ALL NE$S ( SOCIETY4 

,I,I 

,!RE IS NOT ONE S+LE PR9CIPLE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ?AT DOES NOT *ANGE ITS ASPECT IF Y\ LOOK AT IT FROM \R PO9T ( VIEW4 

,TAKE1 = 9/ANCE1 OV]-PRODUCTION1 A WORD :I* EV]Y DAY REE*OES 9 \R E>S4 ,IS !RE A S+LE ECONOMI/1 ACADEMICIAN1 OR C&IDATE = ACADEMICAL HONORS1 :O HAS NOT SUPPORT$ >GUM5TS1 PROV+ ?AT ECONOMIC CRISES >E DUE TO OV]PRODUCTION- ?AT AT A GIV5 MOM5T MORE COTTON1 MORE CLO?1 MORE WAT*ES >E PRODUC$ ?AN >E NE$$6 ,HAVE NOT M5 ACCUS$ ( 0RAPACITY0 ! CAPITALI/S :O >E OB/9ATELY B5T ON PRODUC+ MORE ?AN CAN POSSIBLY BE CONSUM$6 ,BUT ON C>EFUL EXAM9ATION ALL !SE REASON+S PROVE UNS\ND4 ,9 FACT1 ,IS !RE A COMMODITY AMONG ?OSE 9 UNIV]SAL USE :I* IS PRODUC$ 9 GREAT] QUANTITY ?AN NE$ BE8 ,EXAM9E ONE BY ONE ALL COMMODITIES S5T \T BY C\NTRIES EXPORT+ ON A L>GE SCALE1& Y\ WILL SEE ?AT NE>LY ALL >E PRODUC$ 9 9SUFFICI5T QUANTITIES = ! 9HABITANTS ( ! C\NTRIES EXPORT+ !M4 

,IT IS NOT A SURPLUS ( :EAT ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANT S5DS TO ,EUROPE4 ,! MO/ PL5TIFUL H>VE/S ( :EAT & RYE 94 ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA ONLY YIELD5\< = ! POPULATION4 ,& AS A RULE ! PEASANT DEPRIVES HIMSELF ( :AT HE ACTUALLY NE$S :5 HE SELLS HIS :EAT OR RYE TO PAY R5T & TAXES4 

,IT IS NOT A SURPLUS ( COAL ?AT ,5GL& S5DS TO ! F\R CORN]S ( ! GLOBE1 BECAUSE ONLY ?REE-QU>T]S ( A TON1 P] HEAD ( POPULATION1 ANNUALLY1 REMA9 = HOME DOME/IC CONSUMPTION1 & MILLIONS ( ,5GLI%M5 >E DEPRIV$ ( FIRE 9 ! W9T]1 OR HAVE ONLY JU/ 5\< TO BOIL A FEW VEGETABLES4 ,9 FACT1 SETT+ ASIDE USELESS LUXURIES1 !RE IS 9 ,5GL&1 :I* EXPORTS MORE ?AN ANY O!R C\NTRY1 BUT A S+LE COMMODITY 9 UNIV]SAL USE- COTTONS- :OSE PRODUCTION IS SUFFICI5TLY GREAT TO P]HAPS EXCE$ ! NE$S ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,YET :5 WE LOOK UPON ! RAGS ?AT PASS = WE>+ APP>EL WORN BY OV] A ?IRD ( ! 9HABITANTS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM1 WE >E L$ TO ASK \RSELVES :E!R ! COTTONS EXPORT$ W\LD NOT1 )9 A TRIFLE1 SUIT ! REAL NE$S ( ! POPULATION8 

,AS A RULE IT IS NOT A SURPLUS ?AT IS EXPORT$1 ?\< IT MAY HAVE BE5 SO ORIG9ALLY4 ,! FABLE ( ! B>EFOOT$ %OEMAK] IS AS TRUE ( NATIONS AS IT WAS =M]LY ( >TISANS4 ,WE EXPORT ! NECESS>Y COMMODITIES4 ,& WE DO SO1 BECAUSE ! WORKM5 CANNOT BUY ) !IR WAGES :AT !Y HAVE PRODUC$1 & PAY BESIDES ! R5T & 9T]E/ TO ! CAPITALI/ & ! BANK]4 

,NOT ONLY DOES ! EV]-GR[+ NE$ ( COM=T REMA9 UNSATISFI$1 BUT /RICT NECESS>IES >E (T5 WANT+4 0,SURPLUS PRODUCTION0 DOES1 !RE=E1 NOT EXI/1 AT LEA/ NOT 9 ! S5SE :I* IS GIV5 TO IT BY ! !ORI/S ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 

,TAK+ ANO!R PO9T- ALL ECONOMI/S TELL US ?AT !RE IS A WELL-PROV$ LAW3 0,MAN PRODUCES MORE ?AN HE CONSUMES40 ,AFT] HE HAS LIV$ ON ! PROCE$S ( HIS TOIL1 !RE REMA9S A SURPLUS4 ,?US1 A FAMILY ( CULTIVATORS PRODUCES 5\< TO FE$ SEV]AL FAMILIES1 & SO =?4 

,= US1 ?IS (T-REPEAT$ S5T5CE HAS NO S5SE4 ,IF IT MEANT ?AT EA* G5]ATION LEAVES SOME?+ TO FUTURE G5]ATIONS1 IT W\LD BE TRUE2 ?US1 = EXAMPLE1 A F>M] PLANTS A TREE ?AT WILL LIVE1 MAYBE1 = ?IRTY1 =TY1 OR A HUNDR$ YE>S1 & :OSE FRUITS WILL /ILL BE GA!R$ BY ! F>M]'S GR&*ILDR54 ,OR HE CLE>S A FEW ACRES ( VIRG9 SOIL1 & WE SAY ?AT ! H]ITAGE ( FUTURE G5]ATIONS HAS BE5 9CREAS$ BY ?AT MU*4 ,ROADS1 BRIDGES1 CANALS1 HIS H\SE & HIS FURNITURE >E SO MU* WEAL? BEQUEA!D TO SUCCE$+ G5]ATIONS4 

,BUT ?IS IS NOT :AT IS MEANT4 ,WE >E TOLD ?AT ! CULTIVATOR PRODUCES MORE ?AN HE NE$ CONSUME4 ,RA!R %\LD !Y SAY ?AT1 ! ,/ATE HAV+ ALWAYS TAK5 FROM HIM A L>GE %>E ( HIS PRODUCE = TAXES1 ! PRIE/ = TI!1 & ! L&LORD = R5T1 A :OLE CLASS ( M5 HAS BE5 CREAT$1 :O =M]LY CONSUM$ :AT !Y PRODUC$- SAVE :AT WAS SET ASIDE = UN=ESE5 ACCID5TS1 OR EXP5SES 9CURR$ 9 AF=E/ATION1 ROADS1 ETC4- BUT :O TO-DAY >E COMPELL$ TO LIVE V]Y POORLY1 FROM H& TO M\?1 ! REMA9D] HAV+ BE5 TAK5 FROM !M BY ! ,/ATE1 ! L&LORD1 ! PRIE/1 & ! USUR]4 

,LET US ALSO OBS]VE ?AT IF ! NE$S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL >E \R />T+-PO9T1 WE CANNOT FAIL TO REA* ,COMMUNISM1 AN ORGANIZATION :I* 5ABLES US TO SATISFY ALL NE$S 9 ! MO/ ?OR\< & ECONOMICAL WAY4 ,:ILE IF WE />T FROM \R PRES5T ME?OD ( PRODUCTION1 & AIM AT GA9 & SURPLUS VALUE1 )\T TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT IF PRODUCTION CORRESPONDS TO ! SATISFACTION ( NE$S1 WE NECESS>ILY >RIVE AT ,CAPITALISM1 OR AT MO/ AT ,COLLECTIVISM- BO? BE+ BUT DIV]SE =MS ( \R WAGES' SY/EM4 

,9 FACT1 :5 WE CONSID] ! NE$S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ( SOCIETY1 & ! MEANS :I* MAN HAS RESORT$ TO 9 ORD] TO SATISFY !M DUR+ HIS V>I$ PHASES ( DEVELOPM5T1 WE >E CONV9C$ ( ! NECESSITY ( SY/EMIZ+ \R EF=TS1 9/EAD ( PRODUC+ HAPHAZ>D AS WE DO N[ADAYS4 ,IT GR[S EVID5T ?AT ! APPROPRIATION BY A FEW ( ALL RI*ES NOT CONSUM$1& TRANSMITT$ FROM ONE G5]ATION TO ANO!R1 IS NOT 9 ! G5]AL 9T]E/4,WE CAN /ATE AS A FACT ?AT [+ TO !SE ME?ODS ! NE$S ( ?REE-QU>T]S ( SOCIETY >E NOT SATISFI$1 & ?AT ! PRES5T WA/E ( HUMAN /R5G? IS ! MORE USELESS & ! MORE CRIM9AL4 

,WE DISCOV]1 MOREOV]1 ?AT ! MO/ ADVANTAGE\S USE ( ALL COMMODITIES W\LD BE1 = EA* ( !M1 TO GO1 FIR/1 = SATISFY+ ?OSE NE$S :I* >E ! MO/ PRESS+3 ?AT1 9 O!R WORDS1 ! SO-CALL$ 0VALUE 9 USE0 ( A COMMODITY DOES NOT DEP5D ON A SIMPLE :IM1 AS HAS (T5 BE5 AFFIRM$1 BUT ON ! SATISFACTION IT BR+S TO REAL NE$S4 

,COMMUNISM- ?AT IS TO SAY1 AN ORGANIZATION :I* W\LD CORRESPOND TO A VIEW ( ,CONSUMPTION1 ,PRODUCTION1 & ,EX*ANGE1 TAK5 AS2 A :OLE --- !RE=E BECOMES ! LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE ( ! COMPREH5SION ( ?+S1 ! ONLY ONE1 9 \R OP9ION1?AT IS REALLY SCI5TIFIC4 

,A SOCIETY ?AT WILL SATISFY ! NE$S ( ALL1 & :I* WILL KN[ H[ TO ORGANIZE PRODUCTION1 WILL ALSO HAVE TO MAKE A CLEAN SWEEP ( SEV]AL PREJUDICES CONC]N+ 9DU/RY1 & FIR/ ( ALL ( ! !ORY (T5 PREA*$ BY ECONOMI/S- ,! ,DIVISION ( ,LABOR !ORY- :I* WE >E GO+ TO DISCUSS 9 ! NEXT *APT]4 

,?IS TEXT WAS TAK5 FROM A #a/ $ITION ( ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD1 ,G4 ,P4 ,PUTNAM'S ,SONS1 ,NEW ,YORK & ,LONDON1 #a#i#f4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

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