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,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

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,E,V,],Y SOCIETY :I* HAS ABOLI%$ PRIVATE PROP]TY WILL BE =C$1 WE MA9TA91 TO ORGANIZE ITSELF ON ! L9ES ( ,COMMUNI/IC ,AN>*Y4 ,AN>*Y LEADS TO ,COMMUNISM1 & ,COMMUNISM TO ,AN>*Y1 BO? ALIKE BE+ EXPRESSIONS ( ! PR$OM9ANT T5D5CY 9 MOD]N SOCIETIES1 ! PURSUIT ( EQUALITY4 

,TIME WAS :5 A PEASANT FAMILY C\LD CONSID] ! CORN :I* IT GREW1 OR ! WOOL5 G>M5TS WOV5 9 ! COTTAGE1 AS ! PRODUCTS ( ITS [N TOIL4 ,BUT EV5 !N ?IS WAY ( LOOK+ AT ?+S WAS NOT QUITE CORRECT4 ,!RE W]E ! ROADS & ! BRIDGES MADE 9 COMMON1 ! SWAMPS DRA9$ BY COMMON TOIL1 & ! COMMUNAL PA/URES 5CLOS$ BY H$GES :I* W]E KEPT 9 REPAIR BY EA* & ALL4 ,IF ! LOOMS = WEAV+ OR ! DYES = COLOR+ FABRICS W]E IMPROV$1 ALL PR(IT$2 SO EV5 9 ?OSE DAYS A PEASANT FAMILY C\LD NOT LIVE ALONE1 BUT WAS DEP5D5T 9 A ?\S& WAYS ON ! VILLAGE OR ! COMMUNE4 

,BUT N[ADAYS1 9 ! PRES5T /ATE ( 9DU/RY1 :5 EV]Y?+ IS 9T]DEP5D5T1 :5 EA* BRAN* ( PRODUCTION IS KNIT UP ) ALL ! RE/1 ! ATTEMPT TO CLAIM AN ,9DIVIDUALI/ ORIG9 = ! PRODUCTS ( 9DU/RY IS ABSOLUTELY UNT5ABLE4 ,!  A/ONI%+ P]FECTION ATTA9$ BY ! TEXTILE OR M9+ 9DU/RIES 9 CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES IS DUE TO ! SIMULTANE\S DEVELOPM5T ( A ?\S& O!R 9DU/RIES1 GREAT & SMALL1 TO ! EXT5SION ( ! RAILROAD SY/EM1 TO 9T]-OCEANIC NAVIGATION1 TO ! MANUAL SKILL ( ?\S&S ( WORK]S1 TO A C]TA9 /&>D ( CULTURE REA*$ BY ! WORK+ CLASSES AS A :OLE1 TO ! LABORS1 9 %ORT1 ( M5 9 EV]Y CORN] ( ! GLOBE4 

,! ,ITALIANS :O DI$ ( *OL]A :ILE MAK+ ! ,SUEZ ,CANAL1 OR ( AN*YLOSIS 9 ! ,/4 ,GO?>D ,TUNNEL1 & ! ,AM]ICANS M[$ D[N BY %OT & %ELL :ILE FI<T+ = ! ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y HAVE HELP$ TO DEVELOP ! COTTON 9DU/RY 9 ,FRANCE & ,5GL&1 AS WELL AS ! WORK-GIRLS :O LANGUI% 9 ! FACTORIES ( ,MAN*E/] & ,R\51 & ! 9V5TOR :O 7FOLL[+ ! SUGGE/ION ( SOME WORK]7 SUCCE$S 9 IMPROV+ ! LOOMS4 

,H[1 !N1 %ALL WE E/IMATE ! %>E ( EA* 9 ! RI*ES :I* ,A,L,L CONTRIBUTE TO AMASS8 

,LOOK+ AT PRODUCTION FROM ?IS G5]AL1 SYN!TIC PO9T ( VIEW1 WE CANNOT HOLD ) ! ,COLLECTIVI/S ?AT PAYM5T PROPORTIONATE TO ! H\RS ( LABOR R5D]$ BY EA* W\LD BE AN IDEAL >RANGEM5T1 OR EV5 A /EP 9 ! RI<T DIRECTION4 

,)\T DISCUSS+ :E!R EX*ANGE VALUE ( GOODS IS REALLY MEASUR$ 9 EXI/+ SOCIETIES BY ! AM\NT ( WORK NECESS>Y TO PRODUCE IT--ACCORD+ TO ! DOCTR9E ( ,SMI? & ,RIC>DO1 9 :OSE FOOT/EPS ,M>X HAS FOLL[$--SUFFICE IT TO SAY H]E1 LEAV+ \RSELVES FREE TO RETURN TO ! SUBJECT LAT]1 ?AT ! ,COLLECTIVI/ IDEAL APPE>S TO US UNT5ABLE 

 9 A SOCIETY :I* CONSID]S ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR AS A COMMON 9H]ITANCE4 ,/>T+ FROM ?IS PR9CIPLE1 SU* A SOCIETY W\LD F9D ITSELF =C$ FROM ! V]Y \TSET TO AB&ON ALL =MS ( WAGES4 

,! MITIGAT$ 9DIVIDUALISM ( ! COLLECTIVI/ SY/EM C]TA9LY C\LD NOT MA9TA9 ITSELF ALONGSIDE A P>TIAL COMMUNISM--! SOCIALIZATION ( L& & ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION4 ,A NEW =M ( PROP]TY REQUIRES A NEW =M ( REMUN]ATION4 ,A NEW ME?OD ( PRODUCTION CANNOT EXI/ SIDE BY SIDE ) ! OLD =MS ( CONSUMPTION1 ANY MORE ?AN IT CAN ADAPT ITSELF TO ! OLD =MS ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 

,! WAGE SY/EM >ISES \T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP ( ! L& & ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR4 ,IT WAS ! NECESS>Y CONDITION = ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 & WILL P]I% ) IT1 9 SPITE ( ! ATTEMPT TO DISGUISE IT AS 0PR(IT-%>+40 ,! COMMON POSSESSION ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR MU/ NECESS>ILY BR+ ) IT ! 5JOYM5T 9 COMMON ( ! FRUITS ( COMMON LABOR4 

,WE HOLD FUR!R ?AT ,COMMUNISM IS NOT ONLY DESIRABLE1 BUT ?AT EXI/+ SOCIETIES1 F\ND$ ON ,9DIVIDUALISM1 >E 9EVITABLY IMPELL$ 9 ! DIRECTION ( ,COMMUNISM4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ,9DIVIDUALISM DUR+ ! LA/ ?REE C5TURIES IS EXPLA9$ BY ! EF=TS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO PROTECT HIMSELF FROM ! TYRANNY ( ,CAPITAL & ( ! ,/ATE4 ,= A TIME HE IMAG9$1 & ?OSE :O EXPRESS$ HIS ?\<T = HIM DECL>$1 ?AT HE C\LD FREE HIMSELF 5TIRELY FROM ! ,/ATE & FROM SOCIETY4 0,BY MEANS ( MONEY10 HE SAID1 0 ,I CAN BUY ALL ?AT ,I  NE$40 ,BUT ! 9DIVIDUAL WAS ON A WRONG TACK1 & MOD]N HI/ORY HAS TAU<T HIM TO RECOGNIZE ?AT1 )\T ! HELP ( ALL1 HE CAN DO NO?+1 AL?\< HIS /RONG-BOXES >E FULL ( GOLD4 

,9 FACT1 ALONGSIDE ?IS CURR5T ( ,9DIVIDUALISM1 WE F9D 9 ALL MOD]N HI/ORY A T5D5CY1 ON ! ONE H&1 TO RETA9 ALL ?AT REMA9S ( ! P>TIAL ,COMMUNISM ( ANTIQUITY1 &1 ON ! O!R1 TO E/ABLI% ! ,COMMUNI/ PR9CIPLE 9 ! ?\S& DEVELOPM5TS ( MOD]N LIFE4 

,AS SOON AS ! COMMUNES ( ! T5?1 ELEV5?1 & TWELF? C5TURIES HAD SUCCE$$ 9 EMANCIPAT+ !MSELVES FROM !IR LORDS1 ECCLESIA/ICAL OR LAY1 !IR COMMUNAL LABOR & COMMUNAL CONSUMPTION BEGAN TO EXT5D & DEVELOP RAPIDLY4 ,! T[N%IP--& NOT PRIVATE P]SONS--FREI<T$ %IPS & EQUIPP$ EXP$ITIONS1 & ! B5EFIT >IS+ FROM ! =EIGN TRADE DID NOT ACCRUE TO 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT WAS %>$ BY ALL4 ,! T[N%IPS ALSO B\<T PROVISIONS = !IR CITIZ5S4 ,TRACES ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS HAVE L+]$ ON 9TO ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 & ! FOLK PI\SLY *]I% ! MEMORY ( !M 9 !IR LEG5DS4 

,ALL ?AT HAS DISAPPE>$4 ,BUT ! RURAL T[N%IP /ILL /RUGGLES TO PRES]VE ! LA/ TRACES ( ?IS ,COMMUNISM1 & IT SUCCE$S--EXCEPT :5 ! ,/ATE ?R[S ITS HEAVY SWORD 9TO ! BALANCE4 

,MEAN:ILE NEW ORGANIZATIONS1 BAS$ ON ! SAME PR9CIPLE--TO EV]Y MAN ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S-- SPR+ UP UND] A ?\S& DIFF]5T =MS2 = )\T A C]TA9 LEAV5 ( ,COMMUNISM ! PRES5T SOCIETIES C\LD NOT EXI/4 ,9 SPITE ( ! N>R[LY 

 EGOI/IC TURN GIV5 TO M5'S M9DS BY ! COMM]CIAL SY/EM1 ! T5D5CY T[>DS ,COMMUNISM IS CON/ANTLY APPE>+1 & 9FLU5CES \R ACTIVITIES 9 A V>IETY ( WAYS 

,! BRIDGES1 = ! USE ( :I* A TOLL WAS LEVI$ 9 ! OLD DAYS1 >E N[ BECOME PUBLIC PROP]TY & FREE TO ALL2 SO >E ! HI< ROADS1 EXCEPT 9 ! ,EA/1 :]E A TOLL IS /ILL EXACT$ FROM ! TRAVEL] = EV]Y MILE ( HIS J\RNEY4 ,MUSEUMS1 FREE LIBR>IES1 FREE S*OOLS1 FREE MEALS = *ILDR52 P>KS & G>D5S OP5 TO ALL2 /REETS PAV$ & LI<T$1 FREE TO ALL2 WAT] SUPPLI$ TO EV]Y H\SE )\T MEASURE OR /9T--ALL SU* >RANGEM5TS >E F\ND$ ON ! PR9CIPLE3 0,TAKE :AT Y\ NE$40 

,! TRAMWAYS & RAILWAYS HAVE ALREADY 9TRODUC$ MON?LY & ANNUAL SEASON TICKETS1 )\T LIMIT+ ! NUMB] ( J\RNEYS TAK52 & TWO NATIONS1 ,HUNG>Y & ,RUSSIA1 HAVE 9TRODUC$ ON !IR RAILWAYS ! ZONE SY/EM1 :I* P]MITS ! HOLD] TO TRAVEL FIVE HUNDR$ OR A ?\S& MILES = ! SAME PRICE4 ,IT IS BUT A %ORT /EP FROM ?AT TO A UNI=M *>GE1 SU* AS ALREADY PREVAILS 9 ! PO/AL S]VICE4 ,9 ALL !SE 9NOVATIONS1 & A ?\S& O!RS1 ! T5D5CY IS NOT TO MEASURE ! 9DIVIDUAL CONSUMPTION4 ,ONE MAN WANTS TO TRAVEL A ?\S& MILES1 ANO!R FIVE HUNDR$4 ,!SE >E P]SONAL REQUIREM5TS4 ,!RE IS NO SUFFICI5T REASON :Y ONE %\LD PAY TWICE AS MU* AS ! O!R BECAUSE HIS NE$ IS TWICE AS GREAT4 ,SU* >E ! SIGNS :I* APPE> EV5 N[ 9 \R 9DIVIDUALI/ SOCIETIES4 

,MOREOV]1 !RE IS A T5D5CY1 ?\< /ILL A FEEBLE  ONE1 TO CONSID] ! NE$S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 IRRESPECTIVE ( HIS PA/ OR POSSIBLE S]VICES TO ! COMMUNITY4 ,WE >E BEG9N+ TO ?9K ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 EA* P>T ( :I* IS SO 9TIMATELY B\ND UP ) ! O!RS ?AT A S]VICE R5D]$ TO ONE IS A S]VICE R5D]$ TO ALL4 

,:5 Y\ GO 9TO A PUBLIC LIBR>Y--NOT 9DE$ ! ,NATIONAL ,LIBR>Y ( ,P>IS1 BUT1 SAY1 9TO ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM OR ! ,B]L9 ,LIBR>Y--! LIBR>IAN DOES NOT ASK :AT S]VICES Y\ HAVE R5D]$ TO SOCIETY BE=E GIV+ Y\ ! BOOK1 OR ! FIFTY BOOKS :I* Y\ REQUIRE1 & HE COMES TO Y\R ASSI/ANCE IF Y\ DO NOT KN[ H[ TO MANAGE ! CATALOG4 ,BY MEANS ( UNI=M CR$5TIALS--& V]Y (T5 A CONTRIBUTION ( WORK IS PREF]R$--! SCI5TIFIC SOCIETY OP5S ITS MUSEUMS1 ITS G>D5S1 ITS LIBR>Y1 ITS LABORATORIES1 & ITS ANNUAL CONV]SAZIONES TO EA* ( ITS MEMB]S1 :E!R HE BE A ,D>W91 OR A SIMPLE AMATEUR4 

,AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 IF Y\ >E PURSU+ AN 9V5TION1 Y\ GO 9TO A SPECIAL LABORATORY OR A WORK%OP1 :]E Y\ >E GIV5 A PLACE1 A C>P5T]'S B5*1 A TURN+ LA!1 ALL ! NECESS>Y TOOLS & SCI5TIFIC 9/RUM5TS1 PROVID$ ONLY Y\ KN[ H[ TO USE !M2 & Y\ >E ALL[$ TO WORK !RE AS LONG AS Y\ PLEASE4 ,!RE >E ! TOOLS2 9T]E/ O!RS 9 Y\R IDEA1 JO9 ) FELL[ WORK]S SKILL$ 9 V>I\S CRAFTS1 OR WORK ALONE IF Y\ PREF] IT4 ,9V5T A FLY+ MA*9E1 OR 9V5T NO?+--?AT IS Y\R [N AFFAIR4 ,Y\ >E PURSU+ AN IDEA--?AT IS 5\<4 

,9 ! SAME WAY1 ?OSE :O MAN ! LIFEBOAT DO NOT ASK CR$5TIALS FROM ! CREW ( A S9K+ %IP2  !Y LAUN* !IR BOAT1 RISK !IR LIVES 9 ! RAG+ WAVES1 & SOMETIMES P]I%1 ALL TO SAVE M5 :OM !Y DO NOT EV5 KN[4 ,& :AT NE$ TO KN[ !M8 0,!Y >E HUMAN BE+S1 & !Y NE$ \R AID--?AT IS 5\<1 ?AT E/ABLI%ES !IR RI<T----,TO ! RESCUE6 0 

,?US WE F9D A T5D5CY1 EM95TLY COMMUNI/IC1 SPR++ UP ON ALL SIDES1 & 9 V>I\S GUISES1 9 ! V]Y HE>T ( !ORETICALLY 9DIVIDUALI/ SOCIETIES4 

,SUPPOSE ?AT ONE ( \R GREAT CITIES1 SO EGOTI/IC 9 ORD9>Y TIMES1 W]E VISIT$ TO-MORR[ BY SOME CALAMITY--A SIEGE1 = 9/ANCE--?AT SAME SELFI% CITY W\LD DECIDE ?AT ! FIR/ NE$S TO SATISFY W]E ?OSE ( ! *ILDR5 & ! AG$4 ,)\T ASK+ :AT S]VICES !Y HAD R5D]$1 OR W]E LIKELY TO R5D] TO SOCIETY1 IT W\LD FIR/ ( ALL FE$ !M4 ,!N ! COMBATANTS W\LD BE C>$ =1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ! C\RAGE OR ! 9TELLIG5CE :I* EA* HAS DISPLAY$1 & ?\S&S ( M5 & WOM5 W\LD \TVIE EA* O!R 9 UNSELFI% DEVOTION TO ! W\ND$4 

,?IS T5D5CY EXI/S & IS FELT AS SOON AS ! MO/ PRESS+ NE$S ( EA* >E SATISFI$1 & 9 PROPORTION AS ! PRODUCTIVE P[] ( ! RACE 9CREASES4 ,IT BECOMES AN ACTIVE =CE EV]Y TIME A GREAT IDEA COMES TO \/ ! MEAN PREOCCUPATIONS ( EV]YDAY LIFE4 

,H[ CAN WE D\BT1 !N1 ?AT :5 ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION >E PLAC$ AT ! S]VICE ( ALL1 :5 BUS9ESS IS CONDUCT$ ON ,COMMUNI/ PR9CIPLES1 :5 LABOR1 HAV+ RECOV]$ ITS PLACE 

 ( HONOR 9 SOCIETY1 PRODUCES MU* MORE ?AN IS NECESS>Y TO ALL--H[ CAN WE D\BT BUT ?AT ?IS =CE 7ALREADY SO P[]FUL7 WILL 5L>GE ITS SPH]E ( ACTION TILL IT BECOMES ! RUL+ PR9CIPLE ( SOCIAL LIFE8 

,FOLL[+ !SE 9DICATIONS1 & CONSID]+ FUR!R ! PRACTICAL SIDE ( EXPROPRIATION1 ( :I* WE %ALL SPEAK 9 ! FOLL[+ *APT]S1 WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT \R FIR/ OBLIGATION1 :5 ! REVOLUTION %ALL HAVE BROK5 ! P[] UPHOLD+ ! PRES5T SY/EM1 WILL BE TO REALIZE ,COMMUNISM )\T DELAY4 

,BUT \RS IS NEI!R ! ,COMMUNISM ( ,F\RI] & ! ,PHALAN/]I5S1 NOR ( ! ,G]MAN ,/ATE-,SOCIALI/S4 ,IT IS ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM1--,COMMUNISM )\T GOV]NM5T--! ,COMMUNISM ( ! ,FREE4 ,IT IS ! SYN!SIS ( ! TWO IDEALS PURSU$ BY HUMAMTY ?R\<\T ! AGES-- ,ECONOMIC & ,POLITICAL ,LIB]TY4 

,I,I 

,9 TAK+ 0,AN>*Y0 = \R IDEAL ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION WE >E ONLY GIV+ EXPRESSION TO ANO!R M>K$ T5D5CY ( HUMAN PROGRESS4 ,:5EV] ,EUROPEAN SOCIETIES HAVE DEVELOP$ UP TO A C]TA9 PO9T !Y HAVE %AK5 (F ! YOKE ( AU?ORITY & SUB/ITUT$ A SY/EM F\ND$ R\<LY MORE OR LESS ON ! PR9CIPLES ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY4 ,& HI/ORY %[S US ?AT !SE P]IODS ( P>TIAL OR G5]AL REVOLUTION1 :5 ! GOV]NM5TS W]E OV]?R[N1 W]E ALSO P]IODS ( SUDD5 PROGRESS  BO? 9 ! ECONOMIC & ! 9TELLECTUAL FIELD4 ,N[ IT IS ! 5FRAN*ISEM5T ( ! COMMUNES1 :OSE MONUM5TS1 PRODUC$ BY ! FREE LABOR ( ! GUILDS1 HAVE NEV] BE5 SURPASS$2 N[ IT IS ! PEASANT RIS+ :I* BR\<T AB\T ! ,RE=MATION & IMP]IL$ ! PAPACY2 & !N AGA9 IT IS ! SOCIETY1 FREE = A BRIEF SPACE1 :I* WAS CREAT$ AT ! O!R SIDE ( ! ,ATLANTIC BY ! MALCONT5TS FROM ! ,OLD ,WORLD4 

,FUR!R1 IF WE OBS]VE ! PRES5T DEVELOPM5T ( CIVILIZ$ PEOPLES WE SEE1 MO/ UNMI/AKABLY1 A MOVEM5T EV] MORE & MORE M>K$ TO LIMIT ! SPH]E ( ACTION ( ! ,GOV]NM5T1 & TO ALL[ MORE & MORE LIB]TY TO ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,?IS EVOLUTION IS GO+ ON BE=E \R EYES1 ?\< CUMB]$ BY ! RU9S & RUBBI% ( OLD 9/ITUTIONS & OLD SUP]/ITIONS4 ,LIKE ALL EVOLUTIONS1 IT ONLY WAITS A REVOLUTION TO OV]?R[ ! OLD OB/ACLES :I* BLOCK ! WAY1 ?AT IT MAY F9D FREE SCOPE 9 A REG5]AT$ SOCIETY4 

,AFT] HAV+ /RIV5 LONG 9 VA9 TO SOLVE ! 9SOLUBLE PROBLEM--! PROBLEM ( CON/RUCT+ A GOV]NM5T 0:I* WILL CON/RA9 ! 9DIVIDUAL TO OB$I5CE )\T ITSELF CEAS+ TO BE ! S]VANT ( SOCIETY10 M5 AT LA/ ATTEMPT TO FREE !MSELVES FROM EV]Y =M ( GOV]NM5T & TO SATISFY !IR NE$ = ORGANIZATION BY A FREE CONTRACT BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS PURSU+ ! SAME AIM4 ,! 9DEP5D5CE ( EA* SMALL T]RITORIAL UNIT BECOMES A PRESS+ NE$2 MUTUAL AGREEM5T REPLACES LAW1 & EV]Y:]E REGULATES 9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/S 9 VIEW ( A COMMON OBJECT4 

,ALL ?AT WAS ONCE LOOK$ ON AS A FUNCTION ( ! ,GOV]NM5T IS TO-DAY CALL$ 9 QUE/ION4 ,?+S >E >RANG$ MORE EASILY & MORE SATISFACTORILY )\T ! 9T]V5TION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,& 9 /UDY+ ! PROGRESS MADE 9 ?IS DIRECTION1 WE >E L$ TO CONCLUDE ?AT ! T5D5CY ( ! HUMAN RACE IS TO R$UCE ,GOV]NM5T 9T]F]5CE TO Z]O2 9 FACT1 TO ABOLI% ! ,/ATE1 ! P]SONIFICATION ( 9JU/ICE1 OPPRESSION1 & MONOPOLY4 

,WE CAN ALREADY CAT* GLIMPSES ( A WORLD 9 :I* ! BONDS :I* B9D ! 9DIVIDUAL >E NO LONG] LAWS1 BUT SOCIAL HABITS--! RESULT ( ! NE$ FELT BY EA* ONE ( US TO SEEK ! SUPPORT1 ! COOP]ATION1 ! SYMPA?Y ( HIS NEI<BORS4 

,ASSUR$LY ! IDEA ( A SOCIETY )\T A ,/ATE WILL GIVE RISE TO AT LEA/ AS MANY OBJECTIONS AS ! POLITICAL ECONOMY ( A SOCIETY )\T PRIVATE CAPITAL4 ,WE HAVE ALL BE5 BR\<T UP FROM \R *ILDHOOD TO REG>D ! ,/ATE AS A SORT ( ,PROVID5CE2 ALL \R $UCATION1 ! ,ROMAN HI/ORY WE LE>N$ AT S*OOL1 ! ,BYZANT9E CODE :I* WE /UDI$ LAT] UND] ! NAME ( ,ROMAN LAW1 & ! V>I\S SCI5CES TAU<T AT ! UNIV]SITIES1 ACCU/OM US TO BELIEVE 9 ,GOV]NM5T & 9 ! VIRTUES ( ! ,/ATE PROVID5TIAL4 

,TO MA9TA9 ?IS SUP]/ITION :OLE SY/EMS ( PHILOSOPHY HAVE BE5 ELABORAT$ & TAU<T2 ALL POLITICS >E BAS$ ON ?IS PR9CIPLE2 & EA* POLITICIAN1 :ATEV] HIS COLORS1 COMES =W>D & SAYS TO ! PEOPLE1 0,GIVE ME ! P[]1 & ,I BO? CAN & WILL FREE Y\ FROM ! MIS]IES :I* PRESS SO HEAVILY UPON Y\40 

,FROM ! CRADLE TO ! GRAVE ALL \R ACTIONS >E GUID$ BY ?IS PR9CIPLE4 ,OP5 ANY BOOK ON SOCIOLOGY OR JURISPRUD5CE1 & Y\ WILL F9D !RE ! ,GOV]NM5T1 ITS ORGANIZATION1 ITS ACTS1 FILL+ SO L>GE A PLACE ?AT WE COME TO BELIEVE ?AT !RE IS NO?+ \TSIDE ! ,GOV]NM5T & ! WORLD ( /ATESM54 

,! PRESS TEA*ES US ! SAME 9 EV]Y CONCEIVABLE WAY4 ,:OLE COLUMNS >E DEVOT$ TO P>LIAM5T>Y DEBATES & TO POLITICAL 9TRIGUES4 ,! VA/ EV]Y DAY LIFE ( A NATION IS B>ELY M5TION$ 9 A FEW L9ES :5 DEAL+ ) ECONOMIC SUBJECTS1 LAW1 OR 9 0DIV]SE FACTS0 RELAT+ TO POLICE CASES4 ,& :5 Y\ READ !SE NEWSPAP]S1 Y\ H>DLY ?9K ( ! 9CALCULABLE NUMB] ( BE+S--ALL HUMANITY1 SO TO SAY--:O GR[ UP & DIE1 :O KN[ SORR[1 :O WORK & CONSUME1 ?9K & CREATE \TSIDE ! FEW 5CUMB]+ P]SONAGES :O HAVE BE5 SO MAGNIFI$ ?AT HUMANITY IS HIDD5 BY !IR %AD[S 5L>G$ BY \R IGNORANCE4 

,& YET AS SOON AS WE PASS FROM PR9T$ MATT]2 TO LIFE ITSELF1 AS SOON AS WE ?R[ A GLANCE AT SOCIETY1 WE >E /RUCK BY ! 9F9ITESIMAL P>T PLAY$ BY ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,BALZAC ALREADY REM>K$ H[ MILLIONS ( PEASANTS SP5D ! :OLE ( !IR LIVES )\T KN[+ ANY?+ AB\T ! ,/ATE1 SAVE ! HEAVY TAXES !Y >E COMPELL$ TO PAY4 ,EV]Y DAY MILLIONS ( TRANSACTIONS >E MADE )\T ,GOV]NM5T 9T]V5TION1 & ! GREATE/ ( !M-- ?OSE ( COMM]CE & ( ! ,EX*ANGE-->E C>RI$ ON 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ! ,GOV]NM5T C\LD NOT BE APPEAL$ TO IF ONE ( ! CONTRACT+  P>TIES HAD ! 9T5TION ( NOT FURFILL+ HIS AGREEM5T4 ,%\LD Y\ SPEAK TO A MAN :O UND]/&S COMM]CE HE WILL TELL Y\ ?AT ! EV]YDAY BUS9ESS TRANSACT$ BY M]*ANTS W\LD BE ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE W]E IT NOT BAS$ ON MUTUAL CONFID5CE4 ,! HABIT ( KEEP+ HIS WORD1 ! DESIRE NOT TO LOSE HIS CR$IT1 AMPLY SUFFICE TO MA9TA9 ?IS RELATIVE HONE/Y4 ,! MAN :O DOES NOT FEEL ! SLI<TE/ REMORSE :5 POISON+ HIS CU/OM]S ) NOXI\S DRUGS COV]$ ) POMP\S LABELS ?9KS HE IS 9 HONOR B\ND TO KEEP HIS 5GAGEM5TS4 ,N[1 IF ?IS RELATIVE MORALITY HAS DEVELOP$ UND] PRES5T CONDITIONS1 :5 5RI*M5T IS ! ONLY 9C5TIVE & ! ONLY AIM1 CAN WE D\BT ITS RAPID PROGRESS :5 APPROPRIATION ( ! FRUITS ( O!RS' LABOR WILL NO LONG] BE ! BASIS ( SOCIETY8 

,ANO!R /RIK+ FACT1 :I* ESPECIALLY *>ACT]IZES \R G5]ATION1 SPEAKS /ILL MORE 9 FAVOR ( \R IDEAS4 ,IT IS ! CONT9UAL EXT5SION ( ! FIELD ( 5T]PRISE DUE TO PRIVATE 9ITIATIVE1 & ! PRODIGI\S DEVELOPM5T ( FREE GR\PS ( ALL K9DS4 ,WE %ALL DISCUSS ?IS MORE AT L5G? 9 ! *APT] DEVOT$ TO ,FREE ,AGREEM5T4 ,SUFFICE IT TO M5TION ?AT ! FACTS >E SO NUM]\S & SO CU/OM>Y ?AT !Y >E ! ESS5CE ( ! SECOND HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 EV5 ?\< POLITICAL & SOCIALI/ WRIT]S IGNORE !M1 ALWAYS PREF]R+ TO TALK TO US AB\T ! FUNCTIONS ( ,GOV]NM5T4 

,!SE ORGANIZATIONS1 FREE & 9F9ITELY V>I$1 >E SO NATURAL AN \TCOME ( \R CIVILIZATION2 !Y EXP& SO RAPIDLY & GR\P !MSELVES ) SO  MU* EASE2 !Y >E SO NECESS>Y A RESULT ( ! CONT9UAL GR[? ( ! NE$S ( CIVILIZ$ MAN2 & LA/LY1 !Y SO ADVANTAGE\SLY REPLACE GOV]NM5TAL 9T]F]5CE ?AT WE MU/ RECOGNIZE 9 !M A FACTOR ( GR[+ IMPORTANCE 9 ! LIFE ( SOCIETIES4 ,IF !Y DO NOT YET SPREAD OV] ! :OLE ( ! MANIFE/ATIONS ( LIFE1 IT IS ?AT !Y F9D AN 9SURM\NTABLE OB/ACLE 9 ! POV]TY ( ! WORK]1 9 ! CA/S ( PRES5T SOCIETY1 9 ! PRIVATE APPROPRIATION ( CAPITAL1 & 9 ! ,/ATE4 ,ABOLI% !SE OB/ACLES & Y\ WILL SEE !M COV]+ ! IMM5SE FIELD ( CIVILIZ$ MAN'S ACTIVITY4 

,! HI/ORY ( ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S FURNI%ES A LIV+ PRO( ?AT ,REPRES5TATIVE ,GOV]NM5T IS IMPOT5T TO DIS*>GE ! FUNCTIONS WE HAVE S\<T TO ASSIGN TO IT4 ,9 DAYS TO COME ! N9ETE5? C5TURY WILL BE QUOT$ AS HAV+ WITNESS$ ! FAILURE ( P>LIAM5T>IANISM4 

,BUT ?IS IMPOT5CE IS BECOM+ EVID5T TO ALL2 ! FAULTS ( P>LIAM5T>IANISM1 & ! 9H]5T VISES ( ! REPRES5TATIVE PR9CIPLE1 >E SELF-EVID5T1 & ! FEW ?9K]S :O HAVE MADE A CRITICAL /UDY ( !M 7,J4 ,S4 ,MILL & ,LEV]DAYS7 DID BUT GIVE LIT]>Y =M TO ! POPUL> DISSATISFACTION4 ,IT IS NOT DIFFICULT1 9DE$1 TO SEE ! ABSURDITY ( NAM+ A FEW M5 & SAY+ TO !M1 0,MAKE LAWS REGULAT+ ALL \R SPH]ES ( ACTIVITY1 AL?\< NOT ONE ( Y\ KN[S ANY?+ AB\T !M60 

,WE >E BEG9N+ TO SEE ?AT GOV]NM5T BY MAJORITIES MEANS AB&ON+ ALL ! AFFAIRS ( ! C\NTRY TO ! TIDE-WAIT]S :O MAKE UP ! MAJORITIES 9 ! ,H\SE & 9 ELECTION COMMITTEES2  TO ?OSE1 9 A WORD1 :O HAVE NO OP9ION ( !IR [N4 ,BUT MANK9D IS SEEK+ & ALREADY F9D+ NEW ISSUES4 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,PO/AL ,UNION1 ! RAILWAY UNIONS1 & ! LE>N$ SOCIETIES GIVE US EXAMPLES ( SOLUTIONS BAS$ ON FREE AGREEM5T 9 PLACE & /EAD ( LAW4 

,TO-DAY1 :5 GR\PS SCATT]$ F> & WIDE WI% TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES = SOME OBJECT OR O!R1 !Y NO LONG] ELECT AN 9T]NATIONAL P>LIAM5T ( ,JACKS-(-ALL-TRADES4 ,NO1 :]E IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO MEET DIRECTLY OR COME TO AN AGREEM5T BY CORRESPOND5CE1 DELEGATES V]S$ 9 ! QUE/ION AT ISSUE >E S5T TO TREAT1 ) ! 9/RUCTIONS3 0,5DEAVOR TO COME TO AN AGREEM5T ON SU* OR SU* A QUE/ION & !N RETURN NOT ) A LAW 9 Y\R POCKET1 BUT ) A PROPOSITION ( AGREEM5T :I* WE MAY OR MAY NOT ACCEPT40 

,SU* IS ! ME?OD ( ! GREAT 9DU/RIAL COMPANIES1 ! LE>N$ SOCIETIES1 & ! ASSOCIATIONS ( EV]Y DESCRIPTION1 :I* ALREADY COV] ,EUROPE & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,& SU* %\LD BE ! ME?OD ( AN EMANCIPAT$ SOCIETY4 ,:ILE BR++ AB\T EXPROPRIATION1 SOCIETY CANNOT CONT9UE TO ORGANIZE ITSELF ON ! PR9CIPLE ( P>LIAM5T>Y REPRES5TATION4 ,A SOCIETY F\ND$ ON S]FDOM IS 9 KEEP+ ) ABSOLUTE MON>*Y2 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON ! WAGE SY/EM & ! EXPLOITATION ( ! MASSES BY ! CAPITALI/S F9DS ITS POLITICAL EXPRESSION 9 P>LIAM5T>IANISM4 ,BUT A FREE SOCIETY1 REGA9+ POSSESSION ( ! COMMON 9H]ITANCE1 MU/ SEEK1 9 FREE GR\PS & FREE F$]ATIONS ( GR\PS1 A NEW  ORGANIZATION1 9 H>MONY ) ! NEW ECONOMIC PHASE ( HI/ORY4 

,EV]Y ECONOMIC PHASE HAS A POLITICAL PHASE CORRESPOND+ TO IT1 & IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO T\* PROP]TY )\T F9D+ AT ! SAME TIME A NEW MODE ( POLITICAL LIFE4 

,?IS TEXT WAS TAK5 FROM A #a/ $ITION ( ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD1 ,G4 ,P4 ,PUTNAM'S ,SONS1 ,NEW ,YORK & ,LONDON1 #a#i#f4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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