,! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,AGITATION 9 ,RUSSIA 

#aie 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TAGS 3 M9I/] ( ! 9T]IOR1 REPRES5TATIVES ( ! NATION1 C\NCIL ( /ATE1 AGITATION 9 RUSSIA1 REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T1 ZEM/VO DELEGATES1 JUDICIAL LAW1 POLITICAL RI<TS1 /ATE-(-SIEGE LAW1 CON/ITUTIONAL AGITATION4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,M>IE ,AS*EH\G-,CLAUTEAUX1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,! GREATE/ EXCITEM5T HAS PREVAIL$ 9 ,RUSSIA = ! LA/ FEW WEEKS S9CE IT BECAME KN[N ?AT REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,ZEM/VOS ( ?IRTY-F\R PROV9CES ( ! ,EMPIRE W]E GO+ TO MEET AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG 9 ORD] TO DISCUSS ! NECESS>Y RE=MS 9 ! G5]AL POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! V]Y FACT ?AT SU* AN AU?ORIZATION HAD BE5 GRANT$ WAS EQUIVAL5T TO AN 9VITATION TO DISCUSS A S*EME ( A ,CON/ITUTION2 & SO IT WAS UND]/OOD EV]Y:]E4 ,:5 ! ,ZEM/VO DELEGATES W]E LEAV+ !IR RESPECTIVE PROV9CIAL T[NS !Y W]E S5T (F BY GR\PS ( 5?USIA/IC FRI5DS1 :OSE P>T+ WORDS W]E3 ',RETURN ) A ,CON/ITUTION6'  

 ,!IR ORIG9AL 9T5TION WAS TO MAKE ( !IR CONF]5CE A SOLEMN (FICIAL GA!R+ :I* W\LD SPEAK TO ! ,GOV]NM5T 9 ITS (FICIAL CAPACITY1 BUT AT ! LA/ MOM5T ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR REFUS$ TO GRANT ! NECESS>Y AU?ORIZATION2 & AS ! ,ZEM/VO DELEGATES DECL>$ ?AT !Y W]E DECID$ TO MEET NEV]!LESS1 !Y W]E 9=M$ ?AT !Y C\LD DO SO ONLY 9 PRIVATE1 & ?AT !IR CONF]5CE W\LD BE TREAT$ AS A PRIVATE GA!R+1 BUT ?AT !IR RESOLUTIONS C\LD BE H&$ BY A FEW DELEGATES TO ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR1 & ?R\< HIS 9T]M$IACY TO ! ,EMP]OR4 ,?IS IS H[ ?IS ,CONF]5CE1 :I* SURELY WILL BECOME AN IMPORTANT HI/ORICAL DATE1 TOOK PLACE ON ! #a#i?1 #b?1 & #b#a/ ( ,NOVEMB] AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4  

 ,! DECISIONS ( ! ,CONF]5CE W]E EXPRESS$ 9 ELEV5 RESOLUTIONS1 :I*1 AS WILL BE SE5 PRES5TLY1 >E N[ BECOM+ ! PROGRAM ( AN AGITATION :I* IS GRADUALLY SPREAD+ ALL OV] ,RUSSIA4 ,MOREOV]1 9 CONTRA/ ) ALL ! PETITIONS ADDRESS$ TO ! ,CZ> ON PREVI\S OCCASIONS BY C]TA9 ,ZEM/VOS1 ! PRES5T MEMOR&UM IS C\*$ 9 F> MORE DIGNIFI$ LANGUAGE & 9 DEF9ITE T]MS4 ,IT BEG9S BY M5TION+ ! ABNORMAL *>ACT] ( ,/ATE GOV]NM5T :I* HAS DEVELOP$ S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! EI<TIES .<#a#h#h#a.>1 & CONSI/S 9 A COMPLETE E/RANGEM5T ( ! ,GOV]NM5T FROM ! PEOPLE1 & ! ABS5CE ( ?AT MUTUAL CONFID5CE :I* IS NECESS>Y = ! LIFE ( ! ,/ATE' 7,SECTION #a74 ',! PRES5T RELATIONS HETWE5 ! ,GOV]NM5T & ! PEOPLE'--!Y SAY FUR!R ON--' >E BAS$ ON A FE> ( ! PEOPLE'S SELF-ADM9I/RATION1 & ON ! EXCLUSION ( ! PEOPLE FROM ! MANAGEM5T ( ,/ATE AFFAIRS' 7,SECTION #b74 ,! RESULT ( IT IS ?AT :ILE ! BUREAUCRACY SEP>ATES ! ,SUPREME ,P[] .<READ ,! ,EMP]OR.> FROM ! NATION1 IT ?US CREATES ! V]Y CONDITIONS = AN 5TIRE LAWLESSNESS 9 ! ADM9I/RATION1 9 :I* ! P]SONAL WILL ( EV]Y FUNCTION>Y TAKES ! PLACE ( LAW 7,SECTION #c74 ,?IS DE/ROYS CONFID5CE 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T & HAMP]S ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,/ATE 7,SECTIONS #c & #d74 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! ,ZEM/VOS EXPRESS ! FOLL[+ DESID]ATA1 :I* DES]VE TO BE GIV5 9 FULL1 BECAUSE 9 SU* HI/ORY-MAK+ DOCUM5TS AS ?IS ! WORD+ IS ALMO/ AS IMPORTANT AS ! G5]AL IDEA3  

 7#e7 ,9 ORD] TO PUT AN 5D TO ?IS LAWLESSNESS ( ! ,ADM9I/RATION1 ! 9VIOLABILITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! PRIVATE DWELL+ MU/ BE PROCLAIM$ & ?OR\<LY C>RI$ \T 9 LIFE4 ,NOBODY CAN HAVE A PUNI%M5T OR ANY RE/RICTION ( HIS RI<TS 9FLICT$ UPON HIM )\T A S5T5CE HAV+ BE5 PRON\NC$ TO ?IS EFFECT BY AN 9DEP5D5T MAGI/RATE4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE IT IS MOREOV] NECESS>Y TO E/ABLI% SU* A RESPONSIBILITY ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,ADM9I/RATION AS W\LD ALL[ ( !IR BE+ LEGALLY PROSECUT$ = EA* BREA* ( ! LAW1 9 ORD] ?US TO SECURE LEGALITY 9 ! ACTIONS ( ! FUNCTION>IES4  

 7#f7 ,= ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9TELLECTUAL =CES ( ! NATION1 AS ALSO ! EXPRESSION ( ! REAL WANTS ( SOCIETY & ! FREE EX]CISE ( PUBLIC OP9ION1 FRE$OM ( CONSCI5CE1 RELIGION1 SPEE*1 & PRESS1 AS ALSO ( MEET+ & ASSOCIATION1 MU/ BE GU>ANTE$4  

 7#g7 ,! P]SONAL & POLITICAL RI<TS ( ALL ! CITIZ5S ( ! EMPIRE MU/ BE EQUAL4  

 7#h7 ,SELF-ADM9I/RATION BE+ ! MA9 CONDITION = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! POLITICAL & ECONOMICAL LIFE ( ! C\NTRY1 & ! MA9 BODY ( ! POPULATION ( ,RUSSIA BELONG+ TO ! CLASS ( ! PEASANTS1 !SE LA/ MU/ BE PLAC$ 9 ! CONDITIONS ?AT >E NECESS>Y = ! DEVELOPM5T ( SELF-HELP & 5]GY1 & ?IS CAN ONLY BE OBTA9$ BY PUTT+ AN 5D TO ! PRES5T SUBORD9ATE & LAWLESS POSITION ( ! PEASANTS4 ,!RE=E IT IS NECESS>Y3 7A7 TO EQUALIZE ! RI<TS ( ! PEASANTS ) ?OSE ( ALL O!R CLASSES2 7#f7 TO FREE !M FROM ! RULE ( ! ,ADM9I/RATION 9 ALL !IR P]SONAL & SOCIAL AFFAIRS2 & 7C7 TO GRANT !M A REGUL> =M ( JU/ICE4  

 7#i7 ,! PROV9CIAL & ! MUNICIPAL 9/ITUTIONS :I* >E ! MA9 ORGANS ( LOCAL LIFE MU/ BE PLAC$ 9 SU* CONDITIONS AS TO R5D] !M CAPABLE ( P]=M+ ! FUNCTIONS ( ORGANS ( SELF-ADM9I/RATION1 5D[$ ) WIDE P[]S4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y = ?IS PURPOSE3 7A7 ?AT ! REPRES5TATION 9 ! ,ZEM/VOS %\LD NOT BE BAS$ ON CLASS PR9CIPLES1 & ?AT ALL =CES ( ! POPULATION %\LD BE SUMMON$1 AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 TO TAKE P>T 9 ?AT ADM9I/RATION2 7#f7 ?AT ! ,ZEM/VO 9/ITUTIONS %\LD BE BR\<T NE>] TO ! PEOPLE BY 9/ITUT+ A SMALL] SELF-ADM9I/RATIVE UNIT2.<#a.> 7C7 ?AT ! CIRCLE ( ACTIVITY ( ! ,ZEM/VOS & ! MUNICIPAL 9/ITUTIONS %\LD 9CLUDE ALL ! LOCAL NE$S2 & 7D7 ?AT !SE 9/ITUTIONS %\LD ACQUIRE ! NECESS>Y /ABILITY & 9DEP5D5CE1 )\T :I* NO REGUL> DEVELOPM5T ( !IR ACTIVITY & !IR RELATIONS TO ! ORGANS ( ! ,GOV]NM5T IS POSSIBLE4 ,LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T MU/ BE EXT5D$ TO ALL ! P>TS ( ! ,EMPIRE4  

 7#a7 ,= CREAT+ & MA9TA9+ A CLOSE 9T]C\RSE BETWE5 ! ,GOV]NM5T & ! NATION1 ON ! BASIS ( ! JU/-M5TION$ PR9CIPLES1 & = ! REGUL> DEVELOPM5T ( ! LIFE ( ! ,/ATE1 IT IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y ?AT REPRES5TATIVES ( ! NATION1 CON/ITUT+ A SPECIALLY ELECT$ BODY1 %\LD P>TICIPATE 9 ! LEGISLATIVE P[]1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,/ATE'S BUDGET1 & ! CONTROL ( ! ,ADM9I/RATION4 .<,! M9ORITY ( ! CONF]5CE1 CONSI/+ ( TW5TY-SEV5 P]SONS1 ACCEPT$ ?IS P>AGRAPH ONLY AS F> AS ! WORDS '%\LD P>TICIPATE 9 ! LEGISLATIVE P[]4'.>  

 7#a#a7 ,9 VIEW ( ! GRAVITY & ! DIFFICULTIES ( BO? ! 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL CONDITIONS :I* ! NATION IS N[ LIV+ ?R\<1 ?IS PRIVATE CONF]5CE EXPRESSES ! HOPE ?AT ! SUPREME P[] WILL CALL TOGE!R ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! NATION1 9 ORD] TO LEAD \R ,FA!RL&1 ) !IR HELP1 ON TO A NEW PA? ( NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! S5SE ( E/ABLI%+ A CLOS] UNION BETWE5 ! ,/ATE'S AU?ORITY & ! NATION4  

 ,?IS MEMOR&UM1 SIGN$ BY #ab DELEGATES \T ( #a#d--TWO AB/A9+--WAS H&$ TO ,PR9CE ,SVIATOPOLK ,MIRSKY1 & ?R\< HIM TO ! ,EMP]OR4 ,F\R MORE RESOLUTIONS W]E TAK5 LAT] ON BY ! SAME ,CONF]5CE1 & !Y (F] A SPECIAL 9T]E/1 AS !Y REPRES5T A FIR/ ATTEMPT AT LEGISLATION UPON A DEF9ITE SUBJECT 9 ! =M1 WELL KN[N 9 OLD5 TIMES 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 ( A ,ROYAL PETITION4 ,?REE ( !SE RESOLUTIONS1 :I* CONC]N $UCATION1 BLAME ! ,GOV]NM5T = ITS NEGATIVE ATTITUDE 9 ?IS MATT]1 & ASK FULL FRE$OM = ! ,ZEM/VOS TO DEAL ) IT2 :ILE ! F\R? DEM&S ! ABROGATION ( ! /ATE-(-SIEGE LAW & AN AMNE/Y 9 ! FOLL[+ T]MS3  

 ,CONSID]+ ?AT ! ,LAW ( ! #b#f? ( ,AUGU/ #a#h#h#a1 EMBODY+ ! ,MEASURES = ! ,MA9T5ANCE ( ,ORD] 9 ! ,/ATE .</ATE-(-SIEGE LAW.> IS ONE ( ! *IEF CAUSES :I* FAVOR ! DEVELOPM5T ( LAWLESSNESS 9 ! ,ADM9I/RATION & BRE$ POPUL> DISCONT5T1 :I* BO? /& 9 ! WAY ( MUTUAL CONFID5CE & UNITY BETWE5 ! ,GOV]NM5T & ! POPULATION1 ! ,CONF]5CE F9DS ?AT ! REPEAL ( ?IS LAW IS DESIRABLE4 ,BESIDES1 TAK+ 9TO CONSID]ATION ?AT ! SY/EM ( ADM9I/RATIVELY 9FLICT$ P5ALTIES1 :I* HAS BE5 APPLI$ LATELY ON A L>GE SCALE 9 VIRTUE ( ?AT LAW1 HAS PRODUC$ A GREAT NUMB] ( VICTIMS ( ! >BITR>Y ACTIONS ( ! ,ADM9I/RATION :O >E N[ SUFF]+ V>I\S P5ALTIES & LIMITATIONS 9 !IR LEGAL RI<TS1 ! ,CONF]5CE CONSID]S IT ITS DUTY TO EXPRESS ITSELF 9 FAVOR ( A COMPLETE REMISSION ( ALL P5ALTIES 9FLICT$ BY M]E ORD]S ( ! ,ADM9I/RATION4 ,IT EXPRESSES AT ! SAME TIME ! HOPE ?AT ! ,SUPREME ,P[] WILL 9TRODUCE PACIFICATION 9 ! C\NTRY BY AN ACT ( AMNE/Y = ALL P]SONS UND]GO+ P5ALTIES = POLITICAL (F5SES4  

 ,! ,PRESS WAS NOT P]MITT$ TO M5TION ! ,ZEM/VO ,CONF]5CE1 OR TO DISCUSS ITS RESOLUTIONS2 BUT ! LATT] W]E HECTOGRAPH$ 9 ?\S&S ( COPIES AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 REPR9T$ 9 A MORE OR LESS CL&E/9E WAY 9 MANY CITIES1 & SPREAD BROADCA/ ALL OV] ,RUSSIA4 ,ON ! O!R SIDE1 AS SOON AS ,SVIATOPOLK ,MIRSKY HAD MADE HIS DECL>ATIONS AB\T ! NE$ ( 'CONFID5CE BETWE5 ! ,GOV]NM5T & ! NATION'--CONFIRM+ HIS DECL>ATIONS BY ! RELEASE ( A SMALL NUMB] ( 'ADM9I/RATIVE' EXILES--! ,PRESS AT ONCE ADOPT$ QUITE A NEW TONE4 ,! NE$ = A NEW DEP>TURE1 UND] :I* ! NATION W\LD BE CALL$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ! C\NTRY1 BEGAN TO BE EXPRESS$ 9 A V]Y \TSPOK5 WAY4 ,ALL ! MA9 QUE/IONS CONC]N+ ! REVISION ( TAXATION1 ! NECESSITY ( NOT M]ELY RETURN+ TO ! ORIG9AL LAW ( ! ,ZEM/VOS 7ALT]$ 9 #a#h#i71 BUT ( REVIS+ IT 9 ! S5SE ( AN ABOLITION ( ! PRES5T DIVISION 9TO 'ORD]S'2 ! NECESSITY ( REE/ABLI%+ ! ELECT$ ,JU/ICES ( ! ,PEACE1 & ( GRANT+ A ?OR\< SELF-GOV]NM5T TO ALL ! PROV9CES ( ! ,EMPIRE2 ! EQUALITY ( POLITICAL RI<TS ( ALL CITIZ5S1 & SO ON--!SE & NUMB]S ( SIMIL> QUE/IONS >E DISCUSS$ N[ ) ! GREATE/ LIB]TY 9 ! DAILY ,PRESS1 & NOBODY CONCEALS ANY LONG] HIS DISGU/ ( ! REACTION>Y REGIME :I* HAS SWAY$ ,RUSSIA = ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S4  

 ,( C\RSE1 C5SOR%IP CONT9UES TO MAKE ITS VICTIMS4 ,! REVIEW ,LAW 7,PRAVO7 HAS ALREADY RECEIV$ TWO W>N+S1 & ( ! TWO NEW DAILIES1 ONE 7,SON ( ! ,FA!RL&71 :I* CAME \T UND] A NEW 'POPULI/' $ITOR%IP1 IS ALREADY SUPPRESS$ = ?REE MON?S2 :ILE ! O!R 7,\R ,LIFE71 :I* HAS ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC T5D5CIES1 HAS ITS SALE 9 ! /REETS =BIDD54 ,) ALL ?AT1 ! ,PRESS1 ) A /RIK+ UNANIMITY1 SUPPORT ! ,ZEM/VO RESOLUTIONS1 )\T NAM+ !M4 ,EV5 ! ,NOVOYE ,VREMYA1 :I* HAS ALWAYS VACILLAT$ BETWE5 ULTRA-,CONS]VATIVE & ,LIB]AL OP9IONS1 ACCORD+ TO ! DIRECTION ( ! W9D 9 ! UPP] SPH]ES1 IS N[ ,CON/ITUTIONALI/4 ,AS TO ! ULTRA-REACTION>Y ,PR9CE ,MES*]SKY1 [N] ( ! ,GRAZHDAN91 HE HAS PUBLI%$ SOME ( ! MO/ \TSPOK5 >TICLES AGA9/ ! OLD REGIME--ONLY TO TURN NEXT DAY AGA9/ ?OSE :O DEM& A ,CON/ITUTION4 ,S9CE #a#h#f#a1 ?IS G5TLEMAN'S H\SE HAS BE5 ! C5T] ( A SEMI-,SLAVOPHILE BUT *IEFLY L&LORD & BUREAUCRACY OPPOSITION TO ! RE=MS ( ,ALEX&] ! ,SECOND4 ,HOLD WAS ADROITLY TAK5 9 ?IS C5T] ( ! TWO SUCCESSIVE HEIRS TO ! ?RONE1 ,NIKOLAI ,ALEX&ROVIT* & HIS BRO!R1 :O BECAME LAT] ON ,ALEX&] ! ,?IRD1 9 ORD] TO SECURE1 ?R\< !M1 AN OV]?R[ ( ALL ! RE=MS MADE BY !IR FA!R4.<#b.> ,N[1 ! ,GRAZHDAN9 REFLECTS ! UNSETTL$ CONDITION ( M9D 9 ! ,W9T] ,PALACE SPH]ES4 ,! ,MOSC[ ,GAZETTE IS ?US ! ONLY CONSEQU5T DEF5D] ( ! OLD REGIME4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! PROV9CIAL ,PRESS ACQUIRES A NEW IMPORTANCE EV]Y DAY1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,S\!RN1 ,S\?-,WE/]N1 & ,S\?-,EA/]N ,RUSSIA4 ,I HAVE SEV]AL ( !SE PAP]S BE=E ME1 & CANNOT BUT ADMIRE ! /RAI<T=W>D & WELL-9=M$ WAY 9 :I* !Y DISCUSS ALL POLITICAL QUE/IONS4 ,!Y REVEAL QUITE A NEW PROV9CIAL LIFE4  

 ,IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO R5D] 9 A FEW WORDS ! DEP? & BREAD? ( ! AGITATION PROVOK$ 9 ,RUSSIA BY ! ,ZEM/VO ,CONF]5CE4 ,TO BEG9 )1 '! ,RESOLUTIONS' W]E SIGN$ AT ONCE BY NUMB]S ( P]SONS ( HI< /&+ 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG SOCIETY1 :O DO NOT BELONG TO ! ,ZEM/VOS4 ,! SAME IS N[ DONE 9 ! PROV9CES1 SO ?AT ! MEMOR&UM ( ! ,ZEM/VOS BECOMES A SORT ( ULTIMATUM--IT CANNOT BE CALL$ A PETITION--ADDRESS$ BY ! $UCAT$ PORTION ( ! NATION TO ! ,EMP]OR4 ,9 MO/ PROV9CIAL CITIES ! RETURN ( ! ,ZEM/VO DELEGATES IS BE+ MADE ! OCCASION ( 9FLU5TIAL MEET+S1 AT :I* ! MEMB]S ( ! ,PROV9CIAL ,ASSEMBLIES 7! ,DI/RICT ,ASSEMBLIES WILL FOLL[ SUIT7 S5D TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG !IR APPROVAL ( ! RESOLUTIONS2 :ILE NUMB]S ( L&LORDS & O!R 9FLU5TIAL P]SONS 9 ! PROV9CES SEIZE ?IS OPPORTUNITY = ADD+ !IR SIGNATURES TO ?OSE ( ! ,ZEM/VO DELEGATES4  

 ,:]EV] A FEW $UCAT$ P]SONS COME TOGE!R1 NO?+ IS SPOK5 ( BUT ! COM+ ,CON/ITUTION4 ,EV5 ! APPALL+ W> HAS BE5 RELEGAT$ TO ! BACKGR\ND1 :ILE ! CON/ITUTIONAL AGITATION TAKES EV]Y DAY SOME NEW =M4 ,9 ! UNIV]SITIES1 BO? PR(ESSORS & /UD5TS JO9 IT4 ,! =M] SIGN ! RESOLUTIONS1 :ILE ! LATT] =MULATE SIMIL> RESOLUTIONS1 OR ORGANIZE /REET DEMON/RATIONS TO SUPPORT !M4 ,SU* DEMON/RATIONS HAVE TAK5 PLACE ALREADY AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 ,MOSC[1 & ,KIEV1 & !Y SURELY WILL BE JO9$ BY WORK+ M5 AS SOON AS !Y SPREAD S\?W>DS4 ,& IF !Y >E DISP]S$ BY =CE !Y WILL RESULT 9 BLOOD%$1 ( :I* NONE CAN =ESEE ! 5D4  

 ,ANO!R IMPORTANT CURR5T 9 ! MOVEM5T WAS CREAT$ BY ! CELEBRATIONS ( ! =TIE? ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,JUDICIAL ,LAW1 :I* WAS PROMULGAT$ ON ! #bND ( ,DECEMB] #a#h#f#d4 ,L>GE MEET+S ( LAWY]S 7AVOCATS71 FOLL[$ BY BANQUETS1 AT :I* ALL PR(ESSIONS ( '9TELLECTUALS' W]E REPRES5T$1 9CLUD+ MEMB]S ( ! MAGI/RACY &1 OCCASIONALLY1 ( ! ADM9I/RATION1 HAVE BE5 HELD AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 ,MOSC[1 ,S>ATOV1 ,M9SK1 ,TOMSK1 & SO ON2 & AT ALL !SE MEET+S ! PROGRAM ( ! ,ZEM/VOS1 RE9=C$ BY /RONG RESOLUTIONS REQUIR+ ! REPEAL ( ! EXCEPTIONAL /ATE-(-SIEGE LAW & CONDEMN+ ! :OLE REGIME UND] :I* ,RUSSIA IS N[1 WAS VOT$ & TRANSMITT$ TO ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR4 ,AT ,MOSC[ ! RESOLUTIONS PASS$ AT ! MEET+ ( ! LAWY]S W]E WORD$ V]Y /RONGLY1 AS MAY BE SE5 FROM ! FOLL[+ *>ACT]I/IC AB/RACTS3  

 #a 7#a7 ,! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ( ,RI<T1 EXPRESS$ 9 ! ,JUDICIAL ,LAW ( ! #bND ( ,DECEMB] #a#h#f#d1 & :I* RECOGNIZE ONLY SU* A =M ( ,/ATE LIFE1 9 :I* ALL ! ACTIONS ( ALL >E SUBMITT$ TO LAW1 EQUAL = ALL1 & APPLI$ BY ! ,C\RTS ) NO REG>D TO ANY \TSIDE 9FLU5CE1 >E 9COMPATIBLE ) ! PR9CIPLES ( ! BUREAUCRATIC LAWLESSNESS :I* 5DEAVORS TO TAKE HOLD ( EV]Y MANIFE/ATION ( LIFE & TO SUBMIT IT TO ITS UNCONTROLL$ P[]4' 4 4 4 '7#d7 ,! PR9CIPLE ( RELIGI\S TOL]ANCE1 PROCLAIM$ 9 ?IS LAW1 WAS BR\<T 9TO NONEXI/5CE BY A S]IES ( BY-LAWS & CIRCUL>S1 BY MEANS ( :I* L>GE PORTIONS ( ! POPULATION W]E PLAC$ 9TO SPECIAL CATEGORIES1 & DEPRIV$ ( IMPORTANT P]SONAL1 FAMILY & PROP]TY RI<TS--& ?IS1 NOT = CRIMES ( !IRS1 & NOT 9 VIRTUE ( LEGAL S5T5CES1 BUT M]ELY = ! EXPRESSION ( ! DICTATES ( !IR CONSCI5CE1 & BY M]E ORD]S ( ! ,ADM9I/RATION4' 4 4 4 '7#g7 ,! PR9CIPLE ( AN 9DEP5D5T ,JU/ICE1 EQUAL = ALL1 HAS BE5 R$UC$ TO NAU<T BY ! ABOLITION ( ALL GU>ANTEES ( 9DEP5D5CE ' 2 & ! DECL>ATION 5UM]ATES ! MA9 BY-LAWS BY MEANS ( :I* ?IS PURPOSE WAS A*IEV$4  

 ,&1 F9ALLY1 !IR LA/ RESOLUTION EXPRESSES :AT EV]Y $UCAT$ ,RUSSIAN IS ?9K+1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME IT CONTA9S A REPLY TO ! ,CZ>'S MANIFE/O ( ,APRIL #a#i#c4 ,IT RUNS AS FOLL[S3  

 ,IT APPE>S FROM ALL ! LIFE ( ,RUSSIA = ! LA/ =TY YE>S ?AT IT IS ABSOLUTELY HOPELESS TO 5DEAVOR TO 9TRODUCE 9 \R C\NTRY ! REIGN ( ,RI<T1 SO LONG AS ! >BITR>Y RULE ( BUREAUCRACY CONT9UES TO EXI/1 EV5 ?\< ALL SORTS ( RI<TS MAY BE 9SCRIB$ 9 \R CODE4  

 ,NO?+ %ORT ( A ?OR\< RE=M 9 ! FUNDAM5TAL LAWS ( ! ,/ATE CAN SECURE ! 5DS ( JU/ICE & LAW--SU* IS ! CONCLUSION ( ! ,MOSC[ LAWY]S4  

 ,/RIK+ FACTS W]E PRODUC$ AT !SE MEET+S4 ,?US1 ! FOLL[+ FIGURES JU/ PUBLI%$ BY ,! ,MESS5G] ( ,LAW WILL ILLU/RATE ! LAWLESSNESS :I* PREVAILS UND] ,NI*OLAS ! ,SECOND 9 ALL MATT]S CONC]N+ POLITICAL (F5SES4 ,FROM #ahid TILL #a#i#a1 NOT ONE S+LE POLITICAL AFFAIR WAS BR\<T BE=E A C\RT ( JU/ICE OR AN EXAM9+ MAGI/RATE4 ,ALL 9QUE/S W]E DEALT ) BY POLICE (FIC]S OR FUNCTION>IES ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR4 ,AS TO ! NUMB]S ( SU* CASES1 !Y >E SIMPLY EXTRAVAGANT4 ,?US 9 #aic NO FEW] ?AN #aihh POLITICAL CASES1 CONC]N+ #e1#e#i P]SONS1 W]E OP5$1 9 ADDITION TO ALL ?OSE :I* W]E P5D+4 ,9 ! SAME YE>1 #a1#e#b#b 9QUE/S1 9VOLV+ #f1#d#e P]SONS1 W]E T]M9AT$4 ,\T ( ?IS NUMB] #a1#e#h#c P]SONS W]E LIB]AT$1 #de W]E S5T BE=E C\RTS-M>TIAL1 & NO FEW] ?AN #d1#h#f#g P]SONS W]E SUBMITT$ TO V>I\S P5ALTIES1 9CLUD+ IMPRISONM5T1 9FLICT$ BY ! ,ADM9I/RATION1 )\T ! 9T]F]5CE ( ANY MAGI/RATE4 ,\T ( !SE1 NO FEW] ?AN #aeb W]E S5T 9TO EXILE1 = T]MS UP TO T5 YE>S1 TO V>I\S REMOTE PROV9CES ( ,RUSSIA & ,SIB]IA6 ,NO?+ ON ?IS SCALE WAS DONE EV5 UND] ,ALEX&] ! ,?IRD1 ! CORRESPOND+ FIGURE = ! LA/ YE> ( HIS REIGN BE+ ONLY #ee 79 #a#h#i#d74  

 ,! ,JUDICIAL ,LAW ( #ahfd CONTA9$ C]TA9 GU>ANTEES AGA9/ ! >BITR>Y ACTION ( ! POLICE4 ,BUT1 AS HAS BE5 9DICAT$ DUR+ ! LA/ FEW DAYS1 ALREADY 9 #ahg & #ahge ! PRELIM9>Y 9QUE/ WAS TAK5 \T ( ! H&S ( 9DEP5D5T EXAM9+ MAGI/RATES & WAS H&$ TO ! ORD9>Y POLICE & ! ,/ATE POLICE (FIC]S4 ,NO FEW] ?AN SEV5 HUNDR$ BY-LAWS HAVE BE5 ISSU$ S9CE #ahfd = TE>+ ! ,JUDICIAL ,LAW TO PIECES--LIMIT+ ! RI<TS ( ! C\RTS1 ABOLI%+ TRIAL BY JURY 9 NUM]\S CASES1 & SO ON2 SO ?AT--TO USE ! EXPRESSION ( ! ,S>ATOV LAWY]S' MEET+@&MDA%3 'ALL ! PR9CIPLES ( ! LAW ( ,ALEX&] ! ,SECOND HAVE BE5 ANNIHILAT$4 ,?IS LAW EXI/S ONLY 9 NAME4'  

 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! EXCEPTIONAL LAWS PROMULGAT$ DUR+ ! LA/ TWO REIGNS HAVE GIV5 TO EV]Y POLICE (FIC]1 9 EV]Y PROV9CE ( ! ,EMPIRE1 ! RI<T TO >RE/ EV]Y ,RUSSIAN SUBJECT )\T W>RANT1 & TO KEEP HIM IMPRISON$ AS A SUSPECT = SEV5 DAYS-- & MU* LONG] UND] V>I\S O!R PRETEXTS--)\T 9CURR+ ANY RESPONSIBILITY4 ,MORE ?AN ?AT4 ,IT WAS 'PUBLICLY V\*$ AT ONE ( ! LAWY]S' MEET+S ?AT :5 >RE/S >E MADE 5 MASSE1 SIMPLE POLICEM5 RECEIVE 9 ADVANCE PR9T$ & SIGN$ W>RANTS ( >RE/ & SE>*+1 ON :I* !Y HAVE ONLY TO 9SCRIBE ! NAMES ( ! P]SONS :OM !Y *OOSE TO >RE/6 ,LET ME ADD ?AT ALL !SE RESOLUTIONS & COMM5TS HAVE BE5 PR9T$ 9 FULL1 9 BO? ! PROV9CIAL & ! ,MOSC[ PAP]S1 & ?AT ! FIGURES >E ?OSE ( (FICIAL REPORTS4  

 ,AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ! =TIE? ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,JUDICIAL ,LAW WAS CELEBRAT$ BY NE>LY #g P]SONS--LAWY]S1 LIT]>Y PEOPLE1 & SOON--& !IR RESOLUTIONS W]E EQUALLY \TSPOK54  

 ,! M>TYROLOGY ( ! ,JUDICIAL ,LAW .<!Y SAID.> IS A /RIK+ ILLU/RATION ( ! FACT ?AT UND] ! AUTOCRATIC & BUREAUCRATIC REGIME :I* PREVAILS 9 ,RUSSIA ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y CONDITIONS ( A REGUL> CIVIL LIFE CANNOT BE REALIZ$1 & P>TIAL RE=MS ( ! PRES5T /RUCTURE ( ! ,/ATE W\LD NOT ATTA9 !IR AIM4  

 ,! ,ASSEMBLY CONFIRM$ !RE=E ! RESOLUTIONS ( ! ,ZEM/VO REPRES5TATIVES1 ONLY WORD+ ! *IEF ONES /ILL MORE DEF9ITELY1 9 ! FOLL[+ T]MS3  

 #c4 ,?AT ALL LAWS BE MADE & TAXES E/ABLI%$ ONLY ) ! P>TICIPATION & ! CONS5T ( REPRES5TATIVES1 FREELY ELECT$ BY ALL ! NATION4  

 #d4 ,?AT ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! ,M9I/]S BE=E ! ,ASSEMBLY ( ,REPRES5TATIVES ( ! NATION %\LD BE 9TRODUC$1 9 ORD] TO GU>ANTEE ! LEGALITY ( ! ACTIONS & ! ORD]S ( ! ,ADM9I/RATION4  

 ,= ?IS PURPOSE1 & 9 VIEW ( ! EXTREMELY DIFFICULT CONDITIONS 9 :I* ! C\NTRY IS N[ 9VOLV$1 ! ,ASSEMBLY DEM&$ ! IMM$IATE CONVOCATION '( A ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 FREELY ELECT$ BY ! PEOPLE1' & 'A COMPLETE & UNCONDITIONAL AMNE/Y = ALL POLITICAL & RELIGI\S (F5SES1' AS WELL AS MEASURES GU>ANTEE+ ! FRE$OM & ! POSSIBILITY ( RESPONSIBLE ELECTIONS1 & ALSO ! 9VIOLABILITY ( ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PEOPLE4 ,?IS DECL>ATION WAS SIGN$ BY #fgc P]SONS1 & S5T TO ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR4  

 ,! ANNIV]S>Y MEET+S ( ! ,JUDICIAL ,LAW BE+ OV]1 ! AGITATION HAS ALREADY TAK5 A NEW =M4 ,IT IS ! MUNICIPALITIES1 BEG9N+ ) ,MOSC[ & ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 :I* N[ PASS ! SAME RESOLUTIONS4 ,!Y ASK = ! ABOLITION ( ! EXCEPTIONAL LAWS & = ! CONVOCATION ( A REPRES5TATIVE ,ASSEMBLY1 & !Y 9SI/ UPON HOLD+ A G5]AL ,CONF]5CE ( REPRES5TATIVES ( ALL ! ,RUSSIAN CITIES & T[NS1 :I* W\LD C]TA9LY EXPRESS ! SAME DESIRES4  

 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT ! REACTION>Y P>TY IS ALSO AT WORK1 & A MEET+ ( REACTIONI/S TOOK PLACE AT ! H\SE ( ,POB$ONO/SEV1 9 ORD] TO DISCUSS H[ TO PUT A /OP TO ! CON/ITUTIONAL MOVEM5T4 ,!Y WILL LEAVE1 ( C\RSE1 NOT A /ONE UNTURN$ TO 9FLU5CE ! ,CZ> 9 ?IS DIRECTION1 &1 TO BEG9 )1 !Y HIT UPON ! IDEA ( CONVOK+ MEET+S ( ! NOBILITY 9 DIFF]5T PROV9CES4 ,!Y EXPECT$ ?AT SU* MEET+S W\LD VOTE AGA9/ A ,CON/ITUTION4 ,BUT1 BEG9N+ ) ,MOSC[1 !Y MET ) A COMPLETE FIASCO2 ! ,MOSC[ NOBILITY ADOPT$ ! SAME RESOLUTIONS AS ! ,ZEM/VOS4 ,MORE ?AN ?AT4 ,A NEW MOVEM5T WAS SET ON FOOT1 9 ! OLD CAPITAL1 9 ! SAME DIRECTION4 ,A FEW DAYS AGO1 AT A MEET+ ( ! ,MOSC[ ,AGRICULTURAL ,SOCIETY1 ONE ( ! MEMB]S PROPOS$ A RESOLUTION DEM&+ ! ABOLITION ( ! EXCEPTIONAL /ATE-(-SIEGE LAW PROMULGAT$ 9 #a#h#h#a4 ,HE MET ) SOME OPPOSITION1 BUT AFT] BRILLIANT SPEE*ES HAD BE5 PRON\NC$ 9 SUPPORT ( ! RESOLUTION IT WAS VOT$ ) ONLY ONE DISS5TI5T4  

 ,ONE MAY EXPECT N[ ?AT MANY O!R SOCIETIES1 ECONOMIC & SCI5TIFIC1 WILL FOLL[ ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,MOSC[ AGRICULTURI/S4 ,9 ! MEANTIME ! PUBLIC LIBR>IES1 BO? MUNICIPAL & SUPPORT$ BY PRIVATE CONTRIBUTIONS1 HAVE 9AUGURAT$ A MOVEM5T = DEM&+ A RELEASE FROM ! RIGORS ( C5SOR%IP4 ,!RE IS 9 ,RUSSIA A SPECIAL C5SOR%IP = ! LIBR>IES1 & EV5 \T ( ?OSE BOOKS :I* HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$ 9 ,RUSSIA ) ! CONS5T ( ! C5SOR%IP MANY WORKS1 *IEFLY HI/ORICAL & POLITICAL1 >E NOT P]MITT$ TO BE KEPT 9 ! CIRCULAT+ LIBR>IES4 ,! ,SMOL5SK PUBLIC LIBR>Y HAS N[ PETITION$ ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR ASK+ = ! ABOLITION ( !SE RE/RICTIONS1 & ?IS PETITION IS SURE TO BE FOLL[$ BY MANY O!RS ( A SIMIL> K9D1 ! MORE SO AS SIMPLY PROHIBITIVE RE/RICTIONS >E IMPOS$ UPON ! VILLAGE LIBR>IES1 ! PUBLIC LECTURES1 &1 9 FACT1 9 ! :OLE DOMA9 ( POPUL> $UCATION4.<#c.>  

 ,IT WILL BE NOTIC$ ?AT 9 ALL ! ABOVE RESOLUTIONS ! =M TO BE GIV5 TO REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T HAS NOT YET BE5 DEF9$4 ,MU/ ,RUSSIA HAVE TWO ,H\SES OR ONE8 ,WILL %E HAVE SEV5 OR N9E ,P>LIAM5TS 7LIKE ,CANADA7 & A ,F$]AL ,S5ATE8 ,:AT EXT5SION IS TO BE GIV5 TO ! F$]ATIVE PR9CIPLE8 ,& SO ON4 ,ALL !SE MATT]S HAVE NOT YET BE5 DISCUSS$ 9 DETAIL4 ,IT IS ONLY KN[N ?AT SOME ,ZEM/VO DELEGATES1 UND] ! PRESID5CY ( ,M4 ,%IPOV1 >E DISCUSS+ !SE VITAL QUE/IONS4 ,H[EV]1 AS ! ,ZEM/VOS EXI/ 9 ?IRTY-F\R PROV9CES ONLY1 \T ( FIFTY1 ( ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA PROP]1 & !RE >E BESIDES ,F9L&1 ,POL&1 ! ,CAUCASUS1 ,SIB]IA1 ,TURKE/AN1 & ! ,/EPPE ,REGION1 NO S*EME ( REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T CAN BE WORK$ \T )\T ! CONS5T ( !SE UNITS4 ,?IS IS :Y ! IDEA ( A ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY IS GA9+ GR\ND4 ,ALL ?AT CAN BE SAID 9 ! MEANTIME IS1 ?AT ! ,JACOB9I/ IDEAS ( ! C5TRALIZ]S F9D BUT LITTLE SYMPA?Y 9 ,RUSSIA1 & ?AT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! PREVAIL+ IDEA IS ?AT ( A F$]ATION1 ) FULL HOME RULE = ITS COMPON5T P>TS1 ( :I* ,F9NI% HOME RULE MAY BE TAK5 AS A PRACTICAL ILLU/RATION4  

 ,SU* >E1 !N1 UP TO ! #a#h? ( ,DECEMB]1 ! MA9 FACTS ( ! CON/ITUTIONAL AGITATION :I* IS GO+ ON 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,& FROM ALL SIDES WE HE> ! SAME QUE/IONS3 0,IS IT REALLY ! 5D ( AUTOCRACY ?AT IS COM+8 ,IS ,RUSSIA GO+ TO PASS FROM AUTOCRACY TO REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T1 )\T A REVOLUTION SIMIL> TO ?AT ( #a<i TO #agic 9 ,FRANCE8 ,IS ! PRES5T MOVEM5T DEEP 5\< TO ATTA9 ITS GOAL8 ,&1 AGA91 >E ! ,CZ> & HIS NE>E/ ADVIS]S PREP>$ TO MAKE ! NECESS>Y CONCESSIONS1 )\T BE+ COMPELL$ TO DO SO BY POPUL> UPRIS+S & 9T]NAL COMMOTIONS80 

 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 LET IT BE WELL UND]/OOD ?AT !RE IS NO?+ UN=ESE5 9 ! DEM& ( A ,CON/ITUTION1 SO UNANIM\SLY EXPRESS$ BY ! REPRES5TATIVES ( PROV9CIAL SELF-GOV]NM5T4 ,OV] & OV] AGA91 = ! LA/ =TY YE>S1 !Y HAVE EXPRESS$ ! SAME DESIRE1 & IT IS = ! ?IRD OR F\R? TIME ?AT !Y N[ ADDRESS SIMIL> DEM&S TO ! ,EMP]OR4 ,!Y DID IT 9 #a#h#h-#a#h#h#a4 ,!Y REPEAT$ IT 9 #a#h#i#d1 AS SOON AS ,NI*OLAS ! ,SECOND CAME TO ! ?RONE1 & AGA9 9 #aib 9 CONNECTION ) ! ,COMMITTEES ON ! DEPRESSION ( AGRICULTURE4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS YE>1 :5 ! W> BROKE \T & ! ,ZEM/VOS DECID$ TO S5D !IR [N FIELD-HOSPITALS TO ! SEAT ( W> 7!SE HOSPITALS1 BY ! WAY1 >E DESCRIB$ AS ! BE/ 9 ,MAN*URIA71 REPRES5TATIVES ( ALL ! ,ZEM/VOS DEM&$ ! P]MISSION TO MEET TOGE!R1 TO AGREE UPON JO9T ACTION 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( RELIEF = ! W\ND$1 AS WELL AS = ! FAMILIES ( ! ,RES]VI/S4 ,ON BO? OCCASIONS ! AU?ORIZATION WAS REFUS$ & ! MEET+S =BIDD52 BUT ON BO? OCCASIONS ! ,ZEM/VO DELEGATES HELD SECRET CONF]5CES AT ,MOSC[ & DISCUSS$ !IR AFFAIRS 9 SPITE ( ! M5ACES ( ,PLEHVE 7,%IPOV W5T = ?AT 9TO EXILE74 ,& 9 BO? CASES !Y CONCLUD$ ?AT ! CONVOCATION ( A ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY HAD BECOME AN IMP]ATIVE NECESSITY4 ,! PRES5T MOVE IS ?US A FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( SEV]AL =M] ONES4 ,IT IS ! EXPRESSION ( A LONG-FELT NE$4  

 ,! NECESSITY ( A REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T = ,RUSSIA WAS SPOK5 ( IMM$IATELY AFT] ! DEA? ( ,NI*OLAS ! ,FIR/1 & WE >E 9=M$ BY ,PR9CE ,TATIS*EFF 7,ALEX&] ,! ,SECOND & HIS ,TIMES7 ?AT AS E>LY AS 9 #ahef ,ALEX&] ! ,SECOND HAD HAD A PLAN ( A ,CON/ITUTION WORK$ \T4 ,H[EV]1 PREC$5CE HAD TO BE GIV5 !N TO ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM & ! T]RIBLE CORPORAL PUNI%M5TS !N 9 USE 7:I* MEANT A JUDICIAL RE=M72 BESIDES1 SOME SORT ( LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T HAD FIR/ TO BE CREAT$4 ,!SE RE=MS FILL$ UP ! YE>S #a#h#e#i-#a#h#f#f4 ,BUT 9 ! MEANTIME ! ,POLI% REVOLUTION BROKE \T 79 #a#h#f#c71 & IT WAS !N BELIEV$ AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,M9I/RY ( ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS ?AT ! UPRIS+ WAS SUPPORT$ BY PROMISES ( 9T]V5TION GIV5 TO ITS LEAD]S BY ! ,WE/]N ,P[]S4  

 ,?IS REVOLUTION HAD ! WOR/ IMAG9ABLE CONSEQU5CES = ,RUSSIA4 ,IT CLOS$ ! RE=M P]IOD4 ,REACTION SET 9--! REACTION :I* HAS LA/$ UP TO ! PRES5T DAY1 & :I* HAS CO/ ,RUSSIA HECATOMBS ( H] BE/ & MO/ DEVOT$ M5 & WOM54 ,ALL S*EMES ( CON/ITUTIONAL *ANGES W]E AB&ON$1 & WE LE>N FROM ! SAME AU?OR ?AT ! REASON :I* ,ALEX&] ! ,SECOND GAVE = ?IS AB&ONM5T WAS HIS FE> = ! 9TEGRITY ( ! ,EMPIRE4 ,HE CAME TO ,MOSC[ 9 #a#h#f#e1 & !RE1 AT HIS ,ILLYNSKY ,PALACE1 HE RECEIV$ ,GOLOHVA/OV--?AT SAME ,PRESID5T ( ,NOBILITY 9 ONE ( ! DI/RICTS ( ! ,MOSC[ PROV9CE :O HAD =W>D$ TO ! ,CZ> AN ADDRESS1 9 ! NAME ( ! NOBILITY HE REPRES5T$1 DEM&+ A ,CON/ITUTION4 ,! WORDS :I* ,ALEX&] IS REPORT$ TO HAVE SAID TO ,GOLOHVA/OV DUR+ ! 9T]VIEW >E MO/ *>ACT]I/IC3 ',I GIVE Y\ MY WORD1' HE SAID1 '?AT ON ?IS SAME TABLE ,I W\LD SIGN ANY ,CON/ITUTION Y\ LIKE IF ,I W]E SURE ?AT ?IS W\LD BE = ! GOOD ( ,RUSSIA4 ,BUT ,I KN[ ?AT IF ,I DID IT TO-DAY1 TO-MORR[ ,RUSSIA W\LD GO TO PIECES4 ,& Y\ DO NOT DESIRE SU* AN ISSUE4 ,LA/ YE> Y\ Y\RSELVES .<! ,MOSC[ NOBILITY.> TOLD ME ?AT1 & Y\ W]E ! FIR/ TO SAY SO4'.<#d.> ,!RE IS NO REASON TO D\BT ! AU!NTICITY ( !SE WORDS4 ,!Y >E JU/ :AT ,ALEX&] ! ,SECOND W\LD HAVE SAID1 & :ILE HE WAS UTT]+ !M HE WAS QUITE S9C]E4 ,BUT1 AS ,I HAVE EXPLA9$ 9 MY ,MEMOIRS1 HIS WAS A V]Y COMPLICAT$ NATURE1 & :ILE ! M5ACE ( ! ,WE/]N ,P[]S1 READY TO FAVOR ! DISMEMB]M5T ( ! ,EMPIRE1 MU/ HAVE /RONGLY IMPRESS$ HIM1 ! ,AUTOCRAT ALSO SPOKE 9 HIM1 & /ILL MORE SO ! MAN :O DEM&$ ABOVE ALL TO BE TRU/$ IMPLICITLY4 ,ON ?IS LA/ PO9T HE WAS EXTREMELY S5SITIVE4  

 ,BE ?AT AS IT MAY1 ! IDEA ( GIV+ ,RUSSIA A ,CON/ITUTION WAS TEMPOR>ILY AB&ON$2 BUT IT CROPP$ UP AGA9 T5 YE>S LAT]4 ,! GREAT MOVEM5T 'T[>DS ! PEOPLE' WAS !N 9 FULL SW+4 ,! PRISONS W]E OV]FL[+ ) POLITICAL PRISON]S1 & A S]IES ( POLITICAL TRIALS1 :I* HAD TAK5 PLACE ) OP5 DOORS1 HAD PRODUC$ A DEEP IMPRESSION ON ! PUBLIC4 ,!REUPON ,ALEX&] ! ,SECOND H&$ 9 A S*EME ( A ,CON/ITUTION1 TO BE REPORT$ UPON TO ! ,PR(ESSOR ( ,CIVIL ,LAW & ! AU?OR ( A BOOK MU* SPOK5 ( ON ?IS SUBJECT--,K4 ,P4 ,POB$ONO/SEV6  

 ,:AT ! APPRECIATIONS ( ,POB$ONO/SEV W]E1 WE DO NOT KN[2 BUT1 AS HE HAS EXPRESS$ HIS VIEWS ON REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T 9 A NUMB] ( WORKS1 WE MAY BE C]TA9 ?AT HIS REPORT WAS NEGATIVE4 ,HIS IDEAL IS A ,*UR*1 AS /RONGLY ORGANIZ$ AS ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*1 P]MEAT+ ALL ! LIFE ( SOCIETY & ASSUM+1 IF NE$ BE1 A FI<T+ ATTITUDE AGA9/ ! RIVAL ,*UR*ES4 ,FRE$OM & ,P>LIAM5T>Y RULE >E ! 5EMIES ( SU* A ,*UR*2 CONSEQU5TLY1 HE CONCLUDES1 AUTOCRACY MU/ BE MA9TA9$2 & ,RUSSIA IS PR$E/9$ TO REALIZE ! HAPP9ESS ( ! PEOPLE UND] ! ROD ( ! ,*UR*4 ,! WOR/ WAS ?AT ,POB$ONO/SEV SUCCE$$ = YE>S 9 MA9TA9+ A REPUTATION = HONE/Y1 & ONLY LATELY HAS IT BECOME EVID5T ?AT1 AL?\< HE DOES NOT C>E = WEAL?1 HE *]I%ES P[] & IS MO/ UNSCRUPUL\S AS TO ! MEANS BY :I* HE MA9TA9S HIS 9FLU5CE AT ,C\RT4.<#e.>  

 ,9 #ahgf ,ALEX&] ! ,SECOND WAS ?US BESIEG$ ) D\BTS4 ,BUT !N CAME ! UPRIS+ 9 ,S]VIA1 ! ,TURKI% ,W>1 ! ,B]L9 ,TREATY1 & ONCE MORE ! 9N] RE=MS W]E PO/PON$4 ,! ,TURKI% ,W> REVEAL$1 H[EV]1 SU* DEP?S ( DISORGANIZATION 9 ! ,/ATE MA*9E ?AT1 ONCE IT WAS OV]1 ! TIME HAD APP>5TLY COME = MAK+ A S]I\S MOVE 9 ! CON/ITUTIONAL DIRECTION4 ,DISCONT5T 0WAS G5]AL10 & :5 ! TRIAL ( 0,! ,HUNDR$ & ,N9ETY-?REE0 BEGAN AT ! 5D ( #a#h#g#h1 & FULL REPORTS ( IT W]E GIV5 9 ! PAP]S1 ! SYMPA?IES ( ! $UCAT$ CLASSES W5T ALL 9 FAVOR ( ! ACCUS$1 & ALL AGA9/ !IR ACCUS]S4 ,! MOM5T WAS OPPORTUNE2 BUT ONE ( ?OSE OMNIPOT5T FUNCTION>IES :O HAD TE5 NURTUR$ 9 ! ATMOSPH]E ( ! ,W9T] ,PALACE1 ,TREP(F1 GAVE A DIFF]5T TURN TO AFFAIRS4  

 ,! HI/ORY ( ! YE>S #a#h#g#h-#a#h#h#a IS SO FRE% 9 ! MEMORIES ( ALL ?AT IT NE$ NOT BE RETOLD4 ,H[1 IMM$IATELY AFT] ! EXCITEM5T PRODUC$ AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG BY ! ABOVE TRIAL1 ,TREP(F1 ! HEAD ( ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ,POLICE1 ORD]$ ONE ( ! 'POLITICALS' TO BE FLOGG$ 9 PRISON2 H[ !REUPON ,V]A ,ZASULIT* %OT AT ,TREP(F1 & W\ND$ HIM2 H[ ,ALEX&] ! ,SECOND1 9SPIR$ BY ! ,*IEF ( ! ,/ATE ,POLICE1 ,MEZ5TS(F1 REVIS$ ! RELATIVELY MILD S5T5CES PRON\NC$ BY ! ,C\RT 9 ! TRIAL ( ',! ,HUNDR$ & ,N9ETY-?REE1' & R5D]$ !M V]Y MU* HEAVI]2 H[1 9 REPLY TO ?IS1 ,MEZ5TS(F WAS KILL$ 9 BROAD DAYLI<T2 & H[ ?IS WAS ! BEG9N+ ( A FE>FUL /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! ,GOV]NM5T & ! REVOLUTIONI/S1 :I* 5D$ 9 A :OLESALE SLAU<T] & TRANSPORTATION TO ,SIB]IA ( ! BE/ ELEM5TS ( A :OLE G5]ATION1 9CLUD+ *ILDR5 SIXTE5 YE>S OLD1 & 9 ,ALEX&] ! ,SECOND LOS+ HIS LIFE--ALL ?IS IS WELL KN[N4 ,IT IS ALSO KN[N ?AT HE WAS KILL$ ! V]Y DAY ?AT HE HAD MADE A TIMID & BELAT$ CONCESSION TO PUBLIC OP9ION BY DECID+ TO SUBMIT TO ! ,/ATE ,C\NCIL A S*EME = ! CONVOCATION ( AN ,ASSEMBLEE DES ,NOTABLES4  

 ,?IS S*EME IS (T5 DESCRIB$ AS A ,CON/ITUTION4 ,BUT ,ALEX&] ! ,SECOND HIMSELF NEV] ATTRIBUT$ TO IT ?IS MEAN+4 ,! PROPOSAL ( .<,MIKHAIL.> ,LORIS-,MELIKOV1 :I* RECEIV$ ! APPROVAL ( ! ,CZ> ON ! #a#g? ( ,FEBRU>Y 7,M>* #a71 #a#h#h#a1 CONSI/$ 9 ?IS3 ! ,M9I/RIES W]E TO BR+ TOGE!R BY ! NEXT AUTUMN ALL ! MAT]IALS :I* !Y POSSESS$ CONC]N+ ! REORGANIZATION ( ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T4 ,!N SPECIAL ,COMMITTEES1 COMPOS$ ( REPRES5TATIVES ( ! DIFF]5T ,M9I/RIES1 AS WELL AS ( P]SONS 9VIT$ BY ! ,GOV]NM5T = ?IS PURPOSE1 W\LD PREP>E S*EMES = RE=M ( ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T ')9 ! LIMITS :I* W\LD BE 9DICAT$ BY ! ,EMP]OR4' ,!SE S*EMES1 BE=E SUBMITT+ !M TO ! ,/ATE ,C\NCIL1 W\LD BE DISCUSS$ BY A G5]AL ,COMMISSION COMPOS$ AS FOLL[S3 7A7 ,P]SONS NOM9AT$ BY ! ,EMP]OR \T ( MEMB]S ( ! ABOVE ,COMMITTEES2 7B7 DELEGATES FROM ! PROV9CES 9 :I* ! ,ZEM/VOS HAVE BE5 9TRODUC$--TWO DELEGATES P] PROV9CE1 ELECT$ BY ! PROV9CIAL ,ZEM/VOS--AS ALSO DELEGATES FROM A FEW IMPORTANT CITIES2 & 7C7 MEMB]S NOM9AT$ BY ! ,GOV]NM5T TO REPRES5T ! PROV9CES :I* HAD NO ,ZEM/VO 9/ITUTIONS4 ,ONLY ! MEMB]S M5TION$ UND] 7A7 W\LD HAVE ! RI<T ( VOT+2 ! O!RS1 7B7 & 7C71 W\LD ONLY EXPRESS !IR OP9IONS1 BUT NOT VOTE4 ,! ,COMMISSION ITSELF W\LD HAVE NO LEGISLATIVE P[]2 ITS RESOLUTIONS W\LD BE SUBMITT$ TO ! ,/ATE ,C\NCIL & ! ,EMP]OR 9 ! USUAL WAY4.<#f.>  

 ,?IS MEASURE HAD TO BE MADE PUBLIC1 & ON ! #a/ 7#a#c?7 ( ,M>* ,ALEX&] ! ,SECOND APPROV$ ! DRAFT ( A MANIFE/O :I* HAD TO BE ISSU$ TO ?IS EFFECT4 ,HE ONLY DESIR$ IT TO BE READ AT A MEET+ ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,M9I/]S ON ! FOLL[+ ,W$NESDAY4 ,HE WAS KILL$1 AS IS WELL KN[N1 A FEW H\RS LAT]1 & ! NEXT ,COMMITTEE ( ,M9I/]S1 :I* TOOK PLACE ON ! #h? 7#b?7 ( ,M>*1 WAS PRESID$ OV] BY HIS SON1 ,ALEX&] ! ,?IRD4 ,! MEET+ FULLY APPROV$ ! MANIFE/O1 :I* HAD N[ ONLY TO BE PR9T$4 ,BUT ,ALEX&] ! ,?IRD HESITAT$4 ,OLD ,WILHELM ! ,FIR/ HAD ADVIS$ HIM TO YIELD2 BUT ! REACTION>Y P>TY1 HEAD$ BY ,POB$ONO/SEV & ,KATK(F1 WAS V]Y ACTIVE 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 ,KATK(F WAS CALL$ FROM ,MOSC[ TO EX]T A PRESSURE ON ! ,CZ> BY ! SIDE ( ,POB$ONO/SEV1 & ,ALEX&] WAS EASILY P]SUAD$ BY ,C\NT ,IGNATIEFF & SU* A SPECIALI/ 9 POLICE MATT]S AS ! ,PREFET ( ,P>IS1 ,M4 ,&RIEUX1 ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T C\LD EASILY BE CRU%$4 ,:IL/ ALL ?IS WAS GO+ ON ! ,LIB]AL ,M9I/]S1 :O W]E 9 FAVOR ( CON/ITUTIONAL RE=MS1 UND]TOOK NO?+ DECISIVE1 & ,ALEX&] ! ,?IRD1 :O HAD ALREADY WRITT5 TO HIS BRO!R3 ',I FEEL SO HAPPY3 ! WEI<T IS (F MY %\LD]S1 ,I AM GRANT+ A ,CON/ITUTION1' YIELD$ ! O!R WAY4 ,ON ! #b#i? ( ,APRIL 7#a#a? ( ,MAY7 HE ISSU$ HIS AUTOCRATIC MANIFE/O1 WRITT5 BY ,POB$ONO/SEV1 9 :I* HE DECL>$3 ',AMID \R AFFLICTION1 ! VOICE ( ,GOD ORD]S US TO VIGOR\SLY TAKE ! RUL+ P[] 9 \R [N H&S1 ) FAI? 9 ,PROVID5CE & TRU/ 9 ! TRU? & MI<T ( ! ,AUTOCRATIC ,P[] :I* WE >E CALL$ UPON TO RE9=CE & TO PROTECT AGA9/ ALL ATTACKS1 = ! WELF>E ( ! NATION4'  

 ,ONE ( ! FIR/ ACTS ( ?IS P]SONAL P[] WAS ! PROMULGATION ( ?AT /ATE-(-SIEGE LAW :I*1 AS WE SAW1 H&$ ALL CLASSES ( ,RUSSIA TO ! N[ OMNIPOT5T POLICE (FICIALS1 & MADE ( ,RUSSIA ONE GREAT ,/ATE PRISON4 ,?US BEGAN ?OSE GLOOMY YE>S #a#h#h#a-#a#h#i#d1 ( :I* NONE ( ?OSE :O LIV$ !M ?R\< CAN ?9K O!RWISE ?AN AS ( A NI<TM>E4  

 ,TO TELL ! TRU?1 ,ALEX&] ! ,?IRD WAS NOT EXACTLY A DESPOT 9 HIS HE>T1 AL?\< HE ACT$ LIKE ONE4 ,UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,SLAVOPHILE1 ,KON/ANT9 ,AKSAKOV1 HE HAD COME TO BELIEVE ?AT ! MISSION ( AUTOCRACY 9 ,RUSSIA IS TO GIVE A C]TA9 WELL-BE+ TO ! PEASANTS1 :I* C\LD NEV] BE ATTA9$ UND] A REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T4 ,T[>DS ! 5D ( HIS LIFE HE EV5 US$ TO SAY ?AT !RE W]E ONLY TWO ?OR\< ,SOCIALI/S1 ,H5RY ! ,F\R? & HIMSELF4 ,:AT 9DUC$ HIM TO SAY SO ,I DO NOT KN[4 ,AT ANY RATE1 :5 HE CAME TO ! ?RONE HE ADOPT$ A PROGRAM :I* WAS EXPLA9$ 9 A ,FR5* REVIEW1 9 AN >TICLE G5]ALLY ATTRIBUT$ TO ,TURGU5EFF4.<#g.> ,ITS MA9 PO9TS W]E3 A CONSID]ABLE R$UCTION ( ! R$EMPTION TAX :I* ! EX-S]FS PAID = !IR LIB]ATION2 A RADICAL *ANGE 9 ! SY/EM ( IMP]IAL TAXATION1 9CLUD+ ! ABOLITION ( ! 'POLL-TAX1' & ! EXCISE ON SALT2 MEASURES FACILITAT+ BO? ! TEMPOR>Y MIGRATIONS ( ! PEASANTS & EMIGRATION TO ! ,URALS & ,SIB]IA2 RURAL BANKS1 & SO ON4 ,MO/ ( !SE MEASURES W]E C>RI$ ?R\< DUR+ HIS REIGN2 BUT 9 RETURN ! PEASANTS W]E DEPRIV$ ( SOME ( ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y P]SONAL & CIVIL RI<TS :I* !Y HAD OBTA9$ UND] ,ALEX&] ! ,SECOND4 ,SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT 9/EAD ( ! ,JU/ICES ( ! ,PEACE1 =M]LY ELECT$ BY ALL ! POPULATION1 SPECIAL POLICE (FIC]S1 NOM9AT$ BY ! ,GOV]NORS1 W]E 9TRODUC$1 & !Y W]E 5D[$ ) ! MO/ UNLIMIT$ RI<TS OV] ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES1 & OV] EV]Y PEASANT 9DIVIDUALLY4 ,FLOGG+1 AS 9 ! TIMES ( S]FDOM1 WAS MADE ONCE MORE AN 9/RUM5T ( '$UCAT+' ! PEASANTS4 ,EV]Y RURAL POLICEMAN BECAME A GOV]NOR ( HIS VILLAGE4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! S*OOLS W]E H&$ OV] TO ,POB$ONO/SEV4 ,AS TO ! ,ZEM/VOS1 NOT ONLY W]E !Y GRADUALLY TRANS=M$ MORE & MORE 9TO M]E BO>DS ( ADM9I/RATION UND] ! LOCAL ,GOV]NOR1 BUT ! PEASANTS W]E DEPRIV$ ( ! REPRES5TATION :I* !Y HI!RTO HAD 9 ?AT 9/ITUTION4 ,! POLICE (FIC]S BECAME EV5 MORE OMNIPOT5T ?AN EV]4 ,IF A DOZ5 S*OOLMA/]S CAME TOGE!R !Y W]E TREAT$ AS CONSPIRATORS4 ,! RE=MS ( #a#h#f#a-#a#h#f#f W]E TREAT$ AS ! WORK ( RANK REVOLUTIONI/S1 & ! V]Y NAME ( ,ALEX&] ! ,SECOND BECAME SUSPECT4 ,NEV] CAN A =EIGN] REALIZE ! D>KNESS ( ! CL\D :I* HUNG OV] ,RUSSIA DUR+ ?AT UN=TUNATE REIGN4 ,IT IS ONLY ?R\< ! DEEP NOTE ( DESPAIR S\ND$ 9 ! NOVELS & SKET*ES ( .<,ANTON.> ,*EKHOV & SEV]AL ( HIS CONTEMPOR>IES-- '! M5 ( ! EI<TIES'--?AT ONE CAN GET A FA9T IDEA ( ?AT GLOOM4  

 ,H[EV]1 MAN ALWAYS HOPES1 & AS SOON AS ,NI*OLAS ! ,SECOND CAME TO ! ?RONE NEW HOPES W]E AWAK5$4 ,I HAVE SPOK5 ( !SE HOPES 9 ! PAGES ( ?IS ,REVIEW1 & %[N H[ SOON !Y FAD$ AWAY4 ,S9CE !N ,NI*OLAS ! ,SECOND HAS NOT %[N ! SLI<TE/ DESIRE TO REPAIR ANY ONE ( ! GRAVE FAULTS ( HIS FA!R1 BUT HE HAS ADD$ V]Y MANY NEW ONES4  

 ,EV]Y:]E HE & HIS ,M9I/]S HAVE BR$ DISCONT5T--9 ,F9L&1 9 ,POL&1 9 ,>M5IA 7BY PLUND]+ ! ,>M5IAN ,*UR*71 9 ,GEORGIA1 9 ! ,ZEM/VOS1 AMONG ALL ?OSE :O >E 9T]E/$ 9 $UCATION1 AMONG ! /UD5TS--9 FACT1 EV]Y:]E4 ,BUT ?AT IS NOT ALL4 ,!RE IS ONE /RIK+ FEATURE 9 ?IS REIGN4 ,ALL !SE LA/ T5 YE>S !RE HAS BE5 NO LACK ( =CES :I* 5DEAVOR$ TO 9DUCE ! RUL] ( ,RUSSIA TO ADOPT A BETT] POLICY2 & ALL ?R\< !SE T5 YE>S HE HIMSELF--SO WEAK = GOOD--F\ND ! =CE TO RESI/ !M4 ,AT ! DECISIVE MOM5T HE ALWAYS HAD 5\< 5]GY TO TURN ! SCALES 9 FAVOR ( REACTION BY ?R[+ 9 ! WEI<T ( HIS [N P]SONAL WILL4 ,EV]Y TIME HE 9T]F]$ 9 PUBLIC MATT]S--BE IT 9 ! /UD5T AFFAIRS1 9 ,F9L&1 OR :5 HE SPOKE SO 9SOL5TLY TO ! ,ZEM/VO DELEGATES ON HIS ADV5T TO ! ?RONE--EV]Y TIME HIS 9T]F]5CE WAS = BAD4  

 ,H[EV]1 ALREADY DUR+ ! GREAT /RIKES ( #a#h#i#e1 & /ILL MORE SO DUR+ ! /UD5T DI/URBANCES ( #a#h#i#g1 IT HAD BECOME APP>5T ?AT ! OLD REGIME C\LD NOT LA/ LONG4 ,NOT)/&+ ALL PROSECUTIONS1 A QUITE NEW ,RUSSIA HAD COME 9TO EXI/5CE S9CE #a#h#h#a4 ,9 ! SEV5TIES IT WAS ONLY ! Y\? :I* REVOLT$ AGA9/ ! OLD REGIME4 ,9 \R CIRCLES A MAN ( ?IRTY WAS AN OLD MAN4 ,9 #ahig M5 ( ALL AGES1 EV5 M5 LIKE ,PR9CE ,VIAZEMSKIY1 MEMB] ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,/ATE1 OR ! ,UNION ( ,WRIT]S1 & ?\S&S ( ELD]LY M5 SCATT]$ ALL OV] ! C\NTRY1 JO9$ 9 A UNANIM\S PROTE/ AGA9/ ! AUTOCRATIC BUREAUCRACY4  

 ,IT WAS !N ?AT ,WITTE BEGAN TO PREP>E ! GRADUAL PASSAGE FROM AUTOCRACY TO SOME SORT ( A CON/ITUTIONAL REGIME4 ,HIS ,COMMISSIONS ON ! ,IMPOV]I%M5T ( ,AGRICULTURE 9 ,C5TRAL ,RUSSIA W]E EVID5TLY MEANT TO SUPPLY ?AT 9T]M$IATE /EP4 ,9 EV]Y DI/RICT ( ! ?IRTY-F\R PROV9CES :I* HAVE ! ,ZEM/VO 9/ITUTIONS1 ,COMMITTEES1 COMPOS$ ( ! ,ZEM/VOS & ( LOCAL M5 9VIT$ AD HOC1 W]E ASK$ TO DISCUSS ! CAUSES ( ?IS IMPOV]I%M5T4 ,MO/ REM>KABLE ?+S W]E SAID 9 !SE ,COMMITTEES1 BY NOBLEM5 & FUNCTION>IES1 & ESPECIALLY BY SIMPLE PEASANTS--ALL COM+ TO ONE CONCLUSION3 ,RUSSIA CANNOT CONT9UE TO EXI/ UND] ! POLICE RULE :I* WAS 9AUGURAT$ 9 #a#h#h#a4 ,POLITICAL LIB]TIES & REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T HAVE BECOME A MO/ URG5T NECESSITY4 ',WE HAVE SOME?+ TO SAY AB\T \R NE$S1 & WE WILL SAY IT'--?IS WAS :AT PEASANT & L&LORD ALIKE SAID 9 !SE ,COMMISSIONS4 ,! CONVOCATION ( AN ,ASSEMBLY ( ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ALL PROV9CES ( ,RUSSIA HAD ?US BECOME UNAVOIDABLE4 ,BUT !N ,NI*OLAS ! ,SECOND1 UND] ! 9/IGATION & ) ! CONNIVANCE ( ,PLEHVE1 MADE HIS LITTLE C\P D'ETAT4 ,WITTE WAS %ELV$ 9 ! ,C\NCIL ( ,/ATE1 & ,PLEHVE BECAME AN OMNIPOT5T SATRAP4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS N[ KN[N ?AT 9 #aib ,PLEHVE HAD H&$ TO ,NI*OLAS ! ,SECOND A MEMOIR 9 :I* HE ACCUS$ ,WITTE ( PREP>+ A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA1 & ALREADY !N ! ,CZ> HAD DECID$ 9 HIS M9D TO GET RID ( ,WITTE & HIS ,COMMISSIONS4 ,?IS HE DID1 H&+ ,RUSSIA TO ?AT MAN :OM ! WOR/ REACTIONI/S DESPIS$1 EV5 ?\< !Y CALL$ UPON HIM TO BE !IR SAVIOR4  

 ,AN ORGY ( 9SOL5T POLICE OMNIPOT5CE N[ BEGAN3 ! :OLESALE DEPORTATION ( ALL DISCONT5TS2 MASSACRES ( ! ,JEWS1 ( :I* ! 9/IGATORS1 SU* AS ! ,MOLDAVIAN ,KRU%EVAN1 $ITOR ( ! ,BESS>ABETS1 W]E UND] ! P]SONAL PROTECTION ( ! ,M9I/]2 AN ORGY ( :OLESALE BRIB]Y1 G5]AL CORRUPTION1 & 9TIMIDATION4 ,& ,NI*OLAS ! ,SECOND HAD NOT ONE WORD TO SAY AGA9/ ?AT MAN6 ,ONLY N[1 :5 ,PLEHVE'S SUCCESSORS HAVE BR\<T TO ! ,CZ> ! COPIES ( ALL HIS ,MAJE/Y'S CORRESPOND5CE ) ! ,GR& ,DUKES1 :I* ,PLEHVE OP5$ & HAD C>EFULLY COPI$ = SOME UNKN[N PURPOSE-- ONLY N[ !Y GO AB\T 9 ! ,W9T] ,PALACE EXCLAIM+3 ',IT IS ,PLEHVE :O IS ! CAUSE ( ALL ?AT AGITATION6 ,IT IS HE :O HAS BR\<T UPON US ALL ?IS ODIUM6' ,AS IF ,PLEHVE WAS NOT !IR LA/ HOPE--! LA/ C>D ( AUTOCRACY6 ,TRULY HAS ! LAWY] ,KOROB*EVSKY SAID BE=E ! ,C\RT1 9 DEF5SE ( HIS CLI5T ,SAZON(F3 ',! BOMB :I* KILL$ ! LATE ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR WAS FILL$1 NOT ) DYNAMITE1 BUT ) ! BURN+ TE>S ( ! MO!RS1 SI/]S WIVES1 & DAU<T]S ( ! M5 :OM HE S5T TO ! GALL[S OR TO DIE SL[LY 9 PRISON OR 9 ,SIB]IA6'  

 ,BUT :O >E !SE NEW M5 ( ! ,ZEM/VOS--IT WILL BE ASK$-- :O COME N[ SO PROM95TLY TO ! FRONT8 ,>E !Y CAPABLE ( PLAY+ ! RESPONSIBLE P>T :I* HI/ORY SEEMS TO BE/[ UPON !M8  

 ,:5 PROV9CIAL SELF-GOV]NM5T WAS 9TRODUC$ =TY YE>S AGO !RE C]TA9LY WAS AMONG ! PROMOT]S ( ?IS RE=M SOME SORT ( IDEA LIKE ?IS3 ',LET ! L&LORDS1 ! M]*ANTS1 ! PEASANTS1 FAMILI>IZE !MSELVES1 ?R\< ! PROV9CIAL & ! DI/RICT ASSEMBLIES1 ) REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T & ! MANAGEM5T ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS4' ,?IS IS ALSO H[ ! RE=M WAS UND]/OOD ON ! SPOT1 & ?IS IS :Y ! ,ZEM/VOS ATTRACT$ AT ! \TSET SO MANY ( ! BE/ PROV9CIAL =CES4  

 ,! MODE ( COMPOSITION ( !SE ASSEMBLIES IS ORIG9AL4 ,RUSSIA1 AS IS KN[N1 IS DIVID$ 9TO PROV9CES1 & EA* PROV9CE 9TO T5 TO TWELVE DI/RICTS4 ,LEAV+ ASIDE ,POL& 7T5 PROV9CES71 ,F9L& 7:I* HAS ITS [N ,P>LIAM5T71 ,CAUCASIA & ,ASIATIC ,RUSSIA 7,SIB]IA1 ,TURKE/AN1 ! ,/EPPE ,REGION71 ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA IS DIVID$ 9TO FIFTY PROV9CES1 \T ( :I* ?IRTY-F\R HAVE N[ ! 9/ITUTION ( ! ,ZEM/VO4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT 9 !SE PROV9CES EA* DI/RICT HAS AN ASSEMBLY1 ELECT$ BY ALL ! 9HABITANTS1 = ! MANAGEM5T ( QUITE A NUMB] ( LOCAL MATT]S4 ,EA* ASSEMBLY NOM9ATES ITS [N EXECUTIVE1 & ALL ! DI/RICT ASSEMBLIES NOM9ATE A ,PROV9CIAL ,ASSEMBLY1 :I* ALSO HAS ITS EXECUTIVE1 & IS PRESID$ OV] BY ! PROV9CIAL ,PRESID5T ( ! ,NOBILITY4 ,! T[NS HAVE !IR [N MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T4 ,! DI/RICT ELECTIONS1 H[EV]1 >E MADE SEP>ATELY BY ! ?REE 'ORD]S'--! NOBILITY1 ! MIX$ L&[N]S 7M]*ANTS & PEASANT PROPRIETORS71 & ! PEASANTS BELONG+ TO ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES4 ,BESIDES1 AS ! F\NDATION ( ! ELECTORAL RI<TS IS ! VALUE ( L&$ PROP]TY [N$ BY EA* P]SON 9 ! DI/RICT1 & ! NOBILITY >E ! *IEF L&[N]S1 ! RESULT IS ?AT 9 MO/ ASSEMBLIES ! NUMB] ( PEASANT REPRES5TATIVES IS 9F]IOR TO ?OSE ( ! O!R TWO ORD]S TAK5 TOGE!R4 ,ONLY 9 C]TA9 NOR?-EA/]N PROV9CES SU* AS ,VYATKA HAVE ! PEASANTS A DOM9AT+ VOICE4 ,?IS IS1 AT LEA/1 H[ ! ,ZEM/VOS W]E CON/ITUT$ TILL #a#h#i1 :5 ! W\LD-BE ',PEASANT ,CZ>' FUR!R R$UC$ ! NUMB] ( PEASANT DELEGATES4  

 ,IT W\LD SEEM ?AT UND] SU* AN ORGANIZATION ! ,ZEM/VOS W\LD SOON BECOME M]E ADM9I/RATIVE BO>DS1 ON :I* ! C\NTRY SQUIRES W\LD F9D A NUMB] ( WELL-PAID POSITIONS4 ,SO IT WAS 9DE$ AT ! \TSET 9 SOME C5TRAL PROV9CES1 :]E ! L&LORDS ( ! OLD S*OOL HAD ! UPP] H&4 ,BUT ON ! O!R H& !RE W]E ALSO PROV9CES1 SU* AS ,TV] 7AN OLD NE/ ( ',DECEMBRI/S'71 ,VORONEZH1 ,POLTAVA1 P>TLY ,RYAZAN1 ETC41 9 :I* ! NOBILITY1 [+ TO V>I\S CIRCUM/ANCES1 TOOK ! LEAD ( ! RE=M MOVEM5T4 ,9 !SE PROV9CES1 AS ALSO 9 ! NOR?-EA/]N ONES1 9 :I* ! PEASANTS DOM9ATE1 ! ,ZEM/VOS BECAME AN ACTIVE =CE = 9TRODUC+ 9 ! VILLAGES ALL SORTS ( USEFUL 9/ITUTIONS ON A DEMOCRATIC BASIS4 ,!SE TWO SORTS ( ,ZEM/VOS BECAME ! LEAD]S ( ! O!RS4 ,?IS IS :Y1 NOT)/&+ ALL ! OB/ACLES OPPOS$ TO !M BY ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T1 ! ,ZEM/VOS1 AS A RULE1 HAVE ACCOMPLI%$ SOME?+4 ,!Y HAVE LAID ! F\NDATION ( A RATIONAL SY/EM ( POPUL> $UCATION4 ,!Y HAVE PLAC$ SANITATION 9 ! VILLAGES ON A S\ND BASIS1 & WORK$ \T ! SY/EM :I* ANSW]S BE/ ! PURPOSE ( FREE M$ICAL HELP = ! PEASANTS & ! LABOR+ CLASSES4 ,!Y ELECT$ ,JU/ICES ( ,PEACE :O W]E DECID$LY POPUL>4 ,& SOME ( ! ,ZEM/VOS >E DO+ GOOD WORK BY SPREAD+ 9 ! VILLAGES BETT] ME?ODS ( AGRICULTURE1 BY ! SUPPLY ( IMPROV$ MA*9]Y AT CO/ PRICE1 BY SPREAD+ COOP]ATIVE WORK%OPS & CREAM]IES1 BY MUTUAL 9SURANCE1 BY 9TRODUC+ S*OOL G>D5S1 & SO ON4 ,ALL ?IS1 ( C\RSE1 )9 ! N>R[ LIMITS IMPOS$ BY ! PRES5T ECONOMICAL CONDITIONS1 BUT CAPABLE1 LIKE SIMIL> BEG9N+S 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ( A CONSID]ABLE EXT5SION4  

 ,ANO!R IMPORTANT FEATURE IS ?AT ! ,ZEM/VOS DRAW 9TO !IR S]VICE A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( EXCELL5T M51 TRULY DEVOT$ TO ! PEOPLE1 :O 9 !IR TURN EX]CISE A DECID$ 9FLU5CE UPON ! :OLE ( ! ,ZEM/VO 9/ITUTION4 ,H]E IS A C\NTRY DI/RICT 9 ,NOR?-,WE/]N ,RUSSIA4 ,ITS DI/RICT ASSEMBLY CONSI/S ( TW5TY NOBLEM5 ELECT$ BY ! NOBILITY1 ONE DEPUTY FROM ! CL]GY 7NOM9AT$ BY ! ,*UR*71 ONE FUNCTION>Y ( ! ,CR[N 7:O SITS BY RI<T71 FIVE DEPUTIES ELECT$ BY ! SECOND 'ORD]' ( MIX$ L&[N]S 7M]*ANTS1 PEASANT PROPRIETORS1 ETC471 & N9E PEASANTS FROM ! ?IRD 'ORD]1' REPRES5T+ ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES4.<#h.> ,!Y DECIDE1 LET US SAY1 TO OP5 A NUMB] ( VILLAGE S*OOLS4 ,BUT ! SAL>IES ( ! TEA*]S >E L[1 ! S*OOLMA/]S' H\SES >E POOR LOG-HUTS1 & ! ASSEMBLY PEOPLE KN[ ?AT NOBODY BUT A' POPULI/1' :O LOVES ! PEOPLE & LOOKS UPON HIS WORK AS UPON HIS MISSION1 WILL COME & /AY4 ,& SO ! 'POPULI/' COMES 9 AS A TEA*]4 ,BUT IT IS ! SAME ) ! ,ZEM/VO DOCTOR1 :O IS B\ND TO ATT5D TO A NUMB] ( VILLAGES4 ,HE HAS TO P]=M AN 9CR$IBLE AM\NT ( WORK1 TRAVEL+ ALL ! YE> R\ND1 EV]Y DAY1 FROM VILLAGE TO VILLAGE1 OV] IMPASSABLE ROADS1 AMID A POV]TY :I* CONT9UALLY BR+S HIM TO DESPAIR--READ ONLY ,*EKHOV'S NOVELS6 ,&1 !RE=E1 NOBODY BUT A 'POPULI/' WILL /AY4 ,& IT IS ! SAME ) ! MIDWIFE1 ! DOCTOR'S AID1 ! AGRICULTURAL 9SPECTOR1 ! COOP]ATOR1 & SO ON4 ,& :5 SEV]AL ,ZEM/VOS UND]TOOK1 ) !IR LIMIT$ BUDGETS1 TO MAKE H\SE-TO-H\SE /ATI/ICAL 9QUE/S 9 ! VILLAGES1 :OM C\LD !Y F9D BUT DEVOT$ 'POPULI/S' TO C>RY ON ! WORK & TO BUILD UP ?AT WOND]FUL MONUM5T1 ! #de VOLUMES ( ! ,ZEM/VO 9QUE/S8 ,READ ,]TEL'S ADMIRABLE NOVEL1 ,*ANG+ ,GU>DS1 & Y\ WILL UND]/& ! =CE :I* !SE TEA*]S1 DOCTORS1 /ATI/ICIANS1 ETC41 REPRES5T 9 A PROV9CE4  

 ,! MORE ! ,ZEM/VOS DEVELOP !IR ACTIVITY1 ! MORE ?IS '?IRD ELEM5T' GR[S2 & N[ IT IS !Y--! M5 & WOM5 ON ! SPOT1 :O TOIL DUR+ ! SN[/ORM & AMID A TYPHUS-/RICK5 POPULATION--:O SPEAK = ! PEOPLE & MAKE ! ,ZEM/VO SPEAK & ACT = IT4 ,A NEW ,RUSSIA HAS GR[N 9 ?IS WAY4 ,& ?IS ,RUSSIA HATES AUTOCRACY1 & MAKES ! ,ZEM/VOS HATE IT ) A GREAT] HATR$ ?AN ANY :I* W\LD HAVE SPRUNG FROM !ORIES BORR[$ FROM ! ,WE/4 ,AT EV]Y /EP EV]Y HONE/ MAN ( ! ,ZEM/VO F9DS ! BUREAUCRACY--DI%ONE/1 IGNORANT1 & >ROGANT--/&+ 9 HIS WAY4 ,& IF !SE M5 %\T1 ',D[N ) AUTOCRACY6' IT IS BECAUSE !Y KN[ BY EXP]I5CE ?AT AUTOCRACY IS 9COMPATIBLE ) REAL PROGRESS4  

 ,!SE >E1 !N1 ! V>I\S ELEM5TS :I* >E >RAIGN$ 9 ,RUSSIA AGA9/ ! OLD 9/ITUTIONS4 ,WILL AUTOCRACY YIELD1 & MAKE SUB/ANTIAL CONCESSIONS--9 TIME1 BECAUSE TIME PLAYS AN IMM5SE P>T UND] SU* CONDITIONS8 ,?IS WE DO NOT KN[4 ,BUT ?AT !Y NEV] WILL BE ABLE ANY MORE TO /OP ! MOVEM5T1 ?IS IS C]TA94 ,IT IS SAID ?AT !Y ?9K AT ! ,W9T] ,PALACE TO PASS A FEW MEASURES 9 FAVOR ( ! PEASANTS1 BUT TO AVOID MAK+ ANY CON/ITUTIONAL CONCESSIONS4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS WILL NOT HELP4 ,ANY IMPROVEM5T 9 ! CONDITION ( ! PEASANTS WILL BE WELCOME4 ,BUT IF !Y ?9K ?AT !RE=E !Y WILL BE ABLE TO LIMIT !IR CONCESSIONS TO ! 9VITATION ( A FEW REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PROV9CES TO ! ,C\NCIL ( ,/ATE1 :]E !Y MAY TAKE P>T 9 ITS DELIB]ATIONS1 ?IS IS A GROSS MI/AKE4 ,SU* A MEASURE MI<T HAVE PACIFI$ ! M9DS 9 #a#h#h#a1 IF ,ALEX&] ! ,?IRD HAD HONE/LY FULFILL$ ! LA/ WILL ( HIS FA!R4 ,IT MI<T HAVE HAD1 P]HAPS1 SOME SLI<T EFFECT T5 YE>S AGO1 IF ,NI*OLAS ! ,SECOND HAD LI/5$ !N TO ! DEM& ( ! ,ZEM/VOS4 ,BUT N[ ?IS WILL DO NO LONG]4 ,! 5]GY ( ! =CES SET 9 MOTION IS TOO GREAT TO BE SATISFI$ ) SU* A TRIFL+ RESULT4 ,& IF !Y DO NOT MAKE CONCESSIONS V]Y SOON1 ! ,C\RT P>TY MAY EASILY LE>N ! LESSON :I* ,L\IS ,PHILIPPE LE>N$ 9 ! LA/ DAYS ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#h#d#h4 ,9 ?OSE DAYS ! SITUATION AT ,P>IS *ANG$ EV]Y TW5TY-F\R H\RS1 & !RE=E ! CONCESSIONS MADE BY ! ,M9I/RY ALWAYS CAME TOO LATE4 ,EA* TIME !Y ANSW]$ NO LONG] TO ! NEW REQUIREM5TS4  

 ,9 ALL ! REC5T DISCUSSIONS NO?+ HAS YET BE5 SAID AB\T ! T]RIBLE ECONOMICAL CONDITIONS ( ! PEASANTS & ! WORK+ M5 9 ! FACTORIES4 ,ALL ! RESOLUTIONS W]E LIMIT$ TO A DEM& ( POLITICAL RI<TS1 & ?US !Y SEEM TO IMPLY ?AT ! LEAD+ IDEA ( ! AGITATION WAS TO OBTA91 FIR/1 POLITICAL RI<TS1 & TO LEAVE ! DISCUSSION ( ! ECONOMICAL QUE/IONS TO ! FUTURE REPRES5TATIVE ,GOV]NM5T4 ,IF ?IS W]E SO1 ,I %\LD SEE 9 SU* A ONE-SID$NESS ! WEAK PO9T ( ! AGITATION4 ,H[EV]1 WE HAVE ALREADY 9 ! RESOLUTIONS ( ! COMMITTEES ON ! ,IMPOV]I%M5T ( ,C5TRAL ,RUSSIA A WIDE PROGRAM ( *ANGES1 REQUIR$ BY ! PEASANTS !MSELVES & IT W\LD BE ( ! GREATE/ IMPORTANCE TO CIRCULATE ?IS PROGRAM AT ONCE 9 ! VILLAGES4  

 ,IT IS QUITE C]TA9 ?AT EV]Y ,RUSSIAN--EV5 ! POORE/ ( ! PEASANTS--IS 9T]E/$ 9 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! SECUL> POLITICAL YOKE TO :I* ALL ,RUSSIA IS H>NESS$4 ,BUT ! DE/RUCTION ( ?AT YOKE1 IF IT HAS TO BE DONE 9 REALITY1 & NOT ON PAP] ONLY1 IS AN IMM5SE WORK1 :I* CANNOT BE ACCOMPLI%$ UNLESS ALL CLASSES ( SOCIETY1 & ESPECIALLY ! TOIL+ CLASSES1 JO9 9 IT4 ,AUTOCRACY HAS ITS \TGR[?S 9 EV]Y VILLAGE4 ,IT IS EV5 PROBABLE ?AT NO PROGRESS 9 ! OV]?R[ ( ?AT 9/ITUTION WILL BE MADE SO LONG AS ! PEASANT MASSES DO NOT BR+ !IR 9SURRECTIONS TO BE> UPON ! DECISIONS ( ! PRES5T RUL]S4 ,!Y MU/ BE TOLD1 !RE=E1 FRANKLY & OP5LY BY ! $UCAT$ CLASSES1 :AT ! 9T5TIONS ( ! LATT] >E CONC]N+ ! GREAT PROBLEM :I* IS N[ AT ?IS V]Y MOM5T FAC+ MILLIONS ( ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS3 ',H[ TO LIVE TILL ! NEXT CROP8' ,LET US HOPE1 !RE=E1 ?AT ?OSE :O HAVE />T$ ! PRES5T AGITATION ) SO MU* 5]GY WILL ALSO SEE ?AT !Y MU/ TELL ! N9ETY MILLION ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS ! IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! ECONOMICAL CONDITIONS ( ! TOIL+ MASSES :I* !Y CAN EXPECT UND] ! NEW REGIME1 9 ADDITION TO ! ACQUISITION ( POLITICAL RI<TS4  

 ,P4 ,KROPOTK94  

,F,O,O,T,N,O,T,E,S 

 .<#a.> ,! SMALLE/ SELF-ADM9I/RAT+ UNIT IS N[ ! DI/RICT 7UYEZD71 :I* EMBODIES FROM #a1 TO #b1 9HABITANTS4 ,! NEXT UNIT BEL[ IT1 ! CANTON 7VOLO/71 HAS ALSO A SELF-ADM9I/RATION1 BUT ONLY = ! PEASANTS4 ,! ,ZEM/VO RESOLUTION ASKS = A SELF-GOV]N$ CANTON1 COMPOS$ ( ALL ! 9HABITANTS1 :ILE ! PEASANT SELF-GOV]NM5T W\LD BE LIMIT$ TO ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY4 ,IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT ALL ! PEASANT SELF-GOV]NM5T1 9TRODUC$ 9 #a#h#f#a1 HAD BE5 5TIRELY WRECK$ UND] ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I4 BY ! 9TRODUCTION ( SPECIAL 'L&-*IEFS1' NOM9AT$ BY ! ,GOV]NOR ( ! ,PROV9CE1 & 5D[$ ) UNLIMIT$ RI<TS4  

 .<#b.> ,! ,MEMOIRS ( ,PR9CE ,MES*]SKY CONTA9 EXTREMELY 9/RUCTIVE DATA 9 ?IS RESPECT4  

 .<#c.> ,H]E IS ! RESOLUTION PASS$ ON ! #i? ( ,DECEMB] BY ! ,ZADNEPROVSK PUBLIC LIBR>Y AT ,SMOL5SK1 & PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN PAP]S3-- ',AFT] HAV+ HE>D ! /ATEM5T ( ! COMMITTEE CONC]N+ ! DIFFICULTIES /&+ 9 ITS WAY ! MEET+ DECID$ TO ASK FROM ! ,M9I/] ( ,9T]IOR3 7#a7 ,! ABOLITION ( ! BYLAWS ACCORD+ TO :I* ! ADM9I/RATION & ! HELP]S ( ! LIBR>Y HAVE TO RECEIVE ! 9VE/ITURE ( ! ,GOV]NM5T2 7#b7 ?AT ALL BOOKS ALL[$ TO CIRCULATE 9 ,RUSSIA BE ALL[$ TO BE KEPT 9 ! LIBR>Y2 7#c7 ! ABOLITION ( C5SOR%IP2 7#d7 TO P]MIT $UCATIONAL SOCIETIES TO BE OP5$ AFT] A M]E NOTIFICATION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! MEET+ HAS 5TRU/$ ITS COMMITTEE TO 9=M ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR ( ITS DEEP CONVICTION ?AT ! SPREAD+ ( $UCATION 9 ! C\NTRY IS QUITE IMPOSSIBLE )\T ! RI<TS & ! DIGNITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 & ! LIB]TY ( CONSCI5CE1 SPEE*1 ! ,PRESS1 ! ASSOCIATIONS & MEET+S BE+ GU>ANTE$4'  

 .<#d.> ,!Y HAD ASK$ 9DE$ ?AT ! 9TEGRITY ( ! ,EMPIRE %\LD BE MA9TA9$1 & ?AT ,POL& %\LD NOT BE SEP>AT$ FROM ,RUSSIA4  

 .<#e.> ,SEE1 = 9/ANCE1 HIS >TICLE 9 ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ,REVIEW1 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#a1 9 :I* HE ?REW ! RESPONSIBILITY = ! LAW 9 VIRTUE ( :I* /UD5TS1 = UNIV]SITY DI/URBANCES1 W]E M>*$ AS PRIVATE SOLDI]S TO ,PORT ,>?UR--A LAW ( :I*1 WE N[ KN[1 HE HIMSELF WAS ! PROMOT]1 & :I* L$ TO SU* S]I\S DI/URBANCES--UPON ! ,M9I/] ( ,PUBLIC ,9/RUCTION1 ALREADY KILL$ BY A /UD5T1 & ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR1 :O WAS KILL$ SOON AFT] ?AT BY ,BALMA%OV4  

 .<#f.> ,AFT] ! ,C\NCIL HAS VOT$1 ! ,EMP]OR DECIDES HIMSELF :E!R HE ACCEPTS ! OP9ION ( ! MAJORITY OR ?AT ( ! M9ORITY4 ,?IS OP9ION BECOMES ! LAW4  

 .<#g.> ,SEE ,/EPNIAK'S 0,K+ ,/ORK & ,K+ ,LOG3 A ,/UDY ( ,MOD]N ,RUSSIA40 #b VOLS4 ,LONDON 7,D[NEY @& ,CO471 #a#h#i#f1 PP4 #bb 0SEQ40  

 .<#h.> ,TAK+ A DI/RICT ( ,NOR?-,EA/]N ,RUSSIA :]E1 [+ TO ! SMALL NUMB] ( NOBLES1 ! FIR/ TWO 'ORD]S' VOTE TOGE!R1 WE HAVE ?REE FUNCTION>IES ( ! ,CR[N SITT+ BY RI<T1 TWELVE MEMB]S ELECT$ BY ! FIR/ TWO ORD]S 7?REE NOBLES1 ! REMA9D] >E M]*ANTS1 ETC471 & SEV5 PEASANTS REPRES5T+ ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES4  

7,S\RCE3 0,! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,AGITATION 9 ,RUSSIA40 ,! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY1 ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#e47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,DECEMB] #c#a1 #aid 3 ,! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,AGITATION 9 ,RUSSIA -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#c1 #bag 3 ,! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,AGITATION 9 ,RUSSIA -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,AGITATION 9 ,RUSSIA -- ,UPDAT$4 

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