,! ,CONT9U+ ,APPEAL ( ,NATIONALISM 

#aihd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,FR$Y ,P]LMAN 

,TEXT 3 

,NATIONALISM WAS PROCLAIM$ DEAD SEV]AL TIMES DUR+ ! PRES5T C5TURY3 

! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 :5 ! LA/ EMPIRES ( ,EUROPE1 ! ,AU/RIAN & ! ,TURKI%1 W]E BROK5 UP 9TO SELF-DET]M9$ NATIONS1 & NO DEPRIV$ NATIONALI/S REMA9$1 EXCEPT ! ,ZIONI/S2 

AFT] ! ,BOL%EVIK C\P D'ETAT1 :5 IT WAS SAID ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE'S /RUGGLES = SELF-DET]M9ATION W]E H5CE=? SUP]S$$ BY /RUGGLES ( WORK+M51 :O HAD NO C\NTRY2 

AFT] ! MILIT>Y DEFEAT ( ,FASCI/ ,ITALY & ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,G]MANY1 :5 ! G5OCIDAL COROLL>IES ( NATIONALISM HAD BE5 EXHIBIT$ = ALL TO SEE1 :5 IT WAS ?\<T ?AT NATIONALISM AS CRE$ & AS PRACTICE WAS P]MAN5TLY DISCR$IT$4 

,YET =TY YE>S AFT] ! MILIT>Y DEFEAT ( ,FASCI/S & ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/S1 WE CAN SEE ?AT NATIONALISM DID NOT ONLY SURVIVE BUT WAS BORN AGA91 UND]W5T A REVIVAL4 ,NATIONALISM HAS BE5 REVIV$ NOT ONLY BY ! SO-CALL$ RI<T1 BUT ALSO & PRIM>ILY BY ! SO-CALL$ LEFT4 ,AFT] ! NATIONAL SOCIALI/ W>1 NATIONALISM CEAS$ TO BE CONF9$ TO CONS]VATIVES1 BECAME ! CRE$ & PRACTICE ( REVOLUTION>IES1 & PROV$ ITSELF TO BE ! ONLY REVOLUTION>Y CRE$ ?AT ACTUALLY WORK$4 

,LEFTI/ OR REVOLUTION>Y NATIONALI/S 9SI/ ?AT !IR NATIONALISM HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! NATIONALISM ( FASCI/S & NATIONAL SOCIALI/S1 ?AT !IRS IS A NATIONALISM ( ! OPPRESS$1 ?AT IT (F]S P]SONAL AS WELL AS CULTURAL LIB]ATION4  ,! CLAIMS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y NATIONALI/S HAVE BE5 BROADCA/ TO ! WORLD BY ! TWO OLDE/ CONT9U+ HI]>*IC 9/ITUTIONS SURVIV+ 9TO \R TIMES3 ! ,*9ESE ,/ATE &1 MORE REC5TLY1 ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*4 ,CURR5TLY NATIONALISM IS BE+ T\T$ AS A /RATEGY1 SCI5CE & !OLOGY ( LIB]ATION1 AS A FULFILLM5T ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T'S DICTUM ?AT KN[L$GE IS P[]1 AS A PROV5 ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION 0,:AT ,IS TO BE ,DONE80 

,TO *ALL5GE !SE CLAIMS1 & TO SEE !M 9 A CONTEXT1 ,I HAVE TO ASK :AT NATIONALISM IS -- NOT ONLY ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y NATIONALISM BUT ALSO ! OLD CONS]VATIVE ONE4 ,I CANNOT />T BY DEF9+ ! T]M1 BECAUSE NATIONALISM IS NOT A WORD ) A /ATIC DEF9ITION3 IT IS A T]M ?AT COV]S A SEQU5CE ( DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES4 ,I'LL />T BY GIV+ A BRIEF SKET* ( SOME ( ?OSE EXP]I5CES4 

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,ACCORD+ TO A COMMON 7& MANIPULABLE7 MISCONCEPTION1 IMP]IALISM IS RELATIVELY REC5T1 CONSI/S ( ! COLONIZATION ( ! 5TIRE WORLD1 & IS ! LA/ /AGE ( CAPITALISM4 ,?IS DIAGNOSIS PO9TS TO A SPECIFIC CURE3 NATIONALISM IS (F]$ AS ! ANTIDOTE TO IMP]IALISM3 W>S ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION >E SAID TO BREAK UP ! CAPITALI/ EMPIRE4 

,?IS DIAGNOSIS S]VES A PURPOSE1 BUT IT DOES NOT DESCRIBE ANY EV5T OR SITUATION4 ,WE COME CLOS] TO ! TRU? :5 WE /& ?IS CONCEPTION ON ITS HEAD & SAY ?AT IMP]IALISM WAS ! FIR/ /AGE ( CAPITALISM1 ?AT ! WORLD WAS SUBSEQU5TLY COLONIZ$ BY NATION-/ATES1 & ?AT NATIONALISM IS ! DOM9ANT1 ! CURR5T1 & 7HOPEFULLY7 ! LA/ /AGE ( CAPITALISM4 ,! FACTS ( ! CASE W]E NOT DISCOV]$ YE/]DAY2 !Y >E AS FAMILI> AS ! MISCONCEPTION ?AT D5IES !M4 

,IT HAS BE5 CONV5I5T1 = V>I\S GOOD REASONS1 TO =GET ?AT1 UNTIL REC5T C5TURIES1 ! DOM9ANT P[]S ( ,EURASIA W]E NOT NATION-/ATES BUT EMPIRES4 ,A ,CELE/IAL ,EMPIRE RUL$ BY ! ,M+ DYNA/Y1 AN ,ISLAMIC ,EMPIRE RUL$ BY ! ,OTTOMAN DYNA/Y1 & A ,CA?OLIC ,EMPIRE RUL$ BY ! ,HAPSBURG DYNA/Y VI$ ) EA* O!R = POSSESSION ( ! KN[N WORLD4 ,( ! ?REE1 ! ,CA?OLICS W]E NOT ! FIR/ IMP]IALI/S BUT ! LA/4 ,! ,CELE/IAL ,EMPIRE ( ! ,M+S RUL$ OV] MO/ ( EA/]N ,ASIA & HAD DISPAT*$ VA/ COMM]CIAL FLEETS OV]SEAS A C5TURY BE=E SEA-BORNE ,CA?OLICS 9VAD$ ,MEXICO4 

,! CELEBRANTS ( ! ,CA?OLIC FEAT =GET ?AT1 BETWE5 #adb & #a#d#c1 ,*9ESE IMP]IAL BUREAUCRAT ,*5G ,HO COMM&$ NAVAL EXP$ITIONS ( #g1 M5 & SAIL$1 NOT ONLY TO NE>BY ,MALAYA1 ,9DONESIA & ,CEYLON1 BUT AS F> FROM HOME PORTS AS ! ,P]SIAN ,GULF1 ! ,R$ ,SEA & ,AFRICA4 ,! CELEBRANTS ( ,CA?OLIC CONQUI/ADORES ALSO BELITTLE ! IMP]IAL FEATS ( ! ,OTTOMANS1 :O CONQU]$ ALL BUT ! WE/]NMO/ PROV9CES ( ! =M] ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 RUL$ OV] ,NOR? ,AFRICA1 ,>ABIA1 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & HALF ( ,EUROPE1 CONTROLL$ ! ,M$IT]RANEAN & HAMM]$ ON ! GATES ( ,VI5NA4 ,! IMP]IAL ,CA?OLICS SET \T WE/W>D1 BEYOND ! B\ND>IES ( ! KN[N WORLD1 9 ORD] TO ESCAPE FROM 5CIRCLEM5T4 

,NEV]!LESS1 IT WAS ! IMP]IAL ,CA?OLICS :O 0DISCOV]$ ,AM]ICA10 & !IR G5OCIDAL DE/RUCTION & PLUND] ( !IR 'DISCOV]Y' *ANG$ ! BALANCE ( =CES AMONG ,EURASIA'S EMPIRES4 

,W\LD IMP]IAL ,*9ESE OR ,TURKS HAVE BE5 LESS LE?AL HAD !Y 0DISCOV]$ ,AM]ICA08 ,ALL ?REE EMPIRES REG>D$ ALI5S AS LESS ?AN HUMAN & !RE=E AS LEGITIMATE PREY4 ,! ,*9ESE CONSID]$ O!RS B>B>IANS2 ! ,MUSLIMS & ,CA?OLICS CONSID]$ O!RS UNBELIEV]S4 ,! T]M UNBELIEV] IS NOT AS BRUTAL AS ! T]M B>B>IAN1 S9CE AN UNBELIEV] CEASES TO BE LEGITIMATE PREY & BECOMES A FULL-FL$G$ HUMAN BE+ BY ! SIMPLE ACT ( CONV]T+ TO ! TRUE FAI?1 :]EAS A B>B>IAN REMA9S PREY UNTIL %E OR 
HE IS MADE OV] BY ! CIVILIZ]4 

,! T]M UNBELIEV]1 & ! MORALITY BEH9D IT1 CONFLICT$ ) ! PRACTICE ( ! ,CA?OLIC 9VAD]S4 ,! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 PR(ESSIONS & ACTS WAS SPOTT$ BY A V]Y E>LY CRITIC1 A PRIE/ CALL$ ,LAS ,CASAS1 :O NOT$ ?AT ! CONV]SION C]EMONIES W]E PRETEXTS = SEP>AT+ & EXT]M9AT+ ! UNCONV]T$1 & ?AT ! CONV]TS !MSELVES W]E NOT TREAT$ AS FELL[ ,CA?OLICS BUT AS SLAVES4 

,! CRITIQUES ( ,LAS ,CASAS DID LITTLE MORE ?AN EMB>RASS ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* & ,EMP]OR4 ,LAWS W]E PASS$ & 9VE/IGATORS W]E DISPAT*$1 BUT TO LITTLE EFFECT1 BECAUSE ! TWO AIMS ( ! ,CA?OLIC EXP$ITIONS1 CONV]SION & PLUND]1 W]E CONTRADICTORY4  ,MO/ *UR*M5 RECONCIL$ !MSELVES TO SAV+ ! GOLD & DAMN+ ! S\LS4 ,! ,CA?OLIC ,EMP]OR 9CREAS+LY DEP5D$ ON ! PLUND]$ WEAL? TO PAY = ! IMP]IAL H\SEHOLD1 >MY1 & = ! FLEETS ?AT C>RI$ ! PLUND]4 

,PLUND] CONT9U$ TO TAKE PREC$5CE OV] CONV]SION1 BUT ! ,CA?OLICS CONT9U$ TO BE EMB>RASS$4 ,!IR IDEOLOGY WAS NOT ALTOGE!R SUIT$ TO !IR PRACTICE4 ,! ,CA?OLICS MADE MU* ( !IR CONQUE/S ( ,AZTECS & ,9CAS1 :OM !Y DESCRIB$ AS EMPIRES ) 9/ITUTIONS SIMIL> TO ?OSE ( ! ,HAPSBURG ,EMPIRE & ! RELIGI\S PRACTICES AS DEMONIC AS ?OSE ( ! (FICIAL 5EMY1 ! HEA!N EMPIRE ( ! ,OTTOMAN ,TURKS4 ,BUT ! ,CA?OLICS DID NOT MAKE MU* ( ! W>S ( EXT]M9ATION AGA9/ COMMUNITIES ?AT HAD NEI!R EMP]ORS NOR /&+ >MIES4 ,SU* FEATS1 AL?\< P]PETRAT$ REGUL>LY1 CONFLICT$ ) ! IDEOLOGY & W]E LESS ?AN H]OIC4 

,! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! ADV5TUR]S' PR(ESSIONS & !IR ACTS WAS NOT RESOLV$ BY ! IMP]IAL ,CA?OLICS4 ,IT WAS RESOLV$ BY H>B+]S ( A NEW SOCIAL =M1 ! NATION-/ATE4 ,TWO H>B+]S APPE>$ DUR+ ! SAME YE>1 #a#e#f#a1 :5 ONE ( ! ,EMP]OR'S OV]SEAS ADV5TURES PROCLAIM$ HIS 9DEP5D5CE FROM ! EMPIRE1 & SEV]AL ( ! ,EMP]OR'S BANK]S & PROVISION]S LAUN*$ A W> ( 9DEP5D5CE4 

,! OV]SEAS ADV5TUR]1 ,LOPE DE ,AGUIRRE1 FAIL$ TO MOBILIZE SUPPORT & WAS EXECUT$4 

,! ,EMP]OR'S BANK]S & PROVISION]S MOBILIZ$ ! 9HABITANTS ( SEV]AL IMP]IAL PROV9CES & SUCCE$$ 9 SEV]+ ! PROV9CES FROM ! EMPIRE 7PROV9CES :I* W]E LAT] CALL$ ,HOLL&74 

,!SE TWO EV5TS W]E NOT YET /RUGGLES ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION4  ,!Y W]E H>B+]S ( ?+S TO COME4 ,!Y W]E ALSO REM9D]S ( ?+S PA/4 ,9 ! BYGONE ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 ,PRETORIAN GU>DS HAD BE5 5GAG$ TO PROTECT ! ,EMP]OR2 ! GU>DS HAD ASSUM$ EV] MORE ( ! ,EMP]OR'S FUNCTIONS & HAD EV5TUALLY WIELD$ ! IMP]IAL P[] 9/EAD ( ! ,EMP]OR4 ,9 ! ,>ABIC ,ISLAMIC ,EMPIRE1 ! ,CALIPH HAD 5GAG$ ,TURKI% BODYGU>DS TO PROTECT HIS P]SON2 ! ,TURKI% GU>DS1 LIKE ! E>LI] ,PRETORIANS1 HAD ASSUM$ EV] MORE ( ! ,CALIPH'S FUNCTIONS & HAD EV5TUALLY TAK5 OV] ! IMP]IAL PALACE AS WELL AS ! IMP]IAL (FICE4 

,LOPE DE ,AGUIRRE & ! ,DUT* GR&EES W]E NOT ! ,HAPSBURG MON>*'S BODYGU>DS1 BUT ! ,&EAN COLONIAL ADV5TUR] & ! ,DUT* COMM]CIAL & F9ANCIAL H\SES DID WIELD IMPORTANT IMP]IAL FUNCTIONS4 ,!SE REBELS1 LIKE ! E>LI] ,ROMAN & ,TURKI% GU>DS1 WANT$ TO FREE !MSELVES ( ! SPIRITUAL 9DIGNITY & MAT]IAL BURD5 ( S]V+ ! ,EMP]OR2 !Y ALREADY WIELD$ ! ,EMP]OR'S P[]S2 ! ,EMP]OR WAS NO?+ MORE TO !M ?AN A P>ASITE4 

,COLONIAL ADV5TUR] ,AGUIRRE WAS APP>5TLY 9EPT AS A REBEL2 HIS TIME HAD NOT YET COME4 

,! ,DUT* GR&EES W]E NOT 9EPT1 & !IR TIME HAD COME4 ,!Y DID NOT OV]?R[ ! EMPIRE2 !Y RATIONALIZ$ IT4 ,! ,DUT* COMM]CIAL & F9ANCIAL H\SES ALREADY POSSESS$ MU* ( ! ,NEW ,WORLD'S WEAL?2 !Y HAD RECEIV$ IT AS PAYM5T = PROVISION+ ! ,EMP]OR'S FLEETS1 >MIES & H\SEHOLD4 ,!Y N[ SET \T TO PLUND] COLONIES 9 !IR [N NAME & = !IR [N B5EFIT1 UN%ACKL$ BY A P>ASITIC OV]LORD4 ,& S9CE !Y W]E NOT ,CA?OLICS BUT ,CALV9I/ ,PROTE/ANTS1 !Y W]E NOT EMB>RASS$ BY ANY CONTRADICTION BETWE5 PR(ESSIONS & ACTS4 ,!Y MADE NO PR(ESSION ( SAV+ S\LS4 ,!IR ,CALV9ISM TOLD !M ?AT AN 9SCRUTABLE ,GOD HAD SAV$ OR DAMN$ ALL S\LS AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,TIME & NO ,DUT* PRIE/ C\LD ALT] ,GOD'S PLAN4 

,! ,DUT* W]E NOT CRUSAD]S2 !Y CONF9$ !MSELVES TO UNH]OIC1 HUMORLESS1 & BUS9ESSLIKE PLUND]1 CALCULAT$ & REGUL>IZ$2 ! PLUND]+ FLEETS DEP>T$ & RETURN$ ON S*$ULE4 ,! FACT ?AT ! PLUND]$ ALI5S W]E UNBELIEV]S BECAME LESS IMPORTANT ?AN ! FACT ?AT !Y W]E NOT ,DUT*M54 

,WE/ ,EURASIAN =]UNN]S ( NATIONALISM CO9$ ! T]M SAVAGES4  ,?IS T]M WAS A SYNONYM = ! EA/ ,EURASIAN ,CELE/IAL ,EMPIRE'S T]M B>B>IANS4 ,BO? T]MS DESIGNAT$ HUMAN BE+S AS LEGITIMATE PREY4 

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,DUR+ ! FOLL[+ TWO C5TURIES1 ! 9VASIONS1 SUBJUGATIONS & EXPROPRIATIONS 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,HAPSBURGS W]E IMITAT$ BY O!R ,EUROPEAN ROYAL H\SES4 

,SE5 ?R\< ! L5SES ( NATIONALI/ HI/ORIANS1 ! 9ITIAL COLONIZ]S AS WELL AS !IR LAT] IMITATORS LOOK LIKE NATIONS3 ,SPA91 ,HOLL&1 ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE4 ,BUT SE5 FROM A VANTAGE PO9T 9 ! PA/1 ! COLONIZ+ P[]S >E ,HAPSBURGS1 ,TUDORS1 ,/U>TS1 ,B\RBONS1 ,ORANGES -- NAMELY DYNA/IES ID5TICAL TO ! DYNA/IC FAMILIES ?AT HAD BE5 FEUD+ = WEAL? & P[] EV] S9CE ! FALL ( ! WE/]N ,ROMAN EMPIRE4 ,! 9VAD]S CAN BE SE5 FROM BO? VANTAGE PO9TS BECAUSE A TRANSITION WAS TAK+ PLACE4 ,! 5TITIES W]E NO LONG] M]E FEUDAL E/ATES1 BUT !Y W]E NOT YET FULL-FL$G$ NATIONS2 !Y ALREADY POSSESS$ SOME1 BUT NOT YET ALL1 ! ATTRIBUTES ( A NATION-/ATE4 ,! MO/ NOTABLE MISS+ ELEM5T WAS ! NATIONAL >MY4 ,TUDORS & ,B\RBONS ALREADY MANIPULAT$ ! ,5GLI%NESS OR ,FR5*NESS ( !IR SUBJECTS1 ESPECIALLY DUR+ W>S AGA9/ ANO!R MON>*'S SUBJECTS4 ,BUT NEI!R ,SCOTS & ,IRI%M51 NOR ,CORSICANS & ,PROV5CALS1 W]E RECRUIT$ TO FI<T & DIE = 0! LOVE ( !IR C\NTRY40 ,W> WAS AN ON]\S FEUDAL BURD51 A CORVEE2 ! ONLY PATRIOTS W]E PATRIOTS ( ,EL ,DORADO4 

,! T5ETS ( :AT WAS GO+ TO BECOME ! NATIONALI/ CRE$ DID NOT APPEAL TO ! RUL+ DYNA/S1 :O CLUNG TO !IR [N TRI$ & TE/$ T5ETS4 ,! NEW T5ETS APPEAL$ TO ! DYNA/'S HI<] S]VANTS1 HIS MONEY-L5D]S1 SPICE-V5DORS1 MILIT>Y SUPPLI]S & COLONY-PLUND]]S4 ,!SE PEOPLE1 LIKE ,LOPE DE ,AGUIRRE & ! ,DUT* GR&EES1 LIKE E>LI] ,ROMAN & ,TURKI% GU>DS1 WIELD$ KEY FUNCTIONS YET REMA9$ S]VANTS4 ,MANY IF NOT MO/ ( !M BURN$ TO %AKE (F ! 9DIGNITY & ! BURD51 TO RID !MSELVES ( ! P>ASITIC OV]LORD1 TO C>RY ON ! EXPLOITATION ( C\NTRYM5 & ! PLUND] ( COLONIALS 9 !IR [N NAME & = !IR [N B5EFIT4 

,LAT] KN[N AS ! B\RGEOISIE OR ! MIDDLE CLASS1 !SE PEOPLE HAD BECOME RI* & P[]FUL S9CE ! DAYS ( ! FIR/ WE/W>D-B\ND FLEETS4 ,A PORTION ( !IR WEAL? HAD COME FROM ! PLUND]$ COLONIES1 AS PAYM5T = ! S]VICES !Y HAD SOLD TO ! ,EMP]OR2 ?IS SUM ( WEAL? W\LD LAT] BE CALL$ A PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,ANO!R PORTION ( !IR WEAL? HAD COME FROM ! PLUND] ( !IR [N LOCAL C\NTRYM5 & NEI<BORS BY A ME?OD LAT] KN[N AS CAPITALISM2 ! ME?OD WAS NOT ALTOGE!R NEW1 BUT IT BECAME V]Y WIDESPREAD AFT] ! MIDDLE CLASSES GOT !IR H&S ON ! ,NEW ,WORLD'S SILV] & GOLD4 

,!SE MIDDLE CLASSES WIELD$ IMPORTANT P[]S1 BUT !Y W]E NOT YET EXP]I5C$ 9 WIELD+ ! C5TRAL POLITICAL P[]4 ,9 ,5GL& !Y OV]?REW A MON>* & PROCLAIM$ A COMMONWEAL? BUT1 FE>+ ?AT ! POPUL> 5]GIES !Y HAD MOBILIZ$ AGA9/ ! UPP] CLASS C\LD TURN AGA9/ ! MIDDLE CLASS1 !Y SOON RE/OR$ ANO!R MON>* ( ! SAME DYNA/IC H\SE4 

,NATIONALISM DID NOT REALLY COME 9TO ITS [N UNTIL ! LATE #a#gS :5 TWO EXPLOSIONS1 ?IRTE5 YE>S AP>T1 REV]S$ ! RELATIVE /&+ ( ! TWO UPP] CLASSES & P]MAN5TLY *ANG$ ! POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY ( ! GLOBE4 ,9 #a#g#g#f1 COLONIAL M]*ANTS & ADV5TUR]S RE5ACT$ ,AGUIRRE'S FEAT ( PROCLAIM+ !IR 9DEP5D5CE FROM ! RUL+ OV]SEAS DYNA/1 \TDID !IR PR$ECESSOR BY MOBILIZ+ !IR FELL[-SETTL]S1 & SUCCE$$ 9 SEV]+ !MSELVES FROM ! ,HANOV]IAN ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE4 ,& 9 #a#g#h#i1 5LI<T5$ M]*ANTS & SCRIBES \TDID !IR ,DUT* =]UNN]S BY MOBILIZ+1 NOT A FEW \TLY+ PROV9CES1 BUT ! 5TIRE SUBJECT POPULATION1 BY OV]?R[+ & SLAY+ ! RUL+ ,B\RBON MON>*1 & BY REMAK+ ALL FEUDAL BONDS 9TO NATIONAL BONDS4 ,!SE TWO EV5TS M>K$ ! 5D ( AN ]A4 ,H5CE=? EV5 ! SURVIV+ DYNA/S HA/ILY OR GRADUALLY BECAME NATIONALI/S1 & ! REMA9+ ROYAL E/ATES TOOK ON EV] MORE ( ! ATTRIBUTES ( NATION-/ATES4 

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,! TWO EI<TE5? C5TURY REVOLUTIONS W]E V]Y DIFF]5T1 & !Y CONTRIBUT$ DIFF]5T & EV5 CONFLICT+ ELEM5TS TO ! CRE$ & PRACTICE ( NATIONALISM4 ,I DO NOT 9T5D TO ANALYZE !SE EV5TS H]E1 BUT ONLY TO REM9D ! READ] ( SOME ( ! ELEM5TS4 

,BO? REBELLIONS SUCCESSFULLY BROKE ! BONDS ( FEALTY TO A MON>*IC H\SE1 & BO? 5D$ ) ! E/ABLI%M5T ( CAPITALI/ NATION-/ATES1 BUT BETWE5 ! FIR/ ACT & ! LA/ !Y HAD LITTLE 9 COMMON4 ,! MA9 ANIMATORS ( BO? REVOLTS W]E FAMILI> ) ! RATIONALI/IC DOCTR9ES ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 BUT ! SELF-/YL$ ,AM]ICANS CONF9$ !MSELVES TO POLITICAL PROBLEMS1 L>GELY TO ! PROBLEM ( E/ABLI%+ A /ATE MA*9]Y ?AT C\LD TAKE UP :]E ,K+ ,GEORGE LEFT (F4 ,MANY ( ! ,FR5* W5T MU* FUR!R2 !Y POS$ ! PROBLEM ( RE/RUCTUR+ NOT ONLY ! /ATE BUT ALL ( SOCIETY2 !Y *ALL5G$ NOT ONLY ! BOND ( SUBJECT TO MON>*1 BUT ALSO ! BOND ( SLAVE TO MA/]1 A BOND ?AT REMA9$ SACR$ TO ! ,AM]ICANS4 ,BO? GR\PS W]E UND\BT$LY FAMILI> ) ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU'S OBS]VATION ?AT HUMAN BE+S W]E BORN FREE1 YET EV]Y:]E W]E B\ND 9 *A9S1 BUT ! ,FR5* UND]/OOD ! *A9S MORE PR(\NDLY & MADE A GREAT] EF=T TO BREAK !M4 

,AS 9FLU5C$ BY RATIONALI/IC DOCTR9ES AS ,R\SSEAU HIMSELF HAD BE51 ,FR5* REVOLUTION>IES TRI$ TO APPLY SOCIAL REASON TO ! HUMAN 5VIRONM5T 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT NATURAL REASON1 OR SCI5CE1 WAS />T+ TO BE APPLI$ TO ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,R\SSEAU HAD WORK$ AT HIS DESK2 HE HAD TRI$ TO E/ABLI% SOCIAL JU/ICE ON PAP]1 BY 5TRU/+ HUMAN AFFAIRS TO AN 5TITY ?AT EMBODI$ ! G5]AL WILL4 ,! REVOLUTION>IES AGITAT$ TO E/ABLI% SOCIAL JU/ICE NOT ONLY ON PAP]1 BUT 9 ! MID/ ( MOBILIZ$ & >M$ HUMAN BE+S1 MANY ( !M 5RAG$1 MO/ ( !M POOR4 

,R\SSEAU'S AB/RACT 5TITY TOOK ! CONCRETE =M ( A ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY 7OR ,PUBLIC ,HEAL?71 A POLICE ORGANIZATION ?AT CONSID]$ ITSELF ! EMBODIM5T ( ! G5]AL WILL4 ,! VIRTU\S COMMITTEE MEMB]S CONSCI5TI\SLY APPLI$ ! F9D+S ( REASON TO HUMAN AFFAIRS4 ,!Y CONSID]$ !MSELVES ! NATION'S SURGEONS4  ,!Y C>V$ !IR P]SONAL OBSESSIONS 9TO SOCIETY BY MEANS ( ! /ATE'S RAZOR BLADE4 

,! APPLICATION ( SCI5CE TO ! 5VIRONM5T TOOK ! =M ( SY/EMATIC T]ROR4 ,! 9/RUM5T ( ,REASON & ,JU/ICE WAS ! GUILLOT9E4 

,! ,T]ROR DECAPITAT$ ! =M] RUL]S & !N TURN$ ON ! REVOLUTION>IES4 

,FE> /IMULAT$ A REACTION ?AT SWEPT AWAY ! ,T]ROR AS WELL AS ! ,JU/ICE4 ,! MOBILIZ$ 5]GY ( BLOOD?IR/Y PATRIOTS WAS S5T ABROAD1 TO IMPOSE 5LI<T5M5T ON =EIGN]S BY =CE1 TO EXP& ! NATION 9TO AN EMPIRE4 ,! PROVISION+ ( NATIONAL >MIES WAS F> MORE LUCRATIVE ?AN ! PROVISION+ ( FEUDAL >MIES EV] HAD BE51 & =M] REVOLUTION>IES BECAME RI* & P[]FUL MEMB]S ( ! MIDDLE CLASS1 :I* WAS N[ ! TOP CLASS1 ! RUL+ CLASS4  ,! T]ROR AS WELL AS ! W>S BEQUEA!D A FATEFUL LEGACY TO ! CRE$ & PRACTICE ( LAT] NATIONALISMS4 

,! LEGACY ( ! ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTION WAS ( AN ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T K9D4 ,! ,AM]ICANS W]E LESS CONC]N$ ) JU/ICE1 MORE CONC]N$ ) PROP]TY4 

,! SETTL]-9VAD]S ON ! NOR!RN CONT95T'S EA/]N %ORE NE$$ ,GEORGE ( ,HANOV] NO MORE URG5TLY !N ,LOPE DE ,AGUIRRE HAD NE$$ ,PHILIP ( ,HAPSBURG4 ,OR RA!R1 ! RI* & P[]FUL AMONG ! SETTL]S NE$$ ,K+ ,GEORGE'S APP>ATUS TO PROTECT !IR WEAL?1 BUT NOT TO G9 IT4 ,IF !Y C\LD ORGANIZE A REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS ON !IR [N1 !Y W\LD NOT NE$ ,K+ ,GEORGE AT ALL4 

,CONFID5T ( !IR ABILITY TO LAUN* AN APP>ATUS ( !IR [N1 ! COLONIAL SLAVE-HOLD]S1 L&-SPECULATORS1 PRODUCE-EXPORT]S & BANK]S F\ND ! ,K+'S TAXES & ACTS 9TOL]ABLE4 ,! MO/ 9TOL]ABLE ( ! ,K+'S ACTS WAS ! ACT ?AT TEMPOR>ILY BANN$ UNAU?ORIZ$ 9CURSIONS 9TO ! L&S ( ! CONT95T'S ORIG9AL 9HABITANTS2 ! ,K+'S ADVIS]S HAD !IR EYES ON ! ANIMAL FURS SUPPLI$ BY 9DIG5\S HUNT]S2 ! REVOLUTION>Y L&-SPECULATORS HAD !IRS ON ! HUNT]S' L&S4 

,UNLIKE ,AGUIRRE1 ! F$]AT$ COLONIZ]S ( ! NOR? SUCCE$$ 9 E/ABLI%+ !IR [N 9DEP5D5T REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS1 & !Y DID ?IS BY /IRR+ UP A M9IMUM ( CRAV+S = JU/ICE2 !IR AIM WAS TO OV]?R[ ! ,K+'S P[]1 NOT !IR [N4 ,RA!R ?AN RELY EXCESSIVELY ON !IR LESS =TUNATE FELL[-SETTL]S OR BACKWOODS SQUATT]S1 NOT TO SPEAK ( !IR SLAVES1 !SE REVOLUTION>IES RELI$ ON M]C5>IES & ON 9DISP5SABLE AID FROM ! ,B\RBON MON>* :O W\LD BE OV]?R[N A FEW YE>S LAT] BY MORE VIRTU\S REVOLUTION>IES4 

,! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN COLONIZ]S BROKE ! TRADITIONAL BONDS ( FEALTY & FEUDAL OBLIGATION BUT1 UNLIKE ! ,FR5*1 !Y ONLY GRADUALLY REPLAC$ ! TRADITIONAL BONDS ) BONDS ( PATRIOTISM & NATIONHOOD4 ,!Y W]E NOT QUITE A NATION2 !IR RELUCTANT MOBILIZATION ( ! COLONIAL C\NTRYSIDE HAD NOT FUZ$ !M 9TO ONE1 & ! MULTI-L+UAL1 MULTI-CULTURAL & SOCIALLY DIVID$ UND]LY+ POPULATION RESI/$ SU* A FUSION4 ,! NEW REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS WAS NOT TRI$ & TE/$1 & IT DID NOT COMM& ! UNDIVID$ LOYALTY ( ! UND]LY+ POPULATION1 :I* WAS NOT YET PATRIOTIC4 ,SOME?+ ELSE WAS NE$$4 ,SLAVE-MA/]S :O HAD OV]?R[N !IR K+ FE>$ ?AT !IR SLAVES C\LD SIMIL>LY OV]?R[ ! MA/]S2 ! 9SURRECTION 9 ,HAITI MADE ?IS FE> LESS ?AN HYPO!TICAL4 ,& AL?\< !Y NO LONG] FE>$ BE+ PU%$ 9TO ! SEA BY ! CONT95T'S 9DIG5\S 9HABITANTS1 ! TRAD]S & SPECULATORS WORRI$ AB\T !IR ABILITY TO ?RU/ FUR!R 9TO ! CONT95T'S 9T]IOR4 

,! ,AM]ICAN SETTL]-9VAD]S HAD REC\RSE TO AN 9/RUM5T ?AT WAS NOT1 LIKE ! GUILLOT9E1 A NEW 9V5TION1 BUT ?AT WAS JU/ AS LE?AL4 ,?IS 9/RUM5T W\LD LAT] BE CALL$ ,RACISM1 & IT W\LD BECOME EMB$D$ 9 NATIONALI/ PRACTICE4 ,RACISM1 LIKE LAT] PRODUCTS ( PRACTICAL ,AM]ICANS1 WAS A PRAGMATIC PR9CIPLE2 ITS CONT5T WAS NOT IMPORTANT2 :AT MATT]$ WAS ! FACT ?AT IT WORK$4 

,HUMAN BE+S W]E MOBILIZ$ 9 T]MS ( !IR L[E/ & MO/ SUP]FICIAL COMMON D5OM9ATOR1 & !Y RESPOND$4 ,PEOPLE :O HAD AB&ON$ !IR VILLAGES & FAMILIES1 :O W]E =GETT+ !IR LANGUAGES & LOS+ !IR CULTURES1 :O W]E ALL BUT DEPLET$ ( !IR SOCIABILITY1 W]E MANIPULAT$ 9TO CONSID]+ !IR SK9 COLOR A SUB/ITUTE = ALL !Y HAD LO/4 ,!Y W]E MADE PR\D ( SOME?+ ?AT WAS NEI!R A P]SONAL FEAT NOR EV51 LIKE LANGUAGE1 A P]SONAL ACQUISITION4 ,!Y W]E FUZ$ 9TO A NATION ( :ITE M54  7,:ITE WOM5 & *ILDR5 EXI/$ ONLY AS SCALP$ VICTIMS1 AS PRO(S ( ! BE/IALITY ( ! HUNT$ PREY47 ,! EXT5T ( ! DEPLETION IS REVEAL$ BY ! NON5TITIES ! :ITE M5 %>$ ) EA* O!R3 :ITE BLOOD1 :ITE ?\<TS1 & MEMB]%IP 9 A :ITE RACE4 ,DEBTORS1 SQUATT]S & S]VANTS1 AS :ITE M51 HAD EV]Y?+ 9 COMMON ) BANK]S1 L& SPECULATORS & PLANTATION [N]S1 NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ,R$SK9S1 ,BLACKSK9S OR ,YELL[SK9S4 ,FUZ$ BY SU* A PR9CIPLE1 !Y C\LD ALSO BE MOBILIZ$ BY IT1 TURN$ 9TO :ITE MOBS2 LYN* MOBS1 0,9DIAN FI<T]S40 

,RACISM HAD 9ITIALLY BE5 ONE AMONG SEV]AL ME?ODS ( MOBILIZ+ COLONIAL >MIES1 & AL?\< IT WAS EXPLOIT$ MORE FULLY 9 ,AM]ICA ?AN IT EV] HAD BE5 BE=E1 IT DID NOT SUPPLANT ! O!R ME?ODS BUT RA!R SUPPLEM5T$ !M4 ,! VICTIMS ( ! 9VAD+ PIONE]S W]E /ILL DESCRIB$ AS UNBELIEV]S1 AS HEA!N4 ,BUT ! PIONE]S1 LIKE ! E>LI] ,DUT*1 W]E L>GELY ,PROTE/ANT ,*RI/IANS1 & !Y REG>D$ HEA!NISM AS SOME?+ TO BE PUNI%$1 NOT REM$I$4 ,! VICTIMS ALSO CONT9U$ TO BE DESIGNAT$ AS SAVAGES1 CANNIBALS & PRIMITIVES1 BUT !SE T]MS1 TOO1 CEAS$ TO BE DIAGNOSES ( CONDITIONS ?AT C\LD BE REM$I$1 & T5D$ TO BECOME SYNONYMS ( NON:ITE1 A CONDITION ?AT C\LD NOT BE REM$I$4  ,RACISM WAS AN IDEOLOGY P]FECTLY SUIT$ TO A PRACTICE ( 5SLAVEM5T & EXT]M9ATION4 

,! LYN*-MOB APPROA*1 ! GANG+-UP ON VICTIMS DEF9$ AS 9F]IOR1 APPEAL$ TO BULLIES :OSE HUMANITY WAS /UNT$ & :O LACK$ ANY NOTION ( FAIR PLAY4 ,BUT ?IS APPROA* DID NOT APPEAL TO EV]YONE4 ,AM]ICAN BUS9ESSM51 P>T HU/L]S & P>T CONFID5CE M51 ALWAYS HAD SOME?+ = EV]YONE4 ,= ! NUM]\S ,SA9T ,GEORGES ) SOME NOTION ( HONOR & GREAT ?IR/ = H]OISM1 ! 5EMY WAS DEPICT$ SOME:AT DIFF]5TLY2 = !M !RE W]E NATIONS AS RI* & P[]FUL AS !IR [N 9 ! TRANS-MONTANE WOODL&S & ON ! %ORES ( ! ,GREAT ,LAKES4 

,! CELEBRANTS ( ! H]OIC FEATS ( IMP]IAL ,SPANI>DS HAD F\ND EMPIRES 9 C5TRAL ,MEXICO & ON TOP ( ! ,&ES4 ,! CELEBRANTS ( NATIONALI/ ,AM]ICAN H]OES F\ND NATIONS2 !Y TRANS=M$ DESP]ATE RESI/ANCES ( AN->*IC VILLAG]S 9TO 9T]NATIONAL CONSPIRACIES MA/]M9D$ BY MILIT>Y >*ONS SU* AS ,G5]AL ,PONTIAC & ,G5]AL ,TECUMSEH2 !Y PEOPL$ ! WOODL&S ) =MIDABLE NATIONAL LEAD]S1 EFFICI5T G5]AL /AFFS1 & >MIES ( UNC\NTABLE PATRIOTIC TROOPS2 !Y PROJECT$ !IR [N REPRESSIVE /RUCTURES 9TO ! UNKN[N2 !Y SAW AN EXACT COPY ( !MSELVES1 ) ALL ! COLORS REV]S$ -- SOME?+ LIKE A PHOTOGRAPHIC NEGATIVE4 ,! 5EMY ?US BECAME AN EQUAL 9 T]MS ( /RUCTURE1 P[] & AIMS4 ,W> AGA9/ SU* AN 5EMY WAS NOT ONLY FAIR PLAY2 IT WAS A DIRE NECESSITY1 A MATT] ( LIFE & DEA?4 ,! 5EMY'S O!R ATTRIBUTES -- ! HEA!NISM1 ! SAVAG]Y1 ! CANNIBALISM -- MADE ! TASKS ( EXPROPRIAT+1 5SLAV+ & EXT]M9AT+ ALL ! MORE URG5T1 MADE !SE FEATS ALL ! MORE H]OIC4 

,! REP]TORY ( ! NATIONALI/ PROGRAM WAS N[ MORE OR LESS COMPLETE4 ,?IS /ATEM5T MI<T BAFFLE A READ] :O CANNOT YET SEE ANY 0REAL NATIONS0 9 ! FIELD4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS /ILL A COLLECTION ( MULTIL+UAL1 MULTI-RELIGI\S & MULTI-CULTURAL 'E?NICITIES'1 & ! ,FR5* NATION HAD OV]FL[$ ITS B\ND>IES & TURN$ ITSELF 9TO A ,NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE4 ,! READ] MI<T BE TRY+ TO APPLY A DEF9ITION ( A NATION AS AN ORGANIZ$ T]RITORY CONSI/+ ( PEOPLE :O %>E A COMMON LANGUAGE1 RELIGION & CU/OMS1 OR AT LEA/ ONE ( ! ?REE4 ,SU* A DEF9ITION1 CLE>1 PAT & /ATIC1 IS NOT A DESCRIPTION ( ! PH5OM5ON BUT AN APOLOGY = IT1 A JU/IFICATION4 ,! PH5OM5ON WAS NOT A /ATIC DEF9ITION BUT A DYNAMIC PROCESS4 ,! COMMON LANGUAGE1 RELIGION & CU/OMS1 LIKE ! :ITE BLOOD ( ! ,AM]ICAN COLONIZ]S1 W]E M]E PRETEXTS1 9/RUM5TS = MOBILIZ+ >MIES4 ,! CULM9ATION ( ! PROCESS WAS NOT AN 5%R9EM5T ( ! COMMONALITIES1 BUT A DEPLETION1 A TOTAL LOSS ( LANGUAGE1 RELIGION & CU/OMS2 ! 9HABITANTS ( A NATION SPOKE ! LANGUAGE ( CAPITAL1 WOR%IP$ ON ! ALT> ( ! /ATE & CONF9$ !IR CU/OMS TO ?OSE P]MITT$ BY ! NATIONAL POLICE4 

"9 "9 "9 

,NATIONALISM IS ! OPPOSITE ( IMP]IALISM ONLY 9 ! REALM ( DEF9ITIONS4 ,9 PRACTICE1 NATIONALISM WAS A ME?ODOLOGY = CONDUCT+ ! EMPIRE ( CAPITAL4 

,! CONT9UAL 9CREASE ( CAPITAL1 (T5 REF]R$ TO AS MAT]IAL PROGRESS1 ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T OR 9DU/RIALIZATION1 WAS ! MA9 ACTIVITY ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 ! SO-CALL$ B\RGEOISIE1 BECAUSE CAPITAL WAS :AT !Y [N$1 IT WAS !IR PROP]TY2 ! UPP] CLASSES [N$ E/ATES4 

,! DISCOV]Y ( NEW WORLDS ( WEAL? HAD 5ORM\SLY 5RI*$ !SE MIDDLE CLASSES1 BUT HAD ALSO MADE !M VULN]ABLE4 ,! K+S & NOBLES :O 9ITIALLY GA!R$ ! NEW WORLD'S PLUND]$ WEAL? RES5T$ LOS+ ALL BUT A FEW TROPHIES TO !IR MIDDLE CLASS M]*ANTS4 ,?IS C\LD NOT BE HELP$4 ,! WEAL? DID NOT >RIVE 9 USABLE =MS2 ! M]*ANTS SUPPLI$ ! K+ ) ?+S HE C\LD USE1 9 EX*ANGE = ! PLUND]$ TREASURES4 ,EV5 SO1 MON>*S :O SAW !MSELVES GR[ POOR :ILE !IR M]*ANTS GREW RI* W]E NOT ABOVE US+ !IR >M$ RETA9]S TO PLUND] ! WEAL?Y M]*ANTS4  ,CONSEQU5TLY ! MIDDLE CLASSES SUFF]$ CONT9UAL 9JURIES UND] ! OLD REGIME -- 9JURIES TO !IR PROP]TY4 ,! K+'S >MY & POLICE W]E NOT RELIABLE PROTECTORS ( MIDDLE CLASS PROP]TY1 & ! P[]FUL M]*ANTS1 :O ALREADY OP]AT$ ! BUS9ESS ( ! EMPIRE1 TOOK MEASURES TO PUT AN 5D TO ! 9/ABILITY2 !Y TOOK ! POLITICS 9 H& AS WELL4 ,!Y C\LD HAVE HIR$ PRIVATE >MIES1 & !Y (T5 DID4 ,BUT AS SOON AS 9/RUM5TS = MOBILIZ+ NATIONAL >MIES & NATIONAL POLICE =CES APPE>$ ON ! HORIZON1 ! 9JUR$ BUS9ESSM5 HAD REC\RSE TO !M4 ,! MA9 VIRTUE ( A NATIONAL >M$ =CE IS ?AT IT GU>ANTEES ?AT A PATRIOTIC S]VANT WILL W> ALONGSIDE HIS [N BOSS AGA9/ AN 5EMY BOSS'S S]VANT4 

,! /ABILITY ASSUR$ BY A NATIONAL REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS GAVE ! [N]S SOME?+ LIKE A HO?\SE 9 :I* !IR CAPITAL C\LD GR[1 9CREASE1 MULTIPLY4 ,! T]M 'GR[' & ITS COROLL>IES COME FROM ! CAPITALI/S' [N VOCABUL>Y4 ,!SE PEOPLE ?9K ( A UNIT ( CAPITAL AS A GRA9 OR SE$ :I* !Y 9VE/ 9 F]TILE SOIL4 ,9 SPR+ !Y SEE A PLANT GR[ FROM EA* SE$4 ,9 SUMM] !Y H>VE/ SO MANY SE$S FROM EA* PLANT ?AT1 AFT] PAY+ = ! SOIL1 SUN%9E & RA91 !Y /ILL HAVE MORE SE$S ?AN !Y HAD 9ITIALLY4 ,! FOLL[+ YE> !Y 5L>GE !IR FIELD1 & GRADUALLY ! :OLE C\NTRYSIDE BECOMES IMPROV$4 ,9 REALITY1 ! 9ITIAL 'GRA9S' >E MONEY2 ! SUN%9E & RA9 >E ! EXP5D$ 5]GIES ( LABOR]S2 ! PLANTS >E FACTORIES1 WORK%OPS & M9ES1 ! H>VE/$ FRUITS >E COMMODITIES1 BITS ( PROCESS$ WORLD2 & ! EXCESS OR ADDITIONAL GRA9S1 ! PR(ITS1 >E EMOLUM5TS :I* ! CAPITALI/ KEEPS = HIMSELF 9/EAD ( DIVID+ !M UP AMONG ! WORK]S4 

,! PROCESS AS A :OLE CONSI/$ ( ! PROCESS+ ( NATURAL SUB/ANCES 9TO SALABLE ITEMS OR COMMODITIES1 & ( ! 9C>C]ATION ( WAGE WORK]S 9 ! PROCESS+ PLANTS4 

,! M>RIAGE ( ,CAPITAL ) ,SCI5CE WAS RESPONSIBLE = ! GREAT LEAP =W>D 9TO :AT WE LIVE 9 TODAY4 ,PURE SCI5TI/S DISCOV]$ ! COMPON5TS 9TO :I* ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T C\LD BE DECOMPOS$2 9VE/ORS PLAC$ !IR BETS ON ! V>I\S ME?ODS ( DECOMPOSITION2 APPLI$ SCI5TI/S OR MANAG]S SAW TO IT ?AT ! WAGE WORK]S 9 !IR *>GE C>RI$ ! PROJECT ?R\<4 ,SOCIAL SCI5TI/S S\<T WAYS TO MAKE ! WORK]S LESS HUMAN1 MORE EFFICI5T & MA*9E-LIKE4 ,?ANKS TO SCI5CE1 CAPITALI/S W]E ABLE TO TRANS=M MU* ( ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T 9TO A PROCESS$ WORLD1 AN >TIFICE1 & TO R$UCE MO/ HUMAN BE+S 9TO EFFICI5T T5D]S ( ! >TIFICE4 

,! PROCESS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION WAS ANALYZ$ & CRITICIZ$ BY MANY PHILOSOPH]S & POETS1 MO/ NOTABLY BY ,K>L ,M>X1.<#a.> :OSE CRITIQUES ANIMAT$1 & CONT9UE TO ANIMATE1 MILITANT SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4  ,M>X HAD A SIGNIFICANT BL9D SPOT2 MO/ ( HIS DISCIPLES1 & MANY MILITANTS :O W]E NOT HIS DISCIPLES1 BUILT !IR PLAT=MS ON ?AT BL9D SPOT4 ,M>X WAS AN 5?USIA/IC SUPPORT] ( ! B\RGEOISIE'S /RUGGLE = LIB]ATION FROM FEUDAL BONDS -- :O WAS NOT AN 5?USIA/ 9 ?OSE DAYS8 ,HE1 :O OBS]V$ ?AT ! RUL+ IDEAS ( AN EPO* W]E ! IDEAS ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 %>$ MANY ( ! IDEAS ( ! NEWLY EMP[]$ MIDDLE CLASS4 ,HE WAS AN 5?USIA/ ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 ( RATIONALISM1 ( MAT]IAL PROGRESS4 ,IT WAS ,M>X :O 9SI<TFULLY PO9T$ \T ?AT EV]Y TIME A WORK] REPRODUC$ HIS LABOR P[]1 EV]Y M9UTE HE DEVOT$ TO HIS ASSIGN$ TASK1 HE 5L>G$ ! MAT]IAL & SOCIAL APP>ATUS ?AT DEHUMANIZ$ HIM4 ,YET ! SAME ,M>X WAS AN 5?USIA/ = ! APPLICATION ( SCI5CE TO PRODUCTION4 

,M>X MADE A ?OR\< ANALYSIS ( ! PRODUCTION PROCESS AS AN EXPLOITATION ( LABOR1 BUT HE MADE ONLY CURSORY & RELUCTANT COMM5TS AB\T ! PR]EQUISITE = CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 & ! 9ITIAL CAPITAL ?AT MADE ! PROCESS POSSIBLE4.<#b.> ,)\T ! 9ITIAL CAPITAL1 !RE C\LD HAVE BE5 NO 9VE/M5TS1 NO PRODUCTION1 NO GREAT LEAP =W>D4 ,?IS PR]EQUISITE WAS ANALYZ$ BY ! E>LY ,SOVIET ,RUSSIAN M>XI/ ,PREOBRAZH5SKY1 :O BORR[$ SEV]AL 9SI<TS FROM ! ,POLI% M>XI/ ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG TO =MULATE HIS !ORY ( PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION4.<#c.> ,BY PRIMITIVE1 ,PREOBRAZH5SKY MEANT ! BASEM5T ( ! CAPITALI/ $IFICE1 ! F\NDATION1 ! PR]EQUISITE4 ,?IS PR]EQUISITE CANNOT EM]GE FROM ! CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION PROCESS ITSELF1 IF ?AT PROCESS IS NOT YET UND] WAY4 ,IT MU/1 & DOES1 COME FROM \TSIDE ! PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,IT COMES FROM ! PLUND]$ COLONIES4 ,IT COMES FROM ! EXPROPRIAT$ & EXT]M9AT$ POPULATIONS ( ! COLONIES4 ,9 E>LI] DAYS1 :5 !RE W]E NO OV]SEAS COLONIES1 ! FIR/ CAPITAL1 ! PR]EQUISITE = CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 HAD BE5 SQUEEZ$ \T ( 9T]NAL COLONIES1 \T ( PLUND]$ PEASANTS :OSE L&S W]E 5CLOS$ & CROPS REQUISITION$1 \T ( EXPELL$ ,JEWS & ,MUSLIMS :OSE POSSESSIONS W]E EXPROPRIAT$4 

,! PRIMITIVE OR PRELIM9>Y ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL IS NOT SOME?+ ?AT HAPP5$ ONCE1 9 ! DI/ANT PA/1 & NEV] AFT]4  ,IT IS SOME?+ ?AT CONT9UES TO ACCOMPANY ! CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION PROCESS1 & IS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( IT4 ,! PROCESS DESCRIB$ BY ,M>X IS RESPONSIBLE1 = ! REGUL> & EXPECT$ PR(ITS2 ! PROCESS DESCRIB$ BY ,PREOBRAZH5SKY IS RESPONSIBLE = ! TAKE(FS1 ! W9DFALLS & ! GREAT LEAPS =W>D4  ,! REGUL>  PR(ITS >E P]IODICALLY DE/ROY$ BY CRISES 5DEMIC TO ! SY/EM2 NEW 9JECTIONS ( PRELIM9>Y CAPITAL >E ! ONLY KN[N CURE TO ! CRISES4 ,)\T AN ONGO+ PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 ! PRODUCTION PROCESS W\LD /OP2 EA* CRISIS W\LD T5D TO BECOME P]MAN5T4 

,G5OCIDE1 ! RATIONALLY CALCULAT$ EXT]M9ATION ( HUMAN POPULATIONS DESIGNAT$ AS LEGITIMATE PREY1 HAS NOT BE5 AN AB]RATION 9 AN O!RWISE PEACEFUL M>* ( PROGRESS4 ,G5OCIDE HAS BE5 A PR]EQUISITE ( ?AT PROGRESS4 ,?IS IS :Y NATIONAL >M$ =CES W]E 9DISP5SABLE TO ! WIELD]S ( CAPITAL4 ,!SE =CES DID NOT ONLY PROTECT ! [N]S ( CAPITAL FROM ! 9SURRECTION>Y WRA? ( !IR [N EXPLOIT$ WAGE WORK]S4 ,!SE =CES ALSO CAPTUR$ ! HOLY GRAIL1 ! MAGIC LANT]N1 ! PRELIM9>Y CAPITAL1 BY BATT]+ ! GATES ( RESI/+ OR UNRESI/+ \TSID]S1 BY LOOT+1 DEPORT+ & MURD]+4 

,! FOOTPR9TS ( ! NATIONAL >MIES >E ! TRACES ( ! M>* ( PROGRESS4 ,!SE PATRIOTIC >MIES W]E1 & /ILL >E1 ! SEV5? WOND] ( ! WORLD4 ,9 !M1 ! WOLF LAY ALONGSIDE ! LAMB1 ! SPID] ALONGSIDE ! FLY4 ,9 !M1 EXPLOIT$ WORK]S W]E ! *UMS ( EXPLOIT]S1 9DEBT$ PEASANTS ! *UMS ( CR$ITORS1 SUCK]S ! *UMS ( HU/L]S 9 A COMPANION%IP /IMULAT$ NOT BY LOVE BUT BY HATR$ -- HATR$ ( POT5TIAL S\RCES ( PRELIM9>Y CAPITAL DESIGNAT$ AS UNBELIEV]S1 SAVAGES1 9F]IOR RACES4 

,HUMAN COMMUNITIES AS V>IEGAT$ 9 !IR WAYS & BELIEFS AS BIRDS >E 9 FEA!RS W]E 9VAD$1 DESPOIL$ & AT LA/ EXT]M9AT$ BEYOND IMAG9ATION'S GRASP4 ,! CLO!S & >TIFACTS ( ! VANI%$ COMMUNITIES W]E GA!R$ UP AS TROPHIES & DISPLAY$ 9 MUSEUMS AS ADDITIONAL TRACES ( ! M>* ( PROGRESS2 ! EXT9CT BELIEFS & WAYS BECAME ! CURIOSITIES ( YET ANO!R ( ! 9VAD]S' MANY SCI5CES4 ,! EXPROPRIAT$ FIELDS1 =E/S & ANIMALS W]E G>N]$ AS BONANZAS1 AS PRELIM9>Y CAPITAL1 AS ! PRECONDITION = ! PRODUCTION PROCESS ?AT WAS TO TURN ! FIELDS 9TO F>MS1 ! TREES 9TO LUMB]1 ! ANIMALS 9TO HATS1 ! M9]ALS 9TO MUNITIONS1 ! HUMAN SURVIVORS 9TO *EAP LABOR4  ,G5OCIDE WAS1 & /ILL IS1 ! PRECONDITION1 ! CORN]/ONE & GR\ND WORK ( ! MILIT>Y-9DU/RIAL COMPLEXES1 ( ! PROCESS$ 5VIRONM5TS1 ( ! WORLDS ( (FICES & P>K+ LOTS4 

"9 "9 "9 

,NATIONALISM WAS SO P]FECTLY SUIT$ TO ITS D\BLE TASK1 ! DOME/ICATION ( WORK]S & ! DESPOLIATION ( ALI5S1 ?AT IT APPEAL$ TO EV]YONE -- EV]YONE1 ?AT IS1 :O WIELD$ OR ASPIR$ TO WIELD A PORTION ( CAPITAL4 

,DUR+ ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ESPECIALLY DUR+ ITS SECOND HALF1 EV]Y [N] ( 9VE/ABLE CAPITAL DISCOV]$ ?AT HE HAD ROOTS AMONG ! MOBILIZABLE C\NTRYFOLK :O SPOKE HIS MO!R'S TONGUE & WOR%IP$ HIS FA!R'S GODS4 ,! F]VOR ( SU* A NATIONALI/ WAS TRANSP>5TLY CYNICAL1 S9CE HE WAS ! C\NTRYMAN :O NO LONG] HAD ROOTS AMONG HIS MO!R'S OR FA!R'S K93 HE F\ND HIS SALVATION 9 HIS SAV+S1 PRAY$ TO HIS 9VE/M5TS & SPOKE ! LANGUAGE ( CO/ ACC\NT+4 ,BUT HE HAD LE>N$1 FROM ,AM]ICANS & ,FR5*M51 ?AT AL?\< HE C\LD NOT MOBILIZE ! C\NTRYFOLK AS LOYAL S]VANTS1 CLI5TS & CU/OM]S1 HE C\LD MOBILIZE !M AS LOYAL FELL[-,CA?OLICS1 ,OR?ODOX OR ,PROTE/ANTS4 ,LANGUAGES1 RELIGIONS & CU/OMS BECAME WELD+ MAT]IALS = ! CON/RUCTION ( NATION-/ATES4 

,! WELD+ MAT]IALS W]E MEANS1 NOT 5DS4 ,! PURPOSE ( ! NATIONAL 5TITIES WAS NOT TO DEVELOP LANGUAGES1 RELIGIONS OR CU/OMS1 BUT TO DEVELOP NATIONAL ECONOMIES1 TO TURN ! C\NTRYFOLK 9TO WORK]S & SOLDI]S1 TO TURN ! MO!RL& 9TO M9ES & FACTORIES1 TO TURN DYNA/IC E/ATES 9TO CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES4  ,)\T ! CAPITAL1 !RE C\LD BE NO MUNITIONS OR SUPPLIES1 NO NATIONAL >MY1 NO NATION4 

,SAV+S & 9VE/M5TS1 M>KET RESE>* & CO/ ACC\NT+1 ! OBSESSIONS ( ! RATIONALI/IC =M] MIDDLE CLASSES1 BECAME ! RUL+ OBSESSIONS4 ,!SE RATIONALI/IC OBSESSIONS BECAME NOT ONLY SOV]EIGN BUT ALSO EXCLUSIVE4 ,9DIVIDUALS :O 5ACT$ O!R OBSESSIONS1 IRRATIONAL ONES1 W]E PUT AWAY 9 MADH\SES1 ASYLUMS4 

,! NATIONS USUALLY W]E BUT NE$ NO LONG] HAVE BE5 MONO!I/IC2 ! =M] GOD OR GODS HAD LO/ !IR IMPORTANCE EXCEPT AS WELD+ MAT]IALS4 ,! NATIONS W]E MONO-OBSESSIVE1 & IF MONO!ISM S]V$ ! RUL+ OBSESSION1 !N IT TOO WAS MOBILIZ$4 

,WORLD ,W> ,I M>K$ ! 5D ( ONE PHASE ( ! NATIONALIZ+ PROCESS1 ! PHASE ?AT HAD BEGUN ) ! ,AM]ICAN & ,FR5* REVOLUTIONS1 ! PHASE ?AT HAD BE5 ANN\NC$ MU* E>LI] BY ! DECL>ATION ( ,AGUIRRE & ! REVOLT ( ! ,DUT* GR&EES4 ,! CONFLICT+ CLAIMS ( OLD & NEWLY-CON/ITUT$ NATIONS W]E 9 FACT ! CAUSES ( ?AT W>4 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY & ,JAPAN1 AS WELL AS ,GREECE1 ,S]BIA & COLONIAL ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 HAD ALREADY TAK5 ON MO/ ( ! ATTRIBUTES ( !IR NATIONALI/IC PR$ECESSORS1 HAD BECOME NATIONAL EMPIRES1 MON>*IES & REPUBLICS1 & ! MORE P[]FUL ( ! NEW >RIVALS ASPIR$ TO TAKE ON ! MA9 MISS+ ATTRIBUTE1 ! COLONIAL EMPIRE4 ,DUR+ ?AT W>1 ALL ! MOBILIZABLE COMPON5TS ( ! TWO REMA9+ DYNA/IC EMPIRES1 ! ,OTTOMAN & ! ,HAPSBURG1 CON/ITUT$ !MSELVES 9TO NATIONS4 ,:5 B\RGEOISIES ) DIFF]5T LANGUAGES & RELIGIONS1 SU* AS ,TURKS & ,>M5IANS1 CLAIM$ ! SAME T]RITORY1 ! WEAK] W]E TREAT$ LIKE SO-CALL$ ,AM]ICAN ,9DIANS2 !Y W]E EXT]M9AT$4 ,NATIONAL ,SOV]EIGNTY & ,G5OCIDE W]E -- & /ILL >E -- COROLL>IES4 

,COMMON LANGUAGE & RELIGION APPE> TO BE COROLL>IES ( NATIONHOOD1 BUT ONLY BECAUSE ( AN OPTICAL ILLUSION4 ,AS WELD+ MAT]IALS1 LANGUAGES & RELIGIONS W]E US$ :5 !Y S]V$ !IR PURPOSE1 DISC>D$ :5 !Y DID NOT4 ,NEI!R MULTI-L+UAL ,SWITZ]L& NOR MULTI-RELIGI\S ,YUGOSLAVIA W]E BANN$ FROM ! FAMILY ( NATIONS4 ,! %APES ( NOSES & ! COLOR ( HAIR C\LD ALSO HAVE BE5 US$ TO MOBILIZE PATRIOTS -- & LAT] W]E4 ,! %>$ H]ITAGES1 ROOTS & COMMONALITIES HAD TO SATISFY ONLY ONE CRIT]ION1 ! CRIT]ION ( ,AM]ICAN-/YLE PRAGMATIC REASON3 DID !Y WORK8 ,:ATEV] WORK$ WAS US$4 ,! %>$ TRAITS W]E IMPORTANT1 NOT BECAUSE ( !IR CULTURAL1 HI/ORICAL OR PHILOSOPHICAL CONT5T1 BUT BECAUSE !Y W]E USEFUL = ORGANIZ+ A POLICE TO PROTECT ! NATIONAL PROP]TY & = MOBILIZ+ AN >MY TO PLUND] ! COLONIES4 

,ONCE A NATION WAS CON/ITUT$1 HUMAN BE+S :O LIV$ ON ! NATIONAL T]RITORY BUT DID NOT POSSESS ! NATIONAL TRAITS C\LD BE TRANS=M$ 9TO 9T]NAL COLONIES1 NAMELY 9TO S\RCES ( PRELIM9>Y CAPITAL4 ,)\T PRELIM9>Y CAPITAL1 NO NATION C\LD BECOME A GREAT NATION1 & NATIONS ?AT ASPIR$ TO GREATNESS BUT LACK$ ADEQUATE OV]SEAS COLONIES C\LD RESORT TO PLUND]+1 EXT]M9AT+ & EXPROPRIAT+ ?OSE ( !IR C\NTRYM5 :O DID NOT POSSESS ! NATIONAL TRAITS4 

"9 "9 "9 

,! E/ABLI%M5T ( NATION-/ATES WAS GREET$ ) EUPHORIC 5?USIASM BY POETS AS WELL AS PEASANTS :O ?\<T !IR MUSES OR !IR GODS HAD AT LA/ DESC5D$ TO E>?4 ,! MA9 WET BLANKETS AMID ! WAV+ BANN]S & FLY+ CONFETTI W]E ! =M] RUL]S1 ! COLONIZ$1 & ! DISCIPLES ( ,K>L ,M>X4 

,! OV]?R[N & ! COLONIZ$ W]E UN5?USIA/IC = OBVI\S REASONS4 

,! DISCIPLES ( ,M>X W]E UN5?USIA/IC BECAUSE !Y HAD LE>N$ FROM ! MA/] ?AT NATIONAL LIB]ATION MEANT NATIONAL EXPLOITATION1 ?AT ! NATIONAL GOV]NM5T WAS ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ( ! NATIONAL CAPITALI/ CLASS1 ?AT ! NATION HAD NO?+ = WORK+M5 BUT *A9S4 ,!SE /RATEGI/S = ! WORK+M51 :O W]E NOT !MSELVES WORK+M5 BUT W]E AS B\RGEOIS AS ! RUL+ CAPITALI/S1 PROCLAIM$ ?AT ! WORK+M5 HAD NO C\NTRY & ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9TO AN ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,?IS ,9T]NATIONAL SPLIT 9TO ?REE1 & EA* ,9T]NATIONAL MOV$ 9CREAS+LY 9TO ! FIELD ( ,M>X'S BL9D SPOT4 

,! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL WAS C>RI$ (F BY ,M>X'S ONE-TIME ,RUSSIAN TRANSLATOR & !N ANTAGONI/ ,BAKUN91 AN 9VET]ATE REBEL :O HAD BE5 A F]V5T NATIONALI/ UNTIL HE'D LE>N$ AB\T EXPLOITATION FROM ,M>X4 ,BAKUN9 & HIS COMPANIONS1 REBELS AGA9/ ALL AU?ORITIES1 ALSO REBELL$ AGA9/ ! AU?ORITY ( ,M>X2 !Y SUSPECT$ ,M>X ( TRY+ TO TURN ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9TO A /ATE AS REPRESSIVE AS ! FEUDAL & NATIONAL COMB9$4 ,BAKUN9 & HIS FOLL[]S W]E UNAMBIGU\S 9 !IR REJECTION ( ALL /ATES1 BUT !Y W]E AMBIGU\S AB\T CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE4 ,EV5 MORE ?AN ,M>X1 !Y GLORIFI$ SCI5CE1 CELEBRAT$ MAT]IAL PROGRESS & HAIL$ 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,BE+ REBELS1 !Y CONSID]$ EV]Y FI<T A GOOD FI<T1 BUT ! BE/ ( ALL WAS ! FI<T AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE'S =M] 5EMIES1 ! FI<T AGA9/ FEUDAL L&LORDS & ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*4 ,?US ! ,BAKUN9I/ ,9T]NATIONAL FL\RI%$ 9 PLACES LIKE ,SPA91 :]E ! B\RGEOISIE HAD NOT COMPLET$ ITS /RUGGLE = 9DEP5D5CE BUT HAD1 9/EAD1 ALLI$ ITSELF ) FEUDAL B>ONS & ! ,*UR* = PROTECTION FROM 9SURG5T WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,! ,BAKUN9I/S F\<T TO COMPLETE ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION )\T & AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,!Y CALL$ !MSELVES AN>*I/S & DISDA9$ ALL /ATES1 BUT DID NOT BEG9 TO EXPLA9 H[ !Y W\LD PROCURE ! PRELIM9>Y OR ! SUBSEQU5T 9DU/RY1 PROGRESS & SCI5CE1 NAMELY ! CAPITAL1 )\T AN >MY & A POLICE4 ,!Y W]E NEV] GIV5 A REAL *ANCE TO RESOLVE !IR CONTRADICTION 9 PRACTICE1 & PRES5T DAY ,BAKUN9I/S HAVE /ILL NOT RESOLV$ IT1 HAVE NOT EV5 BECOME AW>E ?AT !RE IS A CONTRADICTION BETWE5 AN>*Y & 9DU/RY4 

,! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 LESS REBELLI\S ?AN ! FIR/1 QUICKLY CAME TO T]MS ) CAPITAL AS WELL AS ! /ATE4 ,SOLIDLY 5TR5*$ 9 ,M>X'S BL9D SPOT1 ! PR(ESSORS ( ?IS ORGANIZATION DID NOT BECOME 5ME%$ 9 ANY ,BAKUN9I/ CONTRADICTION4 ,IT WAS OBVI\S TO !M ?AT ! EXPLOITATION & ! PLUND] W]E NECESS>Y CONDITIONS = ! MAT]IAL PROGRESS1 & !Y REALI/ICALLY RECONCIL$ !MSELVES TO :AT C\LD NOT BE HELP$4 ,ALL !Y ASK$ = WAS A GREAT] %>E ( ! B5EFITS = ! WORK+M51 & (FICES 9 ! POLITICAL E/ABLI%M5T = !MSELVES1 AS ! WORK+M5'S REPRES5TATIVES4 ,LIKE ! GOOD UNIONI/S :O PREC$$ & FOLL[$ !M1 ! SOCIALI/ PR(ESSORS W]E EMB>RASS$ BY 0! COLONIAL QUE/ION10 BUT !IR EMB>RASSM5T1 LIKE ,PHILIP ,HAPSBURG'S1 M]ELY GAVE !M BAD CONSCI5CES4 ,9 TIME1 IMP]IAL ,G]MAN SOCIALI/S1 ROYAL ,DANI% SOCIALI/S & REPUBLICAN ,FR5* SOCIALI/S EV5 CEAS$ TO BE 9T]NATIONALI/S4 

,! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL DID NOT ONLY COME TO T]MS ) CAPITAL & ! /ATE2 IT MADE !M ITS GOAL4 ,?IS 9T]NATIONAL WAS NOT =M$ BY REBELLI\S OR DISS5T+ 9TELLECTUALS2 IT WAS CREAT$ BY A /ATE1 ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE1 AFT] ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY 9/ALL$ ITSELF 9 ?AT /ATE'S (FICES4 ,! MA9 ACTIVITY ( ?IS 9T]NATIONAL WAS TO ADV]TISE ! FEATS ( ! REVAMP$ ,RUSSIAN /ATE1 ( ITS RUL+ P>TY1 & ( ! P>TY'S F\ND]1 A MAN :O CALL$ HIMSELF ,L594 ,! FEATS ( ?AT P>TY & F\ND] W]E 9DE$ MOM5T\S1 BUT ! ADV]TIZ]S DID !IR BE/ TO HIDE :AT WAS MO/ MOM5T\S AB\T !M4 

"9 "9 "9 

,! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> HAD LEFT TWO VA/ EMPIRES 9 A QU&>Y4 ,! ,CELE/IAL ,EMPIRE ( ,*9A1 ! OLDE/ CONT9U\S /ATE 9 ! WORLD1 & ! ,EMPIRE ( ! ,CZ>S1 A MU* MORE REC5T OP]ATION1 HOV]$ %AKILY BETWE5 ! PROSPECT ( TURN+ !MSELVES 9TO NATION-/ATES & ! PROSPECT ( DECOMPOS+ 9TO SMALL] UNITS1 LIKE !IR ,OTTOMAN & ,HAPSBURG C\NT]P>TS HAD DONE4 

,L59 RESOLV$ ?IS QU&>Y = ,RUSSIA4 ,IS SU* A ?+ POSSIBLE8  ,M>X HAD OBS]V$ ?AT A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL C\LD NOT *ANGE CIRCUM/ANCES2 HE C\LD ONLY AVAIL HIMSELF ( !M4 ,M>X WAS PROBABLY RI<T4 ,L59'S FEAT WAS NOT TO *ANGE CIRCUM/ANCES1 BUT TO AVAIL HIMSELF ( !M 9 AN EXTRAORD9>Y MANN]4 ,! FEAT WAS MONUM5TAL 9 ITS OPPORTUNISM4 

,L59 WAS A ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOIS :O CURS$ ! WEAKNESS & 9EPTITUDE ( ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE4.<#d.> ,AN 5?USIA/ = CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 AN >D5T ADMIR] ( ,AM]ICAN-/YLE PROGRESS1 HE DID NOT MAKE COMMON CAUSE ) ?OSE HE CURS$1 BUT RA!R ) !IR 5EMIES1 ) ! ANTI-CAPITALI/ DISCIPLES ( ,M>X4 ,HE AVAIL$ HIMSELF ( ,M>X'S BL9D SPOT TO TRANS=M ,M>X'S CRITIQUE ( ! CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION PROCESS 9TO A MANUAL = DEVELOP+ CAPITAL1 A 0H[-TO-DO-IT0 GUIDE4 ,M>X'S /UDIES ( EXPLOITATION & IMMIS]ATION BECAME FOOD = ! FAMI%$1 A CORNUCOPIA1 A VIRTUAL HORN ( PL5TY4 ,AM]ICAN BUS9ESSM5 HAD ALREADY M>KET$ UR9E AS SPR+ WAT]1 BUT NO ,AM]ICAN CONFID5CE MAN HAD YET MANAG$ AN 9V]SION ( SU* MAGNITUDE4 

,NO CIRCUM/ANCES W]E *ANG$4 ,EV]Y /EP ( ! 9V]SION WAS C>RI$ \T ) AVAILABLE CIRCUM/ANCES1 ) TRI$ & TE/$ ME?ODS4 ,RUSSIAN C\NTRYFOLK C\LD NOT BE MOBILIZ$ 9 T]MS ( !IR ,RUSSIANNESS OR OR?ODOXY OR :IT5ESS1 BUT !Y C\LD BE1 & W]E1 MOBILIZ$ 9 T]MS ( !IR EXPLOITATION1 !IR OPPRESSION1 !IR AGES ( SUFF]+ UND] ! DESPOTISM ( ! ,CZ>S4  ,OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION BECAME WELD+ MAT]IALS4 ,! LONG SUFF]+S UND] ! ,CZ>S W]E US$ 9 ! SAME WAY & = ! SAME PURPOSE AS ! SCALP+S ( :ITE WOM5 & *ILDR5 HAD BE5 US$ BY ,AM]ICANS2 !Y W]E US$ TO ORGANIZE PEOPLE 9TO FI<T+ UNITS1 9TO EMBRYOS ( ! NATIONAL >MY & ! NATIONAL POLICE4 

,! PRES5TATION ( ! DICTATOR & ( ! ,P>TY'S C5TRAL COMMITTEE AS A DICTATOR%IP ( ! LIB]AT$ PROLET>IAT SEEM$ TO BE SOME?+ NEW1 BUT EV5 ?IS WAS NEW ONLY 9 ! WORDS ?AT W]E US$4 ,?IS WAS SOME?+ AS OLD AS ! ,PH>AOHS & ,LUGALS ( ANCI5T ,EGYPT & ,MESOPOTAMIA1 :O HAD BE5 *OS5 BY ! GOD TO LEAD ! PEOPLE1 :O HAD EMBODI$ ! PEOPLE 9 !IR DIALOGUES ) ! GOD4 ,?IS WAS A TRI$ & TE/$ GIMMICK ( RUL]S4 ,EV5 IF ! ANCI5T PREC$5TS W]E TEMPOR>ILY =GOTT51 A MORE REC5T PREC$5T HAD BE5 PROVID$ BY ! ,FR5* ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,HEAL?1 :I* HAD PRES5T$ ITSELF AS ! EMBODIM5T ( ! NATION'S G5]AL WILL4 

,! GOAL1 COMMUNISM1 ! OV]?R[ & SUP]SESSION ( CAPITALISM1 ALSO SEEM$ SOME?+ NEW1 SEEM$ TO BE A *ANGE ( CIRCUM/ANCES4  ,BUT ONLY ! WORD WAS NEW4 ,! GOAL ( ! ,DICTATOR ( ! ,PROLET>IAT WAS /ILL ,AM]ICAN-/YLE PROGRESS1 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 ELECTRIFICATION1 RAPID MASS TRANSPORTATION1 SCI5CE1 ! PROCESS+ ( ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,! GOAL WAS ! CAPITALISM ?AT ! WEAK & 9EPT ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE HAD FAIL$ TO DEVELOP4 ,) ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL AS !IR LI<T & GUIDE1 ! DICTATOR & HIS ,P>TY W\LD DEVELOP CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA2 !Y W\LD S]VE AS A SUB/ITUTE B\RGEOISIE1 & !Y W\LD USE ! P[] ( ! /ATE NOT ONLY TO POLICE ! PROCESS1 BUT TO LAUN* & MANAGE IT AS WELL4 

,L59 DID NOT LIVE LONG 5\< TO DEMON/RATE HIS VIRTUOSITY AS G5]AL MANAG] ( ,RUSSIAN CAPITAL1 BUT HIS SUCCESSOR ,/AL9 AMPLY DEMON/RAT$ ! P[]S ( ! F\ND]'S MA*9E4 ,! FIR/ /EP WAS ! PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,IF ,M>X HAD NOT BE5 V]Y CLE> AB\T ?IS1 ,PREOBRAZH5SKY HAD BE5 V]Y CLE>4 ,PREOBRAZH5SKY WAS JAIL$1 BUT HIS DESCRIPTION ( ! TRI$ & TE/$ ME?ODS ( PROCUR+ PRELIM9>Y CAPITAL WAS APPLI$ TO VA/ ,RUSSIA4 ,! PRELIM9>Y CAPITAL ( ,5GLI%1 ,AM]ICAN1 ,BELGIAN & O!R CAPITALI/S HAD COME FROM PLUND]$ OV]SEAS COLONIES4 ,RUSSIA HAD NO OV]SEAS COLONIES4 ,?IS LACK WAS NO OB/ACLE4 ,! 5TIRE ,RUSSIAN C\NTRYSIDE WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO A COLONY4 

,! FIR/ S\RCES ( PRELIM9>Y CAPITAL W]E ,KULAKS1 PEASANTS :O HAD SOME?+ WOR? PLUND]+4 ,?IS DRIVE WAS SO SUCCESSFUL ?AT IT WAS APPLI$ TO ! REMA9+ PEASANTS AS WELL1 ) ! RATIONAL EXPECTATION ?AT SMALL AM\NTS PLUND]$ FROM MANY PEOPLE W\LD YIELD A SUB/ANTIAL HO>D4 

,! PEASANTS W]E NOT ! ONLY COLONIALS4 ,! =M] RUL+ CLASS HAD ALREADY BE5 ?OR\<LY EXPROPRIAT$ ( ALL ITS WEAL? & PROP]TY1 BUT YET O!R S\RCES ( PRELIM9>Y CAPITAL W]E F\ND4  ,) ! TOTALITY ( /ATE P[] CONC5TRAT$ 9 !IR H&S1 ! DICTATORS SOON DISCOV]$ ?AT !Y C\LD MANUFACTURE S\RCES ( PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION4 ,SUCCESSFUL 5TREPR5EURS1 DISSATISFI$ WORK]S & PEASANTS1 MILITANTS ( COMPET+ ORGANIZATIONS1 EV5 DISILLUSION$ ,P>TY ,MEMB]S1 C\LD BE DESIGNAT$ AS C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES1 R\ND$ UP1 EXPROPRIAT$ & %IPP$ (F TO LABOR CAMPS4 ,ALL ! DEPORTATIONS1 MASS EXECUTIONS & EXPROPRIATIONS ( E>LI] COLONIZ]S W]E RE5ACT$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,E>LI] COLONIZ]S1 BE+ PIONE]S1 HAD RESORT$ TO TRIAL & ]ROR4 ,! ,RUSSIAN DICTATORS DID NOT HAVE TO RESORT TO TRIAL & ]ROR4 ,BY !IR TIME1 ALL ! ME?ODS ( PROCUR+ PRELIM9>Y CAPITAL HAD BE5 TRI$ & TE/$1 & C\LD BE SCI5TIFICALLY APPLI$4 ,RUSSIAN CAPITAL DEVELOP$ 9 A TOTALLY CONTROLL$ 5VIRONM5T1 A HO?\SE2 EV]Y LEV]1 EV]Y V>IABLE1 WAS CONTROLL$ BY ! NATIONAL POLICE4 ,FUNCTIONS :I* HAD BE5 LEFT TO *ANCE OR TO O!R BODIES 9 LESS CONTROLL$ 5VIRONM5TS FELL TO ! POLICE 9 ! ,RUSSIAN HO?\SE4 ,! FACT ?AT ! COLONIALS W]E NOT ABROAD BUT )91 & !RE=E SUBJECT NOT TO CONQUE/ BUT TO >RE/1 FUR!R 9CREAS$ ! ROLE & SIZE ( ! POLICE4  ,9 TIME ! OMNIPOT5T & OMNIPRES5T POLICE BECAME ! VISIBLE EMANATION & EMBODIM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & COMMUNISM BECAME A SYNONYM ( TOTAL POLICE ORGANIZATION & CONTROL4 

"9 "9 "9 

,L59'S EXPECTATIONS W]E NOT1 H[EV]1 FULLY REALIZ$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN HO?\SE4 ,! POLICE-AS-CAPITALI/ WORK$ WOND]S 9 PROCUR+ PRELIM9>Y CAPITAL FROM EXPROPRIAT$ C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES1 BUT DID NOT DO NE>LY AS WELL 9 MANAG+ ! CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,IT MAY /ILL BE TOO E>LY TO TELL = SURE1 BUT TO DATE ?IS POLICE BUREAUCRACY HAD BE5 AT LEA/ AS 9EPT 9 ?IS ROLE AS ! B\RGEOISIE ,L59 HAD CURS$2 ITS ABILITY TO DISCOV] EV] NEW S\RCES ( PRELIM9>Y CAPITAL SEEMS TO BE ALL ?AT HAS KEPT IT AFLOAT4 

,NOR HAS ! APPEAL ( ?IS APP>ATUS BE5 ON A LEVEL ) ,L59'S EXPECTATIONS4 ,! ,L59I/ POLICE APP>ATUS HAS NOT APPEAL$ TO BUS9ESSM5 OR TO E/ABLI%$ POLITICIANS2 IT HAS NOT RECOMM5D$ ITSELF AS A SUP]IOR ME?OD ( MANAG+ ! PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,IT HAS APPEAL$ TO A SOME:AT DIFF]5T SOCIAL CLASS1 A CLASS ,I WILL BRIEFLY TRY TO DESCRIBE1 & IT HAS RECOMM5D$ ITSELF TO ?IS CLASS PRIM>ILY AS A ME?OD ( SEIZ+ NATIONAL P[] & SECOND>ILY AS A ME?OD ( PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 

,! HEIRS ( ,L59 & ,/AL9 HAVE NOT BE5 ACTUAL ,PRETORIAN GU>DS1 ACTUAL WIELD]S ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL P[] 9 ! NAME & = ! B5EFIT ( A SUP]FLU\S MON>*2 !Y HAVE BE5 UND]/UDY ,PRETORIANS1 /UD5TS ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL P[] :O DESPAIR$ ( EV] REA*+ EV5 9T]M$IATE LEVELS ( P[]4  ,! ,L59I/ MODEL HAS (F]$ SU* PEOPLE ! PROSPECT ( LEAP+ OV] ! 9T]M$IATE LEVELS DIRECTLY 9TO ! C5TRAL PALACE4 

,! HEIRS ( ,L59 W]E CL]KS & M9OR (FICIALS1 PEOPLE LIKE ,MUSSOL9I1 ,MAO ,Z$ONG & ,HITL]1 PEOPLE :O1 LIKE ,L59 HIMSELF1 CURS$ !IR WEAK & 9EPT B\RGEOISIES = HAV+ FAIL$ TO E/ABLI% !IR NATION'S GREATNESS4 

7,I DO NOT 9CLUDE ! ,ZIONI/S AMONG ! HEIRS ( ,L59 BECAUSE !Y BELONG TO AN E>LI] G5]ATION4 ,!Y W]E ,L59'S CONTEMPOR>IES :O HAD1 P]HAPS 9DEP5D5TLY1 DISCOV]$ ! P[] ( P]SECUTION & SUFF]+ AS WELD+ MAT]IALS = ! MOBILIZATION ( A NATIONAL >MY & POLICE4 ,! ,ZIONI/S MADE O!R CONTRIBUTIONS ( !IR [N4 ,!IR TREATM5T ( A DISP]S$ RELIGI\S POPULATION AS A NATION1 !IR IMPOSITION ( ! CAPITALI/ NATION-/ATE AS ?AT POPULATION'S 5D-ALL & BE-ALL1 & !IR R$UCTION ( A RELIGI\S H]ITAGE TO A RACIAL H]ITAGE1 CONTRIBUT$ SIGNIFICANT ELEM5TS TO ! NATIONALI/ ME?ODOLOGY1 & W\LD HAVE FATEFUL CONSEQU5CES :5 !Y W]E APPLI$ ON A POPULATION ( ,JEWS1 NOT ALL ( !M ,ZIONI/S1 BY A POPULATION WELD$ TOGE!R AS A 0,G]MAN RACE407  ,MUSSOL9I1 ,MAO ,Z$ONG & ,HITL] CUT ?R\< ! CURTA9 ( SLOGANS & SAW ,L59'S & ,/AL9'S FEATS = :AT !Y W]E3 SUCCESSFUL ME?ODS ( SEIZ+ & MA9TA9+ /ATE P[]4 ,ALL ?REE TRIMM$ ! ME?ODOLOGY D[N TO ITS ESS5TIALS4 ,! FIR/ /EP WAS TO JO9 UP ) LIKEM9D$ /UD5TS ( P[] & TO =M ! NUCLEUS ( ! POLICE ORGANIZATION1 AN \TFIT CALL$1 AFT] ,L59'S1 ! ,P>TY4 ,! NEXT /EP WAS TO RECRUIT ! MASS BASE1 ! AVAILABLE TROOPS & TROOP SUPPLI]S4 ,! ?IRD /EP WAS TO SEIZE ! APP>ATUS ( ! /ATE1 TO 9/ALL ! !ORETICIAN 9 ! (FICE ( ,DUCE1 ,*AIRMAN OR ,FUEHR]1 TO APPORTION POLICE & MANAG]IAL FUNCTIONS AMONG ! ELITE OR CADRE1 & TO PUT ! MASS BASE TO WORK4 ,! F\R? /EP WAS TO SECURE ! PRELIM9>Y CAPITAL NE$$ TO REPAIR OR LAUN* A MILIT>Y-9DU/RIAL COMPLEX CAPABLE ( SUPPORT+ ! NATIONAL LEAD] & CADRE1 ! POLICE & >MY1 ! 9DU/RIAL MANAG]S2 )\T ?IS CAPITAL !RE C\LD BE NO WEAPONS1 NO P[]1 NO NATION4 

,! HEIRS ( ,L59 & ,/AL9 FUR!R TRIMM$ ! ME?ODOLOGY1 9 !IR RECRUIT+ DRIVES1 BY M9IMIZ+ CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION & BY CONC5TRAT+ ON NATIONAL OPPRESSION4 ,TALK ( EXPLOITATION NO LONG] S]V$ A PURPOSE1 & HAD 9 FACT BECOME EMB>RASS+1 S9CE IT WAS OBVI\S TO ALL1 ESPECIALLY TO WAGE WORK]S1 ?AT SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION>IES HAD NOT PUT AN 5D TO WAGE LABOR1 BUT HAD EXT5D$ ITS DOMA94 

,BE+ AS PRAGMATIC AS ,AM]ICAN BUS9ESSM51 ! NEW REVOLUTION>IES DID NOT SPEAK ( LIB]ATION FROM WAGE LABOR1 BUT ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION4.<#e.> ,?IS TYPE ( LIB]ATION WAS NOT A DREAM ( ROMANTIC UTOPIANS2 IT WAS PRECISELY :AT WAS POSSIBLE1 & ALL ?AT WAS POSSIBLE1 9 ! EXI/+ WORLD1 ONE NE$$ ONLY TO AVAIL ONESELF ( ALREADY EXI/+ CIRCUM/ANCES TO MAKE IT HAPP54  ,NATIONAL LIB]ATION CONSI/$ ( ! LIB]ATION ( ! NATIONAL *AIRMAN & ! NATIONAL POLICE FROM ! *A9S ( P[]LESSNESS2 ! 9VE/ITURE ( ! *AIRMAN & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! POLICE W]E NOT PIPE DREAMS BUT COMPON5TS ( A TRI$ & TE/$ /RATEGY1 A SCI5CE4 

,FASCI/ & ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TIES W]E ! FIR/ TO PROVE ?AT ! /RATEGY WORK$1 ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY'S FEAT C\LD ACTUALLY BE REPEAT$4 ,! NATIONAL *AIRM5 & !IR /AFFS 9/ALL$ !MSELVES 9 P[] & SET \T TO PROCURE ! PRELIM9>Y CAPITAL NE$$ = NATIONAL GREATNESS4 ,! ,FASCI/S ?RU/ !MSELVES 9TO ONE ( ! LA/ UN9VAD$ REGIONS ( ,AFRICA & G\G$ IT AS E>LI] 9DU/RIALIZ]S HAD G\G$ !IR COLONIAL EMPIRES4 ,! ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/S T>GET$ ,JEWS1 AN 9N] POPULATION ?AT HAD BE5 MEMB]S ( A 0UNIFI$ ,G]MANY0 AS LONG AS O!R ,G]MANS1 AS !IR FIR/ S\RCE ( PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION BECAUSE MANY ( ! ,JEWS1 LIKE MANY ( ,/AL9'S ,KULAKS1 HAD ?+S WOR? PLUND]+4 

,ZIONI/S HAD ALREADY PREC$$ ! ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/S 9 R$UC+ A RELIGION TO A RACE1 & ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/S C\LD LOOK BACK TO ,AM]ICAN PIONE]S = WAYS TO USE ! 9/RUM5T ( RACISM4  ,HITL]'S ELITE NE$$ ONLY TO TRANSLATE ! CORPUS ( ,AM]ICAN RACI/ RESE>* TO EQUIP !IR SCI5TIFIC 9/ITUTES ) L>GE LIBR>IES4 ,! ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/S DEALT ) ,JEWS MU* ! SAME WAY AS ! ,AM]ICANS HAD E>LI] DEALT ) ! 9DIG5\S POPULATION ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 EXCEPT ?AT ! ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/S APPLI$ A LAT] & MU* MORE P[]FUL TE*NOLOGY TO ! TASK ( DEPORT+1 EXPROPRIAT+ & EXT]M9AT+ HUMAN BE+S4 ,BUT 9 ?IS ! LAT] EXT]M9ATORS W]E NOT 9NOVATORS2 !Y M]ELY AVAIL$ !MSELVES ( ! CIRCUM/ANCES )9 !IR REA*4 

,! ,FASCI/S & ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/S W]E JO9$ BY ,JAPANESE EMPIRE-BUILD]S :O FE>$ ?AT ! DECOMPOS+ ,CELE/IAL ,EMPIRE W\LD BECOME A S\RCE ( PRELIM9>Y CAPITAL = ,RUSSIAN OR REVOLUTION>Y ,*9ESE 9DU/RIALIZ]S4 ,=M+ AN ,AXIS1 ! ?REE SET \T TO TURN ! WORLD'S CONT95TS 9TO S\RCES ( PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,!Y W]E NOT BO!R$ BY O!R NATIONS UNTIL !Y />T$ TO 5CROA* ON ! COLONIES & HOMEL&S ( E/ABLI%$ CAPITALI/ P[]S4 ,! R$UCTION ( ALREADY E/ABLI%$ CAPITALI/S TO COLONIZ$ PREY C\LD BE PRACTIC$ 9T]NALLY1 :]E IT WAS ALWAYS LEGAL S9CE ! NATION'S RUL]S MAKE ITS LAWS -- & HAD ALREADY BE5 PRACTIC$ 9T]NALLY BY ,L59I/S & ,/AL9I/S4 ,BUT SU* A PRACTICE W\LD HAVE AM\NT$ TO A *ANGE ( CIRCUM/ANCES1 & IT C\LD NOT BE C>RI$ ABROAD )\T PROVOK+ A WORLD W>4  ,! ,AXIS P[]S OV]REA*$ !MSELVES & LO/4 

,AFT] ! W>1 MANY REASONABLE PEOPLE W\LD SPEAK ( ! AIMS ( ! ,AXIS AS IRRATIONAL & ( ,HITL] AS A LUNATIC4 ,YET ! SAME REASONABLE PEOPLE W\LD CONSID] M5 LIKE ,GEORGE ,WA%+TON & ,?OMAS ,JEFF]SON SANE & RATIONAL1 EV5 ?\< !SE M5 5VISION$ & BEGAN TO 5ACT ! CONQUE/ ( A VA/ CONT95T1 ! DEPORTATION & EXT]M9ATION ( ! CONT95T'S POPULATION1 AT A TIME :5 SU* A PROJECT WAS MU* LESS FEASIBLE ?AN ! PROJECT ( ! ,AXIS4.<#f.> ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! TE*NOLOGIES AS WELL AS ! PHYSICAL1 *EMICAL1 BIOLOGICAL & SOCIAL SCI5CES APPLI$ BY ,WA%+TON & ,JEFF]SON W]E QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE APPLI$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/S4 ,BUT IF KN[L$GE IS P[]1 IF IT WAS RATIONAL = ! E>LI] PIONE]S TO MAIM & KILL ) GUNP[D] 9 ! AGE ( HORSE-DRAWN C>RIAGES1 :Y WAS IT IRRATIONAL = ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/S TO MAIM & KILL ) HI< EXPLOSIVES1 GAS & *EMICAL AG5TS 9 ! AGE ( ROCKETS1 SUBM>9ES & 'FREEWAYS'8 

,! ,NAZIS W]E1 IF ANY?+1 YET MORE SCI5TIFICALLY-ORI5T$ ?AN ! ,AM]ICANS4 ,9 !IR TIME1 !Y W]E A SYNONYM = SCI5TIFIC EFFICI5CY TO MU* ( ! WORLD4 ,!Y KEPT FILES ON EV]Y?+1 TABULAT$ & CROSS TABULAT$ !IR F9D+S1 PUBLI%$ !IR TABULATIONS 9 SCI5TIFIC J\RNALS4 ,AMONG !M1 EV5 RACISM WAS NOT ! PROP]TY ( FRONTI] RABBLE-R\S]S1 BUT ( WELL-5D[$ 9/ITUTES4 

,MANY REASONABLE PEOPLE SEEM TO EQUATE LUNACY ) FAILURE4 ,?IS W\LD NOT BE ! FIR/ TIME4 ,MANY CALL$ ,NAPOLEON A LUNATIC :5 HE WAS 9 PRISON OR 9 EXILE1 BUT :5 ,NAPOLEON REEM]G$ AS ! ,EMP]OR1 ! SAME PEOPLE SPOKE ( HIM ) RESPECT1 EV5 REV]5CE4  ,9C>C]ATION & EXILE >E NOT ONLY REG>D$ AS REM$IES = LUNACY1 BUT ALSO AS ITS SYMPTOMS4 ,FAILURE IS FOOLI%NESS4 

"9 "9 "9 

,MAO ,Z$ONG1 ! ?IRD PIONE]+ NATIONAL SOCIALI/ 7OR NATIONAL COMMUNI/2 ! SECOND WORD NO LONG] MATT]S1 S9CE IT IS NO?+ BUT A HI/ORICAL RELIC2 ! EXPRESSION 0LEFT-W+ FASCI/0 W\LD S]VE AS WELL1 BUT IT CONVEYS EV5 LESS MEAN+ ?AN ! NATIONALI/ EXPRESSIONS7 SUCCE$$ 9 DO+ = ! ,CELE/IAL ,EMPIRE :AT ,L59 HAD DONE = ! ,EMPIRE ( ! ,CZ>S4 ,! OLDE/ BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS 9 ! WORLD DID NOT DECOMPOSE 9TO SMALL] UNITS NOR 9TO COLONIES ( O!R 9DU/RIALIZ]S2 IT REEM]G$1 GREATLY *ANG$1 AS A ,PEOPLE'S ,REPUBLIC1 AS A BEACON TO 0OPPRESS$ NATIONS40 

,! ,*AIRMAN & HIS ,CADRE FOLL[$ ! FOOT/EPS ( A LONG L9E ( PR$ECESSORS & TRANS=M$ ! ,CELE/IAL ,EMPIRE 9TO A VA/ S\RCE ( PRELIM9>Y CAPITAL1 COMPLETE ) PURGES1 P]SECUTIONS & !IR CONSEQU5T GREAT LEAPS =W>D4 

,! NEXT /AGE1 ! LAUN*+ ( ! CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION PROCESS1 WAS C>RI$ \T ON ! ,RUSSIAN MODEL1 NAMELY BY ! NATIONAL POLICE4 ,?IS DID NOT WORK 9 ,*9A ANY BETT] ?AN IT HAD 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,APP>5TLY ! 5TREPR5EURIAL FUNCTION WAS TO BE 5TRU/$ TO CONFID5CE M5 OR HU/L]S :O >E ABLE TO TAKE O!R PEOPLE 91 & COPS DO NOT USUALLY 9SPIRE ! REQUIR$ CONFID5CE4  ,BUT ?IS WAS LESS IMPORTANT TO ,MAOI/S ?AN IT HAD BE5 TO ,L59I/S4 ,! CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION PROCESS REMA9S IMPORTANT1 AT LEA/ AS IMPORTANT AS ! REGUL>IZ$ DRIVES = PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION1 S9CE )\T ! CAPITAL !RE IS NO P[]1 NO NATION4 ,BUT ! ,MAOI/S MAKE FEW1 & EV] FEW]1 CLAIMS = !IR MODEL AS A SUP]IOR ME?OD ( 9DU/RIALIZATION1 & 9 ?IS !Y >E MORE MODE/ ?AN ! ,RUSSIANS & LESS DISAPPO9T$ BY ! RESULTS ( !IR 9DU/RIAL POLICE4 

,! ,MAOI/ MODEL (F]S ITSELF TO SECURITY GU>DS & /UD5TS ! WORLD OV] AS A TRI$ & TE/$ ME?ODOLOGY ( P[]1 AS A SCI5TIFIC /RATEGY ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION4 ,G5]ALLY KN[N AS ,MAO-,Z$ONG-,?\<T1.<#g.> ?IS SCI5CE (F]S ASPIR+ *AIRM5 & CADRES ! PROSPECT ( UNPREC$5T$ P[] OV] LIV+ BE+S1 HUMAN ACTIVITIES & EV5 ?\<TS4 ,! POPE & PRIE/S ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*1 ) ALL !IR 9QUISITIONS & CONFESSIONS1 NEV] HAD SU* P[]1 NOT BECAUSE !Y W\LD HAVE REJECT$ IT1 BUT BECAUSE !Y LACK$ ! 9/RUM5TS MADE AVAILABLE BY MOD]N SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY4 

,! LIB]ATION ( ! NATION IS ! LA/ /AGE 9 ! ELIM9ATION ( P>ASITES4 ,CAPITALISM HAD ALREADY E>LI] CLE>$ NATURE ( P>ASITES & R$UC$ MO/ ( ! RE/ ( NATURE TO RAW MAT]IALS = PROCESS+ 9DU/RIES4 ,MOD]N NATIONAL SOCIALISM OR SOCIAL NATIONALISM HOLDS \T ! PROSPECT ( ELIM9AT+ P>ASITES FROM HUMAN SOCIETY AS WELL4 ,! HUMAN P>ASITES >E USUALLY S\RCES ( PRELIM9>Y CAPITAL1 BUT ! CAPITAL IS NOT ALWAYS 'MAT]IAL'2 IT CAN ALSO BE CULTURAL OR 'SPIRITUAL'4 ,! WAYS1 MY?S1 POETRY & MUSIC ( ! PEOPLE >E LIQUIDAT$ AS A MATT] ( C\RSE2 SOME ( ! MUSIC & CO/UMES ( ! =M] 0FOLK CULTURE0 SUBSEQU5TLY REAPPE>1 PROCESS$ & PACKAG$1 AS ELEM5TS ( ! NATIONAL SPECTACLE1 AS DECORATIONS = ! NATIONAL ACCUMULATION DRIVES2 ! WAYS & MY?S BECOME RAW MAT]IALS = PROCESS+ BY ONE OR SEV]AL ( ! 0HUMAN SCI5CES40 ,EV5 ! USELESS RES5TM5T ( WORK]S T[>D !IR ALI5AT$ WAGE LABOR IS LIQUIDAT$4 ,:5 ! NATION IS LIB]AT$1 WAGE LABOR CEASES TO BE AN ON]\S BURD5 & BECOMES A NATIONAL OBLIGATION1 TO BE C>RI$ \T ) JOY4 ,! 9MATES ( A TOTALLY LIB]AT$ NATION READ ,ORWELL'S #aihd AS AN AN?ROPOLOGICAL /UDY1 A DESCRIPTION ( AN E>LI] AGE4 

,IT IS NO LONG] POSSIBLE TO SATIRIZE ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 ,EV]Y SATIRE RISKS BECOM+ A BIBLE = YET ANO!R NATIONAL LIB]ATION FRONT4.<#h.> ,EV]Y SATIRI/ RISKS BECOM+ ! F\ND] ( A NEW RELIGION1 A ,BUDDHA1 ,Z>A?U/RA1 ,JESUS1 ,MUHAMMAD OR ,M>X4 ,EV]Y EXPOSURE ( ! RAVAGES ( ! DOM9ANT SY/EM1 EV]Y CRITIQUE ( ! SY/EM'S FUNCTION+1 BECOMES FODD] = ! HORSES ( LIB]ATORS1 WELD+ MAT]IALS = BUILD]S ( >MIES4 ,MAO-,Z$ONG-,?\<T 9 ITS NUM]\S V]SIONS & REVISIONS IS A TOTAL SCI5CE AS WELL AS A TOTAL !OLOGY2 IT IS SOCIAL PHYSICS AS WELL AS COSMIC METAPHYSICS4 ,! ,FR5* ,COMMITTEE ( ,NATIONAL ,HEAL? CLAIM$ TO EMBODY ! G5]AL WILL ( ONLY ! ,FR5* NATION4 ,! REVISIONS ( ,MAO-,Z$ONG-,?\<T CLAIM TO EMBODY ! G5]AL WILL ( ALL ! WORLD'S OPPRESS$4 

,! CON/ANT REVISIONS ( ?IS ,?\<T >E NECESS>Y BECAUSE ITS 9ITIAL =MULATIONS W]E NOT APPLICABLE TO ALL1 OR 9 FACT TO ANY1 ( ! WORLD'S COLONIZ$ POPULATIONS4 ,NONE ( ! WORLD'S COLONIZ$ %>$ ! ,*9ESE H]ITAGE ( HAV+ SUPPORT$ A /ATE APP>ATUS = ! PA/ TWO ?\S& YE>S4 ,FEW ( ! WORLD'S OPPRESS$ HAD POSSESS$ ANY ( ! ATTRIBUTES ( A NATION 9 ! REC5T OR DI/ANT PA/4 ,! ,?\<T HAD TO BE ADAPT$ TO PEOPLE :OSE ANCE/ORS HAD LIV$ )\T NATIONAL *AIRM51 >MIES OR POLICE1 )\T CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION PROCESSES & !RE=E )\T ! NE$ = PRELIM9>Y CAPITAL4 

,!SE REVISIONS W]E ACCOMPLI%$ BY 5RI*+ ! 9ITIAL ,?\<T ) BORR[+S FROM ,MUSSOL9I1 ,HITL] & ! ,ZIONI/ ,/ATE ( ,ISRAEL4 ,MUSSOL9I'S !ORY ( ! FULFILLM5T ( ! NATION 9 ! /ATE WAS A C5TRAL T5ET4 ,ALL GR\PS ( PEOPLE1 :E!R SMALL OR L>GE1 9DU/RIAL OR NON-9DU/RIAL1 CONC5TRAT$ OR DISP]S$1 W]E SE5 AS NATIONS1 NOT 9 T]MS ( !IR PA/1 BUT 9 T]MS ( !IR AURA1 !IR POT5TIALITY1 A POT5TIALITY EMB$D$ 9 !IR NATIONAL LIB]ATION FRONTS4 ,HITL]'S 7& ! ,ZIONI/S'7 TREATM5T ( ! NATION AS A RACIAL 5TITY WAS ANO!R C5TRAL T5ET4 ,! CADRES W]E RECRUIT$ FROM AMONG PEOPLE DEPLET$ ( !IR ANCE/ORS' K9%IPS & CU/OMS1 & CONSEQU5TLY ! LIB]ATORS W]E NOT DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ! OPPRESSORS 9 T]MS ( LANGUAGE1 BELIEFS1 CU/OMS OR WEAPONS2 ! ONLY WELD+ MAT]IAL ?AT HELD !M TO EA* O!R & TO !IR MASS BASE WAS ! WELD+ MAT]IAL ?AT HAD HELD :ITE S]VANTS TO :ITE BOSSES ON ! ,AM]ICAN FRONTI]2 ! 0RACIAL BOND0 GAVE ID5TITIES TO ?OSE )\T ID5TITY1 K9%IP TO ?OSE :O HAD NO K91 COMMUNITY TO ?OSE :O HAD LO/ !IR COMMUNITY2 IT WAS ! LA/ BOND ( ! CULTURALLY DEPLET$4 

"9 "9 "9 

,! REVIS$ ?\<T C\LD N[ BE APPLI$ TO ,AFRICANS AS WELL AS ,NAVAHOS1 ,APA*ES AS WELL AS ,PALE/9IANS4.<#i.> ,! BORR[+S FROM ,MUSSOL9I1 ,HITL] & ! ,ZIONI/S >E JUDICI\SLY COV]$ UP1 BECAUSE ,MUSSOL9I & ,HITL] FAIL$ TO HOLD ON TO !IR SEIZ$ P[]1 & BECAUSE ! SUCCESSFUL ,ZIONI/S HAVE TURN$ !IR /ATE 9TO ! WORLD'S POLICEMAN AGA9/ ALL O!R NATIONAL LIB]ATION FRONTS4 ,L591 ,/AL9 & ,MAO ,Z$ONG MU/ BE GIV5 EV5 MORE CR$IT ?AN !Y DES]VE4 

,! REVIS$ & UNIV]SALLY APPLICABLE MODELS WORK MU* ! SAME AS ! ORIG9ALS1 BUT MORE SMOO?LY2 NATIONAL LIB]ATION HAS BECOME AN APPLI$ SCI5CE2 ! APP>ATUS HAS BE5 FREQU5TLY TE/$2 ! NUM]\S K9KS 9 ! ORIG9ALS HAVE BY N[ BE5 /RAI<T5$ \T4  ,ALL ?AT IS NE$$ TO MAKE ! CONTRAPTION RUN IS A DRIV]1 A TRANSMISSION BELT1 & FUEL4 

,! DRIV] IS ( C\RSE ! !ORETICIAN HIMSELF1 OR HIS CLOSE/ DISCIPLE4 ,! TRANSMISSION BELT IS ! G5]AL /AFF1 ! ORGANIZATION1 ALSO CALL$ ! ,P>TY OR ! COMMUNI/ P>TY4 ,?IS COMMUNI/ P>TY ) A SMALL C IS EXACTLY :AT IT IS POPUL>LY UND]/OOD TO BE4 ,IT IS ! NUCLEUS ( ! POLICE ORGANIZATION ?AT DOES ! PURG+ & ?AT WILL ITSELF BE PURG$ ONCE ! LEAD] BECOMES ,NATIONAL ,LEAD] & NE$S TO RE-REVISE ! 9V>IANT ,?\<T :ILE ADAPT+ HIMSELF TO ! FAMILY ( NATIONS1 OR AT LEA/ TO ! FAMILY BANK]S1 MUNITIONS SUPPLI]S & 9VE/ORS4 ,& ! FUEL3 ! OPPRESS$ NATION1 ! SUFF]+ MASSES1 ! LIB]AT$ PEOPLE >E & WILL CONT9UE TO BE ! FUEL4 

,! LEAD] & ! G5]AL /AFF >E NOT FL[N 9 FROM ABROAD2 !Y >E NOT =EIGN AGITATORS4 ,!Y >E 9TEGRAL PRODUCTS ( ! CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,?IS PRODUCTION PROCESS HAS 9V>IABLY BE5 ACCOMPANI$ BY RACISM4 ,RACISM IS NOT A NECESS>Y COMPON5T ( PRODUCTION1 BUT RACISM 79 SOME =M7 HAS BE5 A NECESS>Y COMPON5T ( ! PROCESS ( PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 & IT HAS ALMO/ ALWAYS LEAK$ 9TO ! PRODUCTION PROCESS4 

,9DU/RIALIZ$ NATIONS HAVE PROCUR$ !IR PRELIM9>Y CAPITAL BY EXPROPRIAT+1 DEPORT+1 P]SECUT+ & SEGREGAT+1 IF NOT ALWAYS BY EXT]M9AT+1 PEOPLE DESIGNAT$ AS LEGITIMATE PREY4  ,K9%IPS W]E BROK51 5VIRONM5TS W]E DE/ROY$1 CULTURAL ORI5TATIONS & WAYS W]E EXTIRPAT$4 

,DESC5DANTS ( SURVIVORS ( SU* ONSLAU<TS >E LUCKY IF !Y PRES]VE ! M]E/ RELICS1 ! MO/ FLEET+ %AD[S ( !IR ANCE/ORS' CULTURES4 ,MANY ( ! DESC5DANTS DO NOT RETA9 EV5 %AD[S2 !Y >E TOTALLY DEPLET$2 !Y GO TO WORK2 !Y FUR!R 5L>GE ! APP>ATUS ?AT DE/ROY$ !IR ANCE/ORS' CULTURE4 ,& 9 ! WORLD ( WORK !Y >E RELEGAT$ TO ! M>G9S1 TO ! MO/ UNPLEASANT & LEA/ HI<LY PAID JOBS4 ,?IS MAKES !M MAD4 ,A SUP]M>KET PACK]1 = EXAMPLE1 MAY KN[ MORE AB\T ! /OCKS & ! ORD]+ ?AN ! MANAG]1 MAY KN[ ?AT RACISM IS ! ONLY REASON HE IS NOT MANAG] & ! MANAG] NOT A PACK]4 ,A SECURITY GU>D MAY KN[ RACISM IS ! ONLY REASON HE'S NOT *IEF ( POLICE4  ,IT IS AMONG PEOPLE :O HAVE LO/ ALL !IR ROOTS1 :O DREAM !MSELVES SUP]M>KET MANAG]S & *IEFS ( POLICE1 ?AT ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION FRONT TAKES ROOT2 ?IS IS :]E ! LEAD] & G5]AL /AFF >E =M$4 

,NATIONALISM CONT9UES TO APPEAL TO ! DEPLET$ BECAUSE O!R PROSPECTS APPE> BLEAK]4 ,! CULTURE ( ! ANCE/ORS WAS DE/ROY$2 !RE=E1 BY PRAGMATIC /&>D1 IT FAIL$2 ! ONLY ANCE/ORS :O SURVIV$ W]E ?OSE :O ACCOMMODAT$ !MSELVES TO ! 9VAD]'S SY/EM1 & !Y SURVIV$ ON ! \TSKIRTS ( G>BAGE DUMPS4 ,! V>I$ UTOPIAS ( POETS & DREAM]S & ! NUM]\S 0MY?OLOGIES ( ! PROLET>IAT0 HAVE ALSO FAIL$2 !Y HAVE NOT PROV5 !MSELVES 9 PRACTICE2 !Y HAVE BE5 NO?+ BUT HOT AIR1 PIPE DREAMS1 PIES 9 ! SKY2 ! ACTUAL PROLET>IAT HAS BE5 AS RACI/ AS ! BOSSES & ! POLICE4 

,! PACK] & ! SECURITY GU>D HAVE LO/ CONTACT ) ! ANCI5T CULTURE2 PIPE DREAMS & UTOPIAS DON'T 9T]E/ !M1 >E 9 FACT DISMISS$ ) ! PRACTICAL BUS9ESSMAN'S CONTEMPT T[>D POETS1 DRIFT]S & DREAM]S4 ,NATIONALISM (F]S !M SOME?+ CONCRETE1 SOME?+ ?AT'S BE5 TRI$ & TE/$ & IS KN[N TO WORK4 ,!RE'S NO E>?LY REASON = ! DESC5DANTS ( ! P]SECUT$ TO REMA9 P]SECUT$ :5 NATIONALISM (F]S !M ! PROSPECT ( BECOM+ P]SECUTORS4 ,NE> & DI/ANT RELATIVES ( VICTIMS CAN BECOME A RACI/ NATION-/ATE2 !Y CAN !MSELVES H]D O!R PEOPLE 9TO CONC5TRATION CAMPS1 PU% O!R PEOPLE >\ND AT WILL1 P]PETRATE G5OCIDAL W> AGA9/ !M1 PROCURE PRELIM9>Y CAPITAL BY EXPROPRIAT+ !M4 ,& IF 0RACIAL RELATIVES0 ( ,HITL]'S VICTIMS CAN DO IT1 SO CAN ! NE> & DI/ANT RELATIVES ( ! VICTIMS ( A ,WA%+TON1 ,JACKSON1 ,REAGAN OR ,BEG94 

,EV]Y OPPRESS$ POPULATION CAN BECOME A NATION1 A PHOTOGRAPHIC NEGATIVE ( ! OPPRESSOR NATION1 A PLACE :]E ! =M] PACK] IS ! SUP]M>KET'S MANAG]1 :]E ! =M] SECURITY GU>D IS ! *IEF ( POLICE4 ,BY APPLY+ ! CORRECT$ /RATEGY1 EV]Y SECURITY GU>D CAN FOLL[ ! PREC$5T ( ANCI5T ,ROME'S ,PRETORIAN GU>DS4 ,! SECURITY POLICE ( A =EIGN M9+ TRU/ CAN PROCLAIM ITSELF A REPUBLIC1 LIB]ATE ! PEOPLE1 & GO ON LIB]AT+ !M UNTIL !Y HAVE NO?+ LEFT BUT TO PRAY = LIB]ATION TO 5D4 ,EV5 BE=E ! SEIZURE ( P[]1 A GANG CAN CALL ITSELF A ,FRONT & (F] HEAVILY TAX$ & CON/ANTLY POLIC$ POOR PEOPLE SOME?+ !Y /ILL LACK3 A TRIBUTE-GA!R+ ORGANIZATION & A HIT-SQUAD1 NAMELY SUPPLEM5T>Y TAX F>M]S & POLICE1 ! PEOPLE'S [N4 ,9 !SE WAYS1 PEOPLE CAN BE LIB]AT$ ( ! TRAITS ( !IR VICTIMIZ$ ANCE/ORS2 ALL ! RELICS ?AT /ILL SURVIVE FROM PRE-9DU/RIAL TIMES & NON-CAPITALI/ CULTURES CAN AT LA/ BE P]MAN5TLY EXTIRPAT$4 

,! IDEA ?AT AN UND]/&+ ( ! G5OCIDE1 ?AT A MEMORY ( ! HOLOCAU/S1 CAN ONLY LEAD PEOPLE TO WANT TO DISMANTLE ! SY/EM1 IS ]RONE\S4 ,! CONT9U+ APPEAL ( NATIONALISM SUGGE/S ?AT ! OPPOSITE IS TRU]1 NAMELY ?AT AN UND]/&+ ( G5OCIDE HAS L$ PEOPLE TO MOBILIZE G5OCIDAL >MIES1 ?AT ! MEMORY ( HOLOCAU/S HAS L$ PEOPLE TO P]PETRATE HOLOCAU/S4 ,! S5SITIVE POETS :O REMEMB]$ ! LOSS1 ! RESE>*]S :O DOCUM5T$ IT1 HAVE BE5 LIKE ! PURE SCI5TI/S :O DISCOV]$ ! /RUCTURE ( ! ATOM4 ,APPLI$ SCI5TI/S US$ ! DISCOV]Y TO SPLIT ! ATOM'S NUCLEUS1 TO PRODUCE WEAPONS :I* CAN SPLIT EV]Y ATOM'S NUCLEUS2 ,NATIONALI/S US$ ! POETRY TO SPLIT & FUZE HUMAN POPULATIONS1 TO MOBILIZE G5OCIDAL >MIES1 TO P]PETRATE NEW HOLOCAU/S4 

,! PURE SCI5TI/1 POETS & RESE>*]S CONSID] !MSELVES 9NOC5T ( ! DEVA/AT$ C\NTRYSIDES & *>R$ BODIES4  ,>E !Y 9NOC5T8 

,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT AT LEA/ ONE ( ,M>X'S OBS]VATIONS IS TRUE3 EV]Y M9UTE DEVOT$ TO ! CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION PROCESS1 EV]Y ?\<T CONTRIBUT$ TO ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM1 FUR!R 5L>GES A P[] ?AT IS 9IMICAL TO NATURE1 TO CULTURE1 TO LIFE4 ,APPLI$ SCI5CE IS NOT SOME?+ ALI52 IT IS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,NATIONALISM IS NOT FL[N 9 FROM ABROAD4 ,IT IS A PRODUCT ( ! CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION PROCESS1 LIKE ! *EMICAL AG5TS POISON+ ! LAKES1 AIR1 ANIMALS & PEOPLE1 LIKE ! NUCLE> PLANTS RADIOACTIVAT+ MICRO-5VIRONM5TS 9 PREP>ATION = ! RADIOACTIVATION ( ! MACRO-5VIRONM5T4 

,AS A PO/SCRIPT ,I'D LIKE TO ANSW] A QUE/ION BE=E IT IS ASK$4  ,! QUE/ION IS3 0,DON'T Y\ ?9K A DESC5DANT ( OPPRESS$ PEOPLE IS BETT] (F AS A SUP]M>KET MANAG] OR POLICE *IEF80 ,MY ANSW] IS ANO!R QUE/ION3 ,:AT CONC5TRATION CAMP MANAG]1 NATIONAL EXECUTION] OR TORTUR] IS NOT A DESC5DANT ( OPPRESS$ PEOPLE8 

,DETROIT1 ,DECEMB]1 #aihd 

  

.<#a.> ,! SUBTITLE ( ! FIR/ VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL IS ,A ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY3 ,! ,PROCESS ( ,CAPITALI/ ,PRODUCTION 7PUBLI%$ BY ,*>LES ,H4 ,K]R @& ,CO41 #a#i#f2 REPUBLI%$ BY ,R&OM ,H\SE1 ,NEW ,YORK74 

.<#b.> ,9 ,IBID41 PAGES #g#h#d-#h#e3 ,P>T ,V,I,I,I3 ,! ,SO-,CALL$ ,PRIMITIVE ,ACCUMULATION4 

.<#c.> ,E4 ,PREOBRAZH5SKY1 ,! ,NEW ,ECONOMICS 7,MOSC[1 #a#i#b#f2 ,5GLI% TRANSLATION PUBLI%$ BY ,CL>5DON ,PRESS1 ,OX=D1 #a#i#f#e71 A BOOK :I* ANN\NC$ ! FATEFUL 0LAW ( PRIMITIVE SOCIALI/ ACCUMULATION40 

.<#d.> ,SEE ,V4,I4 ,L591 ,! ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA 7,MOSC[3 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#f#d2 FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#i#i74 ,I QUOTE FROM PAGE #e#i#i3 0IF444WE COMP>E ! PRES5T RAPIDITY ( DEVELOPM5T ) ?AT :I* C\LD BE A*IEV$ ) ! G5]AL LEVEL ( TE*NIQUE & CULTURE AS IT IS TODAY1 ! PRES5T RATE ( DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA REALLY MU/ BE CONSID]$ AS SL[4 ,& IT CANNOT BUT BE SL[1 = 9 NO S+LE CAPITALI/ C\NTRY HAS !RE BE5 SU* AN ABUNDANT SURVIVAL ( ANCI5T 9/ITUTIONS ?AT >E 9COMPATIBLE ) CAPITALISM1 RET>D ITS DEVELOPM5T1 & IMMEASURABLY WORS5 ! CONDITION ( ! PRODUC]S4440 

.<#e.> ,OR ! LIB]ATION ( ! /ATE3 0,\R MY? IS ! NATION1 \R MY? IS ! GREATNESS ( ! NATION02 0,IT IS ! /ATE :I* CREATES ! NATION1 CONF]R+ VOLITION & !RE=E REAL LIFE ON A PEOPLE MADE AW>E ( !IR MORAL UNITY02 0,ALWAYS ! MAXIMUM ( LIB]TY CO9CIDES ) ! MAXIMUM =CE ( ! /ATE02 0,EV]Y?+ = ! /ATE2 NO?+ AGA9/ ! /ATE2 NO?+ \TSIDE ! /ATE40 ,FROM ,*E COSA E IL FASCISMO & ,LA DOTTR9A DEL FASCISMO1 QUOT$ BY ,G4,H4 ,SAB9E1 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,POLITICAL ,!ORY 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#e#e71 PP4 #h#g#b-#h#g#h4 

.<#f.> 0444! GRADUAL EXT5SION ( \R SETTLEM5TS WILL AS C]TA9LY CAUSE ! SAVAGE1 AS ! WOLF1 TO RETIRE2 BO? BE+ BEA/ ( PREY1 ?O' !Y DIFF] 9 %APE0 7,G4 ,WA%+TON 9 #a#g#h#c74 0444IF EV] WE >E CON/RA9$ TO LIFT ! HAT*ET AGA9/ ANY TRIBE1 WE WILL NEV] LAY IT D[N TILL ?AT TRIBE IS EXT]M9AT$1 OR DRIV5 BEYOND4440 7,T4 ,JEFF]SON 9 #a#h#g74 0444! CRUEL MASSACRES !Y HAVE COMMITT$ ON ! WOM5 & *ILDR5 ( \R FRONTI]S TAK5 BY SURPRISE1 WILL OBLIGE US N[ TO PURSUE !M TO EXT]M9ATION1 OR DRIVE !M TO NEW SEATS BEYOND \R REA*0 7,T4 ,JEFF]SON 9 #a#h#a#c74  ,QUOT$ BY ,RI*>D ,DR9NON 9 ,FAC+ ,WE/3 ,! ,METAPHYSICS ( ,9DIAN-,HAT+ & ,EMPIRE ,BUILD+ 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,NEW ,AM]ICAN ,LIBR>Y1 #a#i#h71 PP4 #f#e1 #i#f1 #i#h4 

.<#g.> ,READILY AVAILABLE 9 PAP] BACK AS ,QUOTATIONS FROM ,*AIRMAN ,MAO 7,PEK+3 ,POLITICAL ,DEP>TM5T ( ! ,PEOPLE'S ,LIB]ATION ,>MY1 #a#i#f#f74 

.<#h.> ,BLACK @& ,R$ TRI$ TO SATIRIZE ?IS SITUATION OV] T5 YE>S AGO ) ! PUBLICATION ( A FAKE ,MANUAL = ,REVOLUTION>Y ,LEAD]S1 A 0H[-TO-DO-IT GUIDE0 :OSE AU?OR1 ,MI*AEL ,VELLI1 (F]$ TO DO = ! MOD]N REVOLUTION>Y PR9CE :AT ,MA*IAVELLI HAD (F]$ ! FEUDAL PR9CE4 ,?IS PHONY 0,MANUAL0 FUZ$ ,MAO-,Z$ONG-,?\<T ) ! ,?\<T ( ,L591 ,/AL91 ,MUSSOL9I1 ,HITL] & !IR MOD]N FOLL[]S1 & (F]$ GRIZZLY RECIPES = ! PREP>ATION ( REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS & ! SEIZURE ( TOTAL P[]4  ,DISCONC]T+LY1 AT LEA/ HALF ( ! REQUE/S = ?IS 0,MANUAL0 CAME FROM ASPIR+ NATIONAL LIB]ATORS1 & IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT SOME ( ! CURR5T V]SIONS ( ! NATIONALI/ METAPHYSIC CONTA9 RECIPES (F]$ BY ,MI*AEL ,VELLI4 

.<#i.> ,I AM NOT EXAGG]AT+4 ,I HAVE BE=E ME A BOOK-L5G? PAMPHLET TITL$ ,! ,MY?OLOGY ( ! ,:ITE ,PROLET>IAT3 ,A ,%ORT ,C\RSE = ,UND]/&+ ,BABYLON BY ,J4 ,SAKAI 7,*ICAGO3 ,MORN+/> ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#c74 ,AS AN APPLICATION ( ,MAO-,Z$ONG-,?\<T TO ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY1 IT IS ! MO/ S5SITIVE ,MAOI/ WORK ,I'VE SE54 ,! AU?OR DOCUM5TS & DESCRIBES1 SOMETIMES VIVIDLY1 ! OPPRESSION ( ,AM]ICA'S 5SLAV$ ,AFRICANS1 ! DEPORTATIONS & EXT]M9ATIONS ( ! ,AM]ICAN CONT95T'S 9DIG5\S 9HABITANTS1 ! RACI/ EXPLOITATION ( ,*9ESE1 ! 9C>C]ATION ( ,JAPANESE-,AM]ICANS 9 CONC5TRATION CAMPS4 ,! AU?OR MOBILIZES ALL !SE EXP]I5CES ( UNMITIGAT$ T]ROR1 NOT TO LOOK = WAYS TO SUP]S$E ! SY/EM ?AT P]PETRAT$ !M1 BUT TO URGE ! VICTIMS TO REPRODUCE ! SAME SY/EM AMONG !MSELVES4 ,SPR9KL$ ) PICTURES & QUOTATIONS ( *AIRM5 ,L591 ,/AL91 ,MAO ,Z$ONG & ,HO-*I ,M9H1 ?IS WORK MAKES NO ATTEMPT TO HIDE OR DISGUISE ITS REPRESSIVE AIMS2 IT URGES ,AFRICANS AS WELL AS ,NAVAHOS1 ,APA*ES AS WELL AS ,PALE/9IANS1 TO ORGANIZE A P>TY1 SEIZE /ATE P[]1 & LIQUIDATE P>ASITES4 

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