,*APT] #f 
,! ,BATI/A ,]A 

#aigdaigd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,SAM ,DOLG(F 

,TEXT 3 

,ON ,AUGU/ #a#b1 #a#i#c#c1 ,C>LOS ,MANUEL DE ,CESP$ES1 =M] ,AMBASSADOR TO ,WA%+TON BECAME ,PRESID5T ( ,CUBA 7HE BORE ! SAME NAME AS HIS FA!R :O ! WAS ! FIR/ ,PRESID5T ( ! ,PROVISIONAL ,REPUBLIC ( ,CUBA 9 #a#h#f#i--SEE ABOVE7 ,9 SPITE ( ! ALL \T SUPPORT ( ! ,U4,S41 HIS REGIME COLLAPS$ AFT] BE+ 9 (FICE ONLY #ba DAYS4 ,CESP$ES WAS OV]?R[N BY ! FAM\S 0S]GEANTS REVOLT0 7,SEPT4 #d1 #a#i#c#c7 L$ BY ! !N UNKN[N ,FULG5CIO ,BATI/A Y ,ZALDIV>4 

,FULG5CIO ,BATI/A WAS BORN 9 #aib 9 ,ORI5TE ,PROV9CE4 ,HIS FA!R WAS A PEASANT LABOR] ON A SUG> PLANTATION4 ,9 #a#i#b#a1 HE 5LI/$ AS A PRIVATE 9 ! ,CUBAN >MY1 :]E HE LE>N$ TYP+ & /5OGRAPHY4 ,9 #aicb ,BATI/A BECAME A MILIT>Y C\RT /5OGRAPH] ) ! RANK ( S]GEANT 4 

,BATI/A'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,JUNTA TOOK P[] ON ! BASIS ( A DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM SUMM$ UP 9 ! FOLL[+ EXTRACT3 

,ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION ( ! NATIONAL GOV]NM5T & POLITICAL PROCESS ON ! BASIS ( A ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,CONV5TION TO BE HELD IMM$IATELY4  
,IMM$IATE ELIM9ATION FROM PUBLIC LIFE ( P>ASITES & FULL PUNI%M5T = ! ATROCITIES & CORRUPTION ( ! PREVI\S ,MA*ADO REGIME4  
,/RICT RECOGNITION ( ! DEBTS & OBLIGATIONS CONTRACT$ BY ! ,REPUBLIC4  
,IMM$IATE CREATION ( ADEQUATE C\RTS TO 5=CE ! MEASURES ABOVE M5TION$4  
,UND]TAKE ALL MEASURES NECESS>Y444T[>DS ! CREATION ( A NEW1 MOD]N1 DEMOCRATIC ,CUBA4  

,BATI/A PROMOT$ HIMSELF TO ! RANK ( ,COLONEL & ,COMM&] 9 ,*IEF ( ! ,>M$ =CES4 ,BATI/A WAS ! DE FACTO DICTATOR ( ,CUBA & RUL$ ?R\< A SUCCESSION ( PUPPET PRESID5TS 7SEV5 9 ALL74 ,! CIVILIAN1 ,DR4 ,RAMON ,SAN ,M>T9 7A PR(ESSOR ( M$IC9E71 WAS APPO9T$ ,PROVISIONAL ,PRESID5T ( ,CUBA BY ,BATI/A'S JUNTA4 ,HIS ADM9I/RATION 9 L9E ) ,BATI/A'S DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM1 5ACT$ A NUMB] ( RE=MS 7EI<T H\R DAY1 WOM5'S SUFFRAGE1 REPEAL ( ! NOTORI\S ,PLATT ,AM5DM5T1 LEGALIZ+ ,U4,S4 9T]V5TION 9 ,CUBAN AFFAIRS1 ETC47 

,BATI/A LO/ ! #aidd PRESID5TIAL ELECTION TO ,GRAU ,SAN ,M>T9'S ,AUT5TICO ,P>TY & ) ! MILLIONS /OL5 FROM ! ,CUBAN TREASURY RETREAT$ TO HIS ,FLORIDA ,E/ATE 9 #a#i#e4 ,PRESID5TIAL ELECTIONS 9 ,CUBA W]E S*$UL$ = ,JUNE #a#i#e#b4 ,! FAVORITE C&IDATE TO W9 WAS ,ROB]TO ,AGRAMONTE1 ,PR(ESSOR ( ,SOCIOLOGY 9 ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,HAVANA4 ,AGRAMONTE BELONG$ TO ! ,OR?ODOX ,P>TY 7,P>TIDO DEL ,PUEBLO ,ORTODOXO74 ,! ,ORTODOXOS WANT$ A RETURN TO ! ORIG9AL PR9CIPLES ( ! ,AUT5TICO ,P>TY :OSE LEAD]S W]E ,PRESID5TS ,GRAU ,SAN ,M>T9 7#a#i#d#d-#a#i#d#h7 & ,C>LOS ,PRIO ,SOC>RAS 7#a#i#d#h-#a#i#e#b74 .<,FIDEL ,CA/RO WAS AN ACTIVE MEMB] ( ! ,ORTODOXO ,P>TY1 :OSE LEAD] ,$U>DO ,*IBAS1 9 DESPAIR OV] ! FAILURE ( ! RE=M PROGRAM & ! CORRUPTION ( ,CUBAN 9/ITUTIONS--9 ! MID/ ( A RADIO PROGRAM -- COMMITT$ SUICIDE1 ,AUGU/ #a#i#e#a.> 

,9 ! MEANTIME ,BATI/A PREP>$ ! GR\ND = HIS RETURN TO ,CUBA & SEIZURE ( P[]2 HE SP5T HUGE SUMS TO GET HIMSELF ELECT$ ,S5ATOR FROM ,LAS ,VILLAS ,PROV9CE2 HE PLANT$ HIS M5 9 ! MASS ORGANIZATIONS 7SOME ( !M W]E COMMUNI/S :O WORK$ ) HIM PREVI\SLY74 ,HE ORGANIZ$ SUPPORT 9 ! >MY1 ! GOV]NM5TAL BUREAUCRACY AMONG ! L&LORDS1 9DU/RIALI/S1 & ! BANK]S4 ,HE CLEV]LY TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! WIDESPREAD V5ALITY & COLOSSAL CORRUPTION ( =M] ADM9I/RATIONS & PROMIS$ DEMOCRATIC RE=MS4 7,= EXAMPLE1 JU/ BE=E ,PRESID5T ,GRAU ,SAN ,M>T9 WAS AB\T TO BE TRI$ = MISAPPROPRIATION ( @s#a#g#d11 9 PUBLIC FUNDS DUR+ HIS ADM9I/RATION1 ?IEVES BROKE 9TO ! ,HAVANA ,C\RT ,H\SE & /OLE ! RECORDS47 ,! PRESID5TIAL ELECTIONS S*$UL$ = ,JUNE #aieb W]E NEV] HELD4 ,ON ,M>* #a #a#i#e#b1 ,BATI/A /AG$ HIS C\P D'ETAT & SEIZ$ P[]4 

,! ,COMMUNI/S & ,BATI/A 

,9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#d1 ! ,COM9T]N S5T REPRES5TATIVES TO PURGE & ,/AL9IZE ! ,CUBAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,FRANCISCO ,CALD]O1 7A SELF-$UCAT$ COBBL]1 :O ROSE TO PROM95CE 9 ! ,CUBAN ,P>TY & 9 ! ,CA/RO REGIME1 UND] ! NAME ( ,BLAS ,ROCA7 BECAME ! NEW SECRET>Y ( ! ,P>TY4 ,AFT] ! ,SEV5? ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COM9T]N 7,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL7 DECRE$ ! 0POPUL> UNIT$ FRONT0 ALLIANCE ) B\RGEOIS ORGANIZATIONS1 ! ,CUBAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY E/ABLI%$ CLOSE RELATIONS ) ,BATI/A4 

,9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#d1 ! COMMUNI/S SUPPORT$ ,BATI/A'S C&IDATES 9 ! ELECTIONS TO ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY4 ,9 RETURN = !IR SUPPORT1 ,BATI/A ALL[$ ! COMMUNI/S TO ORGANIZE & CONTROL ! GOV]NM5T SPONSOR$ UNION1 ,CUBAN ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,T,C ,CONF$]ACION DE ,TRABAJADORES DE ,CUBA7 ,! FIR/ ,SECRET>Y ,G5]AL ( ! ,C,T,C WAS ,LAZ>O ,P5A--:O1 IRONICALLY1 5\<1 HELD ! SAME PO/ 9 ! ,CA/RO REGIME4 ,9 EX*ANGE = !SE FAVORS ! COMMUNI/S GU>ANTE$ ,BATI/A LABOR PEACE4 ,9 L9E ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY'S 0,POPUL> ,FRONT ,AGA9/ ,FASCISM0 POLICY1 ! ALLIANCE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ) ! ,BATI/A WAS (FICIALLY CONSUMMAT$ :5 ! ,P>TY JO9$ ! ,BATI/A GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY LEAD]S ,C>LOS ,RAFAEL ,RODRIGUEZ & ,JUAN ,M>9ELLO 7:O N[ HOLD HI< PO/S 9 ! ,CA/RO GOV]NM5T7 BECAME ,M9I/]S ,)\T ,PORTFOLIO 9 ,BATI/A'S ,CAB9ET4 ,TO ILLU/RATE ! 9TIMATE CONNECTIONS BETWE5 ! COMMUNI/S & ,BATI/A1 WE QUOTE FROM A LETT] ( ,BATI/A TO ,BLAS ,ROCA1 ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY3 

,JUNE #a#c1#a#i#d#d  

,DE> ,BLAS1  

,) RESPECT TO Y\R LETT] :I* \R MUTUAL FRI5D1 ,DR4 ,C>LOS ,RAFAEL ,RODRIGUEZ1 ,M9I/] ,)\T ,PORTFOLIO1 PASS$ TO ME1 ,I AM HAPPY TO AGA9 EXPRESS MY FIRM UN%AKABLE CONFID5CE 9 ! LOYAL COOP]ATION ! ,PEOPLE'S ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY .<! !N (FICIAL NAME ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,CUBA.> ITS LEAD]S & MEMB]S HAVE GIV5 & CONT9UE TO GIVE MYSELF & MY GOV]NM5T4 4 4 ,BELIEVE ME1 AS ALWAYS1  

,Y\R V]Y AFFECTIONATE & CORDIAL FRI5D1  

,FULG5CIO ,BATI/A  

,9 ! ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN ! ,COMMUNI/ C&IDATES WON T5 SEATS 9 ! ,CUBAN P>LIAM5T & MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ PO/S 9 ! ,MUNICIPAL C\NCILS4 

,9 L9E ) !IR PRO-,BATI/A POLICY ! COMMUNI/S JO9$ ,BATI/A 9 CONDEMN+ ,FIDEL ,CA/RO'S ATTACK ON ! ,MONCADA ,B>RACKS 7,JULY #aiec -- ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ATTACK IS A NATIONAL HOLIDAY 9 ,CA/RO ,CUBA7 

4 4 4 ! LIFE ( ! ,PEOPLE'S ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 7COMMUNI/74 4 4 HAS BE5 TO COMBAT 4 4 4 & UNMASK ! PUTS*I/S & ADV5TUR\S ACTIVITIES ( ! B\RGEOIS OPPOSITION AS BE+ AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE4 4 4 7REPORT$ 9 ,DAILY ,WORK]1 ,U4,S ORGAN ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ,AUGU/ #a1 #a#i#e#c7  

,?R\<\T ! ,BATI/A P]IOD ! COMMUNI/S PURSU$ TWO P>ALLEL POLICIES3 OV]TLY !Y CRITICIZ$ ,BATI/A & COV]TLY !Y COOP]AT$ ) HIM4 

,! ,CRISIS ( ! ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T & ! ,AN>*I/S3 #a#i#d#d-#a#i#e#b 

,! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MILITANT ,]NE/O ,B>BIETO \TL9$ ! PROBLEMS ( ! ,CUBAN ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T & ! POSITION ( ! AN>*I/S 9 AN >TICLE1 ,LOS ,LIB]T>IOS ,VUELVAN 7,! ,LIB]T>IANS ,RETURN3 ,E/UDIOS--AN>*I/ MON?LY--,HAVANA1 ,M>*1 #a#i#e7 

,AFT] ! BLOODY REPRESSION ( ! ,MA*ADO DICTATOR%IP1 ! LIB]T>IAN MILITANTS MO/ ACTIVE 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T W]E SEV]ELY P]SECUT$ OR =C$ 9TO EXILE1 & ! AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE WAS CONSEQU5TLY CONSID]ABLY WEAK5$4 ,ANO!R MAJOR REASON = ! DECL9E WAS /ATE 9T]V5TION1 DE FACTO CONTROL ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,! EXCLUSION ( ! AN>*I/S LEFT ! FIELD OP5 = ,/AL9I/S1 RE=MI/S & PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS TO WID5 & TI<T5 !IR GRIP ON ! UNIONS4 ,! DEMOCRATIC PHRASEOLOGY ( ! POLITICIANS GAVE ! PROLET>IAT ! ILLUSION ?AT !Y W]E ACTUALLY MA/]S ( !IR DE/9Y4 ,?IS ILLUSION WAS FUR!R FO/]$ BY GRANT+ C]TA9 IMM$IATE DEM&S1 OBTA9$ )\T /RUGGLE OR SACRIFICES4 ,! WORK]S DID NOT REALIZE ?AT A COALITION ( EMPLOY]S1 ! /ATE & ! LABOR POLITICIANS MADE !SE CONCESSIONS ONLY TO /AVE (F MILITANT ACTION BY ! WORK]S & ABOVE ALL1 TO /R5G!N !IR [N POSITIONS & 9FLU5CE 9 ! UNIONS4 

,= !SE CONCESSIONS ! PROLET>IAT PAID A V]Y HI< PRICE2 DIRECT 9T]F]5CE & DE FACTO /ATE CONTROL ( !IR UNIONS1 ! VIRTUAL DE/RUCTION ( LEGITIMATE1 9DEP5D5T LABOR ORGANIZATIONS LIKE ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,WORK]S .<,C,G,T.>4 ,& ! VEHICLE = ?IS MONOPOLY WAS ! /ATE SPONSOR$ ,CUBAN ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR .<,C,T,C.> .<CONTROLL$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/-,BATI/A COALITION.>4 ,IT WAS ?IS ?REAT ?AT GALVANIZ$ ! MILITANTS ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,ASSOCIATION ( ,CUBA .<,A,L,C.> & O!R 9DEP5D5T LABOR ORGANIZATIONS TO RALLY ! WORK]S 9 DEF5SE ( ! AUTONOMY & 9DEP5D5CE ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 TO EXPEL ! LABOR POLITICIANS & >\SE ! REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,! ,?IRD ,NATIONAL ,LIB]T>IAN ,CONGRESS WAS CALL$ 7,M>* #a#a-#b#b1 #a#i#e7 TO REORGANIZE ! LIB]T>IAN LABOR MOVEM5T & ADOPT CONCRETE RADICAL MEASURES 5ABL+ ITS MILITANTS TO AGA9 ORI5TATE & PLAY A DECISIVE P>T 9 ! REG5]ATION ( ! ,CUBAN LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,! ,CONGRESS APPROV$ ! FOLL[+ RESOLUTIONS3 

,A7 FI<T AGA9/ ! CONTROL ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T BY BUREAUCRATS1 POLITICAL P>TIES1 RELIGI\S SECTS1 & CLASS-COLLABORATIONI/S  

,B7 EXT5D ! 9FLU5CE ( ! LIB]T>IANS BY ACTIVELY ANTICIPAT+ 9 ! DAILY /RUGGLES ( ! URBAN & RURAL WORK]S = BETT] WAGES & WORK+ CONDITIONS4  

,C7 5C\RAGE WORK]S TO PREP>E !MSELVES CULTURALLY & PR(ESSIONALLY NOT ONLY TO BETT] !IR PRES5T WORK+ CONDITIONS1 BUT ALSO TO TAKE OV] ! TE*NICAL OP]ATION & ADM9I/RATION ( ! :OLE ECONOMY 9 ! NEW LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4  

,D7 $UCATE ! WORK]S TO UND]/& ! TRUE MEAN+ ( SYNDICALISM1 :I* MU/ BE APOLITICAL1 REVOLUTION>Y & F$]ALI/1 :I* WILL HELP PREV5T AU?ORIT>IAN ELEM5TS TO 9/ITUTE A TYRANNICAL TYPE ( UNIONISM1 ACTUALLY BECOM+ AN AG5CY ( ! /ATE4  

,ON TACTICAL PROBLEMS ! ,CONGRESS RESOLVES TO WORK ACTIVELY ) ! WORK]S ( ! ,C,G,T1 ! ONLY LEGITIMATE NATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION ) SYNDICALI/ T5D5CIES1 & :I* IS MO/ RESPONSIVE TO ! REAL NE$S ( ! WORK]S4  

,TO W>N ! WORK]S ?AT ! ,C,T,C IS A /ATE-SPONSOR$ UNION1 SUPPORT$ BY ! ,/AL9ITE FACTION & ALLI$ LABOR FAK]S2 ?AT ! ,C,T,C IS A PSEUDO-PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATION )\T A TRACE ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS1 SPIRIT OR PRACTICE2 ?AT ! ,C,T,C IS 5TIRELY DOM9AT$ BY DICTATORIAL POLITICAL P>TIES & A CORRUPT LEAD]%IP4  

7SIGN$7 ,]NE/O ,B>BIETO  

,P>TIAL ,LI/+ ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,ACTIVITIES 9 ,CUBA 9 ! #a#i#eS 7,>TICLE 9 ,VIEWS & ,COMM5TS1 ORGAN ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,LEAGUE1 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,SPR+ #a#i#f#e7 

,9 ! MID & LAT] #eS1 ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,ASSOCIATION ( ,CUBA 7,A,L,C7 HAD FUNCTION+ LOCAL GR\PS 7DELEGATIONS 9 ,HAVANA4 ,P9> DEL ,RIO1 ,SAN ,CRI/OBAL1 ,>TEMISEA ,>TEMISA1 ,CIEGO DE ,AVILA1 & ,MANZANILLO1 AS WELL AS A HEAVY SCATT]+ ( MEMB]S ELSE:]E74 ,!IR SYMPA?IZ]S & 9FLU5CE W]E 9 COMPLETE DISPROPORTION TO !IR ACTUAL MEMB]%IP4 ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ GR\PS CONSI/$ USUALLY ( A FEW MEMB]S & A L>G] NUMB] ( SYMPA?IZ]S EXI/$ 9 MANY LOCAL & REGIONAL UNIONS AS WELL AS 9 O!R ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! FOLL[+ IS S P>TIAL LI/+ 7FROM ONE EXIL$ COMRADE'S MEMORY7 ( ! LIB]T>IAN ACTIVITIES & 9FLU5CE 9 ! SIX PROV9CES ( ,CUBA4 ,! LI/+ IS BY PROV9CES & MUNICIPALITIES FROM WE/ TO EA/4 

,PROV9CE ( ,P9> ,DEL ,RIO 

,CITY ( ,P9> DEL ,RIO--,!RE WAS A DELEGATION ( ! ,A,L,C ?AT COORD9AT$ ! ACTIVITIES 9 ! PROV9CE & :I* ON OCCASION RAN LOCAL RADIO PROGRAMS4 ,9 ADDITION1 \R COMRADES 9FLU5C$ & P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! FOLL[+ UNIONS3 TOBACCO WORK]S1 FOOD WORK]S1 ELECTRICIANS1 CON/RUCTION WORK]S1 C>P5T]S1 TRANSPORT WORK]S1 BANK EMPLOYES & M$ICAL WORK]S4 ,! MAGAZ9ES ( ! TOBACCO1 BANK WORK]S & ELECTRICIANS UNIONS W]E $IT$ BY LIB]T>IANS4  

,SAN ,JUAN Y ,M>TIBEZ ,M>T9EZ--,LIB]T>IANS 9FLU5C$ & L$ ! T5ANT F>M]S UNION :I* COV]$ A L>GE AGRICULTURAL ZONE4  

,V9ALES ,V9ALES--,A COMRADE PH>MACI/ P]SONALLY 9FLU5C$ V>I\S ACTIVITIES ( LOCAL CIVIC 9/ITUTIONS4  

,SAN ,CRI/OBAL--,!RE WAS A DELEGATION ( ! ,A,L,C :OSE MEMB]S 9FLU5C$ & L$ ! ,MUNICIPAL ,AGR>IAN ,ASSOCIATION1 ! ,SUG> ,WORK]S ,UNION & ! ,ASSOCIATION ( ,TOBACCO ,H>VE/]S1 EX]T+ ALSO SOME 9FLU5CE AMONG METAL WORK]S & COMM]CIAL EMPLOYES4  

,>TEMISA--,!RE WAS A DELEGATION ( ! ,A,L,C4 ,! LIB]T>IANS 9FLU5C$ & L$ ! ,TOBACCO ,WORK]S ,UNION 7ONE ( ! /RONGE/ 9 ,CUBA7 HAV+ ALSO SOME 9FLU5CE 9 ,TRANSPORT1 SUG> & FOOD 9DU/RIES AS WELL AS AMONG HI< S*OOL /UD5TS4 ,! GR\P ALSO HAD OCCASIONAL RADIO PROGRAMS4  

,PROV9CE ( ,LA ,HABANA 

,CITY ( ,LA ,HABANA--,SEAT ( ! ,NATIONAL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,A,L,C1 :I* ALSO FUNCTION$ AS ! ,LOCAL ,DELEGATION4 ,$IT$ ! NEWSPAP] ,EL ,LIB]TORIO ,LIB]T>IO 7=M]LY ,SOLID>IDAD7 :I* HAD BE5 ABLE TO APPE> ) BUT FEW 9T]RUPTIONS S9CE #a#i#d#d4 ,!RE W]E OCCASIONAL RADIO PROGRAMS & SOME BOOKS & PAMPHLETS W]E PUBLI%$4  

,!RE W]E WEEKLY =UMS AT ! HEADQU>T]S & PUBLIC MASS MEET+S W]E OCCASIONALLY HELD 9 ,LA ,HABANA & O!R PO9TS ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,\R COMRADES 9FLU5C$ & P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! FOLL[+ UNIONS3 ,ELECTRICIANS1 FOOD WORK]S1 TRANSPORT1 %OEMAK]S1 FI%]M51 WOODWORK]S1 M$IC9E1 METAL & CON/RUCTION4 ,TO A LESS] DEGREE !IR 9FLU5CE WAS FELT AMONG ! DOCK]S1 SLAU<T]H\SE WORK]S1 MOVIE 9DU/RY1 GRAPHIC >TS1 & J\RNALI/S1 AS WELL AS 9 ! ,NATURI/ ,ASSOCIATION & ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLICAN ,CIRCLE4 ,9 ! FOOD WORK]S SECTOR1 ! LIB]T>IAN GR\P PUBLI%$ A MON?LY P]IODICAL ,SOLID>IDAD ,GA/RONOMICA = OV] EI<T YE>S )\T 9T]RUPTION4 ,LIB]T>IANS WROTE REGUL>LY = ! PUBLICATIONS ( ! UNIONS ( O!R 9DU/RIES IMP>T+ :AT DOCTR9AL ORI5TATION !Y C\LD4 ,SPORADICALLY1 IT WAS POSSIBLE TO 9FLU5CE V>I\S PR(ESSIONAL & /UD5T ORGANIZATIONS4  

,>ROYO ,N>ANJO--,9 ?IS T[N \R COMRADES 9FLU5C$ & L$ ! ,P>5TS1 ,NEI<BORS & ,TEA*]S ,ASSOCIATION1 ! ,PROGRESSIVE ,CULTURAL ,ASSOCIATION & ! ,CONSUM]S ,COOP]ATIVE4  

,SANTIAGO DE LAS ,VEGAS--,H]E \R MEMB]S SP>K$ ! 0,MAS ,LUZ0 ,LIBR>Y1 & ! ,CULTURAL ,LYCEUM4  

,SAN ,ANTONIO DE LOS ,BANOS ,BANOS--,9FLU5CE 9 ! ,WORK]S ,CIRCLE & AMONG ! TOBACCONI/S4  

,PROV9CE ( ,MATANZAS 

,CITY ( ,MATANZAS--,SOME 9FLU5CE 9 ! TEXTILE1 GRAPHIC >TS & BANK EMPLOYES UNIONS AS WELL AS 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLICAN ,CIRCLE4  

,LIMON>--,/RONG 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,SUG> ,WORK]S ,UNION4  

,C>D5AS--,SOME 9FLU5CE AMONG COMM]CIAL EMPLOYES & 9 ! ,SECOND>Y ,S*OOL4  

,COLON--,9FLU5CE 9 ! TOBACCO WORK]S UNION4  

,ITATO--,9FLU5CE & LEAD]%IP 9 SALT WORK]S UNION4  

,PROV9CE ( ,LAS ,VILLAS 

,SANTA ,CL>A--,SOME 9FLU5CE 9 ! ELECTRICIANS UNION4  

,CAMAJUANI--,9FLU5CE 9 ! TOBACCO SELECTORS UNION4  

,ZAZA DEL ,M$IO--,SOME 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,ASSOCIATION ( ,TOBACCO ,H>VE/]S4  

,ISABELA DE ,SAGUA--,SOME 9FLU5CE 9 ! DOCK]S UNION4  

,SANCTI ,SPIRITUS--,9FLU5CE 9 ! UNIONS ( CON/RUCTION WORK]S & M$IC9E1 & ALSO 9 ! ,ASSOCIATION ( ,SECOND>Y ,S*OOL ,/UD5TS4  

,PROV9CE ( ,CAMAGUEY 

,CAMAGUEY--,/RONG 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,AGR>IAN ,F$]ATION & SOME 9 ! RAILWAY WORK]S UNION & J\RNALI/S4  

,JATIBONICO--,/RONG 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,SUG> ,WORK]S ,UNION & 9 ! PEASANTS0 ASSOCIATION4  

,CIEGO DE ,AVILA--,!RE WAS A DELEGATION ( ! ,A,L,C :I* = A TIME MA9TA9$ A DAILY RADIO H\R4 ,9FLU5CE 9 ! PEASANTS ASSOCIATION1 M$ICAL WORK]S UNION & AMONG ! SUG> WORK]S ( ! ,/EW>D & ,E/RELLA ,C5TRALS4  

,SANTA ,CRUZ DEL ,SUR--,9FLU5CE 9 PEASANT ORGANIZATIONS & 9 ! ,SANTA ,M>TA SUG> C5TRAL4  

,MORON--,9FLU5CE 9 ! SUG> C5TRAL ,VIOLETA4 ,ACTIVE AMONG ! TOBACCO H>VE/]S ( ,TAM>9DO & 9 ! ,AGRICULTURAL ,UNION ( ,FLOR5CIA4  

,NUEVITAS--,TRADITIONALLY ?IS ZONE HAS ALWAYS HAD /RONG LIB]T>IAN T5D5CIES4 ,TOGE!R ) ,MORON IT CAN BE CONSID]$ ! CRADLE ( ! /RONG AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T ( ! #bS4 ,= DECADES !RE WAS NO O!R SOCIO-POLITICAL MOVEM5T 9 ! REGION4 ,9 ! #dS !RE WAS AN ACTIVE ,A,L,C DELEGATION 9 ,NUEVITAS ?AT TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE 9 ! =MATION ( V>I\S UNIONS & ( ! LOCAL PEASANTS ASSOCIATION :I* WAS ! BE/ KN[N PEASANTS' ORGANIZATION ( ! ISL&4 ,IT SEIZ$ A L>GE EXT5SION ( UNCULTIVAT$ F>ML& E/ABLI%+ ! ,COOP]ATIVE ( ,SANTA ,LUCIA4 ,9 ! 5SU+ /RUGGLE ) ! L&LORDS & ! ,GOV]NM5T1 !RE W]E KILL$ & W\ND$ ON BO? SIDES 9CLUD+ ONE ,A,L,C MEMB]4 ,! PEASANTS WON & RETA9$ POSSESSION ( ! L&4  

,PROV9CE ( ,ORI5TE 

,SANTIAGO DE ,CUBA--,/RONG 9FLU5CE 9 ! FOOD WORK]S UNION & SOME 9 TEXTILES & TRANSPORT4  

,VICTORIA DE LAS ,TUNAS--,SOME 9FLU5CE 9 ! SUG> WORK]S UNION4  

,HOLGU9--,AT ONE TIME !RE HAD BE5 A DELEGATION ( ! ,A,L,C--SOME 9FLU5CE REMA9+ 9 LOCAL UNIONS4  

,BAYAMO--,SOME 9FLU5CE AMONG ELECTRICIANS & 9 ! ,PEASANTS ,ASSOCIATION4  

,PALMA ,SORIANO--,9FLU5CE 9 ! ,UNION ( ,COMM]CIAL ,EMPLOYES4  

,MANZANILLO--,DELEGATION ( ! ,A,L,C ) 9FLU5CE AMONG FOOD WORK]S & C>P5T]S4  

,CONTRAMAE/RE--,! ,M9]S UNION H]E HAD BE5 ORGANIZ$ & WAS /ILL 9FLU5C$ BY ! LIB]T>IANS4  

,SAN ,LUIS--,SOME 9FLU5CE AMONG BAK]S1 COMM]CIAL EMPLOYES & SUG> WORK]S4  

,GUANTANAMO--,MANY YE>S AGO ! ,C(FEE ,PRODUC]S ,COOP]ATIVE ( ,MONTE-,RUS WAS ORGANIZ$ BY LIB]T>IANS & S9CE !N ! AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE HAS REMA9$ /RONG 9 ! >EA1 ESPECIALLY AMONG ! SUG> WORK]S & PEASANTS4  

,DUR+ ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,BATI/A ?OSE ( \R COMRADES NOT !N 9 PRISON OR :O HAD NOT BE5 =C$ 9TO EXILE BY BE+ TOO WELL KN[N AS 5EMIES ( ! TYRANNY1 W]E 9 ! =EFRONT ( ! /RUGGLE 9 MANY LOCALITIES4 

,:5 ,BATI/A COLLAPS$1 !RE W]E 9 ! ,PROV9CE ( ,P9> DEL ,RIO ATTEMPTS BY SEV]AL PEASANT GR\PS UND] LIB]T>IAN 9FLU5CE TO E/ABLI% AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVES4 ,!SE W]E SET UP BY ! LOCAL PEOPLE :O SEIZ$ ! L& !Y HAD BE5 WORK+4 ,H[EV] ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,FIDEL ,CA/RO PROMPTLY SAW ! DANG] TO ITSELF ( SU* ACTION & CRU%$ ! COLLECTIVES BY =CE4 ,/ATE F>MS HAVE BE5 E/ABLI%$ 9 !IR PLACE4 ,BIG ,BRO!R FELT HE KNEW BE/6 

,! ,ROLE ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,MOVEM5T 9 ! ,ANTI-,BATI/A ,/RUGGLE 

,?IS IS ! TITLE ( AN >TICLE PUBLI%$ 9 ,EL ,LIB]T>IO 7ORGAN ( ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,LIB]T>IAN ,ASSOCIATION ( ,CUBA .<,A,L,C.> ,JULY #a#i1 #aif ,SC>CELY A YE> LAT]1 ! AN>*I/ PRESS & GR\PS W]E SUPPRESS$ BY ! ,CA/RO 0REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T40 

4 4 4,! ,A,L,C WAS FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ 9 ! MID/ ( ! BATTLE AGA9/ ,! ,BATI/A REGIME4 ,ON ,M>* #a1 #a#i#e#b1 :5 ,BATI/ATS HORDES /AG$ !IR 'C\P D'ETAT' TO SEIZE ,CUBA1 ! ,A,L,C PROPOS$ ! FULL FI<T+ SOLID>ITY ( ALL REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS TO REORGANIZE >M$ RESI/ANCE & REPULSE ! ,BATI/A TROOPS4 ,BUT ! C[>DICE & DEMORALIZATION ( ! ,SOCORRAS GOV]NM5T--0,IT IS TOO LATE4 ,WE MU/ AVOID BLOOD%$0--GAVE ,BATI/A AN EASY VICTORY4 ,LAT] ! BLOOD FL[$ 9 TORR5TS6 ,NOT = AN 9/ANT DID ! ,A,L,C RELAX 9 ! /RUGGLE TO TOPPLE ,BATI/A4  

,9 #a#i#e#f1 ! ,A,L,C PUBLI%$ A PAMPHLET ,PROJECCIONES ,LIB]T>IAS D5\NC+ ! DISA/R\S POLICIES ( ! ,BATI/A GOV]NM5T & /AT+ \R POSITION4 ,9 A SPEE* DELIV]$ TO ! ,C,T,C ,CUBAN ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR ,NATIONAL ,C\NCIL 7#a#i#e#g7 \R COMRADE ,MOSCU ON BEHALF ( ! ,A,L,C OP5LY ATTACK$ ! TOP-HEAVY LEAD]S :O CONTROLL$ ! ,C,T,C1 ACCUS+ !M & !IR LIEUT5ANTS ( \TRAGE\S CORRUPTION4 ,HIS SPEE* WAS WIDELY REPORT$ 9 ! ,CUBAN PRESS4 ,LAT] ?AT YE> 7#a#i#e#g7 ! ,A,L,C PUBLI%$ A MANIFE/O--#e1 COPIES--PUBLICLY EXPOS+ ! FIL?Y MANEUV]S & CORRUPTION ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 CLE>LY EXPLA9+ ! POSITION ( ! ,A,L,C4  

,! ,A,L,C AT ALL TIMES WELCOM$ & MADE ITS PREMISES AVAILABLE TO ! UND]GR\ND MILITANTS & REBEL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,?US1 ON ,DECEMB] #c#a1 #a#i#e#h1 WE HID 9 \R HALL--9 SPITE ( ! RISKS--A Y\NG MAN HUNT$ BY ! POLICE = ALLEG$LY VIOL5T ACTS COMMITT$ 9 ,M>IONAO ,M>IANAO AGA9/ ! ,BATI/A REGIME4  

,MO/ ( \R COMRADES W]E ACTIVE 9 ! 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T3 ,! ,DIRECTORIO1 ,OBR]A ,OBR]O ,REVOLUCION>IO1 ,! ,F$]ATION ( ,UNIV]SITY ,/UD5TS1 ETC41 ETC4 ,\R HALL WAS (T5 ! GA!R+ PLACE = MANY REBELS BELONG+ TO O!R ORGANIZATIONS4 ,IT WAS EV5 US$ BY ! ,CA/RO #b#f? ( ,JULY ,MOVEM5T TO TRA9 M5 9 ! PROP] USE ( FIRE>MS4 ,& \R HALL BECAME A DI/RIBUTION C5T] = M\NTA9S ( ANTI-,BATI/A LIT]ATURE4  

,LIT]ALLY HUNDR$S ( \R COMRADES W]E P]SECUT$1 TORTUR$1 DRIV5 9TO EXILE1 MURD]$4 ,H]E >E A FEW3  

,BORIS ,SANTA ,COLOMA2 KILL$ ,JULY #b#f1 #aiec 9 ! CELEBRAT$ ,CA/RO-L$ ATTACK ON ! ,MONCADA ,B>RACKS4 ,AQUILA ,IGLESIAS2 EXIL$4 ,ALV>EZ Y ,B>BIETO1 EXIL$4 ,MIGUEL ,RIVAS2 DISAPPE>$4 ,ROB]TO ,BRETAU2 PRISON4 ,MANUEL ,G]ONA2 PRISON4 ,RAFAEL ,S]RA2 TORTUR$4 ,MODE/O ,B>BIETA1 ,M>IA ,P9> ,GONZALEZ1 ,DR4 ,PABLO ,MADAN1 ,PLACIDO ,M5DEZ1 ,EULEGIO ,RELOBA & HIS SONS1 ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS1 ,M>IO ,G>CIA & HIS SON3 ALL ( !M 9 PRISON1 TORTUR$ & 9 SOME CASES B>ELY ESCAP+ ASSASS9ATION4 ,ISIDRO ,MOSCU2 IMPRISON$ & LEFT = DEAD AFT] BRUTAL TORTURES4 ,) ,MOSCU1 A NUM]\S GR\P ( COMRADES W]E ALSO IMPRISON$ & TORTUR$ = PREP>+ AN >M$ 9SURRECTION 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,P9> DEL ,RIO4  

,\R HALL WAS RAID$ MANY TIMES BY ! ,BATI/A POLICE4 ,%OOT+S TOOK PLACE4 ,COMRADES W]E >RE/$ & BRUTALLY BEAT54 ,BOOKS & ORGANIZATION RECORDS W]E CONFISCAT$4 ,BUT 9 SPITE ( ALL !SE ATROCITIES1 \R MOVEM5T1 AFT] TRULY H]OIC SACRIFICES1 SURVIV$ TO C>RY ON ! /RUGGLE ) UNDIM9I%$ D$ICATION444  

,AS ,BATI/A BECAME MORE & MORE TYRANNICAL1 MORE & MORE PEOPLE JO9$ ! OPPOSITION1 UNTIL BY F> ! BULK ( ALL CLASSES 7EA* = REASONS ( !IR [N7 ROSE AGA9/ HIM & HIS CORRUPT REGIME4 ,:5 ,BATI/A C\LD NO LONG] DEP5D EV5 ON ! >M$ =CES :I* HAD ALWAYS SU/A9$ HIM1 HIS REGIME COLLAPS$4 ,ON ,JANU>Y #a/1 #a#i#e#i1 HE & HIS 5T\RAGE FL$ ,CUBA4 

,! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S W]E JAIL$1 TORTUR$1 DRIV5 9TO EXILE BY SUCCESSIVE GOV]NM5TS4 ,! 0COMMUNI/S0 & ! CORRUPT POLITICIANS P[]FULLY BACK$ BY ,MA*ADO & ,BATI/A1 TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! P]SECUTION ( ! AN>*I/S TO SEIZE CONTROL ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,N[1 AGA9 H\ND$ & \TLAW$ BY ! ,CA/RO DICTATOR%IP1 ! RANKS ( ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S HAVE BE5 R$UC$ TO A M]E H&FUL ( D$ICAT$ MILITANTS4 ,! ,CUBAN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T HAS 9 A C5TURY ( /RUGGLE WRITT5 A GLORI\S1 9DELIBLE PAGE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 FROM :I* NEW G5]ATIONS ( FI<T]S WILL CONT9UE TO DRAW 9SPIRATION4 

7,NOTE ON S\RCES--,ASIDE FROM REF]5CES NOT$ 9 ! TEXT1 9=MATION = ?IS *APT] WAS D]IV$ FROM A S]IES ( P[]FUL >TICLES BY ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/1 ,JU/O ,MURIEL1 PR9T$ 9 AN ! ORGAN ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,F$]ATION ( ,>G5T9A1 ,RECON/RUIR2 ,BU5OS ,AIRES1 NUMB]S #c#i-#d#a ,DEC4-,APRIL #a#i#f#f2 >TICLES 9 V>I\S ISSUES ( ,SOLID>IDAD ,GA/ONOMICA--ORGAN ( ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ FOOD & CAFE WORK]S UNION1 ,EL ,LIB]T>IO1 ORGAN ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,ASSOCIATION ( ,CUBA1 ,HAVANA1 ! AN>*I/ PAP]S ,AHORA & ,COMBAT1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,CUBA 9 ! #a#i#dS & #a#i#eS2 CONV]SATIONS ) ,CUBAN AN>*I/S2 FILES 9 ! ,C5T] ,9T]NATIONAL DE ,RE*]*ES SUR L',AN>*ISME1 ,G5EVA1 & SOME DATA FROM ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,RESE>*1 ,AM/]DAM47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aigc 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #e1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/