,! ,DEMOCRACY ( ! ,REACTION1 #a#h#d#h-#b#a#a 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,CRIME?,9C4 

,TEXT 3 

,:AT H>M C\LD POSSIBLY COME ( US+ ! DISC\RSE ( DEMOCRACY TO DESCRIBE ! OBJECT ( \R MOVEM5TS = LIB]ATION8 ,WE CAN ANSW] ?IS QUE/ION ) A FABLE DRAWN FROM HI/ORY3 ! /ORY ( ! UPRIS+ ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 ,P>IS 9 ,JUNE #a#h#d#h4 

,DAVID ,GRAEB] HAS DRAWN P>ALLELS BETWE5 ! REVOLUTIONS ( #ahdh & ! UPRIS+S ( #b#a#a4 ,NONE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ( #ahdh MANAG$ TO HOLD P[] = MORE ?AN A C\PLE YE>S4 ,YET ! BASIC GOALS ?AT !Y F\<T = W]E WIDELY A*IEV$ )9 A FEW DECADES3 EV]Y:]E1 MON>*IES W]E GIV+ WAY TO CON/ITUTIONAL DEMOCRACIES1 ) UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE & SOCIAL SAFETY NETS ON ! WAY4 ,! >GUM5T BY ANALOGY IS ?AT1 ?\< ! UPRIS+S ?AT PEAK$ 9 #baa W]E NOT IMM$IATELY SUCCESSFUL1 !Y WILL HAVE A LONG-T]M IMPACT ON H[ WE ?9K AB\T POLITICS4 ,! /RUGGLES = /ATE DEMOCRACY 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & ,S\!A/ ,ASIA & ! EXP]I5CES ( DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5TS 9 ,EUROPE & ! ,U,S CREAT$ A SITUATION 9 :I* PEOPLE >\ND ! WORLD >E B\ND TO DEM& MORE DEMOCRACY 9 !IR GOV]NM5TS & !IR LIVES4 

,P]HAPS4 ,BUT ?IS FRAMEWORK DOESN'T (F] US ANY TOOLS ) :I* TO UND]/& H[ ! REACTION>Y =CES ?AT SUFF]$ SETBACKS 9 #ahdh & #baa C\LD RECONFIGURE !MSELVES UND] DEMOCRATIC BANN]S4 ,9 ,EGYPT1 AFT] ! REVOLUTION ( #b#a#a1 ! IDEA ( DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T RE-LEGITIMIZ$ ! APP>ATUS ( /ATE REPRESSION LONG 5\< = ! MILIT>Y TO RETURN TO P[]4 ,9 ,EUROPE & ! ,U,S1 ! MOM5TUM ( DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC GRASSROOTS MOVEM5TS WAS *ANNEL$ 9TO POLITICAL P>TIES LIKE ,SYRIZA & ,PODEMOS & ! DOOM$ C&IDACY ( ,B]NIE ,S&]S4 

,9 FACT1 :AT HAPP5$ 9 ,EGYPT BETWE5 #baa & #bad IS A LOT LIKE :AT HAPP5$ 9 ,FRANCE BETWE5 #ahdh & #a#h#e#a4 ,A WIDE-RANG+ COALITION ( DIFF]5T GR\PS OV]?REW A DICTATOR2 ! MO/ CONS]VATIVE ELEM5TS 9 ! COALITION WON ! ELECTIONS2 ! RESULT+ POPUL> UPRIS+S W]E REPRESS$ 9 ! NAME ( PROTECT+ ! FL$GL+ DEMOCRACY2 & 9 ! 5D1 A NEW DESPOT CAME TO P[] ?R\< A COMB9ATION ( ELECTION & C\P4 ,! REEM]G5CE ( ! ,DEEP ,/ATE 9 ,FRANCE 9 ,JUNE #ahdh & 9 ,EGYPT 9 #bac UND]SCORES :Y AN>*I/S HAVE >GU$ EV] S9CE #ahdh ?AT ! ONLY SURE WAY TO HOLD ON TO REVOLUTION>Y GA9S IS TO DELEGITIMIZE & DIS>TICULATE ! /ATE4 ,! PROBLEM ) DEMOCRATIC DISC\RSE IS ?AT1 BECAUSE ! VA/ MAJORITY ( DEMOCRATIC MODELS >E /ATE-BAS$1 IT (F]S COV] TO ANYONE :O WANTS TO RELEGITIMIZE /ATE P[]4 ,9DE$1 EV5 ?OSE :O EXPLICITLY OPPOSE ! /ATE CAN 5D UP RE9=C+ IT--:E!R BY JO9+ ! GOV]NM5T1 AS AN>*I/S FROM ! ,C,N,T DID DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 OR MORE OBLIQUELY1 BY LEGITIMIZ+ FRAMEWORKS & OBJECTIVES ?AT ULTIMATELY 5ABLE P>TISANS ( ! /ATE TO PRES5T !MSELVES AS ! ONES ) ! MO/ EFFECTIVE /RATEGY1 AS AN>*I/S LIKE ,C9DY ,MIL/E9 & ,DAVID ,GRAEB] RISK DO+4 

,TO UND]/& H[ ?IS WORKS1 LET'S GO BACK TO #a#h#d#h4 

,9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#h#d#h1 AN UPRIS+ 9 ,P>IS TOPPL$ ! K+2 REVOLT RADIAT$ ?R\<\T ,EUROPE ALONG ) ! NEWS ( ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION1 SPREAD+ FA/] ?AN ANY WAVE ( UNRE/ 9 ! DIGITAL AGE4 ,! TRANS=MATION ( ,FRANCE 9TO A ,REPUBLIC OCCASION$ MU* REJOIC+1 BUT !RE WAS LITTLE AGREEM5T AS TO :AT A ,REPUBLIC WAS4 ,JU/ AS AN>*I/S1 SOCIALI/S1 LIB]ALS1 NEOCONS]VATIVES1 & FASCI/S RUB %\LD]S UND] ! BANN] ( DEMOCRACY TODAY1 9 #ahdh A VA/ RANGE ( PEOPLE ID5TIFI$ ) ! IDEAL ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 CONF9+ !MSELVES TO DEBATES AB\T :AT ! TRUE NATURE ( ! ,REPUBLIC MI<T BE4 ,EV5 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 ALREADY A SELF-PR(ESS$ AN>*I/1 CALL$ HIMSELF A ,REPUBLICAN1 & HIS EXPLICIT OPPOSITION TO AU?ORITY DIDN'T /OP HIM FROM S]V+ 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY ALONGSIDE CONS]VATIVES LIKE ,ADOLPHE ,?I]S--! /ATESMAN :O LAT] BUT*]$ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 9 ! NAME ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 

,9DE$1 UNIV]SAL MANHOOD SUFFRAGE1 LONG S\<T BY RADICALS1 BR\<T A PR$OM9ANTLY REACTION>Y GOV]NM5T TO P[]4 ,=M] MON>*I/S & >I/OCRATS RE9V5T$ !MSELVES AS ,REPUBLICANS & SET \T USE !IR SUP]IOR RES\RCES TO GAME ! SY/EM4 ,ALL ?IS ILLU/RATES :Y1 ONCE A GOAL IS A*IEV$1 IT'S BE/ TO DISP5SE ) ! OLD RHETORIC 9 FAVOR ( LANGUAGE ?AT CL>IFIES ! NEW PROBLEMS ?AT >ISE4 ,TODAY1 WE CAN'T IMAG9E AN>*I/S OR O!R S9C]E PROPON5TS ( FRE$OM LAY+ CLAIM TO ! BANN] ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 ?\< MANY /ILL PRES5T !MSELVES AS ! *AMPIONS ( REAL DEMOCRACY4 

,9 ,JUNE #a#h#d#h1 F\R MON?S AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 ! NEWLY ELECT$ GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC RESC9D$ ! FEW /EPS IT HAD TAK5 TO ADDRESS ! PLI<T ( ! POOR--& ! WORK]S :O HAD RIS5 UP 9 ,FEBRU>Y ONCE AGA9 B>RICAD$ ! /REETS ( ,P>IS & CALL$ = REVOLUTION4 ,FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ! GOOD ,REPUBLICANS1 ?IS WAS UN?9KABLE3 !Y HAD F9ALLY A*IEV$ A DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T1 SO ANYONE :O REVOLT$ AGA9/ IT WAS AN 5EMY ( DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS TIME1 ! WORK]S F\ND NO ALLIES AMONG MIDDLE-CLASS ,REPUBLICANS4 ,!Y W]E ON !IR [N4 

,VICTOR ,HUGO1 ELECT$ TO ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY ALONGSIDE ,PR\DHON & ,?I]S1 CONSID]$ IT HIS CIVIC DUTY AS A DEMOCRAT & ,REPUBLICAN TO ACCOMPANY ! >MY AS IT /ORM$ ! CITY & GUNN$ D[N ! REBELS4 ,! REACTION>IES :O HAD NOT BE5 ABLE TO VANQUI% ! WORK]S 9 ! NAME ( ! MON>*Y N[ SLAU<T]$ !M 9 ! NAME ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 PRES]V+ ! SOCIAL ORD] ?AT HAD CAUS$ ! REVOLUTION 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,?\S&S W]E BUT*]$ 9 A ?REE-DAY HAIL ( LEAD4 ,AFT]W>DS1 MANY %OPS C\LD NOT REOP5 BECAUSE ALL ! EMPLOYES HAD BE5 KILL$4 

,%ORTLY !REAFT]1 ,NAPOLEON'S NEPHEW WAS ELECT$ ,PRESID5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,AT ! 5D ( HIS T]M1 HE ORGANIZ$ A C\P D'ETAT TO E/ABLI% HIMSELF AS ,EMP]OR1 BR++ ! BRIEF REIGN ( DEMOCRACY TO AN 5D4 ,?IS TIME1 ,VICTOR ,HUGO IMPLOR$ ! WORK]S ( ,P>IS TO BUILD B>RICADES & RISE AGA9/ ! USURP]1 BUT !Y TURN$ HIM A DEAF E>4 ,:Y %\LD !Y RISK !IR LIVES TO PRES]VE ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,REPUBLICANS :O HAD MASSACR$ !M LA/ TIME !Y ROSE AGA9/ !IR OPPRESSORS8 

,N[ ?AT ! ,REACTION HAD NO MORE USE = ! POLITICIANS :O HAD PAV$ ! WAY = IT1 !Y TOO W]E H]D$ 9TO PRISON & EXILE4 ,!IR ELECTIONS & PATRIOTISM HAD S]V$ TO MA9TA9 ! LEGITIMACY ( ! GOV]NM5T JU/ LONG 5\< = A %REWD] TYRANT TO TAKE ! HELM4 ,URG+ ! POOR TO BREAK ! LAW 9 ! NAME ( ! ,CON/ITUTION1 ,VICTOR ,HUGO & HIS COMRADES %[$ ! CONTRADICTIONS 9H]5T 9 !IR LUKEW>M REVOLUTIONISM4 

,) ! NOVELS HE PUBLI%$ FROM EXILE1 ,HUGO E>N$ WORLDWIDE ACCLAIM = PUTT+ WORDS 9 ! M\?S ( ! SAME POOR PEOPLE :OSE SLAU<T] HE HAD OV]SE54 ,HE WROTE AB\T ! EV5TS ( ,JUNE #ahdh 9 HIS MEMOIRS1 BEWAIL+ 0ON ONE SIDE ! DESPAIR ( ! PEOPLE1 ON ! O!R ! DESPAIR ( SOCIETY10 SIDE/EPP+ HIS ROLE 9 ! KILL+S HE DESCRIB$ ) SU* PA?OS4 ,9 ,LES ,MIS]ABLES1 HE /RUGGL$ TO MAKE S5SE ( H[ ! PEOPLE :O HAD MADE ! REVOLUTION C\LD TAKE UP >MS AGA9/ ITS LEGITIMATELY ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES3 

0,IT SOMETIMES HAPP5S ?AT1 EV5 CONTR>Y TO PR9CIPLES1 EV5 CONTR>Y TO LIB]TY1 EQUALITY1 & FRAT]NITY1 EV5 CONTR>Y TO ! UNIV]SAL VOTE1 EV5 CONTR>Y TO ! GOV]NM5T1 BY ALL = ALL1 FROM ! DEP?S ( ITS ANGUI%1 ( ITS DISC\RAGEM5TS & ITS DE/ITUTIONS1 ( ITS FEV]S1 ( ITS DI/RESSES1 ( ITS MIASMAS1 ( ITS IGNORANCES1 ( ITS D>KNESS1 ?AT GREAT & DESPAIR+ BODY1 ! RABBLE1 PROTE/S AGA9/1 & ?AT ! POPULACE WAGES BATTLE AGA9/1 ! PEOPLE4 

0,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO COMBAT IT1 & ?IS WAS A DUTY1 = IT ATTACK$ ! REPUBLIC4 ,BUT :AT WAS ,JUNE1 #a#h#d#h1 AT BOTTOM8 ,A REVOLT ( ! PEOPLE AGA9/ ITSELF444 ,IT ATTACK$ 9 ! NAME ( ! REVOLUTION--:AT8 ,! REVOLUTION4 ,IT--?AT B>RICADE1 *ANCE1 HAZ>D1 DISORD]1 T]ROR1 MISUND]/&+1 ! UNKN[N--FAC$ ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PEOPLE1 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 ! NATION1 ! ,REPUBLIC40 

,9 %ORT1 ,VICTOR ,HUGO SID$ ) SOCIETY AGA9/ ! PEOPLE :O COMPRISE IT2 ) SOV]EIGNTY AGA9/ LIB]TY2 ) HUMANITY AGA9/ HUMAN BE+S4 ,9 ! NAME ( DEMOCRACY & ! REPUBLIC1 HE HOODW9K$ HIMSELF 9TO DO+ HIS P>T TO PRES]VE CLASS SOCIETY AT ! B>REL ( A GUN4 ,HE WASN'T ALONE 9 ?IS3 ,PR\DHON & NE>LY ALL ! WELL-KN[N SOCIALI/S *OSE ! GOV]NM5T'S SIDE ( ! B>RICADES4 

,AT ! TIME1 REPUBLICAN DEMOCRACY WAS NEW 5\< TO ,EUROPE ?AT FEW C\LD =ESEE H[ IT MI<T ADVANCE A REACTION>Y AG5DA4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY TODAY3 IT HAS OCCURR$ TO V]Y FEW PEOPLE ?AT A MORE P>TICIPATORY DIGITAL DEMOCRACY MI<T BUTTRESS ! LEGITIMACY ( POLICE & PRISONS4 ,GRAEB]'S PR$ICTION--?AT ! DEMOCRATIC AIMS ( ! MOVEM5TS DEFEAT$ 9 #baa WILL NONE!LESS BE A*IEV$ 9 ! YE>S AHEAD--MI<T BE FULFILL$ )\T A*IEV+ ANY SIGNIFICANT GA9S T[>DS LIB]ATION1 JU/ AS ! AG5DAS ( ! REVOLUTIONS ( #ahdh W]E IMPLEM5T$ 9 A REPRESSIVE WAY BY POLITICIANS LIKE ,ADOLPHE ,?I]S :O SLAU<T]$ ! ORIG9AL REVOLUTION>IES 9 ! PROCESS4 ,! ,FR5* ,REPUBLIC F9ALLY TRIUMPH$ 9 #a#h#g#a1 ) ! MASSACRE ( T5S ( ?\S&S ( ,COMMUN>DS2 LIKE ! WORK]S ( ,JUNE #a#h#d#h1 ! G5]ATIONS ( AN>*I/S & COMMUNI/S ?AT CAME AFT] #ahga HAD TO FI<T AGA9/ ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T )\T ! ASSI/ANCE ( ?OSE :O HAD OPPOS$ ! MON>*Y & ! EMP]OR4 ,CONTR>Y TO ,GRAEB]'S OPTIMISM1 ! ASPIRATIONS ( #ahdh W]E REALIZ$ 9 LETT] BUT NOT 9 SPIRIT--AS TOO MI<T ! ASPIRATIONS ( #baa BE1 UNLESS WE DEVELOP A CRITIQUE ( ! DEMOCRACY ( ! REACTION4 

,H[ CAN WE BE SURE NOT TO REPEAT ! TRAG$Y ( ,JUNE #a#h#d#h8 ,FIR/1 WE %\LD NEV] LET A %IFT 9 ! POLITICAL SPH]E SUB/ITUTE = SOCIAL & ECONOMIC SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,LIKEWISE1 WE %\LD NEV] BECOME SO 5AMOR$ ( A P>TICUL> DECISION-MAK+ ME?OD--BE IT P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY OR CONS5SUS-RUN ASSEMBLIES--?AT WE CAN BE 9DUC$ TO C\NT5ANCE 9JU/ICE 9 ITS NAME4 ,9 EV]Y ,OCCUPY 5CAMPM5T 9 :I* MIDDLE-CLASS P>TICIPANTS US$ ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY TO LORD IT OV] HOMELESS OCCUPANTS ( ! 5CAMPM5T1 WE CAN RECOGNIZE AN E*O ( ,JUNE #a#h#d#h4 ,F9ALLY1 ABOVE ALL1 WE %\LD ALWAYS BE ?9K+ BEYOND \R [N VICTORIES1 DEVELOP+ CRITICAL TOOLS ) :I* TO TACKLE ! PROBLEMS ?AT WILL >ISE AFT]W>DS--FI<T+ ! NEXT W>1 NOT ! LA/ ONE4 

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON #b#b-#d-#c FROM CRIME?9C4COM47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a#c1 #bbb 3 ,! ,DEMOCRACY ( ! ,REACTION1 #a#h#d#h-#b#a#a -- ,ADD$4 

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