,! ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,LIB]TY 9 ! ,WORLD 
,AN ,UNPUBLI%$ ,/UDY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS 

,TEXT 3 

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,9 PA/ C5TURIES1 PEOPLES ONLY F\<T = !IR PASSIONS OR !IR IMM$IATE 9T]E/S2 IT WAS )\T REMORSE1 IT WAS EV5 ) GLADNESS ?AT1 9 ORD] TO SATISFY !IR AMBITION OR GRE$1 !Y EXT]M9AT$ 5TIRE NATIONS & DRAGG$ BEH9D !M MULTITUDES ( SLAVES4 ,)\T ANY L9K ( SOLID>ITY BETWE5 !M1 M5 /OLE !IR SELFI% WELL-BE+ FROM ! WELL-BE+ ( !IR NEI<BORS1 & ! WORLD1 GIV5 OV] TO *ANCE1 WAS SOMETIMES ! PREY ( ! /RONG]1 SOMETIMES ?AT ( ! MO/ SKILLFUL4 

,H[EV]1 FROM ! BEG9N+S ( HUMANITY1 SOME NOBLE SPIRITS ROSE UP1 DISCONT5T$ ) REALITY & DREAM+ ( A BETT] FUTURE2 SOME1 LIKE ! OLD PATRI>* ,ABRAHAM1 LEFT !IR C\NTRY & !IR K9 TO LIVE 9 ISOLATION F> FROM ! SELFI%NESS ( EV]YONE2 O!RS1 COM+ LAT]1 BADLY PUBLI%$ ! IDEA ?AT TRU? HAD /ILL NOT DESC5D$ TO ! E>?1 & ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO FOLL[ MORE JU/ & HUMANE LAWS3 BUT ?OSE >\S$ ALL MANN] ( BAD PASSIONS AGA9/ !MSELVES1 !Y 5C\NT]$ ONLY 9DIFF]5CE OR ANG]1 & !Y DI$1 NOT 9 ISOLATION1 BUT !Y DI$ ON A GIBBET1 TORTUR$ BY ! JOY\S CRIES ( ! POPULACE4 ,SOMETIMES1 ONE AMONG !M SUCCE$$ 9 LEAD+ SOME MILLIONS ( WILLS ALONG BEH9D !M1 5LIV5+ !M ) !IR WILL1 BUT IT WAS NECESS>Y = !M TO FI<T H>D TO OV]TURN ! HEAVY MASS ( HUMANITY ) ! P[]FUL LEV] ( !IR G5IUS4 

,N[1 M5 DESIR\S ( ! FUTURE CAN C\NT ON SOME SUPPORT FROM ! PA/3 FROM DAY TO DAY !IR MASS GR[S1 !IR SPE$ ACCEL]ATES LIKE ?AT ( A ROCK ?AT IS DA%$ 9TO ! GR\ND MORE & MORE VIOL5TLY4 ,! /RUGGLE HAS TAK5 COLOSSAL PROPORTIONS1 CLASSES AFT] CLASSES1 NATIONS AFT] NATIONS1 HAVE /EPP$ 9TO ITS GIGANTIC GE>S2 SLAVES & B>B>IANS1 PREVI\SLY H>DLY M51 HAVE BE5 CAU<T UP 9 ITS IMM5SE >MS & F\<T = :AT !Y W]E PREVI\SLY UNAW>E (1 = AN IDEA4 ,9 ! PA/1 ! CONQU]ORS RAIS$ NATIONS 9 ! NAME ( !IR MI<T1 9 ! NAME ( 9DIVIDUAL GLORY & 9T]E/S2 N[1 ! PEOPLES RISE UP1 NOT = A MAN1 = M5 DECEIVE1 NOT = GLORY1 = IT IS FALSE )\T LIB]TY1 NOR = !IR 9T]E/ ALONE1 BUT = ! 9T]E/ ( ALL4 

,9 ! PA/1 ! IDEA DROVE ! B>B>IANS BE=E IT1 )\T !M KN[+ IT4 ,! ,GO?S :O DE/ROY$ ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE HAD ONLY WANT$ TO TRADE !IR FOGGY ,NOR? = ! GOLD5 C\NTRIES ( ! ,S\?4 ,TO PILLAGE ! TEMPLES FULL ( GOLD & PRECI\S /ONES1 REPLACE !IR CO>SE FOOD ) ! DELICATE DI%ES ASSEMBL$ FROM ALL ! C\NTRIES ( ! WORLD1 5JOY SOME ,ROMAN PLEASURES1 TO SATISFY !IR DESIRE = BLOOD & MASSACRES1 ?AT WAS ! :OLE ( !IR AMBITION4 ,!Y M>*$ BL9DLY T[>D ! FUTURE1 & IT IS H>DLY AS IF ONE AMONG !M FELT ! FATAL H& ( ,GOD PU% !M T[>DS ! ,S\? & AN 9T]NAL VOICE CRY TO !M3 ,GO1 GO6 

,BUT :5 \R BRO!RS DESC5D$ TRIUMPHANT FROM !IR B>RICADES & M>*$ ON ! ,TULLI]IES1 ALREADY EMPTY ( !IR ,K+1 CRY+3 ,LONG LIVE ! ,REPUBLIC6 !Y KNEW !IR AIM1 !IR ?\<TS W]E AS CLE> AS !IR %\TS & 9 !IR HE>TS1 AS WELL AS ON !IR FLAGS1 W]E PR\DLY WRITT5 ! WORDS LIB]TY & FRAT]NITY4 

,SO TODAY IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT ! ,MA/] DEAL ) ?OSE :O YE/]DAY W]E ONLY A H]D ( SLAVES1 = ! CR[D1 ONCE ! LEV] = A FEW ISOLAT$ ?9K]S1 MADE ITSELF A ?9K] 9 ITS TURN1 & ! *ORUS ?AT WAS SWEPT FROM ! SC5E HAS BECOME ! GREAT ACTOR 9 ! !AT] ( ! WORLD4 ,AGA9/ IT1 ALL ! M5 ( ! PA/ /IFF5 !IR RESI/ANCE2 !Y )DRAW 9TO A REPULSIVE SELFI%NESS1 !Y MAKE !IR ,T[] ( ,BABEL BRI/LE ) CANNONS1 AWAK5+ 9 !IR TOMBS ALL ! CREAK+ SPECT]S ?AT ! DAWN HAD EVAPORAT$2 9 VA91 !IR CANNONS CANNOT PI]CE ! IDEA ?AT LIVES 9 US1 !IR NOCTURNAL SPECT]S CANNOT )/& ! RADIANCE ( \R SUN1 !IR PA/ CANNOT DEFEAT \R FUTURE4 

,!Y WILL BE VANQUI%$1 ,I SWE> IT4 ,ALREADY1 ! DEFECTIONS >E NUM]\S AMONG !M1 = IT IS DIFFICULT TO FI<T :5 Y\ HAVE ! SUN & DU/ 9 Y\R FACE4 ,WE ALREADY C\NT AMONG \R RANKS MANY M5 ( HE>T1 :O USE !IR TIME & !IR WEAL? TO PROVE ?AT !Y W]E WRONG TO BE RI* AS A RESULT ( ! MIS]Y ( ! POOR1 WELL F$ AS A RESULT ( !IR HUNG]1 HAPPY AS A RESULT ( !IR MIS=TUNE4 

,= A LONG TIME ALREADY ! W> CRY HAS SO>$ ABOVE ! BATTLEFIELD1 = A LONG TIME ! WEAPONS HAVE BE5 PREP>$1 & ALREADY ! FIR/ VICTIMS HAVE FALL54 ,TODAY ! COMBAT1 & TOMORR[ ! VICTORY6 

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,SO :AT IS ?IS IDEA ?AT HAS SO (T5 RAIS$ UP M5 AGA9/ M5 & ?AT1 N[1 SEP>ATES ! WORLD 9TO TWO GREAT FACTIONS8 ,IT IS ! IDEA ( LIB]TY1 ( COMPLETE & ABSOLUTE LIB]TY4 ,IT IS = ?IS IDEA ?AT #g1 ,HUGU5OTS >E DEAD 9 A S+LE NI<T2 IT IS = IT ?AT1 = T5 LONG YE>S1 \R FA!RS HAVE R$D5$ ) !IR BLOOD ALL ! SCAFFOLDS & ALL ! FIELDS ( BATTLE4 ,IT IS = IT ?AT ALL ! PRECURSORS HAVE BE5 HAT$1 FROM ,SOCRATES1 :O W\LD LIB]ATE PHILOSOPHY1 TO ,L\IS ,BLANC1 :O C\LD NOT LIB]ATE ! PEOPLE4 

,LET US NOT BELIEVE1 NONE!LESS1 ?AT LIB]TY %\LD BE ! ONLY AIM ( MEAN H]E BEL[3 ALL ITS HOPES W\LD !N LEAD ONLY TO A GIGANTIC EGOISM4 ,BUT !RE IS ANO!R IDEA1 ?AT ( LOVE1 AN IDEA ?AT DEVELOPS 9 P>ALLEL TO ! FIR/4 ,= EA* MAN 9 P>TICUL>1 LIB]TY IS AN AIM1 BUT IT IS ONLY A MEANS = LOVE1 = UNIV]SAL BRO!RHOOD1 EFFICACI\S & ALL-P[]FUL MEANS1 = ! FREE MAN ALONE CAN1 )\T ULT]IOR MOTIVE1 CLASP HIS FREE BRO!R TO HIS BREA/ & SAY TO HIM3 0,I LOVE Y\40 

,! ,DECL>ATION ( ! ,RI<TS ( ,M5 MISLEADS !N1 :5 IT ACCORDS TO ! CITIZ5 ! RI<T TO LIB]TY1 9S(> AS ?AT LIB]TY IS NOT LIMIT$ BY LOVE1 BY DUTIES4 ,9/EAD ( /RUGGL+ AGA9/ ONE ANO!R1 ! RI<T & ! DUTY AGREE 9 !IR HI<E/ S5SE2 9/EAD ( LIMIT+ ONE ANO!R1 !Y MULTIPLY ONE ANO!R & CONT9UE ONE ANO!R1 FROM MAN UP TO ,GOD1 :]E RI<T & DUTY1 LOVE & LIB]TY >E ONE S+LE ?+4 

,?IS PROGRESS ( :I* WE SPEAK DOES NOT DEVELOP UNI=MLY1 EI!R 9 HE>TS OR ESPECIALLY 9 FACTS4 ,9 ! HI/ORY ( ! WORLD WE CAN APPLY TO IT ! PHILOSOPHICAL =MULA ( ACTION & REACTION1 BUT 9 SO F> AS ! REACTION IS ALWAYS LESS ?AN ! ACTION4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS WAY ?AT 9 ITS OLD5 DAYS1 ,ROME1 DEFEAT$ BY ! APO/LES ( ,JESUS1 DECL9$ T[>DS FETI%ISM2 TRIUMPHANT ,CA?OLICISM IS A PAGAN REACTION MIX$ ) ,*RI/IAN ELEM5TS1 ,PROTE/ANTISM IS A DISGUIS$ ,CA?OLICISM1 & ! POLITICAL REACTION BOA/S ( ! B>RICADES ?AT IT HAS CONQU]$ 9 ITS TURN1 =GETT+ ?AT ALL ! REACTIONS >E CONDEMN$ TO DEA?1 ?AT ALL >E SWALL[$ 9 ! VOID1 =GETT+ ?AT ! FUTURE M>*ES ON ! REMA9S ( ITS ADV]S>IES4 ,HUMANITY IS ! WAVE DA%+ DELIRI\SLY ON ! ROCKS1 ?R[N BACK 9TO ! OCEAN1 :I* RO>S 9 A DEEP VOICE1 RETURNS ) FURY TO ! DET]M9$ ROCK1 DIGS MORE BE=E ITS SAVAGE BITES & SUBSIDES ONLY ON ! RU9S ( ITS 5EMY4 

,! WORLD ( FACTS MAY /ILL BE 9 ITS P]IOD ( REACTION1 BUT ALREADY PROGRESS 9/ALLS ITSELF 9 M9DS ) NEW PROMISES & HOPES UNKN[N TO ! PREVI\S C5TURIES2 BUT IT IS NOT )\T COMBAT ?AT ?IS PROGRESS IS C>RI$ 9TO 9/ITUTIONS1 = IT MU/ OV]TURN ALL ! =CE ( 9]TIA OPPOS$ TO IT BY HABIT1 SELFI%NESS & ! PA/4 ,ALSO1 EV]Y PROGRESS IS A SORR[ & IS 9EVITABLY ACCOMPANI$ BY A ,REVOLUTION2 EA* TRU? ?AT IS AFFIRM$ HAS ITS CO/ 9 BLOOD & TE>S4 ,*RI/IANITY1 ! B\RGEOISIE1 RELIGI\S RE=M SET !IR FEET 9 ! BLOOD & WE SEE ?AT IT IS ! SAME = ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,HUMANITY1 LIKE A Y\NG MAN1 HAS ITS CRITICAL YE>S & ITS MALADIES1 BUT IT COMES \T ( !M /RONG]1 H>DI] & F9]4 

,AP>T FROM SOME PESSIMI/S & SOME REF9$ OR?ODOX TYPES :O BELIEVE ! WORLD HAS >RIV$ AT ITS DECREPITUDE1 ! MAJORITY ( M5 ACKN[L$GE1 9 FACT1 ?AT HUMANITY ADVANCES2 BUT SOME WANT ?IS PROGRESS TO BE SOLELY 9EVITABLE & ! WILL ( MAN NOT TO 5T] 9TO IT AT ALL2 O!RS ?9K1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT ALL ! /EPS ( HUMANITY >E COMPLETELY 9DEP5D5T ( ! WILL ( ,GOD4 ,!SE TWO OP9IONS >E FALSE2 ALL ! MOVEM5TS ( ! HUMAN RACE >E PRODUC$ BY A D\BLE 9FLU5CE1 :I* NECESS>ILY CONTRIBUTES TO !IR AIM2 ! WILL ( MAN & ! WILL ( ,GOD1 O!RWISE KN[N AS FATALITY1 = ! WILL ( ,GOD IS IMMUTABLE & NO?+ C\LD *ANGE IT4 ,LIB]TY & FATALITY1 9/EAD ( MUTUALLY DE/ROY+ ONE ANO!R1 M>* H>MONI\SLY T[>D A S+LE 5D1 IT IS DUALITY T5D+ T[>DS UNITY4 

,SO IT IS RIDICUL\S TO CONC$E1 AS SO MANY WEAK M9DS DO1 ?AT ! H& ( ,GOD DIRECTS ! UNIV]SE1 SO ?AT !RE IS 9 M5 !MSELVES NO CAUSE ( ! ACTS !Y ACCOMPLI%4 ,ALL EV5TS FL[ FROM ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( MAN1 ALL FROM IRREVOCABLE DE/9Y4 ,I FIRMLY BELIEVE 9 ! RE/ORATION ( ! HUMAN RACE1 9 ! F9AL REHABILITATION1 BUT ,I W\LD F9D IT IMPI\S & CONTR>Y TO ! SANCTITY ( ,GOD IF MAN C\NT$ = NO?+ 9 ! P]FECTION ?AT HE WILL ATTA94 ,MAN & ,GOD EA* HAVE A REAL EXI/5CE1 SO LET US BE NEI!R FATALI/S NOR A!I/S4 

,:ATEV] ! CASE1 IT IS 9CONTE/ABLE ?AT HUMANITY ADVANCES ON A PA? ( PROGRESS1 & ?AT IS SO TRUE ?AT \R MORE DECL>$ 5EMIES DRAW FROM IT ONE ( !IR OLD >GUM5TS1 SAY+ ?AT WE COMPROMISE ! FUTURE BY WI%+ TO HURRY IT TOO MU*4 ,= !MSELVES1 !Y WILL+LY FOLL[ ! OPPOSITE M>* & W\LD BR+ US BACK TO ?AT FALSE UNITY ?AT CONSI/S ( DISSOLV+ ALL M5 9TO ONE1 :OSE OMNIPOT5CE NO?+ C\LD JU/IFY4 ,\R AIM IS 9DE$ TO COME TO UNITY1 BUT TO TRUE UNITY1 ?AT 9 :I* ALL BECOME FREE1 UNIT$ ) ALL & ) ,GOD1 :OSE 9F9ITY ALONE CAN CONTA9 !M4 ,/>T+ FROM ! S+LE PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY1 WE T5D TO A S+LE PR9CIPLE AS WELL1 BUT ONE OPPOS$2 EA* PO9T ?AT SEP>ATES ! TWO EXTREME LIMITS IS A /RUGGLE BETWE5 AU?ORITY1 P[]FUL AT FIR/1 BUT ALWAYS DIM9I%+1 & ! LIB]TY DE/9$ TO ONE DAY COV] ! :OLE E>?4 

,IT IS TO ?AT GREAT IDEA ( LIB]TY ?AT ALL ! HUMAN IDEAS ?AT ! DIFF]5T CIVILIZATIONS HAVE PRODUC$ LEAD1 & ?IS IS :Y ALL ! C\NTRIES %\LD %>E ! PORTION ( TRU? ?AT !Y HAVE WON4 ,IT HAS BE5 NECESS>Y ?AT1 ACROSS OCEANS & M\NTA9S1 ,B5>ES SPOKE TO ,MEMPHIS1 ,BABYLON TO ,ALEX&RIA2 N[ IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT ALL PEOPLES UNITE 9 ONE VA/ CONC]T & S+1 ONE AFT] ANO!R1 ! NOTE ?AT !Y HAVE DISCOV]$ 9 ! H>MONY ( ! HEAV5S4 ,:5 ALL ! WAYS WILL BE UNIT$ 9 ONE S+LE SYMPHONY1 :5 ! CIVILIZ+ WAVE COME FROM ! ,EA/ WILL BE IMPREGNAT$ ) ALL ! SAP ( ! C\NTRIES ?AT IT COV]S1 !N IT WILL FL[ BACK T[>DS ITS NATIVE SOIL & RE9VIGORATE ! C\NTRIES ?AT >E N[ DESOLATE4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS WAY ?AT ALL HUMAN ?+S WILL 5D 9 ! FLOOD ?AT GLIDES OV] ! S& & RETURNS TO ! HE>T ( ! SEA2 ! PEOPLES ROTT+ 9 NEGLECT1 ! BLOODY HORDES ( ! B>B>IANS1 ! ANG] ( ! P[]LESS SLAVE1 ALL ?AT IS EQUAL TO ,GOD4 

,?AT IS A GREAT & SUBLIME EQUATION = :I*1 IF IT WAS NECESS>Y1 WE W\LD SPILL \R BLOOD2 =1 TOMORR[ IS ! GREAT DAY ( ! BATTLE1 IT IS ! GREAT DAY ( VICTORY1 ! DAY :5 ,JESUS WILL RETURN TO REIGN OV] HIS 5EMIES & IMPOSE ON !M BRO!RHOOD & ! WOR%IP ( HIS ,GOD4 

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,IF WE SEEK 9 ! PA/ = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! IDEA ( :I* WE SPEAK1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO RECALL ?AT ! V>I\S P]IODS ( ! LIFE ( HUMANITY >E F> FROM BE+ AS NEATLY DEF9$ AS !Y APPE> TO US1 F> (F SPECTATORS4 ,ALL !SE ]AS OV]LAP1 HAVE A BASIS 9 ONE ANO!R1 & ! CAUSES ( ! EV5TS ?AT UNFOLD TODAY >E TO BE F\ND 9 ! ORIG9S ( ! WORLD4 ,NONE!LESS1 9 ORD] NOT TO LOSE \RSELVES 9 ! LABYR9? ( HI/ORY1 ! M9D FIXES WILL+LY ON ! TIMES :5 ! IDEA WAS VIOL5TLY TRANSPORT$ BY ! FACTS3 IT IS ) ! AID ( ! POOLS ( BLOOD SPREAD H]E & !RE ?AT WE RECOGNIZE ! R\TE ( HUMANITY4 

,EV]YONE KN[S ?AT LIB]TY LIV$ 9 A *RYSALID /ATE 9 ! ORI5TAL WORLD1 ?AT IT %OOK 9 A LIVELY MANN] 9 ! GRECO-ROMAN & S\<T TO BREAK FROM ITS 5VELOPE2 ALL KN[ AS WELL ?AT IT MANIFE/S ITSELF N[ & LEAVES BEH9D IT ITS DRI$ \T SK94 ,! PEOPLES ( ,9DIA & ,EGYPT1 FATALI/S 9 !IR PHILOSOPHY1 LET !MSELVES BE QUIETLY COOP$ UP LIKE H]DS ( %EEP2 DIVID$ 9TO CA/ES1 ?AT IS 9TO CATEGORIES ( MORE OR LESS /UPEFI$ SLAVES1 !Y ADOPT ALL ! TYRANNIES AS AN IRREVOCABLE ORD] ( DE/9Y1 !IR RELIGION4 ,! CA/E ( MA/]S & SAVANTS ITSELF1 NOT BE+ ABLE TO RECRUIT 9 ! MOVE LIVELY MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 DEBAS$ ITSELF 9 ITS TURN & DEPRIV$ ( ITS PRIMITIVE 5]GY1 IT BECAME IMMOBILIZ$1 PR\D TO RESEMBLE ! IMMOVABLE PYRAMIDS ?AT IT HAD HAD BUILT4 

,! ,GREEKS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 AGITAT$ A GREAT DEAL TO >RIVE AT A P]FECT =M ( GOV]NM5T !Y TRI$ ! DESPOTISM ( A SORT ( TEMP]$ MON>*Y1 OLIG>*Y1 REPUBLIC1 BUT ?IS WAS ALWAYS ONLY 9 VIEW ( !IR [N CITY2 9/EAD ( SPREAD+ \TSIDE TO PROPAGATE !IR SPIRIT1 !Y LOCK$ !MSELVES AWAY )9 ! %ELT] ( !IR WALLS & SULLI$ ) ! NAME ( B>B>IANS ALL ?OSE :O LIV$ \TSIDE !IR M\NTA9S OR %ORES4 ,PLATO HIMSELF1 ! GREAT ,PLATO1 MADE HIS IDEAL REPUBLIC1 A ,GREEK CITY1 A CITY ( FREE M5 & M5 5SLAV$4 ,SO IT IS NOT NECESS>Y TO COMP>E ! ,GREEK ,REPUBLICS BAS$ ON 9EQUALITY TO \R REPUBLICS1 :I* >E BAS$ ON ! OPPOSITE IDEA1 \R REPUBLICS :]E EV]Y VOICE IS EQUAL TO AN ANO!R VOICE1 :]E EA* LIFE1 9 PR9CIPLE AT LEA/1 HAS ! SAME RI<TS AS ANO!R4 ,! COMMUNISM ( ! ,SP>TANS WAS BAS$ ON ! HATR$ ( ! =EIGN] & ! SOCIALISM ( \R DAYS HAS UNIV]SAL BRO!RHOOD AS ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE4 

,ROME ALSO WAS DIVID$ 9TO PATRICIANS & PLEBEIANS1 9TO FREE M5 & SLAVES1 CITIZ5S & =EIGN]S4 ,FROM ! TIMES ( ,AUGU/US1 :5 TW5TY M5 PASS$1 N9ETE5 W]E ONLY ?+S = ! TW5TIE?2 H[EV]1 !Y VAGUELY RECOGNIZ$ ! EQUALITY ( ALL1 & DUR+ ! FEA/ ( ! ,SATURNALIA1 A FEA/ ?AT %\LD RECALL ! GOLD5 AGE1 ALL W]E EQUAL & ! SLAVE HAD ! RI<T TO /RIKE HIS MA/]4 

,ALONE 9 ANTIQUITY ! ,JEWS RECOGNIZ$ ?AT !RE %\LD BE NO SLAVES & IF !Y HAD FAI?FULLY EXECUT$ ! PRECEPTS ( ,MOSES1 NEV] W\LD ANY AMONG !M HAVE NE$$ TO SELL !MSELVES TO FE$ !IR FAMILY4 ,?R\< !IR 9/ITUTIONS1 BUT ESPECIALLY ?R\< !IR RELIGION1 DESC5D$ FROM ! ,S9AI1 ! ,JEWS W]E ! PRECURSORS ( ,*RI/IANITY1 ( ?AT ,*RI/IANITY ?AT !IR PROPHETS HAD ANN\NC$ TO !M & ?AT !Y HAD LONG AWAIT$4 ,BUT ?IS ,*RI/IANITY ?AT PREA*$ ! R5UNCIATION ( IMPI\S PLEASURES1 :I* TOLD ! RI* TO LIVE ) ! POOR & LIKE ! POOR1 ! ,*RI/IANITY ( ! COMMUNI/S ,/4 ,BASIL & ,/4 ,*RYSO/OME WAS V]Y /RONG FOOD = ! OLD ,GREEK & ,ROMAN MAT]IALISM1 ! EMPIRE ( ! WORLD W\LD HAVE DISAPPE>$ 9 ! H&S ( ITS WEAK MA/]S & W\LD HAVE BE5 DEAD ( />VATION A C5TURY LAT]1 IF ! B>B>IAN HORDES HAD NOT COME TO RAVAGE IT4 

,IT REQUIR$ A LONG P]IOD ( TIME = ! SWEET SPIRIT ( ! GOSPELS TO MAKE ! SAVAGE VICTORS B5D1 !SE M5 ( IRON :O DI$ LAU<+4 ,9 ! 5D1 H[EV]1 ! LORDS W\LD BECOME ACCU/OM$ TO REG>D ! S]F AS A MAN1 = !Y 5C\NT]$ ONE ANO!R 9 ! SAME *UR*1 & ! PRIE/1 MO/ (T5 ! SON ( A S]F HIMSELF1 SPOKE TO !M AS EQUALS BE=E ,GOD4 ,\R HI/ORIANS HAVE REC\NT$ TO US H[ ! B\RGEOIS ( ! CITIES1 JEAL\S ( !IR WEAL?1 REVOLT$ AGA9/ ! ,LORDS2 H[ ! K+S ALLI$ !MSELVES ) ! VILLE9S AGA9/ ! HI< & MI<TY B>ONS2 H[ ! ,FR5* >I/OCRACY WAS BR\<T D[N ?REE TIMES1 SO ?AT IT C\LD NEV] RISE AGA94 ,!N1 ! ,FR5* ROYALTY WEI<$ ) ALL ! WEI<T ( ! VANQUI%$ >I/OCRACY ON ! B\RGEOISIE ?AT HAD BECOME P[]FUL 9 ITS TURN2 REVOLT GLID$ 9TO HE>TS1 !N 9TO M9DS4 ,IT BROKE \T 9 A BLOODY MANN]4 ,IT IS ,FRANCE ?AT LIB]TY HAD *OS5 = ITS CRADLE4 

,:Y IS ,ITALY1 :Y IS ,5GL& NOT MORE ADVANC$ 9 ?IS NEW ]A ( UNIV]SAL BRO!RHOOD8 ,WE WILL TRY TO EXPLA94 

,ITALY WAS LESS PR(\NDLY DEVA/AT$ ?AN ! O!R P>TS ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE2 ! F]TILIZ+ REMA9S ( ! B>B>IANS W]E DEPOSIT$ LESS !RE !N AMONG ! ,GAULS & IF CIVILIZATION C\LD FL[] AGA9 MORE RAPIDLY !RE1 IT NEV]!LESS LACK$ ! VIGOR & 5]GY ?AT FL[$ 9 ! BLOOD ( ! M5 ( ! ,NOR?4 ,TWO C5TURIES HAD /ILL NOT PASS$ S9CE ! ,G]MAN RACE HAD ALREADY MELT$ 9TO ! ANCI5T ,ITALIC RACE2 ALSO1 AS SOON AS CIVILIZATION C\LD AGA9 BEG9 ITS UPW>D M>* 9 ! %AD[ ( ! POPES & EX>*S1 IT WAS EXCLUSIVELY ,ITALIAN2 ! OLD ,ROMAN DI/9CTIONS ( CITIZ5S & B>B>IANS REAPPE>$1 & ! C\NTRY WAS DIVID$ 9TO AN 9F9ITE NUMB] ( LITTLE TRAD+ REPUBLICS1 ALL 5EMIES ( ONE ANO!R1 ALL AS >I/OCRATIC AS ,SP>TA & ,A!NS4 ,NEI!R ,V5ICE ! BEAUTIFUL1 NOR ,G5OA ! RI*1 NOR ,FLOR5CE ! FAM\S W\LD UND]/& ! IDEA ( FRE$OM = ALL & ! NOBLE ,RI5ZI HIMSELF1 9 HIS VA/ PLANS ( REG5]ATION1 ONLY WANT$ RE/ORE ! ANCI5T GLORY ( ,ROME & E/ABLI% ! UNITY ( ,ITALY4 ,ALSO1 :5 ALL !SE LITTLE ISOLAT$ /ATES HAS SP5T !IR FIR/ VIGOR 9 9TE/9E /RUGGLES1 =EIGN TYRANTS W\LD LAY !IR H&S ( LEAD OV] ! EYES ( TREMBL+ ,ITALY4 ,IT IS !N ?AT ! SCEPT] PASS$ FROM !IR H&S 9TO \RS1 = ! ROYALTY ( CIVILIZATION NEV] DIES 9 ! WORLD1 & :5 A PEOPLE IS EXT+UI%$ IT CALL$ TO ITS DEA?B$ ANO!R PEOPLE & & TELLS IT 9 A BROK5 VOICE ! SECRETS ( LIFE4 

,= ITS P>T1 ,5GL&1 DEFEAT$ BY ! ,ROMANS & CONV]T$ TO ,*RI/IANITY1 DEVELOP$ RAPIDLY1 BUT 9 AN EXCLUSIVELY ,5GLI% MANN]4 ,SURR\ND$ ON ALL SIDES BY ! B\NDLESS SEA1 ! ,5GLI% ?\<T TO MAKE ( !MSELVES SOME?+ LIKE A NEW HUMAN SPECIES2 = !M1 ! HOMEL& CANNOT EXI/ IF IT IS NOT COV]$ ) ! FOGS ( ! ,?AMES OR ! ,HUMB]1 IF ! SUN IS NOT HIDD5 BY A VEIL ( DIRTY1 BLACK HAZE4 ,9 !IR HE>TS1 ! LOVE ( ! HOMEL& IS AT ! SAME TIME HATR$ ( ! =EIGN]4 ,IT IS BY ?IS FACT ESPECIALLY ?AT !IR ,REVOLUTION DI/+UI%ES ITSELF FROM \R [N1 AL?\< BO? BEGAN ) ! DEA? ( A K+ & F9ALLY L$ TO A TYRANT1 PROTECTOR AMONG !M1 EMP]OR AMONG US4 ,MOREOV]1 !IR REVOLUTION WAS 9 L>GE P>T A VA9 QU>REL ( DOGMAS BETWE5 SOME FANATICAL ,PRESBYT]IANS & /IFF ,ANGLICANS1 A QU>REL ?AT W\LD HAVE BE5 MU* BETT] WORK$ \T ON ! B5*ES ( A *APT] .<A RELIGI\S MEET+.> ?AN TRANSLAT$ 9TO BLOODY MURD]S ON ! FIELD ( BATTLE OR ! SCAFFOLD4 ,H[ DIFF]5T WAS \R BEAUTIFUL ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 :I* BAS$ ITSELF ON ! RI<TS1 NOT ( ! ,FR5*1 BUT ( MAN1 & WI%$ NEI!R TRUCE NOT RE/ UNTIL IT HAD MADE ! T\R ( ! WORLD4 ,! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION WAS 9 FULL CONTRADICTION ) ITSELF1 S9CE ITS IDEA ( LIB]TY WAS EXCLUSIVE4 

,:AT'S MORE1 ! ,5GLI% PU%$ RESPECT = ! LAW TO ! HI<E/ PO9T1 EXTOLL+ IT AMONG !MSELVES AS A R>E QUALITY4 ,IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 TO BLAME !M = IT4 ,LIKE ALL HUMAN CREATIONS1 ! LAWS %\LD APPE> BE=E ! TRIBUNAL ( \R CONSCI5CE & WE %\LD ONLY SUBMIT TO !M :5 !Y >E 9 P]FECT H>MONY ) ! MORAL LAW ?AT LIVES )9 US4 ,IF !Y >E 9 DISAGREEM5T ) ET]NAL JU/ICE1 WE MU/ DISOBEY !M4 ,SO IT IS SAD TO SEE A PR\D & NOBLE PEOPLE1 LIKE ! ,5GLI%1 LEAN1 :5 IT IS A QUE/ION ( !IR LIB]TY1 NOT ON IMMUTABLE RI<T1 BUT ON AN OLD ,*>T] FROM TIMES GONE BY2 IT IS SAD TO SEE !M /ILL B[ BE=E ALL ! OLD CU/OMS ( ! PA/1 MON/R\S & B>B>IC CU/OMS P]PETUAT$ DESPITE ! PASSAGE ( ! C5TURIES4 ,RESPECT = ! LAW IS MORAL C[>DICE4 ,! ,5GLI% CANNOT D5Y IT3 !Y DEVELOP1 BUT IT IS FROM CONSEQU5CE TO CONSEQU5CE1 RA!R ?AN FROM NEGATION TO NEGATION4 ,5GL&1 SAID ,M4 ,GUIZOT 9 HIS Y\?1 IS ! EAGLE ) B5T W+S1 :I* BUILD1 REPAIRS & EMBELLI%ES ITS NE/1 & NEGLECTS TO TAKE UP AGA9 ITS FLI<T T[>D ! REGIONS ( ! SUN4 ,H[EV]1 ! GREAT DAY WILL ALSO COME = IT1 = ! V5GEANCES HAVE BE5 LONG ACCUMULAT+4 

,WE ,FR5*1 WE P]HAPS [E ! PRIVILEGE ( 9ITIATIVE TO ! =TUNATE MIXTURE ( RACES ?AT CAME TO MELT TOGE!R 9 \R NATAL L&4 ,9 ,FRANCE !RE COLLID$ & UNIT$ ! BATTL+ ,GAULS1 ! ,FRANCS ) !IR 9TREPID S\LS1 ! 9TELLIG5T ,GO?S1 ! IRON ,HUNS1 ! BRONZE ,ROMANS1 ! FI]Y ,>ABS4 ,ALL ( !SE PEOPLES1 AFT] CLA%+ 9 \R C\NTRYSIDES1 W]E UNIT$1 & FROM ALL ( !M ?AT WE DESC5D1 WE ! /&>D-BE>]S ( ! FUTURE6 

,BECAUSE WE >E ! SONS ( ALL !SE NATIONS1 WE HAVE 9H]IT$ ?AT 9/9CT ( HOSPITALITY ?AT WE C>RY TO %9E >\ND US4 ,BE=E \R #a#i? C5TURY1 IT WAS NECESS>Y = A R5[N$ =EIGN]1 BECOME ,EUROPEAN1 ?AT !Y PASS ?R\< ,FRANCE1 & N[ IT IS FROM ,FRANCE ?AT ALL SPEAK ALL !SE NEW IDEAS1 EV5 ! 9TUITION ( :I* SPLITS OP5 ! OLD WORLD4 

,AS = ! ,G]MANS1 !Y ADVANCE SL[LY1 BUT !Y >RIVE2 !Y DO NOT HAVE ! LIVELY1 JOY\S =M ( ! M5 ( ! S\?2 !Y DO NOT RETURN1 LIKE US1 FROM FACTS TO !IR CAUSES1 BUT 9 DESC5D+ FROM !IR PHILOSOPHICAL !ORIES TO SEE !IR APPLICATION 9 ! FACTS1 !Y P]CEIVE ?AT ! FACTS & JU/ICE >E 9 P]MAN5T CONTRADICTION4 ,N[ WE SEE !M DESC5D 9TO ! >5A ( ,REVOLUTION TO ATTEMPT AT ONCE \R ,REVOLUTION ( #agib & \R ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 A ,REVOLUTION ?AT WE /ILL AWAIT4 ,IF WE HAVE HA/5$ TO ACCOMPLI% \R WORK1 ! WILL \TDI/ANCE US ON ! ROAD ( ! FUTURE4 

,EV]YONE KN[S ! HI/ORY ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 :I* BEGAN 9 #a<i & HAS CONT9U$ UNTIL \R TIMES ?R\< MANY 9CID5TS & BLOODY DRAMAS4 ,! OLD ORD] WAS VIOL5TLY ABOLI%$2 ! WILL ( ONE ALONE GAVE PLACE TO ! WILL ( ALL1 ! L9KS ( (FICIAL RELIGION W]E BROK51 ! JUR&ES & MA/]S W]E REPLAC$ BY FREE COMPETITION1 :I* W]E AFT] ALL ONLY ! FRE$OM ( MONOPOLY1 BUT :I* SUB/ITUT$ DESPOTISM ) *ANCE & LUCK4 ,?IS WAS ! COM+ ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,WE KN[ H[ ?AT B\RGEOISIE CONTRIBUT$ TO ! FALL ( ,NAPOLEON1 :O DID NOT LEAVE IT ANY MOM5T ( REPOSE4 ,DESPOTIC REACTION AGA9/ ! LIB]TY & P]SONIFICATION ( ! PEOPLE AT ONCE1 ! ,EMP]OR FELL UND] ! BL[S ( ! B\RGEOISIE & SOME ,COSSACKS LEAGU$ TOGE!R = ! GOOD ( COMM]CE & ( ! ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE4 ,JEAL\S ( ITS ACQUIR$ PRIVILEGES1 ! >I/OCRACY ( F9ANCE WAS !N = FIFTE5 YE>S A LIVID OPPOSITION TO ! NOBLES & TO ! PRIE/S :O TRI$ TO REGA9 !IR ANCI5T RI<TS2 F9ALLY SUCCE$$ 9 BR++ ! PEOPLE TO ITS SIDE1 & ! REVOLUTION ( ,JULY /RUCK ONE F9E DAY1 NOT = ! PR(IT ( ! POOR :O HAD MADE IT1 BUT = ?AT ( ! RI* :O HAD HIDD54 ,?IS ,REVOLUTION1 WE KN[1 HAS PRES]V$ ! WORD LIB]TY ON ITS FLAGS1 ! WORD EQUALITY 9 ITS LY+ *>T]1 BUT IT HAS F\ND NO BADGE1 NO ALT> ON :I* TO 5GRAVE ! WORD FRAT]NITY4 ,)\T CONC]N = DUTIES1 ?IS ]A ( SELFI%NESS APPEALS ONLY TO RI<TS1 KN[+ WELL ?AT )\T DUTY1 RI<T CANNOT EV5 SURVIVE4 

,IT IS !N ?AT WAS MANIFE/$ 9 ALL ITS SPL5DOR ! CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y1 A SORT ( POLITICAL P5DULUM ON :I* ?REE ACROBATS MAKE AT ONCE SOME TI<TROPE-WALK]S' TURNS4 ,IT IS A SORT ( POLITICAL ECLECTICISM AS ABSURD AS PHILOSOPHICAL ECLECTICISM1 AS TRANSITORY1 AS IMPOSSIBLE1 = !RE ! ELECTIVE PR9CIPLE & ,ROYALTY F9D !MSELVES 9 OP5 W>4 ,IT IS BECAUSE ( ! ELECTIVE PR9CIPLE ?AT ! ,ROYALTIES ( #ahae & #ahc HAVE CAPSIZ$2 IT IS BECAUSE ( ?AT PR9CIPLE ?AT !Y WILL ALL BE OV]TURN$1 EV5 :51 AS 9 ,5GL&1 ! ?REE P[]S WILL BE AT ! SAME TIME ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! >I/OCRACY4 ,!RE IS NO MIDDLE GR\ND POSSIBLE BETWE5 ! PEOPLE & ,CES>2 LET ! ,/ATE BE GOBBL$ UP 9 ! P]SON ( A S+LE MAN1 OR LET ALL TAKE P>T 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ALL4 ,IF ONE DOES NOT WANT ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PEOPLE1 LET !M OP5 WIDE ! DOORS ( ! ,REPUBLIC TO ,NI*OLAS6 

,BESIDES1 ! QUE/ION HAS BE5 JUDG$3 ! CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y IS DEAD2 MI<T IT HAVE PLEAS$ ,GOD IF \R %AME & \R SORR[S W]E DEAD ) IT6 ,MI<T IT HAVE PLEAS$ ,GOD ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE ?AT REIGN$ UND] ! NAME ( ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE HAD 5D$ ITS REIGN6 ,= EI<TE5 YE>S WE HAVE SE5 IT 9 ! WORK ( ! ROYAL CAB9ETS & UND] ! PILL>S ( ! ,B\RSE3 WE HAVE SE5 = EI<TE5 YE>S H[ ITS ,CORYPHAEUSES 9VITE ! =EIGN K+S TO SPIT ON \R FLAG1 PROVID$ ?AT !Y >E GIV5 A MOM5T ( RE/ & !Y M]*&ISE IS ALL[$ TO SAIL FREELY ACROSS ! OCEANS4 ,:5 \R SOLDI]S =GET ! R\TE TO ! BORD]1 WE HAVE SE5 !M1 ) SADNESS1 LE>N ?AT ( \R ROADS2 WE HAVE (T5 HE>D ! NOISE ( ! FUSILLADE & ! DY+ GASP ( ?OSE GUILTY ( HAV+ BE5 HUNGRY4 ,WE HAVE SE51 & /ILL SEE1 ! RI* CRU% ! POOR = !IR WEAL?2 WE HAVE SE5 !M1 & /ILL SEE !M1 N\RI% !MSELVES EA* DAY ) ! BREAD ( ! UN=TUNATE1 A BREAD SOAK$ ) TE>S1 A BREAD SOAK$ ) BLOOD4 

,= EI<TE5 YE>S A HIDE\S BREA? ( 9T]E/ & SELFI%NESS HAS CREPT OV] ,FRANCE3 F9ALLY HAS COME ! ,REVOLUTION ( SCORN1 ! ?RONE HAS DISAPPE>$ & ! B\RGEOIS HAD BEGUN ONCE AGA9 TO CELEBRATE ! MAGNANIM\S PEOPLE1 ! MAGNANIM\S PEOPLE :OM !Y W\LD HAVE M[$ D[N IF !Y HAD BE5 DEFEAT$4 

,I,V4 

,BUT !Y W]E ! VICTORS4 ,! BRONZE CANNONS & SOLDI]S ) LONG BAYONETS RETREAT$ BE=E A FLOOD ( PEOPLE GR[N PALE ) HUNG] & TATT]$ ) POV]TY4 ,IT IS 9 VA9 ?AT ! ROYAL RIFLES S\<T *E/S1 BEH9D EA* ATTACK$ PRESS$ A WAVE ( ATTACK]S & FROM EA* W9D[ TUMBLES A PAV+ /ONE4 ,OH6 ,IT WAS A F9E DAY 9DE$ :5 ?\S&S ( COMBATANTS1 PR\D ( HAV+ PAID = ! VICTORY ) !IR W\NDS1 UNFURL$ TO ! W9D A TORN SCRAP1 SYMBOL ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 OR PI\SLY ESCORT$ ! CORPSE ( A BRO!R1 CRY+ AT ONCE TE>S ( SADNESS & 5?USIASM4 ,IT WAS A F9E DAY :5 WE SAW A K+1 :O FLATT]$ HIMSELF ) IMPRISON+ ! RIOT]S ONCE MORE1 PALE AT ! APPROA* ( ! PEOPLE & SEEK A DANK CELL> 9 HIS SPL5DID CA/LE4 ,IT WAS A F9E DAY = US1 M5 ( ! PROV9CES :O LE>N$ AT ! SAME TIME ( ! /RUGGLE & ! VICTORY1 = ! OLD M5 ( #hi :O W\LD H>DLY F9D A TE> ( PLEASURE 9 !IR WE>Y EYES2 = ! M>TYRS ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 :O WE CONGRATULAT$ BECAUSE !Y W]E FREE1 BUT :O W]E PLEAS$ ) :AT ,FRANCE WAS4 ,ON ?AT DAY MANY HOPES W]E BORN 9 HE>TS1 VA9 HOPES ?AT W\LD *ANGE 9TO DREAD = ?OSE :O HAVE MADE !M LIE4 ,:ATEV] ! CASE1 ALL ! RE=MS W\LD TAKE PLACE1 POLITICAL1 SOCIAL & RELIGI\S4 

,= ALL ! RE=MS SIMULTANE\SLY CORRESPOND ) & CONT9UE ONE ANO!R 9 ! C\RSE ( ! C5TURIES4 ,9 A HI/ORICAL WORK IT W\LD BE EASY TO PROVE ?AT ! PAGANISM ( A ?\S& GODS ALL =EIGN TO ONE ANO!R IS NECESS>ILY UNIT$ ) ! EXCLUSIVE CITIZ5%IP ( ! ANCI5T REPUBLICS1 ) ! SLAV]Y ( ! VANQUI%$ NATIONS2 JU/ SO1 CA?OLICISM RESPONDS 9 ! POLITICAL ORD] TO FEUDALISM1 9 ! SOCIAL ORD] TO S]VITUDE4 ,MOREOV]1 !RE IS NO NE$ = REC\RSE TO PRO(S TO KN[ ?AT :5 A PR9CIPLE GOV]NS IT IS MANIFE/$ EV]Y:]E & ?AT ONE LIB]TY CALLS \T TO ALL ! O!R LIB]TIES4 ,WE >E ALSO FIRMLY ASSUR$ ?AT ! TRUE SOV]EIGNTY ( ALL1 ! TRUE SOCIALISM1 ! TRUE ,*RI/IANITY WILL ONLY REA* !IR IDEAL TOGE!R1 = ALL ! SLAV]IES SE TI5N5T & MAN IS REALLY FREE FROM MAN ONLY :5 HE IS FREE FROM ]ROR4 ,IT IS ! TRU? ?AT MAKES US FREE4 

,WE WILL NOT DISCUSS ALL ! EV5TS ?AT HAVE FOLL[$ ONE ANO!R 9 ,FRANCE & ABROAD S9CE ! ,REVOLUTION ( #d#h2 IT IS ! WORK ( A HI/ORIAN1 ?AT ( ! CRITIC IS TO D$UCE ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! PR9CIPLES LAID D[N4 ,& WE WILL ONLY NOTE ! POLITICAL1 SOCIAL & RELIGI\S AIMS ( ! GREAT REV]SAL ?AT HAS BE5 ACCOMPLI%$4 

,\R POLITICAL GOAL IS NOT SECRET TO ANYONE2 IT IS1 AFT] ! RELIGI\S IDEAL1 ! FIR/ ONE WE HAVE F\<T =4 ,WE WILL ONLY 5D \R 9CESSANT /RUGGLES :5 WE HAVE ATTA9$ ! COMPLETE LIB]ATION ( ALL PEOPLE4 ,SO IT IS NOT 5\< TO EMANCIPATE EA* NATION 9DIVIDUALLY FROM ! TUTELAGE ( ITS K+S2 IT IS /ILL NECESS>Y TO LIB]ATE IT FROM ! SUPREMACY ( O!R NATIONS1 & IT IS NECESS>Y TO ABOLI% !SE LIMITS1 !SE FRONTI]S ?AT MAKE 5EMIES ( SYMPA!TIC M54 ,IT IS TO US ?AT IS RES]V$ ! SPL5DID GLORY ( REMOV+ ALL !SE IMPI\S LIMITS & ( BAPTIZ+ ! RIV]S & M\NTA9S ?AT SEP>ATE TWO HOMEL&S ) ! NAME ( ! UNIV]SAL HOMEL&4 

,\R RALLY+ CRY IS NO LONG]3 ,LONG LIVE ! ,REPUBLIC6 ,! ,REPUBLIC IS ALREADY ALMO/ AN ACCOMPLI%$ FACT1 S9CE IT IS ALREADY SIXTY YE>S AGO ?AT WE PROCLAIM$ IT2 \R CRY IS ,LONG LIVE ! ,UNIV]SAL ,REPUBLIC1 ?AT FUTURE ,REPUBLIC :]E ! ,GREEKS WILL HAVE ! SAME RI<TS AS ! ,FR5*1 :]E ! ,SAMOY$ WILL SPEAK 9 ! SAME ASSEMBLY AS ! ,P>ISIAN4 ,DO Y\ NOT ALREADY SEE ?AT ! NATIONAL HATR$S >E BE+ ]AS$ & ?AT WE DESIGNATE M5 BY !IR OP9IONS RA!R ?AN !IR HOMEL&S8 ,!RE >E N[ 9 ! WORLD ONLY M5 ( ! FUTURE & M5 ( ! PA/1 & EA* ( !SE TWO IMM5SE P>TIES =MS A GIGANTIC CONF$]ATION ?AT CONT9UES 9 ALL C\NTRIES )\T DI/9CTION ( RACE OR LANGUAGE4 ,WE DEMOCRATS >E UNIT$ AT HE>T1 NOT Y\ ,FR5* EGOI/S :O SELL ! FLE% ( ! PEOPLE & :O SELFI%LY CLIP ! CO9S ) :I* Y\ PAY = ! WID['S BLOOD2 NOT ) Y\ BLAZON$ ,FR5*1 :O W\LD LIKE SO MU* TO BR+ BACK ! C5TURY :5 WE1 VILLE9S1 W]E ONLY GAME = ! NOBLES2 BUT ) Y\ WE >E UNIT$ AT HE>T1 PR\D ,HUNG>IANS :O HAVE S[$ ! CORPSES ( F\R 5EMY >MIES 9 Y\R M\NTA9 PASSES2 ) Y\1 F9E ,ITALIANS :O /RIP ! ROBE FROM ! PRIE/ = :OM !Y HAD TWI/$ Y\R BODY1 LAC]AT$ BY BAYONETS2 ) Y\1 EXILES ( ALL PEOPLES1 OPPRESS$ ( ALL NATIONS1 WRET*ES ( ALL CLIMATES1 ) Y\ AGA9/ Y\R ,G]MAN OPPRESSORS1 AGA9/ Y\R ,FR5* OPPRESSORS4 ,WE WILL DEFEAT ALL !SE TYRANTS RANG$ 9 CLOSE L9ES & :5 WE HAVE /RUCK !M DEAD WE WILL GRASP Y\R FRAT]NAL H&S & WE WILL E/ABLI% ! ,REPUBLIC ( M54 

,SO ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T HAD AN 9TUITION ( ! TRU? :5 IT DECL>$ ! TREATIES ( #ahae & LAUN*$ ITS MANIFE/O TO ,EUROPE4 ,S9CE ,RI*ELIEU1 ! P5 ( ! ,M9I/] BL$ ! NATIONALITIES AS 9 ! PA/ ! SWORD ( ! CONQU]OR HAD DONE & :AT WE CALL ,EUROPEAN EQUILIBRIUM WAS SIMPLY A SY/EM ( COLOSSAL JEAL\SY1 :I* GA!R$ ALL ! P[]S AGA9/ ! /RONGE/ AMONG !M & S\<T AS MU* AS POSSIBLE TO WEAK5 EA* NATION 9DIVIDUALLY4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME MORALITY HAS BE5 REG>D$ AS ! F9E/ ( POLITICS & RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLES HAVE BE5 ASSIMILAT$ TO RELATIONS BETWE5 M54 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT WE HAVE FALL5 BACK 9TO ! DIPLOMATIC PA/1 BUT IT IS ONLY = A TIME2 :5 WE EXIT FROM IT ANEW1 IT WILL BE = ALWAYS4 

,?US1 TO SUMM>IZE1 \R POLITICAL AIM 9 EA* 9DIVIDUAL NATION IS TO ABOLI% ! >I/OCRATIC PRIVILEGES & 9 ! 5TIRE E>? IT IS ! FUSION ( ALL ! PEOPLES4 ,\R DE/9Y IS TO >RIVE AT ?AT /ATE ( IDEAL P]FECTION :]E ! NATIONS WILL NO LONG] NE$ TO BE UND] ! TUTELAGE ( A GOV]NM5T OR ( ANO!R NATION2 IT IS ! ABS5CE ( GOV]NM5T1 IT IS AN>*Y1 ! HI<E/ EXPRESSION ( ORD]4 ,?OSE :O DO NOT ?9K ?AT ! E>? CAN EV] PASS FROM TUTELAGE1 ?OSE :O DO NOT BELIEVE 9 PROGRESS1 >E REACTION>IES4 

,BUT POLITICAL LIB]TY IS NO?+ )\T ! O!R LIB]TIES2 IT IS NO?+ )\T ! SOCIAL LIB]TIES4 ,CAN ?IS WORD LIB]TY HAVE MEAN+ = ?OSE :OSE SWEAT IS NOT 5\< TO BUY BREAD = ! FAMILY1 = ?OSE WORK]S :O OBTA9 NEW WOES 9 ! REVOLUTIONS !Y MAKE !MSELVES8 ,ISN'T ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PEOPLE A SUBJECT = LAU<T] :5 IT IS EX]CIS$ BY M5 COV]$ 9 TATT]S & DY+ ( HUNG]8 ,CAN ! RI<T TO GO ONCE A YE> TO C>RY A BIT ( PAP] TO ! CITY HALL ( HIS CANTON COMP5SATE !M = ! RI<T TO LIVE8 ,WE WILL NOT REPEAT EV]Y?+ ?AT HAS ALREADY BE5 SAID AB\T COMPETITION1 :I* TRANS=MS ! WORLD 9TO ONE VA/ >5A1 AN >5A :]E ! GLADIATORS FI<T TO ! DEA?1 :]E ! AVID SPECTATORS DESC5D FROM !IR BLEA*]S TO ALSO PLUNGE !IR FURI\S >MS 9TO A PALPITAT+ *E/1 TO PRESS UND] !IR TRIUMPHANT KNEE A LIFE ?AT SLIPS AWAY4 ,?IS WORLD1 :OSE IDEAL W\LD BE ! P]FECT LOVE ( ALL = ALL1 IS TRANS=M$ 9TO A BLOODY DRAMA :]E ! HAPP9ESS ( ONE ALONE IS COMPOS$ ( ! TE>S ( SEV]AL1 :]E ! FOOD ( ! RI* MAN IS TORN FROM ! TE>S ( ! WID[4 

,DEF5D]S ( COMPETITION1 DO NOT RESPOND :5 Y\ >E ATTACK$1 = Y\R DEF5SES !MSELVES MU/ LEAD TO SOCIALISM4 ,Y\ MAKE LIB]TY ! SUPPORT ( COMPETITION1 BUT ALL M5 HAVE AN EQUAL RI<T TO LIB]TY3 ?AT IS SOCIALISM4 ,DESPITE Y\RSELVES1 ! CONCLUSIONS ( ALL Y\R H>ANGUES >E !MSELVES !IR [N REFUTATION & ! 9EVITABLE REFRA9 ( ALL Y\R PAMPHLETS IS3 ,ASSOCIATE Y\RSELVES6 ,ASSOCIATE6 ,=1 9 9VOK+ LIB]TY1 Y\ WORK T[>D ! SLAV]Y ( ! WORK]4 ,W\LD ! AIM ( LIB]TY !N BE S]VITUDE8 ,ASSOCIATE Y\RSELVES6 ,ASSOCIATE6 

,= A LONG TIME ALREADY1 A MASS ( SOCIALI/ SY/EMS HAVE COME TO LI<T 9 ! WORLD ( IDEAS1 ALL BAS$ ON ! !ORETICAL EQUALITY ( M51 ALL LEAD+ MORE OR LESS TO PRACTICAL EQUALITY4 ,ALL !SE SY/EMS >E TRUE1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT !Y RE/ ON ?AT TRUE PR9CIPLE1 BUT FALSE AS SOON AS !Y DI/ANCE !MSELVES FROM IT 9 !IR CONSEQU5CES4 ,!Y WILL ALL BE FALSE TO ! EXT5T ?AT !Y HAVE NOT BE5 MODIFI$ BY PRACTICE2 ?AT IS 9EVITABLE 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS4 

,9 ORD] = SOCIALISM TO >RIVE AT ITS P]FECT EXPRESSION1 9 ORD] = IT TO REALLY BE ! HUMAN IDEAL ( SOCIETY1 IT MU/ SAFEGU>D AT ONCE ! RI<TS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! RI<TS ( ALL2 EA* 9DIVIDUAL 9 ! HUMAN ASSOCIATION MU/ DEVELOP FREELY ACCORD+ TO !IR MEANS & FACULTIES1 )\T BE+ H9D]$ 9 IT 9 ANY WAY BY !IR BRO!RS2 IT IS NECESS>Y1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ?AT ! WELL-BE+ ( ALL PR(ITS FROM ! LABOR ( EA*4 ,SOME COMMUNI/ V>IETIES1 9 REACTION AGA9/ ! PRES5T SOCIETY1 HAVE ! AIR ( BELIEV+ ?AT M5 MU/ BE ABSORB$ 9TO ! MASS & NO LONG] BE ANY?+ BUT SOME?+ LIKE ONE ( ! 9NUM]ABLE >MS ( A POLYP ?AT MOVES ON ITS REEF OR LIKE ! DROPS ( WAT] LO/ 9 ! SEA & RAISE BY ! HURRICANE 9 A S+LE WAVE4 ,!Y >E GREATLY MI/AK53 MAN IS NOT AN ACCID5T1 BUT A FREE1 NECESS>Y & ACTIVE BE+1 :O UNITES1 IT IS TRUE1 ) HIS FELL[S1 BUT IS NOT MIX$ UP ) !M4 

,IT IS AGA9/ SOCIALISM ESPECIALLY ?AT ! FURORS ( REACTION >E DIRECT$1 BUT !IR CANNONADES >E AS S5SELESS AS IF !Y LAUN*$ !M AGA9/ ! PASS+ AIR1 AGA9/ ! W9D ?AT BL[S1 = SOCIALISM1 BE=E BE+ A SY/EM1 IS ABOVE ALL A T5D5CY2 IT DOES NOT LIVE 9 ! BOOKS ( ,PR\DHON OR ,L4 ,BLANC1 BUT 9 ! HE>T ( ! PEOPLE2 ?IS VIBRANT HE>T ?AT BEATS = ! MOM5T ( ITS DELIV]ANCE1 IT LIVES 9 ! HE>TS ( !SE POOR PEASANTS1 NAIVE & >TLESS1 :OM WE DECEIVE ) TREA*]\S LIES & :O MAKE A WEAPON ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE TO PO/PONE !IR [N HAPP9ESS2 SOCIALISM FLOATS 9 ! ATMOSPH]E1 IT 5T]S 9TO ! H\SE ( ! RES5TFUL B\RGEOIS & SITS D[N AT HIS TABLE4 ,IT IS 9 VA9 ?AT ! IMMOBILI/S CONJURE AWAY AN 9VISIBLE1 UNT\*ABLE 5EMY ?AT GLIDES FROM M9D TO M9D4 ,EV5 :5 !Y WILL BURN ! WORLD 9 ORD] TO BURN AT ! SAME TIME ! NEW IDEA ?AT %AKES IT1 ! SONS ( !IR [N WOMBS WILL RISE & CURSE !M 9 ! NAME ( ! IDEA ?AT !Y HAVE HAT$4 

,WE HAVE SE5 A VAGUE SEMBLANCE ( A LEAGUE =M AGA9/ SOCIALISM1 A VA9 SEMBLANCE S9CE EV]YONE LAU<$ AT IT1 EV5 ! PROMOT]S4 ,H[ IS ! OLD SY/EM NOT DEAD1 S9CE EV5 ITS DEF5D]S NO LONG] BELIEVE 9 IT1 S9CE !Y NO LONG] HAVE ! VIVIFY+ FAI? ?AT PASSES OV] ALL OB/ACLES8 ,H[ IS ! OLD SY/EM NOT DEAD1 S9CE ITS DEF5D]S ONLY KN[ H[ TO LAUN* P[]LESS ACCUSATIONS1 9 ORD] TO OBSCURE ! DIFFICULTIES ( ! DEF5SE8 ,!Y D5Y ! TRU? ( SOCIALISM1 BUT !Y DO NOT KN[ H[ TO AFFIRM ! P]FECTION ( !IR [N SOCIETY1 S9CE IT IS ONLY A HEAP ( RU9S & LIES4 ,! NEW IDEA1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 D5IES ! OLD IDEA & AFFIRMS ITSELF2 !SE TWO ?+S >E ! CONDITIONS ( ITS EXI/5CE4 ,AS = ! OLD IDEA1 IT HAS NO POSITIVE SIDE3 SO IT DOES NOT EXI/1 & IT IS A VA9 APPE>ANCE4 

,BUT IT IS NOT 9 ! MAT]IAL SATISFACTION ( ! NE$S ( MAN ?AT \R IDEAL LIES4 ,WE HAVE A V]Y O!RWISE ELEVAT$ AIM1 & ?IS AIM1 IT IS ,GOD1 ! HI<E/ LIB]TY4 ,EA* MU/ M>* T[>DS IT1 FREE & 9DEP5D5T ( ! WILL ( O!RS1 = LOVE GOES FROM EA* MAN TO ,GOD & DOES NOT NE$ TO BE (F]$ BY ANO!R ?AN HIM1 OR TO BE 5CLOS$ 9 A N>R[ B>RI] RAIS$ BY ! H& ( MAN & GU>D$ BY HUMAN ANA!MAS4 ,ISN'T IT %AMEFUL1 :5 IT IS A QUE/ION ( ! P[]FUL ,GOD1 ( ! ,GOD :O FILLS EV]Y?+1 TO SEE RELIGI\S NATIONALITIES 5EMIES ( ONE ANO!R1 TO SEE 9 !SE NATIONALITIES DIFF]5T CA/ES ( MA/]S OR OPPRESS$8 ,ISN'T IT %AMEFUL TO SEE !SE ?+S 9 ! DOMA9 ( ! ,ET]NAL1 AS IF HE W]E A COMMON K+8 ,SO :5 WILL COME ! DAY ( ! ,*RI/IAN ,REPUBLIC1 ! DAY :5 ALL ! BRO!RS ( ,JESUS ,*RI/ WILL BE EQUAL & FREE1 :5 ! CONSCI5CE ( EA* WILL BE ! RULE ( RELIGION1 :5 !RE WILL NO LONG] BE PRIE/S1 NOR FETT]S1 NOR LIMITS1 BUT ONLY & ALWAYS LOVE8 ,IT IS !N ?AT MAN C\LD AGA9 W>M HIS HE>T 9 ! RAYS ( ! ET]NAL SUN1 & WAT] IT ) ! CELE/IAL H>MONIES2 = ! S\L ( MAN IS A H>P MORE SONOR\S ?AN ALL ! H>PS ( ,AEOLUS1 BEAUTIFUL N[ ?AT DEA? WALKS ITS F+]S ACROSS IT1 SPL5DID ) H>MONIES :5 LIFE ITSELF WILL MAKE IT RES\ND6 ,= ! SUPREME AIM ( MAN IS A HYMN ( LOVE 9 HONOR ( ! ALL-LOV+ ,GOD6 

,V4 

,SO IS IT NECESS>Y TO FE> !SE ,REVOLUTIONS ?AT RAISE UP PEOPLES AGA9/ PEOPLES & (T5 SWEEP M5 AWAY ONE DAY AS IF BY A HURRICANE8 ,NO1 IF ! SALVATION ( HUMANITY COMES AT ?IS PRICE1 ,I 9VOKE !M1 ,I DEM& !M ) L\D CRIES3 *OOSE Y\R VICTIMS1 REAP TO RI<T & LEFT SOME H>VE/S ( CORPSES1 PROVID$ ?AT \R DESC5DANTS >E HAPPY6 ,IF ! BOAT :]E WE >E CAN ONLY REA* L& LI<T5$ ( SOME SAILORS1 WELL6 LET US BE ?R[N 9TO ! SEA & LAT]1 9 A JOY\S SONG1 LET !M SPEAK ( ! M5 ( HE>T :O P]I%$ 9 ! WAVES4 

,:AT DO Y\R CLAMORS MATT] TO US1 LITTLE M5 :OM ! SUN BL9DS & :O 9SULT IT 9 ORD] TO BE AV5G$8 ,A DAY WILL COME :5 WE WILL SAY TO Y\3 ,RETURN TO ! DU/1 & Y\ WILL RETURN TO ! DU/ & WE WILL ASK \RSELVES IF Y\ HAVE ONLY BE5 A DREAM4 

,YES1 Y\ HAVE ONLY BE5 A DREAM4 ,:AT USE >E Y\R CONVULSIVE %UDD]S1 Y\R DREADS1 Y\R PRAY]S1 Y\R ?REATS8 ,MA/] ( CANNONS1 Y\ %IV] AT ! S\ND ( A MOCK+ LAU<2 A BOOK1 A LITTLE BOOK MAKES Y\R CITADELS TREMBLE4 ,Y\ NO LONG] HAVE BUT A FEW DAYS TO LIVE1 DAYS FULL ( SADNESS & ANGUI%4 

,M5 ( ! PA/1 SUBM]G$ PEOPLE1 ,I 9VITE Y\ TO ! GREAT DAY ?AT Y\ =ESEE & ?AT Y\ S+ 9 Y\R NAIVE EPICS4 ,L9$ UP ) ! CL\DS ( ! HORIZON1 Y\ C\LD SEE ON ! PLA9 ! DRAGON ( ! PA/1 ) ITS RU/Y SCALES1 & ! ANGEL ( ! FUTURE PI]C+ IT ) ITS LANCE ( GOLD4 

,5D4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,! ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,LIB]TY 9 ! ,WORLD -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,! ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,LIB]TY 9 ! ,WORLD -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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