,! ,DIRECT ,ACTION ( ,5VIRONM5T & ,EVOLUTION #aiai ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 ,TAGS 3 NATURAL SELECTION1 DIRECT ACTION1 PR(ESSOR PLATE1 N9ETE5? C5TURY1 EXP]IM5TAL MORPHOLOGY1 H]$IT>Y TRANSMISSION1 VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION1 EV5+ PRIMROSE1 MOD]N RESE>*1 BUFFON-LAM>CKIAN FACTOR4 ,TEXT 3 ,PHOTO BY ,K>5 ,ROE1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE .<,:AT FOLL[S IS AN N9ETE5?-C5TURY DEF5SE ( ,LAM>CKISM1 ! S9CE-DISPROV5 BELIEF ?AT G5ETICS >E MOLD$ BY ! ACTIVITY OR BEHAVIOR ( ! ORGANISM1 9/EAD ( ?R\< ! PROCESS ( NATURAL SELECTION4 ,NATURALLY1 ANYONE %\LD BE CAUTI\S :5 REVIEW+ A SCI5TIFIC >TICLE WRITT5 MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ YE> AGO1 BUT AT LEA/ H]E BEL[1 Y\ CAN SEE :AT PASSIONATE TURNS ! DEBATE TOOK4 ,9 ,KROPOTK9'S FAVOR1 IT MAY AT LEA/ BE SAID ?AT ! PROCESS ( NATURAL SELECTION TURN$ \T TO BE F> MORE COMPLICAT$ ?AN ,D>W9 & ,WALLACE HAD BELIEV$1 & WAS ONLY FULLY ELABORAT$ BY ,DAWK9S AS G5E-C5TRIC1 RA!R ?AN ORGANISM OR SPECIES-C5TRIC4 -- ,&Y ,C>L(F.> ,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT SPECIES MAY BECOME GREATLY MODIFI$ ?R\< ! DIRECT ACTION ( 5VIRONM5T4 ,I HAVE SOME EXCUSE = NOT HAV+ =M]LY 9SI/$ MORE /RONGLY ON ?IS HEAD 9 MY ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES1 AS MO/ ( ! BE/ FACTS HAVE BE5 OBS]V$ S9CE ITS PUBLICATION4 -- ,D>W91 ,LIFE & ,LETT]S1 III4 #bcb ,:5 WE CA/ A G5]AL GLANCE UPON ! WORK ACCOMPLI%$ DUR+ ! LA/ HALF-C5TURY 9 CONNECTION ) ! !ORY ( EVOLUTION1 WE SEE ?AT ! QUE/ION :I* UND]LAY MO/ ( ! !ORETICAL DISCUSSIONS & 9SPIR$ MO/ ( ! /UDY ( ,NATURE & EXP]IM5TAL RESE>* WAS ! GREAT FUNDAM5TAL QUE/ION AS TO ! P>T PLAY$ BY ! ,DIRECT ,ACTION ( ,5VIRONM5T 9 ! EVOLUTION ( NEW SPECIES4 ,?IS QUE/ION WAS ONE ( ! ABSORB+ ?\W9 9 ! LAT] YE>S ( HIS LIFE1 & IT WAS ONE ( ! *IEF PREOCCUPATIONS AMONG HIS FOLL[]S4 ,A MASS ( RESE>*ES HAV+ BE5 MADE 9 ?IS DIRECTION1 ,I ANALYZ$ !M 9 A S]IES ( >TICLES PUBLI%$ 9 ?IS ,REVIEW DUR+ ! LA/ SEV5 YE>S4 ,BEG9N+ ) ! EVOLUTION ( ! CONCEPTIONS ( ,D>W9 HIMSELF & MO/ EVOLUTIONI/S AB\T ,NATURAL ,SELECTION1#a ,I NEXT GAVE AN IDEA ( ! OBS]VATIONS & EXP]IM5TS BY :I* ! MODIFY+ P[]S ( A *ANG+ PHYSICAL 5VIRONM5T W]E E/ABLI%$ BEYOND D\BT4 #b ,!N ,I DISCUSS$ ! ATTEMPT MADE BY ,WEISMANN TO PROVE ?AT !SE *ANGES C\LD NOT BE 9H]IT$1 & ! FAILURE ( ?IS ATTEMPT4#c ,& F9ALLY ,I EXAM9$ ! EXP]IM5TS ?AT HAD BE5 MADE TO ASC]TA9 H[ F> ! *ANGES PRODUC$ BY A MODIFI$ 5VIRONM5T >E 9H]IT$4#d ,:AT WE HAVE TO DO N[ IS CONSID] ! CONCLUSIONS :I* MAY BE DRAWN FROM ALL !SE RESE>*ES & DISCUSSIONS4 ,I4 ,:5 ,D>W9 WAS LEAV+ ,5GL& = A CRUISE 9 ! ,BEAGLE HE WAS W>N$ BY ONE ( HIS FRI5DS ?AT HE MU/ NOT LET HIMSELF BE 9FLU5C$ BY :AT HE MIIABILITY ( ! SPECIES4 ',NONE ( !SE ,FR5* !ORIES1' HE WAS TOLD 7,I QUOTE FROM MEMORY71 :I* MEANT3 ',NO?+ ( ! IDEAS ( ,BUFFON1 ,LAM>CK1 & ,GE(FROY ,SA9T-,HILAIRE1 ACCORD+ TO :OM ! DIRECT ACTION ( ! EV]-*ANG+ CONDITIONS ( LIFE ORIG9AT$ ! 9F9ITE V>IETY ( VEGETABLE & ANIMAL =MS PEOPL+ ! GLOBE4' ,D>W9 C>EFULLY OBS]V$ ,NATURE & /UDI$ ITS LIFE1 & HE FELT ! SPELL ( '! ,FR5* IDEAS4' ,& BO? 9 #a#h#d#b1 :5 HE WROTE A FIR/ SKET* ( HIS CONCEPTIONS AB\T EVOLUTION1#e & 9 #a#h#e#i1 :5 HE PUBLI%$ HIS ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES1 :]E HE 9SI/$ UPON ! DOM9AT+ P>T PLAY$ 9 ! EVOLUTION ( NEW =MS BY ,NATURAL ,SELECTION1 HE 9DICAT$ AT ! SAME TIME ! P>T ?AT IS PLAY$ BY ! ,BUFFON-,LAM>CKIAN FACTOR -- ! ,DIRECT ,ACTION ( ,5VIRONM5T4 ,LYELL EV5 REPROA*$ HIM ) ! ',LAM>CKISM' ( ! ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES4 ,H[EV]1 AT ?AT TIME ,D>W9 PO/PON$ A ?OR\< DISCUSSION ( ! SUBJECT TO A WORK ON ,V>IATION1 = :I* HE WAS COLLECT+ MAT]IALS4 ,ONLY N9E YE>S LAT] HE PUBLI%$ ! FIR/ P>T ( ?IS WORK2 BUT 9 ! MEANTIME1 ALREADY 9 ! ?IRD $ITION ( ! ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES1 HE FELT B\ND TO 9TRODUCE IMPORTANT MATT] DEAL+ ) ! DIRECT ACTION ( 5VIRONM5T4 ,HIS GREAT WORK ON ,V>IATION1 AS WELL AS ! SIX? $ITION ( ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES1 CONTA9$1 9 FACT1 A /RAID RECOGNITION ( ! IMPORTANCE ( ! 5VIRONM5T-FACTOR 9 ! EVOLUTION ( NEW SPECIES4 ,HE DID NOT HESITATE TO ADMIT ?AT 9 C]TA9 CASES 'DEF9ITE' & 'CUMULATIVE' V>IATION UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( 5VIRONM5T C\LD BE SO EFFECTIVE = ORIG9AT+ NEW V>IETIES & SPECIES ADAPT$ TO ! NEW 5VIRONM5T1 ?AT ! ROLE ( ,NATURAL ,SELECTION W\LD BE QUITE SECOND>Y 9 !SE CASES4 ,! REASONS = SU* A MODIFICATION ( OP9ION W]E ACKN[L$G$ BY ,D>W9 HIMSELF4 ,9 ! 'FIFTIES !RE W]E NO WORKS DEAL+ ON A SCI5TIFIC BASIS ) V>IATION 9 ,NATURE2 :ILE ,EXP]IM5TAL ,MORPHOLOGY1 AL?\< IT HAD BE5 RECOMM5D$ ALREADY BY ,BACON1#f WAS CALL$ 9TO EXI/5CE AFT] ! APPE>ANCE ( ,D>W9'S WORK4 ,/ILL1 ! NEW DATA1 RAPIDLY ACCUMULAT$ 9 !SE TWO BRAN*ES ( RESE>* AFT] #a#h#e#i1 W]E SU* AS TO CONV9CE ,D>W9 ( ! IMPORTANCE ( ! DIRECT ACTION ( 5VIRONM5T1 & HE FRANKLY ACKN[L$G$ IT4 ,( C\RSE HE DID NOT AB&ON ! FUNDAM5TAL CONCEPTION ( HIS ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES4 ,HE CONT9U$ TO MA9TA9 ?AT A PURELY 9DIVIDUAL1 ACCID5TAL V>IATION C\LD SUPPLY ,NATURAL ,SELECTION ) ! NECESS>Y MAT]IALS = ! EVOLUTION ( NEW SPECIES4 ,BUT HE ALSO HAD S]I\SLY POND]$ UPON ! FOLL[+ QUE/ION ?AT WAS RAIS$ BY HIS FIR/ GREAT WORK3 ,GRANT+ ALL ?AT HAS BE5 SAID AB\T ! IMPORTANCE ( ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE -- ,W\LD ,NATURAL ,SELECTION BE CAPABLE ( 9CREAS+1 OR M]ELY ACC5TUATION1 FROM G5]ATION TO G5]ATION A NEW USEFUL FEATURE1 IF ?IS FEATURE APPE>$ ACCID5TALLY1 9 A FEW 9DIVIDUALS ONLY1 & WAS !RE=E SUBMITT$ TO ! LAW ( ALL ACCID5TAL *ANGES8 ,IS IT NOT NECESS>Y1 = OBTA9+ A GRADUAL 9CREASE ( ! NEW *>ACT]1 ?AT SOME EXT]NAL CAUSE %\LD BE ACT+ 9 A DEF9ITE DIRECTION = A NUMB] ( G5]ATIONS UPON ! MAJORITY ( ! 9DIVIDUALS ( A GIV5 GR\P1 & ITS EFFECTS BE TRANSMITT$ MORE ( LESS FROM ONE G5]ATION TO ! NEXT8 ,! REPLY ?AT ,D>W9 GAVE TO ?IS QUE/ION 9 #ahfh 9 ! REVIS$ 7SIX?7 $ITION ( HIS ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES WAS PRETTY DEF9ITELY 9 ! AFFIRMATIVE4 ,HE WROTE3 ,IT %\LD NOT1 H[EV]1 BE OV]LOOK$ ?AT C]TA9 RA!R /RONGLY M>K$ V>IATIONS1 :I* NO ONE W\LD RANK AS M]E 9DIVIDUAL V>IATIONS1 FREQU5TLY RECUR1 [+ TO A SIMIL> ORGANIZATION BE+ SIMIL>LY ACT$ ON -- ( :I* FACT NUM]\S 9/ANCES C\LD BE GIV5 ) \T DOME/IC PRODUCTION444 ,!RE CAN ALSO BE NO D\BT ?AT ! T5D5CY TO V>Y 9 ! SAME MANN] HAS (T5 BE5 SO /RONG ?AT ALL 9DIVIDUALS ( ! SAME SPECIES HAVE BE5 SIMIL>LY MODIFI$ )\T ! AID ( ANY =M ( SELECTION4#g ,BESIDES1 EV]YONE :O WILL TAKE ! TR\BLE 7OR RA!R1 GIVE HIMSELF ! PLEASURE7 ( RE-READ+ ,V>IATION WILL SEE ?AT SU* A ?+ AS AN 9DEF9ITE1 HAPHAZ>D V>IATION1 EV5 ) ! AID ( ,NATURAL ,SELECTION1 H>DLY HAD ANY IMPORTANCE = ! GREAT F\ND] ( ! !ORY ( EVOLUTION AT ! TIME :5 HE WROTE ?IS LA/ WORK4#h ,OV] & OV] AGA9 HE REPEAT$ 9 IT ?AT V>IABILITY DEP5D$ 5TIRELY UPON ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE2 SO ?AT IF ! LATT] REMA9$ UNALT]$ = SEV]AL G5]ATIONS1 '!RE W\LD BE NO V>IABILITY1 & CONSEQU5TLY NO SCOPE = ! WORK ( ,NATURAL ,SELECTION4' ,&1 ON ! O!R H&1 :]E ! SAME V>IATION CONT9UALLY RECURS1 [+ TO '! ACTION ( SOME /RONGLY PR$ISPOS+ CAUSE1' ! APPE>ANCE ( NEW V>IETIES IS R5D]$ POSSIBLE1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ,NATURAL ,SELECTION4 ,9 *APT] XXIII4 ,HE GAVE ! FACTS HE WAS ABLE TO COLLECT BE=E #a#h#f#h1 'R5D]+ IT PROBABLE ?AT CLIMATE1 FOOD1 ETC41 HAVE ACT$ SO DEF9ITELY & P[]FULLY ON ! ORGANIZATION ( \R DOME/IC PRODUCTIONS ?AT NEW SUB-V>IETIES OR RACES HAVE BE5 ?US =M$ )\T ! SELECTION ( BY OR ,NATURE4' ,IT IS ALSO EVID5T ?AT IF ,D>W9 HAD HAD AT HIS DISPOSAL ! DATA WE HAVE N[ HE W\LD NOT HAVE LIMIT$ HIS CONCLUSIONS TO DOME/ICAT$ PLANTS & ANIMALS4 ,HE W\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO EXT5D !M TO V>IATION 9 FREE ,NATURE4 ,I,I ,= ! FIR/ TW5TY OR ?IRTY YE>S AFT] ! APPE>ANCE ( ! ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES1 RESE>* WAS *IEFLY DIRECT$ TO ! /UDY ( ! DIRECT ACTION ( 5VIRONM5T AS IT WORKS 9 FREE ,NATURE & IS MADE TO WORK 9 \R EXP]IM5TS4 ,! *IEF RESULT ( !SE RESE>*ES WAS TO PROVE1 FIR/1 ?AT !RE >E NO SU* SPECIFIC *>ACT]S1 EI!R 9 PLANTS OR 9 ANIMALS1 AS C\LD NOT BE ALT]$ BY MODIFY+ !IR PHYSICAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE2 &1 SECOND1 ?AT ! V>IATIONS OBTA9$ EXP]IM5TALLY UND] C]TA9 CONDITIONS ( HEAT OR COLD1 DRYNESS OR MOI/URE1 RI* OR POOR NUTRITION1 & SO ON1 W]E EXACTLY ?OSE :I* >E *>ACT]I/IC = ANIMALS & PLANTS LIV+ 9 ! ,>CTIC & ,TORRID ZONE1 9 A DRY & 9 A WET CLIMATE1 9 F]TILE PRAIRIES & 9 DES]TS4 ,IT WAS ?US PROV$ ?AT IF A SPECIES ( PLANTS OR ANIMALS MIGRAT$ FROM A W>M] 9TO A COOL] REGION1 OR FROM ! SEA-CO/ 9L&1 OR FROM A PRAIRIEL& 9TO A DES]T1 ,V>IATION ITSELF AMONG ! NEW IMMIGRANTS1 AP>T FROM ,NATURAL ,SELECTION1 W\LD T5D TO CREATE A V>IETY REPRES5T+ AN ADAPTATION TO ! NEW CONDITIONS4 ,! SAME W\LD HAPP5 IF ! CLIMATE ( A GIV5 LOCALITY UND]W5T A *ANGE = SOME PHYSIOGRAPHICAL REASON4 ,9 BO? CASES ,NATURAL ,SELECTION W\LD ?US PLAY A QUITE SUBORD9ATE P>T -- ?AT ( A 'H&MAID TO ,V>IATION1' AS ,HOOK] WROTE 9 ONE ( HIS LETT]S TO ,D>W94 ,IT W\LD HAVE ONLY TO WE$ \T ! WEAKL+S -- ?OSE :O W\LD NOT POSSESS ! NECESS>Y PLA/ICITY = UND]GO+ ! NECESS>Y *ANGES 9 !IR TISSUES1 !IR ORGANS1 & 7) ANIMALS7 9 !IR HABITS4 ,! RESE>*ES ( ?OSE YE>S HAV+ %[N H[ ! FLORAS & ! FAUNAS ( ! ,>CTIC B>R5 L&S1 ! ,ALP9E SUMMITS1 ! ,AFRICAN SWAMPS1 ! SEA-CA/S1 ! DES]TS1 & ! ,/EPPES W]E ADAPT$ TO )/& ! CLIMATE & ! G5]AL CONDITIONS ( LIFE 9 EA* ( !SE SURR\ND+S1 ! FIR/ /EPS W]E ALSO MADE1 ESPECIALLY BY BOTANI/S1 TO PROVE ?AT MO/ ( !SE WOND]FUL ADAPTATIONS C\LD BE REPRODUC$ 9 A %ORT TIME 9 \R EXP]IM5TS4 ,IT WAS SUFFICI5T = ?AT TO RE> ! PLANTS OR ! ANIMALS 9TO ?OSE CONDITIONS ( TEMP]ATURE1 MOI/URE1 LI?4 ,H5CE1 ALREADY !N -- ESPECIALLY = ?OSE :O W]E ACQUA9T$ ) ,NATURE ITSELF1 IT APPE>$ MO/ IMPROBABLE ?AT ! ADAPTATIONS ( PLANTS & ANIMALS :I* WE SEE 9 ,NATURE %\LD BE ! RESULTS ( M]ELY ACCID5TAL1 =TUIT\S V>IATIONS4 ,TO TAKE ONE ( ! SIMPLE/ 9/ANCES -- WE HAD LE>N$ =M EXP]IM5TS ?AT :5 A PLANT WAS GR[N UND] A GLASS BELL 9 A V]Y DRY AIR1 ITS LEAVES SOON CEAS$ TO DEVELOP SUCCUL5T LOBES1 & ! RIBS ( ! LEAVES W]E TURN$ 9TO SP9ES OR PRICKLES4 ,& :5 WE SAW ?AT SP9Y PLANTS W]E *>ACT]I/IC ( ! VEGETATION ( DRY REGIONS1 WE C\LD NOT BE P]SUAD$ ?AT ! UNAVOIDABLE TRANS=MATION ( LEAVES 9TO PRICKLES & SP9ES 9 ALL PLANTS IMMIGRAT+ 9TO A DES]T1 OR GR[+ 9 A GRADUALLY DESICCAT+ REGION1 %\LD C\NT = NO?+ 9 ! EVOLUTION ( SP9Y SPECIES4 ,WE C\LD NOT BELIEVE ?AT ALL ! EVOLUTION ( ! SO-CALL$ 'ADAPTIVE' /RUCTURES 9 DES]TS1 SEA BORD]S1 ,ALP9E REGIONS1 & SO ON1 :I* IS GO+ ON 9 ,NATURE ON AN IMM5SE SCALE AS A PHYSIOLOGICAL RESULT ( ! CONDITIONS !MSELVES1 %\LD LEAVE NO TRACE 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ! DES]T1 SEA-BORD]1 & ,ALP9E SPECIES2 ?AT ! ADJU/M5TS :I* >E 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL A DIRECT CONSEQU5CE ( ! PHYSICO-*EMICAL ACTION ( ! 5VIRONM5T UPON ITS LIV+ MATT]1 %\LD HAVE 9 ! EVOLUTION ( A SPECIES A M]ELY ACCID5TAL ORIG94 ,ALREADY !N MANY BIOLOGI/S TOOK ! ,LAM>CKIAN PO9T ( VIEW2 & V]Y SOON ,D>W9 HIMSELF1 AFT] HAV+ GA9$ :AT HE CONSID]$ TO BE ! MA9 PO9T ( HIS TEA*+ -- ! V>IABILITY ( SPECIES1#i MADE ! NEXT /EP4 ,HE RECOGNIZ$ ! P[]S ( ! DIRECT ACTION ( 5VIRONM5T 9 ! EVOLUTION ( NEW V>IETIES1 & EV5TUALLY NEW SPECIES4 ,! P>T ( ,NATURAL ,SELECTION 9 ?IS CASE WAS TO ELIM9ATE ?OSE 9DIVIDUALS :I* W]E SL[ 9 ACQUIR+ ! NEW ADAPTIVE FEATURES1 & TO KEEP A C]TA9 BALANCE 9 ! EVOLUTION ( NEW *>ACT]S4 ,ITS FUNCTION WAS ?US TO GIVE A C]TA9 /ABILITY TO ! NEW V>IETY4 ,( C\RSE ?IS /ABILITY DID NOT MEAN IMMUTABILITY4 ,!RE BE+ NO IMMUTABLE SPECIES1 IT MEANT ONLY ?AT ! NEW FEATURES W\LD BE RETA9$ = A C]TA9 NUMB] ( G5]ATIONS1 EV5 IF ! NEW V>IETY WAS PLAC$ ONCE MORE 9 NEW SURR\ND+S1 OR WAS RETURN$ TO ! OLD ONES4 ,I,I,I ,?AT *ANGES PRODUC$ 9 PLANTS & ANIMALS BY ! DIRECT ACTION ( A *ANG+ 5VIRONM5T >E 9H]IT$1 WAS NOT A MATT] ( D\BT = ,D>W94 ,HE HAD C>EFULLY /UDI$ & SIFT$ ! EXP]I5CE ( BRE$]S & CULTIVATORS1 & HE F\ND 9 IT AMPLE PRO(S ( SU* AN 9H]ITANCE4 ,HE WAS AW>E1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT MUTILATIONS >E NOT1 & CANNOT BE1 9H]IT$ AS SU* 7?IS HAD BE5 KN[N1 9 FACT1 S9CE ! EI BUT HE ALSO KNEW ?AT *>ACT]S DEVELOP$ 9 A NEW 5VIRONM5T W]E TRANSMITT$ TO ! (FSPR+ -- IF ! MODIFY+ CAUSE HAD ACT$ UPON A C]TA9 NUMB] ( G5]ATIONS4 ,?IS LA/ LIMITATION WAS WELL KN[N TO BO? ,LAM>CK & ,D>W9 & REPEAT$LY M5TION$ BY !M4 ,HAV+ ALREADY DISCUSS$ 9 A PREVI\S >TICLE ! TEA*+S ( ,WEISMANN :O OPPOS$ ?IS VIEW1 ,I %ALL REF] ! READ] TO ?AT >TICLE1#a & ONLY M5TION H]E & FUR!R DEVELOP ONE OR TWO ( ITS PO9TS4 ,GO+ BACK TO AN E>LY & NOT G5]ALLY KN[N WORK ( ,WEISMANN1 ,UPON ! ,F9AL ,CAUSES ( ,TRANSMUTATIONS1#a#a ,I F\ND ?AT ! ORIG9 ( HIS TEA*+S WAS NOT EXP]IM5TAL3 IT WAS !OLOGICAL4 ,9 #ahgf ,WEISMANN WAS /ILL A ,D>W9I/4 ,HIS [N EXP]IM5TS ON SEASONAL DIMORPHISM HAD CONFIRM$ ! FACTS DISCOV]$ BY ,DORFMEI/] CONC]N+ ! EFFECTS ( TEMP]ATURE 9 PRODUC+ TWO DIFF]5T RACES ( BUTT]FLIES2 :ILE ! EXP]IM5TS ?AT ,WEISMANN MADE SUBSEQU5TLY ON MICE TO PROVE ! NON-TRANSMISSION ( A MUTILATION 7! CLIPP$ TAIL7 ADD$ ABSOLUTELY NO?+ TO \R PREVI\S KN[L$GE4 ,IF ,WEISMANN HAD TAK5 ! TR\BLE ( CONSULT+ ,D>W9'S ,V>IATION BE=E HE HAD WRITT5 HIS EIE NOT 9H]IT$1 & HE W\LD HAVE LE>N$ :Y SU* MUTILATIONS HAVE LITTLE *ANCE ( BE+ 9H]IT$ 7EMBRYONAL REG5]ATION71 & :Y !IR NON-TRANSMISSION DID NOT AFFECT ,D>W9'S VIEWS UPON ! 9H]ITANCE ( V>IATIONS4 ,IT WAS UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,S*OP5HAU]'S1 ,H>TMANN'S1 & ,K>L ,BA]'S CRITICISMS ( ! PHILOSOPHICAL SUB/ANCE ( ,D>W9ISM ?AT ,WEISMANN ACCEPT$ ! IDEA ( ,BA] ?AT EVOLUTION )\T A TELEOLOGICAL GUIDANCE FROM ABOVE WAS AN UNSCI5TIFIC CONCEPTION4 ,HE ?US CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT1 AL?\< EVOLUTION IS A ME*ANICAL PROCESS1 IT MU/ HAVE BE5 PR$ET]M9$ BY A SUPREME P[] 9 ACCORDANCE ) A C]TA9 PLAN4 ,&1 9 ORD] 'TO RECONCILE TELEOLOGY ) ME*ANISM1' HE BORR[$ FROM ,NAELI & P>TLY FROM ,NUSSBAU ! IDEA ( 'CONT9UITY' ( ! G]M PLASM2 & ?US HE CAME TO A ,HEGELIAN CONCEPTION ( AN 'IMMORTAL S\L4' ,HIS HYPO!SIS WAS ?US SUGGE/$ BY ?OSE SAME CONSID]ATIONS1 LY+ \TSIDE ! DOMA9 ( ,SCI5CE1 ?AT ,D>W9 HAD HAD TO COMBAT4 ,9 HIS ,ESSAYS UPON ,H]$ITY1 WRITT5 9 #a#h#h#a-#a#h#h#g1 ,WEISMANN REPRES5T$ HIS G]M PLASM HYPO!SIS AS AN \TCOME ( ! REM>KABLE MICROSCOPICAL DISCOV]IES MADE 9 ?OSE YE>S BY A NUMB] ( WELL-KN[N ANATOMI/S1 CONC]N+ ! PROCESSES TAK+ PLACE DUR+ & IMM$IATELY AFT] ! F]TILIZATION ( ! EGG4 ,BUT AS E>LY AS #ahig ,PR(ESSOR ,H>TOG MADE ! QUITE CORRECT REM>K ?AT ! C>D9AL DEFECT ( ! !ORY ( ,WEISMANN WAS ITS 'OBJECTIVE BASELESSNESS4' ,IT PR(ESSES . TO BE F\ND$ ON ! MICROSCOPIC /UDY ( ! *ANGES 9 ! NUCLEUS 9 CELL-DIVISION1 BUT !RE WE F9D NO?+ TO JU/IFY ! ASSUMPTION ( TWO MODES ( NUCLE> DIVISION 9 ! EMBRYO -- ! ONE DIVID+ ! DET]M9ANTS1 & ! O!R ONLY DI/RIBUT+ !M BETWE5 ! DAUT 9 ! JU/-M5TION$ DISCOV]IES1 F> FROM GIV+ SUPPORT TO ,WEISMANN'S CONT5TION ?AT NO MAT]IAL 9FLU5CES CAN BE TRANSMITT$ FROM ! PROTOPLASM ( A CELL TO ! G]M PLASM ( ITS NUCLEUS1 DI/9CTLY CONTRADICT$ IT4#a#c ,MORE ?AN ?AT4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL PO9T ( ALL ! HYPO!SES BR\D BY ,WEISMANN WAS ! ISOLATION ( ! G]M PLASM & ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( ITS BE+ 9FLU5C$ BY ! *ANGES GO+ ON 9 ! BODY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! \T] AG5CIES4 ,BUT ! MORE WE ADVANC$ 9 ! /UDY ( H]$ITY ! MORE WE W]E BR\TS ( ! ORGANISM4#a#d ,WE LE>N$ FROM ! BE/ EMBRYOLOGI/S ?AT ! LIV+ SUB/ANCE :I* IS BE>] ( 9H]ITANCE IS NOT LOCALIZ$ 9 ! NUCLEUS ( ! G]M-CELLS2 .<,?IS /ATEM5T APPE>S TO BE 9CORRECT4 -- ,A4,C4.> & ?AT AN 9T]C\RSE ( SUB/ANCES BETWE5 ! NUCLEUS & ! CELL-PLASM MU/ BE TAK5 AS PROV$4#a#e ,F9ALLY1 WE HAVE NO EXP]IM5TS T5D+ TO PROVE ?AT EV5 UNIMPORTANT LESIONS ( ! BODY MAY BE FOLL[$ BY IMPORTANT MODIFICATIONS 9 ! REPRODUCTIVE CELLS4#a#f ,! DIFFICULTIES :I* ! HYPO!SIS TOO HA/ILY FRAM$ BY ,WEISMANN HAD TO CONT5D ) :5 IT WAS CONFRONT$ ) ! SCI5TIFIC OBS]VATION ( ,NATURE1 & ! NEW HYPO!SES HE BR\D TO MEET ! RAPIDLY ACCUMULAT$ CONTRADICTORY FACTS1 W]E DISCUSS$ 9 MY ABOVE-M5TION$ >TICLE4 ,SUFFICI5T TO SAY H]E ?AT1 AFT] HAV+ EMPHATICALLY D5I$ AT ! \TSET ?AT HIS 'IMMORTAL' G]M PLASM C\LD BE 9FLU5C$ BY EXT]NAL AG5CIES 9 ! SAME DIRECTION AS ?AT TAK5 BY ! SOMATOG5IC *ANGES .<9 ! BODY.> :I* FOLL[ ! SAME CAUSES'#a#g2 & AFT] HAV+ MA9TA9$ ?AT ! MIXTURE ( TWO G]M PLASMS 9 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION . WAS '! ONLY WAY' ?AT H]$IT>Y 9FLU5CES 'C\LD >ISE & P]SI/1#a#h ,WEISMANN SOON HAD TO AB&ON HIS ,AMPHIMIXIS HYPO!SIS 7ALREADY REPUDIAT$ LONG S9CE BY ,D>W974 ,GRADUALLY HE CAME TO ! HYPO!SES ( ',G]M9AL ,SELECTION1' OR /RUGGLE = FOOD BETWE5 ! DET]M9ANTS ( ! G]M PLASM1 AS A PROBABLE CAUSE ( 9H]IT$ MODIFICATIONS1 & ',P>ALLEL ,9DUCTION4' ,9 !SE TWO HYPO!SES HE ?US ACKN[L$G$ ?AT ! G]M-CELLS >E MODIFI$ BY EXT]NAL CAUSES1 SO AS TO REPRODUCE 9 ! (FSPR+ ! SOMATIC1 OR BODY *ANGES PRODUC$ 9 ! P>5T BY ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,ONLY 9 HIS SECOND HYPO!SIS HE SUGGE/$ ?AT ! G]M-CELLS >E 9FLU5C$ DIRECTLY BY ! EXT]NAL AG5CIES -- NOT ?R\< ! MODIFICATIONS PRODUC$ BY ! 5VIRONM5T 9 ! ORGANS & TISSUES ( ! BODY4 ,IT H>DLY NE$ BE SAID ?AT MO/ BIOLOGI/S RECEIV$ ?IS LA/ SUGGE/ION1 NOT AS A NEW WORK+ HYPO!SIS1 BUT AS A VEIL$ CONCESSION ( ,WEISMANN TO HIS OPPON5TS4 ,9 FACT1 ! HYPO!SIS WAS NOT A G5]ALIZATION BORN FROM ! /UDY ( *ANGES GO+ ON 9 G]M-CELLS UND] ! ACTION ( EXT]NAL AG5CIES3 IT WAS ADVOCAT$ ONLY AS AN HYPO!TICAL EXPLANATION = ! FACTS ?AT CONTRADICT$ ! PREVI\S HYPO!SES ( ,WEISMANN4 ,BUT TILL N[ -- WE >E TOLD BY ! SPECIALI/S :O HAVE /UDI$ ! SUBJECT -- IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO ASC]TA9 9 ONE S+LE CONCRETE CASE ( 9H]ITANCE H[ ! MODIFICATION WAS PRODUC$ 9 ! G]M-CELLS3 ?R\< ! BODY-CELLS1 OR 9DEP5D5TLY ( !M4#a#i ,SOME BIOLOGI/S SAW 9 'P>ALLEL 9DUCTION' AN 9T]E/+ NEW L9E ( RESE>*1 & !Y FOLL[$ IT4 ,BUT ,D>W91 :O ALREADY KNEW ?IS HYPO!SIS LONG BE=E ,WEISMANN RESORT$ TO IT1 PO9T$ \T ) FULL RIIATION1 ?AT AL?\< A SIMULTANE\S MODIFICATION 9 SOME DEF9ITE DIRECTION ( ! BODY-CELLS & ! G]M-CELLS TAKES PLACE 9 C]TA9 SPECIAL CASES1 ?IS CANNOT BE A G5]AL CAUSE ( ! H]$IT>Y TRANSMISSION ( V>IATIONS4 ,LIKE ,AMPHIMIXIS1 ?IS HYPO!SIS DOES NOT ACC\NT = ! 9H]IT$ ADAPTIVE V>IATIONS1 ! NECESSITY ( :I* = ! EVOLUTION ( NEW SPECIES ,D>W9 ALREADY SAW 9 #a#h#f#h1 & WE /ILL BETT] SEE N[4 ,9 %ORT1 ,WEISMANN'S ATTEMPT TO COMB9E ! PRE-,D>W9IAN CONCEPTION ( 9NATE PRE-DET]M9$ V>IATIONS ) ! ,D>W9IAN PR9CIPLE ( ,NATURAL ,SELECTION HAS FAIL$2 & AN ATT5TIVE READ] ( HIS LA/ WORK1 ,VORTRAE ZUR ,DESC5D5Z!ORIE .<,LECTURES ON ! ,!ORY ( ,DESC5T.> .<,NOTE3 ,D>W9 DID NOT WRITE 9 ,G]MAN1 ,KROPOTK9 MU/ BE REF]R+ TO A ,G]MAN TRANSLATION4 -- ,A4,C4.> 7ESPECIALLY ! PAGES #b#e#h-#c#a#e ( ! SECOND VOLUME71 WILL HIMSELF SEE H[ LITTLE !RE REMA9$ FROM ?AT ATTEMPT4 ,BY HIS CRITICISMS ( SOME FACTS :I* =M]LY US$ TO BE QUOT$ AS PRO(S ( ! 9H]ITANCE ( ACQUIR$ *>ACT]S1 HE C]TA9LY 9DUC$ BIOLOGI/S TO GO DEEP] 9TO ! SUBJECT ( H]$ITY4 ,BUT ?AT WAS ALL4 ,9 HIS ATTEMPTS AT CON/RUCTIVE WORK HE FAIL$4 ,HE HAD NOT ?AT P[] ( 9DUCTIVE G5]ALIZATION :I* LEADS MOD]N SCI5CE TO ITS GREAT DISCOV]IES4 ,HIS HYPO!SES W]E BRILLIANTLY & IMAG9ATIVELY DEVELOP$ SUGGE/IONS2 BUT !Y W]E NOT BRILLIANT 9DUCTIVE G5]ALIZATIONS4 ,!Y EV5 LACK$ ORIG9ALITY4 ,I,V ,H[EV]1 IT MAY BE ASK$3 0,:Y DON'T WE KN[ MORE CASES :]E ! H]$IT>Y TRANSMISSION ( ACQUIR$ *>ACT]S HAS BE5 PROV$ BY EXP]IM5T8 ,:Y HAVE WE NOT YET PRO(S ( ACQUIR$ *>ACT]S BE+ RETA9$ = A NUMB] ( G5]ATIONS1 EV5 ?\< ! (FSPR+ WAS TAK5 BACK TO ITS OLD 5VIRONM5T80 ,!SE TWO QUE/IONS C]TA9LY DES]VE A C>EFUL EXAM9ATION4 .<,MORE ACCURATELY1 ! !ORY DES]VES A C>EFUL ?R[+-\T4 -- ,A4,C4.> ,! REASONS >E MANY4 ,TO BEG9 )1 IT IS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO BRE$ PLANTS1 & /ILL MORE SO HI<] ANIMALS1 9 SURR\ND+S SUFFICI5TLY DIFF]5T FROM ! NORMAL ONES = ALT]+ ! DI/9CTIVE *>ACT]S ( A SPECIES4 ,ESPECIALLY IS IT DIFFICULT TO MAKE ANIMALS REPRODUCE !MSELVES 9 SU* CONDITIONS4 ,9 ! BE/-CONDUCT$ EXP]IM5TS IT HAPP5$ OV] & OV] AGA9 ?AT ! SECOND G5]ATION1 :5 IT WAS BR$ 9 AN UNUSUAL 5VIRONM5T1 P]I%$ 5TIRELY2 9 ! BE/ CASES ONLY ONE OR TWO 9DIVIDUALS SURVIV$4 ,BESIDES1 IT WAS ONLY GRADUALLY LE>N$ BY ! EXP]IM5TATORS 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 AN 9H]ITABLE V>IATION1 ! MODIFY+ CAUSE MU/ ACT AT A C]TA9 P]IOD ( ! 9DIVIDUAL'S LIFE1 :5 ITS REPRODUCTIVE CELLS >E SPECIALLY S5SITIVE TO NEW IMPRESSIONS4#b ,& !N ! EXP]IM5TS REQUIRE TIME4 ,:ILE IT IS V]Y DIFFICULT TO BRE$ SEV]AL G5]ATIONS 9 SUCCESSION 9 UNUSUAL CONDITIONS1 IT IS PRECISELY SEV]AL1 OR EV5 MANY1 G5]ATIONS :I* MU/ BE UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( A MODIFY+ CAUSE 9 ORD] TO PRODUCE A MORE OR LESS /ABLE V>IATION4 ,LAM>CK1 9 /AT+ HIS TWO LAWS ( V>IATION1 WAS C>EFUL TO 9DICATE ?AT ! *ANGES MU/ BE SL[1 & ?AT !Y MU/ TAKE PLACE = A SUCCESSION ( G5]ATIONS1 9 ORD] TO BE 9H]IT$ & MA9TA9$ LAT] ON = SOME TIME4 ,D>W9 REPEAT$LY 9SI/$ UPON ?IS4 ,BUT ONLY N[ ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* SU* EXP]IM5TS MU/ BE CONDUCT$ >E BEG9N+ TO BE REALIZ$ 9 SPECIAL CLIMAT]IC /ATIONS & LABORATORIES4 ,UP TILL QUITE LATELY SU* EXP]IM5TS W]E NOT 9 FAVOR 9 MO/ ( ! ,WE/-,EUROPEAN UNIV]SITIES4 ,F9ALLY1 DUR+ ! FIR/ DECADES AFT] ! APPE>ANCE ( ! ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES1 RESE>* WAS *IEFLY DIRECT$1 AS WE HAVE SE51 TO PROVE ! V]Y FACT ( A GREAT V>IABILITY ( ! SPECIES1 EV5 9 !IR TYPICAL SPECIFIC *>ACT]S -- ?IS BE+ D5I$ !N BY A GREAT NUMB] ( ZOOLOGI/S & BOTANI/S4 ,& LAT] ON A MASS ( EXP]IM5TS HAD TO BE MADE 9 ORD] TO PROVE ?AT IF PLANTS & ANIMALS BE PLAC$ 9 SU* CONDITIONS ( TEMP]ATURE1 MOI/URE1 LIE (F]$ 9 DIFF]5T REGIONS ( ! ,E>?1 !Y WILL DISPLAY EXACTLY ?OSE V>IATIONS :I* >E *>ACT]I/IC = ! FLORAS & FAUNAS ( !SE REGIONS1 )\T ANY 9T]F]5CE ( NATURAL OR >TIFICIAL SELECTION4 ,BESIDES1 IT WAS IMPORTANT TO PROVE1 & IT WAS PROV$1 ?AT !SE V>IATIONS1 REPRES5T+ 9 MO/ CASES ADAPTATIONS TO ! NEW CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 C\LD BE PRODUC$ BY ! NEW CONDITIONS !MSELVES1 :I* /IMULATE C]TA9 PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS 7NUTRITION1 EVAPORATION1 ! ELABORATION ( FATS1 & SO ON71 & ?R\< !M MODIFY DIFF]5T ORGANS4#b#a ,ONLY AFT] ?IS IMM5SE WORK HAD BE5 DONE -- & IT TOOK MORE ?AN =TY YE>S -- DID BIOLOGI/S BEG9 TO 9VE/IGATE H[ F> SU* V>IATION IS CAPABLE ( GIV+ ORIG9 TO NEW RACES1 & H[ MANY G5]ATIONS MU/ BE SUBMITT$ TO ! MODIFY+ 9FLU5CES 9 ORD] TO PRODUCE A MORE OR LESS /ABLE V>IETY4#b#b ,IT MU/ ALSO BE NOT$ ?AT AT ! \TSET1 9H]ITANCE EXP]IM5TS W]E *IEFLY MADE ) V>IATIONS 9 ! COLORS & ! M>K+S ( 9SECTS1 & ONLY N[ >E !Y BEG9N+ TO BE DIRECT$ T[>DS ! F> MORE IMPORTANT /UDY ( V>IATIONS 9 PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS1 :I* >E 7AS WAS 9DICAT$ LONG S9CE BY ,G4 ,LEWES & ,DOHRN1 & LATELY BY ,PLATE7 ! *IEF AG5CIES 9 ! EVOLUTION ( NEW RACES4 ,!SE >E ! CAUSES :I* EXPLA9 :Y ! 9H]ITANCE ( 5VIRONM5T-V>IATIONS HAS NOT YET BE5 PROV$ BY MORE EXP]IM5TS4 ,H[EV]1 IT MU/ NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT WE KN[ ALREADY TWO IMPORTANT GR\PS ( V>IATIONS1 BO? DUE TO 5VIRONM5T1 :I* >E 9H]IT$1 & ! 9H]ITANCE ( V>IATIONS BY MEANS ( BUD-REPRODUCTION1 & ! O!R 9CLUDES ! SO-CALL$ 'SPORTS1' DESCRIB$ BY DE ,VRIES AS 'MUTATIONS4' ,) REG>D TO ! =M]1 ,I HAVE ALREADY M5TION$ 9 A PREVI\S >TICLE#b#c ?AT ,D>W91 :O HAD /UDI$ ! SUBJECT1 HAD %[N ?AT !RE IS NO MEANS ( F9D+ ANY SUB/ANTIAL DI/9CTION BETWE5 REPRODUCTION BY SE$4 ,! LAWS ( BO? >E ! SAME1 & 9 BO? CASES ! REPRODUCTION TAKES PLACE BY MEANS ( G]M-CELLS1 CAPABLE ( REPRODUC+ ! :OLE PLANT ) ITS SEXUAL ORGANS & ) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION1 :E!R ! G]M PLASM BE CONTA9$ 9 A SE$ OR A BUD1 9 ! LEAF ( A ,BEGONIA1 OR 9 ! CAMBIAL TISSUE ( A ,WILL[4 ,& ,I HAVE ALSO %[N ?AT IF ,WEISMANN1 WRIT+ 9 #ahhh UND] ! FASC9ATION ( HIS ,AMPHIMIXIS HYPO!SIS1 MADE ! GRAVE MI/AKE ( ?9K+ ?AT !RE IS NO TRANSMISSION ( G]M PLASM 9 VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION1 & !RE=E DESCRIB$ 'BUD-V>IATION' AS AN '9DIVIDUAL V>IATION1' HE AT LEA/ SAW HIS ]ROR LAT] ON4 ,HE RECOGNIZ$ 9 #a#i#d1#b#dUS+ ALMO/ ! SAME WORDS AS ,D>W9 US$ 9 ',V>IATION1' ?AT A PLANT OBTA9$ ?R\< BUDD+ IS AS MU* A NEW 9DIVIDUAL AS IF IT HAD BE5 REPRODUC$ BY SE$4#b#e ,BUT IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$ ?AT 9 ! VEGETABLE WORLD REPRODUCTION BY BUDS 7ROOT/OCKS1 RUNN]S1 & ! LIKE7 IS F> MORE IMPORTANT ?AN REPRODUCTION BY SE$4 ,9 FACT IT SEEMS MO/ PROBABLE ?AT ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( ! PLANTS :I* COV] ! NOR!RN P>T ( ! NOR!RN HEMISPH]E HAVE REPRODUC$ !MSELVES S9CE ! ,GLACIAL P]IOD *IEFLY BY BUDS1 RUNN]S1 ROOT/OCKS & ! LIKE1 AS ! ,>CTIC & MANY ,ALP9E PLANTS /ILL REPRODUCE !MSELVES4 ,& AS !Y TRANSMITT$ TO !IR (FSPR+1 DUR+ ?IS LONG P]IOD ( A *IEFLY VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION1 ! *>ACT]S !Y ACQUIR$ 9 NEW SURR\ND+S1 AS !Y FOLL[$ ! RETREAT ( ! ICE-%EET1 WE CAN ALREADY SAY ?AT AN 5ORM\S NUMB] ( SUB-,>CTIC & ,TEMP]ATE ZONE V>IETIES & SPECIES [E !IR ORIG9 TO ! 9H]IT$ EFFECTS ( ! DIRECT ACTION ( *ANG+ SURR\ND+S4 ,IT IS V]Y NICE TO SAY 9 POETICAL LANGUAGE ?AT ! ,/EPPES ( ,S\? ,RUSSIA >E COV]$ N[ ) ! SAME 9DIVIDUALS ( ,GRASSES ?AT W]E WI!R+ UND] ! HO(S ( ! HORSES DUR+ ! MIGRATION ( ! ,UGRIANS FROM ! ,S\!RN ,URALS TO ,HUNG>Y2 BUT A BOTANI/ :O KN[S ?AT A BUD ON ! ROOT/OCK ( A ,GRASS CONTA9S ! V]Y SAME G]M PLASM AS ! SE$ 9 ITS E> DOES NOT TAKE !SE PRETTY IMAGES = A SCI5TIFIC 9DUCTION4 ,V ,MU* ( ! SAME MU/ BE SAID AB\T ! SO-CALL$ 'SPORTS1' OR 9H]IT$ V>IATIONS :I* SEEM TO APPE> ALL ( A SUDD5 & HAVE (T5 GIV5 TO BRE$]S & GR[]S ! POSSIBILITY ( RAIS+ NEW V>IETIES1 OR SUB-SPECIES4 ,D>W9 PAID !M A GOOD DEAL ( ATT5TION2 & 9 #a#i1 :5 ! WELL-KN[N ,DUT* BOTANI/ DE ,VRIES DESCRIB$ ! 'SPORTS' UND] ! NAME ( 'MUTATIONS1' & SAW 9 !M ! REAL CUE TO ! ORIG9 ( SPECIES1 9T]E/ 9 !SE 'SUDD5' OR 'DISCONT9U\S' V>IATIONS WAS R5EW$4 ,ALREADY 9 ,D>W9'S TIMES IT HAD BE5 SUGGE/$ ?AT ! 'SPORTS' MAY REPRES5T AN IMPORTANT FACTOR 9 ! EVOLUTION ( NEW SPECIES1 & ,D>W9 HAD %[N ! REASON :Y ?IS C\LD NOT BE ! CASE 7IT WILL BE M5TION$ FUR!R ON74 ,H[EV]1 DEVELOP$ AS IT WAS BY DE ,VRIES 9 A WELL-WRITT5 WORK1 RI* 9 ORIG9AL OBS]VATIONS1 '! ,MUTATIONS ,!ORY' OBTA9$ = SOME TIME SOME SUCCESS4 ,! MA9 OBJECTION AGA9/ CONSID]+ ,NATURAL ,SELECTION AS ,NATURE'S MEANS ( EVOLV+ NEW SPECIES BE+ ! 9SIGNIFICANCE ( ! FIR/ 9CIPI5T *ANGES 9 'CONT9U\S' V>IATION1 & !IR LITTLE VALUE 9 ! /RUGGLE = LIFE1 SOME BIOLOGI/S SAW 9 ! SUDD5 V>IATIONS1 OR 'MUTATIONS1' ! MEANS ( GETT+ RID ( ?IS OBJECTION1 )\T RESORT+ TO ! HATEFUL ,DIRECT ,ACTION ( ,5VIRONM5T4 ,DE ,VRIES BAS$ HIS !ORY *IEFLY ON ! SPORTS ( A WELL-KN[N DECORATIVE PLANT1 ! ,EV5+ ,PRIMROSE1 OR ,O5O!RA LAM>CKIANA1 :I* HE F\ND GR[+ WILD 9 A FIELD AT ,HILV]SUM1 NE> ,AM/]DAM4 ,IT DISPLAY$ !RE A NUMB] ( 'SPORTS1' & BY CULTIVAT+ !SE SPORTS DE ,VRIES OBTA9$ A NUMB] ( NEW 'SPECIES4'#b#f ,!SE OBS]VATIONS L$ HIM TO BUILD UP A NEW !ORY ( DESC5T4 ,ACCORD+ TO IT1 ! V>IATIONS :I* ,D>W9 DESCRIB$ AS 'CONT9U\S1' OR 'FLUCTUAT+1' HAVE NO VALUE = ! APPE>ANCE ( NEW SPECIES -- NOT ONLY BECAUSE !Y >E TOO SMALL = HAV+ A LIFE-VALUE 9 ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE !Y >E NOT 9H]IT$1 & CONSEQU5TLY CANNOT BE 'CUMULATIVE4' ,! SUDD5 'DISCONT9U\S' V>IATIONS 7,D>W9'S 'SPORTS'7 >E KN[N1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 TO BE 9H]IT$1 & !Y (T5 (F] SUFFICI5T DIFF]5CES FROM ! NORMAL TYPE TO BE ( VALUE = ,NATURAL ,SELECTION4 ,9 >TIFICIAL SELECTION !Y HAVE BE5 ! MEANS ( OBTA9+ NEW /EADY V>IETIES4 ,9 HIS E>LI] RESE>*ES DE ,VRIES1 :O HAD /UDI$ = FIFTE5 YE>S SU* 9H]IT$ 'MON/ROSITIES' AS ! ,FIVE-,LEAF ,CLOV]1 & ! ,MANY-,HEAD$ ,POPPY1 HAD COME1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ,PR(ESSOR ,J4 ,MAC,LEOD1 TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT RI* NUTRITION 9 ! WIDE S5SE ( ! WORD 7HEAVY MANUR+1 KEEP+ ! SE$L+S WIDE AP>T1 & SO ON7 WAS ! FIR/ CONDITION = OBTA9+ SU* 9H]ITABLE V>IATIONS4#b#g ,BUT LAT] ON1 ACCEPT+ ! TEA*+S ( ,WEISMANN1 HE SEP>AT$ ! 'NUTRITION V>IATIONS' -- :I*1 HE MA9TA9$1 W]E NOT 9H]ITABLE -- FROM ! 'MUTATIONS4' ,! LATT] W]E 9H]IT$1 BECAUSE !Y W]E ORIG9AT$ BY 'CONG5ITAL' V>IATIONS1 SUDD5LY APPE>+ = SOME CAUSES UNKN[N 9 ! G]M PLASM1 AT C]TA9 P]IODS ( ! LIFE ( SPECIES4 ,EA* SPECIES1 HE SAID1 HAS SU* A P]IOD1 DUR+ :I* IT CAN GIVE ORIG9 TO NEW SPECIES4 ,H[EV]1 IT WAS SOON RECOGNIZ$ BY MO/ BOTANI/S ?AT ! VALUE ( ! ,O5O!RA SPORTS = A !ORY ( DESC5T HAD BE5 OV]-E/IMAT$4 ,FROM ACCURATE RESE>*ES MADE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 AT ,H>LEM1 & 9 ! 5VIRONS ( ,LIV]POOL1 IT APPE>$ ?AT ! SPECIES DESCRIB$ AS ,O5O!RA LAM>CKIANA HAD A LONG HI/ORY3 IT WAS CULTIVAT$ 9 ,EUROPE AS E>LY AS ! MIDDLE ( ! EIIABILITY4#b#h ,MOREOV] -- & ?IS IS AN ESS5TIAL PO9T1 ALREADY NOTIC$ BY ,D>W9 -- A V>IATION IS (T5 DESCRIB$ AS A 'SUDD5' ONE SIMPLY BECAUSE ! M9UTE *ANGES :I* W]E LEAD+ TO ITS APPE>ANCE W]E NOT TAK5 NOTICE (4 ,9 REALITY1 LEAV+ ASIDE ?OSE UNIMPORTANT 9DIVIDUAL DIFF]5CES :I* BUT FEEBLY AFFECT SOME ORGANS1 ,D>W9 F\ND NO SUB/ANTIAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! SPORTS & ! 9H]ITABLE FLUCTUAT+ V>IATIONS DUE TO 5VIRONM5T4#b#i ,AS TO ! IDEA ?AT SPORTS MIANCE ( NEW SPECIES1 ,D>W9 V]Y WISELY PO9T$ \T ?AT PURELY ACCID5TAL SPORTS C\LD NOT HAVE PLAY$ SU* A P>T 9 ! EVOLUTION ( NEW SPECIES1 BECAUSE !Y W\LD NOT (F] ?AT ACCOMMODATION TO ! 5VIRONM5T :I* CAN ONLY BE SUPPLI$ BY A DEF9ITE & CUMULATIVE V>IATION UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( A NEW 5VIRONM5T1--?IS V>IATION BE+ AID$ BY ,NATURAL ,SELECTION4 .<,GIV5 BILLIONS ( YE>S1 YES1 SU* R&OM MUTATIONS >E 9DE$ CAPABLE ( EXPLA9+ G5ETICS AS IT HAS DEVELOP$ 9 ! SPECIES4 -- ,A4,C4.> ,AT ANY RATE1 ?OSE :O HAVE S]I\SLY /UDI$ ! :OLE SUBJECT ( EVOLUTION & H]$ITY1 LIKE ,YVES ,DELAGE1 ,JOHANNS51 ,PLATE1 & MANY O!RS1 DO NOT N[ ATTRIBUTE TO 'MUTATIONS' ! IMPORTANCE ?AT WAS GO+ TO BE ATTRIBUT$ TO 'MUTATIONS' ! IMPORTANCE ?AT WAS GO+ TO BE ATTRIBUT$ TO !M A FEW YE>S AGO4#c ,PR(ESSOR ,$MOND ,BORDAGE1 :O HAS PUBLI%$ LATELY A SPECIAL /UDY ( ! :OLE QUE/ION ( MUTATIONS1 ALSO CAME TO A SIMIL> CONCLUSION4#c#a ,TO BEG9 )1 ,BORDAGE PO9TS \T ?AT ! ,O5O!A LAM>CKIANA IS1 ACCORD+ TO DIFF]5T BOTANICAL AU?ORITIES1 A HYBRID1 EI!R BETWE5 ,OE4 ,GR&IFLORA & ,OE4 BI5NIS1 BO? IMPORT$ TO ,EUROPE 9 ! EILEM S9CE #a#g#e#f71 OR BETWE5 DIFF]5T V>IETIES ( ,OE4 BI5NIS1 :I* IS A V]Y V>IABLE SPECIES4#c#b ,BUT EV5 IF IT WAS NOT A HYBRID1 ! ,EV5+ ,PRIMROSE HAS UND]GONE SO MANY *ANGES 9 ! CONDITIONS ( ITS CULTURE DUR+ ! LA/ HUNDR$ OR HUNDR$ & FIFTY YE>S1 ?AT ITS PRES5T CONSID]ABLE V>IABILITY MAY BE A CONSEQU5CE ( !SE *ANGES4 ,ALL TAK51 ,PR(ESSOR ,BORDAGE COMES TO ! OP9ION ?AT A MUTATION ( NOT SOME?+ SUB/ANTIALLY DIFF]5T FROM AN ORD9>Y V>IATION4 ,IT IS ONLY A SUDD5 EXT]NAL EXPRESSION ( 9T]NAL PROCESSES1 ACCOMPLI%$ GRADUALLY & )\T 9T]RUPTION 4 4 4 ,BETWE5 ! SUDD5 & ! SL[ V>IATION !RE IS NO ABSOLUTE DIFF]5CE4 ,BO? CAN BE CONSID]$ AS ! EFFECTS ( ! SAME LAW1 MANIFE/+ !MSELVES MORE OR LESS RAPIDLY4 ,V,I ',MUTATIONS1' WE HAVE JU/ SE51 W]E DESCRIB$ AS 'CONG5ITAL V>IATIONS4' ,BUT EV]Y V>IATION ( =M & /RUCTURE1 ONCE IT IS 9H]IT$1 IMPLIES A 'CONG5ITAL V>IATION'3 SOME *ANGE MU/ HAVE TAK5 PLACE 9 ! G]M-CELLS1 :ATSOEV] ! ORIG9 ( ! V>IATION1 OR ! POSITION ( ! G]M-CELLS 9 ! ORGANISM MAY BE4 ,WE LE>N1 IT IS TRUE1 FROM ! EXP]IM5TS ( ,MAC,D\GAL & ,T[] ?AT C]TA9 9H]ITABLE *ANGES MAY BE OBTA9$ BY A DIRECT ACTION ( EXT]NAL AG5CIES 7TEMP]ATURE & SO ON7 UPON ! G]M-CELLS4 ,( C\RSE1 !Y MAY4 ,BUT NOBODY HAS YET PROV$ ?AT *ANGES PRODUC$ 9 ! BODY-CELLS CANNOT AFFECT ! G]M-CELLS2 :ILE MOD]N RESE>* T5DS TO PROVE QUITE ! CONTR>Y4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 WE >E NOT A/ONI%$ TO LE>N ?AT DE ,VRIES1 HAV+ RECOGNIZ$ 9 HIS LA/ WORK1 ,GRUPP5WEISE ,>TBILDUNG .<,GR\PWISE ,SPECIATION.>1 ?AT EV]Y MUTATION MU/ HAVE 'NOT ONLY AN 9N] CAUSE1 BUT ALSO AN EXT]IOR CASE1' & ?AT ! HI< V>IABILITY ( ! ,O5O!RAS MU/ BE 'TO SOME EXT5T A CONSEQU5CE ( ! SPECIAL CONDITIONS ( ! SOIL1'#c#c HAS ?US GIV5 A H>D BL[ TO ! IDEA ( A FUNDAM5TAL DI/9CTION BETWE5 'MUTATIONS' & ORD9>Y V>IATION4 ,BO? >E 9H]IT$1 ! DIFF]5CE BE+ ONLY ONE ( DEGREE 9 ! MODIFY+ CAUSE4 ,IT MAY BE ADD$ ! ,]W9 ,BAUR1 :O ALSO HAS C>EFULLY /UDI$ ! SUBJECT1 COMES TO A SIMIL> CONCLUSION 9 HIS ',9TRODUCTION TO ! ,EXP]IM5TAL ,!ORY ( ,H]$ITY4' ,AS A RULE 7HE WRITES7 MUTATIONS >E R>E 7ONE 9 A ?\S& 9DIVIDUALS1 OR LESS72 & ':AT >E !IR CAUSES 9 MO/ CASES WE DON'T KN[4' ,ONLY LATELY EXP]IM5TS W]E MADE %[+ ?AT MUTATIONS1 I4E4 9H]ITABLE V>IATIONS1 CAN BE PROVOK$ BY EXT]IOR 9FLU5CES1 DEP5D+ ON \R WILL4 ,SU* >E ! EXP]IM5TS ON ! ,COLORADO BEETLE MADE BY ,T[]1 :O US$ HI< TEMP]ATURES1 DRYNESS ( ! AIR & L[ ATMOSPH]IC PRESSURE1 ?OSE ( ,BL>+HEM :O PROVOK$ 9H]IT$ V>IATIONS BY MUTILATIONS ( PLANTS1 & ,MAC,D\GAL :O ACT$ DIRECTLY ON ! REPRODUCTIVE CELLS4#c#d ,F9ALLY WE LE>N FROM ANO!R MO/ C>EFUL & GIFT$ EXP]IM5TATOR1 ,PR(ESSOR ,KLEBS1 ?AT ?OSE *>ACT]S ( A PLANT :I* BELONG TO ! MO/ CON/ANT ONES UND] ! ORD9>Y CONDITIONS ( CULTURE CAN BECOME MO/ V>IABLE UND] PROP]LY *OS5 CONDITIONS2 & ?AT BO? ! SO-CALL$ CONT9U\S & ! DISCONT9U\S V>IATIONS 7! MUTATIONS7 CAN BE OBTA9$ 9 ! SAME 9DIVIDUAL1 ACCORD+ TO ! EXT]NAL CONDITIONS 9TO :I* IT IS PLAC$4#c#e ,! CONS5SUS ( OP9ION IS ?US AGA9/ ATTRIBUT+ TO MUTATIONS AN ORIG9 QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ! ORIG9 ( HABITUS-V>IATIONS4 ,BUT ONCE IT IS SO1 WE HAVE 9 ! SO-CALL$ 'MUTATIONS' ANO!R VA/ CATEGORY ( *>ACT]S 'ACQUIR$' UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( A *ANG$ NUTRITION 9 A NEW 5VIRONM5T1 & 9H]IT$4#c#f ,& !SE TWO VA/ CATEGORIES IMM5SELY R$UCE ! P>T ?AT ,NATURAL ,SELECTION MAY HAVE TO PLAY 9 ! EVOLUTION ( NEW SPECIES4 ,) ?IS R$UC$ FUNCTION IT BECOMES QUITE COMPREH5SIBLE4 ,V,I,I ,! DOM9AT+ T5D5CY ( MOD]N RESE>* IS ?US TO COME TO A SYN!SIS ( ! TWO *IEF FACTORS ( EVOLUTION3 ! ,BUFFON-,LAM>CKIAN FACTOR 9CLUD+ ! V>IATIONS CALL$ =? BY A *ANG+ 5VIRONM5T1 & ! ,D>W9-,WALLACIAN FACTOR ( ,NATURAL ,SELECTION4 ,D>W91 AS WE SAW1 FRANKLY ACKN[L$G$ IT4 ,H]B]T ,SP5C] HAD ALREADY COME TO ?IS CONCLUSION1 ONLY GIV+ EV5 MORE IMPORTANCE TO ! FIR/ FACTOR4 ,! =GO+ *APT]S -- HE WROTE 9 ! SECOND 5L>G$ $ITION ( HIS ,PR9CIPLES ( ,BIOLOGY -- IMPLY ?AT NEI!R EXTREME 7I4E4 ,NATURAL ,SELECTION ALONE1 OR ! ,DIRECT ,ACTION ( ,5VIRONM5T )\T ! AID ( ,NATURAL ,SELECTION7 IS H]E ADOPT$4 ,AGREE+ ) ,MR4 ,D>W9 ?AT BO? 'FACTORS HAVE BE5 OP]ATIVE1 ,I HOLD ?AT ! 9H]ITANCE ( FUNCTIONALLY CAUS$ ALT]ATIONS HAS PLAY$ A L>G] P>T ?AN HE ADMITT$ EV5 AT ! CLOSE ( HIS LIFE2 & ?AT1 COM+ MORE TO ! FRONT AS EVOLUTION HAS ADVANC$1 IT HAS PLAY$ ! *IEF P>T 9 PRODUC+ ! HIT+-PO9T WAS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ,D>W9 & ,SP5C]1 ALSO CAME1 AFT] ALL1 TO ! SAME VIEWS4 ,HE BEGAN BY PROCLAIM+ ! ',ALL-,SUFFICI5CY ( ,NATURAL ,SELECTION' = GIV+ ORIG9 TO NEW SPECIES1 & REJECT$ ! NECESSITY ( 9H]ITABLE ADAPTIVE *ANGES BE+ PRODUC$ BY ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,BUT WE SAW H[ HE GRADUALLY CAME TO NEW HYPO!SES :I* ACTUALLY RECOGNIZ$ ! P>T PLAY$ 9 ! EVOLUTION ( NEW SPECIES BY 9H]IT$ V>IATION4 ,PAGES C\LD BE COV]$ TO %[ H[ BIOLOGI/S 5GAG$ 9 EXP]IM5TAL WORK CAME1 AFT] SOME HESITATION1 TO RECOGNIZE ! MODIFY+ 9FLU5CE ( 5VIRONM5T4 ,BUT A FEW QUOTATIONS WILL DO TO %[ ! G5]AL T5D5CY ( MOD]N RESE>*4 ,/&FUSS HAS SUMM$ UP ! RESULTS ( HIS TW5TY-EIS' EXP]IM5TS 9 A C>EFULLY WORD$ LECTURE4 ,HE SEES 9 ! PR$OM9ANCE ( AN OLD] TYPE UPON A NEWLY APPE>+ V>IATION ! KEY TO ! DIFFICULTY ( A TRANSMISSION ( ACQUIR$ *>ACT]S TO ! (FSPR+4 ,! GRIP ( ! ,OLD /IRP -- ( :AT HAS BECOME /RONGLY E/ABLI%$ DUR+ A SUCCESSION ( G5]ATIONS -- CANNOT1 ,/&FUSS SAYS1 BE EASILY OV]P[]$ BY ! ,NEW 7A VIEW1 BY ! WAY1 EXPRESS$ ALREADY BY ,BACON74 ,& AFT] HAV+ PROV$ BY HIS EXP]IM5TS ?AT SOMETIMES ! ,NEW IS 9H]IT$1 ,/&FUSS CONCLUD$ HIS LECTURE ) !SE WORDS3 ,! MUTUAL 9T]ACTION BETWE5 ! AG5CIES ( ! \T] WORLD & ! ORGANISMS GIVES ORIG9 TO FLUCTUAT+ 7S*WANK5D57 NEW =MS2 !Y >E 9H]IT$ MORE OR LESS1 !N !Y >E SIFT$ BY ,SELECTION1 & KEPT BY IT )9 DEF9ITE L9ES ( DEVELOPM5T4#c#g ,WETT/E91 :O HAS BE5 EXP]IM5T+ = YE>S UPON ! MODIFICATION ( PLANTS BY EXT]IOR AG5CIES1 OP5LY ACCEPTS ! H]$IT>Y TRANSMISSION ( ACQUIR$ *>ACT]S 9 HIS ',H&BOOK ( ,SY/EMATICAL ,BOTANY4 ,HE WRITES3 ,9 ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( CASES1 ADAPTIVE *>ACT]S >E ORIG9AT$ BY ! SO-CALL$ 'DIRECT ADAPTATION'2 9 O!R WORDS1 WE MU/ RECOGNIZE 9 ! PLANT ! ( ADAPT+ ITSELF DIRECTLY TO ! PREVAIL+ CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 & 9H]IT+ !SE ACQUIR$ ADAPTATION-*>ACT]S4#c#h ,J4,P4 .<,JOHANNES ,PAULUS.> ,LOTSY1 ! AU?OR ( A WELL-KN[N ELABORATE WORK ON ! !ORIES ( DESC5T1 COMES TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT UNLESS WE ACCEPT A ,VIS VITALIS . :I*1 AFT] ALL1 W\LD EXPLA9 NO?+1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO F9D ANO!R REASON = ! ORIG9 ( V>IATIONS BUT ! 9FLU5CE ( ! EXT]NAL CONDITIONS ON ! SUB/ANCE ( ! PROTOPLASM2 & )\T AN 9H]ITANCE ( ! ACQUIR$ V>IATION1 OR *>ACT]1 !RE IS NO REASON = ITS BE+ FIX$4 ,IF ONE ABSOLUTELY D5IES ! POSSIBILITY ( BIOMETAMORPHOSES 7V>IATIONS DUE TO 5VIRONM5T7 BE+ 9H]IT$1 ?IS MEANS TO D5Y EVOLUTION ITSELF4#c#i ,D4,T4 .<,DANIEL ,TREMBLY.> ,MAC,D\GAL .<,AN OBSCURE NON-SCI5TI/ & SOMETIMES AU?OR = ,SCI5TIFIC ,AM]ICAN4 -- ,A4,C4.>1 AFT] HAV+ ANALYZ$ ! WORK ( ,BU*ANAN1 ,GAGES1 ,KLEBS1 ,Z$]BAUM1 & DE ,VRIES1 F9DS ?AT !IR DISCOV]IES1 C\PL$ ) HIS [N & O!R BOTANI/S' WORK AT ! ,DES]T ,BOTANICAL ,LABORATORY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ELSE:]E1 5=CE UPON US ! CONCLUSION ?AT /RUCTURAL *ANGES & IMPLI$ FUNCTIONAL ACCOMMODATIONS >E )\T D\BT DIRECT SOMATIC RESPONSES1 :I* BECAME FIX$ & P]MAN5T 9 ! CONSEQU5CE ( !IR ANNUAL REPETITION ?R\< ! C5TURIES4#d ,WILHELM ,JOHANNS51 :OSE MA9 WORK1 ',ELEM5TS ( ! ,EXACT ,SCI5CE ( ,H]$ITY1'#d#a IS KEPT 9 HI< E/EEM BY BIOLOGI/S ( ALL S*OOLS1 COMES1 9 ONE ( HIS LATE/ WRIT+S1 TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT )\T 9H]IT$ V>IATIONS ',SELECTION W\LD HAVE NO H]$IT>Y 9FLU5CE4'#d#b ,& SO ON4 ,V,I,I,I ,! IDEA ( ,NATURAL ,SELECTION APP>5TLY DID NOT OCCUR TO ,LAM>CK1 AL?\< SEV]AL PASSAGES 9 HIS WORKS SUGGE/ ?AT HE HAD NOTIC$ ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE4 ,AS TO ! MOD]N ,LAM>CKIANS1 :ILE NE>LY ALL ( !M 9DICATE ! LIMITATIONS ( ,NATURAL ,SELECTION1 !Y DO NOT EXCLUDE ITS ACTION =M !IR S*EMES ( ,EVOLUTION4 ,! ONLY OBJECT TO ! EXAGG]AT$ P>T ATTRIBUT$ TO IT BY ?OSE :OSE CONCEPTIONS ( DESC5T >E 9FLU5C$ BY !IR SOCIOLOGICAL OR SUP]-NATURAL CONSID]ATIONS2 & !Y UND]/& ?AT ,NATURAL ,SELECTION SURELY GIVES /ABILITY TO ! EFFECTS ( ! ,DIRECT ,ACTION ( ,5VIRONM5T4 ,MO/ ( !M ALSO RECOGNIZE ?AT BY ! SIDE ( !SE TWO MA9 FACTORS ( ,EVOLUTION ONE MU/ TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION ! TWO ASPECTS -- 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL -- ( ! /RUGGLE = LIFE1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( PROTECTIVE 9/9CTS 9 ! HI<] ANIMALS1 & ! EFFECTS ( USE & DISUSE ( ORGANS1 CROSS+1 & ! OCCASIONAL APPE>ANCE ( MORE OR LESS SUDD5 V>IATIONS -- ALL !SE HAV+ !IR P>T 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ! UNFA?OMABLE V>IETY ( ORGANIC =MS4 ,AMONG ! MOD]N BIOLOGI/S1 ,PR(ESSOR .<,LUDWIG.> ,PLATE HAS P]HAPS BE/ UND]/OOD ! NECESSITY ( A SYN!TIC VIEW ( ! FACTORS ( ,EVOLUTION1 :I* HE HAS DEVELOP$ 9 HIS ELABORATE WORK1 N[ KN[N UND] ! TITLE ( ,SELEKTIONSPR9ZIP .<,SELECTION ,PR9CIPLE.>4 ,HE EXAM9$ FIR/ 9 DETAIL ! SCOPE & ! POSSIBILITIES ( ,NATURAL ,SELECTION UND] ! DIFF]5T =MS ( ! /RUGGLE = LIFE2 & AFT] HAV+ %[N ?AT ,NATURAL ,SELECTION /EPS 9 :]E ! ,LAM>CKIAN DIRECT ADAPTATION FAILS1 & ?AT S+LE-H&$ IT W\LD NOT BE SUFFICI5T TO SOLVE ! PROBLEM ( ! ORIG9 ( SPECIES1 ,PR(ESSOR ,PLATE SUMS UP HIS OP9IONS 9 ! FOLL[+ L9ES1 :I*1 9 ! PRES5T WRIT]'S OP9ION1 >E A FAIR /ATEM5T ( ! CASE3 ,! ONLY REAL DIFFICULTLY = ,D>W9ISM IS . ?AT ! V>IATIONS MU/ ATTA9 A C]TA9 AMPLITUDE BE=E !Y >E 'SELECTION-WOR?' -- ?AT IS1 BE=E !Y GIVE TO SELECTION ! OPPORTUNITY TO /EP 94 ,M9IMAL 9DIVIDUAL DIFF]5CES CAN CALL =? NO SELECTION4 ,H[EV]1 ,I HAVE %[N ALREADY AT SOME L5G? 7PP4 #a#i-#a#g#i7 ?AT AFT] A C>EFUL /UDY ( ! PROBLEM ?IS DIFFICULTY PROVES TO BE ILLUSORY1 BECAUSE1 ON ! ONE H&1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO D5Y ?AT !RE >E V>IATIONS WOR?Y ( BE+ SELECT$1#d#c & ON ! O!R H& !RE >E 9 ,NATURE DIFF]5T WAYS = 9CREAS+ ! M9IMAL DIFF]5CES1 SO ?AT !Y DO BECOME WOR?Y ( SELECTION4 ,( !SE DIFF]5T WAYS1 ! MODIFICATION ( FUNCTION1 ! *ANGES 9 ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 USE & DISUSE1 & OR?OG5ESIS 5T] 9TO ! CATEGORY ( ! FACTORS 9DICAT$ BY ,LAM>CK1 & !RE=E ! ,SELECTION !ORY CANNOT REFUSE ! COLLABORATION ( ! ,LAM>CKIAN FACTORS4 ,D>W9ISM & ,LAM>CKISM1#d#d TAK5 TOGE!R1 GIVE A SATISFACTORY EXPLANATION ( ! GR[+ UP ( SPECIES1 9CLUD+ ! ORIG9 ( ADAPTATION1 :ILE NEI!R ( !SE TWO !ORIES1 TAK5 SEP>ATELY1 GIVES IT4 7,SELEKTIONSPR9ZIP1 PP4 #f#b-#f#c47 ,LET ME ONLY ADD1 TO AVOID MISUND]/&+S1 ?AT ! ,LAM>CKISM ( :I* ,I HAVE SPOK5 9 !SE PAGES1 & :I* ,PLATE HAS 9 VIEW 9 ! JU/-GIV5 QUOTATION1 MEANS ! TEA*+S ( ,LAM>CK AS !Y APPE>$ 9 HIS ,PHILOSOPHIE ZOOLOGIQUE .<,ZOOLOGICAL ,PHILOSOPHY.>1 HIS REM>KABLE ,DISC\RS D'\V]TURE DE L'AN ,X ET DE L'AN ,X,I .<,OP5+ SPEE* ( YE> ,X & YE> ,X,I.>1 DELIV]$ AT ! ,ACADEMY ( ,SCI5CES AT ,P>IS1 & HIS ,SY/EME ANALYTIQUE DES CONNAISSANCES POSITIVES DE L'HOMME .<,ANALYTICAL SY/EM ( POSITIVE KN[L$GE ( MAN.> -- ( :I* ! LA/ TWO >E 5TIRELY IGNOR$ 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 & ! FIR/ IS FREQU5TLY MISQUOT$4 ,!SE TEA*+S %[ ?AT ,LAM>CK HAD NOT ! LEA/ LEAN+ T[>D A METAPHYSICAL ,NATUR-,PHILOSOPHIE .<,NATURAL ,PHILOSOPHY.>1 & !Y HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) ! VITALI/ & O!R !ORIES ( ! ,G]MAN ,NEO-,LAM>CKIANS1 ( :OM ,FRANCE 7A DI/+UI%$ BOTANI/7 & ,DR4 ,ADOLPH ,WAGN] >E PROM95T REPRES5TATIVES4#d#e ,A SYN!SIS ( ! VIEWS ( ,D>W9 & ,LAM>CK1 OR RA!R ( ,NATURAL ,SELECTION & ! ,DIRECT ,ACTION ( ,5VIRONM5T1 DESCRIB$ BY ,SP5C] AS ,DIRECT & ,9DIRECT ,ADAPTATION1 WAS ?US ! NECESS>Y \TCOME ( ! RESE>*ES 9 BIOLOGY :I* HAVE BE5 C>RI$ ON = ! LA/-?IRTY OR =TY YE>S4 ,IF CONSID]ATIONS LY+ \TSIDE ! TRUE DOMA9 ( BIOLOGY1 SU* AS ?OSE :I* 9SPIRE ! ,NEO-,LAM>CKIANS & 9SPIR$ ,WEISMANN1 CEASE TO 9T]F]E1 A SYN!TIC VIEW ( ,EVOLUTION 79 :I* ,NATURAL ,SELECTION WILL BE UND]/OOD AS A /RUGGLE = LIFE C>RI$ ON UND] BO? ITS 9DIVIDUAL & ITS /ILL MORE IMPORTANT SOCIAL ASPECT7 WILL PROBABLY RALLY MO/ BIOLOGI/S4 ,& IF ?IS REALLY TAKES PLACE1 !N IT WILL BE EASY TO FREE \RSELVES FROM ! REPROA* :I* HAS BE5 ADDRESS$ TO N9ETE5?-C5TURY SCI5CE3 ! REPROA* ?AT :ILE IT HAS AID$ M5 TO LIB]ATE !MSELVES FROM SUP]/ITIONS1 IT HAS IGNOR$ ?OSE ASPECTS ( ,NATURE :I* \W9 HAVE ALREADY HAD A GLIMPSE4#d#f ,UN=TUNATELY ! VULG>IZ]S ( ! TEA*+S ( ,D>W91 SPEAK+ 9 ! NAME ( ,SCI5CE1 HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 ELIM9AT+ ?IS DEEPLY PHILOSOPHICAL IDEA FROM ! NATURALI/IC CONCEPTION ( ! UNIV]SE WORK$ \T 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,!Y HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 P]SUAD+ M5 ?AT ! LA/ WORD ( ,SCI5CE WAS A PITILESS 9DIVIDUAL /RUGGLE = LIFE4 ,BUT ! PROM95CE :I* IS N[ BEG9N+ TO BE GIV5 TO ! DIRECT ACTION ( 5VIRONM5T 9 ! EVOLUTION ( SPECIES1 BY ELIM9AT+ ! ,MAL?USIAN IDEA AB\T ! NECESSITY ( A COMPETITION TO ! KNIFE BETWE5 ALL ! 9DIVIDUALS ( A GIV5 SPECIES = EVOLV+ NEW SPECIES1 OP5S ! WAY = QUITE DIFF]5T COMPREH5SION ( /RUGGLE = LIFE1 & ( ,NATURE ALTOGE!R4 ,P4 ,KROPOTK9 ,FOOTNOTES #a,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY & ,AFT]1 ,JANU>Y #aia #b ',! ,DIRECT ,ACTION ( ,5VIRONM5T 9 ,PLANTS1' ,JULY #a#i#a2 & ',! ,RESPONSE ( ,ANIMALS TO !IR ,5VIRONM5T1' ,NOVEMB] & ,DECEMB] #a#i#a4 #c ',9H]ITANCE ( ,ACQUIR$ ,*>ACT]S3 ,!ORETICAL ,DIFFICULTIES1' ,M>* #a#i#a#b4 #d ',9H]IT$ ,V>IATIONS .<888.> OB] #a#i#a#d1 & 09H]IT$ V>IATIONS 9 ,ANIMALS10 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a.<88.> #e,! ,F\NDATIONS ( T .<888.> ,SPECIES1 A SKET* WRITT5 9 #a#h#d#b4 ,$IT$ BY HIS SON ,FRANCIS .<88.> BRIDGE #a#i#i4 #f ,9 ,SYLVA ,SYLV>UM .<8888.> #a#h#b#d1 SECTION #e#b#f7 ! GREAT F\ND] ( 9DUCTIVE SCI5CE WROTE3 .<888.>=E1 Y\ MU/ MAKE ACC\NT1 ?AT IF Y\ WILL HAVE ONE PLANT .<888.> ANO!R1 Y\ MU/ HAVE ! N\RI%M5T OV]RULE .444,Y\ %ALL DO WELL1 !RE=E1 TO TAKE M>%-H]BS1 & PLANT !M UPON TOPS ( HILLS & *AMPAIGNS2 & SU* PLANTS AS REQUIRE MU* MOI/URE1 UPON S&Y & V]Y DRY GR\NDS444,?IS IS ! FIR/ RULE = TRANSMUTATION ( PLANTS4' #g,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES1 #f? $ITION1 P4#g#b2 ! ITALICS >E M9E4 #h ,SEE ,V>IATION 9 ,DOME/ICAT$ ,ANIMALS & ,PLANTS1 VOL4 II4 ,PP4 #b#h#i1 #b#i#a1 #c1 #c#b#a1 #c#b#b1 #c#d#g1 & SO ON1 ( ! #aie POPUL> $ITION ( ,MR4 ,MURRAY4 #i ,SEE HIS ,LETT]S #a,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY & ,AFT]1 ,M>* #a#i#a#b4 #aa ',UEB.<8888.> ,URSA*5 D] ,TRANSMUTATION51' 9 ,/UDI5 ZUR ,DESC5D5Z.<888.> #a#h#g#f1 *APT] 0,ME*ANISMUS UND ,TELEOLOGIA4' ,I DON'T KN[ _<888.> EXI/S AN ,5GLI% TRANSLATION ( ?IS *APT]4 #ab ',! ,FUNDAM5TAL ,PR9CIPLES ( ,H]$ITY1' 9 ,NATURAL ,SCI5CE1 XI4 ,OCTOB] & ,NOVEMB] #a#h#i#g4 ,REPRODUC$ 9 ,PR(ESSOR ,M>CUS ,H>TOG'S ,PROBLEMS ( ,LIFE & ,REPRODUCTION1 ,LONDON #a#i#a#c4 #ac ,OSC> ,H]TWIG1 ,D] ,KAMPF UN ,K]NTRAG5 D] ,5TWICKELUNGS UND ,V]]BUNGSLEHRE1 ,J5A #a#i#i1 PP4 #d#d-#d#e & #a#g-#a#h4 ,SEE ALSO ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY1 ,M>* #a#i#a#b1 P4 #e#b4 #ad ,TO A REVIEW ( ?IS QUE/ION 9 HIS CAPITAL WORK1 ,H]$ITY 7,LONDON #a#i#h1 P4 #f#d71 ,PR(ESSOR ,J4 ,>?UR ,?OMSON ADD$ ! FOLL[+ WORDS3 ',HOLD+ FIRMLY TO ! VIEW :I* WE HAVE ELSE:]E EXPRESS$1 ?AT LIFE IS A FUNCTION ( 9T]-RELATIONS1 WE CONFESS TO HESITATION 9 ACCEPT+ )\T SAV+ CLAUSES ANY ATTEMPT TO CALL ?IS OR ?AT P>T ( ! G]M9AL MATT] ! EXCLUSIVE VEHICLE ( ! H]$IT>Y QUALITIES4' #ae ,RABL1 ,UEB] ,ORGAN-BILD5DE ',SUB/ANZ5 UND IHRE ,B$EUTUNG FUR DIE ,V]]BUNG2 ,E4 ,GODLEWSKI JUN41 9 ,R\X'S ,>*IVE1 VOL4 XXVIII4 #a#i#h1 PP4 #b#g#h-#c#g#h4 ,! CONNECTION BETWE5 ALL ! CELLS 9 PLANTS HAS BE5 PROV$ BY OBS]VATION1 & N[ IT BEG9S TO BE PROV$ = ANIMALS4 ,! LIVELY 9T]C\RSE BETWE5 ! CELLS ( ! ANIMAL'S BODY BY MEANS ( ! W&]+ CELLS1 :I* WAS OBS]V$ DUR+ REG5]ATION PROCESSES1 SEEMS NOT TO BE LIMIT$ TO !SE PROCESSES4' ,! RESE>*ES ( ,HIS1 ,KUPFF]1 ,LOEB1 ,R\X1 & ,H]B/ >E T5D+ TO PROVE ?AT ! SAME CELLS ALSO TAKE P>T 9 ! ONTOG5ETIC PROCESSES4 7,SEE ! >TICLES ( ,H]B/ 9 ,BIOLOGIS*ES ,C5TRALBLATT1 VOLS4 XIV4 ,& XV47 ,AS TO ,NUSSBAUM1 :OSE WORK IS SUGGE/$ TO ,WEISMANN ! 'CONT9UITY' ( ! G]M PLASM1 HIS IDEA IS ?AT ! G]M-CELLS >E EXPOS$ TO ! SAME MODIFY+ AG5CIES AS ! BODY-CELLS 7,>*IV FUR MIKROSKOPIS*E ,ANATOMIE1 XVIII4 #a#i#h1 QUOT$ BY ,PR(ESSOR ,RIGNANO 9 ,LA TRANSMISSIBILITE DES C>ACT]ES ACQUIS1 P4 #a#f#i47 ,MANY O!R BIOLOGI/S COME TO ! SAME CONCLUSION4 #af ,EXP]IM5TS ( ,IGNAZ ,S*ILL] ON ,CYCLOPS & ,TADPOLES2 PRELIM9>Y REPORT 9 ,R\X'S ,>*IV1 XXXIV4 ,PT4 #c1 PP4 #d#f#i-#d#g4 #a#g,ESSAYS1 II4#a#i4 #ai ,CF4 ,L4 ,PLATE1 ,SELEKIONSPR9ZIP1 #d? $ITION1 #a#i#a#c1 PP4#d#d#a-#d#d#b4 ,! SAME VIEW1 AS IT WAS PO9T$ \T BY ,PR(ESSOR ,H>TOG1 IS HELD BY ,E4,B ,WILSON1 ! AU?OR ( A /&>D WORK ON ! CELL3 ',:E!R ! V>IATIONS . FIR/ >ISE 9 ! IDIOPLASM . ( ! G]M-CELLS1 OR :E!R !Y MAY >ISE 9 ! BODY-CELLS1 & !N BE REFLECT$ BACK UPON ! IDIOPLASM1 IS A QUE/ION TO :I* ! /UDY ( ! CELL HAS ?US F> GIV5 NO C]TA9 ANSW]' 7,! ,CELL 9 ,DEVELOPM5T & ,9H]ITANCE1 #bND $ITION #a#i1 P4#d#c#c1 QUOT$ BY ,M>CUS ,H>TOG 9 HIS WORK1 ,PROBLEMS ( ,LIFE & ,REPRODUCTION1 ,LONDON1 ,MURRAY1 #a#i#a#c1 P4 #a#i#h1 *APT] ON ! 9H]ITANCE ( ACQUIR$ *>ACT]S74 #b ,D>W9 KNEW IT & M5TION$ IT 9 SEV]AL PLACES 9 ,V>IATION2 BUT :5 ! FACT WAS E/ABLI%$ BY ! EXP]IM5TS ( ,M]RIFIELD1 ,/&FUSS1 & SO ON1 IT WAS RECEIV$ AS A NEW DISCOV]Y4 #ba ,ALL ?IS HAS BE5 PROV$ BY EXP]IM5T1 & ?IS IS :Y A GOOD-SIZ$ BOOK W\LD BE REQUIR$ TO RECORD ! RESULTS OBTA9$ LATELY BY ,EXP]IM5TAL ,MORPHOLOGY4 ,CF4 ,T4,H4 ,MORGAN'S ,EXP]IM5TAL ,MORPHOLOGY1 ,NEW ,YORK #a#i#g2 ,PRZIBRAM'S ,EXP]IM5TAL-,ZOOLOGIE1 ,VI5NA #a#i#a2 ,YVES ,DELAGE & ,M4 ,GOLDSMI?1 ,LES !ORIES DE L'EVOLUTION1 ,P>IS #a#i#i2 & SO ON4 #bb ,?AT TIME WAS AN IMPORTANT ELEM5T 9 ! PROBLEM WAS EMPHATICALLY ASS]T$ BY BO? ,LAM>CK & ,D>W91 & EV5 BY ,BACON4 ,BUT !RE >E ,WEISMANNIANS :O OV]LOOK IT4 ,?US ,LAM>CK WAS REPROA*$ ) HAV+ 5UNCIAT$ TWO CONTRADICTORY /ATEM5TS 9 HIS FIR/ & SECOND LAW4 ,BUT SU* A REPROA* C\LD ONLY BE MADE BY OV]LOOK+ ! TIME ?AT IS REQUIR$ TO PRODUCE ! *ANGES4 ,TO USE ,LAM>CK'S [N WORDS1 TIME IS NE$$ 'BO? 9 GRADUALLY =TIFY+1 DEVELOP+1 & 9CREAS+ AN ORGAN :I* IS ACTIVE1 & 9 UNDO+ ?AT1 EFFECT BY IMP]CEPTIBLY WEAK5+ & DET]IORAT+ IT1 & DIM9I%+ ITS FACULTIES1 IF ! ORGAN P]=MS NO WORK' 7FIR/ LAW2 ITALICS M9E74 ,ALL ?AT ! SECOND LAW SAYS IS1 ?AT :AT HAS BE5 ACQUIR$ OR LO/ 9 ?IS WAY IS TRANSMITT$ TO ! NEW 9DIVIDUALS BORN FROM ! =M]2 BUT IT SAYS NOT A WORD AB\T ! L5G? ( TIME ?AT ! NEW *>ACT] IS GO+ TO BE MA9TA9$1 IF ! NEW-BORN 9DIVIDUALS >E PLAC$ AGA9 9 NEW CONDITIONS OR RETURN$ TO ! OLD ONES4 ,!SE 9DIVIDUALS EVID5TLY FALL 9 SU* CASE UND] ! ACTION ( ! SL[ *ANGES M5TION$ 9 ! FIR/ LAW4 ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY & ,AFT]1 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#d1 PP4 #h#b#a-#h#b#e4 #b#d,VORTRAGE1 #bND $ITION1 VOL4 II4 PP4 #a & #b#i4 #be ,WEISMANN IS ?US NO LONG] RESPONSIBLE = ?OSE :O GO ON REPEAT+ HIS OP9IONS ( #a#h#h#h1 :5 HE BELIEV$ ?AT 9 VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION WE HAVE ONLY A SUBDIVISION ( ! SAME 9DIVIDUAL1 & ADD$3 ',BUT NO ONE WILL D\BT ?AT ONE & ! SAME 9DIVIDUAL CAN BE GRADUALLY *ANG$ DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ITS LIFE1 BY ! DIRECT ACTION ( EXT]NAL 9FLU5CES4' 7,ESSAYS1 I4 #d#b#i47 #bf ,D>W9 PROBABLY W\LD HAVE DESCRIB$ !M ONLY AS '9CIPI5T SPECIES4' ,PR(ESSOR ,PLATE CONSID]S !M AS HABITUS MODIFICATIONS4 ,!Y DIFF]1 HE SAYS1 FROM ! MO!R1 PLANT 9 MANY ORGANS1 BUT 9 EA* ( !M 9 AN 9SIGNIFICANT DEGREE4 #bg ,CF4 ,DIE ,MUTATIONS!ORIE1 VOL4 I41 ,LEIPZIG #a#i#a1 PP4 #i#c1 #i#g-#a1 & 9 FACT ALL ! F\? *APT]4 ,ALSO HIS E>LI] >TICLES1 ,L'UNITE DANS LA V>IATION & ,ALIM5TATION ET SELECTION SUMM$ UP 9 ,MUTATIONS!ORIE4 #bh ,MANY IMPORTANT DATA CONC]N+ V>IATION 9 ,O5O!RAS WILL BE F\ND 9 ! MONOGRAPH ( ,MESSRS4 ,D4 ,T4 ,MAC,D\GAL1 ,A4 ,M4 ,VAIL1 & ,G4 ,H4 ,%ULL1 ,MUTATION1 ,V>IATION & ,RELATION%IPS ( ,O5A!RAS1 ,WA%+TON 7,C>NEGIE ,PUBLICATIONS7 #a#i#g4 #bi ',MON/ROSITIES GRADUATE SO 9S5SIBLY 9TO M]E V>IATIONS ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO SEP>ATE !M' 7,V>IATION1 II4 #b#i#g-#b#i#h74 ,HE CONSID]$ ?AT 'V>IABILITY ( EV]Y K9D IS DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY CAUS$ BY *ANG$ CONDITIONS ( LIFE' 7P4 #c72 & '( ALL CAUSES :I* 9DUCE V>IABILITY1 EXCESS ( FOOD1 :E!R OR NOT *ANG$ 9 NATURE1 IS PROBABLY ! MO/ P[]FUL' 7P4 #c#b7 #c ,?US1 FULLY RECOGNIZ+ ?AT 'DE ,VRIES HAS E/ABLI%$ 9 ! DOMA9 ( H]$ITY A MASS ( FACTS1 ! !ORETICAL VALUE ( :I* /ILL REMA9S 9 SOME RESPECTS TO BE E/ABLI%$ BY FUR!R RESE>*1' ,PR(ESSOR ,PLATE1 9 ANALYZ+ ! ,MUTATION !ORY 9 HIS MONUM5TAL CRITICAL WORK 7,SELEKTIONSPR9ZIP1 PP4 #c#h#d-#d#c#e71 WROTE3 ',! MUTATION !ORY OBTA9$ AN APP>5T TEMPOR>Y SUCCESS BECAUSE IT 9TRODUC$ NEW WORDS = WELL-KN[N FACTS & CONCEPTIONS1 & ?US AWAK5$ ! IDEA ?AT A NEW KN[L$GE HAD BE5 WON4 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT = ! !ORY ( DESC5T NO REAL PROGRESS 9 ADVANCE ( ,D>W9 HAD BE5 WON 9 ?AT DIRECTION4' ,9 ANO!R1 V]Y ELABORATE WORK1 ,V]]BUNGSLEHRE 7VOL4 II4 ( HIS ,H&BU*] D] ,AB/AMMUNGSLEHRE1 ,LEIPZIG #a#i#a#c1 PP4 #d#c-#d#g#e71 ,PLATE RETURN$ ONCE MORE TO ?IS SUBJECT1 & AFT] A C>EFUL EXAM9ATION ( ! :OLE QUE/ION 79CLUD+ ,M5DELISM7 HE WORD$ HIS F9AL CONCLUSION AS FOLL[S3 ',?OSE ?\ :I* >E CORRECT >E NOT NEW1 & ITS NEW COMPON5TS CANNOT BE ACCEPT$' 7P4#d#g#c74 #ca ',LES N\VEAUX PROBLEMES DE L'H]$ITE3 LA !ORIE DE LA MUTATION1' 9 ,BIOLOGICA1 II4 #a#i#a#b4 #cb ,! LATT] IS ! OP9ION ( ,MR4 ,B\L5G]1 AN AU?ORITY ON ! SUBJECT2 & ! =M] IS ! VIEW TAK5 BY ,DAVY & SEV]AL O!R BOTANI/S4 #cc ,DE ,VRIES1 ,GRUPP5WEISE ,>TBILDUNG1 PP4 #c#d#b-#c#d#c2 ALSO ,SPECIES & ,V>IETIES3 !IR ,ORIG9 BY ,MUTATIONS1 ,LECTURES BE=E ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA1 $IT$ BY ,D4,T ,MAC,D\GAL1 ,*ICAGO1 #a#i#f1 P4#d#e#a4 #cd ,]W9 ,BAUR1 ,E9FURHRUNG 9 DIE EXP]IM5TELLE ,V]]BUNGSLEHRE1 ,B]L9 #a#i#a#a1 PP4 #b#b-#b#d4 ,9 A REC5TLY PUBLI%$ WORK BY ,R4 ,RUGGLES ,GATES1 ,! ,MUTATION ,FACTOR 9 ,EVOLUTION1 ) P>TICUL> REF]5CE TO ,O5O!RA 7,LONDON #a#i#a#e71 WE HAVE AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO ?IS SUBJECT4 ,ITS *IEF 9T]E/ IS 9 ! RESE>*ES MADE BY ! AU?OR TO DISCOV] ! *ANGES :I* TAKE PLACE 9 ! G]M-CELLS :5 AN 9H]IT$ V>IATION TAKES PLACE 9 ! EXTREMELY V>IABLE COMPLEXUS ( SPECIES & V>IETIES REPRES5T$ BY ! ,O5O!RA4 ,!SE RESE>*ES HAVE NOT YET BR\IATION1' 9 ,R\X'S ,>*IV1 VOL4 XXIV4 PP4 #b#i-#a#a#c2 REVIEW 9 ,ANNEE BIOLOGIQUE1 XIV4 P4 #ceg #cf ,) ALL ! RESPECT ,I HAVE = ! ALWAYS MO/ ACCURATE WORK ( ,PR(ESSOR ,J4 ,>?UR ,?OMSON1 ,I CONFESS ?AT1 :ATEV] HIS O!R REASONS 9 FAVOR ( DISCONT9U\S V>IATION MAY BE1 ! FACTS HE M5TIONS 9 ,H]$ITY 7,LONDON #a#i#h1 PP4 #h#f-#h#i7 H>DLY PROVE ?AT ',V>IATION LEADS BY LEAPS & B\NDS4' ,! V]Y WORDS ) :I* ,PR(ESSOR ,?OMSON ACCOMPANIES1 ) HIS HABITUAL1 FAIRNESS1 EA* ( ! EXAMPLES HE M5TIONS1 SUGGE/ ?AT !RE IS NO REASON TO AFFIRM1 & SOME REASON TO D\BT1 ?AT ! NEW *>ACT]S APPE>$ SUDD5LY4 ,AB\T ! WOND]-HORSE ) AN EXTREMELY LONG MANE WE >E TOLD ?AT '! P>5TS & GR&P>5TS HAD UNUSUALLY LONG HAIR'2 AB\T ! ,%IRLEY POPPY1 ?AT ! 'S+LE DISCONT9U\S V>IATION' FROM :I* IT WAS OBTA9$ 'MAY HAVE OCCURR$ (T5 BE=E ,MR4 ,WILKS SAV$ IT FROM ELIM9ATION1' BUT NO REASON IS GIV5 TO SUGGE/ ?AT IT WAS A 'SUDD5' V>IATION2 ! SAME APPLIES TO ! ,/> ,PRIMROSE1 ! ,MO? ,AMPHIDASYS1 & ! ,M$USOID ,PSEUDOCLITIA P5TATA1 :I* IS SAID TO BE 'REM>KABLY V>IABLE4' #cg ,M4 ,/&FUSS1 ',ZUR ,FRAGE D] ,GE/ALTUNG UND ,V]]BUNG1' LECTURE BE=E ! ,ZURI* ,NATURALI/S' ,SOCIETY 1 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#b4 ,ZURI* #aie 7SEP>ATE REPR9T74 #c#h,H&BACK D] SY/EMATIS*5 ,BOTANIK1 ,VI5NA #aia SEQ4 ,I QUOTE FROM ,ADOLPHA ,WAGN]'S ,GES*I*TE DES ,LAM>CKISMUS1 ,/UTTG>T #a#i#i1 P4 #b#a#e4 #c#i,VORLESUNG5 UB] ,DESC5D5Z!ORI51 VOL4 II41 ,J5A #a#i#h4 #d ',! ,9H]ITANCE ( ,HABITAT ,EFFECTS 9 ,PLANTS1' 9 ,PLANT ,WORLD1 XIV4 #a#i#a#a2 ANALYZ$ 9 ,BOTANIS*ES ,C5TRALBLATT1 ,BD4 ,EXXII4 #a#i#a#c1 P4#a#c#d4 #d#a,ELEM5TE D] ,EXAKT5 ,]LI*KEI/SLEHRE1 ,J5A #a#i#i1 PP4 #c#h1 #ddi ETC4 #db ',! ,G5OTYPE ,CONCEPTION ( ,H]$ITY' 9 ,AM]ICAN ,NATURALI/1 XLV4 #a#i#a#a1 QUOT$ BY ,SEMON 9 ,V]H&LUNG5 DES ,NATUR=S*]S-,V]E9 9 ,BRUNN1 VOL4 LXIX4 #dc ,ONE MU/ H[EV] ASK :E!R SU* SUDD5 V>IATIONS APPE> 9 SUFFICI5T NUMB]S8 -- ,P4,K #dd ',I MEAN1 ( C\RSE .1 ONLY ! CAUSAL-ME*ANICAL P>T ( ,LAM>CKISM1 NOT ITS AUTO-G5ETICAL & PSY*ICAL IDEAS4 ,SEE PP4 #e#a1 #e#d4' #de ,SEE ,R4,H ,FRANCE1 ,D] HEUTIGE ,/& D] ,D>W9'S*5 ,FRAG51 ,LEIPZIG #a#i#g2 & ,DR4 ,ADOLF ,WAGN]1 ,GES*I*TE DES ,LAM>CKISMUS1 ,/UTTG>T #a#i#i4 #df ,CF4 ',! ,MORALITY ( ,NATURE1' 9 ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY1 ,M>* #a#i#e4 #g ,! ,N,9,E,T,E,5,? ,C,5,T,U,R,Y ,JAN4 7,S\RCE3 ,! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY & ,AFT]1 ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#a#i47 ,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,DECEMB] #c#a1 #aiah 3 ,! ,DIRECT ,ACTION ( ,5VIRONM5T & ,EVOLUTION -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,JANU>Y #a#c1 #bag 3 ,! ,DIRECT ,ACTION ( ,5VIRONM5T & ,EVOLUTION -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,! ,DIRECT ,ACTION ( ,5VIRONM5T & ,EVOLUTION -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/