,! DIV9E K+%IP ( ! ,%ILLUK 
,ON VIOL5CE1 UTOPIA1 & ! HUMAN CONDITION1 OR1 ELEM5TS = AN >*AEOLOGY ( SOV]EIGNTY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,AB/RACT 

,S9CE ,FRAZ]'S TIME1 ,%ILLUK K+%IP HAS BE5 A FLA%PO9T ( AN?ROPOLOGICAL DEBATES AB\T ! NATURE ( SOV]EIGNTY1 & :ILE SU* DEBATES >E N[ CONSID]$ IRRELEVANT TO CURR5T DEBATES ON ! SUBJECT1 !Y NE$ NOT BE4 ,?IS ESSAY PRES5TS A DETAIL$ ANALYSIS ( ! HI/ORY1 MY?1 & RITUAL SURR\ND+ ! ,%ILLUK 9/ITUTION TO PROPOSE A NEW SET ( DI/9CTIONS3 BETWE5 0DIV9E K+%IP0 7BY :I* HUMANS CAN BECOME GOD ?R\< >BITR>Y VIOL5CE1 REFLEXIVELY DEF9+ !IR VICTIMS AS 0! PEOPLE07 & 0SACR$ K+%IP0 7! POPUL> DOME/ICATION ( SU* FIGURES ?R\< RITUAL71 & >GUES ?AT K+%IP ALWAYS REPRES5TS ! IMAGE ( A TEMPOR>Y1 IMP]FECT SOLUTION TO :AT IS TAK5 TO BE ! FUNDAM5TAL DILEMMA ( ! HUMAN CONDITION--ONE ?AT CAN ITSELF ONLY BE MA9TA9$ ?R\< T]ROR4 

0,GOD KILLS US40 

,/ATES1 ,I ONCE SUGGE/$1 HAVE A PECULI> DUAL *>ACT]4 ,!Y >E ALWAYS 0AT ! SAME TIME =MS ( 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ RAID+ OR EXTORTION1 & UTOPIAN PROJECTS0 7,GRAEB] #b#d3 #f#e74 ,OBVI\SLY !Y >E ALSO MANY O!R ?+S4 ,BUT ?OSE TWO ELEM5TS ALWAYS REMA9 CRUCIAL TO !IR NATURE4 ,9 ?IS ESSAY ,I'D LIKE TO PUT SOME FLE% ON ?IS ASS]TION BY REEXAM9+ ONE ( ! MO/ FAM\S CASES 9 ! HI/ORY ( AN?ROPOLOGY3 ! DIV9E K+%IP ( ! ,%ILLUK ( ! ,NILOTIC ,SUDAN4.<#a.> 

,! ,%ILLUK K+DOM MI<T SEEM AN ODD CASE S9CE IT CLE>LY IS NOT A /ATE BY ANY ( ! USUAL DEF9ITIONS ( ! T]M--! K+ LACK$ ANY SORT ( ADM9I/RATION & HAD LITTLE SY/EMATIC P[]4 ,NONE!LESS1 ,I SUSPECT ?IS IS ONE ( ! REASONS G5]ATIONS ( AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE F\ND ! ,%ILLUK CASE SO COMPELL+4 ,!RE IS AN 9TUITION1 H]E1 ?AT SOME ( ! KEY ME*ANISMS ( POLITICAL P[] >E BE/ OBS]V$ :5 /RIPP$ TO !IR B>E ESS5TIALS4 ,I W\LD ALSO 9SI/ ?AT ?IS IS NOT BECAUSE ! ,%ILLUK POLITICAL SY/EM IS 9 ANY S5SE 0PRIMITIVE02 NOT BECAUSE =MS ( SOV]EIGNTY W]E ONLY BEG9N+ TO EM]GE LIKE SOME HALF-=M$ IDEA4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 IT SEEMS OBVI\S ?AT ANYONE LIV+ SO CLOSE TO ANCI5T C5T]S ( CIVILIZATION LIKE ,EGYPT1 ,M]OE1 OR ,E?IOPIA WAS LIKELY TO BE P]FECTLY AW>E ( :AT A /ATE WAS4 ,RA!R1 IT WAS BECAUSE ?OSE ELEM5TS 9 ,%ILLUK SOCIETY :O W\LD HAVE LIK$ TO CREATE SOME?+ ALONG ?OSE L9ES HAD1 BY ! TIME FIR/ ,OTTOMAN & !N ,BRITI% COLONIAL AU?ORITIES >RIV$1 A*IEV$ SU* LIMIT$ SUCCESS AT CONV9C+ ! BULK ( ! ,%ILLUK POPULATION TO GO ALONG ) !M4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! ,%ILLUK K+DOM WAS A SY/EM ( 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ RAID+1 & A UTOPIAN PROJECT1 & V]Y LITTLE ELSE4 

,! WORD 0UTOPIAN0 MI<T SEEM ODD H]E2 BUT ONE MI<T JU/ AS EASILY SUB/ITUTE 0COSMOLOGICAL PROJECT40 ,ROYAL PALACES1 ROYAL CITIES1 OR ROYAL C\RTS ALMO/ 9V>IABLY BECOME MICROCOSMS1 IMAGES ( TOTALITY4 ,! C5TRAL PLACE IS IMAG9$ AS A MODEL ( P]FECTION1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 AS A MODEL ( ! UNIV]SE2 ! K+DOM1 IDEALLY1 %\LD BE ANO!R REPRODUCTION ( ! SAME PATT]N ON A L>G] SPATIAL SCALE4 ,I EMPHASIZE ! WORD 0IDEALLY40 ,ROYAL PALACES & ROYAL CITIES ALWAYS FALL SLI<TLY %ORT ( ,HEAV52 K+DOMS AS A :OLE NEV] LIVE UP TO ! IDEALS ( ! ROYAL C\RT4 ,?IS IS ONE REASON ! T]M 0UTOPIA0 SEEMS APPROPRIATE4 ,!SE >E IDEALS ?AT BY DEF9ITION CAN NEV] BE REALIZ$2 AFT] ALL1 IF ! COSMOS1 & ! K+DOM1 REALLY C\LD BE BR\<T 9TO CON=MITY ) ! IDEAL1 !RE W\LD BE NO EXCUSE = ! PR$ATORY VIOL5CE4 

,P]HAPS ! MO/ FASC9AT+ ASPECT AB\T ! ,%ILLUK MAT]IAL IS ?AT !SE TWO ELEM5TS >E SO CLE>LY SE5 AS L9K$4 ,SOV]EIGNTY--?AT :I* MAKES ONE A SOV]EIGN--IS SE5 AS ! ABILITY TO C>RY \T >BITR>Y VIOL5CE ) IMPUNITY4 ,ROYAL SUBJECTS >E EQUAL 9 ?AT !Y >E ALL1 EQUALLY1 POT5TIAL VICTIMS2 BUT ! K+ TOO IS A VICTIM 9 SUSP5SE1 & 9 MY? AS WELL AS RITUAL1 IT IS AT ! MOM5TS :5 ! PEOPLE GA!R TOGE!R TO DE/ROY ! K+--OR AT LEA/ TO EXPRESS !IR HATR$ = HIM--?AT HE IS MY/]I\SLY TRANS=M$ 9TO AN ET]NAL1 TRANSC5D5TAL BE+4 ,9 A COSMOLOGICAL SY/EM :]E SEP>ATION IS SE5 AS BALANC$ ANTAGONISM1 OPPOSITION LIT]ALLY AS AT LEA/ POT5TIAL HO/ILITY1 ! K+ 9HABITS A K9D ( T9Y P>ADISE1 SET AP>T FROM BIR?1 DEA?1 & SICKNESS2 SET AP>T FROM ORD9>Y SOCIETY2 REPRES5T+ EXACTLY ?IS SORT ( IMP]FECT IDEAL4 ,YET HIS ABILITY TO DO SO RE/S ON A DELICATE BALANCE ( RELATIONS ( OPPOSITION & B>ELY CONTA9$ AGGRESSION--BETWE5 HUMANS & GODS1 BETWE5 K+ & PEOPLE1 BETWE5 FRACTIONS ( ! ROYAL FAMILY ITSELF--?AT WILL1 9EVITABLY1 DE/ROY HIM4 

,ALL ?IS WILL BECOME CLE>] AS ,I GO ON4 ,LET ME BEG91 ?\<1 ) A V]Y BRIEF SURVEY ( !ORIES ( DIV9E K+%IP & ! PLACE ( ! ,%ILLUK 9 !M4 ,!N ,I WILL DEMON/RATE H[ ,I ?9K !SE PIECES CAN BE REASSEMBL$ TO CREATE ! ELEM5TS = A G5EALOGY ( SOV]EIGNTY4 

,!ORIES ( DIV9E K+%IP 

,! ,%ILLUK FIR/ BECAME FAM\S1 9 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA1 ?R\< ,JAMES ,FRAZ]'S ,! GOLD5 B\<4 ,!Y >E SO FIRMLY ID5TIFI$ ) ,FRAZ] ?AT MO/ >E UNAW>E ! ,%ILLUK DID NOT EV5 APPE> 9 ! ,! GOLD5 B\<'S FIR/ TWO $ITIONS 7#a#h#i & #a#i74 ,ORIG9ALLY1 9 FACT1 ,FRAZ] DREW L>GELY ON ,CLASSICAL LIT]ATURE 9 MAK+ AN >GUM5T ?AT ALL RELIGION WAS TO SOME DEGREE D]IV$ FROM F]TILITY CULTS C5T]$ ON ! FIGURE ( A DY+ GOD1 & ?AT ! FIR/ K+S1 :O EMBODI$ ?AT GOD1 W]E RITUALLY SACRIFIC$4 ,?IS IDEA MADE AN 5ORM\S IMPRESSION ON AN?ROPOLOGY /UD5TS ( ! TIME 7& EV5 MORE1 P]HAPS1 ON >TI/S & 9TELLECTUALS71 MANY ( :OM W]E TO FAN \T ACROSS ! WORLD LOOK+ = TRACES ( SU* 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! PRES5T DAY4 ,! MO/ SUCCESSFUL SU* /UD5T WAS A Y\NG DOCTOR & AMATEUR E?NOLOGI/ NAM$ ,*>LES ,SELIGMAN1 :O DISCOV]$ 9 ! ,%ILLUK K+DOM AN ALMO/ P]FECT EXAMPLE1 9 #aiaa S5D+ ,FRAZ] A DESCRIPTION ?AT HE 9CORPORAT$1 ALMO/ V]BATIM1 9 ! BOOK'S ?IRD $ITION 7,SELIGMAN #a#i#a#a1 ,FRAZ] #a#i#a#f1 ,FRAS] #a#i#i3 #b-#b#a74 

,ONE REASON ! ,%ILLUK SEEM$ TO FIT ! BILL SO NICELY WAS ?AT ,FRAZ] >GU$ DIV9E K+%IP WAS ORIG9ALLY A V>IETY ( SPIRIT POSSESSION4 ,TO F9D A K+ :OSE PHYSICAL HEAL? WAS FELT TO BE TI$ TO ! F]TILITY & PROSP]ITY ( ! K+DOM1 OR EV51 ?AT WAS !RE=E SAID TO BE RITUALLY KILL$ :5 HIS P[]S BEG9 TO WANE1 WAS NOT DIFFICULT4 ,!RE W]E 5DLESS EXAMPLES 9 ,AFRICA & ELSE:]E4 ,BUT = ,FRAZ]1 DIV9E K+S W]E LIT]ALLY POSSESS$ BY A GOD4 ,FRAZ] ALSO FELT ?IS NOTION W\LD NECESS>ILY LEAD TO A PRACTICAL PROBLEM3 H[ DOES ONE PASS ?IS DIV9E SPIRIT FROM ONE MORTAL VESSEL TO ANO!R8 ,CLE>LY IT W\LD DEM& SOME SORT ( C]EMONY4 ,YET DEA? T5DS TO BE A R&OM & UNPR$ICTABLE AFFAIR4 ,FRAZ] CONCLUD$ ! ONLY WAY TO C>RY \T ! RITUAL 9 A PR$ICTABLE WAY WAS TO EXECUTE ! K+1 EI!R AFT] A FIX$ T]M1 OR AT ! V]Y LEA/1 :5 HIS WEAK5$ CONDITION MEANT DEA? SEEM$ TO BE APPROA*+ ANYWAY4 

,! ,%ILLUK SEEM$ TO PROVIDE A G5U9E EXAMPLE4 ,! ,%ILLUK K+1 OR RE?1 WAS 9DE$ SAID TO EMBODY A DIV9E BE+--A GOD OR AT LEA/ A DEMI-GOD--9 ! P]SON ( ,NYIKANG1 ! LEG5D>Y F\ND] ( ! ,%ILLUK NATION4 ,EV]Y K+ WAS ,NYIKANG4 ,! RE? WAS NOT SUPPOS$ TO DIE A NATURAL DEA?4 ,HE MI<T FALL 9 BATTLE ) ! NATION'S 5EMIES4 ,HE MI<T BE KILL$ 9 S+LE COMBAT AFT] A RIVAL PR9CE DEM&$ A DUEL1 AS !Y HAD A RI<T TO DO1 OR BE SUFFOCAT$ BY HIS [N WIVES OR RETA9]S IF HE WAS SE5 TO BE PHYSICALLY FAIL+ 7A /ATE :I* WAS 9DE$ SE5 TO LEAD TO POOR H>VE/S OR NATURAL CATA/ROPHES74 ,ON HIS DEA?1 ?\<1 ,SELIGMAN EMPHASIZ$1 ,NYIKANG'S SPIRIT LEFT HIM & 5T]$ A WOOD5 EFFIGY4 ,ONCE A NEW RE? WAS ELECT$1 ! C&IDATE HAD TO RAISE AN >MY & FI<T A MOCK BATTLE AGA9/ ! EFFIGY'S >MY 9 :I* HE WAS FIR/ DEFEAT$ & CAPTUR$1 !N1 HAV+ BE5 POSSESS$ BY ! SPIRIT ( ,NYIKANG1 :I* PASS$ FROM EFFIGY BACK 9TO HIS BODY1 EM]G$ VICTORI\S AGA94 

,FRAZ] MADE ! ,%ILLUK FAM\S & !IR 9/ALLATION RITUAL HAS BECOME ONE ( ! CLASSIC CASES 9 AN?ROPOLOGY--:I* 9 A WAY IS RA!R ODD1 S9CE ! ,%ILLUK >E ON ( ! FEW ,NILOTIC PEOPLES NEV] TO HAVE BE5 ! SUBJECT ( SU/A9$ AN?ROPOLOGICAL FIELDWORK4 ,9 #a#i#d#h1 = 9/ANCE1 ,E4 ,E4 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D1 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( NEW E?NOGRAPHIC MAT]IAL1 DELIV]$ HIS 0,FRAZ] LECTURE0 ON ! SUBJECT4 ,! LECTURE WAS ESS5TIALLY DESIGN$ TO PUT ! DEA?-BL[ TO ,FRAZ]'S :OLE PROBLEMATIC4 ,EVANS-,PRI*>D >GU$ ?AT !RE WAS NO SU* ?+ AS A DIV9E K+1 ?AT ,%ILLUK K+S W]E PROBABLY NEV] RITUALLY EXECUT$1 & ?AT ! 9/ALLATION RITUAL WAS NOT REALLY AB\T TRANSF]R+ A S\L1 BUT AB\T RESOLV+ ! T5SION BETWE5 ! (FICE ( K+%IP 7FIGUR$ AS ,NYIKANG71 ?AT WAS SET ABOVE EV]YONE EQUALLY1 & ! P>TICUL> 9DIVIDUAL :O HELD IT1 ) HIS V]Y P>TICUL> BACKGR\ND1 LOYALTIES1 & LOCAL SUPPORT BASE3 

,9 MY VIEW K+%IP EV]Y:]E & AT ALL TIMES HAS BE5 9 SOME DEGREE A SACR$ (FICE4 ,REX E/ MIXTA P]SONA CUM SAC]DOTE4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE A K+ SYMBOLIZES A :OLE SOCIETY & MU/ NOT BE ID5TIFI$ ) ANY P>T ( IT4 ,HE MU/ BE 9 ! SOCIETY & YET /& \TSIDE IT & ?IS IS ONLY POSSIBLE IF HIS (FICE IS RAIS$ TO A MY/ICAL PLANE4 ,IT IS ! K+%IP1 & NOT ! K+ :O IS DIV9E 7#a#i#d#h3 #c#f74 

,! 9TRICACIES ( ,%ILLUK ROYAL C]EMONIAL1 ACCORD+ TO ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D1 >OSE FROM 0A CONTRADICTION BETWE5 DOGMA & SOCIAL FACTS0 7IBID3 #c#h74 ,! ,%ILLUK W]E A PEOPLE SUFFICI5TLY WELL-ORGANIZ$ TO WI% = A SYMBOL ( NATIONAL UNITY1 9 ?IS CASE1 ! K+1 BUT NOT 5\< TO ALL[ ?AT SYMBOLIC FIGURE TO BECOME ! HEAD ( AN ACTUAL GOV]NM5T4 

,EVANS-,PRIT*>D WAS ALWAYS A BIT COY AB\T HIS !ORETICAL 9FLU5CES1 BUT IT IS H>D NOT TO DETECT H]E A DI/ANT E*O ( ! ,R5AISSANCE DOCTR9E ( ! 0,K+'S ,TWO ,BODIES10 ?AT IS1 ! 0BODY POLITIC10 OR ET]NAL (FICE ( K+%IP1 ULTIMATELY 9CLUD+ ! COMMUNITY ( HIS SUBJECTS1 & 0BODY NATURAL10 :I* IS ! PHYSICAL P]SON ( ! 9DIVIDUAL K+4 ,?IS 9TELLECTUAL TRADITION WAS LAT] TO BE ! SUBJECT ( COMPREH5SIVE /UDY BY ! ,G]MAN HI/ORIAN ,]N/ ,KANTOR[ICZ 7#a#i#e#g71 :OSE /UD5T ,RALPH ,GIESEY 7#a#i#f#g71 9 TURN1 EXPLOR$ ! WAY ?AT DUR+ ,5GLI% & ,FR5* 9AUGURATION RITUALS1 AS WELL1 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! TWO BODIES WAS ACT$ \T ?R\< ROYAL EFFIGIES4 ,LAT] AN?ROPOLOGI/S 7,>5S #a#i#g#i1 #a#i#h#d2 ,S*NEPEL #a#i#h#h1 #a#i#i#e7 RECOGNIZ$ ! SIMIL>ITY ) ,%ILLUK RITUAL & W5T ON TO EXPLORE ! P>ALLELS 7& DIFF]5CES7 MU* MORE EXPLICITLY4 

,EVANS-,PRIT*>D'S ESSAY OP5$ ! WAY TO A :OLE S]IES ( DEBATES1 MO/ FAM\SLY1 OV] HIS CLAIM ?AT RITUAL K+-KILL+ WAS SIMPLY A MATT] ( IDEOLOGY1 NOT SOME?+ ?AT EV] REALLY HAPP5$4 ,! 0DID ,AFRICANS REALLY KILL !IR K+S80 DEBATE RAG$ = YE>S1 5D+1 F9ALLY1 ) A G5]AL RECOGNITION ?AT AT LEA/ 9 SOME CASES--! ,%ILLUK BE+ 9CLUD$ AMONG !M--YES1 !Y DID4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ,FRAZ]'S IDEAS TURN$ \T TO HAVE NOT BE5 NE>LY AS DEAD AS EXPECT$4 

,NO ONE HAS BE5 MORE RESPONSIBLE = ! ,FRAZ]IAN REVIVAL ?AN ! ,BELGIAN AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,LUC DE ,HEUS*--:O1 IRONICALLY1 BEGAN HIS 9TELLECTUAL J\RNEY 7#a#i#f#b7 SETT+ \T FROM ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D'S PO9T ?AT 9 ORD] TO RULE1 A K+ MU/ 0/& \TSIDE0 SOCIETY4 ,ESS5TIALLY HE ASK$3 :AT >E ! ME*ANISMS ?R\< :I* A K+ IS MADE 9TO AN \TSID]8 ,9 ANY NUMB] ( ,AFRICAN K+DOMS1 AT LEA/1 ?IS MEANT ?AT AT !IR 9/ALLATIONS1 K+S W]E EXPECT$ TO MAKE SOME K9D ( DRAMATIC GE/URE ?AT M>K$ A FUNDAM5TAL BREAK ) 0! DOME/IC ORD]0 & DOME/IC MORALITY4 ,USUALLY ?IS CONSI/$ ( P]=M+ ACTS--MURD]1 CANNIBALISM1 9CE/1 ! DESECRATION ( CORPSES--?AT W\LD1 HAD ANYONE ELSE P]=M$ !M1 HAVE BE5 CONSID]$ ! MO/ \TRAGE\S CRIMES4 ,SOMETIMES SU* 0EXPLOITS0 W]E ACT$ \T SYMBOLICALLY3 PRET5D+ TO LIE NEXT TO ONE'S SI/] OR /EPP+ OV] ONE'S FA!R'S BODY :5 TAK+ ! ?RONE4 ,AT O!R TIMES !Y W]E QUITE LIT]AL3 K+S ACTUALLY W\LD M>RY !IR SI/]S OR MASSACRE !IR CLOSE K94 ,ALWAYS1 SU* ACTS M>K$ ! K+ AS A K9D ( 0SACR$ MON/]10 A FIGURE EFFECTIVELY \TSIDE ( MORALITY 7DE ,HEUS* #a#i#g#b1 #a#i#h#b1 #b74 

,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S 7#a#i#h#a1 #a#i#h#c1 #b#g7 HAS TAK5 ALL ?IS MU* FUR!R1 PO9T+ \T1 = ONE ?+1 ?AT 9 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( K+S1 9 ALL TIMES & PLACES1 NOT ONLY TRY TO M>K !MSELVES AS EXT]IOR TO SOCIETY1 BUT ACTUALLY CLAIM TO COME FROM SOMEPLACE O!R ?AN ! PLACES !Y GOV]N4 ,OR AT LEA/ TO D]IVE FROM ANCE/ORS :O DO4 ,!RE IS A S5SE ALMO/ EV]Y:]E ?AT 0SOCIETY10 H[EV] CONCEIV$1 IS NOT SELF-SUFFICI5T2 ?AT P[]1 CREATIVE 5]GY--LIFE1 EV5--ULTIMATELY COMES FROM \TSIDE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 RAW P[] NE$S TO BE DOME/ICAT$4 ,9 MY?1 ?IS (T5 LEADS TO /ORIES ( WILD1 DE/RUCTIVE Y\NG CONQU]ORS :O >RIVE FROM F>AWAY1 ONLY TO BE EV5TUALLY TAM$ ON M>RIAGE TO 0DAU<T]S ( ! L&40 ,9 RITUALS1 IT (T5 LEADS TO C]EMONIES 9 :I* ! K+ IS HIMSELF CONQU]$ BY ! PEOPLE4 

,DE ,HEUS*'S CONC]N WAS DIFF]5T4 ,HE WAS MA9LY 9T]E/$ 9 H[1 9 ,AFRICAN 9/ALLATION RITUALS1 K+S >E EFFECTIVELY 0TORN FROM ! EV]YDAY K9%IP ORD] TO TAKE ON ! HEAVY RESPONSIBILITY ( GU>ANTEE+ ! EQUILIBRIUM ( ! UNIV]SE0 7#a#i#i#g3 #b#c#a74 ,K+S DO NOT BEG9 AS \TSID]S1 !Y >E MADE TO 0/& \TSIDE SOCIETY40 ,BUT 9 CONTRA/ TO ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D1 HE 9SI/$ ?IS WAS NOT JU/ A POLITICAL RESPONSIBILITY4 ,!Y /& \TSIDE SOCIETY NOT JU/ SO !Y CAN REPRES5T IT TO ITSELF1 BUT SO ?AT !Y CAN REPRES5T IT BE=E ! P[]S ( NATURE4 ,?IS IS :Y1 AS HE REPEAT$LY EMPHASIZ$1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO HAVE EXACTLY ! SAME RITUALS & BELIEFS SURR\ND+ ACTUAL RUL]S1 L>GELY P[]LESS K+S LIKE ! ,%ILLUK RE?1 & 0K+S0 :O DO NOT EV5 PRET5D TO RULE OV] ANY?+ AT ALL1 BUT W]E SIMPLY 9DIVIDUALS ) AN 05HANC$ MORAL /ATUS40 

,H]E1 ,FRAZ] DID 9DE$ PROVE USEFUL3 ESPECIALLY BECAUSE HE BEGAN TO MAP \T A TYPOLOGY4 ,9 0,! DY+ GOD0 7,P>T ,I,I,I7 ,FRAZ] DESCRIB$ H[ K+S CAN ACT AS A K9D ( MAGICAL *>M MANUFACTUR$ BY ! PEOPLE1 :I* DE ,HEUS* CALLS A 0FETI% BODY10 OR 0A LIV+ P]SON :OSE MY/ICAL CAPACITY IS CLOSELY TI$ TO ! 9TEGRITY ( HIS PHYSICAL BE+0.<#b.> ,& :ILE ,FRAZ] MI<T NOT HAVE UND]/OOD ?AT SU* K+S W]E SE5 AS BE+ CREAT$ BY ! PEOPLE1 AS DE ,HEUS* HELD1 HE WAS QUITE CORRECT 9 HOLD+ ?AT1 HAV+ BE5 SO CONSECRAT$1 !IR PHYSICAL /R5G? WAS TI$ TO ! PROSP]ITY ( NATURE1 & ?AT'S :Y !Y C\LD NOT BE ALL[$ TO GR[ SICKLY1 FRAIL1 & OLD4 ,9 A LAT] VOLUME1 0,! SCAPEGOAT0 7,P>T ,V,I71 ,FRAZ] DISCOV]$ A SECOND1 EQUALLY IMPORTANT1 BUT V]Y DIFF]5T ASPECT ( DIV9E K+%IP3 ! K+ :O ABSORBS ! NATION'S S9 & POLLUTION1 & IS ?US DE/ROY$ AS A WAY ( DISPOS+ ( COLLECTIVE EVIL4 ,! TWO >E SO DIFF]5T !Y W\LD SEEM DIFFICULT TO RECONCILE4 ,YET 9 A SURPRIS+ NUMB] ( CASES 7E4G41 ,QUIGLEY #b#e7 BO? SEEM TO COEXI/4 

,REC5TLY1 IT HAS BE5 ! SCAPEGOAT ASPECT ( DIV9E K+%IP ?AT HAS RECEIV$ P>TICUL> ATT5TION--L>GELY BECAUSE SO MANY /UD5TS ( ! 9/ITUTION 7E4G41 ,MAK>IUS #a#i#g1 ,SCUBLA #b#b7 HAVE BE5 9FLU5C$ BY ! 0SCAPEGOAT !ORY0 ( ,FR5* HI/ORIAN & LIT]>Y CRITIC ,R5E ,GIR>D--A !ORY :I* >GUES ?AT HIDD5 PSY*OLOGICAL SCAPEGOAT ME*ANISMS LIE AT ! ROOT ( ALL =MS ( MY?1 RITUAL1 & ULTIMATELY1 SOCIAL LIFE ITSELF4 ,GIR>D'S IS ONE ( ?OSE >GUM5TS ?AT SEEMS ON ! FACE ( IT ABSURD--L>GELY BECAUSE IT IS2 IT IS ALWAYS ABSURD TO >GUE ?AT HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE CAN BE R$UC$ TO ONE S+LE ME*ANISM1 LET ALONE A SECRET ONE--BUT SOMEH[1 DESPITE ?AT1 CONTA9S AT ITS CORE SOME?+ ?AT MANY S]I\S S*OL>S CANNOT HELP BUT F9D PR(\NDLY COMPELL+4 ,?IS SEEMS TO ESPECIALLY HAPP5 TO :5 ! >GUM5T SETS \T FROM ! PROPOSITION ?AT1 DESPITE APPE>ANCES1 ALL HUMAN SOCIETY IS REALLY F\ND$ ON SOME K9D ( FUNDAM5TAL VIOL5CE4 ,?IS IS ,GIR>D'S >GUM5T4 ,S9CE WE LE>N TO DESIRE BY OBS]V+ :AT O!RS DESIRE2 WE ALL WANT ! SAME ?+S2 H5CE WE >E ALL 9 COMPETITION4 ,! ONLY WAY HUMANS CAN AVOID BE+ ?US PLUNG$ 9TO A ,HOBBESIAN W> ( ALL AGA9/ ALL IS TO DIRECT !IR MUTUAL HO/ILITY \TW>DS1 ONTO SOME K9D ( EXT]NAL OBJECT4 ,& ?IS IS :AT WE REGUL>LY DO1 SELECT+ SOME >BITR>Y VICTIM1 :O IS FIR/ REVIL$ AS ! CAUSE ( ALL !IR TR\BLES & EXPELL$ FROM ! COMMUNITY1 MO/ (T51 BY KILL+ HIM4 ,! MO/ SURPRIS+ ELEM5T 9 ,GIR>D'S >GUM5T IS ?AT ?IS 9V>IABLY LEADS TO A K9D ( REV]SAL3 ONCE ! VICTIM IS KILL$1 ! =M] SCAPEGOAT IS SUDD5LY COME TO SE5 TO US1 NOT AN EMBODIM5T ( EVIL1 BUT AN EXALT$ BE+1 EV5 A GOD1 BECAUSE HE IS N[ ! EMBODIM5T ( \R ABILITY TO CREATE HUMAN SOCIETY BY ! V]Y ACT ( KILL+ HIM4 ,?IS ME*ANISM HE >GUES IS ! ORIG9 ( ALL1 & CONT9UES TO LIE AT ! HE>T (1 ALL SOCIETY & CULTURE4 ,! >GUM5T IS1 9 CLASSIC ,FREUDIAN /YLE1 CIRCUL>3 S9CE WE CANNOT FACE ! REALITY1 WE >E ALWAYS D5Y+ IT2 !RE=E1 IT CANNOT POSSIBLY BE DISPROV$4 ,/ILL1 APPLY+ ?IS MODEL TO ! PROBLEM ( DIV9E K+%IP HAS 9T]E/+ EFFECTS4 ,K+S BECOME1 EFFECTIVELY1 SCAPEGOATS 9 WAIT+ 7,MULL] #a#i#h74 ,H5CE DE ,HEUS*'S 0EXPLOITS0 >E1 = ,GIR>DIANS1 ACTUAL CRIMES4 ,!Y 5SURE ?AT ! K+ IS1 BY DEF9ITION1 A CRIM9AL2 H5CE IT IS ALWAYS LEGITIMATE TO EXECUTE HIM1 %\LD IT COME TO ?AT4 ,HIS SACR$ PNEUMA1 !N1 IS ANTICIPATORY3 ! REFLECT$ GL[ ( ! ROLE ! K+ MI<T ULTIMATELY PLAY 9 EMBODY+ ! UNITY ( ! PEOPLE 9 F9ALLY DE/ROY+ HIM4 

,OV] ! C\RSE ( ALL ( !SE DEBATES ! IDEA ?AT SU* K+S EMBODY GODS WAS GRADUALLY AB&ON$4 ,DE ,HEUS* REJECT$ ! EXPRESSION 0DIV9E K+%IP0 5TIRELY4 ,K+S ACTUALLY TAK5 TO BE LIV+ GODS >E EXTRAORD9>ILY R>E3 ! ,EGYPTIAN ,PH>AOH MAY WELL HAVE BE5 ! ONLY 5TIRELY UNAMBIGU\S EXAMPLE 7,FRANK=T #a#i#g#h74.<#c.> ,BETT] TO SPEAK ( 0SACR$ K+%IP40 ,!SE >E LEGION4 ,BUT SACR$ K+S >E NOT NECESS>ILY TEMPORAL RUL]S4 ,!Y MI<T BE2 BUT MANY >E UTT]LY P[]LESS4 ,DIFF]5T FUNCTIONS--! K+ AS FETI%1 ! K+ AS SCAPEGOAT1 K+ AS MILIT>Y COMM&] OR SECUL> LEAD]--CAN EI!R BE COMB9$ 9 ! SAME FIGURE OR DI/RIBUT$ ACROSS MANY2 9 ANY ONE COMMUNITY1 ANY GIV5 ONE ( !M MAY OR MAY NOT EXI/ 7DE ,HEUS* #a#i#i#g74 

,DE ,HEUS*'S ULTIMATE CONCLUSION IS ?AT ,A4 ,M4 ,HOC>T 7#a#i#b#g1 #a#i#c#c1 #a#i#c#f7 WAS RI<T3 K+%IP WAS ORIG9ALLY A RITUAL 9/ITUTION4 ,ONLY LAT] DID IT BECOME SOME?+ WE W\LD ?9K ( AS POLITICAL--?AT IS1 CONC]N$ ) MAK+ DECISIONS & 5=C+ !M ?R\< ! ?REAT ( =CE4 ,AS ) ANY SU* /ATEM5T1 ?\<1 ! OBVI\S QUE/ION IS3 :AT DOES 0ORIG9ALLY0 MEAN H]E8 ,FIVE ?\S& YE>S AGO :5 /ATES FIR/ EM]G$ 9 ,EGYPT & ,MESOPOTAMIA8 ,& IF SO1 :Y IS ?AT IMPORTANT8 ,OR IS ! IDEA1 9/EAD1 ?AT :5EV] /ATES EM]GE1 IT IS 9V>IABLY FROM )9 RITUAL 9/ITUTIONS8 ,?IS SEEMS HI<LY UNLIKELY TO BE TRUE 9 EV]Y CASE4 ,OR IS HE SIMPLY SAY+ ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO HAVE K+S ) RITUAL RESPONSIBILITIES & NO POLITICAL P[]1 BUT NOT ! O!R WAY >\ND8 ,IF SO IT W\LD APPE> TO BE A CIRCUL> >GUM5T1 S9CE !N IT W\LD ONLY BE ?OSE POLITICAL FIGURES :O HAVE RITUAL RESPONSIBILITIES :OM ! ANALY/ IS WILL+ TO DIGNIFY ) ! NAME ( 0K+40 

,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT DE ,HEUS*'S REAL ACCOMPLI%M5T IS TO DEMON/RATE ?AT :AT WE >E US$ TO ?9K+ ( AS 0GOV]NM5T0 7OR MAYBE BETT]1 0GOV]NANCE07 IS NOT A UNIT>Y PH5OM5ON4 ,SIMONSE 7#b#e3 #g#b7 = 9/ANCE OBS]VES ?AT REALLY1 ALL MO/ ,AFRICANS ASK ( !IR SACR$ K+S IS :AT MO/ ,EUROPEANS DEM& ( !IRWELF>E /ATES3 HEAL?1 PROSP]ITY1 A C]TA9 LEVEL ( LIFE SECURITY1 PROTECTION FROM NATURAL DISA/]S4.<#d.> ,HE MI<T HAVE ADD$3 H[EV]1 MO/ DO NOT FEEL IT NECESS>Y OR DESIRABLE TO GRANT !M POLICE P[]S 9 ORD] TO ACCOMPLI% ?IS4 

,! QUE/ION ( GOV]NANCE1 !N1 IS NOT ! SAME AS ! QUE/ION ( SOV]EIGNTY4 ,BUT :AT IS SOV]EIGNTY8 ,PROBABLY ! MO/ ELEGANT DEF9ITION IS ?AT REC5TLY PROPOS$ BY ,?OMAS ,HANS5 & ,F9N ,/EPPUTAT 7#b#e1 #b#f73 9 ITS M9IMAL S5SE1 SOV]EIGNTY IS SIMPLY ! RECOGNITION ( ! RI<T TO EX]CISE VIOL5CE ) IMPUNITY4 ,?IS IS PROBABLY ! REASON :Y1 AS !SE SAME AU?ORS NOTE1 ?OSE >GU+ AB\T ! NATURE ( SOV]EIGNTY 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD--& P>TICUL>LY AB\T ! BREAKD[N ( /ATES1 ! MULTIPLICATION ( NEW =MS ( SEMI-CRIM9AL SOV]EIGNTY 9 ! M>G9S BETWE5 !M--R>ELY F9D ! EXI/+ AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE ON SACR$ K+%IP P>TICUL>LY USEFUL4.<#e.> 

,?IS NE$ NOT BE SO4 ,ACTUALLY1 ! EXI/+ LIT]ATURE CONTA9S ELEM5TS FROM :I* A RELEVANT ANALYSIS C\LD1 QUITE EASILY1 BE CON/RUCT$4 ,IT W\LD HAVE TO BEG9 ) ! NOTION ( TRANSC5D5CE3 ! FACT ?AT 9 ORD] TO BECOME ! CON/ITUTIVE PR9CIPLE ( SOCIETY1 A SOV]EIGN HAS TO /& \TSIDE IT4 ,TRUE1 ?IS IS SLI<TLY DIFF]5T FROM :AT EI!R ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D OR DE ,HEUS* W]E PROPOS+4 ,BO? >E WORK+ ESS5TIALLY )9 ! ,DURKHEIMIAN TRADITION ?AT IS MA9LY 9T]E/$ 9 ! CREATION ( A SOCIAL ORD]1 H[ A GR\P CAN ONLY CON/ITUTE ITSELF AS A GR\P 9 RELATION TO SOME?+ ?AT EFFECTIVELY /&S \TSIDE IT4 ,! K+ IS SIMPLY A P>TICUL> EXAMPLE ( ?OSE 0SACR$0 OBJECTS ?R\< :I* PR(ANE SOCIETY CON/ITUTES ITSELF4 ,/>T+ 9/EAD FROM ! PR9CIPLE ( SOV]EIGNTY MEANS BEG9N+ 9/EAD FROM ! IDEA ( MORAL ORD]1 & REALITIES ( VIOL5CE4 ,IT !N FOLL[S FROM ! UND]/&+ ?AT ! V>I\S 0EXPLOITS0 OR ACTS ( TRANSGRESSION BY :I* A K+ M>KS HIS BREAK ) ORD9>Y MORALITY >E NOT NORMALLY SE5 TO MAKE HIM IMMORAL1 BUT A CREATURE BEYOND MORALITY4 ,AS SU* HE CAN BE TREAT$ AS ! CON/ITU5T PR9CIPLE ( A SY/EM ( JU/ICE OR MORALITY--S9CE1 LOGICALLY1 NO CREATURE CAPABLE ( CREAT+ A SY/EM ( JU/ICE CAN ITSELF BE ALREADY B\ND BY ! SY/EM HE CREATES4 ,LET ME APPEAL TO ONE FAM\S EXAMPLE H]E4 ,EUROPEAN VISITORS TO ! C\RT ( ,K+ ,MUTESA ( ! ,G&A K+DOM W\LD OCCASIONALLY TRY TO IMPRESS HIM BY PRES5T+ HIM ) SOME NEW /ATE-(-!->T RIFLE2 HE W\LD G5]ALLY RESPOND BY TE/+ ! RIFLE \T BY R&OMLY PICK+ (F ONE OR TWO ( HIS SUBJECTS ON ! /REET4 ,CLE>LY ?IS WAS A CALCULAT$ POLITICAL GE/URE2 ! ,EUROPEANS W]E TRY+ TO MAKE A PO9T ( !IR SUP]IOR FIREP[]1 ,MUTESA RESPOND$ BY DEMON/RAT+ HIS [N ABSOLUTE P[] )9 HIS [N DOMA9S4 ,BUT ,G&A K+S W]E NOTORI\S = >BITR>Y1 EV5 R&OM VIOL5CE AGA9/ !IR [N SUBJECTS4 ,?IS H[EV] DID NOT PREV5T ,MUTESA FROM ALSO BE+ ACCEPT$ AS SUPREME JUDGE & GU>DIAN ( ! /ATE'S SY/EM ( JU/ICE4 ,9/EAD1 SU* R&OM ACTS ( VIOL5CE CONFIRM$ 9 HIM 9 A /ATUS SIMIL> TO ?AT (T5 79 ,AFRICA7 ATTRIBUT$ TO ,GOD1 :O IS SE5 SIMULTANE\SLY AS AN UTT]LY R&OM =CE ?R[+ LI<TN+ & /RIK+ D[N MORTALS = NO APP>5T REASON1 & AS ! V]Y EMBODIM5T ( JU/ICE & PROTECTOR ( ! WEAK4 

,?IS1 ,I W\LD >GUE1 IS ! ASPECT ( ,AFRICAN K+%IP :I* CAN LEGITIMATELY BE LABEL$ 0DIV9E40 ,SU* CREATURES TRANSC5D ALL ORD9>Y LIMITATIONS4 ,:E!R !Y W]E SAID TO EMBODY A GOD IS NOT ! ISSUE4.<#f.> ,! PO9T IS ?AT !Y ACT LIKE GODS--OR EV5 ,GOD--& GET AWAY ) IT4 

,= ALL ?AT ,EUROPEAN & ,AM]ICAN OBS]V]S ORD9>ILY PR(ESS$ HORROR AT BEHAVIOR LIKE ,MUTESA'S1 ?IS DIV9E ASPECT IS ! ONE ?AT IS E*O$ 9 ! MOD]N NATION-/ATE4 ,WALT] ,B5JAM9 POS$ ! DILEMMA QUITE NICELY 9 HIS FAM\S DI/9CTION BETWE5 0LAW-MAK+0 & 0LAW-MA9TA9+0 VIOL5CE4 ,REALLY IT IS EXACTLY ! SAME P>ADOX1 CA/ 9 ! NEW LANGUAGE ?AT BECAME NECESS>Y ONCE ! P[] ( K+S 70SOV]EIGNTY07 HAD BE5 TRANSF]R$1 AT LEA/ 9 PR9CIPLE1 TO AN 5TITY REF]R$ TO AS 0! PEOPLE0--EV5 ?\< ! EXACT WAY 9 :I* 0! PEOPLE0 W]E TO EX]CISE SOV]EIGNTY WAS NEV] CLE>4 ,NO CON/ITUTIONAL ORD] CAN CON/ITUTE ITSELF4 ,WE LIKE TO SAY ?AT 0NO ONE IS ABOVE ! LAW0 BUT IF ?IS W]E REALLY TRUE LAWS W\LD NOT EXI/ TO BEG9 )3 EV5 ! WRIT]S ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATE CON/ITUTION OR F\ND]S ( ! ,FR5* ,REPUBLIC W]E1 AFT] ALL1 GUILTY ( TREASON ACCORD+ TO ! LEGAL REGIMES UND] :I* !Y HAD BE5 BORN4 ,! LEGITIMACY ( ANY LEGAL ORD] !RE=E ULTIMATELY RE/S ON ILLEGAL ACTS--USUALLY1 ACTS ( ILLEGAL VIOL5CE4 ,:E!R ONE EMBRACES ! ,LEFT SOLUTION 7?AT 0! PEOPLE0 P]IODICALLY RISE UP TO EX]CISE !IR SOV]EIGNTY ?R\< REVOLUTIONS7 OR ! ,RI<T SOLUTION 7?AT HEADS ( /ATE CAN EX]CISE SOV]EIGNTY 9 !IR ABILITY TO SET ! LEGAL ORD] ASIDE7 ! P>ADOX ITSELF REMA9S4 ,9 PRACTICAL T]MS1 IT TRANSLATES 9TO A CON/ANT POLITICAL DILEMMA4 ,H[ DOES ONE DI/+UI% 0! PEOPLE0 FROM A M]E UNRULY MOB8 ,H[ DOES ONE KN[ IF ! H& SUSP5D+ HABEAS CORPUS IS ?AT ( A CONTEMPOR>Y ,ABRAHAM ,L9COLN1 OR ( A CONTEMPOR>Y ,MUSSOL9I8 

,:AT ,I AM PROPOS+ H]E IS ?AT ?IS P>ADOX HAS ALWAYS BE5 ) US4 ,OBVI\SLY1 ANY ?UG OR B&IT :O F9DS HE CAN REGUL>LY GET AWAY ) RAP+1 KILL+1 & PLUND]+ AT R&OM WILL NOT1 SIMPLY BY ?AT FACT1 COME TO BE SE5 AS A P[] CAPABLE ( CON/ITUT+ A MORAL ORD] OR NATIONAL ID5TITY4.<#g.> ,! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ?OSE :O F9D !MSELVES 9 SU* A SITUATION NEV] ?9K TO MAKE SU* CLAIMS--EXCEPT P]HAPS AMONG !IR IMM$IATE H5*M54 ,! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ?OSE :O DO TRY FAIL4 ,YET ! POT5TIAL IS ALWAYS !RE4 ,SUCCESSFUL ?UGS DO BECOME SOV]EIGNS1 EV51 CREATORS ( NEW LEGAL & MORAL SY/EMS4 ,& G5U9E 0SOV]EIGNTY0 DOES ALWAYS C>RY ) IT ! POT5TIAL = >BITR>Y VIOL5CE4 ,?IS IS TRUE EV5 9 CONTEMPOR>Y WELF>E /ATES3 APP>5TLY ?IS IS ! ONE ASPECT ?AT1 DESPITE LIB]AL HOPES1 CAN NEV] BE COMPLETELY RE=M$ AWAY4 ,IT IS PRECISELY 9 ?IS ?AT SOV]EIGNS RESEMBLE GODS & ?AT K+%IP CAN PROP]LY BE CALL$ 0DIV9E40 

,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D WAS WRONG TO SAY ?AT K+S >E ALSO ALWAYS SACR$4 ,RA!R1 ,I ?9K ?IS P]SPECTIVE ALL[S US TO SEE ?AT ! ME*ANICS ( SACR$ K+%IP--TURN+ ! K+ 9TO A FETI% OR A SCAPEGOAT--(T5 OP]ATE 7:ATEV] !IR IMM$IATE 9T5TIONS7 AS A MEANS ( CONTROLL+ ! OBVI\S DANG]S ( RUL]S :O FEEL !Y CAN ACT LIKE >BITR>Y1 PETULANT GODS4 ,SAHL9S' EMPHASIS ON ! WAY ,/RANG] ,K+S MU/ BE DOME/ICAT$1 5COMPASS$ & ?US TAM$ BY ! PEOPLE IS A CLASSIC CASE 9 PO9T4 ,IT IS BY SU* MEANS ?AT DIV9E K+S >E R5D]$ M]ELY SACR$4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( A /RONG /ATE APP>ATUS1 ! SITUATION ( P[] IS (T5 FLUID & T5U\S3 ! SAME ACT ?AT AT ONE PO9T M>KS A MON>* AS A TRANSC5D5T =CE BEYOND MORALITY CAN1 IF ! BALANCE ( =CES %IFT1 BE RE9T]PRET$ AS SIMPLE CRIM9ALITY4 ,?US CAN DIV9E K+S BE MADE 9TO SCAPEGOATS4 

,!RE IS EV]Y REASON TO BELIEVE ?IS APPLIES TO ! ,%ILLUK K+ 7OR RE?7 ( ! EI<TE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURIES AS WELL4 ,CONSID] ! FOLL[+ TWO /ORIES1 PRES]V$ 9 ,WE/]MANN 7& BE>+ 9 M9D ?AT :ILE !RE IS NO WAY TO KN[ IF !SE 9CID5TS EV] ACTUALLY HAPP5$1 IT DOESN'T REALLY MATT]1 S9CE ! REPETITION ( /ORIES CON/ITUTES ! V]Y /UFF ( POLITICS73 

,/ORY #a3 ONE DAY A MAN NAM$ OGAM WAS FI%+ ) A MEMB] ( ! ROYAL FAMILY NAM$ ,NYADWAI4 ,HE CAU<T A *OICE FI% & ! PR9CE DEM&$ HE TURN IT OV]1 BUT HE REFUS$4 ,LAT]1 :5 HIS FELL[ VILLAG]S SUGGE/$ ?IS WAS UNWISE1 HE PO9T$ \T !RE W]E DOZ5S ( PR9CES1 & BELITTL$ ,NYADWAI3 ':O W\LD EV] ELECT HIM K+8' 

,SOME YE>S LAT]1 HE LE>N$ ,NYADWAI HAD 9DE$ BE5 ELECT$ K+4 ,SURE 5\< HE WAS SUMMON$ TO C\RT BUT ! K+'S BEHAVIOR APPE>$ TO MAKE A PO9T ( RIS+ ABOVE ! MATT]4 0,! K+ GAVE HIM CATTLE2 BUILT HIM A VILLAGE2 HE M>RI$ A WOMAN1 & HIS VILLAGE BECAME L>GE2 HE HAD MANY *ILDR540 

,!N ONE DAY1 MANY YE>S LAT]1 ! ,K+ DE/ROY$ ! VILLAGE & KILL$ !M ALL 7,WE/]MANN #a#i#a#b3 #a#d#a7 

,H]E1 WE HAVE AN EXAMPLE ( A K+ TRY+ TO PLAY GOD 9 EV]Y S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,SU* A K+ APPE>S >BITR>Y1 V9DICTIVE1 ALL-P[]FUL 9 AN ALMO/ ,BIBLICAL S5SE4 ,IF ONE EXAM9ES IT 9 ! CONTEXT ( ,%ILLUK 9/ITUTIONS1 H[EV]1 IT BEG9S TO LOOK RA!R DIFF]5T4 ORD9>ILY1 ,%ILLUK K+S DID NOT EV5 HAVE ! P[] TO APPO9T OR REMOVE VILLAGE *IEFS4 ,9 ! COMPLETE ABS5CE ( ANY SORT ( ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS1 !IR P[] WAS ALMO/ 5TIRELY P]SONAL3 ,NYADWAI CREAT$ & DE/ROY$ ,OGAM'S VILLAGE US+ HIS [N P]SONAL RES\RCES1 HIS [N H]D ( CATTLE1 HIS [N P]SONAL B& ( RETA9]S4 ,IF HE HAD TRI$ TO EXT]M9ATE ! L9EAGE ( A REAL VILLAGE *IEF1 NOT ONE HE HAD HIMSELF CREAT$1 HE W\LD LIKELY HAVE F\ND HIMSELF 9 A V]Y S]I\S TR\BLE4 ,:AT'S MORE1 A RE?'S P[] 9 FACT WAS ALMO/ 5TIRELY DEP5D5T ON HIS PHYSICAL PRES5CE3 

,/ORY #b3 ,!RE WAS ONCE A CRUEL K+1 :O KILL$ MANY ( HIS SUBJECTS1 0HE EV5 KILL$ WOM540 ,HIS SUBJECTS W]E T]RIFI$ ( HIM4 ,!N ONE DAY1 TO DEMON/RATE ?AT HIS SUBJECTS W]E SO AFRAID !Y W\LD DO ANY?+ HE ASK$1 HE ASSEMBL$ ! ,%ILLUK *IEFS & ORD]$ !M TO WALL HIM UP 9SIDE A H\SE ) A Y\NG GIRL4 ,!N HE ORD]$ !M TO LET HIM \T AGA94 ,!Y DIDN'T4 ,SO HE DI$ 7,WE/]MANN #a#i#a#b3 #a#g#e74.<#h.> 

,! /ORY MI<T EV5 S]VE AS A /ORY ( ! ORIG9 ( RITUAL REGICIDE1 ?\< IT ISN'T EXPLICITLY PRES5T$ AS SU*1 S9CE ?IS WAS PRECISELY ! WAY K+S W]E SAID TO HAVE ORIG9ALLY BE5 PUT TO DEA?4 ,!Y W]E WALL$ 9 A HUT ) A Y\NG MAID54 7,! CU/OM WAS DISCONT9U$1 IT WAS SAID1 :5 ONCE ! MAID5 DI$ FIR/1 & ! K+ COMPLA9$ SO L\DLY AB\T ! /9K ?AT !Y AGRE$ FROM !N ON TO SMO!R HIM3 ,SELIGMAN #a#i#a#a3 #b#b#b1 #a#i#c#b3 #i#a-#i#b1 ,WE/]MANN #a#i#a#b3 #a#c#f1 ,H(MAYR #a#i#b#e3 #c74 

,/ORIES LIKE !SE HELP EXPLA9 A PECULI> CONFUSION 9 ! LIT]ATURE ON ,%ILLUK K+%IP4 ,N9ETE5? C5TURY TRAVEL]S1 & MANY TW5TIE? C5TURY OBS]V]S1 9SI/$ ! RE? WAS AN ABSOLUTE DESPOT WIELD+ COMPLETE & >BITR>Y P[] OV] HIS SUBJECTS4 ,O!RS--MO/ FAM\SLY ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D 7#a#i#d#h7--9SI/$ ?AT HE WAS = MO/ EFFECTIVE PURPOSES A M]E SYMBOLIC FIGUREHEAD :O 0REIGN$ BUT DID NOT GOV]N10 & HAD ALMO/ NO SY/EMATIC WAY TO IMPOSE HIS WILL ON ORD9>Y ,%ILLUK4 ,BO? W]E RI<T4 ,AS DIV9E K+1 RE?S W]E EXPECT$ TO MAKE DISPLAYS ( ABSOLUTE1 >BITR>Y VIOL5CE1 BUT ! MEANS !Y HAD AT !IR DISPOSAL W]E EXTREMELY LIMIT$1 & MO/ ( ALL1 !Y F\ND !MSELVES *ECK$ & /YMI$ :5EV] !Y TRI$ TO TRANS=M ?OSE DISPLAYS 9TO ! BASIS = ANY SORT ( SY/EMATIC P[]4 ,TRUE1 AS ELSE:]E1 !SE DISPLAYS ( >BITR>9ESS W]E1 H[EV] P>ADOXICALLY1 SE5 AS CLOSELY TI$ TO ! RE?'S ABILITY TO DISP5SE JU/ICE3 N9ETE5? C5TURY RE?S C\LD SP5D DAYS ON 5D HE>+ LEGAL CASES1 EV5 IF1 UND] ORD9>Y CIRCUM/ANCES1 !Y W]E LACK+ 9 ! MEANS TO 5=CE DECISIONS & APPE> TO HAVE ACT$ PRIM>ILY AS M$IATORS4 

,WRIT+ 9 ! #a#i#dS1 AT A TIME :5 DISPLAYS ( >BITR>Y VIOL5CE ON ! P>T ( A RE? W\LD C]TA9LY HAVE BE5 TREAT$ AS CRIM9AL BY COLONIAL POLICE1 & :5 ! ROYAL (FICE HAD BECOME A FOCUS = ,%ILLUK NATIONAL ID5TITY & RESI/ANCE1 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D HAD EV]Y REASON TO D[NPLAY SU* /ORIES ( BRUTALITY4,F.<#i.> ,NONE!LESS !Y >E CRUCIAL2 NOT ONLY = ! REASONS ALREADY M5TION$1 BUT ALSO1 BECAUSE UND] ORD9>ILY CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! >BITR>Y VIOL5CE ( ! K+ ACTUALLY SEEMS C5TRAL 9 CON/ITUT+ ?AT S5SE ( NATIONAL ID5TITY ITSELF4 ,TO UND]/& ?IS1 ?\<1 WE MU/ TURN TO ANO!R P>T ( ,SUDAN DUR+ A MORE REC5T P]IOD DUR+ :I* ! POLICE HAVE L>GELY CEAS$ TO FUNCTION4 

,! ,%ILLUK AS SE5 FROM ,EQUATTTORIA 

,H]E LET ME TURN TO ! WORK ( ,DUT* AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,SIMON ,SIMONSE ON RA9MAK]S AMONG A BELT ( PEOPLES 7! ,B>I1 ,P>I1 ,LULUBO1 ,LOTUHO1 ,LOKOYA1 AMONG O!RS7 9 ! FUR!/ S\!RN ,SUDAN4 ,RA9MAK]S >E IMPORTANT FIGURES ?R\<\T ! >EA BUT !IR /ATUS V>IES CONSID]ABLY4 ,SOME HAVE 7AT ONE TIME OR ANO!R7 MANAG$ TO MAKE !MSELVES 9TO P[]FUL RUL]S2 O!RS REMA9 M>G9AL FIGURES4 ,ALL ( !M >E LIABLE TO BE HELD ACC\NTABLE 9 ! EV5T ?AT 7AS (T5 HAPP5S 9 ! S\!RN ,SUDAN7 RA9 DOES NOT FALL4 ,9 FACT1 ,SIMONSE1 & HIS COLLEAGUE1 ,JAPANESE AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,EISEI ,KURIMOTO1 >E P]HAPS UNIQUE AMONG AN?ROPOLOGI/S 9 BE+ 9 ! VIC9ITY :5 EV5TS ( ?IS K9D ACTUALLY HAPP5$4.<#a.> 

,:AT ,SIMONSE DESCRIBES 7REVIEW+ OV] TWO DOZ5 CASE /UDIES ( HI/ORICALLY DOCUM5T$ K+-KILL+S7 IS A K9D ( TRAGIC DRAMA1 9 :I* ! RA9MAK] & PEOPLE COME TO GRADUALLY DEF9E !MSELVES AGA9/ ONE ANO!R4 ,IF RA9S >E DELAY$1 ! PEOPLE 7L$ BY ! *IEF W>RIOR AGE GRADE7 WILL PETITION ! RA9MAK]1 MAKE GIFTS1 REBUILD HIS RESID5CE OR PUT BACK 9TO EFFECT TAXES OR CU/OMS ?AT HAVE FALL5 9TO ABEYANCE SO AS TO W9 BACK HIS FAVOR4 ,IF ! RA9 CONT9UES NOT TO FALL1 ?+S BECOME T5SE4 ,! RA9MAK] IS 9CREAS+LY ASSUM$ TO BE )HOLD+ ! RA9S1 & P]HAPS UNLEA%+ O!R NATURAL DISA/]S1 \T ( SPITE4 ,! RA9MAK] WILL ATTEMPT /ALL+ TE*NIQUES 7BLAM+ O!RS1 SACRIFICIAL RITUALS1 FALSE CONFESSIONS72 ! Y\NG M5'S AGE SET WILL BEG9 TO RALLY MORE & MORE CON/ITU5CIES AGA9/ ! K+ TO ! PO9T :]E F9ALLY1 ! K+ MU/ EI!R FLEE1 OR CONFRONT A COMMUNITY 5TIRELY UNIT$ AGA9/ HIM4 ,! ME?ODS ( KILL+ K+S1 ,SIMONSE NOTES1 T5D TO TAKE ON ! GRUESOME =MS !Y DO--BEAT+S TO DEA?1 BURIALS ALIVE-BECAUSE !SE >E WAYS 9 :I* EV]YONE C\LD BE SAID TO HAVE BE5 EQUALLY RESPONSIBLE4 ,IT IS ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE ?AT MU/ KILL ! K+4 ,9DE$1 IT ONLY BECOMES A UNIFI$ COMMUNITY--0! PEOPLE0 PROP]LY SPEAK+--9 DO+ SO3 S9CE ! CREATION & DISPAT*+ ( RA9MAK]S IS AB\T ! ONLY =M ( COLLECTIVE ACTION 9 :I* EV]YONE P>TICIPATES4 ,ALL ?IS IS1 P]HAPS1 :AT A ,GIR>DIAN W\LD PR$ICT1 EXCEPT ?AT1 F> FROM BE+ SOLEMN SACRIFICIAL RITUALS ) WILL+ VICTIMS ?AT ,GIR>D DESCRIBES1 K+-KILL+ MORE (T5 RESEMBL$ LYN*-MOBS1 & RA9MAK]S F\<T BACK ) EV]Y MEANS AT !IR DISPOSAL4 (T5 9 FACT WE HE> ( ONE LONELY >M$ RA9MAK] HOLD+ (F AN 5TIRE 9C5S$ POPULATION4 ,DUR+ A FAM9E BETWE5 #ahee & #a#h#e#i1 ONE ,B>I K+ :O HAD ACQUIR$ A RIFLE US$ IT ON ?REE SEP>ATE OCCASIONS TO DISP]SE CR[DS ASSEMBL$ TO KILL HIM4 ,A ,FR5* TRAVEL] 9 ! #a#h#fS WAS LAT] TOLD3 

,WE ASK$ ,NYIGGILO TO GIVE US RA94 ,HE MADE PROMISES & DEM&$ CATTLE AS A PAYM5T4 ,DESPITE HIS SPELLS ! RA9 DID NOT COME4 ,SO WE GOT ANGRY4 ,!N ,NYIGGILO TOOK HIS RIFLE & ?REAT5$ TO KILL EV]YBODY4 ,WE HAD TO LEAVE HIM BE4 ,LA/ YE> ! SAME ?+ HAPP5$ = A ?IRD TIME3 !N WE LO/ PATI5CE4 ,WE SLIT ,NYIGGILO'S /OMA* OP5 & ?REW HIM 9TO ! RIV]3 HE WILL NO LONG] MAKE FUN ( US 79 ,SIMONSE #a#i#i#b3 #b#d74 

,IT IS EASY TO SEE :Y RA9MAK]S MI<T WI% TO ACQUIRE A MONOPOLY ON FIRE>MS1 OR TO DEVELOP A LOYAL P]SONAL 5T\RAGE4 ,9 FACT ,SIMONSE >GUES ?AT1 ?R\<\T ! REGION1 :5 /ATE-LIKE =MS DID EM]GE1 IT WAS TYPICALLY :5 RA9MAK]S1 CAU<T 9 AN 5DLESS & V]Y DANG]\S GAME ( BLUFF+ & BR9KMAN%IP ) !IR CON/ITU5TS1 SUCCESSFULLY S\<T MEANS TO RE9=CE !IR POSITION3 BY 9T]M>RY+ ) NEI<BOR+ K+S1 ALLY+ !MSELVES ) =EIGN TRAD]S1 E/ABLI%+ TRADE & CRAFT MONOPOLIES1 BUILD+ UP A P]MAN5T >M$ FOLL[+1 & SO ON 7#b#a3 #i#d-#i#g74 

,9 SU* POLITIES 0! PEOPLE10 9S(> AS SU* AN 5TITY C\LD BE SAID TO HAVE EXI/$1 WAS SE5 ESS5TIALLY AS ! K+'S COLLECTIVE 5EMY4 ,SIMONSE 7#a#i#i#b3 #a#i#c-#a#i#e7 RECORDS SEV]AL /RIK+ 9/ANCES ( ,EUROPEAN EXPLOR]S 5C\NT]+ K+S 9 ! REGION :O URG$ !M TO OP5 FIRE 9TO CR[DS OR TO C>RY \T RAIDS AGA9/ 5EMY VILLAGES1 ONLY TO DISCOV] ?AT ! 05EMIES0 9 QUE/ION W]E REALLY !IR [N SUBJECTS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 K+S (T5 REALLY W\LD TAKE ON ! ROLE ATTRIBUT$ TO !M 9 RA9 DRAMAS3 ( SPITEFULLY UNLEA%+ >BITR>Y DE/RUCTION ON ! PEOPLE !Y W]E SUPPOS$ TO PROTECT4 

,SIMONSE COMP>ES ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 K+ & PEOPLE ) ! SEGM5T>Y OPPOSITION BETWE5 L9EAGES OR CLANS DESCRIB$ BY ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D AMONG ! ,NU] 7,SIMONSE #a#i#i#b3 #b#g-#c71 EA* SIDE DEF9+ ITSELF1 COM+ 9TO BE+ REALLY1 ?R\< OPPOSITION TO ! O!R4 ,?IS OPPOSITION IS NECESS>ILY EXPRESS$ BY AT LEA/ ! POT5TIAL = VIOL5CE4 ,IT MI<T SEEM /RANGE TO PROPOSE A SEGM5T>Y OPPOSITION BETWE5 ONE P]SON & EV]YBODY ELSE1 BUT IF ONE RETURNS TO ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D'S ACTUAL ANALYSIS 7#a#i#d71 IT MAKES A C]TA9 DEGREE ( S5SE4 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D /RESS$ ?AT 9 A FEUD1 :5 CLAN OR L9EAGE ,A S\<T TO AV5GE ITSELF ON CLAN OR L9EAGE ,B1 ANY MEMB] ( L9EAGE ,B WAS FAIR GAME4 ,!Y W]E TREAT$1 = POLITICAL PURPOSES1 AS ID5TICAL4 ,9 FACT1 ?IS WAS ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D'S DEF9ITION ( A 0POLITICAL0 GR\P--ONE :OSE MEMB]S W]E TREAT$ AS 9T]*ANGEABLE 9 RELATION TO \TSID]S4.<#a#a.> ,IF SO1 ! >BITR>Y VIOL5CE ( DIV9E K+S--FIR+ R&OMLY 9TO CR[DS1 BR++ D[N NATURAL DISA/]S--IS ! P]FECT CONCRETE EXPRESSION ( :AT MAKES A PEOPLE A PEOPLE--AN UNDIFF]5TIAT$1 !RE=E POLITICAL GR\P4 ,ALL ( !SE PEOPLES--,B>I1 ,P>I1 ,LOLUBO1 ETC--BECAME PEOPLES ONLY 9 RELATION TO SOME P>TICUL>LY P[]FUL RA9MAK]2 & [+ TO ! RISE & FALL ( REPUTATIONS1 POLITICAL B\ND>IES W]E ALWAYS 9 FLUX4 

,SIMONSE'S ANALYSIS /RIKES ME AS IMPORTANT4 ,TRUE1 9 ! 5D1 HE DOES APPE> TO FALL 9TO A ,GIR>DIAN FRAMEWORK 7PROBABLY UNAVOIDABLY1 CONSID]+ HIS MAT]IAL71 SEE+ SCAPEGOAT DRAMAS AS ! PRIMORDIAL TRU? BEH9D ALL POLITICS4 ,SO HE CAN SAY ?AT RITUAL K+-KILL+ ( ! ,%ILLUK V>IETY IS BE/ SE5 A K9D ( COMPROMISE1 AN ATTEMPT TO HEAD (F ! CON/ANT1 UN/ABLE DRAMA BETWE5 K+ & PEOPLE BY 9/ITUTIONALIZ+ ! PRACTICE1.<#a#b.> :ILE ! /ATE1 ) ITS MONOPOLY ON =CE1 IS AN ATTEMPT TO ELIM9ATE ! DRAMA 5TIRELY 7,SIMONSE #b#d74 ,MYSELF1 ,I W\LD PREF] TO SEE ! K9D ( VIOL5CE HE DESCRIBES NOT AS REVEAL+ ( ! ESS5TIAL NATURE (SOCIETY1 BUT ( ! ESS5TIAL NATURE ( A C]TA9 =M ( POLITICAL P[] ) COSMIC PRET5SIONS--ONE BY NO MEANS 9EVITABLE1 BUT :I* IS V]Y MU* /ILL ) US4 

,?REE PROPOSITIONS 

,! CORE ( MY >GUM5T 9 ?IS ESSAY BOILS D[N TO ?REE PROPOSITIONS1 & IT MI<T BE BE/ TO LAY !M \T /RAI<TAWAY1 BE=E RETURN+ TO ! ,%ILLUK MAT]IAL 9 MORE DETAIL4 ,! FIR/ PROPOSITION ,I HAVE ALREADY \TL9$2 ! SECOND IS BROADLY 9SPIR$ BY ! ONGO+ WORK ( ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S ON COMP>ATIVE COSMOLOGIES2 ! ?IRD MI<T BE CONSID]$ MY [N EXTRAPOLATION FROM ,SIMONSE3 

,DIV9E K+%IP1 9S(> AS ! T]M CAN BE MADE MEAN+FUL1 REF]S NOT TO ! ID5TIFICATION ( RUL]S ) SUP]NATURAL BE+S 7A SURPRIS+LY R>E PH5OM5ON71.<#a#c.> BUT TO K+S :O MAKE !MSELVES ! EQUIVAL5T ( GODS-->BITR>Y1 ALL-P[]FUL BE+S BEYOND HUMAN MORALITY--?R\< ! USE ( >BITR>Y VIOL5CE4 

,! 9/ITUTIONS ( SACR$ K+%IP1 :ATEV] !IR ORIG9S1 HAVE TYPICALLY BE5 US$ TO HEAD (F OR CONTROL ! DANG] ( SU* =MS ( P[]4 ,A DIRECT L9E CAN BE TRAC$ FROM SU* DIV9E K+%IP TO CONTEMPOR>Y =MS ( SOV]EIGNTY4 

,SACR$ K+%IP CAN ALSO BE CONCEIV$ AS (F]+ A K9D ( 7T5TATIVE1 IMP]FECT7 RESOLUTION = ! ELEM5T>Y PROBLEMATIC ( HUMAN EXI/5CE PROPOS$ 9 CREATION N>RATIVES4 

,IT IS 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT ,CLA/RES 7#a#i#g#g7 WAS RI<T :5 HE SAID ?AT /ATE AU?ORITY MU/ HAVE EM]G$ FROM PROPHETS RA!R ?AN *IEFS1 FROM ! DESIRE TO F9D A 0L& )\T EVIL0 & UNDO DEA?2 IT IS 9 ?IS S5SE1 TOO1 ?AT IT CAN BE SAID ?AT ,*RI/ 7! ,R$EEM]7 WAS A K+1 OR K+S C\LD SO EASILY MODEL !MSELVES ON ,*RI/1 DESPITE HIS OBVI\S LACK ( M>TIAL QUALITIES4 ,H]E1 9 EMBRYO1 CAN WE OBS]VE :AT ,I HAVE CALL$ ! UTOPIAN ELEM5T ( ! /ATE4 

,VIOL5CE1 & MORE SPECIFICALLY1 ANTAGONISM1 PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE H]E4 ,IT IS ! PECULI> QUALITY ( VIOL5CE ?AT IT SIMPLIFIES ?+S1 DRAWS CLE> L9ES :]E O!RWISE ONE MI<T SEE ONLY COMPLEX & OV]LAPP+ NETWORKS ( HUMAN RELATION%IP4 ,IT IS ! P>TICUL> QUALITY ( SOV]EIGN VIOL5CE ?AT IT DEF9ES ITS SUBJECTS AS A S+LE PEOPLE4 

,?IS IS1 9 ! CASE ( K+DOMS1 ACTUALLY PRIOR TO ! FRI5D_/5EMY DI/9CTION PROPOS$ BY ,K>L ,S*MITT4 OR1 TO BE MORE SPECIFIC1 ONE'S ABILITY TO CON/ITUTE ONESELF AS A S+LE PEOPLE 9 A POT5TIAL RELATION ( W> ) O!R PEOPLES1 IS PREMIS$ ON A PRIOR BUT USUALLY HIDD5 /ATE ( W> BETWE5 ! SOV]EIGN & ! PEOPLE4 

,! ,%ILLUK K+DOM !N SEEMS TO BE ESPECIALLY REVEAL+ 9 ALL ?REE ( !SE >EAS1 NOT1 AS ,I SAY1 BECAUSE IT REPRES5TS SOME PRIMORDIAL =M ( MON>*Y1 BUT BECAUSE1 9 ,%ILLUK RUL]S' ATTEMPTS TO BUILD SOME?+ LIKE A /ATE 9 ! ABS5CE ( ANY REAL ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS1 !SE ME*ANISMS BECOME UNUSUALLY TRANSP>5T4 ,I ALSO SUSPECT ! REALITY BEH9D DIV9E K+%IP IS ALSO P>TICUL>LY EASY TO MAKE \T H]E BECAUSE ! P>TICUL> NATURE ( ,NILOTIC COSMOLOGY3 MO/ ( ALL1 ,NILOTIC CONCEPTIONS ( ,GOD1 :O MANIFE/S HIMSELF 9 MORTAL LIFE ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ?R\< DISA/]4 ,ONE CONSEQU5CE IS A PECULI> RELATION BETWE5 ! TRANSC5D5T & UTOPIAN ELEM5TS1 :]E IT IS ! HO/ILITY ( ! PEOPLE ?AT MAKES ! K+ A TRANSC5D5T BE+ CAPABLE ( (F]+ A K9D ( RESOLUTION TO ! DILEMMAS ( MORTAL LIFE4 ,BE ?IS AS IT MAY1 ,I WILL SP5D ! RE/ ( ?IS ESSAY EXAM9+ H[ !SE ?REE PR9CIPLES--DIV9E K+%IP1 SACR$ K+%IP1 & SOV]EIGN VIOL5CE--CAME TOGE!R 9 ! HI/ORICAL ,%ILLUK K+DOM1 9 ITS /ORIES ( MY?IC ORIG9 & 9 ITS ROYAL RITUAL1 BE=E RETURN+ TO MAKE A F9AL BRIEF REFLECTION ON !IR WID] IMPLICATIONS4 

,A BRIEF \TL9E ( ,%ILLUK HI/ORY 

,! ,%ILLUK >E SOME?+ ( AN ANOMALY AMONG ,NILOTIC PEOPLE4 ,MO/ ,NILOTES >E SEMI-NOMADIC PA/ORALI/S1 = :OM AGRICULTURE WAS V]Y MU* A SECOND>Y OCCUPATION1 FAM$ = !IR FI]CE EGALIT>IANISM1 :OSE SOCIAL LIFE REVOLVES L>GELY >\ND !IR H]DS4 ,! ,%ILLUK W]E NOT 5TIRELY DIFF]5T--LIKE ,NU] & ,D9KA1 !Y T5D$ TO SEE !IR LIVES AS REVOLV+ >\ND CATTLE--BUT 9 PRACTICE !Y HAVE1 = ! LA/ SEV]AL C5TURIES AT LEA/1 BECOME F> MORE S$5T>Y1 AS !Y W]E =TUNATE 5\< TO F9D !MSELVES ALONG A P>TICUL>LY F]TILE /RET* ( ! ,:ITE ,NILE ?AT ALL[$ = 9T5SIVE CULTIVATION ( DURRA1 A LOCAL GRA94 ,! RESULT WAS A V]Y D5SE POPULATION--BY ! E>LY #a#i? C5TURY E/IMAT$ AT >\ND TWO HUNDR$ ?\S&--LIV+ 9 SOME HUNDR$ SETTLEM5TS >RANG$ SO D5SELY ALONG ! ,NILE ?AT =EIGN]S (T5 DESCRIB$ ! #b MILES ( ! HE>T ( ,%ILLUK T]RITORY AS IF IT CONSI/$ ( ONE CONT9U\S VILLAGE4 ,MANY REM>K$ IT APPE>$ TO BE ! MO/ D5SELY SETTL$ P>T ( ,AFRICA \TSIDE ( ,EGYPT ITSELF 7,M]C] #a#i#g#a1 ,WALL #a#i#g#f74 

0,=TUNATE0 ?\< MI<T SEEM AN ILL-*OS5 WORD H]E1 S9CE [+ TO ! D5SITY ( POPULATION1 A BAD H>VE/ C\LD LEAD TO DEVA/AT+ FAM9E4 ,LACK+ SIGNIFICANT TRADE-GOODS1 ! ,%ILLUK SOON BECAME NOTORI\S RAID]S1 ATTACK+ CAMPS & VILLAGES = HUNDR$S ( MILES 9 ALL DIRECTIONS & HAUL+ (F CATTLE & GRA9 & O!R SPOILS4 ,BY ! #a#g? C5TURY1 ! #c MILE /RET* ( ! ,NILE NOR? ( ! ,%ILLUK C\NTRY1 UNSUITABLE = AGRICULTURE1 WAS ALREADY KN[N AS ,%ILLUK 0RAID+ C\NTRY10 ) SMALL FLEETS ( ,%ILLUK CANOES PREY+ ON C>AVANS & CATTLE CAMPS4 ,RAIDS W]E NORMALLY ORGANIZ$ BY SETTLEM5T *IEFS4 

,! ,%ILLUK RE? APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 JU/ ONE PLAY] 9 ?IS PR$ATORY ECONOMY1 EFFECTIVELY ONE B&IT *IEF AMONG MANY1 & NOT EV5 NECESS>ILY ! MO/ IMPORTANT1 S9CE :ILE HE RECEIV$ ! L>GE/ %>E ( BOOTY1 HIS BASE WAS 9 ! S\?1 CLOS] TO ! PA/ORAL ,D9KA RA!R ?AN ! RI*] PREY TO ! NOR? 7,M]C] #a#i#g#a3#d#a#f74 ,NONE!LESS1 ! RE? ACQUIR$ A GREAT DEAL ( CATTLE & US$ IT TO MA9TA9 A P]SONAL 5T\RAGE ( ,BA? ,RE? OR 0K+'S M50 :O W]E HIS PR9CIPLE RETA9]S1 W>RIORS1 & H5*M54 

,IT IS UNCLE> IF !RE EV5 WAS A S+LE FIGURE CALL$ ! 0RE?0 9 ! E>LY #a#g? C5TURY1 OR :E!R ! ROYAL G5EALOGIES ?AT HAVE COME D[N TO US REALLY JU/PAT*$ TOGE!R A S]IES ( P>TICUL>LY PROM95T W>RIORS4.<#a#d.> ,! 9/ITUTIONS ( 0DIV9E K+%IP0 ?AT HAVE MADE ! ,%ILLUK FAM\S APPE> TO HAVE BE5 CREAT$ BY ! RE?S LI/$ AS NUMB] N9E & T5 ON MO/ ROYAL G5EALOGIES3 ,TOKOT 7C#a#f#g-#a#f#i71 FAM\S = HIS CONQUE/S AMONG ! ,NUBA & ,D9KA1 BUT MO/ ( ALL1 BY HIS SON ,TUGO 7C#a#f#i-#a#g#a71 :O LIV$ AT A TIME :5 ,%ILLUK SUCCESSES HAD BE5 REV]S$ & ! HE>TL& ITSELF WAS UND] ATTACK BY ! ,D9KA4 ,TUGO IS SAID TO HAVE BE5 ! FIR/ TO CREATE A P]MAN5T ROYAL CAPITAL1 AT ,FA%ODA1.<#a#e.> & TO CREATE ITS %R9ES & FAM\S RITUALS ( 9/ALLATION 7OGOT #a#i#f#d1 ,M]C] #a#i#g#a1 ,WALL #a#i#g#f1 ,S*NEPEL #a#i#i3 #a#a#d2 ,FRO/ #a#i#g#d74 ,OGOT WAS ! FIR/ TO SUGGE/ ?AT ,TUGO EFFECTIVELY 9V5T$ ! SACR$ K+%IP1 FA/5+ ON ! FIGURE ( ,NYIKANG--PROBABLY AT ?AT TIME JU/ ! MY?IC ANCE/OR ( SOME LOCAL *IEFLY L9E--& TRANS=M+ HIM 9TO A LEG5D>Y H]O >\ND :I* TO RALLY A ,%ILLUK NATION ?AT WAS1 EFFECTIVELY1 CREAT$ BY HIS DO+ SO4 ,MO/ CONTEMPOR>Y HI/ORIANS HAVE N[ COME >\ND TO HIS POSITION4 

,ACTUALLY1 WE >E ONLY BEG9N+ TO UND]/& ! FULL SIGNIFICANCE ( :AT HAPP5$ 9 A L>G] REGION CONTEXT4 ,! ,%ILLUK K+DOM WAS JU/ ONE AMONG MANY1 & !RE APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 AN ONGO+ ALLIANCE1 P]HAPS FROM QUITE E>LY ON1 BETWE5 ! ,%ILLUK & ! P[]FUL ,FUNJ ,SULTANATE ( ,S9N>1 NOT F> TO ! NOR? 7,SPAULD+ #b#g74 ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT AT LEA/ SOME ( !SE IDEAS ON :I* ,%ILLUK SACRAL K+%IP W]E ORIG9ALLY PIONE]$ BY ! ,FUNJ1 ORIG9ALLY REFUGEES DISPLAC$ BY ! ,%ILLUK !MSELVES1 BUT :O GRADUALLY CREAT$ A RI* SYN!SIS ( ,NUBIAN1 ,*RI/IAN1 & ,ISLAMIC CULTURAL ELEM5TS4.<#a#f.> ,MU* HI/ORICAL WORK /ILL NE$S TO BE DONE4 ,NONE!LESS1 ! PRECISE ORIG9 ( !SE IDEAS IS NOT :AT'S MO/ IMPORTANT4 ,:AT'S IMPORTANT IS :Y !Y W]E ADOPT$4 ,H]E1 ! ONE ?+ ?AT'S MO/ CLE> FROM READ+ ! ,%ILLUK'S [N ACC\NTS IS ?AT :AT HAPP5$ REPRES5T$ A K9D ( G5D] REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO BE> 9 M9D H]E ?AT 9 MO/ ,NILOTIC SOCIETIES MATT]S ( W> 7H5CE POLITICS7 >E ORGANIZ$ ?R\< MALE AGE-SETS4 ,PRESUMABLY ?IS MU/ HAVE ONCE BE5 TRUE H]E AS WELL1 BUT OV] TIME1 !IR ,%ILLUK EQUIVAL5TS HAVE BE5 COMP>ATIVELY M>G9ALIZ$ 7,H[ELL #a#i#d#a3 #e#f-#f#f74.<#a#g.> ,9/EAD1 POLITICAL LIFE CAME TO BE ORGANIZ$ >\ND ! RE? 9 ,FA%ODA1 & ,FA%ODA1 9 TURN1 BECAME A SETTLEM5T COMPOS$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY ( WOM54 

,WE DO KN[ ?AT AT ! TIME ,%ILLUK DIV9E K+%IP TOOK %APE1 ! /ATUS ( WOM51 OR AT LEA/ ?AT ( ROYAL WOMAN1 WAS A MU* CONTE/$ POLITICAL ISSUE4 ,TUGO'S REIGN WAS 9 FACT PREC$$ BY ?AT ( A FEMALE RE?1 ONE ,QUE5 ,ABUDOK1 ,TOKOT'S SI/]4.<#a#h.> ,ACCORD+ TO ,WE/]MANN'S ACC\NT 7#a#i#a#b3 #a#d#i-#e71 ,ABUDOK CAME TO P[] & RUL$ = SOME YE>S1 BUT EV5TUALLY ,%ILLUK *IEFS TOOK UMBRAGE AT BE+ RUL$ BY A WOMAN1 & DEM&$ %E /EP D[N4 ,%E CONCURR$1 NAM+ ,TUGO1 !N A Y\NG MAN 9 H] C>E1 AS H] SUCCESSOR4 ,LAT]1 ACCORD+ TO ! /ORY1 %E APPE>$ 9 ,FA%ODA ) A BAG ( LILY SE$S1 /REW+ !M AB\T AS %E ANN\NC$ ?AT H5CE=?1 ! ROYAL L9EAGE W\LD GR[ L>G] & L>G] & SCATT] ACROSS ! C\NTRY LIKE ?OSE SE$S1 UNTIL IT 5GULF$ ! C\NTRY 5TIRELY4 ,ABUDOK'S ACT IS USUALLY 9T]PRET$ AS A SPITEFUL PROPHECY1 BUT ONE C\LD JU/ AS EASILY READ IT AS A /ORY AB\T ! F\NDATION ( ,FA%ODA ITSELF1 & ! CREATION ( ! SY/EM ( DIV9E K+%IP USUALLY ATTRIBUT$ TO H] =M] W>D1 ,TUGO4 ,WAS IT REALLY ,ABUDOK :O DESIGN$ !SE 9/ITUTIONS1 P]HAPS :5 %E PLAC$ ,TUGO ON ! ?RONE TO BEG9 )8 ,WE CANNOT KN[4 ,BUT C]TA9LY ! COMMON WISDOM1 ?AT !SE 9/ITUTIONS W]E PURELY ! BRA9*ILD ( ,TUGO HIMSELF SEEMS IMPLAUSIBLE4 ,IT IS V]Y DIFFICULT TO IMAG9E A K+ :O DECID$ ON HIS [N ACCORD TO D5Y HIMSELF ! RI<T TO NAME HIS [N SUCCESSOR1 OR TO GRANT HIS [N WIVES ! RI<T TO HAVE HIM EXECUT$4 ,IF NO?+ ELSE1 WE CAN C]TA9LY SAY ?AT ! SY/EM ?AT EM]G$ WAS1 EFFECTIVELY1 A K9D ( POLITICAL COMPROMISE BETWE5 MALE PR9CES1 ROYAL WOM51 & COMMON] *IEFS--ONE ?AT 5SUR$ NO WOMAN EV] AGA9 ATTEMPT$ TO TAKE ! HI<E/ (FICE1 BUT O!RWISE1 GRANT$ ROYAL WOM5 AN EXTRAORD9>Y DEGREE ( P[]4 

,LET ME \TL9E JU/ :AT AN IMPORTANT ROLE ,%ILLUK ROYAL WOM5 CONT9U$ TO PLAY3 

,:]E MO/ ,AFRICAN K+S LIV$ SURR\ND$ BY A HI]>*Y ( MALE (FICIALS1 !SE W]E 5TIRELY ABS5T FROM ,FA%ODA4 ,! RE? LIV$ SURR\ND$ ONLY BY HIS WIVES1 :O C\LD NUMB] AS MANY AS A HUNDR$1 EA* ) H] [N DWELL+4 ,NO O!R M5 W]E ALL[$ TO SET FOOT 9 ! SETTLEM5T AFT] NI<TFALL 7,RIAD #a#i#e#i3 #a#i#g74 ,S9CE MEMB]S ( ! ROYAL CLAN C\LD NOT M>RY EA* O!R 7?IS W\LD BE 9CE/7 !SE WIVES W]E UNI=MLY COMMON]S4 

,! K+'S S5IOR WIFE SEEMS TO HAVE ACT$ AS HIS *IEF M9I/]1 & HAD ! P[] TO HOLD C\RT1 & DECIDE LEGAL CASES1 9 ! RE?'S ABS5CE 7,DRIB]G #a#i#c#b3 #d#b74 ,%E WAS ALSO RESPONSIBLE = RECRUIT+ & SUP]VIS+ SECOND>Y WIVES4 

,9 ! ABS5CE ( ANY ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS1 ROYAL WOM5 ALSO APPE> TO HAVE BECOME ! KEY 9T]M$I>IES BETWE5 ,FA%ODA & O!R COMMUNITIES4 

,ROYAL WIVES :O BECAME PREGNANT RETURN$ 9 !IR SIX? MON? TO !IR NATAL VILLAGES :]E !IR *ILDR5 W]E BORN & RAIS$4 ,!Y W]E AS ! SAY+ GOES 0PLANT$ \T0 & ALLI$ !MSELVES ) A LOCALCOMMON] *IEF 7,PUMPHREYS #a#i#d#a3 #a#a7 :O BECAME ! PATRON ( ! Y\NG PR9CE OR PR9CESS4 ,?OSE SONS :O W]E NOT EV5TUALLY EI!R ELECT$ TO ! ?RONE OR KILL$ 9 9T]NEC9E /RIFE W5T ON TO F\ND !IR [N BRAN*ES ( ! ROYAL L9EAGE1 :OSE NUMB]S1 AS ,QUE5 ,ABUDOK PR$ICT$1 T5D$ TO CONT9UALLY 9CREASE OV] ! C\RSE ( ,%ILLUK HI/ORY AS A RESULT4 

,ROYAL DAU<T]S REMA9$ 9 !IR MO!RS' VILLAGES4 ,!Y W]E REF]R$ TO AS 0,LITTLE ,QUE50 & 0!IR C\NCIL S\<T ON ALL MATT]S ( IMPORTANCE0 7,DRIB]G #a#i#c#b3 #d#b74 ,!Y >E NOT SUPPOS$ TO M>RY OR HAVE *ILDR51 BUT 9 HI/ORICAL TIMES AT LEA/1 !Y BECAME NOTORI\S = TAK+ LOV]S AS !Y WI%$--!N1 IF !Y BECAME PREGNANT1 DEM&+ HEFTY PAYM5TS 9 CATTLE FROM !M TO HU% ! MATT] UP 7,H[ELL #a#i#e#cB3 #a#g-#a#h47.<#a#i.> 

,PR9CESSES MI<T ALSO BE APPO9T$ AS GOV]NORS OV] LOCAL DI/RICTS 7,H(MAYR #a#i#b#e3 #g#a2 ,JACKSON 9 ,FRO/ #a#i#g#d3 #a#c#c-#a#c#d71 P>TICUL>LY IF !IR BRO!RS BECAME K+4 

,ROYAL WIVES :O HAD BORNE ?REE *ILDR51 & ROYAL WID[S1 W\LD RETIRE TO !IR NATAL VILLAGES TO BECOME B>E?1 OR GU>DIANS ( ROYAL %R9ES 7,SELIGMAN #a#i#c#b3 #g#g-#g#h74 ,IT WAS ?R\< !SE %R9ES ?AT ! 0CULT ( ,NYIKANG0 WAS DISSEM9AT$4.<#b.> ,!SE WOM5 ( C\RSE ALSO BECAME KEY POLITICAL CONDUITS BETWE5 COMMON] *IEFS & ! ROYAL C\RT4 

,:ILE AS NOT$ ABOVE IT WAS CONSID]$ QUITE \TRAGE\S = A K+ TO KILL A WOMAN1 ROYAL WIVES W]E EXPECT$ TO ULTIMATELY ORD] TO ! DEA? ( ! K+4 ,A RE? AS SAID TO BE PUT TO DEA? :5 HIS PHYSICAL P[]S BEGAN TO FADE--PURPORT$LY1 :5 HIS WIVES ANN\NC$ ?AT HE IS NO LONG] CAPABLE ( SATISFY+ !M SEXUALLY 7,SELIGMAN #a#i#a#a3 #b#b#b2 ,H[ELL & ,?OMSON #a#i#d#f3 #a74 ,9 SOME ACC\NTS 7E4G41 ,WE/]MANN #a#i#a#b3 #a#c#f7 ! EXECUTION IS C>RI$ \T BY ! ROYAL WIVES !MSELVES4.<#b#a.> ONE MAY >GUE AB\T ! DEGREE TO :I* ?IS :OLE SC5>IO IS SIMPLY AN IDEOLOGICAL FACADE1 BUT IT CLE>LY HAPP5$ SOMETIMES3 ,H(MAYR = 9/ANCE WRITES ( ONE K+'S AFFECTION = HIS MO!R1 0:O HAD KILL$ HIS FA!R ) A BL[ FROM A BRASS-R+0 7#a#i#b#e3 #a#b#g1 9 ,FRO/ #a#i#g#d3 #h#b74 

,I %\LD EMPHASIZE ?AT ,%ILLUK SOCIETY AS A :OLE WAS 9 NO S5SE A MATRI>*Y4 ,WOM5 HELD EXTRAORD9>Y P[] )9 ! ROYAL APP>ATUS1 BUT ?AT APP>ATUS WAS NOT 9 ITSELF P>TICUL>LY P[]FUL4 ,! FACT ?AT ! ,QUE5 C\LD R5D] JUDICIAL JUDGM5TS1 = 9/ANCE1 IS LESS IMPRESSIVE :5 ONE KN[S ROYAL JUDGM5TSW]E NOT USUALLY 5=C$4 ,GOV]NANCE ( DAY-TO-DAY AFFAIRS SEEMS TO HAVE RE/$ FIRMLY 9 ! H&S ( COMMON] MALE SETTLEM5T *IEFS1 :O W]E ALSO 9 *>GE ( ELECT+ A NEW K+ :5 ! OLD ONE DI$4 ,VILLAGE WOM5 ALSO ELECT$ FEMALE *IEFS :O HAD JURISDICTION OV] WOM5'S AFFAIRS BUT !SE W]E MU* LESS IMPORTANT4.<#b#b.> ,PROP]TY WAS PASS$ 9 ! MALE L9E4 ,! RE? HIMSELF CONT9U$ TO EX]CISE PR$ATORY & SOMETIMES BRUTAL P[] ?R\< HIS P]SONAL RETA9]S1 OCCASIONALLY RAID+ HIS [N PEOPLE AS A MODE ( 9T]V5+ 9 LOCAL POLITICS4 ,NONE!LESS1 ?AT 7DIV9E1 >BITR>Y7 P[] SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 9CREAS+LY CONTA9$ )9 A RITUAL APP>ATUS :]E ROYAL WOM5 PLAY$ ! C5TRAL POLITICAL ROLE4 

,9S(> AS ROYAL P[] BECAME MORE ?AN A SPORADIC PH5OM5ON2 9S(> AS IT CAME TO EMB$ ITSELF 9 EV]YDAY LIFE1 IT WAS1 APP>5TLY1 L>GELY ?R\< ! AG5CY ( ! B>E? & !IR NETWORK ( ROYAL %R9ES1 SPREAD ?R\<\T ,%ILLUKL&4 ,H]E1 ?\<1 ! EFFECTS C\LD H>DLY BE OV]E/IMAT$4 ,! FIGURE ( ,NYIKANG1 ! MY?IC F\ND] ( ! NATION1 CAME TO DOM9ATE EV]Y ASPECT ( RITUAL LIFE1 & TO BECOME ! V]Y GR\ND ( ,%ILLUK SOCIAL BE+4 ,:]E O!R ,NILOTIC SOCIETIES >E FAM\S = !IR !OLOGICAL SPECULATION1 ) SACRIFICE--! PRIM>Y RITUAL--ALWAYS BE+ DIRECT$ TO ,GOD & ATT5DANT COSMIC SPIRITS1 H]E1 EV]Y?+ CAME TO BE C5T]$ ON ! 0CULT ( ,NYIKANG40 ,?IS WAS TRUE TO SU* A DEGREE ?AT BY ! TIME ,SELIGMAN WAS WRIT+ 7#a#i#a#a1 #a#i#c#b71 HE F\ND IT DIFFICULT TO E/ABLI% :AT ,%ILLUK IDEAS AB\T ,GOD OR L9EAGE ANCE/ORS EV5 W]E4 ,TO GIVE SOME S5SE ( ! ROYAL SPIRITS' P]VASIV5ESS3 :ILE ,NU] & ,D9KA :O FELL ILL TYPICALLY ATTRIBUT$ !IR CONDITION TO ATTACK BY 0AIR SPIRITS10 & S\<T CURES FROM M$IUMS POSSESS$ BY SU* SPIRITS1 MO/ ,%ILLUK APPE> TO HAVE ASSUM$ !Y W]E BE+ ATTACK$ BY =M] K+S--MO/ (T51 ,NYIKANG'S AGGRESSIVE SON ,DAK--& S\<T ! AID ( M$IUMS POSSESS$ BY ,NYIKANG HIMSELF 7,SELIGMAN & ,SELIGMAN #a#i#c#b3 #a#a-#a#b74 ,:ILE MO/ ORD9>Y ,%ILLUK1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 ASSIDU\SLY AVOID$ ! AFFAIRS ( LIV+ ROYALTY1 DEAD ONES SOON CAME TO 9T]V5E 9 ALMO/ EV]Y ASPECT ( !IR DAILY LIVES4 

,! OBVI\S QUE/ION IS H[ LONG IT TOOK = ?IS TO HAPP54 ,H]E1 9=MATION IS SIMPLY UNAVAILABLE4 ,ALL WE KN[ IS ?AT ! FIGURE ( ,NYIKANG GRADUALLY CAME TO DOM9ATE EV]Y ASPECT ( ,%ILLUK LIFE4 ,! POLITICAL SITUATION 9 TURN APPE>S TO HAVE /ABILIZ$ BY #ag & REMA9$ SO = AT LEA/ A C5TURY4 ,BY ! #a#h#bS H[EV] ! ,OTTOMAN /ATE BEGAN ATTEMPT+ TO E/ABLI% ITS AU?ORITY 9 ! REGION1 & ?IS CO9CID$ ) A %>P 9CREASE 9 ! DEM& = IVORY ON ! WORLD M>KET4 ,>AB M]*ANTS & POLITICAL REFUGEES BEGAN TO E/ABLI% !MSELVES 9 ! NOR? ( ! C\NTRY4 ,NYIDOK 7#a#h#d#e-#a#h#f#c7 REFUS$ TO RECEIVE (FICIAL ,OTTOMAN 5VOYS1 BUT HE KEPT UP ! ,%ILLUK TRADITION ( GU>ANTEE+ ! SAFETY ( =EIGN]S4 ,BE=E LONG !RE W]E ?\S&S ( ! LATT]1 LIV+ 9 A CLU/] ( COMMUNITIES >\ND ,KAKA 9 ! F> NOR?4 ,RE?S RESPOND$ BY CREAT+ NEW TRADE MONOPOLIES1 IMPOS+ SY/EMATIC TAXES1 & TRY+ TO CREATE A ROYAL MONOPOLY ON FIRE>MS4.<#b#c.> ,!Y DO NOT APPE> TO HAVE BE5 5TIRELY UNSUCCESSFUL4 ,=EIGN VISITORS AT ! TIME C]TA9LYCAME AWAY UND] ! IMPRESSION !Y HAD BE5 DEAL+ ) A BONA FIDE MON>*1 ) AT LEA/ AN EMBRYONIC ADM9I/RATION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 SOME ALSO REPORT$ NOR!RN]S OP5LY COMPLA9+ IT W\LD BE BETT] TO LIVE )\T A RE? 5TIRELY 7,M]C] #a#i#g#d3 #d#b#c-#b#d74 

,! SITUATION 5D$ CATA/ROPHICALLY4 ,AS ! IVORY TRADE WAS REPLAC$ BY ! SLAVE TRADE1 NOR!RN ,%ILLUK 9CREAS+LY SIGN$ UP AS AUXILI>IES 9 ,>AB RAIDS ON ! ,D9KA2 BY #a#h#f#a1 A =EIGN FREEBOOT] NAM$ ,MOHAMM$ ,KHEIR ?US MANAG$ TO SP>K$ A CIVIL W> ?AT ALL[$ !M TO SACK ,FA%ODA & C>RY \T DEVA/AT+ SLAVE RAIDS AGA9/ ! ,%ILLUK HE>TL& ITSELF 7,UDALL #a#i#i#h3 #d#g#d-#h#b2 ,KAPTEIJNS & ,SPAULD+ #a#i#h#b3 #d#c-#d#f74 ,! SACK ( ,FA%ODA WAS FOLL[$ BY SOME =TY YE>S ( ALMO/ CONT9UAL W>F>E4 ,! NOR? BATTL$ ! S\?2 =EIGN P[]S 7FIR/ ! ,OTTOMAN REGIME1 !N ! ,MAHDI/ REGIME 9 ,KH>T\M1 !N F9ALLY ! ,BRITI%7 9T]V5$ TRY+ TO E/ABLI% CLI5T GOV]NM5TS2 SEV]AL RE?S W]E EXECUT$ AS REBELS AGA9/ ONE SIDE OR ! O!R2 ,%ILLUK H]DS W]E DECIMAT$ & ! C>NAGE WAS SU* ?AT ! POPULATION FELL BY ALMO/ HALF4 ,9 #ahii ,BRITI% RULE WAS E/ABLI%$1 ,%ILLUK T]RITORY RE/RICT$ & ?OSE \TSIDE IT RESETTL$1 & ! RE? R$UC$ TO ! USUAL TAX-COLLECTOR & ADM9I/] ( LOCAL JU/ICE UND] A SY/EM ( 9DIRECT COLONIAL RULE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ROYAL 9/ALLATION RITUAL1 :I* HAD FALL5 9TO ABEYANCE DUR+ ! CIVIL W>S1 WAS REVIV$ & PROBABLY RE9V5T$1 & ROYAL 9/ITUTIONS1 ALONG ) ! FIGURE ( ,NYIKANG1 BECAME IF ANY?+ EV5 MORE IMPORTANT AS SYMBOLS ( NATIONAL ID5TITY--AS 9DE$1 !Y REMA9 TO ! PRES5T DAY4 

,TODAY1 ! POSITION ( ! RE? REMA9S1 BUT1 LIKE ! ,%ILLUK !MSELVES1 JU/ B>ELY4 ,! T9Y ,%ILLUK K+DOM HAS BE5 9 REC5T DECADES UN=TUNATE 5\< TO BE LOCAT$ PRECISELY ON ! FRONT-L9ES ( ! ,SUDANESE CIVIL W>4 ORD9>Y ,%ILLUK HAVE BE5 VICTIMS ( MASSACRES1 FAM9ES1 MASSIVE \T-MIGRATION1 & =C$ ASSIMILATION1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT BY ! 5D ( ! W> SOME W]E >GU+ !RE IS A REAL DANG] ( CULTURAL OR EV5 PHYSICAL EXT9CTION 7E4G41 ,NYABA #b#f74 ,! PEACE SETTLEM5T ( #be HAS HELP$ 5D ! IMM$IATE EXI/5TIAL CRISIS1 BUT BY NO MEANS BR\<T ! ,%ILLUKS' TR\BLES TO AN 5D 7,JOHNSON #b#a#a74 

,MY?O-HI/ORY 

,A WORD ON ,NILOTIC COSMOLOGIES 

,9 ORD] TO UND]/& ! FAM\S ,%ILLUK 9/ALLATION RITUALS WE MU/ FIR/ EXAM9E !IR MY?IC FRAMEWORK4 ,?IS IS SOME:AT DIFFICULT1 S9CE AS ALMO/ ALL E>LY OBS]V]S PO9T \T1 !IR ,%ILLUK 9=MANTS--MU* UNLIKE !IR ,NU] & ,D9KA EQUIVAL5TS--W]E NOT MU* GIV5 TO COSMOLOGICAL SPECULATION4 ,9/EAD1 EV]Y?+ WAS TRANSPOS$ ONTO ! LEVEL ( HI/ORICAL EPIC4 ,/ILL1 9 EI!R CASE1 IT W\LD SEEM ! SAME !MES W]E WORK+ !MSELVES1 SO IT SEEMS BE/ TO BEG9 BY LOOK+ AT ,NILOTIC COSMOLOGIES MORE G5]ALLY4 

,NILOTIC SOCIETIES NORMALLY TREAT ,GOD AS A =CE PR(\NDLY DI/ANT & REMOV$ FROM ! HUMAN WORLD4 ,DIV9ITY ITSELF IS R5D]$ LITTLE OR NO CULT2 AT LEA/ NOT DIRECTLY4 ,9/EAD ,DIV9ITY IS USUALLY SE5 TO BE 0REFRACT$0 ?R\< ! COSMOS1 IMMAN5T P>TICUL>LY 9 /ORMS1 TOTEMIC SPIRITS1 NUM9\S OBJECTS1 OR ANY?+ 9EXPLICABLE & EXTRAORD9>Y4 ,9 ONE S5SE1 !N1 ,GOD IS EV]Y:]E4 ,9 ANO!R1 HE IS PR(\NDLY ABS5T4 ,CREATION /ORIES ALMO/ 9V>IABLY BEG9 ) A TRAUMATIC SEP>ATION4 ,H]E IS ONE TYPICAL1 ,D9KA V]SION4.<#b#d.> 

,DIV9ITY 7& ! SKY7 & M5 7& ! E>?7 W]E ORIG9ALLY CONTIGU\S2 ! SKY !N LAY JU/ ABOVE ! E>?4 ,!Y W]E CONNECT$ BY A ROPE444 ,BY MEANS ( ?IS ROPE M5 C\LD CLAMB] AT WILL TO ,DIV9ITY4 ,AT ?IS TIME !RE WAS NO DEA?4 ,DIV9ITY GRANT$ ONE GRA9 ( MILLET A DAY TO ! FIR/ MAN & WOMAN1 & ?US SATISFI$ !IR NE$S4 ,!Y W]E =BIDD5 TO GR[ OR P\ND MORE4 

,! FIR/ HUMAN BE+S1 USUALLY CALL$ ,G>ANG & ,ABUK1 LIV+ ON E>? HAD TO TAKE C>E :5 !Y W]E DO+ !IR LITTLE PLANT+ OR P\ND+1 LE/ A HOE OR PE/LE %\LD /RIKE ,DIV9ITY1 BUT ONE DAY ! WOMAN 'BECAUSE %E WAS GRE$Y' 79 ?IS CONTEXT ANY ,D9KA W\LD VIEW H] 'GRE$' 9DULG5TLY7 DECID$ TO PLANT 7OR P\ND7 MORE ?AN ! P]MITT$ GRA9 ( MILLET4 ,9 ORD] TO DO SO %E TOOK ONE ( ! LONG-H&L$ HOES 7OR PE/LES7 :I* ! ,D9KA N[ USE4 ,9 RAIS+ ?IS POLE TO P\ND OR CULTIVATE1 %E /RUCK ,DIV9ITY :O )DREW1 (F5D$1 TO HIS PRES5T GREAT DI/ANCE FROM ! E>?1 & S5T A SMALL BLUE BIRD 7! COLOR ( ! SKY7 CALL$ ATOC TO SEV] ! ROPE :I* HAD PREVI\SLY GIV5 M5 ACCESS TO ! SKY & TO HIM4 ,S9CE ?AT TIME ! C\NTRY HAS BE5 'SPOIL$1' = M5 HAVE TO LABOR = ! FOOD !Y NE$1 & >E (T5 HUNGRY4 ,!Y CAN NO LONG] AS BE=E FREELY REA* ,DIV9ITY1 & !Y SUFF] SICKNESS & DEA?1 :I* ?US ACCOMPANY !IR ABRUPT SEP>ATION FROM ,DIV9ITY 7,II5H>DT #a#i#f#a3 #c#c-#c#d74 

,9 SOME V]SIONS1 HUMAN REPRODUCTION & DEA? >E 9TRODUC$ SIMULTANE\SLY3 ! WOMAN NE$S TO P\ND MORE GRA9 SPECIFICALLY BECAUSE %E BE>S *ILDR5 & NE$S TO FE$ H] GR[+ FAMILY4 ,ALWAYS1 ! /ORY BEG9S ) ! RUPTURE ( AN ORIG9AL UNITY4 ,ONCE1 HEAV5 & E>? W]E RI<T NEXT TO EA* O!R1 HUMANS C\LD MOVE BACK & =? BETWE5 !M4 ,OR3 !RE WAS A ROPE1 OR TREE1 OR V9E1 OR SOME O!R MEANS ( PASSAGE BETWE5 ! TWO4 ,AS A RESULT1 PEOPLE LIV$ )\T MIS]Y1 WORK1 OR DEA?4 ,GOD GAVE US :AT WE NE$$4 ,!N ! CONNECTION WAS DE/ROY$4 

,/ORIES LIKE ?IS CAN BE T]M$ 0,HESIODIC0 BECAUSE1 LIKE ,HESIOD'S ,PROME!US /ORY 7OR = ?AT MATT]1 ! /ORY ( ! ,G>D5 ( ,$57 !Y BEG9 ) BLISSFUL DEP5D5CY--HUMANS BE+ SUPPLI$ :ATEV] !Y NE$ FROM A B5EVOL5T CREATOR--TO AN UNHAPPY AUTONOMY1 9 :I* HUMANS EV5TUALLY W9 = !MSELVES EV]Y?+ !Y WILL NE$ TO GR[ & COOK FOOD1 BE> & RAISE *ILDR51 & O!RWISE REPRODUCE !IR [N EXI/5CE1 BUT AT A T]RIBLE CO/4 ,IT DOES NOT TAKE A LOT ( IMAG9ATION TO SEE !SE AS FIR/ & =EMO/ AS METAPHORS ( BIR?1 ! LOSS ( ! BLISSFUL DEP5D5CY ( ! WOMB1 :I* ! CUTT+ ( ! CORD1 9 ! ,NILOTIC V]SIONS1 SIMPLY MAKES UNUSUALLY EXPLICIT4 

,! PROBLEM IS ?AT ONCE SEP>ATION IS 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! WORLD1 CONJUNCTION CAN ONLY MEAN CATA/ROPHE4 ,9 ! CURR5T /ATE ( ?+S1 :5 ,DIV9ITY--AS AN ABSOLUTE1 UNIV]SAL PR9CIPLE--MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 \R LIVES1 IT CAN ONLY TAKE ! =M ( FLOODS1 PLAGUES1 LI<TN+1 LOCU/S1 MURRA9S4 ,NATURAL DISA/]S >E1 AFT] ALL1 9DISCRIM9ATE2 !Y EFFECT EV]YONE2 ?US1 LIKE ! 9DISCRIM9ATE VIOL5CE ( DIV9E K+S1 !Y CAN REPRES5T ! PR9CIPLE ( UNIV]SALITY4 ,BUT IF ,GOD IS ! ANNIHILATION ( DIFF]5CE1 !N SACRIFICE--9 ,NILOTIC SOCIETY ! >*ETYPAL RITUAL--IS ITS RECREATION4 

,! SLAU<T] & DIVISION ( AN ANIMAL BECOMES A RE5ACTM5T ( ! PRIMAL ACT ( CREATION ?R\< SEP>ATION2 IT BECOMES A WAY ( EXPELL+ ! DIV9E ELEM5T FROM SOME DISA/R\S 5TANGLEM5T 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS & REE/ABLI%+ EV]Y?+ 9 ITS PROP] SPH]E AGA94.<#b#e.> ,?IS IS ACCOMPLI%$ ?R\< VIOL5CE3 OR TO BE MORE EXPLICIT1 ?R\< KILL+1 BLOOD1 HEAT1 FIRE1 & ! DIVISION ( ONCE-LIV+ FLE%4 

,!RE IS ONE WAY ?AT ,DIV9ITY 5T]S ! WORLD ?AT IS NOT DISA/R\S4 ,?IS IS RA94 ,RA9--& WAT] MORE G5]ALLY--SE5 AS A NURTURANT1 ESS5TIALLY FEM99E PR9CIPLE1 IS (T5 ALSO TREAT$ AS ! ONLY ELEM5T ?R\< :I* HUMANS CAN /ILL EXP]I5CE SOME APPROXIMATION ( ?AT PRIMAL UNITY4 ,?IS IS QUITE EXPLICIT 9 ! S\!A/]N SOCIETIES /UDI$ BY ,SIMONSE4 ,! ANCE/ORS ( RA9MAK+ L9ES W]E (T5 SAID TO HAVE EM]G$ FROM RIV]S1 ONLY TO BE DISCOV]$ BY *ILDR5 M9D+ CATTLE ON ! %ORE2 9 RITUALS1 !Y RECREAT$ ! V9ES ?AT ORIG9ALLY CONNECT$ HEAV5 & E>?2 !Y EMBODY PEACE1 COOLNESS1 F]TILIZ+ WAT] 7#a#i#i#d3 #d#i-#d#a#a74 ,H5CE DUR+ IMPORTANT RA9-MAK+ RITUALS1 COMMUNITIES MU/ MA9TA9 A /ATE ( 0PEACE0 7$W>74 ,PHYSICAL VIOL5CE1 DRUMM+1 %\T+1 DRUNK5NESS1 DANC+ >E ALL =BIDD52 EV5 ANIMALS SACRIFIC$ 9 RA9 C]EMONIES HAD TO BE SMO!R$1 SO NO BLOOD WAS SPILL$1 & !Y HAD TO BE IMAG9$ TO GO TO !IR DEA?S VOLUNT>ILY1 )\T RESI/ANCE4 ,! /ATE WAS 5D$ ) A BLOODY SACRIFICE AT ! 5D ( ! AGRICULTURAL SEASON4 ,$W> ?\< ?IS WAS SIMPLY AN EXAGG]AT$ V]SION ( ! NORMAL MODE ( COMPORTM5T ) ! COMMUNITY--)9 HUMAN1 SOCIAL SPACE--S9CE EV5 ORD9>ILY1 HOT1 BLOODY1 VIOL5T ACTIVITY WAS EXIL$ TO ! SURR\ND+ WILD]NESS4 ,?IS WAS TRUE ( HUNT+ & W> BUT IT WAS ALSO TRUE ( *ILDBIR? 7! P>ADIGM ( TRAUMATIC SEP>ATION73 WOM5 9 LABOR W]E EXPECT$ TO RESORT TO ! BU%1 &1 LIKE RETURN+ HUNT]S OR W>RIORS1 HAD TO BE PURIFI$ FROM ! BLOOD SPILL$ BE=E RETURN+ TO !IR COMMUNITIES 7#a#i#i#d3 #d#a#b-#d#a#f74 

,! LEG5D ( ,NYIKANG 

,! HUMAN CONDITION1 !N1 IS ONE ( IRREP>ABLE LOSS & SEP>ATION4 ,WE HAVE GA9$ ! ABILITY TO GR[ \R [N FOOD1 BUT AT ! EXP5SE ( HUNG]2 WE HAVE GA9$ SEX & REPRODUCTION1 BUT AT ! CO/ ( DEA?4 ,WE >E BE+ PUNI%$1 BUT \R PUNI%M5T SEEMS UTT]LY DISPROPORTIONATE TO \R CRIMES4 ,?IS IS ANO!R ELEM5T /RESS$ BY ,LI5H>DT1 & ANO!R WAY 9 :I* ! ,NILOTIC MAT]IAL RESONATES ) ! ,ABRAHAMIC TRADITION4 ,NONE ( ,LI5H>DT'S 9=MANTS CLAIM$ TO UND]/& :Y WI%+ TO HAVE A LITTLE MORE FOOD WAS SU* A T]RIBLE CRIME4 ,IT IS \R FATE AS HUMANS TO HAVE NO REAL UND]/&+ ( \R SITUATION4 ,IF ,GOD IS JU/1 AT ! V]Y LEA/ WE DO NOT UND]/& 9 :AT WAY ,HE IS JU/2 IF IT ALL MAKES S5SE1 WE CANNOT GRASP QUITE H[4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT ULTIMATELY1 !RE SIMPLY IS NO JU/ICE4 ,:5 ,GOD IS 9VOK$1 9 ,NILOTIC LANGUAGES--9CLUD+ ,%ILLUK--IT IS ORD9>ILY AS AN EXCLAMATION1 0,:Y1 ,GOD810 ABOVE ALL :5 A LOV$ ONE FALLS SICK1 ) ! ASSUMPTION ?AT NO ANSW] WILL EV] BE =?COM+4 

,N[1 ! ,%ILLUK APPE> TO BE ONE ( ! FEW ,NILOTIC PEOPLES = :OM SU* CREATION MY?S >E NOT P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT4 ,! ,%ILLUK PA/ BEG9S1 9/EAD1) AN HI/ORICAL EV5T3 ! EXILE ( ,NYIKANG FROM HIS ORIG9AL HOME4 ,/ILL1 ONE /ORY IS QUITE CLE>LY A TRANSPOSITION ( ! O!R4 ,NYIKANG HIMSELF IS ! SON ( A K+ :OSE FA!R DESC5D$ FROM ,HEAV54.<#b#f.> ,HIS MO!R ,NYAKAYA WAS A CROCODILE1 OR P]HAPS P>T CROCODILE3 %E CONT9UES TO BE REV]$ AS DIV9ITY 9HABIT+ ! ,NILE4.<#b#g.> ,HE IS SOMETIMES REF]R$ TO AS 0*ILD ( ! RIV]40 

,ORIG9ALLY ,NYIKANG & HIS BRO!R ,DUWAT LIV$ 9 A F>AWAY L& BY A GREAT LAKE OR RIV] 9 ! S\?4 

,!Y SPEAK ( IT AS ! 5D ( ! E>?1 OR SOME CALL IT ! HEAD ( ! E>?4444 ,9 ?AT L& DEA? WAS NOT KN[N4 ,:5 A P]SON BECAME FEEBLE ?R\< GREAT AGE1 HE WAS ?R[N \T 9 ! CATTLE Y>D1 OR 9 ! ROAD NE> IT1 & ! C[S W\LD TRAMPLE HIM UNTIL HE HAD BE5 R$UC$ TO ! SIZE ( AN 9FANT1 & !N HE W\LD GR[ TO MANHOOD AGA9 7,OYL] #a#i#a#hB3 #a#g74 

,O!R V]SIONS D[NPLAY ?IS ELEM5T--PROBABLY BECAUSE ! /ORY ?AT FOLL[S TURNS ON A DISPUTE OV] ROYAL SUCCESSION1 & IT IS DIFFICULT TO UND]/& H[ ?IS W\LD COME UP IF NO ONE EV] DI$4 ,9 SOME ! PEOPLE >E DIVID$ OV] :O TO ELECT4 ,9 O!RS1 ,NYIKANG IS PASS$ OV] 9 FAVOR ( HIS HALF-BRO!R ,DUWAT1 SEIZES SOME ROYAL REGALIA1 & FLEES ) HIS SON ,CAL & A NUMB] ( FOLL[]S4 ,DUWAT FOLL[S 9 PURSUIT4 ,9 ! 5D ! TWO CONFRONT EA* O!R ON EI!R SIDE ( A GREAT RIV]4 ,9 SOME V]SIONS 7,H(MAYR #a#i#a3#c#b#h7 ,DUWAT CURSES HIS BRO!R TO DIE1 ?US BR++ DEA? 9TO ! WORLD4 ,9 O!RS1 HE SIMPLY CURSES HIM NEV] TO RETURN4 ,ALWAYS1 ?\<1 ! CONFRONTATION 5DS :5 ,DUWAT ?R[S A DIGG+ /ICK AT HIS BRO!R & TELLS HIM HE CAN USE IT TO DIG ! GRAVES ( HIS FOLL[]S4 ,NYIKANG ACCEPTS ! /ICK1 BUT DEFIANTLY1 ANN\NCES HE WILL USE IT AS AN AGRICULTURAL IMPLEM5T1 TO GIVE LIFE1 & ?AT HIS PEOPLE WILL ?US GR[ FOOD & RAISE *ILDR5 TO OV]COME ! RAVAGES ( DEA? 7,H(MAYR OP CIT1 ,OYL] #a#i#a#hB3 #a#g-#a#h1 ,WE/]MANN #a#i#a#b3 #a#f#g1 ,LI5H>DT #a#i#g#i3 #b#b#c74 

,OBVI\SLY1 ?IS IS ANO!R V]SION ( ! CREATION /ORY3 ! LOSS ( A BLISSFUL DEA?LESS P>ADISE :]E PEOPLE W]E NONE!LESS P]MAN5TLY 9FANTILIZ$ BY !IR DEP5D5CE ON HI<] P[]S 79 ?IS V]SION1 >GU+ OV] SUCCESSION TO ! K+%IP :5 ! K+ 9 FACT WILL NEV] DIE47 ,EV5 ! DIGG+ /ICK REAPPE>S4 ,?IS IS A /ORY ( LOSS1 BUT--AS 9 SO MANY V]SION ( ?IS MY?--ALSO A DEFIANT DECL>ATION ( 9DEP5D5CE4 ,NYIKANG'S FOLL[]S CREATE A K9D ( AUTONOMY BY ACQUIR+ ! MEANS TO REPRODUCE !IR [N LIFE4 ,TURN+ ! SYMBOL ( DEA? 9TO AN 9/RUM5T ( PRODUCTION IS ?US A P]FECT SYMBOL4 

,NYIKANG'S FIR/ SOJ\RN IS AT A PLACE CALL$ ,TURRA1 :]E HE M>RIES ! DAU<T] ( ! LOCAL RUL] ,DIMO & HAS A SON1 ! RAMBUNCTI\S & UNRULY ,DAK4 ,CONFLICTS SOON DEVELOP1 & !RE >E A S]IES ( MAGICAL BATTLES BETWE5 ,NYIKANG & HIS FA!R-9-LAW1 :I* ,NYIKANG ALWAYS W9S4 ,DAK GR[S UP TO BECOME A SC\RGE ( ! COMMUNITY1 ATTACK+ & PILLAG+ AT WILL4 ,F9ALLY1 ! 5TIRE COMMUNITY JO9S TOGE!R TO KILL HIM4 ,!Y DECIDE !Y WILL SNEAK UP ON HIM :ILE HE'S RELAX+ \TSIDE PLAY+ HIS H>P4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,RIAD'S 9=MANT 0!Y W]E V]Y AFRAID ?AT ,NYIKANG W\LD AV5GE HIS SON'S DEA? IF ONLY A FEW PEOPLE MURD]$ ,DAK1 SO !Y DECID$ ?AT ALL ( !M W\LD SPE> HIM & HIS BLOOD W\LD BE DI/RIBUT$ UPON ALL ( !M0 7#a#i#e#i3 #a#d#e74 ,9 O!R WORDS1 HAV+ BE5 VICTIMS ( >BITR>Y PR$ATORY VIOL5CE1 !Y ADOPT ! SAME LOGIC ,SIMONSE DESCRIBES 9 ! KILL+ ( SACR$ K+S4 0,! PEOPLE0 AS A :OLE MU/ KILL HIM4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 H[EV]1 !Y DO NOT SUCCE$4 ,NYIKANG 7OR 9 SOME V]SIONS ,DAK7 RECEIVES ADVANCE W>N+1 & COMES UP ) ! IDEA ( SUB/ITUT+ AN EFFIGY MADE ( A V]Y LI<T WOOD CALL$ AMBAT*1 :I* HE PLACES 9 ,DAK'S /EAD4 ,! PEOPLE COME & ONE BY ONE SPE> :AT !Y TAKE TO BE ! SLEEP+ ,DAK4 ,! NEXT DAY1 :5 ! REAL1 LIVE ,DAK APPE>S AT :AT IS SUPPOS$ TO BE HIS [N FUN]AL1 EV]YONE PANICS & RUNS AWAY 7,WE/]MANN #a#i#a#b3 #a#e#i2 ,OYL] #a#i#a#hB3 #a#i2 ,H(MAYR #a#i#b#e3 #a#f2 ,CRAZZOL>A #a#i#e#a3 #a#b#c-#a#b#g74 

,?IS IS A CRUCIAL EPISODE4 ,:ILE NEI!R ,NYIKANG OR ,DAK >E1 AT ?IS PO9T1 K+S 7!Y >E BO? LAT] TO BECOME K+S71 ! /ORY IS CLE>LY A REF]5CE TO ! LOGIC DESCRIB$ BY ,SIMONSE3 ?AT BO? K+ & PEOPLE COME 9TO BE+ ?R\< ! >BITR>Y VIOL5CE ( ! =M]1 & ! F9AL1 UNIFI$ RETALIATION ( ! LATT]4 ,AT ! SAME TIME IT 9TRODUCES ! !ME ( EFFIGIES4 ,NYIKANG & ,DAK >E1 9DE$1 IMMORTALIZ$ BY EFFIGIES MADE ( AMBAT* WOOD1 KEPT 9 ! FAM\S %R9E ( ,AKURWA1 NOR? ( ,FA%ODA4 ,!SE PLAY A C5TRAL ROLE 9 ! 9/ALLATION ( A NEW RE? & S9CE ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D AT LEA/ HAVE BE5 SE5 AS REPRES5T+ ! ET]NITY ( ! ROYAL (FICE1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! EPHEM]AL NATURE ( ANY P>TICUL> HUMAN EMBODIM5T4 ,H]E ! FIR/ EFFIGY IS CREAT$ LIT]ALLY AS AN ATTEMPT TO *EAT DEA?4 ,EV5 MORE1 AS WE'LL SEE1 IT SEEMS TO REFLECT A COMMON !ME :]EBY ! PEOPLE'S ANG] & HO/ILITY--H[EV] P>ADOXICALLY--BECOMES ! IMM$IATE CAUSE ( ! K+'S TRANSC5D5CE ( MORTAL /ATUS4 

,TO RETURN TO ! /ORY3 ,NYIKANG1 ,DAK1 & !IR SMALL B& ( FOLL[]S DECIDE ! TIME HAS COME TO MOVE ON & SEEK MORE AM5ABLE PA/URES4 ,!Y HAVE V>I\S ADV5TURES ALONG ! WAY4 ,H]E ,DAK S]VES AS ,NYIKANG'S ADVANCE GU>D & G5]AL1 (T5 GETT+ HIMSELF 9 SCRAPES FROM :I* ,NYIKANG !N HAS TO RESCUE HIM4 ,! MO/ FAM\S IS HIS BATTLE ) ! ,SUN1 9 :I* ,NYIKANG AGA9 CONFIRMS HIS AQUATIC *>ACT]4 ,DAK IS ! FIR/ TO PICK A FI<T ) ! ,SUN1 & AT FIR/1 HE & HIS FA!R'S FOLL[]S >E SCOR*$ BY ! ,SUN'S T]RIBLE HEAT1 =C+ ,NYIKANG TO REVIVE MANY BY SPR9KL+ WAT] OV] !M4 ,9 ! 5D ,NYIKANG MANAGES TO BE/ ! 5EMY BY US+ WAT]-SOAK$ RE$S TO SLA%--& ?US 0BURN0--! LEGS ( ! ,SUN1 :O IS ?US =C$ TO RETREAT 7,WE/]MANN #a#i#a#b3 #a#f#a1 #a#f#f2 ,OYL] #a#i#a#hB3 #a#a#c-#a#a#d1 ,H(MAYR #a#i#b#e3 #a#h1 #e#e2 SEE ,LI5H>DT #a#i#e#d3 #a#d#i1 ,S*NEPEL #a#i#h#h3 #d#d#h74 ,F9ALLY1 HE 5T]S ,%ILLUK-L&1 SETTLES HIS FOLL[]S1 BR+S OV] EXI/+ 9HABITANTS1 EV5--9 MANY /ORIES--DISCOV]+ HUMANS MASQU]AD+ AS ANIMALS & REVEAL+ !IR TRUE NATURE1 & TURN+ !M 9TO ,%ILLUK CLANS4 

,! LATT] IS ACTUALLY A CURI\S ELEM5T 9 ! /ORY4 ,GODFREY ,LI5H>DT 7#a#i#e#b7 9SI/$ ?AT UNLIKE ,NU] OR ,D9KA H]OES1 :O AS ANCE/ORS1 CREAT$ !IR PEOPLE AS ! FRUIT ( !IR LO9S1 ,NYIKANG CREATES ! ,%ILLUK AS AN 09TELLECTUAL0 PROJECT4 ,HE DISCOV]S1 TRANS=MS1 GIVES NAMES1 GRANTS ROLES & PRIVILEGES1 E/ABLI%ES B\ND>IES1 GA!RS TOGE!R A DIV]SE GR\P ( UNRELAT$ PEOPLE & ANIMALS & MAKES !M EQUAL P>TS ( A S+LE SOCIAL ORD]4 ,?IS IS TRUE1 ?\< PUTT+ IT ?IS WAY RA!R D[NPLAYS ! FACT ?AT HE DOES SO ?R\< RI<T ( CONQUE/3 ?AT IS1 ?AT HE APPE>S AMID A POPULATION ( /RANG]S :O HAVE NEV] DONE ANY?+ TO HURT HIM & ?REAT5S TO KILL !M IF !Y DO NOT DO HIS WILL4.<#b#h.> ,IT IS NOT AS IF SU* BEHAVIOR WAS CONSID]$ ACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR BY ORD9>Y PEOPLE UND] ORD9>Y CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,9 MO/ /ORIES1 ! FIGURE ( ,NYIKANG IS SAV$ FROM TOO CLOSE AN ASSOCIATION ) UNPROVOK$ AGGRESSION BY EFFECTIVELY BE+ R$\BL$4 ,HE PLAYS ! L>GELY 9TELLECTUAL ROLE1 SOLV+ PROBLEMS1 WIELD+ MAGIC1 DEVIS+ RULES & /ATUS1 :ILE ! %E] >BITR>Y VIOL5CE IS L>GELY PU%$ (F ONTO HIS SON & ALT] EGO1 ,DAK4 ,9 ! ,%ILLUK HE>TL&1 ESPECIALLY1 ,NYIKANG IS ALWAYS DESCRIB$ AS 0F9D+0 PEOPLE :O FELL FROM ! SKIES OR W]E LIV+ 9 ! C\NTRY OR FI%+ 9 ! RIV]1 & ASSIGN+ !M A PLACE & A RITUAL TASK 7TO HELP BUILD SOME H\SE OR %R9E1 TO H]D ,NYIKANG'S SACR$ CATTLE1 TO SUPPLY ! K+ ) C]TA9 DELICACIES1 ETC474 ,ONLY 9 ! CASE ( PEOPLE :O TRANS=M !MSELVES 9TO ANIMALS--FI%1 TURTLES1 FIREFLIES1 ETC4--DOES HE USUALLY HAVE TO CALL 9 ,DAK1 TO NET OR SPE> OR O!RWISE DEFEAT !M1 :]EON !Y ORD9>ILY TURN BACK 9TO HUMAN BE+S & SUBMIT !MSELVES4 ,SUBMISSION IS :AT R5D]S PEOPLE ,%ILLUK 7! ACTUAL WORD1 ,*OLLO1 M]ELY MEANS SUBJECTS ( ! RE?47.<#b#i.> ,?\< 9 A L>G] S5SE1 9TELLECTUAL UND]/&+ & PHYSICAL CONQUE/ >E CONFLAT$ H]E2 ! /ORIES ( %APE-%IFT]S >E P>ADIGMATIC3 ONE CAN ONLY TELL :AT !Y REALLY >E BY SUCCESSFULLY DEFEAT+1 EV5 SKEW]+ !M--?AT IS1 LIT]ALLY P9N+ !M D[N4 

,= ALL ?IS1 ,NYIKANG'S CONQUE/ ( ,%ILLUK-L& REMA9S CURI\SLY UNF9I%$4 ,! MY?S SPECIFY ?AT HE MANAG$ TO SUBDUE ! S\!RN HALF ( ! C\NTRY1 UP TO AB\T :]E ! CAPITAL IS N[4 ,AFT] ?IS ?+S /ALL$1 AS ! PEOPLE1 TIR$ ( W>1 BEG9 TO MURMUR & 9CREAS+LY1 OP5LY PROTE/ ,NYIKANG'S LEAD]%IP4 ,F9ALLY1 AT A FEA/ HELD AT ! VILLAGE ( ,AKURWA 7:AT IS LAT] TO BECOME HIS TEMPLE 9 ,FA%ODA71 ,NYIKANG *IDES HIS FOLL[]S1 9/RUCTS !M ON H[ TO MA9TA9 HIS %R9E & EFFIGY1 & VANI%ES A :IRLW9D ( HIS [N CREATION4 

,NYIKANG1 ALL ,%ILLUK 9SI/1 DID NOT & C\LD NEV] DIE4 ,HE HAS BECOME ! W9D1 MANIFE/ 9 ANIMALS :O BEHAVE 9 /RANGE & UN*>ACT]I/IC WAYS1 BIRDS ?AT SETTLE AMONG CR[DS ( PEOPLE2 HE P]IODICALLY COMES1 9VISIBLE1 TO 9HABIT ONE OR ANO!R ( HIS MANY %R9ES 7,SELIGMAN #a#i#a#a3 #b#b-#b#f1 ,SELIGMAN #a#i#c#d1 ,WE/]MANN #a#i#a#b3 XLII1 ,OYL] #a#i#a#hA1 ,H(MAYR #a#i#b#e3 #c#g1 ,H[ELL & ,?OMSON #a#i#d#f3 #b#c-#b#d74 ,ABOVE ALL HE REMA9S IMMAN5T 9 HIS EFFIGIES1 & ! SACR$ P]SON ( ! K+4 ,YET 9 ! /ORY1 HIS TRANSC5D5CE ( ! BONDS ( MORTAL EXI/5CE FOLL[S HIS REJECTION BY ! PEOPLE4 ,NEI!R IS ?IS M]E MUMBL+ & DISCONT5T3 SOME V]SIONS MAKE CLE> !RE WAS AT LEA/ ! ?REAT ( ACTUAL REBELLION4 ,9 ONE 7,CRAZZOL>A #a#i#e#a3 #a#b#f71 ,NYIKANG IS SPE>$ 9 ! *E/ BY AN ANGRY FOLL[]4 ,HE SURVIVES1 BUT !N ASSEMBLES HIS PEOPLE TO ANN\NCE HIS ASC5T4 ,9 EV]Y V]SION1 HE IS REPLAC$ BY AN EFFIGY MADE ( AMBAT*1 & REMA9S AS ! VEHICLE ( ! PRAY]S ( HIS PEOPLE1 AS !IR 9T]CESSOR BE=E ,GOD4 ,IT IS ?R\< ,NYIKANG1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT ! K+ APPEALS TO ,GOD = RA9 7,S*NEPEL #a#i#i#a3 #e#h#e#i74 ,?\< EV5 H]E ! RELATION%IP ( ANIMOSITY DOES NOT DISAPPE>4 ,UNLIKE MORE FAMILI> GODS1 :O BY DEF9ITION CAN DO NO WRONG1 ! H]O CONT9UES TO BE ! OBJECT ( P]IODIC ANG] & RECRIM9ATION3 

,!IR V5]ATION ( ,NIKAWNG DOES NOT BL9D !IR EYES TO HIS FAULTS4 ,:5 A PRAY] HAS BE5 (F]$ TO ,NIKAWNG1 & ! ANSW] IS NOT GIV51 AS HAD BE5 HOP$1 ! DISAPPO9T$ ONE CURSES ,NIKAWNG4 ,?AT IS TRUE ESPECIALLY 9 ! CASE ( DEA?4 ,:5 DEA? IS APPROA*+1 !Y SACRIFICE TO ,NIKAWNG & ,GOD1 & PRAY ?AT DEA? MAY BE AV]T$4 ,IF ! DEA? OCCURS ! B]EAV$ ONES CURSE ,NIKAWNG1 BECAUSE HE DID NOT EX]T HIMSELF 9 !IR BEHALF 7,OYL] #a#i#a#hB3 #b#h#e74 

,?IS PASSAGE GA9S ALL ! MORE P[] :5 ONE REMEMB]S ?AT ILLNESS ITSELF WAS (T5 ASSUM$ TO BE CAUS$ BY ! ATTACKS ( ROYAL SPIRITS--MO/ (T51 ,DAK--& ?AT M$IUMS POSSESS$ BY ! SPIRIT ( ,NYIKANG W]E ! MO/ COMMON CUR]S4 ,YET 9 ! 5D WE MU/ DIE1 AS ,NYIKANG DID NOT2 HIS TRANSC5D5CE ( DEA? RESULT$ FROM1 & P]PETUATES1 A RELATION ( P]MAN5T AT LEA/ POT5TIAL ANTAGONISM4 

,9 FACT1 IT WAS NOT JU/ ,NYIKANG4 ,NONE ( ! FIR/ F\R K+S ( ,%ILLUKL& DI$ LIKE NORMAL HUMAN BE+S4 ,EA* VANI%$1 !IR BODIES NEV] RECOV]$2 ALL BUT ! LA/ W]E !N REPLAC$ BY AN EFFIGY4 ,NYIKANG WAS REPLAC$ BY HIS TIMID ELD] SON ,CAL1 :O DISAPPE>$ 9 CIRCUM/ANCES UNKN[N2 !N BY ! IMPETU\S ,DAK1 :O ALSO VANI%$ 9 A FIT ( FRU/RATION OV] POPUL> GRUMBL+ OV] HIS 5DLESS W>S ( CONQUE/1 & F9ALLY1 BY ,DAK'S SON ,NYIDORO4 

,NYIDORO M>KS A PO9T ( TRANSITION4 ,HE VANI%$1 BUT ONLY AFT] DEA?4 ,NYIDORO WAS MURD]$ BY HIS Y\NG] BRO!R ODAK1 :]EON HIS BODY MAGICALLY DISAPPE>$4 ,AS A RESULT !RE WAS SOME DEBATE OV] :]E HE M]IT$ A %R9E & EFFIGY AT ALL1 BUT 9 ! 5D IT WAS DECID$ ?AT HE DID4 

,IF ,NYIDORO WAS ! FIR/ K+ TO DIE1 HIS KILL] & SUCCESSOR1 ODAK WAS ! FIR/ TO BE RITUALLY KILL$4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 WAS A CONSEQU5CE ( NOT ( 9T]NAL CONFLICT 7AS 9 ! CASE ( HIS [N USURPATION71 BUT EXT]NAL W>F>E3 ODAK WAS DEFEAT$ 9 A BATTLE ) ! ,D9KA & ! ,FUNG4 ,AFT] WITNESS+ ! DEA? ( ALL ( HIS SONS EXCEPT ONE1 HE ?REW ,NYIKANG'S SACR$ SPE>S 9 ! RIV] 9 A GE/URE ( DESPAIR1 CRY+ 0N[ ALL MY SONS >E DEAD40 ,NE$LESS TO SAY ?IS GREATLY HURT ! FEEL+S ( ! ONE SON :O REMA9$ ALIVE4 ,?IS Y\NG MAN1 NAM$ ,DUWAT1 HAD BE5 5DLESSLY BELITTL$ BY HIS FA!R 9 ! PA/1 & ?IS WAS ! F9AL /RAW4 ,AFT] PROMIS+ HIS FA!R HE W\LD DEGRADE ALL ?OSE SONS' *ILDR5 TO COMMON]S1 HE SNAT*$ ONE ( ! SPE>S FROM ! RIV] & S+LE-H&$LY DROVE ! 5EMY AWAY 7,H(MAYR #a#i#b#e3 #f#f-#f#h1 #b#f-#f#b74 

,APP>5TLY ODAK WAS DISCREETLY F9I%$ (F SOON AFT]W>DS1 & :5 ,DUWAT BECAME K+1 ONE ( HIS FIR/ ACTS WAS TO DEGRADE ! DESC5DANTS ( HIS BRO!RS TO A L[] /ATUS ?AN ! ROYAL CLAN4 ,!Y BECAME ! ,ORORO1 EXCLUD$ FROM SUCCESSION1 BUT :O NONE!LESS PLAY A KEY ROLE 9 ROYAL RITUAL4 

,! /ORY BEGAN ) A ,DUWAT1 & ) ?IS SECOND ,DUWAT1 ONE MI<T SAY ! FIR/ R\ND ( ! MY?IC CYCLE COMES TO AN 5D4 ,IT BEG9S ) /ORIES MODEL$ ON BIR? & 5DS ) /ORIES ( DEA?3 FIR/1 ! NON-DEA?S ( ,NYIKANG & ,DAK1 REJECT$ BY !IR SUBJECTS2 !N1 E/ABLI%+ ! TWO TYPICAL MODES ( PUTT+ AN 5D TO A P>TICUL> HOLD] ( ! ROYAL (FICE1 ?AT IS1 EI!R ?R\< 9T]NAL REVOLT 7*ALL5GE BY AN AMBITI\S PR9CE7 OR BE+ RITUALLY PUT TO DEA?4 

,FIGURE #a4 MY?IC ORIG9S ( ! ,ORORO & ! ,ROYAL L9E4 ,NOTE3 SOLID >R[S REF] TO RUL]S :O1 RA!R ?AN DY+1 VANI%$ & W]E REPLAC$ BY EFFIGIES2 ! BROK5 >R[ REF]S TO RUL]S :O DI$ BUT :OSE BODY VANI%$ & WAS NOT REPLAC$ BY AN EFFIGY4 

,! ROLE ( ! ,ORORO IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT4 ,?IS IS A CLASS :O REPRES5T A V]ITABLE 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( ?IS CON/ITUTIVE RELATION ( HO/ILITY1 & POT5TIAL VIOL5CE1 ON :I* ! ET]NITY ( ! K+DOM IS F\ND$4 ,G5]ALLY1 PR9CES :O >E NOT ELECT$ F\ND !IR [N L9EAGE )9 ! ROYAL CLAN NAM$ AFT] !IR ROYAL ANCE/OR1 & HIS TOMB BECOMES !IR L9EAGE %R9E4 ,9 !ORY1 ! K+ CAN DEGRADE ANY ( !SE BRAN*ES TO ,ORORO /ATUS BY 5T]+ 9TO !IR L9EAGE %R9E AT NI<T & P]=M+ C]TA9 SECRET RITES1 BUT ! %R9ES >E GU>D$ & IF !Y'RE CAU<T TRY+ TO 5T]1 ! ATTEMPT IS CONSID]$ TO HAVE FAIL$4 ONE RE? 7,FADIET7 IS REMEMB]$ TO HAVE FAIL$ 9 AN ATTEMPT TO R$UCE ! DESC5DANTS ( ,NYADWAI TO ,ORORO /ATUS BUT IT IS NOT CLE> IF ANY O!R K+ HAS EV] BE5 SUCCESSFUL 7,PUMPHREYS #a#i#d#a3 #a#b-#a#c1 ,H(MAYR #a#i#b#e3 #f#f2 ,H[ELL #a#i#e#c3 #b#b74 ,MO/ S\RCES SUGGE/$ NONE HAVE3 ANO!R DRAMATIC REFLECTION ON ! LIMIT$ P[] ( ,%ILLUK K+S4 ,SOME 7E4G41 ,CRAZZOL>A #a#i#e#a3 #a#c#i7 SUGGE/ ?AT ONE REASON A K+ MI<T WI% TO DO SO IS ?AT M>RIAGE IS =BIDD5 )9 ! ROYAL L9EAGE2 IT IS ONLY BY R$UC+ A BRAN* TO ,ORORO /ATUS ?AT A K+ CAN !N TAKE ONE ( ITS DAU<T]S = HIS WIFE4.<#c.> ,MOREOV]1 IT IS PRECISELY ?IS DEGRAD$ NOBILITY :OSE ROLE IT IS TO PRESIDE OV] ! DEA? ( K+S4 ,MALE MEMB]S ( ! CA/E :O ACCOMPANY ! K+ DUR+ C]EMONIES >E SOMETIMES REF]R$ TO AS ! 0ROYAL EXECUTION]S10 BUT H]E MEAN+ NOT ?AT !Y EXECUTE O!RS ON ! K+'S ORD]S1 BUT RA!R ?AT IT IS !Y :O >E 9 *>GE ( PRESID+ OV] ! EXECUTION ( ! K+4 ,A RE? W\LD ALWAYS HAVE A C]TA9 NUMB] ( ,ORORO WIVES2 IT IS !Y :O >E EXPECT$ TO ANN\NCE :5 HE IS SICK OR FAIL+ 9 HIS SEXUAL P[]S2 ACCORD+ TO SOME1 IT IS !Y :O ACTUALLY SUFFOCATE ! K+ 7,SELIGMAN #a#i#a#a3 #b#b#b2 CF4 NOTE #b#a74 ,9 O!R V]SIONS IT IS ! MALE ,ORORO BODYGU>D1 :O ALSO PRESIDE OV] HIS BURIAL4.<#c#a.> ,ALL S\RCES /RESS IT IS DIFFICULT TO KN[ ANY?+ = ABSOLUTE C]TA9 AB\T SU* MATT]S1 AB\T :I* DISCREET PEOPLE KNEW BETT] ?AN TO MU* 9QUIRE1 & D\BTLESS PRACTICES V>I$1 BUT IT IS CRITICAL ?AT ! K+ WAS CON/ANTLY SURR\ND$ BY ?OSE HE HAD ORIG9ALLY DEGRAD$1 & :O W]E EV5TUALLY TO KILL HIM4 

,AT ?IS PO9T WE HAVE REA*$ HI/ORICAL TIMES1 :I* BEG9 ) ! LONG & PROSP]\S REIGN ( ,K+ ,BWOC1 IMM$IATELY FOLL[$ BY ,TOKOT1 ,QUE5 ,ABUDOK1 & ! HI/ORICAL CREATION ( ! SACR$ K+%IP AT ! 5D ( ! #a#g? C5TURY4 

,!RE IS ONE LA/ /ORY WOR? TELL+ H]E4 ,?IS IS ! /ORY ( ! M>4 ,! M> WAS SOME K9D ( TALISMAN OR ELEM5T ( ROYAL REGALIA ?AT HAD ORIG9ALLY BELONG$ TO ,NYIKANG4 ,BY ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY NO ONE QUITE REMEMB]$ :AT IT HAD BE53 A JEWEL ( SOME K9D1 OR P]HAPS A CRY/AL1 OR A SILV] POT4 ,ACCORD+ TO SOME1 IT WAS A MAGICAL *>M CAPABLE ( ASSUR+ VICTORY 9 W>4 ,ACCORD+ TO O!RS1 IT WAS A G5]AL TOK5 ( PROSP]ITY & ROYAL P[] 7,H(MAYR #a#i#b#e3 #g#b-#g#e1 ,PAUL #a#i#e#b74 

,ACCORD+ TO ,WE/]MANN 7#a#i#a#b3 #a#d#c-#a#d#d7 ! M>WAS A SILV] POT ?AT1 WAV$ 9 FRONT ( ONE'S 5EMIES1 CAUS$ !M TO FLEE ! FIELD ( BATTLE4 ,TOKOT EMPLOY$ IT 9 MANY SUCCESSFUL W>S AGA9/ ! ,%ILLUK'S NEI<BORS1 MANY ( :OM HE 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ,%ILLUKL&1 BUT EV5TUALLY--A FAMILI> SC5>IO N[--HIS FOLL[]S GREW TIR$ ( FI<T+ F> FROM !IR WIVES & FAMILIES1 & BEGAN TO PROTE/ & REFUSE HIS ORD]S4 ,9 A FIT ( PIQUE1 HE ?REW ! M> 9TO ! ,NILE4 ,H]E ! /ORY FA/-=W>DS AB\T A HALF C5TURY TO ! REIGN ( ,ATWOT 7C#a#h#b#e-#a#h#c#e71 :O IS ELECT$ AS A W>RIOR K+ ON ! BEHE/ ( A CLU/] ( SETTLEM5TS PLAGU$ BY ,D9KA RAID]S4 ,HE FI<TS A BATTLE ) ! 9VAD]S BUT IS DEFEAT$1 SO1 9 A BOLD MOVE1 HE DECIDES TO RETRIEVE ! TALISMAN4 ,ATWOT CONSULTS ) ! DESC5DANTS ( ,TOKOT'S WIVES AT HIS L9EAGE %R9E1 &1 DESPITE WIDESPREAD SKEPTICISM1 R[S \T ) HIS COMPANIONS TO ! SPOT :]E ! M> WAS LO/1 SACRIFIC+ ?REE C[S ALONG ! WAY1 & DIVES TO ! BOTTOM ( ! RIV]4 ,HE REMA9S UND]WAT] SO LONG HIS COMPANIONS ?9K HE IS LO/1 BUT AFT] MANY H\RS1 RETURNS ) ! G5U9E >TICLE4 ,ATWOT PROCE$S TO RAISE AN >MY1 CONQU]S ! ,D9KA & IS VICTORI\S AGA9/ ALL ?AT /& 9 HIS PA?4 ,H[EV]1 BE=E LONG1 ! SAME ?+ BEG9S TO HAPP53 HE IS C>RI$ FROM CONQUE/ TO CONQUE/1 BUT HIS W>RIORS BEG9 PROTE/+ ! 9CESSANT W>S1 & F9ALLY ,ATWOT TOO ?R[S ! POT BACK 9 ! RIV] 9 FRU/RATION4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 NO SUBSEQU5T ATTEMPTS TO RETRIEVE ! M>4.<#c#b.> 

,! /ORY SEEMS TO BE AB\T :Y ! ,%ILLUK K+DOM NEV] BECAME AN EMPIRE4 ,IT IS AS IF EV]Y TIME K+S MOVE BEYOND DEF5D+ ! HOME T]RITORY OR CONDUCT+ RAIDS BEYOND ITS BORD]S1 EV]Y TIME !Y ATTEMPT TO LEVY >MIES & BEG9 \TRI<T S*EMES ( CONQUE/1 !Y F9D !MSELVES /YMI$ BY PROTE/S & PASSIVE RESI/ANCE4 ,!Y RESPOND ) PASSIVE AGGRESSION3 VANI%+ 9 A HUFF1 ?R[+ PRECI\S HEIRLOOMS 9 ! RIV]4 ,AS WE'LL SOON SEE1 ! SC5E ( ! K+ SACRIFIC+ C[S & !N DIV+ D[N 9TO ! RIV] TO F9D A LO/ OBJECT APPE>S TO BE A REF]5CE TO A /AGE 9 ! 9AUGURATION C]EMONIES 9 :I* ! C&IDATE HAS TO F9D A PIECE ( WOOD ?AT WILL BE MADE 9TO NEW BODY ( ,NYIKANG4 ,YET H]E1 9/EAD ( AN IMAGE ( ET]NITY1 ! RIV] BECOMES AN IMAGE ( LOSS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ONE S\RCE 7#a#i#e#b71 ! M> WAS 0! LUCK ( ! ,%ILLUK10 N[ =EV] LO/4 ,IT SEEMS LIKELY ! DEBATE OV] ! NATURE ( ! M> REFLECT$ A MORE PR(\ND DEBATE AB\T :E!R MILIT>Y GOOD =TUNE WAS ALWAYS LUCK = ! ,%ILLUK AS A :OLE--A QUE/ION ON :I* ROYAL & POPUL> P]SPECTIVES >E LIKELY (T5 TO HAVE BE5 %>PLY DIVID$4 ,& ! FACT ?AT SU* >GUM5TS W]E SAID TO BE GO+ ON 9 ! TIME ( ,TOKOT1 9 ! G5]ATION IMM$IATELY BE=E ! CREATION ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ( SACR$ K+%IP1 ONCE AGA9 UND]L9ES H[ MU* DEBATE !RE WAS AT ?AT TIME AB\T ! V]Y PURPOSES ( ROYAL P[]4 

,RETURN TO ,FA%ODA 

,AT ?IS PO9T WE CAN RETURN TO ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS !MSELVES4 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 A WORD AB\T ! ROLE ( VIOL5CE4 ,GODFREY ,LI5H>DT 7#a#i#e#b7 9SI/S ,NYIKANG 7& H5CE1 ! K+7 HAS TO BE SE5 ONLY AS A CONT9UATION ( ! ,%ILLUK CONCEPTION ( ,GOD4 ,GOD IS ORD9>ILY SE5 AS NEI!R GOOD NOR EVIL2 ANY?+ EXTRAORD9>Y CONTA9S A SP>K ( ! DIV9E2 ABOVE ALL1 ,GOD IS ! S\RCE ( LIFE1 /R5G?1 & 9TELLIG5CE 9 ! UNIV]SE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,NYIKANG IS ! S\RCE ( ,%ILLUK CU/OM1 BUT NOT1 NECESS>ILY1 ( A SY/EM ( E?ICS1 & K+S--:O >E REF]R$ TO AS 0*ILDR5 ( ,GOD0--W]E ADMIR$ ABOVE ALL = !IR CLEV]NESS1 & = ! RU?LESS +5UITY ) :I* !Y PLAY$ ! GAME ( P[]4.<#c#c.> ,ROYALS REGUL>LY SLAU<T]$ !IR BRO!RS & C\S9S AS A PREEMPTIVE MEASURE1 ) ! ASSUMPTION ?AT !Y W]E ALMO/ NECESS>ILY PLOTT+ AGA9/ ! K+2 ASSASS9ATION & BETRAYAL WAS EXPECT$1 & SUCCESSFUL CONSPIRATORS1 ADMIR$4 ,LI5H>DT CONCLUDES ?AT 9TELLIG5CE & SUCCESS 7! LATT] TYPICALLY REFLECT$ 9 PROSP]ITY7 W]E ! MA9 ,%ILLUK SOCIAL VALUES3 0K+S1 & ALL O!RS 9SPIR$ BY JUOK .<DIV9ITY.>1 >E SACR$ BECAUSE !Y MANIFE/ DIV9E 5]GY & KN[L$GE1 & !Y DO SO BY BE+ /RONG1 CUNN+1 & SUCCESSFUL1 A WELL AS APPE>+ TO BE 9 CLOS] T\* ) ! SUP]HUMAN ?AN ORD9>Y M50 7,LI5H>DT #a#i#e#b3 #a#f2 SO TOO ,S*NEPEL #a#i#h#h3 #d#d#i74 

,ALL ?IS SEEMS TRUE--BUT ! SITUATION SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 RA!R MORE COMPLICAT$4 ,GOD WAS ALSO SPOK5 ( AS ! S\RCE ( JU/ICE1 ! LA/ RESORT ( ! POOR & UN=TUNATE4 ,! K+ ( C\RSE DISP5S$ JU/ICE AS WELL4 ,! APP>5T P>ADOX IS1 AS ,I'VE EMPHASIZ$1 TYPICAL ( DIV9E K+%IP3 ! K+1 LIKE ,GOD1 /&S \TSIDE ANY MORAL ORD] 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO BR+ ONE 9TO BE+4 ,/ILL1 :ILE A PR9CE :O SUCCESSFULLY LUR$ POT5TIAL RIVALS TO A FEA/ & !N MASSACR$ !M ALL MI<T BE ADMIR$ = HIS CUNN+1 ?IS WAS H>DLY ! WAY ORD9>Y PEOPLE W]E EXPECT$ TO BEHAVE4 ,NO?+ 9 ! LIT]ATURE SUGGE/S ?AT IF A COMMON]1 OR EV5 AN ORD9>Y MEMB] ( ! ROYAL CLAN1 DECID$ TO ACT 9 A SIMIL> FA%ION TO HEAD (F LAT] QU>RELS OV] !IR FA!R'S CATTLE1 ?IS W\LD BE REG>D$ AS ANY?+ BUT A DESPICABLY CRIM9AL--BY ! K+ 7IF ! MATT] WAS BR\<T BE=E HIM7 OR BY ANYBODY ELSE4 ,IT WAS1 RA!R1 AS IF RU?LESSNESS ( ?IS SORT WAS TO BE LIMIT$ TO ! ROYAL SPH]E1 & ! ROYAL SPH]E C>EFULLY CONTA9$ & DELIMIT$ FROM ORD9>Y LIFE 9 P>T = ?AT V]Y REASON4 

,FA!R ,CRAZZOL>A1 = 9/ANCE1 9SI/S ?AT ?IS WAS PRECISELY :AT ! COMMON] *IEFS 7CALL$ ,JAGO7 :O ELECT$ ! K+ WANT$3 TO 5SURE ?AT EV]Y?+ SURR\ND+ K+S & PR9CES REMA9$ %R\D$ 9 MY/]Y1 SO ?AT IT HAD NO EFFECT ON ORD9>Y LIFE4 0,DISPUTES & 9TRIGUES AMONG MEMB]S ( ! ROYAL FAMILY W]E KN[N TO EXI/ & W]E %>$ BY ! GREAT ,JAGOS & !IR C\NCILORS1 BUT SELDOM AFFECT$ ! PEOPLE AT L>GE4444 ,/RIFES & MURD]S 9 ! HI<] SOCIAL RANKS W]E SETTL$ AMONG ! GREAT M51 9 GREAT SECRECY1 & C\LD NEV] IMP]IL ! UNITY ( ! C\NTRY0 7,CRAZZOL>A #a#i#e#a3 #a#b#i74 ,9DE$1 HE OBS]V$1 MO/ ORD9>Y ,%ILLUK W\LD NEV] HAVE DREAM$ ( APPROA*+ ! ROYAL RESID5CE AT ,FA%ODA1 & :5 ! K+ DID SET \T ON A J\RNEY1 0MO/ PEOPLE US$ TO GO 9TO HID+ OR KEEP \T ( HIS PA?2 GIRLS ESPECIALLY DO SO0 7IBID43 #a#c#i74 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! K+%IP ?OSE *IEFS UPHELD1 ) NO FIX$ RULE ( SUCCESSION1 BUT RA!R1 A YE>-LONG 9T]REGNUM DUR+ :I* DOZ5S ( POT5TIAL C&IDATES W]E EXPECT$ TO JOCKEY = POSITION1 PLOT & 9TRIGUE AGA9/ EA* O!R1 MORE OR LESS GU>ANTE$ ?AT ONLY V]Y CLEV]1 & V]Y RU?LESS1 M5 C\LD HAVE MU* *ANCE ( BECOM+ RE?4 ,IT ALSO GU>ANTE$ ?AT ! VIOL5CE ON :I* ! ROYAL (FICE WAS F\ND$ ON ALWAYS REMA9$ EXPLICIT1 ?AT RE?S W]E NEV] TOO F> REMOV$ FROM ! SIMPLE B&IT K+S FROM :I* !Y W]E PRESUMABLY DESC5D$4 

,EV]Y?+ IS HAPP5+ AS IF ! RE?'S SUBJECTS W]E RESI/+ BO? ! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( P[]1 & ! EUPHEMIZATION ( P[] ?AT SEEMS TO 9EVITABLY ACCOMPANY IT4 ,P[] REMA9$ PR$ATORY4 ,TAKE = EXAMPLE ! MATT] ( TRIBUTE4 ,! K+'S IMM$IATE P[] WAS BAS$ 9 ! ,BANG ,RE?1 HIS P]SONAL RETA9]S1 A COLLECTION ( M5 CUT (F FROM !IR [N COMMUNITIES3 ORPHANS1 CRIM9ALS1 MADM51 PRISON]S TAK5 9 W>4 ,HE PROVID$ !M ) CATTLE FROM HIS H]DS1 ALONG ) ORNAM5TS & O!R BOOTY2 !Y M9D$ HIS CATTLE1 ACCOMPANI$ ROYAL *ILDR51 ACT$ AS SPIES1 & ACCOMPANI$ HIM ON RAIDS AGA9/ ,>AB OR ,D9KA NEI<BORS4 ,!Y DID NOT1 H[EV]1 HAVE ANY?+ TO DO ) ! COLLECTION ( TRIBUTE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ONE COLONIAL S\RCE1 !RE WAS NO REGUL> SY/EM = EXACT+ TRIBUTE4 ,9/EAD1 ! K+ W\LD 9T]V5E 9 FEUDS BETWE5 COMMUNITIES ?AT HAD RESI/$ HIS ATTEMPTS AT M$IATION3 

,! ,RE?S444 W]E EXTREMELY RI* 9 CATTLE4 ,!Y ACQUIR$ !SE L>GELY 9 ! FOLL[+ WAY4 ,:5EV] ONE SETTLEM5T WAG$ UNJU/IFI$ W> UPON ANO!R OR REFUS$ REPEAT$LY TO OBEY HIS ORD]1 ! ,RE? W\LD RAISE AS A 0ROYAL LEVY0 ! ADJAC5T SETTLEM5TS1 :O W\LD GO & DRIVE (F ! MALEFACTORS' CATTLE & BURN !IR VILLAGES4 ,! /R5G? ( ! LEVY W\LD V>Y ) ! READILY CALCULABLE /R5G? ( ! OPPOSITION BUT A GOOD M>G9 ( SAFETY W\LD BE ALL[$ TO 5SURE ?AT ! LEVY W\LD W94 ,IT IS SAID ?AT SU* LEVIES W]E 9 FACT SELDOM RESI/$1 ! VICTIM BE+ GLAD TO SAVE !IR SK9S AT ! CO/ ( MO/ ( !IR CATTLE4 ,! P>TICIPANTS 9 ! LEVY GOT A P]C5TAGE ( ! CATTLE TAK5 BUT ! MAJORITY W5T TO ! ,RE? 7,PUMPHREYS #a#i#d#a3 #a#b2 COMP>E ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D #a#i#d#h3 #a#e-#a#f74 

,SIGNIFICANTLY1 IT WAS PRECISELY 9 ! #a#h#dS :5 ,%ILLUK K+S1 EMBOLD5$ BY AN ALLIANCE ) =EIGN M]*ANTS1 BEGAN TRY+ TO MOVE BEYOND RAID+ & CREATE A SY/EMATIC APP>ATUS = ! EXTRACTION ( TRIBUTE1 ?AT MANY ORD9>Y ,%ILLUK BEGAN TO CA/ D\BT ON ! V]Y LEGITIMACY ( ! K+%IP1 & TO ?R[ 9 !IR LOT ) A DIFF]5T SET ( PR$ATORY FREEBOOT]S 7,M]C] #a#i#g#d3 #d#b#c-#b#d74 ,AS IT TURN$ \T1 ! RESULTS W]E CATA/ROPHIC--! ,>AB SLAVE-TRAD]S ) :OM !Y ALIGN$ !MSELVES TURN$ \T TO BE F> MORE RU?LESS & DE/RUCTIVE ?AN ANY?+ !Y HAD PREVI\SLY 5C\NT]$--BUT ! PATT]N REMA9S CLE>4 ,AS 9 ! /ORIES AB\T ! M>1 POPUL> RESI/ANCE APPE>$ AT EXACTLY ! PO9T :]E ROYAL P[] TRI$ TO MOVE BEYOND M]E PR$ATORY RAID+1 & TO =MALLY 9/ITUTIONALIZE ITSELF4 

,! K+S' RA!R UNSAVORY RETA9]S LIV$ AT ! M>G9S ( ,FA%ODA4 ,ITS C5T] WAS COMPOS$ ( HIS [N COMP\ND1 & ! H\SES ( HIS WIVES4 ,ALL SORTS ( D>K RUMORS SURR\ND$ ! PLACE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,SELIGMAN'S ACC\NT1 QUOT$ NE> V]BATIM 9 ,! GOLD5 B\<3 

,DUR+ ! DAY ! K+ SURR\ND$ HIMSELF ) HIS FRI5DS & BODYGU>DS1 & AN ASPIRANT TO ! ?RONE C\LD H>DLY HOPE TO CUT HIS WAY ?R\< !M & /RIKE HOME4 ,IT WAS O!RWISE AT NI<T4 ,= !N ! GU>DS W]E DISMISS$ & ! K+ WAS ALONE 9 HIS 5CLOSURE ) HIS FAVORITE WIVES1 & !RE WAS NO MAN NE> TO DEF5D HIM EXCEPT A FEW H]DSM51 :OSE HUTS /OOD A LITTLE WAY (F4 ,! H\RS ( D>KNESS W]E !RE=E ! SEASON ( P]IL = ! K+4 ,IT IS SAID ?AT HE US$ TO PASS !M 9 CON/ANT WAT*FULNESS1 PR[L+ R\ND HIS HUTS FULLY >M$1 PEEP+ 9TO ! BLACKE/ %AD[S1 OR HIMSELF /&+ SIL5T & AL]T1 LIKE A S5T9EL ON DUTY1 9 SOME D>K CORN]4 ,:5 AT LA/ HIS RIVAL APPE>$1 ! FI<T W\LD TAKE PLACE 9 GRIM SIL5CE1 BROK5 ONLY BY ! CLA% ( SPE>S & %IELDS1 = IT WAS A PO9T ( HONOR ) ! K+ NOT TO CALL ! H]DSM5 TO HIS ASSI/ANCE 7,FRAZ] #a#i#a#c3 #b#b1 ,FRAS] #a#i#i3 #b-#b#a74 

,?IS WAS TO BECOME ONE ( ,FRAZ]'S MORE FAM\S ROMANTIC IMAGES1 BUT 9 ! FIR/ $ITION 9 :I* ! ,%ILLUK MAT]IAL APPE>1 9 #a#i#a#c1 ! PASSAGE WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY A FOOTNOTE EXPLA9+ ?AT 09 ! PRES5T DAY & P]HAPS = ! :OLE ( ! HI/ORICAL P]IOD0 SUCCESSION BY RITUAL COMBAT 0HAS BE5 SUP]S$$ BY ! C]EMONIAL KILL+ ( ! K+0 7,FRAZ] #a#i#a#c3 #b#bN#a74 ,?IS W\LD SUGGE/ WE >E NOT DEAL+ ) A VICTORIAN FANTASY H]E--OR NOT ONLY--BUT ) A ,%ILLUK ONE1 A LEG5D AB\T ! ANCI5T PA/4.<#c#d.> ,BUT EV5 H]E ?+S >E CONFUS+3 ,FRAZ] IS SIMPLY CIT+ ,SELIGMAN1 BUT ,SELIGMAN ALSO CONTRADICTS HIMSELF BY SIMULTANE\SLY 9SI/+ 7I4E41 #a#i#a#a3 #b#b#b2 ALSO ,H(MAYR #a#i#b#e3 #a#g#e7 ?AT EV5 9 HIS [N DAY1 RE?S DID T5D TO SLEEP DUR+ ! DAY & KEEP >M$ VIGIL AT NI<T1 & ?AT ! DR[SY BEHAVIOR ( ! RE?1 ! ONE TIME HE DID MEET ONE1 W\LD APPE> TO CONFIRM ?IS4 ,9 FACT1 SU* /ORIES SEEM TO BE TYPICAL ( ! MY/]IES SURR\ND+ ROYALTY4 V]Y FEW PEOPLE KNEW :AT REALLY W5T ON AT ,FA%ODA1 & EV]Y?+ CONC]N+ K+S WAS T+$ ) CONFUSION1 FASC9ATION1 & DANG]4.<#c#e.> 

,ALL EVID5CE SUGGE/S ?AT1 EXCEPT P]HAPS DUR+ P]IODS ( CIVIL UNRE/ OR :5 ! RE? HAD CONCRETE EVID5CE ( SOME P>TICUL> CONSPIRACY1 LIFE 9 ,FA%ODA WAS DI/9CTLY MORE RELAX$4 ,TRUE1 MANY OBS]V]S DO REM>K ON ! E]IE QUIET ( ! PLACE1 MU* 9 CONTRA/ ) O!R ,%ILLUK SETTLEM5TS4 ,BUT ?IS IS = AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T REASON4 ,FA%ODA WAS 5TIRELY LACK+ 9 *ILDR5 7E4G41 ,RIAD #a#i#e#i3 #a#i#g74 ,AS ! READ] WILL RECALL1 NOT ONLY WAS ! SETTLEM5T OCCUPI$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY BY WOM51 ! K+'S WIVES W]E S5T BACK TO !IR NATAL VILLAGES 9 ORD] TO GIVE BIR?1 & ! *ILDR5 W]E NOT RAIS$ 9 ,FA%ODA4 ,IT IS A PLACE :]E !RE IS SEX1 BUT NO BIOLOGICAL REPRODUCTION1 NO NURS+1 NO *ILD-RE>+--BUT ALSO1 NO OLD AGE1 GRAVE ILLNESS OR NATURAL DEA?1 S9CE ! K+ IS NOT ALL[$ TO GR[ FRAIL & PASS AWAY 9 ! NORMAL FA%ION1 & HIS WIVES NORMALLY RETURN TO !IR P>5TS' SETTLEM5TS BE=E !Y GR[ V]Y OLD4 

,ALL ( ?IS V]Y MU* RECALLS ! VILLAGES DESCRIB$ BY ,SIMONSE FUR!R TO ! S\?1 :]E BIR? & KILL+--OR ANY?+ 9VOLV+ ! SPILL+ ( BLOOD--W]E CONSID]$ 0HOT10 VIOL5T1 DANG]\S ACTIVITIES :I* %\LD BE KEPT 5TIRELY \TSIDE ! CONF9ES ( 9HABIT$ SPACE4 ,EV5 ANIMAL SACRIFICES HAD TO BE1 LIKE ! ,%ILLUK RE?1 SMO!R$ SO ?AT NO BLOOD WAS SPILL$4 ,!SE RE/RICTIONS W]E ESPECIALLY SEV]E DUR+ ! AGRICULTURAL SEASON1 S9CE !Y W]E ! KEY TO 5SUR+ RA94 ,RA91 9 TURN1 WAS ! TEMPOR>Y RE/ORATION ( ?AT HAPPY CONJUNCTION ( HEAV5 & E>? WAS SEV]$ 9 ! BEG9N+ ( TIME4 ,IT SEEMS H>DLY CO9CID5TAL1 !N1 ?AT ALMO/ ALL ( ! RE?S RITUAL RESPONSIBILITIES 9VOLV$ EI!R PRESID+ OV] C]EMONIES APPEAL+ TO ,NYIKANG TO S5D ! RA9S1 OR H>VE/ RITUALS 7,OYL] #a#i#a#hA3 #b#h#e-#b#h#f1 ,SELIGMAN & ,SELIGMAN #a#i#c#b3 #h-#h#b7--OR EV51 ?AT IT WAS CONSID]$ A MATT] ( PR9CIPLE ?AT ! K+ & HIS WIVES DID WORK AT LEA/ A FEW SYMBOLIC FIELDS1 & FOLL[$ ! SAME AGRICULTURAL PROCESSES AS EV]YBODY ELSE 7,RIAD #a#i#e#i3 #a#i#f74 

,I MI<T ADD H]E ?AT MANY ( ! MORE EXOTIC-SEEM+ PRACTICES ( ! CAPITAL SEEM TO BE ADOPT$ FROM ORD9>Y ,%ILLUK PRACTICE4 ,AS ! READ] WILL RECALL1 ALL WOM51 = EXAMPLE1 W]E EXPECT$ TO LEAVE !IR HUSB&S & RETURN TO !IR NATAL VILLAGES 9 ! SIX? MON? ( PREGNANCY 7,SELIGMAN & ,SELIGMAN #a#i#c#b3 #f#i7--?\< 9 ! CASE ( NON-ROYALS1 !Y RETURN$ ) !IR BABY %ORTLY AFT] GIV+ BIR?--OLD PEOPLE DEEM$ TO BE SUFF]+ UNDULY FROM 9CURABLE CONDITIONS W]E (T5 0HELP$ TO DIE0 7,H(MAYR #a#i#b#e3 #b#i#i74 ,ACCORD+ TO ,H[ELL1 EV5 ! EFFIGIES HAD A K9D ( DEMOTIC PREC$5T1 S9CE IF SOMEONE DIES F> FROM HOME H] K9 CAN HOLD A C]EMONY TO PASS H] S\L TO A /ICK ( AMBAT*1 :I* IS ALSO ! WOOD US$ TO MAKE EFFIGIES1 SO ?AT IT CAN BE BURI$ 9 H] /EAD 7#a#i#e#c3 #a#e#i2 SEE ALSO ,OYL] #a#i#a#h3 #b#i#a74 

,:AT ,I HAVE DESCRIB$ ABOVE1 AT ANY RATE1 W]E ! ?+S ?AT AN ORD9>Y ,%ILLUK WAS LIKELY TO ACTUALLY KN[ AB\T ,FA%ODA4 ,! OV]ALL PICTURE SEEMS CLE>4 ,FA%ODA WAS A LITTLE IMAGE ( HEAV54 ,H[EV] IMP]FECT1 IT WAS ! CLOSE/ ONE C\LD COME1 9 !SE LATT] DAYS1 TO A RE/ORATION ( ! PRIMAL UNITY ?AT PREC$$ ! SEP>ATION ( ! E>? & HEAV54 ,IT WAS A PLACE :OSE 9HABITANTS EXP]I5CE NEI!R BIR? NOR DEA?1 AL?\< !Y DO 5JOY ! PLEASURES ( ! FLE%1 EASE1 TREASURE & ABUNDANCE 7!RE WAS RUMOR$ TO BE A /OREH\SE ( PLUND]$ WEAL? & C]TA9 CLANS W]E *>G$ ) P]IODICALLY BR++ ! RE? TA/Y MORSELS71 & ALSO 5GAG$ 9 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION--IF1 LIKE ! ORIG9AL C\PLE1 ,G>ANG & ,ABUK1 ONLY JU/ A LITTLE BIT4 

,IT IS1 !N1 AN UNDO+ ( ! DILEMMA ( ! HUMAN CONDITION4 ,OBVI\S IT WAS A P>TIAL1 PROVISIONAL ONE4 ,! ,%ILLUK RE? WAS1 AS ,B]NH>DT ,S*NEPEL APTLY PUT IT 7#a#i#i#e71 0TEMPOR>ILY IMMORTAL40 ,HE WAS ,NYIKANG1 BUT HE WAS ALSO NOT ,NYIKANG2 ,NYIKANG WAS ,GOD1 BUT HE WAS ALSO NOT ,GOD4 ,& EV5 ?IS LIMIT$ DEGREE ( P]FECTION C\LD ONLY BE BR\<T AB\T BY A COMPLEX PLAY ( BALANC$ ANTAGONISM ?AT W\LD 9EVITABLY 5GULF HIM 9 ! 5D4 

,! 9TALLATION RITUAL3 DESCRIPTION 

,ALL ( ?IS1 ,I ?9K1 GIVES US ! TOOLS ) :I* TO 9T]PRET ! FAM\S ,%ILLUK 9/ALLATION C]EMONIES4 

,ONE MU/ BE> 9 M9D H]E ?AT ?IS RITUAL IS ONE ( ! FEW OCCASIONS 9 :I* AN ORD9>Y ,%ILLUK WAS LIKELY TO ACTUALLY SEE A RE?3 ! O!RS BE+ :ILE HE IS ADM9I/]+ JU/ICE1 & POSSIBLY1 DUR+ RAIDS OR W>4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y CLAN PLAY$ SOME ROLE 9 ! PROCE$+S1 :E!R 9 ! PREP>ATION OR REBUILD+ ( ROYAL DWELL+S BE=EH& TO BR++ SACRIFICIAL ANIMALS1 REGALIA1 OR PRESID+ OV] C]TA9 /AGES ( ! RITUALS !MSELVES4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS S5SE ! ONLY REAL 0NATIONAL0 RITUAL4 ,! S5SE ( POPUL> P>TICIPATION WAS MADE ALL ! MORE LIVELY S9CE1 ! RITUALS BE+ SO 5DLESSLY COMPLICAT$ & !RE USUALLY HAV+ BE5 SU* A LONG A TIME S9CE !Y HAD LA/ BE5 P]=M$1 EA* /EP W\LD T5D TO BE ACCOMPANI$ BY LIVELY DEBATE BY ALL CONC]N$ AS TO :AT ! CORRECT PROC$URE WAS4 

,:5 A K+ DIES1 HE IS NOT SAID TO HAVE DI$ BUT TO HAVE 0VANI%$10 OR TO HAVE 0GONE ACROSS ! RIV]0--MU* AS WAS SAID ( ,NYIKANG4 ,NORMALLY1 ,NYIKANG IS BO? IMMAN5T 9 ! P]SON ( ! K+1 & ALSO1 9 AN EFFIGY KEPT 9 A TEMPLE 9 ! SETTLEM5T ( ,AKURWA1 NOR? ( ,FA%ODA4 ,?IS EFFIGY TOO IS DE/ROY$ AFT] A K+'S DEA?4 ,! RE?'S BODY IS CONVEY$ TO A SEAL$ HUT & LEFT !RE = AB\T A YE>1 OR AT LEA/ UNTIL IT IS C]TA9 ?AT NO?+ REMA9S BUT BONES2 AT ?AT PO9T1 ! ,ORORO WILL CONVEY ! SKELETON TO ITS P]MAN5T TOMB 9 ! RE?'S NATAL VILLAGE1 & CONDUCT A PUBLIC A FUN]AL DANCE4 ,IT IS ONLY AFT]W>DS ?AT A NEW RE? CAN BE 9/ALL$4 

,?IS 9T]IM P]IOD1 :ILE ! K+'S BODY LIES DECOMPOS+ & ,NYIKANG'S EFFIGY IS GONE1 IS CONSID]$ A P]IOD ( 9T]REGNUM4 ,IT IS ALWAYS REPRES5T$ AS A TIME ( *AOS & DISORD]1 A 0YE> ( FE>40 ,ACCORD+ TO ,H[ELL & ,?OMPSON1 :O WROTE ! MO/ DETAIL$ ACC\NT ( ! RITUALS1 MESS5G]S S5D \T WORD ?AT 0,!RE IS NO L&--! ,%ILLUK C\NTRY HAS CEAS$ TO BE0 7#a#i#d#f3 #a#h74 O!RS SPEAK ( ! L& AS 0SPOIL$0 OR 0RU9$10 ! SAME LANGUAGE US$ 9 ,D9KA & ,NU] SONGS TO DESCRIBE ! /ATE ( ! WORLD S9CE ! SEP>ATION ( HEAV5 & E>? 7,H[ELL #a#i#e#b3 #a#e#i-#a#f74 ,AT ANY RATE IT IS CLE> ?AT ) ! RUPTURE 9 ! C5T]1 ! IMAGE ( P]FECTION ON E>? & ?US GU>ANTOR ( ! K+DOM1 EV]Y?+ IS ?R[N 9TO DIS>RAY4 ,DUR+ ?IS TIME1 ALL IMPORTANT MATT]S >E PUT ON HOLD1 O!R ?AN1 PRESUMABLY1 ! FRANTIC POLITICK+ SURR\ND+ ! ELECTION ( ! NEW RE?4 ,!RE W]E USUALLY AT LEA/ A DOZ5 POT5TIAL C&IDATES4 ,SETTLEM5T *IEFS LOBBI$ = !IR FAVORITES1 PR9CESSES (F]$ BRIBES1 ROYALS CONSPIR$ & PLOTT$ & !RE WAS A REAL FE> ?AT EV]Y?+ W\LD DESC5D 9TO CIVIL W>4 ,AS ! *IEF ( ,DEBALO EXPLA9$ 9 #a#i#g#e3 

,IT IS ! P]IOD :5 WE FE> EA* O!R4 ,I FE> Y\ & Y\ FE> ME4 ,IF WE MEET AWAY FROM ! VILLAGE1 WE CAN KILL EA* O!R & NO-ONE WILL PREV5T US4 ,SO ! MEAN+ ( WANG YOMO .<YE> ( FE>.> IS ?AT WE >E ALL AFRAID & KEEP TO \R [N HOMES1 BECAUSE !RE IS NO K+ 7,S+] #a#i#g#e1 9 ,S*NEPEL #a#i#h#h3 #d#d#c74 

,?IS S\NDS V]Y MU* LIKE A ,HOBBESIAN W> ( ALL AGA9/ ALL4 ,/ILL1 :5 ! *IEF SUGGE/S ?AT ! *AOS IS ! RESULT ( ! M]E ABS5CE ( ! K+'S P[] TO IMPOSE JU/ICE1 ONE MU/ BE> 9 M9D ?AT ?IS IS A LOCAL (FICIAL :O GREW UP 9 A TIME ( /RONG /ATE AU?ORITY1 DUR+ :I* ! RE? WAS SUBORD9AT$ TO1 BUT ALSO SUPPORT$ BY1 ,SUDANESE POLICE4 ,9 E>LI] C5TURIES1 AS WE'VE SE51 ! RE? DID NOT PLAY ?IS ROLE4 ,RA!R1 IT W\LD SEEM ?AT ! 9T]REGNUM WAS ! TIME :5 ROYAL POLITICS--ORD9>ILY KEPT AT A SAFE DI/ANCE FROM ORD9>Y PEOPLE'S LIVES--REALLY DID SPILL OV] 9TO SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 & ?AT1 AS A RESULT1 ANYONE BECAME A POT5TIAL 5EMY4 

,TRADITIONALLY1 ! 9T]REGNUM LA/$ R\<LY A YE>1 & 5D$ DUR+ ! 0COOL MON?S0 AFT] ! H>VE/ 9 ,JANU>Y & ,FEBRU>Y1 :5 ! NEW ELECTION W\LD BE HELD SO ?AT ! RE? C\LD BE 9/ALL$4 ,IT WAS CONSID]$ IMPORTANT ! 9/ALLATION BE COMPLET$ 9 TIME TO ALL[ ! NEW RE? TO PRESIDE OV] RA9MAK+ C]EMONIES 9 ,APRIL4 

,NEI!R WAS ! ELECTION ITSELF1 CONDUCT$ BY TW5TY MAJOR *IEFS OR ,JAGO1 PRESID$ OV] BY ! ,*IEF ( ,DEBALO1 DEF9ITIVE4 ,AS ,S*NEPEL 7#a#i#h#h3 #d#d#d7 NOTES1 ! COLLEGE ( ELECTORS DID NOT SO MU* ! SELECT A K+ AS ID5TIFY ! C&IDATE ! *IEFS FEEL MO/ LIKELY TO BE ABLE TO SUCCESSFULLY 5DURE ! S]IES ( TE/S & CRISES ?AT MAKE UP ! RITUAL4 ,EV]Y /EP1 9 FACT1 WAS A K9D ( AN ORDEAL &1 ?US1 ANO!R JUDGM5T4 ,C&IDATES (T5 FE>$ ASSASS9ATION AT CRITICAL PO9TS ( ! C]EMONY2 IT WAS SAID IF !Y W]E SO MU* AS 9JUR$ 9 ! C\RSE ( !M1 !Y W\LD BE DECL>$ UNFIT & DISQUALIFI$4 7,= COMMON] P>TICIPANTS1 ! RITUALS W]E ALSO T+$ ) FE>1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 5ORM\SLY 5T]TA9+4 ,! EFFIGIES ( ,NYIKANG & ,DAK1 ACCORD+ TO MO/ S\RCES1 W]E SE5 AS P>TICUL>LY AMUS+47 

,LET ME LAY \T ! EV5TS1 9 ABBREVIAT$ =M1 9 R\<LY !IR ORD] ( OCCURR5CE4.<#c#f.> 

,ONCE ! ELECTORAL COLLEGE1 PRESID$ OV] BY *IEFS ( ! ,NOR!RN & ,S\!RN HALVES ( ! C\NTRY1 HAD REA*$ A DECISION1 WORD WAS S5T TO ! PR9CE1 :O C\LD BE EXPECT$ TO BE L+]+ NE>BY3 

,! ME?OD ( SUMMON+ ! RE? WAS 9T]E/+4444 ,! *IEF ( ,GOL ,NYIKANG.<#c#g.> S5T HIS SON BY NI<T TO GET HIM4 ,:E!R OR NOT !RE WAS A MOCK FI<T BETWE5 ! SELECT$ C&IDATE & ! MESS5G]S ,I DO NOT KN[1 BUT ! TRADITIONAL =M ( ! WORDS ANN\NC+ ! *OICE WAS TOLD TO ME4 ,IT IS AN 9T]E/+ EXAMPLE ( ,%ILLUK 0UND]/ATEM5T0 :5 TALK+ ( ! RE?--0Y\ >E \R ,D9KA SLAVE1 WE WANT TO KILL Y\0 :I* MEANS 0,Y\ >E \R *OS5 RE?1 WE WANT TO 9/ALL Y\ 9 ,FA%ODA0 7,?OMSON #a#i#d#e3 #a#e#d74 

7,AT ?IS PO9T IT IS POSSIBLE TO F9ALLY PROCE$ ) ! F9AL BURIAL ( ! OLD K+ & ! 9ITIATION ( HIS %R9E--?IS1 UNLIKE ! ELECTION1 :I* IS PRIM>ILY AN AFFAIR ( COMMON]S1 IS PRESID$ OV] /RICTLY BY ROYALS47.<#c#h.> 

,! C&IDATE-ELECT IS N[ SUMMON$1 %AV$ & WA%$ BY ,ORORO WOM51 & PLAC$ 9 SECLUSION4 ,IMM$IATELY !REAFT]1 SELECT DETA*M5TS ( M5 FROM ! ,NOR!RN & ,S\!RN HALVES ( ! C\NTRY BEG91 SET \T ON EXP$ITIONS TO ACQUIRE MAT]IALS NE$$ 9 ! RITUAL1 & P>TICUL>LY1 ) :I* TO REMAKE ! EFFIGY ( ,NYIKANG4.<#c#i.> 

,?IS EFFIGY IS SO IMPORTANT1 & SO FAM\S1 ?AT IT IS FITT+ TO (F] A FULL DESCRIPTION4 ,ACTUALLY ,NYIKANG'S EFFIGY IS ONE ( ?REE SU*3 9 ADDITION TO HIS1 !RE IS ALSO AN EFFIGY ( HIS RAMBUNCTI\S SON ,DAK1 & F9ALLY1 ONE ( HIS OLD]1 BUT TIMID1 SON ,CAL4 ,NYIKANG & ,DAK'S EFFIGIES ALMO/ ALWAYS APPE> TOGE!R2 ! EFFIGY ( ,CAL IS F> LESS IMPORTANT1 ONLY APPE>+ AT ! V]Y LA/ DAY ( ! C]EMONY4 ,! BODY ( ,NYIKANG'S EFFIGY CONSI/$ ( A FIVE & HALF-FOOT TRUNK ( AMBAT* WOOD1 ADORN$ ) CLO? & BAMBOO1 & TOPP$ ) A CR[N ( O/RI* FEA!RS4 ,DAK IS SIMIL> 9 COMPOSITION BUT HIS BODY IS MU* SMALL]2 H[EV]1 UNLIKE ,NYIKANG1 HIS EFFIGY IS NORMALLY C>RI$ ATOP AN EI<T-FOOT-TALL BAMBOO POLE4 7,! EFFIGY ( ,CAL CONSI/S PRIM>ILY ( ROPE47 ORD9>ILY1 ALL ?REE >E KEPT 9 ,NYIKANG'S MO/ FAM\S %R9E1 9 ! VILLAGE ( ,AKURWA--SAID TO BE ! V]Y PLACE :]E ,NYIKANG VANI%$ 9TO ! :IRLW9D4 ,!IR TRADITIONAL KEEP]S >E A CLAN CALL$ ,KWA ,NYIKWOM 70,*ILDR5 ( ! ,/OOL071 ! 9HABITANTS ( ! PLACE3 

,!SE EFFIGIES >E NOT M]ELY SYMBOLS4 ,!Y MAY 0BECOME ACTIVE0 AT ANY TIME1 & :5 ACTIVE !Y >E ,NYIKANG & ,DAK4 ,! EFFIGY ( ,NYIKANG IS R>ELY TAK5 ON A J\RNEY 9 NORMAL TIMES1 ?\< IT IS (T5 BR\<T \T TO DANCE DUR+ RELIGI\S FE/IVALS AT ,AKURWA ITSELF4 ,! EFFIGY ( ,DAK MAKES P]IODICAL EXCURSIONS ?R\< ! C\NTRY4 ,BO? EFFIGIES HAVE AN IMPORTANT P>T TO PLAY 9 ! C]EMONIES ( 9/ALLATION4 ,! S\L ( ,NYIKANG IS MANIFE/ 9 ! EFFIGY = ! OCCASION1 & HE MU/ M>* FROM ,AKURWA TO ,FA%ODA TO TE/ ! QUALITIES ( ! NEW SUCCESSOR & TO 9/ALL HIM 9 ! CAPITAL 7,H[ELL & ,?OMSON #a#i#d#f3 #d74 

,BE=E ?IS CAN BE DONE1 H[EV]1 ! EFFIGY ( ,NYIKANG--DE/ROY$ AFT] ! DEA? ( ! =M] RE?--HAS TO BE 5TIRELY RECREAT$1 & ?AT ( ,DAK1 REFURBI%$4 

,ALL ! EXP$ITIONS ?AT SET \T ( ! C\NTRY TO GA!R MAT]IALS >E ORGANIZ$ LIKE W> P>TIES1 & SOME ( !M--SU* AS ?OSE S5T 9TO ! 0RAID+ C\NTRY0 TO ACQUIRE IVORY1 SILV] & CLO?1 ORIG9ALLY W]E EXPECT$ TO ACQUIRE !M BY AMBU%+ VILLAGES OR C>AVANS4 ,9 MORE REC5T TIMES !Y HAVE BE5 OBLIG$ 9/EAD TO BUY !M 9 M>KETS TO ! NOR? ( ,%ILLUKL&4 ,H[EV]1 :E!R !Y W]E S5T \TSIDE ! C\NTRY TO HUNT O/RI*ES OR ANTELOPES1 OR TO GA!R ROPE OR BAMBOO1 ALL !SE P>TIES >E CLE>LY SE5 AS SEIZ+ GOODS BY =CE1 & !Y MADE LITTLE DI/9CTION BETWE5 ,%ILLUK & =EIGN]S1 S9CE ALONG ! WAY 0!Y >E GIV51 OR TAKE1 :AT !Y WANT FROM ,%ILLUK AS !Y PASS0 7IBID43 #c#h74.<#d.> 

,ALL ( !SE EXP$ITIONS ALSO SEEM TO BE UND] ! BROAD EGIS ( ,DAK1 :OSE EFFIGY REMA9S 9 ! TEMPLE DUR+ ! :OLE ( ! 9T]REGNUM1 EXCEPT :5 LEAD+ OCCASIONAL EXP$ITIONS \TSIDE4.<#d#a.> ,! 0RAID+ C\NTRY0 TO ! NOR? ( ,%ILLUKL& IS SE5 AS HIS P>TICUL> DOMA94 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE EXP$ITIONS BY F> IS ! ONE DISPAT*$ TO F9D ! NEW BODY ( ,NYIKANG4 ,IT IS L$ BY ! EFFIGY ( ,DAK1 ACCOMPANI$ BY HIS KEEP]S FROM AMONG ! ,*ILDR5 ( ! ,/OOL1 ALONG ) SOME M5 FROM ! SETTLEM5T ( ,MWUOMO 9 ! F> NOR? ( ! ,%ILLUK C\NTRY1 :O ACT AS DIV]S4 ,AFT] SACRIFIC+ A C[ SO ?AT ITS BLOOD RUNS 9TO ! RIV]1 !Y SET \T FROM ,AKURWA 9 CANOES TO AN ISL& 9 ! MID/ ( ! 0RAID+ C\NTRY0 CALL$ 0! ISL& ( ,NYIKANG40 ,A DRUM IS BEAT52 ,DAK SC\RS ! WAT]S ( ! ,NILE2 :5 A :ITE BIRD APPE>S TO 9DICATE ! RI<T SPOT1 ORNAM5TS >E CA/ 9TO ! WAT] AS AN (F]+1 ALONG ) A SACRIFICIAL RAM1 & A DIV] DESC5DS TO SE>* = AN AMBAT* TRUNK ( R\<LY ! RI<T SIZE TO MAKE ! NEW BODY ( ,NYIKANG 7,H[ELL #a#i#e#c3 #a#i#d74 ,IF HE F9DS ONE1 ! BODY IS WRAPP$ 9 A :ITE CLO? & C>RI$ BACK TO ,AKURWA1 :]E BO? ,NYIKANG & ,DAK >E \TFITT$ ) !IR NEWLY ACQUIR$ CLO?1 FEA!RS1 & BAMBOO4 ,BUT LUCK WAS NOT GU>ANTE$4 ,RIAD'S 9=MANTS EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ,NYIKANG HIMSELF HAS SPECIFICALLY 9/RUCT$ HIS DESC5DANTS TO OBS]VE ?IS CU/OM AS AN 0ORDEAL10 TO TE/ ! RE?-ELECT1 S9CE1 AL?\< ! LATT] DOES NOT P>TICIPATE 9 ! C]EMONY1 ,NYIKANG WILL NOT APPE> IF HE DISAPPROVES ( ! ELECTORS' *OICE4 ,9 FACT1 !Y EMPHASIZ$ ?AT IF ! TRUNK C\LD NOT BE F\ND1 ! 5TIRE C]EMONY HAD TO BE CONDUCT$ AGA91 />T+ FROM ,AKURWA1 & ?AT AFT] T5 FAILURES1 ! RE?-ELECT W\LD BE KILL$ & ANO!R C&IDATE SELECT$ 7#a#i#e#i3 #a#h#i-#a#i7--?\<1 AS ) MO/ DIRE W>N+S ( ! DANG]S ( ! C]EMONY1 NO ONE C\LD REMEMB] A SPECIFIC OCCASION :5 ANY?+ LIKE ?IS HAD ACTUALLY OCCURR$4 

,ONCE ,NYIKANG HAS BE5 BR\<T TO LIFE AGA9 9 ! =M ( AN EFFIGY1 HE & ,DAK M>* TO ! NOR!RN BORD] ( ! C\NTRY & BEG9 TO ASSEMBLE AN >MY1 DRAWN FROM ! M5 ( ! ,NOR!RN HALF4 ,IT IS SAID ?AT !Y RETRACE ! /EPS ( HIS ORIG9AL CONQUE/ ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! EFFIGIES >E C>RI$1 & SURR\ND$1 BY ! ,*ILDR5 ( ! ,/OOL1 MANY >M$ ) :IPS TO FRI<T5 AWAY ?OSE :O COME TOO CLOSE1 FOLL[$ BY A RET9UE C>RY+ HIS DRUMS1 POTS1 %IELDS1 SPE>S1 & B$4 ,NO ONE IS ALL[$ TO C>RY WEAPONS 9 ! EFFIGIES' PRES5CE1 SO :5 !Y /AY OV]NI<T AT VILLAGE %R9ES1 !IR HO/S1 :O W\LD ORD9>ILY BE C>RY+ SPE>S1 C>RY MILLET /ALKS 9/EAD4 ,DUR+ ?IS TIME ,NYIKANG W\LD USUALLY RETIRE1 & ,DAK COME \T TO DANCE )1 & BLESS1 ! ASSEMBL$ CR[DS4 ,EV]YONE COMES \T TO SEE ! %[1 & TO ASK = CATTLE1 %EEP1 SPE>S1 ETC4 ,BUT !Y ALSO HIDE !IR *ICK5S3 

,IT IS USUAL = GIFTS ( A %EEP OR A GOAT TO BE PRES5T$ OR EXACT$ BY ,NYIKANG1 & IT WAS NOTICEABLE H[ ALL SMALL /OCK OR F[L W]E EI!R %UT UP OR DRIV5 AWAY FROM ! VIC9ITY ( ,NYIKANG1 = ,NYIKANG HAS ! RI<T TO ANY?+ HE FANCIES4 ,AS ,NYIKANG PROCE$S ) ,DAK HIS SON BESIDE HIM1 ! ESCORT *ANTS ! SONGS ( ,NYIKANG & ,DAK REC\NT+ !IR EXPLOITS ( CONQUE/4 ,FROM TIME TO TIME ,NYIKANG TURNS R\ND & DANCES BACK AS IF TO ?REAT5 ?OSE FOLL[+4 ,:5 HE DOES ?IS1 ,DAK RU%ES AHEAD1 C>RI$ 9 A *>G+ POSITION1 HIS BODY HELD HORIZONTALLY PO9T$ LIKE A SPE>444 7,H[ELL & ,?OMSON #a#i#d#f3 #d#a-#d#b74 

,OCCASIONALLY1 ?\< ?+S C\LD ALSO GET \T ( H&3 

,IT IS ACCEPT$ CU/OM AMONG ! ,%ILLUK ?AT ,NYIKANG & HIS FOLL[]S MAY SEIZE CATTLE1 %EEP OR GOATS :I* CROSS !IR PA? 7MO/ ,%ILLUK >E WISE 5\< TO KEEP !M \T ( ! WAY7 OR TO DEM& !M AS (F]+S TOGE!R ) O!R SMALL] GIFTS FROM ! OCCUPANTS ( !VILLAGES ?R\< :I* !Y PASS4 ,?IS LIC5S$ PLUND]+1 :I* IS (T5 ABUS$ BEYOND ! B\NDS ( PIETY BY ,NYIKANG'S RET9UE1 IS TREAT$ BY ! ,%ILLUK ) ADMIRABLE TOL]ANCE444 ,AT ONE PO9T ON ! M>* AT ,MORO1 H[EV]1 !IR DEM&S W]E ?\<T TO BE EXCESSIVE & W]E RESI/$1 A DEMON/RATION :I* NE>LY 5D$ 9 >M$ CONFLICT & :I* DELAY$ ! P>TY = A :ILE 7,H[ELL #a#i#e#c3 #a#i#e74 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! :OLE PROC$URE IS CONSID]$ SOME?+ ( A F>CE4 ,H[ELL REM>KS ?AT 0! EFFIGIES >E TREAT$ BY ! ,%ILLUK ) A MIXTURE ( HIL>ITY & DREAD3 MIX$ EMOTIONS ?AT >E ALWAYS APP>5T0 7IBID43 #a#i#b74 ,AT ANY RATE1 IT IS CLE> 5\< :AT'S HAPP5+4 ,! EFFIGIES1 ASSEMBL$ FROM PIECES DRAWN FROM \TSIDE ! C\NTRY1 DESC5D ON ,%ILLUKL& LIKE AN ALI51 PR$ATORY =CE4 ON ONE LEVEL :AT !Y >E DO+ IS ALL 9 GOOD FUN2 ON ANO!R1 !Y REPRES5T =CES ?AT >E QUITE REAL1 & ! CONSEQU5CES >E POT5TIALLY S]I\S4 

,NYIKANG & ,DAK PROCE$ FROM SETTLEM5T TO SETTLEM5T1 GA!R+ !IR =CES1 RETRAC+1 AS NOT$1 !IR ORIG9AL PA? ( CONQUE/4 (T5 MEMB]S ( NEW COMMUNITIES WILL AT FIR/ OPPOSE !M1 !N1 5]GIZ$1 RALLY TO !IR SIDE4 ,F9ALLY1 !Y APPROA* ,FA%ODA4 

,! K+ HAS ALL ?IS TIME BE5 9 SECLUSION 9 ! CAPITAL1 BUT ON HE>+ ( ,NYIKANG'S PASSAGE ?R\< ,GOLBA9Y1 ! CAPITAL ( ! ,NOR!RN ,HALF ( ! C\NTRY1 HE FLEES AT NI<T TO TAKE REFUGE 9 ,DEBALO1 ! CAPITAL ( ! ,S\!RN ,HALF4 ,DUR+ ?AT NI<T ALL FIRES >E PUT \T 9 BO? VILLAGES4 ,! *IEF ( ,DEBALO *ALL5GES ! RE?-ELECT1 ASK+ HIS BUS9ESS4 ,HE REPLIES 0,I AM ! MAN S5T BY ,GOD TO RULE ! L& ( ! ,%ILLUK0 7,H(MAYR #a#i#b#e3 #a#d#e74 ,UNIMPRESS$1 ! *IEF HAS HIS M5 TRY TO BLOCK HIS P>TY FROM 5T]+1 LEAD+ TO MOCK BATTLES :]E1 AFT] BE+ REPELL$ ?REE TIMES1 ! RE?-ELECT F9ALLY 5T]S4 ,AT ?IS PO9T ! FIRES >E RELIT1 US+ FIRE-/ICKS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,RIAD1 ?REE >E LIT 9 FRONT ( ! K+'S HUT1 ONE FROM ! ROYAL FAMILY1 ONE FROM ! ,ORORO1 & ONE FROM ! PEOPLE4 0,!SE FIRES1 ONE ( ! SYMBOLS ( ROYALTY1 >E NEV] PUT \T AS LONG AS ! K+ LIVES1 & >E TRANSPORT$ TO ,FA%ODA :5 ! K+ MOVES TO ! CAPITAL0 7,RIAD #a#i#e#i3 #a#i74.<#d#b.> 

,ONCE 9 ,DEBALO1 ! RE?-ELECT GA!RS HIS [N FOLL[]S4 ,AT SOME TIMES HE IS SURR\ND$ BY M5 SEEK+ =GIV5ESS = SEXUAL MISDEMEANORS3 HE GRANTS ?IS 9 EX*ANGE = GIFTS ( %EEP & GOATS4 ,AT O!RS HE IS HIMSELF TREAT$ 0LIKE A SMALL BOY10 BELITTL$ & HUMILIAT$ BY ! *IEF1 MADE TO SLEEP 9 A RUDE HUT & TO H]D %EEP OR CATTLE4 ,HE IS =MALLY BETRO!D TO AN EI<T- TO T5-YE>-OLD GIRL1 CALL$ ! NYAKW] OR 0GIRL ( ! C]EMONIES10 :O WILL BE HIS ALMO/ CON/ANT COMPANION FROM !M ON4 ,GRADUALLY1 ! S\!RN *IEFS ALL >RIVE ) !IR W>RIORS1 TO MAT* ,NYIKANG'S >MY ( ! NOR?4 ,BO? SIDES PREP>E = A RITUAL BATTLE :I* IS ALWAYS F\<T ALONG ! BANKS ( A RIV] ?AT REPRES5TS ! (FICIAL BORD] BETWE5 ! TWO DIVISIONS ( ! C\NTRY4 

,! C&IDATE M>*ES UP SURR\ND$ BY ! ,ORORO1 :O >E HIS BODYGU>DS BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 ! SYMBOLS ( HIS MORTALITY4 ,HE PROCE$S NOR? T[>DS ,FA%ODA SITT+ BACKW>DS ON AN OX1 :I* IS L$ BY ITS TAIL1 & ALONGSIDE A HEIF]1 ALSO WALK+ BACKW>DS4 ,NYIKANG DISPAT*ES MESS5G]S TO MOCK HIM4 ,BE=E CROSS+ ! RIV]1 HE & ! GIRL /EP OV] A %EEP1 !N A BLACK BULL BE=E CROSS+ ! RIV]1 ?US CONSECRAT+ !M = SACRIFICE4 ,IT IS SAID 9 E>LI] DAYS HE US$ TO /EP OV] AN OLD MAN :O WAS !N TRAMPL$ BY ! PEOPLE AFT] HIM1 USUALLY1 TO DEA?4 ,! TWO =CES PROCE$ TO DO BATTLE1 EA* SIDE UNLEA%+ A VOLLEY ( MILLET /ALKS 9 LIEU ( SPE>S4 ,NYIKANG'S FOLL[]S1 H[EV]1 >E ALSO >M$ ) :IPS1 REPUT$ TO BE SO P[]FUL ?AT A DIRECT BL[ C\LD CAUSE MADNESS4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! S\!RN =CES >E PUT TO R\T1 & AT ! HEI<T ( ! BATTLE1 ! BE>]S ( ,NYIKANG & ,DAK SWEEP =W>D & SURR\ND ! RE?-ELECT1 C>RY+ HIM (F AS PRISON] TO ,FA%ODA1 TOGE!R ) ! 0GIRL ( ! C]EMONIES40 

,ON !IR >RIVAL1 ! HEIF] IS RITUALLY SACRIFIC$4 

,ONCE 9 ! CAPITAL1 H[EV]1 ! TWO FIGURES BEG9 TO FUZE4 ,NYIKANG'S SACR$ /OOL IS TAK5 FROM HIS %R9E2 A :ITE CANOPY IS >RANG$ >\ND IT1 & ! EFFIGIES & !IR CAPTIVES >E BR\<T 9SIDE4 ,FIR/ ,NYIKANG IS FIR/ PLAC$ ON ! ?RONE1 !N REMOV$ & REPLAC$ ) ! RE?-ELECT4 ,HE BEG9S TO TREMBLE1 & EXHIBIT SIGNS ( POSSESSION--! S\L ( ,NYIKANG1 IT IS SAID1 HAS LEFT ! EFFIGY & 5T]$ ! K+4 ,HE'S D\S$ ) COLD WAT]4 ,AT ?IS PO9T ! EFFIGIES RETREAT TO !IR %R9E1 & ! RE? IS REVEAL$ TO ! ASSEMBL$ PEOPLE1 AS HIS WIVES 7NEWLY TRANSF]R$ FROM ! H>EM ( ! PREVI\S K+7 W>M WAT] = A RITUAL BA? 0:ILE ! ,]T SAT LIKE A GRAV5 IMAGE ON ! *AIR0 7,MUNRO #a#i#a#h3 #a#e#a71 HIMSELF N[ AN EFFIGY1 & LAT] WAS L$ \T BE=E ! ASSEMBL$ PEOPLE4 ,9 ONE CASE1 AT LEA/1 OBS]V]S REM>K$ HE SEEM$ VISIBLY 9 TRANCE4 ,AFT] ! SACRIFICE ( AN OX1 HE WAS L$ TO A TEMPOR>Y 0CAMP0 JU/ OPPOSITE ! %R9E1 :]E HE WAS BA!D 9 GREAT SECRECY1 ) WAT] ALT]NATELY W>M & COOL1 TO EXPRESS ! DESIRE ?AT HE 0RULE ) AN EV5 TEMP]0 7,H[ELL & ,?OMSON #a#i#d#f3 #f#d7 & AVOID EXTREMES4 ,?IS BA? WAS P>T ( A BROAD] PROCESS ( COMMUNION ) ! SPIRIT ( ,NYIKANG ( :I* WAS CONSID]$ >CANE KN[L$GE AB\T :I* \TSID]S %\LD KN[ LITTLE1 BUT ACCORD+ TO SOME1 ! RE? SP5T MANY H\RS ( CONTEMPLATION AS ! S\L PASS$ FULLY 9TO HIM4 

,! TRANSF] ( ,NYIKANG'S S\L M>K$ ! NEW RE?'S LA/ PUBLIC APPE>ANCE = AT LEA/ ?REE DAYS4 ,AFT]W>DS K+ REMA9$ 9 SECLUSION1 GU>D$ ONLY BY SOME ,ORORO & A FEW ( HIS [N RETA9]S4 ,ONCE AGA9 HE IS TREAT$ LIKE A BOY1 EXPECT$ TO T5D A SMALL H]D ( CATTLE1 & ACCOMPANI$ ONLY BY HIS BETRO!D *ILD BRIDE4 ,AT SOME PO9T1 ?\<1 ADULT SEXUALITY 9T]V5ES4 ,AN ,ORORO WOMAN 7OR 9 SOME V]SIONS1 !RE >E ?REE ( !M7 LURES ! K+ AWAY TO ! %R9ES ON ! M\ND ( ,ATURWIC 9 ,FA%ODA & S$UCES HIM2.<#d#c.> :ILE HE IS ?US DI/RACT$1 ,NYIKANG /EALS \T FROM ANO!R ( ! %R9ES & KIDNAPS ! 0GIRL ( ! C]EMONIES40 ,ON ! K+'S RETURN1 HE DISCOV]S H] GONE &1 PRET5D+ \TRAGE1 BEG9S SE>*+ EV]Y:]E4 ,ON F9ALLY REALIZ+ :AT'S HAPP5$1 HE CONFRONTS ! *IEF ( ,KWA ,NYIKWOM 7:O IS ACT+ AS ,NYIKANG'S SPOKESMAN71 EXPLA9+ ?AT ! GIRL HAD BE5 PROP]LY BETRO!D BY A PAYM5T 9 CATTLE1 & ,NYIKANG HAD NO RI<T TO H]4 ,! *IEF H[EV] 9SI/S ?AT ! H]DS US$--:I* >E1 AFT] ALL1 ! OLD RE?'S H]DS-->E REALLY ,NYIKANG'S4 

,F9ALLY IT COMES D[N TO ANO!R CONTE/ ( >MS4 ,BO? SIDES M>%AL !IR =CES 9 ,FA%ODA4 ,?IS TIME1 ,NYIKANG IS ACCOMPANI$ NOT ONLY BY ! F]OCI\S ,DAK BUT HIS HAPLESS SON ,CAL4 ,A SMALL] MOCK BATTLE FOLL[S1 BUT ?IS TIME1 ! ,NOR!RN]S' :IPS PROVE 9EFFECTIVE4 ,! RE? SWEEPS 9 & RECAPTURES ! GIRL FROM ,NYIKANG2 F9ALLY1 ! EFFIGIES HAVE TO FI<T !IR WAY BACK 9TO !IR [N %R9ES1 & NEGOTIATE !IR EFFECTIVE SURR5D]4 ,! GIRL REMA9S ) ! K+1 :O HAS1 9 HIS VICTORY1 DEMON/RAT$ ?AT HE & NOT ! EFFIGY IS ! TRUE EMBODIM5T ( ,NYIKANG4 ,AT ?IS PO9T ! EFFIGIES DISAPPE>1 & DO NOT RETURN = ! REMA9D] ( ! C]EMONIES4 

,AT ?IS PO9T1 TOO1 ! DRAMA IS ALSO EFFECTIVELY OV]4 ,! NEW RE? SP5DS ! NEXT DAY ON HIS ?RONE AT ,ATURWIC1 HOLD+ C\RT AMID AN ASSEMBLY ( ! NATION'S *IEFS4 ,EA* PLACES HIS SPE> HEAD D[N 9 ! GR\ND & DELIV]S A SPEE* URG+ ! NEW RUL] TO RESPECT ELD]S & TRADITION1 PROTECT ! WEAK1 PRES]VE ! NATION1 & SIMIL> SAGE ADVICE4 ,DRUMS SALUTE !IR WORDS2 ! K+ IS 9VE/$ 9 TWO SILV] BRACELETS ?AT S]VE AS M>KS ( (FICE2 AN OX IS SPE>$4 ,F9ALLY ! K+ IS GIV5 A T\R ( ! CAPITAL4 ,EV]Y?+ IS BACK 9 PLACE4 ,! NEWLY 9/ALL$ RE? S5DS CATTLE = SACRIFICE TO EA* ( ! %R9ES ( ,NYIKANG SCATT]$ ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY ,SOME WEEKS LAT] HE IS READY TO PRESIDE OV] HIS FIR/ MAJOR RITUAL1 A S]IES ( SACRIFICES CALL+ ON ,NYIKANG TO CALL ON ,GOD TO S5D ! RA94 ,ONCE ! FIR/ RA9S FALL1 ! EFFIGIES LEAVE ,FA%ODA & RETURN TO !IR %R9E 9 ,AKURWA1 & DO NOT RETURN UNTIL ! NEW K+ DIES4 

,S9CE ! DRAMA BEGAN ) ! PEOPLE'S REPRES5TATIVES ANN\NC+1 0EUPHEMI/ICALLY10 ?AT !Y WI% TO KILL ! C&IDATE-ELECT1 IT MI<T BE BE/ TO 5D IT BY NOT+ ?AT EV5 H]E1 9 ! RE?'S MO/ B5EVOL5T FUNCTION1 !RE W]E SIMIL>1 D>K] POSSIBILITIES4 ,:ILE ONE W\LD IMAG9E A NEWLY 9AUGURAT$ RE? W\LD HAVE NO?+ BUT 5?USIASM = HIS ROLE AS RA9MAK]1 ?IS WAS NOT ALWAYS ASSUM$ TO BE ! CASE4 

,! K+ IS ! ONLY AU?ORIZ$ P]SON TO REFUSE OR P]MIT SACRIFICES AT ! IMPORTANT RITUAL C]EMONIES4 ,! ACT ( SACRIFIC+ ANIMALS TO APPEASE ,JUOK1 ! HI<E/ SPIRIT1 & ,NYIKANG1 ! DEMI-GOD1 CANNOT BE CORRECTLY UND]TAK5 )\T ! K+'S SANCTION4 ,)\T SACRIFICES ! PEOPLE'S WI%ES CANNOT BE GRANT$4 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT ! K+ IS ! REAL P[] 9 RELIGI\S MATT]S1 & SOMETIMES HE )HOLDS HIS B5EFICIAL P[]S IF HE FEELS ! DISLOYALTY ( HIS SUBJECTS OR !IR HATR$ T[>DS HIM 7,RIAD #a#i#e#i3 #b#e1 CIT+ ,H(MAYR #a#i#b#e3 #a#e#bN#a74 

,9 O!R WORDS1 :ILE ! RE?1 UNLIKE ,SIMONSE'S RA9MAK+ K+S1 WAS NOT P]SONALLY RESPONSIBLE = BR+ D[N RA9 ?R\< MAGICAL MEANS1 HIS ROLE WAS1 AT LEA/ POT5TIALLY1 NOT SO DIFF]5T4 ,A DR\<T MI<T WELL BE BLAM$ ON ROYAL SPITE--& PRESUMABLY1 BEG9 TO SPUR A POLITICAL CRISIS1 EV5 IF IT WAS UNLIKELY TO 5D ) AN ACTUAL LYN* MOB4 

,! 9/ALLATION RITUAL3 ANALYSIS 

,TO SOME DEGREE1 ! SYMBOLIC /RUCTURE ( ! RITUAL IS QUITE TRANSP>5T4 ,!RE IS A CON/ANT JUXTAPOSITION ( ,NOR? & ,S\?1 ! =M] ! DIVISION ( ,NYIKANG1 ! LATT]1 ( ! K+4 ,! ,NOR? IS ID5TIFI$ ) ! ET]NAL1 UNIV]SAL 0K+%IP02 ! ,S\?1 ) ! P>TICUL>1 MORTAL K+4 ,H5CE AS ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D PUT IT1 9 ! RITUAL1 0! K+%IP CAPTURES ! K+0 7#a#i#d#h3 #b#g74 ,HAV+ BE5 DEFEAT$ AS AHUMAN1 ! RE?-ELECT BECOMES ,NYIKANG1 & IS ?US ABLE TO DEFEAT ! EFFIGY & BANI% IT BACK TO ITS %R9E4 

,ANO!R OBVI\S ELEM5T IS ! OPPOSITION ( FIRE & WAT]4 ,AT ! SAME TIME AS ! IMAGE ( ,NYIKANG EM]GES FROM ! RIV] F> TO ! NOR?1 NEW FIRES >E LIT 9 ,DEBALO1 ! CAPITAL ( ! ,S\?1 ?AT WILL BURN = ! RE/ ( ! K+'S REIGN & BE PUT \T :5 HE DIES4 ,WAT] H]E IS ET]NITY4 ,IT DOESN'T EV5 0REPRES5T0 ET]NITY1 IT IS ET]NITY2 ! ,NILE WILL ALWAYS BE !RE1 & ALWAYS ! SAME4 ,) ! RA9S1 IT IS ! P]MAN5T S\RCE ( FECUNDITY & LIFE4 ,IT IS UTT]LY APPROPRIATE !RE=E ?AT ,NYIKANG1 :OSE MO!R WAS A CROCODILE & IS CALL$ 0*ILD ( ! RIV]10 %\LD EM]GE FROM ITS WAT]S4.<#d#d.> ,FIRE ON ! O!R H& IS1 LIKE BLOOD1 ! /UFF ( WORLDLY TRANS=MATION4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 ! FIRES CORRESPOND TO ! MORTAL LIFE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL K+2 !Y WILL EXI/ EXACTLY AS LONG AS HE LIVES4 ,IT IS ?US EQUALLY APPROPRIATE ?AT :5 ! SYN!SIS ( ,NYIKANG & RE?1 BETWE5 ! ET]NAL PR9CIPLE & MORTAL (FICE-HOLD]1 OCCURS1 IT %\LD BE ACCOMPANY+ BY PUTT+ A FIRE TO WAT]4 ,! 0BA?0 DUR+ :I* ! K+ BECOMES FULLY ONE ) ! DEMIGOD ALSO UNITES ! TWO ELEM5TAL PR9CIPLES4 ,FIRE MEETS WAT] AS MORTAL MAN MEETS GOD4 

,ALL !SE ELEM5TS >E1 AS ,I SAY1 RELATIVELY /RAI<T=W>D4 ,O!R ELEM5TS >E LESS SO4 ,! MO/ PUZZL+ IS 9 ! ROLE ( ,NYIKANG'S SON ,DAK4 ,EXI/+ ANALYZES--EV5 ?OSE ?AT HAVE A GREAT DEAL TO SAY AB\T ! EFFIGIES 7,EVANS-,PRIT*>D #a#i#d#f1 ,>5S #a#i#h#d1 ,S*NEPEL #a#i#h#h7--FOCUS ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ON ,NYIKANG1 :O IS ALWAYS ASSUM$ TO REPRES5T ! TIMELESS NATURE ( ! ROYAL (FICE4 ,!Y R>ELY HAVE ANY?+ TO SAY AB\T ,DAK4 ,BUT 9 MANY WAYS ,DAK SEEMS EV5 MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ,NYIKANG3 IF NO?+ ELSE1 BECAUSE 7JU/ AS 9 ! LEG5DS HE IS ! FIR/ TO TRANSC5D DEA? ?R\< ! MEANS ( AN EFFIGY7 HIS IS ! ONLY EFFIGY ?AT WAS G5U9ELY ET]NAL4 ,:5 ! K+ DIES1 ,NYIKANG RETURNS TO HIS MO!R 9 ! RIV]4 ,DAK REMA9S4 ,DAK'S EFFIGY !N PRESIDES OV] ! RE-CREATION ( ,NYIKANG'S4 ,:AT IS ONE TO MAKE ( ?IS8 

,IT MI<T HELP H]E TO RETURN TO ! OV]ALL COSMOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK4 ,! READ] WILL RECALL ?AT ! ,%ILLUK ,CREATOR IS R>ELY 9VOK$ DIRECTLY1 BUT L>GELY APPROA*$ ?R\< ,NYIKANG4 

,! ALL-P[]FUL BE+ :O EXI/S 9 ! M9DS ( ! ,%ILLUK AS A REMOTE & AMORAL DEITY IS CALL$ ,JUOK4 ,JUOK IS ! ,%ILLUK CONCEPTION ( ,GOD & IS PRES5T TO A GREAT] & LESS] DEGREE 9 ALL ?+S4 ,JUOK IS ! EXPLANATION ( ! UNKN[N1 ! REASSUR+ JU/IFICATION ( ALL ! SUP]NATURAL PH5OM5A1 GOOD & BAD1 ( :I* LIFE IS MADE UP4 ,! PR9CIPAL M$IUM ?R\< :OM ,JUOK IS APPROA*$ IS ,NYIKANG4 ,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 !M IS NOT CLE>4 ,NYIKANG IS ,JUOK1 BUT ,JUOK IS NOT ,NYIKANG4444 ,FUR!R ! S\L ( ,NYIKANG IS RE9C>NATE 9 EV]Y ,%ILLUK RE?1 & ?US EXI/S BO? 9 ! PA/ & ! PRES5T4 ,NYIKANG IS ! RE?1 BUT ! RE? IS NOT ,NYIKANG4 ,! P>ADOX ( ! UNITY YET SEP>ATION IS NOT EASY TO DEF9E4 ,! ,%ILLUK !MSELVES W\LD F9D IT DIFFICULT TO EXPLA94 ,JUOK1 ,NYIKANG1 & ! RE? REPRES5T ! L9E ?R\< :OM DIV9ITY RUNS4444 ,! RE? IS CLE>LY HIMSELF ! M$IUM ?R\< :I*BO? ,NYIKANG &1 MORE VAGUELY1 ,JUOK >E APPROA*$1 & IS ! HUMAN 9T]CESSOR ) ,GOD 7,H[ELL & ,?OMSON #a#i#e#f3 #h74 

,AFT] MANY YE>S ( CONTEMPLATION & DEBATE S*OL>S ( ,NILOTIC RELIGIONS HAVE LE>N$ TO READ SU* P>ADOXICAL PHRASES 70,GOD IS ! SKY1 BUT ! SKY IS NOT ,GOD07 AS /ATEM5TS AB\T REFRACTION & 5COMPASSM5T4 ,NYIKANG IS AN ASPECT ( ,GOD1 BUT ,GOD IS 9 NO WAY LIMIT$ TO ?AT ASPECT4.<#d#e.> 

,WE >E PRES5T$1 AS 9 A RA9-MAK+ C]EMONY1 ) A V]Y /RAI<T=W>D MODEL ( A L9E> HI]>*Y3 

,! RE? 9T]C$ES = ! PEOPLE & ASKS ,NYIKANG TO 9T]C$E ) ,GOD TO BR+ ! RA9S4 ,IF ! RA9 COMES1 IT TEMPOR>ILY JO9S EV]Y?+ TOGE!R4 ,H[EV]1 AS WE'VE SE51 AT EV]Y PO9T !RE IS POT5TIAL ANTAGONISM4 ,! PEOPLE MAY HATE ! RE? OR WI% TO KILL HIM2 !Y MAY CURSE ,NYIKANG2 ! RE? MAY )HOLD ! RA9S \T ( RES5TM5T ( ! PEOPLE2 ! K+ & ,NYIKANG RAISE >MIES & DO BATTLE ) EA* O!R4 

,ONLY ,GOD SEEMS TO /& \TSIDE ?IS1 BUT ONLY BECAUSE ,GOD IS SO DI/ANT3 9 ,NU] & ,D9KA COSMOLOGIES1 :]E ,DIV9ITY IS A MORE IMM$IATE CONC]N1 WE LE>N ?AT ! HUMAN CONDITION WAS FIR/ CREAT$ BECAUSE ( ,GOD'S 7APP>5TLY UNJU/IFI$7 ANG] AGA9/ HUMANS1 & !RE >E EV5 /ORIES ( DEFIANT HUMANS TRY+ TO MAKE W> ON ,GOD & ON ! RA9 7,LI5H>DT #a#i#f#a3 #d#c-#d#d74 ,ANTAGONISM H]E APPE>S TO BE ! V]Y PR9CIPLE ( SEP>ATION4 ,9S(> AS ! RE? IS NOT ,NYIKANG1 IT IS FIR/ ( ALL BECAUSE ! TWO SOMETIMES /& 9 A RELATION ( MUTUAL HO/ILITY4 

,?IS TOO IS FAIRLY /RAI<T=W>D4 ,C]TA9LY1 !RE >E AMBIGUITIES--= 9/ANCE1 AB\T H[ & :E!R ! PEOPLE !MSELVES C\LD BE SAID TO P>TAKE ( DIV9ITY1 S9CE DIV9ITY IS1 AFT] ALL1 SAID TO BE PRES5T 9 EV]Y?+--BUT !SE >E ! AMBIGUITIES TYPICAL ( ANY SU* HI]>*ICAL SY/EM ( 5COMPASSM5T4 

,?+S GET A LITTLE MORE COMPLICAT$ :5 ONE EXAM9ES PRAY]S (F]$ DIRECTLY TO ,GOD4 ,H]E IS ONE 9 ,WE/]MANN1 PRON\NC$ DUR+ A CATTLE SACRIFICE TO CURE SOMEONE :O IS SICK3 

,!RE IS NO ONE ABOVE !E1 ?\ ,GOD4 ,?\ BECAME/ ! GR&FA!R ( ,NYIKANGO2 IT IS ?\ 7,NYIKANGO7 :O WALKE/ ) ,GOD2 ?\ BECAME/ ! GR&FA!R 7( MAN71 & ?Y SON ,DAK4 ,IF FAM9E COMES1 IS IT NOT GIV5 BY !E8 ,SO AS ?IS C[ /&S H]E1 IS IT NOT ?US3 IF %E DIES1 DOES H] BLOOD NOT GO TO !E8 ,?\ ,GOD1 & ?\ :O BECAME/ ,NYIKANGO1& ?Y SON ,DAK6 ,BUT ! S\L 7( MAN71 IS IT NOT ?9E [N8 7#a#i#a#b3 #a#g#a1 ALSO 9 ,LI5H>DT #a#i#e#b3 #a#e#f74.<#d#f.> 

,H]E WE HAVE ! SAME SORT ( HI]>*ICAL P>TICIPATION 7,GOD BECAME ,NYIKANG7 BUT K+ IS GONE & ,DAK APPE>S 9 HIS PLACE3 

,DAK'S PRES5CE MI<T NOT BE 5TIRELY SURPRIS+ H]E BECAUSE IT WAS MO/ (T5 ,DAK'S ATTACKS ?AT MAKE PEOPLE TO SICK TO BEG9 )4 ,IF SO ,DAK1 H[EV] MU* SUBORD9AT$1 ALSO REPRES5TS ! ACTIVE PR9CIPLE ?AT SETS EV]Y?+ (F4 ,?IS (T5 SEEMS TO BE HIS FUNCTION4 

,C]TA9LY1 ,DAK IS NO?+ IF NOT ACTIVE4 ,?IS IS ESPECIALLY OBVI\S :5 ,DAK IS PAIR$ ) ,NYIKANG1 :I* HE NORMALLY IS4 ,NYIKANG'S EFFIGY IS L>G] & HEAVI]2 IT IS CLE>LY MEANT TO EMBODY ! GRAVITAS & DIGNITY ( AU?ORITY4 ,HIS IMAGE ?US T5DS TO /AY NE> ! C5T] ( ?+S4 ,9 ORD9>Y TIMES1 ! EFFIGY REMA9S 9 ! TEMPLE AT ,AKURWA EV5 :5 ,DAK'S EFFIGY LEAVES IT TO T\R ! C\NTRY2 :5 ! TWO DO TRAVEL TOGE!R1 IT IS ALWAYS ,DAK :O MOVES AB\T1 9T]ACTS1 :ILE ,NYIKANG TAKES ON A MORE 0/ATESMANLIKE0 RES]VE 7,S*NEPEL #a#i#h#h3#d#c#g74 ,TRUE1 ONE C\LD >GUE ?IS IS SIMPLY A CONSEQU5CE ( ,DAK'S SUBORD9ATE /ATUS3 ,NYIKANG IS ! AU?ORITATIVE C5T]1 ,DAK HIS WORLDLY REPRES5TATIVE1 HIS ]R&-BOY4 ,BUT EV5 H]E !RE >E AMBIGUITIES4 ,MO/ /RIK+LY1 :ILE ,DAK IS SMALL] ?AN ,NYIKANG1 HE T[]S ABOVE HIM1 ALWAYS BE+ C>RI$ ATOP AN EI<T FOOT POLE4 ,NYIKANG1 9 CONTRA/1 /AYS CLOSE TO ! GR\ND2 9 FACT HIS EFFIGY IS (T5 HELD P>ALLEL TO ! GR\ND1 :ILE ,DAK'S IS ORD9>ILY V]TICAL4 ,SIMIL> AMBIGUITIES APPE> 9 /ORIES AB\T ! TWO H]O'S LIVES4 ,SOMETIMES1 ESPECIALLY 9 HIS Y\?1 IT IS ,DAK :O IS ALWAYS GETT+ HIMSELF 9 TR\BLE & ,NYIKANG ) HIS MAGICAL P[] :O HAS TO /EP 9 TO SAVE HIM4 ,BUT LAT]1 DUR+ ! CONQUE/ ( ,%ILLUKL&1 IT IS MORE LIKELY TO BE ! O!R WAY >\ND3 ,NYIKANG IS FOIL$ BY SOME PROBLEM1 & ,DAK PROVES MORE +5I\S1 OR MORE RES\RCEFUL ) A SPE>1 & MANAGES TO SOLVE IT4 

,!RE IS ALSO ! PECULI> FEATURE ( ,CAL1 ,NYIKANG'S FECKLESS OLD] SON :O NEV] ACCOMPLI%ES ANY?+ & :OSE IMAGE APPE>S ONLY :5 ! EFFIGIES' =CES LOSE4 ,DAK & ,CAL SEEM TO REPRES5T OPPOSITES3 PURE AGGRESSION V]SUS ABSOLUTE PASSIVITY1 ) ,NYIKANG AGA9 DEF9+ ! C5T]4 ,YET 9 :AT WAY IS ,NYIKANG SUP]IOR IF ONE IS MORE LIKE ! USELESS ,CAL8 

,:AT ,I W\LD SUGGE/ IS ?AT ?IS IS NOT JU/ A DILEMMA ( 9T]PRETATION = ! \TSIDE ANALY/2 IT REFLECTS A FUNDAM5TAL DILEMMA AB\T ! NATURE ( POLITICAL P[] ?AT ,%ILLUK T5D TO F9D AS CONFUS+ AS ANYBODY ELSE4 ,RITUALS CAN BE 9T]PRET$ AS WAYS ( PUZZL+ \T SU* PROBLEMS1 EV5 AS1 SIMULTANE\SLY1 !Y >E ALSO WAYS ( MAK+ CONCRETE POLITICAL *ANGE 9 ! WORLD4 

,CRITICAL H]E IS ! ROLE ( ! 9T]REGNUM1 ! 0YE> ( FE>40 ,:]EV] !RE >E K+S1 9T]REGNA T5D TO BE SE5 AS P]IODS ( *AOS1 VIOL5CE1 TIMES :5 ! V]Y COSMOLOGICAL ORD] IS ?R[N 9TO DIS>RAY4 ,BUT AS ,B]NH>DT ,S*NEPEL 7#a#i#h#h3 #d#e7 JU/LY PO9TS \T1 ?IS IS ! REASON MO/ MON>*IES TRY TO KEEP !M AS BRIEF AS POSSIBLE4 ,!RE IS NO P>TICUL> REASON ?OSE ORGANIZ+ ! ,%ILLUK 9/ALLATION C]EMONIES C\LD NOT HAVE DECL>$1 SAY1 A ?REE TO FIVE-DAY P]IOD ( *AOS & T]ROR--9 FACT1 BY ! #a#i#gS1 ?AT'S EXACTLY :AT !Y DID DECIDE TO DO1 AB&ON+ ! YE>-LONG 9T]REGNUM 5TIRELY 7IBID43 #d#d#c74 ,IF = C5TURIES BE=E !Y DIDN'T1 IT 9DICATES1 IF NO?+ ELSE1 ?AT ?IS YE> ( FE> WAS FUNDAM5TALLY IMPORTANT4 

,ITS IMPORTANCE1 ,I ?9K1 IS ! KEY TO UND]/&+ ! IMPORTANCE ( ,DAK AS WELL4 ,DUR+ ! 9T]REGNUM1 ROYAL POLITICS1 ORD9>ILY BOTTL$ UP 9 ! FIGURE ( ! RE?1 OV]FL[S 9TO SOCIETY AT L>GE4 ,! RESULT IS CON/ANT P]IL4 ,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ,NYIKANG IS GONE1 & ,DAK ALONE REMA9S4 ,! RETURN TO NORMALCY BEG9S ) ! /AGE ( 0PREP>ATIONS10 CONDUCT$ UND] ,DAK'S G5]AL EGIS1 & (T51 UND] HIS DIRECT SUP]VISION4 ,EXP$ITIONS SET \T TO APPROPRIATE ! MAT]IALS ) :I* TO RECON/RUCT ! ROYAL (FICE1 />T+ ) ! EFFIGIES4 ,!Y UPROOT PLANTS1 !Y HUNT & KILL ANIMALS1 !Y AMBU% & PLUND] CAMPS & C>AVANS4 ,NOR DO !Y LIMIT !IR DEPR$ATIONS TO =EIGN]S4 ,!Y 0TAKE :AT !Y LIKE0 FROM ,%ILLUK COMMUNITIES AS WELL4 

,DAK'S EXP$ITIONS1 !N1 REPRES5T 9DISCRIM9ATE PR$ATORY VIOL5CE DIRECT$ AT EV]Y ASPECT ( CREATION3 VEGETABLE1 ANIMAL1 EV]Y SORT ( HUMAN BE+4 ,AS ,I HAVE PO9T$ \T1 09DISCRIM9ATE0 9 ?IS CONTEXT ALSO MEANS 0UNIV]SAL40 ORD9>ILY1 :5 ONE IS 9 ! PRES5CE ( A P[] ?AT CAN RA9 DE/RUCTION EQUALLY ON ANYONE & EV]YONE1 ?AT IS :AT ,%ILLUK REF] TO AS ,JUOK1 OR ,GOD4.<#d#g.> ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ,DAK IS ,GOD 7OR1 TO BE MORE PRECISE1 IT IS4 ,GOD IS ,DAK1 BUT ,DAK IS NOT ,GOD47 ,DAK IS ! HUMAN CAPACITY TO ACT LIKE ,GOD1 TO MIMIC HIS CAPRICI\S1 PR$ATORY DE/RUCTIV5ESS4 ,9 ! /ORIES1 ?IS IS H[ HE FIR/ APPE>S3 RA9+ DEA? & DISA/] >BITR>ILY4 ,FROM HIS [N P]SPECTIVE 0TAK+ :AT HE LIKES40 ,FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( HIS VICTIMS1 PLAY+ ,GOD4 ,DUR+ ! 9T]REGNUM !N1 IT IS NOT JU/ ROYAL POLITICS ?AT SPILLS OV] 9TO SOCIETY AT L>GE2 IT IS DIV9E P[] ITSELF--! VIOL5T1 >BITR>Y DIV9E P[] ?AT IS1 AS ,%ILLUK 9/ITUTIONS 5SUR$ NO ONE C\LD NEV] =GET1 ! REAL ESS5CE & ORIG9 ( ROYALTY4 

,( C\RSE ,GOD 7,JUOK7 IS NOT SIMPLY A =CE ( DE/RUCTION--HE IS ALSO1 ORIG9ALLY1 ! CREATOR ( EV]Y?+--& IT IS PROBABLY WOR? NOT+ ?AT ?IS IS ALSO ! ONLY PO9T 9 ! C]EMONIES :]E ANYONE REALLY MAKES OR FA%IONS ANY?+4 ,/ILL1 ?IS IS NOT :AT'S EMPHASIZ$4 ,:AT IS EMPHASIZ$ IS APPROPRIATION1 :I* IS P]HAPS ! MO/ DI/9CTLY HUMAN =M ( ACTIVITY4 ,?R\< A COMB9ATION ( APPROPRIATION & CREATION1 ,DAK'S PEOPLE ?US FA%ION ,NYIKANG4 ,ONCE !Y HAVE DONE SO1 & ,NYIKANG RETURNS1 HE 7UNLIKE ,DAK7 LIMITS HIS DEPR$ATIONS TO HIS [N ,%ILLUK NATION1 RETRAC+ HIS ORIG9AL J\RNEY ( CONQUE/4 ,BUT !RE SEEMS TO BE A CALCULAT$ AMBIGUITY H]E4 ,DO ! ,%ILLUK BECOME ,%ILLUK--,NYIKANG'S SUBJECTS--BECAUSE !Y COLLECTIVELY CON/RUCT ,NYIKANG 7! CLASSIC FETI% K+1 CREAT$ BY HIS PEOPLE7 OR BECAUSE HE !N GOES ON TO CONQU] !M 7! CLASSIC DIV9E K+1 RA9+ DISA/] OR ! ?REAT ( DISA/] EQUALLY ON ALL78 

,! 9T]REGNUM1 !N1 IS A TIME :5 DIV9E P[] SUFFUSES EV]Y?+4 ,?IS IS :AT MAKES ! CREATION ( SOCIETY POSSIBLE4 ,IT IS ALSO :AT MAKES ! CREATION ( SOCIETY NECESS>Y1 S9CE IT RESULTS 9 AN UNDIFF]5TIAT$ /ATE ( *AOS & AT LEA/ POT5TIAL VIOL5CE ( ALL AGA9/ ALL4 ,SOCIAL ORD]--LIKE COSMIC ORD]--COMES ( SEP>ATION1 & ! RESULTANT CREATION ( A RELATIVELY BALANC$1 /ABLE SET ( ANTAGONISMS4 ,?AT ONE IS1 9 FACT1 DEAL+ ) DIV9E P[] H]E IS CONFIRM$ BY /ORIES AB\T ! NATURE ( ! ELECTION ITSELF4 ,! ELECTORAL COLLEGE IS MADE UP PRIM>ILY ( COMMON]S1 ) A FEW ROYAL REPRES5TATIVES1 BUT MANY 9SI/$ ?AT 09 =M] TIMES0 A DELEGATION FROM ! ,NUBA K+DOM1 ! ANCI5T ALLIES ( ,NYIKANG1 P]=M$ A RITUAL1 A 0FIRE ORDEAL10 9VOLV+ ?R[+ EI!R /ICKS OR PEBBLES 9 A FIRE1 ?AT 5SUR$ ?AT ! NEW RE? WAS *OS5 DIRECTLY BY ,GOD 7,WE/]MANN #a#i#a#b3 #a#b#b2 ,H(MAYR #a#i#b#e3 #d#e#a74 ,EV5 9 CURR5T TIMES1 ! ELECTION IS TAK5 TO REPRES5T ,GOD'S *OICE3 ?IS IS :AT ALL[S ! RE? TO TELL ! *IEF ( ,DEBALO ?AT HE IS ! MAN 0S5T BY ,GOD TO RULE ! L& ( ! ,%ILLUK0 7,LI5H>DT #a#i#e#b3 #a#e#g74.<#d#h.> ,! PEOPLE & ,GOD >E H]E 9T]*ANGEABLE4 

,) ,NYIKANG'S RETURN1 ,GOD LEAVES ! PICTURE1 & ,DAK IS AGA9 R$UC$ TO HIS FA!R'S DEPUTY4 ,DIV9ITY BEG9S TO BE PROP]LY BOTTL$ UP4 ,NYIKANG MAY CONT9UE ,DAK'S PR$ATORY WAYS1 LOOT+ & PILLAG+ AS HE RE5ACTS HIS CONQUE/S1 BUT IT HAS ALL BECOME SOME?+ ( A BURLESQUE4 

,OV] ! C\RSE ( ! C]EMONIES1 ,NYIKANG'S SPIRIT1 HAV+ BE5 COAX$ \T ( ! RIV]1 IS TRANSF]R$ FIR/ 9TO ! EFFIGY1 !N1 JU/ AS RELUCTANTLY1 9TO ! BODY ( ! RE?-ELECT4 ,9 DO+ SO1 ,NYIKANG IS ALSO MOV+ =W>D 9 HI/ORY3 FROM HIS BIR? FROM ! RIV] 9 MY?IC TIMES1 TO HIS H]OIC EXPLOITS 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ,%ILLUK HI/ORY1 TO HIS CURR5T 9C>NATION 9 ! BODY ( A CONTEMPOR>Y K+4 ,IF WE LOOK AT :AT IS HAPP5+ 9 ! ,S\?1 SURR\ND+ ! C&IDATE1 H[EV]1 WE SEE A V]Y DIFF]5T K9D ( DRAMA4 ,I HAVE ALREADY M5TION$ ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! WAT] SYMBOLISM SURR\ND+ ,NYIKANG & ! FIRE SYMBOLISM SURR\ND+ ! K+4 ,?IS IS ALSO A JUXTAPOSITION ( MORTALITY & ET]NITY4 ,NYIKANG MI<T BE CON/RUCT$1 BUT HE IS CON/RUCT$ ( ET]NAL MAT]IALS4 7,!RE WILL ALWAYS BE A RIV]1 JU/ AS !RE WILL ALWAYS BE O/RI*ES & BAMBOO47 ,HE !N MOVES FROM ! G5]IC--& ?US TIMELESS--TO ! 9CREAS+LY P>TICUL>1 & H5CE HI/ORIC4 ,BUT HE WILL NEV] ACTUALLY DIE1 JU/ DISAPPE> & BEG9 ! CYCLE ALL OV] AGA94 ,! K+ ON ! O!R H& IS FROM ! />T SURR\ND$ BY REM9D]S ( HIS [N MORTALITY4 

,IF ! FIRES >E ! MO/ OBVI\S ( !SE REM9D]S1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT >E SURELY ! ,ORORO4 ,! ,ORORO PRESIDE OV] EV]Y ASPECT ( ! K+'S MORTALITY4 ,AS DEGRAD$ NOBILITY1 !IR V]Y EXI/5CE IS A REM9D] ?AT ROYAL /ATUS IS NOT ET]NAL3 ?AT K+S HAVE *ILDR51 ?AT MO/ ( !M WILL NOT BE K+S2 ?AT EV5TUALLY1 ROYAL /ATUS ITSELF WILL PASS AWAY4 ,9 ROYAL RITUAL1 ,ORORO HAVE A JURISDICTION OV] EV]Y?+ ?AT P]TA9S TO SEXUALITY & DEA?4 ,!Y >E ! M5 :O C>RY \T ! SACRIFICES = ! K+ BY SPE>+ & ROA/+ ANIMALS1 !Y >E ! WOM5 ?AT WA%1 %AVE1 & S$UCE ! K+2 !Y WILL PROVIDE HIS HI<E/-RANK+ WIVES2 !Y PROTECT BUT EV5TUALLY KILL HIM2 !Y (FICIATE OV] ! DECOMPOSITION & BURIAL ( HIS CORPSE4 ,?R\<\T ! C]EMONIES1 ! RE?-ELECT IS SURR\ND$ BY ,ORORO4 ,:5 HE IS DEFEAT$ & SEIZ$ BY ,NYIKANG1 HE IS PLUCK$ FROM AMID HIS [N MORTALITY4 

,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ! RE? IS EV] MORE ?AN 0TEMPOR>ILY0 IMMORTAL4 ,EV5 AFT] HIS CAPTURE1 ! ,ORORO SOON RETURN4 

,?IS !ME PLAYS ITSELF \T ?R\<\T ! C]EMONY4 ,IF ! DRAMA 9 ! ,NOR? IS AB\T ! GRADUAL CONTA9M5T ( >BITR>Y1 DIV9E P[]1 ! DRAMA 9 ! ,S\? IS AB\T HUMAN VULN]ABILITY4 ,! RE?-TO-BE IS MOCK$1 TREAT$ AS A *ILD1 =C$ TO RIDE BACKW>DS ON AN OX4 ,HIS FOLL[]S NEV] WIELD >BITR>Y P[] OV] HUMANS4 ,UNLIKE ,DAK & ,NYIKANG1 !Y DO NOT LOOT OR PLUND] OR HOLD PASS]SBY = RANSOM4 ,!Y DO1 H[EV]1 CON/ANTLY (F] ANIMALS UP = SACRIFICE4 ,JU/ AB\T EV]Y SIGNIFICANT ACTION ( ! K+ IS M>K$ BY HIS /EPP+ OV] 7?US1 CONSECRAT+7 SOME ANIMAL ?AT IS LAT] SACRIFIC$4.<#d#i.> ,9 ONE S5SE ?IS IS ! EXACT OPPOSITE ( :AT ,NYIKANG & ,DAK >E DO+4 ,SACRIFICIAL MEAT IS R$I/RIBUT$1.<#e.> SO 9/EAD ( /EAL+ LIVE BEA/S1 HE IS DI/RIBUT+ ! FLE% ( DEAD ONES4 ,?IS IS ESPECIALLY SIGNIFICANT S9CE1 :5 PRESID+ OV] SACRIFICES MEANT TO RESOLVE FEUDS1 ,%ILLUK K+S HAVE BE5 KN[N TO /ATE QUITE EXPLICITLY ?AT ! FLE% & BLOOD ( ! ANIMAL HE SACRIFICES %\LD BE CONSID]$ AS HIS [N 7,OYL] #a#i#b3 #b#i#h74 ,S9CE 9 ORD9>Y ,%ILLUK SACRIFICES ! LIFE & BLOOD ( ! CREATURE 7UNLIKE ! FLE%7 >E SAID TO 0GO UP TO ,GOD0--& TO ,NYIKANG--IT W\LD SEEM ! K+ IS H]E PLAY+ ! P>T ( HUMANITY AS A :OLE1 PLAC+ HIMSELF 9 A WILLFULLY SUBORD9ATE POSITION TO ! COSMIC P[]S ?AT WILL ULTIMATELY TAKE HOLD ( HIM4 

,9 A L>G] S5SE1 SACRIFICE--9 ALL ,NILOTIC RELIGIONS ! P>ADIGMATIC RITUAL--IS AB\T ! REE/ABLI%M5T ( B\ND>IES4.<#e#a.> ,DIV9ITY HAS 5T]$ 9TO ! WORLD2 ! ORD9>Y DIVISIONS ( ! COSMOS 7= 9/ANCE1 BETWE5 HUMANS1 ANIMALS1 & GODS7 HAVE BECOME CONFUS$2 ! RESULT IS ILLNESS OR CATA/ROPHE4 ,SO :ILE SACRIFICE IS1 H]E AS EV]Y:]E1 A WAY ( 5T]+ 9TO COMMUNICATION ) ! ,DIV9E1 IT IS ULTIMATELY A WAY ( PUTT+ ,DIV9ITY BACK 9 ITS PROP] PLACE4 ,IF ! 9T]REGNUM1 ! REIGN ( ,DAK1 IS A TIME ( 9DISCRIM9ATE VIOL5CE AGA9/ EV]Y ASPECT ( CREATION1 SACRIFICE IS AB\T RE/OR+ DISCRIM9ATIONS3 RESPECT 7!K7 TO USE ! ,NU]_/,D9KAPHRASE1.<#e#b.> SEP>ATION1 APPROPRIATE DI/ANCE4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! 5TIRE 9/ALLATION C]EMONY IS A K9D ( SACRIFICE1 OR AT LEA/ DOES ! SAME ?+ ?AT A SACRIFICE IS ORD9>ILY MEANT TO DO4 ,IT RE/ORES A WORLD ( SEP>ATIONS4 

,( C\RSE1 IF ! RITUAL IS A K9D ( SACRIFICE1 IT IS REASONABLE TO ASK3 :O IS ! VICTIM8 ,! RE?-ELECT8 ,A CASE C\LD BE MADE4 ,! C]EMONY BEG9S ) ! PEOPLE 9=M+ ! C&IDATE ?AT !Y WI% TO KILL HIM4 ,DUR+ HIS TIME 9 ,DEBALO1 HE IS TREAT$ V]Y MU* LIKE AN OX BE+ PREP>$ = SACRIFICE3 SACRIFICIAL OX51 TOO1 >E SECLUD$1 MANH&L$ & MOCK$--EV5 :ILE ?OSE :O MOCK !M ALSO CONFESS !IR S9S 7,LI5H>DT #a#i#f#a3 #b#i#b-#i#e74.<#e#c.> ,!N 9 ! 5D ! OX'S DEA? BECOMES ! TOK5 ( A NEWLY CREAT$ COMMUNITY1 ITS UNITY BR\<T 9TO CONCRETE BE+ 9 ! %>+ ( ! ANIMAL'S FLE%4 ,H]E ONE C\LD ALMO/ SEE ! HUMILIAT$ PR9CELY C&IDATE 9 A MESSIANIC ROLE1 GIV+ ( HIMSELF TO MAN & GOD1 SACRIFIC+ HIMSELF 9 ! NAME ( ,%ILLUK UNITY4 ,BUT IF SO1 !RE'S AN OBVI\S OBJECTION4 ,HE DOESN'T SEEM TO BE SACRIFIC+ V]Y MU*4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y3 ! C]EMONIES 5D ) ! NEW K+ HAPPILY 9/ALL$ 9 ,FA%ODA1 ACCEPT+ ! ALLEGIANCE ( HIS SUBJECTS1 9SPECT+ ! BUILD+S1 REASSEMBL+ A H>EM1 P]HAPS1 IF SO 9CL9$1 PLOTT+ BLOODY REV5GE ON ?OSE :O HAD =M]LY 9SULT$ HIM4 

,/ILL1 ALL ?IS IS TEMPOR>Y4 ,! K+ IS1 ULTIMATELY1 DE/9$ TO DIE A RITUAL DEA?4 

,SO IS ! K+ A SACRIFICIAL VICTIM ON TEMPOR>Y REPRIEVE8 ,I W\LD SAY 9 A C]TA9 S5SE HE IS4 ,EV]Y ACT ( SACRIFICE DOES1 AFT] ALL1 CONTA9 ITS UTOPIAN MOM5T4 ,H]E1 IT IS AS IF ! K+ IS SUSP5D$ 9SIDE ?AT UTOPIAN MOM5T 9DEF9ITELY--OR AT LEA/1 SO LONG AS HIS /R5G? HOLDS \T4 

,LET ME EXPLA9 :AT ,I MEAN BY ?IS4 ,NORMALLY1 ?IS UTOPIAN MOM5T 9 SACRIFICE IS EXP]I5C$ FIR/ & =EMO/ 9 ! FEA/1 AFT] ! ANIMAL IS DEAD1 :5 ! 5TIRE COMMUNITY IS BR\<T TOGE!R = ! COLLECTIVE 5JOYM5T ( ITS FLE%4 ,(T5 ?IS IS A COMMUNITY ?AT HAS BE5 CREAT$1 PAT*$ TOGE!R FROM PREVI\SLY UNRELAT$ OR EV5 HO/ILE FACTIONS1 BY ! C]EMONY ITSELF4 ,EV5 IF ?AT IS NOT ! CASE1 !Y MU/ PUT ASIDE ANY PRIOR DIFF]5CES4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,LI5H>DT1 = ,D9KA1 SU* MOM5TS ( COMMUNAL H>MONY >E ! CLOSE/ ONE CAN COME TO ! DIRECT EXP]I5CE ( ,GOD--OR1 TO BE MORE SPECIFIC1 ,GOD 9 HIS ASPECT ( B5EVOL5T UNIV]SALITY3 

,9 ,DIV9ITY ! ,D9KA IMAGE !IR EXP]I5CE ( ! WAYS 9 :I* HUMAN BE+S EV]Y:]E RESEMBLE EA* O!R1 & 9 A S5SE =M A S+LE COMMUNITY ) ONE ORIG9AL ANCE/OR CREAT$ BY ONE ,CREATOR4444 ,:51 !RE=E1 A PROPHET LIKE ,>IANHDIT %[S ?AT HE IS ABLE TO MAKE PEACE BETWE5 NORMALLY EXCLUSIVE & HO/ILE COMMUNITIES1 TO P]SUADE !M TO OBS]VE BETWE5 !M ! PEACEFUL CONV5TIONS :I* !Y HAD PREVI\SLY OBS]V$ ONLY 9T]NALLY1 & TO UNITE PEOPLE ( DIFF]5T ORIG9S 9 A S+LE COMMUNITY1 HE PROVES ?AT HE IS A 'MAN ( ,DIV9ITY'4444 ,A MAN IS RECOGNIZ$ AS A P[]FUL 'MAN ( ,DIV9ITY' BECAUSE HE CREATES = PEOPLE ! EXP]I5CE ( PEACE BETWE5 M5 & ( ! UNIT+ ( =CES :I* >E NORMALLY OPPOS$ TO EA* O!R1 ( :I* ,DIV9ITY IS UND]/OOD TO BE ! GR\NDS 7#a#i#f#a3 #a#e#g74 

,IT IS 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT ,GOD 0ALSO REPRES5TS TRU?1 JU/ICE1 HONE/Y1 UPRI<TNESS10 & SO ON 7#a#i#f#a3 #a#e#h74 ,IT IS NOT BECAUSE ,GOD1 AS A CONSCI\S 5TITY1 IS JU/4 ,9 FACT1 ,D9KA--LIKE MO/ ,NILOTIC PEOPLES--SEEM HAUNT$ BY ! /RONG SUSPICION ?AT HE ISN'T4 ,IT IS BECAUSE TRU?1 JU/ICE1 ETC1 >E ! NECESS>Y GR\NDS = 0ORD] & PEACE 9 HUMAN RELATIONS10 & !RE=E1 TRU?1 JU/ICE1 ETC1 >E ,GOD4 ,! PO9T ( SACRIFICIAL RITUAL !N IS TO MOVE FROM ONE MANIFE/ATION ( ! DIV9E TO ! O!R3 FROM ,GOD AS CONFUSION & DISA/]1 TO ,GOD AS UNITY & PEACE4 ,NORMALLY IT IS ! FEA/ :I* SEEMS TO ACT AS ! PRIM>Y EXP]I5CE ( ,GOD1 BUT (T5 ! DIV9E ELEM5T TAKES EV5 MORE CONCRETE =M 9 ! UNDIGE/$ GRASS EXTRACT$ FROM ! C['S /OMA*4 ,IT SEEMS SIGNIFICANT ?AT ! ONE %ILLUK SACRIFICE = :I* WE HAVE ANY SORT ( DESCRIPTION--O!R ?AN ?OSE MEANT TO BR+ ! RA9--IS AIM$ AT CREAT+ PEACE BETWE5 TWO P>TIES TO A FEUD 7,OYL] #a#i#bB74 ,! RE? H]E PLAYS ! P>T ( ! ,D9KA PROPHET4 ,AFT] HE EMPHASIZES ?AT ! OX'S FLE% & BLOOD >E REALLY HIS [N1 ! ANIMAL IS SPE>$1 & ! *YME1 ! HALF-DIGE/$ GRASS 9 QUE/ION1 US$ TO ANO9T ! =M] FEUD+ P>TIES4 0,?AT WAS DONE TO %[ !IR UNIT$ CONDITION0 7IBID43 #b#i#i74.<#e#d.> ,NU] 9SI/ ?AT *YME IS1 LIKE ! BLOOD & MORE G5]ALLY ! 0LIFE10 ! P>T ( ! SACRIFIC$ ANIMAL ?AT BELONGS TO ,GOD 7,EVANS-,PRIT*>D #a#i#e#f3 #b#a#b2 ,EV5S #a#i#h#i3 #c#c#h74 ,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 9 ,NILOTIC RITUAL1 *YME.<#e#e.> IS TREAT$ AS ! /UFF ( PURE POT5TIAL3 IT IS GRASS 9 ! PROCESS ( BECOM+ FLE%2 UNDIFF]5TIAT$ SUB/ANCE 9 ! WAY ( CREATIVE TRANS=MATION4 ,AS SU* IT IS ITSELF ! PURE EMBODIM5T ( LIFE4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ?IS IS ! UTOPIAN MOM5T 9 :I* ! RE? IS SUSP5D$4 ,NOT ONLY IS HE1 AS RE?1 ! GR\ND = 0ORD] & PEACE 9 HUMAN RELATIONS10 ( UNITY & H5CE ( JU/ICE1 HE IS ! P]SON ACTUALLY RESPONSIBLE = M$IAT+ & RESOLV+ DISPUTES4 ,?IS !N IS ! SOCIAL EQUIVAL5T ( RA91 & *YME1 LIKE FALL+ WAT]1 IS ! V]Y PHYSICAL SUB/ANCE ( ! DIV9E 9 ITS MO/ B5EVOL5T ASPECT4 ,ALL ?IS IS /AT$ ALMO/ EXPLICITLY 9 ! PEACE SACRIFICE3 ! K+ IS ! OX1 HE IS ,GOD1 HE IS PEACE1 HE IS ! UNITY ( ALL HIS SUBJECTS4 ,?IS TOO1 IS H[ ! RE? CAN BE BO? SACRIFICIAL VICTIM 9 SUSP5SE1 & LIV+ 9 A K9D ( SMALL V]SION ( P>ADISE4 

,! 9/ALLATION RITUAL BEG9S ) A NI<TM>E VISION ( A WORLD 9FUS$ ) DIV9E P[]1 9 :I* NO SEP>ATIONS EXI/1 & ALL HUMAN RELATIONS >E !RE=E T+$ ) POT5TIAL VIOL5CE4 ,IT IS ! WOR/ K9D ( UNITY ( ,GOD & WORLD4 ,IT 5DS ) ! RE/ORATION ( ! BE/ K9D4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 IT IS ! TRANS=MATION ( DIV9E K+ 9TO SACR$ K+4 ,DAK1 9 HIS UNTRAMMEL$ =M1 EMBODIES ! =M]4 ,! PROCE$+S SEEM TO BE BAS$ ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! PRIMORDIAL TRU? ( P[]--?AT IT IS >BITR>Y VIOL5CE--HAS TO BE ACKN[L$G$ SO IT CAN !N BE CONTA9$4 ONE MI<T >GUE ! TWO MA9 =MS ( SACR$ K+%IP ID5TIFI$ BY ,LUC DE ,HEUS* >E ! TWO PR9CIPLE /RATEGIES = DO+ ?IS4 ,EA* PLAYS ITSELF \T 9 A DIFF]5T DIVISION ( ! C\NTRY4 ,9 ! ,NOR?1 DIV9E P[] IS R$UC$ TO A FETI%--LIT]ALLY1 AN EFFIGY--:I* IS CON/RUCT$ BY1 & H5CE TO SOME DEGREE !RE=E MANAGEABLE BY ORD9>Y HUMANS4 ,9 ! ,S\? WE SEE ! MAK+ ( A CLASSIC SCAPEGOAT K+4 ,ULTIMATELY ! TWO BECOME ONE3 ! K+ NOT ONLY BECOMES ,NYIKANG1 HE ALSO1 AT LEA/ MOM5T>ILY1 BECOMES AN EFFIGY4 ,ORD]$1 HI]>*ICAL RELATIONS 7,GOD-,NYIKANG-K+-PEOPLE7 >E RE/OR$4 ,! NEW K+ IS 7AS ,DAK WAS ORIG9ALLY7 9 A S5SE ALL ( !M AT ONCE1 EV5 AS HE IS ALSO ! MEANS TO KEEP !M AP>T1 SUSP5D$ 9 A K9D ( BALANC$ ANTAGONISM4 ,AS SU* HE IS A VICTIM HIMSELF SUSP5D$1 TEMPOR>ILY1 9 M9IATURE V]SION ( ! ORIG9AL UNITY ( ,HEAV5 ( ,E>?1 9 A /RANGE VILLAGE ) SEX BUT )\T *ILDBIR?1 A PLACE ( EASE & PLEASURE1 DEVOID ( HUNG]1 SICKNESS & DEA?4 

,! P>ADISE H[EV] IS TEMPOR>Y1 & ! SOLUTION ALWAYS PROVISIONAL1 9COMPLETE4 ,>BITR>Y VIOL5CE CAN NEV] BE 5TIRELY ELIM9AT$4 ,HEAV5 & E>? CANNOT REALLY BE BR\<T TOGE!R1 EXCEPT DUR+ MOM5T>Y ?UND]%[]S4 ,& EV5 ! SIMULATION ( P>ADISE IS B\<T AT A T]RIBLE PRICE4 

,SOME WORDS BY WAY ( CONCLUSION 

,I HAVE FRAM$ MY >GUM5T 9 COSMOLOGICAL T]MS BECAUSE ,I BELIEVE ONE CANNOT UND]/& POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS )\T UND]/&+ ! PEOPLE ?AT CREATE !M1 :AT !Y BELIEVE ! WORLD TO BE LIKE1 H[ !Y IMAG9E ! HUMAN SITUATION )9 IT1 & :AT !Y BELIEVE IT IS POSSIBLE OR LEGITIMATE TO WANT FROM IT4 ,:ILE EV]Y COSMOLOGY IS 9 A C]TA9 S5SE UNIQUE1 ANYONE COM+ AT ?IS MAT]IAL FROM A BACKGR\ND 9 ,JUDAISM1 ,*RI/IANITY1 OR ,ISLAM IS UNLIKELY TO FEEL ON 5TIRELY UNFAMILI> GR\ND H]E--C]TA9LY1 MU* MORE FAMILI> GR\ND !N :5 DEAL+ ) ,POLYNESIAN OR ,AMAZONIAN COSMOLOGIES4 ,!RE IS A REASON E>LY AN?ROPOLOGI/S (T5 SAW ,NILOTIC PEOPLES AS ! CLOSE/ LIV+ C\S9S ( ! ,BIBLICAL PATRI>*S3 NOT ONLY >E ,SEMITIC & ,NILOTIC LANGUAGES DI/ANTLY CONNECT$1 9 EA* CASE WE >E DEAL+ ) SEMI-NOMADIC PA/ORALI/S1 MONO!I/S ) A L9EAGE-BAS$ =M ( ORGANIZATION4 ,:ILE MANY ( ! E>LIE/ E?NOGRAPH]S1 SU* AS ,SELIGMAN HIMSELF1 US$ SU* SIMIL>ITIES TO MAKE EXPLICIT RACI/ >GUM5TS ?AT ALL ?AT !Y CONSID]$ ! REAL A*IEVEM5TS ,AFRICAN CIVILIZATION W]E A RESULT ( MIGRATIONS FROM ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 ! PROBLEM H]E WAS SIMPLY ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! SIMIL>ITIES W]E SOMEH[ CREAT$ BY 0HI<] CIVILIZATIONS0 FROM \TSIDE1 RA!R ?AN BE+1 9 A S5SE ALREADY !RE BECAUSE ! ANCE/ORS ( ,AFRICAN & ,MIDDLE ,EA/]N PA/ORALI/S W]E SIMPLY MORE SIMIL> 9 !IR EXI/5TIAL CONC]NS--!IR WAY ( FRAM+ ! BASIC DILEMMAS ( HUMAN EXI/5CE--! REASONS = SUFF]+1 ! JU/ICE ( ,GOD--?AN ADH]5TS ( ,ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS W]E NECESS>ILY WILL+ TO ACKN[L$GE4 

,?\< TO SOME DEGREE1 TOO1 !Y DEAL ) ISSUES ?AT >E UNIV]SAL4 

,IT W\LD HAVE TO BE SO1 OR IT W\LD NOT BE POSSIBLE TO MAKE CROSS-CULTURAL G5]ALIZATIONS AB\T 0DIV9E K+%IP10 0SACR$ K+%IP10 OR 0SCAPEGOATS0 TO BEG9 )4 ,?IS ESSAY IS REALLY F\ND$ ON TWO SU* G5]ALIZATIONS4 ,! FIR/ IS ?AT IT IS ONE ( ! MIS=TUNES ( HUMANITY ?AT WE %>E A T5D5CY TO SEE ! SUCCESSFUL PROSECUTION ( >BITR>Y VIOL5CE AS 9 SOME S5SE DIV9E1 OR AT LEA/1 TO ID5TIFY IT ) SOME K9D ( TRANSC5D5TAL P[]4 ,IT IS NOT 5TIRELY CLE> :Y ?IS %\LD BE4 ,P]HAPS IT HAS SOME?+ TO DO ) ! UTT]LY DISPROPORTIONATE QUALITY ( VIOL5CE1 ! 5ORM\S GAP BETWE5 ACTION & EFFECT4 ,IT TAKES DECADES TO BR+ =? & %APE A HUMAN BE+2 A FEW SECONDS TO BR+ ALL ?AT TO NO?+ BY DRIV+ A SPE> 9TO HIM4 ,IT TAKES V]Y LITTLE EF=T TO DROP A BOMB2 UNIMAG9ABLE EF=T TO HAVE TO LE>N TO GET AB\T )\T LEGS = ! RE/ ( ONE'S LIFE BECAUSE ONE NO LONG] HAS ANY AS ! RESULT ( ONE4 ,EV5 MORE1 ACTS ( >BITR>Y VIOL5CE >E ACTS ?AT = ! VICTIMS & !IR FRI5DS & FAMILIES MU/ NECESS>ILY HAVE 5ORM\S SIGNIFICANCE1 BUT HAVE NO 9TR9SIC MEAN+4 ,MEAN+ AFT] ALL IMPLIES 9T5TIONALITY4 ,BUT ! DEF9ITION ( 0>BITR>Y0 IS ?AT !RE IS NO P>TICUL> REASON :Y ONE P]SON WAS %OT OR BL[N UP & ANO!R WASN'T4 ,SU* ACTS >E !RE=E BY DEF9ITION MEAN+LESS2 ?IS IS JU/ :AT ALL[S >BITR>Y ACTS ( WEA!R TO BE REF]R$ TO AS 0ACTS ( ,GOD40 ,MEAN+ ABHORS A VACUUM4 ,P>TICUL>LY :5 WE >E DEAL+ ) ACTIONS OR EV5TS ( 5ORM\S SIGNIFICANCE1 IT IS H>D TO RESI/ ! T5D5CY TO ASCRIBE SOME K9D ( TRANSC5D5TAL MEAN+1 OR AT LEA/ TO ASSUME ?AT ONE EXI/S4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS ABSOLUTE ABS5CE ( MEAN+ ?AT WE 5C\NT] ! ,DIV9E4 

,( C\RSE ?IS IS ONLY A POT5TIAL4 ,AS ,I REM>K$ E>LI]1 IT IS NOT AS IF ANY B&IT :O F9DS HIMSELF 9 A POSITION TO WREAK HAVOC ) IMPUNITY IS NECESS>ILY GO+ TO BE TREAT$ AS A GOD 7EXCEPT P]HAPS 9 HIS IMM$IATE PRES5CE74 ,BUT IT IS ALSO CLE> ?AT ! APP>ATUS ( SACR$ K+%IP IS A V]Y EFFECTIVE WAY ( MANAG+ ?OSE :O DO4 

,H]E ,I 9TRODUCE MY SECOND CROSS-CULTURAL G5]ALIZATION4 ,! SACR$1 EV]Y:]E1 IS SE5 AS SOME?+ ?AT IS OR %\LD BE SET AP>T4 ,AS MU* AS AN OBJECT BECOMES ! EMBODIM5T ( A TRANSC5D5TAL PR9CIPLE OR AB/RACTION1 SO MU* IS IT TO BE KEPT AP>T FROM ! MUCK & MIRE ( ORD9>Y HUMAN LIFE1 & SURR\ND$1 !RE=E1 ) RE/RICTIONS4 ,!SE >E ! K9D ( PR9CIPLES ( SEP>ATION ?AT ,NU] & ,D9KA1 AT LEA/1 REF] TO ) ! WORD !K1 USUALLY TRANSLAT$ 0RESPECT40 VIOL5T M5 ALMO/ 9V>IABLY 9SI/ ON TOK5S ( RESPECT1 BUT TOK5S ( RESPECT TAK5 TO ! COSMOLOGICAL LEVEL--0NOT TO T\* ! E>?10 0NOT TO SEE ! SUN0--T5D TO BECOME SEV]E LIMITS ON ONE'S FRE$OM TO ACT VIOL5TLY4 ,IF NO?+ ELSE ! VIOL5CE CAN1 AS 9 ! ,%ILLUK CASE1 BE BOTTL$ UP1 LIMIT$ TO A SPECIFIC ROYAL SPH]E :I* IS UND] ORD9>Y CIRCUM/ANCES SCRUPUL\SLY SET AP>T FROM ORD9>Y DAILY AFFAIRS4 

,WE WILL NEV] KN[ ! EXACT CIRCUM/ANCES UND] :I* ,%ILLUK ROYAL 9/ITUTIONS CAME 9TO BE+1 BUT ! BROAD \TL9ES SEEM FAIRLY CLE>4 ,! ANCE/ORS ( ! ,%ILLUK W]E LIKELY 9 MO/ ESS5TIALS B>ELY DI/+UI%ABLE FROM !IR ,NU] OR ,D9KA NEI<BORS--FI]CELY EGALIT>IAN PA/ORALI/S :O SETTL$ ALONG AN UNUSUALLY F]TILE /RET* ( ! ,NILE4 ,!RE !Y BECAME MORE S$5T>Y1 MORE POPUL\S1 BUT ALSO BEGAN REGUL>LY RAID+ !IR NEI<BORS = CATTLE1 WEAL? & FOOD4 ,TO SOME DEGREE ?IS APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 BORN ( NECESSITY2 TO SOME DEGREE1 IT NO D\BT BECAME A MATT] ( GLORY & ADV5TURE4 ,AN 9CIPI5T CLASS ( W> *IEFTA9S EM]G$ :O ASSEMBL$ WEAL? 9 ! =M ( CATTLE1 WOM51 & RETA9]S4 ,!Y BECAME ! ANCE/ORS ( ,%ILLUK ROYALTY4 ,H[EV]1 ! ROYAL CLAN ITSELF ONLY APPE>S TO HAVE DEVELOP$1 AT LEA/ 9 ! =M IT EV5TUALLY TOOK1 AFT] A PROLONG$ /RUGGLE OV] ! NATURE ( ! EM]G+ POLITICAL ORD]1 ! ROLE ( WOM51 & ! P[] & JURISDICTION ( COMMON] *IEFS4 ,! COMPROMISE ?AT EV5TUALLY EM]G$ APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 BRILLIANTLY SUCCESSFUL 9 CREAT+ & MA9TA9+ A S5SE ( A UNIFI$ NATION1 CAPABLE ( DEF5D+ ITSELF & USUALLY DOM9AT+ ! SURR\ND+ T]RITORIES1 )\T EV] GIV+ ! ROYALS ) !IR FRACTI\S POLITICS MU* *ANCE TO PLAY HAVOC ) LOCAL AFFAIRS4 ,ABOVE ALL1 ORD9>Y ,%ILLUK APPE> TO HAVE RESI/$ ! EM]G5CE ( ANY?+ RESEMBL+ AN ADM9I/RATIVE SY/EM4 ,COMMUNICATIONS BETWE5 ,FA%ODA & O!R SETTLEM5TS W]E MA9TA9$ NOT BY (FICIALS1 BUT PR9CIPALLY BY RELATIONS ) & BETWE5 ROYAL SI/]S1 WIVES & DAU<T]S4 ,ANY ATTEMPT AT CREAT+ SY/EMATIC TRIBUTE RELATIONS1 AT HOME OR ABROAD1 APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 MET ) SU* IMM$IATE & WIDESPREAD PROTE/ ! V]Y LEGITIMACY ( ! K+%IP WAS SOON CALL$ 9TO QUE/ION4 ,AS A RESULT ! ROYAL TREASURY1 SU* AS IT WAS1 CONSI/$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY ( WEAL? ?AT HAD BE5 /OL5--SEIZ$ 9 RAIDS AGA9/ =EIGN]S1 OR AGA9/ ,%ILLUK COMMUNITIES ?AT RESI/$ ATTEMPTS TO M$IATE DISPUTES4 ,! PLAYFUL RAID+ DUR+ 9/ALLATION RITUALS WAS SIMPLY A REM9D] ( :AT EV]YONE ALREADY KNEW3 ?AT PR$ATORY VIOL5CE WAS & W\LD ALWAYS REMA9 ! ESS5CE ( SOV]EIGNTY4 ,ABOVE ALL1 !RE SEEM$ TO BE AN AT LEA/ IMPLICIT UND]/&+ ?AT SU* MATT]S \<T NOT BE 9 ANY WAY OBFUSCAT$--?AT ! EUPHEMIZATION ( P[] WAS ESS5TIAL TO ANY PROJECT ( ITS P]MAN5T 9/ITUTIONALIZATION1 & ?IS WAS PRECISELY :AT MO/ PEOPLE DID NOT WI% TO SEE4 

,MY USE ( ! T]M 0UTOPIA0 IS SOME:AT UNCONV5TIONAL 9 ?IS CONTEXT4 ,BY 0UTOPIA10 ,I MEAN ANY PLACE ?AT REPRES5TS AN UNATTA9ABLE IDEAL1 P>TICUL>LY1 AN IMPOSSIBLE RESOLUTION ( ! BASIC DILEMMAS ( HUMAN EXI/5CE--H[EV] ?OSE MI<T BE CONCEIV$4 ,UTOPIA IS ! PLACE :]E CONTRADICTIONS >E RESOLV$4.<#e#f.> ,P>T ( MY 9SPIRATION H]E IS ,PI]RE ,CLA/RES' >GUM5T 7#a#i#g#g7 ?AT AMONG ! ,AMAZONIAN SOCIETIES HE KNEW1 /ATES C\LD NEV] HAVE DEVELOP$ \T ( EXI/+ POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,?OSE POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 HE 9SI/$1 APPE>$ TO BE DESIGN$ TO PREV5T >BITR>Y CO]CIVE AU?ORITY FROM EV] DEVELOP+4 ,IF /ATES EV] C\LD EM]GE 9 ?IS 5VIRONM5T 7& IT SEEMS APP>5T N[ ?AT1 9 C]TA9 P]IODS ( HI/ORY1 !Y DID7 IT C\LD ONLY BE ?R\< FIGURES LIKE ! ,TUPI-,GURANI PROPHETS1 :O CALL$ ON !IR FOLL[]S TO AB&ON !IR EXI/+ CU/OMS & COMMUNITIES TO EMB>K ON A QUE/ = A 0L& )\T EVIL10 AN IMAG9>Y UTOPIA :]E ALL W\LD BECOME AS GODS FREE ( BIR? & DEA?1 ! E>? W\LD YIELD ITS B\NTY )\T LABOR1 & ALL SOCIAL RE/RICTIONS C\LD !RE=E BE SET ASIDE 7,H4 ,CLA/RES #a#i#i#e74 ,! /ATE CAN ONLY >ISE FROM SU* ABSOLUTI/ CLAIMS1 & ABOVE ALL1 FROM AN EXPLICIT BREAK ) ! WORD ( K9%IP4 ,LUC DE ,HEUS*'S ORIG9AL 9SI<T ON ,AFRICAN K+%IP 7#a#i#f#b7 AS HAV+ TO M>K AN EXPLICIT BREAK ) ! DOME/IC ORD] ANTICIPATES SU* >GUM5TS4 ,OBVI\SLY HE WAS TO TAKE IT 9 :AT MI<T SEEM A V]Y DIFF]5T DIRECTION4 ,BUT H[ DIFF]5T IS IT REALLY8 

,C]TA9LY1 ,%ILLUK K+S DO %>E C]TA9 QUALITIES ) ,NU] & ,D9KA PROPHETS1 EV5 IF UNLIKE !M !Y DON'T PR$ICT ! COM+ ( A NEW WORLD :]E ALL HUMAN DILEMMAS WILL BE RESOLV$4.<#e#g.> ,C]TA9LY1 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ROYAL CAPITAL DID REPRES5T A K9D ( P>TIAL UNRAVEL+ ( ! DILEMMAS ( ! HUMAN CONDITION4 ,BUT WE CAN ALSO CONSID] DE ,HEUS*'S IDEA ( ! 0BODY-FETI%40 ,! READ] WILL RECALL ?AT ! BASIC IDEA H]E IS ?AT RITUALS ( 9/ALLATION TURN ! K+'S [N PHYSICAL P]SON 9TO ! EQUIVAL5T ( A MAGICAL *>M2 HE IS ! K+DOM1 ITS MILK & ITS GRA91 & ANY DANG] TO ! K+'S BODILY 9TEGRITY IS ?US A ?REAT TO ! SAFETY & PROSP]ITY K+DOM AS A :OLE4 ,IF HE GR[S OLD & SICKLY1 DEFEATS1 CROP FAILURES & NATURAL DISA/]S >E LIKELY TO RESULT4 ,H5CE ! PR9CIPLE1 SO COMMON 9 ,AFRICA1 ?AT K+S \<T NOT TO DIE A NATURAL DEA?4 

,= ?IS REASON ! K+ 0MU/ KEEP HIMSELF 9 A /ATE ( RITUAL PURITY10 AS ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D /RESS$1 & ALSO1 0A /ATE ( PHYSICAL P]FECTION0 7#a#i#d#h3 #b74 ,ALL S\RCES AGREE ON ?IS LATT] PO9T1 & IT IS A COMMON FEATURE ( SACR$ K+%IP4 ,A LEGITIMATE C&IDATE TO ! ?RONE MU/ NOT ONLY BE /RONG & HEAL?Y1 HE MU/ HAVE NO SC>S1 BLEMI%ES1 MISS+ TEE?1 ASYMMETRICAL FEATURES1 UNDESC5D$ TE/ICLES1 DE=MITIES1 & SO =?4 ,:AT'S MORE HIS BODILY 9TEGRITY MU/ BE FA/IDI\SLY MA9TA9$1 P>TICUL>LY AT RITUAL MOM5TS3 WE >E TOLD ?AT IF DUR+ ! 9/ALLATION C]EMONIES ! RE? IS 9JUR$ 9 ANY WAY1 0EV5 IF ! K+ IS ONLY PUN*$ & BLOOD APPE>S0 7,S+] 9 ,S*NEPEL #a#i#h#h3 #d#d#d71 HE WAS IMM$IATELY DISQUALIFI$ = (FICE4 ,= ?IS REASON SOME S\RCES 9SI/ K+S C\LD NOT EV5 FI<T 9 W>1 BUT W]E RA!R BORNE ALONG AS A K9D ( /&>D :ILE O!RS W]E FI<T+2 HI/ORICAL N>RATIVES SUGGE/ ?IS WAS NOT ALWAYS ! CASE1 BUT C]TA9LY1 IF ! K+ W]E S]I\SLY 9JUR$1 ?IS C\LD NOT BE ALL[$ TO /&1 & HE W\LD BE DISCREETLY DISPAT*$4 

,! V]Y IDEA ( PHYSICAL P]FECTION IS REVEAL+4 ,:AT DOES IT MEAN TO SAY SOMEONE IS PHYSICALLY P]FECT8 ,PRESUMABLY ?AT !Y CORRESPOND TO SOME IDEALIZ$ MODEL ( :AT A HUMAN IS SUPPOS$ TO BE LIKE4 ,BUT H[ DO WE EV5 KN[ :AT HUMANS >E SUPPOS$ TO BE LIKE8 ,!RE IS ONLY ONE WAY3 BY OBS]V+ ACTUAL HUMANS4 ,BUT ACTUAL HUMANS >E NEV] PHYSICALLY P]FECT2 9 FACT1 :5 COMP>$ ) ! MODEL ( G5]IC HUMAN WE HAVE 9 \R HEADS1 MO/ SEEM AT LEA/ SLI<TLY WRONG1 TOO %ORT1 TOO FAT1 TOO ?91 MIS%AP54 ,?IS IS P>TLY BECAUSE :5 MOV+ FROM TOK5S TO TYPES1 WE WIPE \T *ANGE & PROCESS3 REAL HUMANS GR[1 AGE1 & SO ON2 G5]IC HUMANS >E1 FIR/ ( ALL1 CAU<T =EV] AT SOME IDEALIZ$ MOM5T ( !IR LIVES4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO AN EFFECT ( ! PROCESS ( G5]ALIZATION ITSELF3 9 MOV+ FROM TOK5S TO TYPES1 WE ALWAYS SEEM TO G5]ATE SOME?+ :I* WE F9D MORE PROP] OR APPEAL+ ?AN ! TOK5S--OR AT LEA/ ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY4 ,9 ?IS S5SE ! K9D IS 9DE$ AN AB/RACTION OR TRANSC5D5TAL PR9CIPLE3 ! IDEAL-TYPICAL HUMAN1 ?\< H]E ,I AM US+ ! PHRASE NOT 9 ,WEB]'S S5SE1 BUT RA!R1 FROM ! UND]/&+ ?AT1 LIKE ,LEON>DO DA V9CI1 :5 WE TRY TO IMAG9E ! TYPICAL1 WE USUALLY 9/EAD 5D UP G5]AT+ ! IDEAL4.<#e#h.> ,9S(> AS ! RE? IS ! EMBODIM5T ( ! NATION1 & ( HUMANITY AS A :OLE BE=E ! DIV9E P[]S2 9S(> AS HE IS ! G5]IC HUMAN1 HE MU/ BE ! P]FECT HUMAN4 ,9S(> AS HE IS AN IMAGE ( HUMANITY REMOV$ FROM TIME & PROCESS1 HE MU/ BE PRES]V$ FROM ANY H>MFUL TRANS=MATION UNTIL ! PO9T :]E1 :5 ?IS BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE1 HE MU/ BE SIMPLY DE/ROY$ & PUT AWAY4 ,9 ! S5SE ! K+'S BODY IS LESS A FETI% ?AN ITSELF A K9D ( MICRO-UTOPIA1 AN IMPOSSIBLE IDEAL4 

,!RE IS ALWAYS1 ,I ?9K1 A C]TA9 UTOPIAN ELEM5T 9 ! SACR$4 ,?AT :I* IS SACR$ IS NOT ONLY SET AP>T FROM ! MUNDANE WORLD1 IT IS SET AP>T P>TICUL>LY FROM ! WORLD ( TIME & PROCESS1 ( BIR?1 GR[?1 DECAY1 & ALSO1 SIMPLE BODILY FUNCTIONS1 WAYS 9 :I* ! BODY IS CONT9U\S ) ! WORLD4 ,I HAVE EXPLOR$ ?IS PH5OM5ON 9 DETAIL ELSE:]E 7,GRAEB] #a#i#i#g74 ,:AT IS MO/ /RIK+ 9 ! CASE ( SACR$ K+%IP1 ?IS IS REFLECT$ ABOVE ALL 9 AN URGE TO D5Y ! K+'S MORTALITY2 & ?IS D5IAL IS ALMO/ 9V>IABLY EFFECT$ BY KILL+ PEOPLE4 

,TO PUT IT 9 ! T]MS ( MY ?REE PROPOSALS FROM ! FIR/ SECTION3 !RE IS A K9D ( CIRCLE H]E4 ON ! ONE H&1 9S(> ! DANG]S ( DIV9E K+%IP >E CONTA9$ BY ! RITUALS ( SACR$ K+%IP1 ! UTOPIAN ELEM5T1 ! DEGREE TO :I* K+S REPRES5T A MAGICAL RESOLUTION ( ! DILEMMAS ( HUMAN EXI/5CE1 !MSELVES BECOME A K9D ( SACR$ TRAP4 ,BUT ULTIMATELY ! UTOPIA ITSELF CAN ONLY BE MA9TA9$ ?R\< T]ROR4 ,:AT WE N[ ?9K ( AS 0! PEOPLE0 OR 0! NATION0 EM]GES AS A SIDE-EFFECT4 

,RUL]S ( E>LY /ATES--,EGYPTIAN & ,MESOAM]ICAN PYRAMID-BUILD]S BE+ ONLY ! MO/ FAM\S EXAMPLE--HAD A NOTORI\S T5D5CY TO DEVELOP OBSESSIONS ) !IR [N MORTALITY4 ,9 A WAY ?IS IS NOT H>D TO UND]/&2 LIKE ,GILGAME%1 HAV+ CONQU]$ EV]Y O!R 5EMY !Y C\LD IMAG9E1 !Y W]E LEFT TO CONFRONT ! ONE ?AT !Y C\LD NEV] ULTIMATELY DEFEAT4 ,KILL+ O!RS1 9 TURN1 DOES SEEM ONE ( ! FEW WAYS TO A*IEVE SOME SORT ( IMMORTALITY4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 MO/ K+S >E AW>E ?AT !RE >E RUL]S REMEMB]$ = REIGNS ( PEACE1 JU/ICE & PROSP]ITY1 BUT !Y >E R>ELY ! ONES REMEMB]$ =EV]4 ,IF HI/ORY WILL ACCORD !M P]MAN5T SIGNIFICANCE1 IT WILL MO/ LIKELY EI!R BE = ONE OR TWO ?+S3 VA/ BUILD+ PROJECTS 7:I* (T5 !MSELVES 5TAIL ! DEA? ( ?\S&S7 OR W>S ( CONQUE/4 ,!RE IS AN ALMO/ LIT]AL VAMPIRISM H]E3 T5 ?\S& Y\NG ,ASSYRIANS OR ,FR5*M5 MU/ BE WIP$ FROM EXI/5CE1 !IR [N FUTURE HI/ORIES ABORT$1 SO ! NAME ( ,ASSURBANIPAL OR ,NAPOLEON CAN LIVE =EV]4 

,%ILLUK REFUS$ TO ALL[ !IR RE?S TO 5GAGE 9 ?IS SORT ( BEHAVIOR1 BUT 9 ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ,FRAZ]IAN SACR$ K+%IP WE 5C\NT] ! SAME RELATION 9 A F> MORE SUBTLE WAY4 ,! CONNECTION IS SO SUBTLE1 9 FACT1 ?AT IT HAS GONE L>GELY UNNOTIC$4 ,BUT IT COMES ESPECIALLY CLE>LY 9TO FOCUS IF ONE COMP>ES ! ,%ILLUK K+DOM ) ITS MO/ NOTORI\SLY BRUTAL C\S93 ! K+DOM ( ,BUG&A LOCAT$ ON ! %ORES ( ,LAKE ,VICTORIA A FEW HUNDR$ MILES TO ! S\?4 ,9 MANY WAYS1 ! SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 ! TWO >E QUITE REM>KABLE4 ,G&A LEG5DS TOO TRACE ! K+%IP BACK TO A COSMIC DILEMMA AB\T ! ORIG9S ( DEA?2 H]E TOO1 ! FIR/ K+ DID NOT DIE BUT MY/]I\SLY VANI%$ 9 ! FACE ( POPUL> DISCONT5T2 H]E TOO1 ! NEXT ?REE K+S VANI%$ AS WELL2 H]E TOO1 !RE W]E ELABORATE 9/ALLATION RITUALS ) MOCK BATTLES1 ! LI<T+ ( RITUAL FIRES1 & A *AOTIC YE>LONG 9T]REGNUM4 ,YET 9 O!R WAYS ! ,G&A K+%IP IS AN EXACT 9V]SION4 

,MU* ( ! DIFF]5CE TURN$ ON ! /ATUS ( WOM54 ,9 ,BUG&A1 WOM5 DID ALMO/ ALL SUBSI/5CE LABOR1 :ILE HAV+ NO AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATIONS ( !IR [N2 M5 =M$ A L>GELY P>ASITICAL /RATUM1 ! Y\NG ONES ORGANIZ$ 9TO MILIT>IZ$ B&S1 OLD] ONES 9TO AN 5DLESSLY ELABORATE ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS ?AT SEEM$ TO FUNCTION L>GELY TO KEEP ! Y\NG] ONES UND] CONTROL1 OR DI/RACT$ 9 5DLESS W>S ( CONQUE/4 ,! RESULT WAS1 BY ANY DEF9ITION1 A BONA FIDE /ATE4 ,IT WAS ALSO ONE ( ?OSE R>E CASES :5 BUREAUCRATIZATION DID NOT 9 ANY S5SE LEAD TO ANY SIGNIFICANT EUPHEMIZATION4 ,:ILE ! K+ WAS NOT ID5TIFI$ ) ANY DIV9E BE+1 HE REMA9$ V]Y MU* A DIV9E K+ 9 \R S5SE ( ! T]M3 A DISPAT*] ( >BITR>Y VIOL5CE1 & HI<] JU/ICE1 BO? AT ! SAME TIME4 ,H[EV]1 :]E ! ,%ILLUK K+ WAS SURR\ND$ BY EXECUTION]S :OSE ROLE WAS EV5TUALLY TO KILL HIM1 ! ,G&A K+ WAS SURR\ND$ BY EXECUTION]S :OSE ROLE WAS TO KILL EV]YBODY ELSE4 ,?\S&S MI<T BE SLAU<T]$ DUR+ ROYAL FUN]ALS1 9/ALLATIONS1 OR :5 ! K+ P]IODICALLY DECID$ !RE W]E TOO MANY Y\NG M5 ON ! ROADS SURR\ND+ ! CAPITAL1 & IT WAS TIME TO R\ND A FEW HUNDR$ UP & HOLD A MASS EXECUTION4 ,K+S MI<T BE KILL$ 9 REBELLIONS1 BUT NONE W]E RITUALLY PUT TO DEA?4 ,AS ,GILLIAN ,FEELEY-,H>NIK 7#a#i#h#e3 #b#g#g7 APTLY PUT IT1 REGICIDE1 H]E1 SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 REPLAC$ BY CIVICIDE4.<#e#i.> ,:5 ,DAVID ,LIV+/ONE ASK$ :Y ! K+ KILL$ SO MANY PEOPLE1 HE WAS TOLD ?AT IF HE DIDN'T1 EV]YONE W\LD ASSUME ?AT HE WAS DEAD4 

,RAY REM>KS ?AT ! CAPITAL WAS1 AS SO (T5 9 SU* /ATES1 0A MICROCOSM ( ! K+DOM1 LAID \T SO ?AT IT REFLECT$ ! ADM9I/RATIVE ORD] ( ,BUG&A AS A :OLE0 7#a#i#i#a3 #b#c72 ! K+ WAS ! L9*P9 ( ! SOCIAL COSMOS1 DI/RIBUTOR ( TITLES & SPOILS1 & H5CE1 ! ULTIMATE >BIT] ( ALL =MS ( VALUE4 ,HIS WAS A SECUL> C\RT1 ) FEW ( ! =MAL TRAPP+S ( SACRAL K+%IP4 ,/ILL1 ! P]SON ( ! K+ IS ALWAYS SACR$1 & ! V]Y FACT ?AT ?IS WAS A REGIME BAS$ ALMO/ SOLELY ON =CE MEANT ?AT ! RITUAL SURR\ND+ ! P]SON ( ! K+ TOOK ON A UNIQUE F]OCITY4 ,! KABAKA1 AS HE WAS CALL$1 DID NOT LEAVE ! PALACE EXCEPT C>RI$ BY BE>]S & ! PUNI%M5T = GAZ+ DIRECTLY AT HIM WAS DEA?4 

,! RULES ( C\RTLY ETIQUETTE1 SU* AS ! PROHIBITION AGA9/ SNEEZ+ OR C\<+ 9 ! K+'S PRES5CE444 W]E CONSID]$ AS IMPORTANT AS ! LAWS ( ! /ATE1 = BEHAVIOR T[>DS ! K+'S P]SON WAS REG>D$ AS AN EXPRESSION ( ONE'S ALLEGIANCE TO ! ?RONE HE REPRES5T$4 ,?US ,MUTESA SOMETIMES CONDEMN$ HIS WIVES TO DEA? BECAUSE !Y C\<$ :ILE HE WAS EAT+ 7IBID43 #a#g#b74 

,=EIGN OBS]V]S LIKE ,SPEKE & ,LIV+/ONE WROTE 9 HORROR ( EV5 WELLBORN PR9CESSES BE+ DRAGG$ (F TO EXECUTION = ! SLI<TE/ PHYSICAL 9FRACTION ( C\RTLY ETIQUETTE4.<#f.> ,?IS MI<T SEEM AB\T AS F> AS ONE CAN GET FROM ! ,%ILLUK C\RT1 :]E WOM5 W]E SACROSANCT & IT WAS ! K+ :O WAS EV5TUALLY EXECUT$4 ,BUT 9 FACT IT WAS A PRECISE 9V]SION4 ,! CON/ANT ELEM5T IS ! ILLUSION ( PHYSICAL P]FECTION AT ! C5T]1 :I* BR+S ) IT ! NE$ TO SUPPRESS :ATEV] >E TAK5 TO BE ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT SIGNS ( BODILY WEAKNESS1 ILLNESS1 OR LACK ( PHYSICAL CONTROL--& ABOVE ALL1 ! FACT ?AT ?IS ILLUSION WAS ULTIMATELY 5=C$ BY ?REAT ( DEA?1 ,! DIFF]5CE IS SIMPLY ?AT ! DIRECTION ( ! VIOL5CE IS H]E REV]S$4 ,IT IS1 P]HAPS1 A SIMPLE RESULT ( A DIFF]5T BALANCE ( POLITICAL =CES4 ,9 ! W> BETWE5 SOV]EIGN & PEOPLE1 ! RE? WAS AT A CON/ANT DISADVANTAGE4 ,! KABAKA 9 CONTRA/ HAD DEF9ITIVELY WON4 ,HIS ABILITY TO RA9 >BITR>Y DE/RUCTION WAS UNLIMIT$ NOT JU/ 9 PR9CIPLE1 BUT L>GELY 9 PRACTICE1 & ! BODIES ( ROYAL WOM5 W]E SIMPLY ! MO/ DRAMATIC MEANS ( ITS DISPLAY4 

,GRANT$1 ! SITUATION WAS NOT ULTIMATELY VIABLE4 ,SU* VICTORIES CAN NEV] BE SU/A9$4 ,EV5 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY1 IT WAS ASSUM$ ?AT EV]Y KABAKA1 DRIV5 MAD BY P[]1 W\LD EV5TUALLY GO TOO F>1 & BE DE/ROY$--IF NOT BE REAL FLE%-&-BLOOD REBELS1 !N AT LEA/ BY ! ANGRY <O/S ( HIS VICTIMS4 ,BY ! 5D ( ! C5TURY ! 5TIRE SY/EM WAS OV]?R[N & MASS EXECUTIONS ABOLI%$4 ,:AT ,I REALLY WANT TO DRAW ATT5TION TO H]E ?\< IS FIR/ ( ALL1 ! 9TIMATE CONNECTION BETWE5 ! O!RWORLDLY P]FECTION ( ROYAL C\RTS & !IR VIOL5CE--TO ! FACT ?AT SU* UTOPIAS DO1 ALWAYS1 RE/ ON :AT WE EUPHEMI/ICALLY CALL 0=CE40 ,! SECOND PO9T IS ?AT ! VIOL5CE ALWAYS CUTS BO? WAYS4 ,?IS IS ! TRU? ?AT IS BE+ ACKN[L$G$ 9 ! ,%ILLUK /ORIES ?AT %[ H[ ,DAK'S EFFIGY--:I* REPRES5TS :AT ,I HAVE CALL$ ! PR9CIPLE ( DIV9E K+%IP1 ! HUMAN CAPACITY TO BECOME A GOD ?R\< VIOL5CE--WAS CREAT$ :5 ! PEOPLE AS A :OLE SET \T TO KILL ,DAK1 OR H[ ,NYIKANG VANI%$ & BECAME A GOD :5 EV]YBODY HAT$ HIM4 

,:AT ,I W\LD SUGGE/ IS ?AT ?IS HAS REMA9$ ! HIDD5 LOGIC ( SOV]EIGNTY4 ,:AT WE CALL 0! SOCIAL PEACE0 IS REALLY JU/ A TRUCE 9 A CON/ITUTIVE W> BETWE5 SOV]EIGN P[] & 0! PEOPLE10 OR 0NATION0--BO? ( :OM COME 9TO EXI/5CE1 AS POLITICAL 5TITIES1 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ EA* O!R4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ?IS ELEM5TAL W> IS PRIOR TO W>S BETWE5 NATIONS4 

,TO CALL ?IS A 0W>0 IS TO FLY 9 ! FACE ( ALMO/ ALL EXI/+ POLITICAL !ORY1 :I*--:E!R IT BE A MATT] ( ,K>L ,S*MIDT'S >GUM5T ?AT ! FIR/ GE/URE ( SOV]EIGNTY IS DECL>+ ! DIVISION ( FRI5D & FOE1 TO ,MAX ,WEB]'S MONOPOLY ( LEGITIMATE USE ( =CE )9 A T]RITORY1 TO ! ASS]TION 9 ,AFRICAN ,POLITICAL ,SY/EMS ?AT /ATES >E 5TITIES ?AT RESOLVE CONFLICT 9T]NALLY ?R\< LAW1 & \TSIDE1 ?R\< W>--ASSUME !RE IS A FUNDAM5TAL DI/9CTION BETWE5 9SIDE & \TSIDE1 & P>TICUL>LY BETWE5 VIOL5CE 9SIDE & VIOL5CE \TSIDE--?AT1 9 FACT1 ?IS IS CON/ITUTIVE ( ! V]Y NATURE ( POLITICS4 ,AS A RESULT1 JU/ AB\T EV]YONE 7) ! POSSIBLE EXCEPTION ( AN?ROPOLOGI/S7 :O WI%ES TO DISCUSS ! NATURE ( 0W>0 />TS ) EXAMPLES ( >M$ CONFLICTS BETWE5 TWO CLE>LY DEF9$ POLITICAL & T]RITORIAL 5TITIES1 USUALLY ASSUM$ TO BE NATION-/ATES OR SOME?+ ALMO/ EXACTLY LIKE !M1 9VOLV+ A CLA% ( >MIES ?AT 5DS EI!R ) CONQUE/1 OR SOME SORT ( NEGOTIAT$ PEACE4.<#f#a.> ,9 FACT1 EV5 ! MO/ CURSORY GLANCE AT HI/ORY %[S ?AT ONLY A T9Y P]C5TAGE ( >M$ CONFLICTS HAVE TAK5 SU* A =M4 ,9 REALITY !RE IS ALMO/ NEV] A CLE> L9E BETWE5 :AT WE'D N[ CALL 0W>0 & :AT WE'D N[ CALL 0B&ITRY10 0T]RORISM10 0RAIDS10 0MASSACRES10 0DUELS10 09SURRECTIONS10 OR 0POLICE ACTIONS40 ,YET SOMEH[ 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO TALK AB\T W> 9 ! AB/RACT WE HAVE TO IMAG9E AN IDEALIZ$ SITUATION ?AT ONLY R>ELY ACTUALLY OCCURS4 ,TRUE1 DUR+ ! HEYDAY ( ,EUROPEAN COLONIALISM1 FROM R\<LY #afdh TO #a#i#e1 ,EUROPEAN /ATES DID ATTEMPT TO SET UP A CLE> SY/EM ( RULES TO ORD] W>S BETWE5 NATION-/ATES1 & 9 ?IS P]IOD ONE F9DS A FAIR NUMB] ( W>S ?AT DO FIT ?IS AB/RACT MODEL1 & 9 :I* ALL P>TIES >E PLAY+ BY ! RULES2 BUT !SE RULES W]E ONLY CONSID]$ TO APPLY )9 ,EUROPE1 A T9Y CORN] ( ! GLOBE4 ,\TSIDE IT1 ! SAME ,EUROPEAN P[]S BECAME NOTORI\S = !IR WILL+NESS TO TOSS ASIDE ! MO/ APP>5TLY SOLEMN AGREEM5TS ) NATIVE GOV]NM5TS & !IR WILL+NESS TO 5GAGE 9 EV]Y SORT ( 9DISCRIM9ATE VIOL5CE4 ,EV5 ! SIGNATORIES TO ! ,G5EVA ,CONV5TIONS W]E C>EFUL TO 9CLUDE A PROVISO ?AT !Y DID NOT APPLY TO COLONIAL W>S4 ,MO/ ( ! WORLD WAS1 EFFECTIVELY1 A FREE-FIRE ZONE4 ,S9CE #a#i#e1 ! RE/ ( ! GLOBE HAS COME TO BE 9CLUD$ 9 ! SY/EM ( NATION-/ATES1 BUT AS A RESULT1 S9CE ?AT TIME1 NO W>S HAVE BE5 =MALLY DECL>$1 & DESPITE HUNDR$S ( MILIT>Y CONFLICTS1 !RE HAVE BE5 ONLY A H&FUL ?AT HAVE 9VOLV$ ! CLA% ( REGUL> >MIES BETWE5 NATION-/ATES4 

,OBVI\SLY1 ! CONCEPTUAL APP>ATUS--! WAY WE IMAG9E W>--IS IMPORTANT4 ,BUT IT SEEMS TO ME IT IS MA9LY IMPORTANT 9 OCCLUD+ ?AT MORE FUNDAM5TAL TRU? ?AT ! ,NILOTIC MAT]IAL BR+S SO CLE>LY 9TO FOCUS4 ,AS ?OSE ,EUROPEAN TRAVEL]S DISCOV]$1 :5 ASK$ BY ,NILOTIC K+S TO CONDUCT RAIDS OR RA9 R&OM GUNFIRE ON 05EMY VILLAGES0 ?AT ACTUALLY TURN$ \T TO BE 9HABIT$ BY ! K+'S [N SUBJECTS1 !RE IS NO FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CE 9 ! RELATION BETWE5 A SOV]EIGN & HIS PEOPLE1 & A SOV]EIGN & HIS 5EMIES4 ,9SIDE & \TSIDE >E BO? CON/ITUT$ ?R\< AT LEA/ ! POSSIBILITY ( 9DISCRIM9ATE VIOL5CE4 ,:AT DIFF]5TIATES ! TWO--AT LEA/1 :5 ! DIFF]5CES >E CLE> 5\< TO BE> NOTIC+--IS ?AT ! 9SID]S %>E A COMMITM5T TO A C]TA9 %>$ NOTION ( UTOPIA4 ,!IR W> ) ! SOV]EIGN BECOMES ! GR\ND ( !IR BE+1 & ?US1 P>ADOXICALLY1 ! GR\ND ( A C]TA9 NOTION ( P]FECTION--EV5 PEACE4 

,ANY MORE REALI/IC EXPLORATION ( ! NATURE ( SOV]EIGNTY1 ,I BELIEVE1 %\LD PROCE$ FROM EXAM9ATION ( ! NATURE ( ?IS BASIC CON/ITUTIVE W>4 ,UNLIKE W>S BETWE5 /ATES1 ! W> BETWE5 SOV]EIGN & PEOPLE IS A W> ?AT ! SOV]EIGN CAN NEV]1 TRULY1 W94 ,YET /ATES SEEM TO HAVE AN OBSESSION ) CREAT+ SU* P]MAN5T1 UNW9NABLE W>S3 AS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS PASS$ OV] ! LA/ HALF C5TURY FROM ! ,W> ON ,POV]TY TO ! ,W> ON ,CRIME TO ! ,W> ON ,DRUGS 7! FIR/ TO BE 9T]NATIONALIZ$7 & N[1 TO ! ,W> ON ,T]ROR4 ,! SCALE *ANGES BUT ! ESS5TIAL LOGIC REMA9S ! SAME4 ,?IS IS ! LOGIC ( ! ASS]TION ( SOV]EIGNTY4 ,( C\RSE1 NO W> IS 7AS ,CLAUSEWITZ FALSELY CLAIM$7 SIMPLY A CONTE/ ( UNTRAMMEL$ =CE4 ,ANY SU/A9$ CONFLICT1 ESPECIALLY ONE BETWE5 /ATE & PEOPLE1 WILL HAVE ELABORATELY DEVELOP$ RULES ( 5GAGEM5T4 ,/ILL1 BEH9D ?OSE RULES ( 5GAGEM5T ALWAYS LIES AT LEA/ ! ?REAT--& USUALLY1 P]IODICALLY1 ! PRACTICE--( R&OM1 >BITR>Y1 9DISCRIM9ATE DE/RUCTION4 ,IT IS ONLY 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT ! /ATE IS1 AS ,?OMAS ,HOBBES SO FAM\SLY PUT IT1 A 0MORTAL GOD40 

,I DON'T ?9K !RE IS ANY?+ 9EVITABLE AB\T ALL ?IS4 ,! WILL TO SOV]EIGNTY IS NOT1 AS REACTION>IES ALWAYS WANT US TO BELIEVE1 SOME?+ 9H]5T 9 ! NATURE ( HUMAN DESIRE--AS IF ! DESIRE = AUTONOMY WAS ALWAYS ALSO NECESS>ILY ! DESIRE TO DOM9ATE & DE/ROY4 ,NEI!R H[EV] DOES ! HI/ORICAL EM]G5CE ( =MS ( SOV]EIGNTY M>K SOME K9D ( REM>KABLE 9TELLECTUAL OR ORGANIZATIONAL BREAK?R\<4 ,ACTUALLY1 TAK5 SIMPLY AS AN IDEA1 SOV]EIGNTY1 LIKE MONO!ISM1 IS AN EXTRAORD9>ILY SIMPLE CONCEPT ?AT ALMO/ ANYONE C\LD HAVE ?\<T (4 ,! PROBLEM IS IT IS NOT SIMPLY AN IDEA3 IT IS BETT] SE51 ,I ?9K1 AS PROCLIVITY1 A T5D5CY ( 9T]PRETATION IMMAN5T 9 C]TA9 SORTS ( SOCIAL & MAT]IAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 BUT ONE :I* NONE!LESS CAN BE1 & (T5 IS1 RESI/$4 ,AS ,LUC DE ,HEUS* MAKES CLE>1 IT IS NOT EV5 ESS5TIAL TO ! NATURE ( GOV]NM5T4 ONLY BY PUTT+ SOV]EIGNTY 9 ITS PLACE1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 CAN WE CAN BEG9 TO LOOK REALI/ICALLY AT ! FULL RANGE ( HUMAN POSSIBILITIES4 

,BIBLIOGRAPHY 

,ANONYM\S4 #a#i#e#f4 0,! 9/ALLATION ( A NEW ,%ILLUK K+40 ,SUDAN ,NOTES & ,RECORDS #c#g3 #i#i-#a#a4 

,>5S1 ,W4 #a#i#g#i4 0,! DIV9E K+%IP ( ! ,%ILLUK3 A CONTEMPOR>Y EVALUATION10 ,E?NOS #d#d3 #a#f#g-#a#h#a4 

------ #a#i#h#c4 0,A NOTE ON ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D & ! PROPHETS10 ,AN?ROPOS #g#h3 #a-#a#f4 

------4 #a#i#h#d4 0,! DEMISE ( K+S & ! MEAN+ ( K+%IP3 ROYAL FUN]>Y C]EMONY 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y S\!RN ,SUDAN & ,R5AISSANCE ,FRANCE40 ,AN?ROPOS #g#i3 #c#e#e-#f#g4 

,BEIDELMAN1 ,?OMAS ,O4 #a#i#f#fA4 0,! OX & ,NU] SACRIFICE3 SOME ,FREUDIAN HYPO!SES AB\T ,NU] SYMBOLISM40 ,MAN 7N4S47 #a3 #d#e#c-#d#f#g4 

------4 #a#i#f#fB4 0,SWAZI ROYAL RITUAL40 ,AFRICA #cf 7#d73 #c#g#c-#d#e4 

------4 #a#i#h#a4 0,! ,NU] CONCEPT ( !K & ! MEAN+ ( S93 EXPLANATION1 TRANSLATION1 & SOCIAL /RUCTURE40 ,HI/ORY ( ,RELIGIONS #ba 7#b73 #a#b#f-#a#e#e4 

,BELTRAME1 ,GIOVANNI4 #a#h#h#a4 ,IL FUME BIANCO E I ,D5KA4 ,V]ONA3 ,MAZZIANA4 

,BURTON1 ,JOHN ,W4 #a#i#h4 0,SACRIFICE3 A POLY!TIC CLASS ( ,ATUOT RELIGI\S ?\<T40 ,J\RNAL ( ,RELIGION 9 ,AFRICA #aa 7#b73 #i#c-#a#e4 

------4 #a#i#h#b4 0,NILOTIC WOM53 A DIA*RONIC P]SPECTIVE40 ,J\RNAL ( ,MOD]N ,AFRICAN ,/UDIES #b 7#c73 #d#f#g-#i#a4 

,CLA/RES1 ,HEL5E4 #a#i#i#e4 ,! L&-)\T-EVIL3 ,TUPI-,GU>ANI PROPHETISM1 TRANSLAT$ Y ,JACQUEL9E ,GR5EZ ,BROV5D]4 ,URBANA3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,ILL9OIS ,PRESS4 

,CLA/RES1 ,PI]RE4 #a#i#g#g4 ,SOCIETY AGA9/ ! /ATE3 ! LEAD] AS S]VANT & ! HUMANE USES ( P[] AMONG ! ,9DIANS ( ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,TRANSLAT$ BY ,ROB]T ,HURLEY4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,URIZ5 ,BOOKS4 

,CRAZZOL>A1 ,J4 ,P4 #a#i#e4 ,! ,LWOO4 ,P>T ,I3 ,LWOO MIGRATIONS4 ,V]ONA3 ,MISSIONI ,AFRICANE4 

------4 #a#i#e#a4 ,! ,LWOO4 ,P>T ,I,I3 ,LWOO TRADITIONS4 ,V]ONA3 ,MISSIONI ,AFRICANE4 

,DRIB]G1 ,J4 ,H4 #a#i#c#b4 0,! /ATUS ( WOM5 AMONG ! ,NILOTICS & ,NILO-,HAMITES40 ,AFRICA #e 7#d73 #d#d-#d#b#a4 

,EVANS-,PRIT*>D1 ,$W>D ,E4 #a#i#d4 ,! ,NU]3 A DESCRIPTION ( ! MODES ( LIVELIHOOD & POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS ( A ,NILOTIC PEOPLE4 ,OX=D3 ,CL>5DON PRESS4 

------4 #a#i#d#h4 ,! DIV9E K+%IP ( ! ,%ILLUK ( ! ,NILOTIC ,SUDAN4 ,! #aidh ,FRAZ] ,LECTURE4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

------4 #a#i#e#a4 0,%ILLUK K+-KILL+40 ,MAN #e#a3 #a#a#f4 

------4 #a#i#e#d4 0,! ,MEAN+ ( ,SACRIFICE ,AMONG ! ,NU]40 ,J\RNAL ( ! ,ROYAL ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,9/ITUTE #h#d3 #b#a-#c#c4 

------4 #a#i#e#f4 ,NU] ,RELIGION4 ,OX=D3 ,CL>5DON ,PRESS4 

,EV5S1 ,T4 ,M4 ,S4 #a#i#h#i4 0,! ,NU] 9CE/ PROHIBITION & ! NATURE ( K9%IP3 ALT]OLOGICAL RECKON+40 ,CULTURAL ,AN?ROPOLOGY #d 7#d73 #c#b#c-#c#d#f4 

,FEELEY-,H>NIK1 ,GILLIAN4 #a#i#h#d4 0,ISSUES 9 DIV9E K+%IP40 ,ANNUAL ,REVIEW ( ,AN?ROPOLOGY #a#d3 #b#g#c-#c#a#c4 

,FRANK=T1 ,H5RI4 #a#i#g#h4 ,K+%IP & ! GODS3 A /UDY ( ANCI5T NE> EA/]N RELIGION AS ! 9TEGRATION ( SOCIETY & NATURE4 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 

,FRAS]1 ,ROB]T4 #a#i#i4 ,! MAK+ ( ,! GOLD5 B\<3 ! ORIG9S & GR[? ( AN >GUM5T4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,/4 ,M>T9'S ,PRESS4 

,FRAZ]1 ,JAMES4 #a#i#a#cA4 ,! DY+ GOD4 ,P>T ,I,I,I ( ,! GOLD5 B\<4 ,LONDON3 ,MACMILLAN4 

------4 #a#i#a#cB4 ,! SCAPEGOAT4 ,P>T ,V,I ( ,! GOLD5 B\<4 ,LONDON3 ,MACMILLAN4 

,FRO/1 ,JOHN4 #a#i#g#d4 ,A HI/ORY ( ! ,%ILLUK ( ! S\!RN ,SUDAN4 ,PH4,D4 DISS]TATION1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA1 ,SANTA ,B>B>A4 

,GIESEY1 ,R4 ,E4 #a#i#f#g4 ,! ROYAL FUN]>Y C]EMONY 9 R5AISSANCE ,FRANCE4 ,G5EVA3 ,LIBRAIRE ,E4 ,DROZ4 

,GIR>D1 ,]NE4 #a#i#g#g4 ,VIOL5CE & ! SACR$4 ,BALTIMORE3 ,JOHNS ,HOPK9S ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,GRAEB]1 ,DAVID4 #a#i#i#f4 0,BEADS & MONEY2 NOTES T[>D A !ORY ( WEAL? & P[]40 ,AM]ICAN ,E?NOLOGI/ #bc 7#a73 #d-#b#d4 

------4 #a#i#i#g4 0,MANN]S1 DEF]5CE & PRIVATE PROP]TY40 ,COMP>ATIVE ,/UDIES 9 ,SOCIETY & ,HI/ORY #ci 7#d73 #f#i#d-#g#b#h4 

------4 #b#d4 ,FRAGM5TS ( AN AN>*I/ AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 

------4 #b#e4 0,FETI%ISM & SOCIAL CREATIVITY1 OR FETI%ES >E GODS 9 PROCESS ( CON/RUCTION40 ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,!ORY #e 7#d73 #d#g-#d#c#h4 

,GRAY1 ,ROB]T4 #a#i#f#a4 ,A HI/ORY ( ! S\!RN ,SUDAN #a#h#c#i-#a#h#h#i4 ,OX=D3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,HANS51 ,?OMAS ,BLOM & ,F9N ,/EPPUTAT4 #b#e4 ,SOV]EIGN BODIES2 CITIZ5S1 MIGRANTS1 & /ATES 9 ! PO/COLONIAL WORLD4 ,PR9CETON3 ,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

------4 #b#f4 0,SOV]EIGNTY REVISIT$40 ,ANNUAL ,REVIEW ( ,AN?ROPOLOGY #c#e2 #b#i#e-#c#a#e4 

,HEUS*1 ,LUC DE4 #a#i#f#b4 0,ASPECTS DE LA SACRALITE DU P\VOIR 5 ,AFRIQUE40 ,9 ,LE ,P\VOIR ET LE SACRE1 $IT$ BY ,L41 DE ,HEUS*1 ,P41 ,D]*A91 ,A41 ,F9ET1 #a#c#i-#a#e#h4 ,BRUXELLES3 ,UNIV]SITE ,LIBRE1 ,9/ITUT DE SOCIOLOGIE 7,ANNALES DU ,C5T] D'ETUDES DES RELIGIONS1 #a74 

------4 #a#i#g#b4 ,LE ,ROI IVRE \ L'ORIG9E DE L'ETAT4 ,P>IS3 ,GALLIM>D4 

------4 #a#i#h#b4 ,ROIS NES D'UN COEUR DE VA*E4 ,P>IS3 ,GALLIM>D4 

------4 #a#i#i#g4 0,! SYMBOLIC ME*ANISMS ( K+%IP2 R$ISCOV]+ ,FRAZ]40 ,J\RNAL ( ! ,ROYAL ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,9/ITUTE #c 7#b73 #c#a#c-#c#c#b4 

------4 #b4 ,LE ROI DE ,KONGO ET LES MON/RES SACRES4 ,P>IS3 ,GALLIM>D4 

------4 #b#e4 0,=MS ( SACRALIZ$ P[] 9 ,AFRICA40 ,9 ,! ,*>ACT] ( ,K+%IP1 $IT$ BY ,DECLAN1 ,QUIGLEY1 #b#e-#c#g4 ,OX=D3 ,B]G 

,HOC>T1 ,A4 ,M4 #a#i#b#g4 ,K+%IP4 ,LONDON3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

------4 #a#i#c#c4 ,PROGRESS ( ,MAN2 A %ORT SURVEY ( HIS EVOLUTION1 HIS CU/OMS & HIS WORKS4 ,LONDON3 ,ME!UN4 

------4 #a#i#c#f4 ,K+S & C\NCILORS3 AN ESSAY 9 ! COMP>ATIVE ANATOMY ( HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 

------4 #a#i#e#b4 ,! LIFE-GIV+ MY?1 & O!R ESSAYS4 ,LONDON3 ,ME?U54 

------4 #a#i#e#d4 ,SOCIAL ORIG9S4 ,LONDON3 ,WATTS4 

,H(MAYR1 ,WILHELM4 #a#i#a#a4 0,RELIGION D] ,%ILLUK40 ,AN?ROPOS #f3 #a#b-#a#c#a4 

------4 #a#i#b#e4 ,DIE ,%IILUK4 ,GES*I*TE1 RELIGION1 UND LEB5 E9ZE ,NILOT5-,/AMMES4 ,MOLD+3 ,V]LAG D] ,ADM9I/RATION DES ,AN?ROPOS4 

,H[ELL1 ,P4 ,P4 #a#i#d#a4 0,! ,%ILLUK SETTLEM5T40 ,SUDAN ,NOTES & ,RECORDS #b#d3 #d#g-#f#g4 

------4 #a#i#e#bA4 0,! DEA? & BURIAL ( ,RE? ,DAK WAD ,FADIET ( ! ,%ILLUK10 ,SUDAN ,NOTES & ,RECORDS #c#c3 #a#e#f-#f#e4 

------4 #a#i#e#bB4 0,OBS]VATIONS ON ! ,%ILLUK ( ! ,UPP] ,NILE4 ,! LAWS ( HOMICIDE & ! LEGAL FUNCTIONS ( ! ,RE?40 ,AFRICA1 #b#b3 #i#g-#a#a#i4 

------4 #a#i#e#cA4 0,! ELECTION & 9/ALLATION ( ,RE? ,KUR WAD ,FAFITI ( ! ,%ILLUK10 ,SUDAN ,NOTES & ,RECORDS #c#d3 #a#h#i-#b#c4 

------4 #a#i#e#cB4 0,OBS]VATIONS ON ! ,%ILLUK ( ! ,UPP] ,NILE4 ,CU/OM>Y LAW3 M>RIAGE & ! VIOLATION ( RI<TS 9 WOM540 ,AFRICA #b#c3 #i#d-#a#i4 

,H[ELL1 ,P4 ,P4 & ,W4 ,P4 ,G41 ,?OMSON #a#i#d#f4 0,! DEA? ( A ,RE? ( ! ,%ILLUK & ! 9/ALLATION ( HIS SUCCESSOR40 ,SUDAN ,NOTES & ,RECORDS #b#g3 #e-#h#e4 

------4 #a#i#e#b4 0,! DEA? ( ,RE? ,DAK WAD ,FADIET & ! 9/ALLATION ( HIS SUCCESSOR3 A PRELIM9>Y NOTE40 ,MAN #e#b3 #a#b-#d4 

,JOHNSON1 ,D\GLAS ,H4 #b#a#a4 ,! ROOT CAUSES ( ,SUDAN'S CIVIL W>S4 ,JAMES ,CURREY3 ,WOODBRIDGE & ,RO*E/] ,N,Y4 

,KAPTEIJNS1 ,LIDWI51 & ,JAY1 ,SPAULD+4 #a#i#h#b4 0,PRECOLONIAL TRADE BETWE5 /ATES 9 ! ,EA/]N ,SUDAN1 CA #ag -- CA #a#i40 ,AFRICAN ,ECONOMIC ,HI/ORY #a#a3 #b#i-#f#b4 

,KANTOR[ICZ1 ,E4 ,H4 #a#i#e#g4 ,! K+'S TWO BODIES3 A /UDY 9 M$IEVAL POLITICAL !OLOGY4 ,PR9CETON3 ,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,KUNIJWOK1 ,G4 ,A4 ,W4 #a#i#h#b4 ,GOV]NM5T & COMMUNITY 9 A MOD]N /ATE3 A CASE /UDY ( ! ,%ILLUK & !IR NEI<BORS4 ,PH4,D4 !SIS1 ,OX=D3 ,BODLEIAN LIBR>Y4 

,KURIMOTO1 ,EISEI4 #a#i#i#b4 0,AN E?NOGRAPHY ( 'BITT]NESS'3 CUCUMB] & SACRIFICE RECONSID]$40 ,J\RNAL ( ,RELIGION 9 ,AFRICA #bb 7#a73 #d#g-#f#e4 

,LI5H>DT1 ,R4 ,GODFREY4 #a#i#e#b4 0,! ,%ILLUK ( ! ,UPP] ,NILE40 ,9 ,AFRICAN ,WORLDS1 $IT$ BY ,D>YL1 ,=DE1 #a#c#h-#f#c4 ,OX=D3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

------4 #a#i#e#c4 0,NILOTIC K+S & !IR MO!RS' K940 ,AFRICA #be 7#a73 #b#i-#d#b4 

------4 #a#i#f#a4 ,DIV9ITY & EXP]I5CE3 ! RELIGION ( ! ,D9KA4 ,OX=D3 ,CL>5DON ,PRESS4 

------4 #a#i#g#i4 0,GETT+ Y\R [N BACK3 !MES 9 ,NILOTIC MY?10 9 ,/UDIES 9 ,SOCIAL ,AN?ROPOLOGY1 $IT$ BY ,J4 ,H4 ,M41 ,BEATTIE & ,R4 ,G41 ,LI5H>DT1 #b#a#c-#c#g4 ,OX=D3 ,CL>5DON ,PRESS4 

,M]C]1 ,PATRICIA4 #a#i#g#a4 0,%ILLUK TRADE & POLITICS FROM ! MID-SEV5TE5? C5TURY TO #a#h#f#a40 ,J\RNAL ( ,AFRICAN ,HI/ORY #ab 7#c73 #d#g-#d#b#f4 

,MOG5SON1 ,HANNE4 #b#b4 0,! RESILI5CE ( JUOK3 CONFRONT+ SUFF]+ 9 ,EA/]N ,UG&A40 ,AFRICA #gb 7#b73 #d#b-#d#c#f 

,MULL]1 ,JEAN-,CLAUDE4 #a#i#h4 ,LE ,ROI B\C EMISSAIRE3 P\VOIR ET RITUEL *EZ LES ,RUKUBA DU ,NIG]IA ,C5TRAL4 ,MONTREAL3 ,S]GE ,FLEURY4 

,MUNRO1 ,P4 #a#i#a#h4 0,9/ALLATION ( ! ,]T ( ! ,*OL 7,K+ ( ! ,%ILLUKS740 ,9 ,PAGAN ,TRIBES ( ! ,NILOTIC ,SUDAN1 $IT$ BY ,C4 ,G41 & ,B4 ,Z41 ,SELIGMAN1 #e#d#a-#e#d#g4 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,NYABA1 ,PET] ,ADWOK4 #b#f4 0,! ,*OLLO ,PR$ICAM5T3 ! ,?REAT ( ,PHYSICAL ,EXT]M9ATION & ,CULTURAL ,EXT9CTION ( A ,PEOPLE40 HTTP3_/_/WWW4DUR4AC4UK_/JU/94WILLIS_/NYABA4HTM1 ACCESS$ #d_/#h_/#b#g4 

,OGOT1 ,B4 ,A4 #a#i#f#a4 0,! CONCEPT ( ,JUOK40 ,AFRICAN ,/UDIES #b3 #a#c#d-#a#d4 

------4 #a#i#f#d4 0,K+%IP & /ATELESSNESS AMONG ! ,NILOTES40 ,9 ,! ,HI/ORIAN 9 ,TROPICAL ,AFRICA1 $IT$ BY ,JAN1 ,VANS9A1 ,R41 ,MAUNY1 ,L4-,V41 ,?OMAS1 #b#i#d-#b#i#i4 ,LONDON3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,OYL]1 ,D4 ,S4 #a#i#a#hA4 0,NIKAWNG'S PLACE 9 ! ,%ILLUK RELIGION40 ,SUDAN ,NOTES & ,RECORDS #a3 #b#h#c-#c#a4 

------4 #a#i#a#hB4 0,NIKAWNG & ! ,%ILLUK MIGRATION40 ,SUDAN ,NOTES & ,RECORDS #a3 #a#g-#a#e4 

------4 #a#i#a#i4 0,! ,%ILLUK'S BELIEF 9 ! ,EVIL ,EYE40 ,SUDAN ,NOTES & ,RECORDS #b3 #a#b#b-#a#c#g4 

------4 #a#i#bA4 0,! ,%ILLUK'S BELIEF 9 ! ,GOOD ,M$IC9E ,MAN40 ,SUDAN ,NOTES & ,RECORDS #c3 #a#a-#a#a#f4 

------4 #a#i#bB4 0,! ,%ILLUK PEACE C]EMONY40 ,SUDAN ,NOTES & ,RECORDS #c3 #b#i#f-#b#i#i4 

------4 #a#i#b#f4 0,%ILLUK NOTES40 ,SUDAN ,NOTES & ,RECORDS #i3 #e#g-#f#h4 

,PAUL1 ,A4 #a#i#e#b4 0,! M> ( ! ,%ILLUK40 ,SUDAN ,NOTES & ,RECORDS #c#c3 #a#f#e-#a#f#f4 

,PUMPHREYS1 ,M4 ,E4 ,C4 #a#i#c#f4 0,%ILLUK 'ROYAL' LANGUAGE CONV5TIONS40 ,SUDAN ,NOTES & ,RECORDS1 #b3 #c#a#i-#c#b#a4 

------4 #a#i#d#a4 0,! ,%ILLUK TRIBE40 ,SUDAN ,NOTES & ,RECORDS #b#d3 #a-#d#f4 

,QUIGLEY1 ,DECLAN4 #a#i#i#c4 ,! 9T]PRETATION ( CA/E4 ,OX=D3 ,AT ! ,CL>5DON ,PRESS4 

------4 #b4 0,SCAPEGOATS3 ! KILL+ ( K+S & ORD9>Y PEOPLE40 ,J\RNAL ( ! ,ROYAL ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,9/ITUTE #f 7#b73 #b#c#g-#e#d4 

------4 #b#e4 0,9TRODUCTION3 ! *>ACT] ( K+%IP40 ,9 ,! ,*>ACT] ( ,K+HIP1 $IT$ BY ,DECLAN1 ,QUIGLEY1 #a-#b#c4 ,OX=D3 ,B]G4 

,RAY1 ,B5JAM9 ,C4 #a#i#i#a4 ,MY?1 RITUAL1 & K+%IP 9 ,BUG&A4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,RIAD1 ,MOHAM$4 #a#i#e#c4 0,SOME OBS]VATIONS ( A FIELDTRIP AMONG ! ,%ILLUK40 ,WI5] ,VOLK]KUNDLI*E ,MITEILUNG51 #c3 #g-#g#h4 

------4 #a#i#e#i4 0,! DIV9E K+%IP ( ! ,%ILLUK & ITS ORIG940 ,>*IV FUR ,VOLK]KUNDE #a#d3 #a#d#a-#b#h#d4 

,RI*>DS1 ,AUDREY4 #a#i#f#h4 0,KEEP+ ! K+ DIV9E40 ,PROCE$+S ( ! ,ROYAL ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,9/ITUTE1 #b#c-#c#e4 

,SAHL9S1 ,M>%ALL4 #a#i#h#a4 0,! /RANG]-K+ OR ,DUMEZIL AMONG ! ,FIJIANS40 ,J\RNAL ( ,PACIFIC ,HI/ORY #a#f3 #a#g-#a#c#b4 

------4 #a#i#h#c4 0,RAW WOM51 COOK$ M51 & O!R 0GREAT ?+S0 ( ! ,FIJIAN ,ISL&S40 ,9 ,! ,E?NOGRAPHY ( ,CANNIBALISM1 $IT$ BY ,PAUL1 ,BR[N & ,DONALD1 ,TUZ91 #g#b-#i#c4 ,WA%+TON ,D4,C43 ,SOCIETY = ,PSY*OLOGICAL ,AN?ROPOLOGY4 

------4 #b#h4 0,! /RANG]-K+3 OR1 ELEM5T>Y =MS ( ! POLITICS ( LIFE40 ,9DONESIA & ! ,MALAY ,WORLD #cf 7#a#e73 #a#g#g-#i#i4 

,S*NEPEL1 ,BURKH>D4 #a#i#h#f4 ,FIVE APPROA*ES TO ! !ORY ( DIV9E K+%IP & ! K+%IP ( ! ,%ILUK ( ! ,S\!RN ,SUDAN4 ,PH4,D4 !SIS1 ,OX=D3 ,BODELIAN ,LIBR>Y4 

------4 #a#i#h#h4 0,%ILLUK ROYAL C]EMONIES ( DEA? & 9/ALLATION10 ,AN?ROPOS #h#c3 #d#c#c-#e#b4 

------4 #a#i#i4 0,%ILLUK K+%IP3 P[] /RUGGLES & ! QUE/ION ( SUCCESSION10 ,AN?ROPOS #h#e3 #a#e-#b#d4 

------4 #a#i#i#a4 0,CONT9UITY DESPITE & ?R\< DEA?3 REGICIDE & ROYAL %R9ES AMONG ! ,%ILLUK ( ,S\!RN ,SUDAN40 ,AFRICA #fa 7#a73 #d-#g4 

------4 #a#i#i#e4 ,TW9N$ BE+S3 K+S & EFFIGIES 9 ,S\!RN ,SUDAN1 ,EA/ ,9DIA & R5AISSANCE ,FRANCE4 ,GOTEBORG3 ,9/ITUTE = ,ADVANC$ ,/UDIES 9 ,SOCIAL ,AN?ROPOLOGY4 

,SCUBLA1 ,LUCI54 #b#b4 0,HOC>T & ! ROYAL ROAD TO AN?ROPOLOGICAL UND]/&+40 ,SOCIAL ,AN?ROPOLOGY #a 7#c73 #c#e#i-#g#f4 

------4 #b#c4 0,ROI SACRE1 VICTIME SACRIFICIELLE ET VICTIME EMISSAIRE40 ,REVUE DU ,M,A,U,S,S #b#b3 #a#i#g-#b#b#a4 

,SELIGMAN1 ,*>LES ,GABRIEL4 #a#i#a#a4 0,! CULT ( ,NYAKANG & ! DIV9E K+S ( ! ,%ILLUK10 ,F\R? ,REPORT ( ! ,WELCOME ,TROPICAL ,RESE>* ,LABORATORIES1 ,VOLUME ,B1 ,G5]AL ,SCI5CE3 #b#a#f-#c#h4 

------4 #a#i#c#a4 0,! RELIGION ( ! ,PAGAN ,TRIBES ( ! ,:ITE ,NILE40 ,AFRICA #d 7#a73 #a-#b#a4 

------4 #a#i#c#d4 ,EGYPT & NEGRO ,AFRICA3 A /UDY 9 DIV9E K+%IP4 ,! #aicc ,FRAZ] ,LECTURE4 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,SELIGMAN1 ,*>LES ,GABRIEL & ,BR5DA ,Z4 ,SELIGMAN4 #a#i#c#b4 0,! ,%ILLUK40 ,9 ,PAGAN ,TRIBES ( ! ,NILOTIC ,SUDAN4 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE1 PP4 #c#g-#a#e4 

,SIMONSE1 ,SIMON4 #a#i#i#b4 ,K+S ( DISA/]3 DUALISM1 C5TRALISM & ! SCAPEGOAT K+ 9 ! ,S\!A/]N ,SUDAN4 ,LEID53 ,BRILL4 

------4 #b#e4 0,TRAG$Y1 RITUAL & P[] 9 ,NILOTIC REGICIDE3 ! REGICIDAL DRAMAS ( ! ,EA/]N ,NILOTES ( ,SUDAN 9 CONTEMPOR>Y P]SPECTIVE40 ,9 ,! ,*>ACT] ( ,K+HIP1 $IT$ BY ,DECLAN1 ,QUIGLEY1 #f#g-#a4 ,OX=D3 ,B]G4 

,S+]1 ,&RE4 #a#i#g#e4 ,! ,%ILLUK ( ,S\!RN ,SUDAN4 ,B,B,C1 ,DISAPPE>+ ,WORLD ,S]IES4 ,DIRECT$ BY ,*RIS ,CURL+4 ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL CONSULTANTS ,PAUL ,H[ELL1 ,WALT] ,KUNIY ,WOK1 & ,&RE ,S+]4 #eb M9UTES 

,SPAULD+1 ,JAY4 #b#g4 ,! H]OIC AGE 9 ,S9N>4 ,ASM>A3 ,R$ ,SEA ,PRESS4 

,?OMSON1 ,W4 ,P4 ,G4 #a#i#d#h4 0,FUR!R NOTES ON ! DEA? ( A RE? ( ! ,%ILLUK 7#a#i#d#e740 ,SUDAN ,NOTES & ,RECORDS #b#i3 #a#e#a-#f4 

,UDAL1 ,JOHN ,O4 #a#i#i#h4 ,! ,NILE 9 D>KNESS3 CONQUE/ & EXPLORATION1 #a#e#d-#a#h#f#b4 ,NORWI*3 ,MI*AEL ,RUSSELL4 

,WALL1 ,L4 ,LEWIS #a#i#g#e4 0,ANUAK POLITICS1 ECOLOGY1 & ! ORIG9S ( ,%ILLUK K+%IP40 ,E?NOLOGY #a#e3 #a#e#a-#a#f#b4 

,WE/]MANN1 ,DIETRI*4 #a#i#a#a4 ,%ILLUK PEOPLE3 !IR LANGUAGE & FOLKLORE4 ,PHILADELPHIA3 ,BO>D ( ,=EIGN ,MISSIONS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,PRESBYT]IAN ,*UR* ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 

,WILSON1 ,MONICA4 #a#i#e#i4 ,DIV9E K+S & 0! BREA? ( M540 ,! #aiei ,FRAZ] ,LECTURE4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,WRIGLEY1 ,*RI/OPH]4 #a#i#i#f4 ,K+%IP & /ATE3 ! ,BUG&A DYNA/Y4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,Y\NG1 ,M4 #a#i#f#d4 0,! DIV9E K+%IP ( ! ,JUKUN3 A REEVALUATION ( SOME !ORIES40 ,AFRICA #c#f3 #a#c#e-#e#b4 

.<#a.> ,I %\LD NOTE ?AT 0,%ILLUK0 IS AN ,>ABIZATION ( ! NATIVE T]M1 ,COLLO OR ,*OLLO4 ,MO/ ( ! K+'S CURR5T SUBJECTS N[ USE ,*OLLO :5 WRIT+ 9 ,5GLI%4 ,I HAVE KEPT TO ! HI/ORICAL USAGE L>GELY TO AVOID CONFUSION4 

.<#b.> ,I AM SUMM>IZ+1 NOT ASSESS+1 !ORIES AT ?IS PO9T SO ,I WILL NOT 5L>GE ON ! FACT ?AT DE ,HEUS* SEEMS TO ME TO BE WORK+ ) A FUNDAM5TALLY MI/AK5 IDEA ( ! NATURE ( ,AFRICAN FETI%ES1 :I* >E R>ELY EMBODIM5TS ( F]TILITY BUT ORD9>ILY EMBODIM5TS ( DE/RUCTIVE =CES 7,GRAEB] #b#e74 ,I ?9K HE IS QUITE RI<T & PR(\NDLY 9SI<TFUL :5 HE >GUES ?AT K+S >E (T5 CREAT$ BY ! SAME ME*ANISMS AS FETI%ES1 AS ,I HAVE MYSELF >GU$ = ,M]9A SOV]EIGNS 7#a#i#i#f71 MI/AK5 :5 HE GOES ON TO CLAIM ?AT ! KEY 9NOVATION H]E IS ?AT UNLIKE FETI%ES ! P[] ( K+S DOES NOT HAVE TO BE CON/ANTLY RITUALLY MA9TA9$1 S9CE !RE >E ANY NUMB] ( C\NT]-EXAMPLES 7E4G41 ,RI*>DS #a#i#f#h74 

.<#c.> ,?\< P>T ( ! PROBLEM ( C\RSE IS ?AT IT IS NOT 5TIRELY CLE> :AT TO 0BE0 A GOD W\LD EV5 MEAN4 

.<#d.> ,SIMONSE'S COMM5T HAS A P>TICUL>LY PIQUANT IRONY :5 ONE CONSID]S ! CURR5T POPUL>ITY ( ! NOTION ( 0BIOP[]0--! IDEA ?AT MOD]N /ATES CLAIM UNIQUE P[]S OV] LIFE ITSELF BECAUSE !Y SEE !MSELVES NOT JU/ RUL+ OV] SUBJECTS1 OR CITIZ5S1 BUT AS ADM9I/]+ ! HEAL? & WELL-BE+ ( A BIOLOGICAL POPULATION4 ,PROBABLY ! QUE/ION WE %\LD BE ASK+ IS H[ IT EV] HAPP5$ ?AT !RE W]E GOV]NM5TS ?AT DID NOT HAVE SU* CONC]NS4 

.<#e.> ,I AM SIMPLIFY+ !IR >GUM5T4 ,SOV]EIGN P[] = ,HANS5 & ,/EPPUTAT IS M>K$ NOT ONLY BY IMPUNITY BUT BY A RESULTANT TRANSC5D5CE--! 0CRUCIAL M>KS ( SOV]EIGN P[]0 >E 09DIVISIBILITY1 SELF-REF]5CE1 & TRANSC5D5CE0 7#b#e3 #h71 AS WELL AS A C]TA9 0EXCESSIVE0 QUALITY4 ,9 MANY WAYS !IR >GUM5T1 ESPECIALLY :5 IT DRAWS ON ?AT ( ,GEORGES ,BATAILLE ) HIS REFLECTIONS ON AUTONOMY & VIOL5CE1 COMES CLOSE TO ! ONE ?AT ,I WILL BE DEVELOP+4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO EXACTLY 9 ?IS >EA ?AT IT DEVIATES ! MO/ %>PLY1 S9CE ,BATAILLE'S POSITION IS ULTIMATELY PR(\NDLY REACTION>Y1 READ+ AU?ORIT>IAN POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS BACK 9TO ! V]Y NATURE ( HUMAN DESIRE4 ,MY POSITION IS MORE HOPEFUL4 

.<#f.> ,! ,G&A K+%IP1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS ALMO/ 5TIRELY SECUL>4 ,NOT ONLY >E WE NOT DEAL+ ) A 0DIV9E K+10 9 ! S5SE ( ONE ID5TIFI$ ) SUP]NATURAL BE+S1 WE >E NOT EV5 DEAL+ ) A P>TICUL>LY SACR$ ONE--EXCEPT 9S(> AS ANY K+ IS1 SIMPLY BY VIRTUE ( HI]>*ICAL POSITION1 BY DEF9ITION SACR$4 

.<#g.> ,B5JAM9 HIMSELF SUGGE/$ ?AT POPUL> FASC9ATION ) ! 0GREAT CRIM9AL0 :O 0MAKES HIS [N LAW0 D]IVES FROM PRECISELY ?IS RECOGNITION4 

.<#h.> ,?\< WE %\LD PROBABLY MAKE NOTE ( ! D5\EM5T3 !Y ELECT$ A NEW K+1 :O PROMPTLY ACCUS$ !M ( MURD] & KILL$ !M ALL4 

.<#i.> ,9 A BROAD] S5SE1 HE WAS D\BTLESS AW>E ?AT ! COLONIAL P]CEPTION ( ,AFRICA AS A PLACE ( >BITR>Y VIOL5CE & SAVAG]Y HAD DONE MU* GREAT] VIOL5CE TO ,AFRICANS--?AT IS1 JU/IFI$ MU* WORSE ATROCITIES--?AN ANY ,AFRICAN K+ HAD EV] DONE4 ,?IS IS ! REASON MO/ CONTEMPOR>Y ,AFRICANI/S T5D TO AVOID !SE /ORIES4 ,BUT IT SEEMS TO ME !RE'S NO?+ TO BE GA9$ BY COV]+ ?+S UP3 ESPECIALLY S9CE ! ACTUAL >BITR>Y VIOL5CE P]=M$ BY MO/ ,AFRICAN K+S WAS 9 FACT1 NEGLIGIBLE OR EV5 COMPLETELY IMAG9>Y 7:AT MATT]$ W]E ! /ORIES71 & EV5 ?OSE :O EV5 CAME CLOSE TO LIV+ UP TO ,EURO-,AM]ICAN /]EOTYPES1 LIKE ,%AKA OR ,MUTESA1 KILL$ F> FEW ( !IR [N SUBJECTS ?AN MO/ ,EUROPEAN K+S DUR+ ! P]IOD BE=E !Y BECAME FIGUREHEADS4 

.<#a.> ,IF NO?+ ELSE ONE CAN SAY ! QUE/ION 0DO !Y REALLY KILL !IR K+S0 CAN BE SAID TO BE DEF9ITIVELY SETTL$3 ?\<1 AT ! SAME TIME1 IT IS ALSO CLE> ?AT IT IS ! LEA/ P[]FUL ( !SE FIGURES :O >E ! MO/ LIKELY TO FALL VICTIM4 

.<#a#a.> ,SO TODAY3 AN ,AM]ICAN CITIZ5 MI<T BE SO LITTLE REG>D$ BY HIS [N GOV]NM5T ?AT %E IS KICK$ \T ( HOSPITALS :ILE S]I\SLY ILL OR LEFT TO />VE ON ! /REET2 IF1 H[EV]1 %E !N GOES ON TO BE KILL$ BY ! AG5T ( A =EIGN GOV]NM5T1 AN ,AM]ICAN HAS BE5 KILL$ & IT WILL BE CONSID]$ CAUSE = W>4 

.<#a#b.> ,IT'S ALSO IMPORTANT TO NOTE H]E ?AT1 AS ,S*NEPEL EMPHASIZES 7#a#i#i#a3 #e#h71 ! ,%ILLUK K+ WAS NOT HIMSELF A RA9MAK]3 RA!R1 HE 9T]C$$ ON ! P>T ( HIS SUBJECTS ) ,NYIKANG1 :O WAS RESPONSIBLE = ! RA9S4 

.<#a#c.> ,AS ,I M5TION$ E>LI]1 ! ,EGYPTIAN ,PH>AOH MAY BE ! ONLY EXAMPLE4 ,ANO!R IS ! ,NEPALI K+4 ,BUT ! LATT] CASE MAKES CLE> ?AT ID5TIFICATION ) A DEITY IS NOT IS 9 ITSELF1 NECESS>ILY1 AN 9DICATOR ( DIV9E K+%IP 9 MY S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,! ,NEPALI K+ IS ID5TIFI$ ) VI%NU1 BUT ?IS ID5TIFICATION EI!R ORIG9AT$ OR ONLY CAME TO BE EMPHASIZ$ 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY :5 ! K+ LO/ MO/ ( HIS P[] TO ! ,PRIME ,M9I/]S2 IT WAS1 9 FACT1 ! TOK5 ( :AT ,I'VE BE5 CALL+ SACR$ K+%IP1 9 :I* ! K+ BECAME TOO 0SET AP>T0 FROM ! WORLD TO ACTUALLY GOV]N4 

.<#a#d.> ,FRO/ 7#a#i#g#d3 #a#h#g-#a#h#h7 SUGGE/S ! 9/ITUTION MI<T ULTIMATELY D]IVE FROM MILIT>Y LEAD]S REF]R$ TO AS BANY1 :O AT LEA/ AMONG ! NEI<BOR+ ,D9KA1 ALSO HAVE RA9-MAK+ RESPONSIBILITIES4 

.<#a#e.> ,! NAME IS AN ,>ABIZATION ( ITS REAL NAME1 ,PA*OD4 ,IT IS1 9CID5TALLY1 NOT ! SAME AS ! 0,FA%ODA0 ( ! FAM\S 0,FA%ODA CRISIS0 ?AT ALMO/ BR\<T W> BETWE5 ,BRITA9 & ,FRANCE 9 #a#h#i#h1 S9CE 0,FA%ODA0 9 ?IS CASE IS--H[EV] CONFUS+LY--AN ,>ABIZATION ( ! NAME ( A RA!R DESULTORY M]CANTILE T[N CALL$ ,KODOK \TSIDE ,%ILLUK T]RITORY TO ! NOR?4 

.<#a#f.> ,ACCORD+ TO ,SPAULD+ 7#b#f7 ! ,FUNJ1 :O W]E NOT ,NILOTIC1 BO? PRACTIC$ RITUAL K+-KILL+1 & A SIMIL> M>RIAGE PATT]N1 :]EBY ROYAL WIVES MOV$ BACK 9 SU* A WAY AS TO BECOME ! CONDUITS BETWE5 ! CAPITAL & VILLAGES4 

.<#a#g.> ,AMONG ! EA/]N ,NILOTIC SOCIETIES CONSID]$ BY ,SIMONSE1 ! *IEF W>RIOR AGE SET WAS ALSO RESPONSIBLE = REPRES5T+ ! PEOPLE AGA9/1 & ULTIMATELY1 IF NECESS>Y1 KILL+ ! K+4 ,AMONG ! ,%ILLUK ?IS ROLE SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 PASS$ TO ROYAL WOM54 

.<#a#h.> ,ACTUALLY1 IT IS NOT 5TIRELY CLE> :5 ,ABUDOK RUL$4 ,SOME G5EALOGIES LEAVE H] \T 5TIRELY4 ,H(MAYR PLACES H] BE=E ,TOKOT1 & ?IS HAS BECOME ! G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ V]SION4 ,WE/]MANN 7#a#i#a#b3 #a#d#i-#e7 IS AMBIGU\S BUT SEEMS TO AGREE2 H[EV]1 HIS V]SION ALSO SEEMS TO MAKE H] ! F\ND] ( ,FA%ODA1 :I* %\LD PLACE H] CLOS] TO ! TIME ( ,TUGO1 & ELSE:]E1 9 HIS LI/ ( K+S 7ON PAGE #a#c#e7 HE PLACES ,ABUDOK AFT] ,TOKOT4 ,CRAZZOL>A 7#a#i#e3 #a#c#fN#d7 9SI/S ?AT %E RUL$ AFT] ,TOKOT1 AS REG5T :ILE ,TUGO WAS /ILL A *ILD4 

.<#a#i.> ,!Y1 NOT ! FA!RS1 REMA9$ 9 CONTROL ( ! (FSPR+ ( SU* UNIONS4 ,COLONIAL S\RCES 7,SELIGMAN #a#i#a#a3 #b#a#h1 ,H[ELL #a#i#e#cB3 #a#g-#a#h7 9SI/$ ?AT 9 ! PA/1 PR9CESSES :O BORE *ILDR5 W\LD BE EXECUT$ ALONG ) ! *ILD'S FA!R1 

.<#b.> ,ANO!R KEY M$IUM = ! SPREAD ( ! CULT ( ,NYIKANG APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 M$IUMS LOOSELY ATTA*$ TO ! %R9ES1 :O HAD USUALLY HAD NO PREVI\S ATTA*M5T TO ! C\RT4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,OYL] 7#a#i#a#hA3 #b#h#h7 !SE TOO W]E MA9LY WOM54 

.<#b#a.> ,SELIGMAN & ,SELIGMAN 7#a#i#c#b3 #i#a7 SAY !RE W]E TWO V]SIONS ( H[ ?IS HAPP5S3 9 ONE1 ! WIVES /RANGLE ! K+ !MSELVES1 9 ! O!R1 !Y LAY A :ITE CLO? ACROSS HIS FACE & KNEES AS HE LIES ASLEEP 9 ! AFT]NOON TO 9DICATE !IR JUDGM5T TO ! MALE ,ORORO :O ACTUALLY KILL HIM4 

.<#b#b.> ,OYL] SAYS !Y ACT$ AS 0MAGI/RATES0 BUT !IR JURISDICTION WAS LIMIT$ TO DISPUTES BETWE5 WOM5 7#a#i#b#f3 #f#e-#f#f74 

.<#b#c.> ,ALREADY 9 ! #a#h#dS =EIGN S\RCES BEG9 SPEAK+ ( AN ANNUAL TRIBUTE 9 CATTLE & GRA91 SOMETIMES E/IMAT$ AT #a.0 7,FRO/ #a#i#g#d3 #a#g#f74 ,?IS SEEMS H[EV] TO HAVE ONLY BE5 AN E>LY- TO MID-#a#i? C5TURY PH5OM5ON4 

.<#b#d.> ,ONE ANOMAL\S ELEM5T HAS BE5 ELIM9AT$3 9 ?IS V]SION ! CORD RAN P>ALLEL TO ! E>?2 9 MO/1 IT IS >RANG$ V]TICALLY4 

.<#b#e.> ,SO TOO1 9CID5TALLY1 ) ,V$IC SACRIFICE1 :I* REPRODUCES ! ORIG9AL CREATION ( ! WORLD ?R\< ! DIVISION ( ! BODY ( A PRIMORDIAL BE+1 OR ,GREEK SACRIFICE1 :I* CON/ANTLY RECREAT$ ! DIVISIONS BETWE5 GODS1 ANIMALS1 & MORTALS1 & SO4 ,ALL !SE RELIGI\S TRADITIONS APPE> TO BE HI/ORICALLY RELAT$4 

.<#b#f.> ,9 O!R V]SIONS1 HE TRACES BACK TO A :ITE OR GRAY C[1 CREAT$ BY ,GOD 9 ! ,NILE4 

.<#b#g.> ,SELIGMAN 7#a#i#c#a3 #h#g-#h#h7 DESCRIBES H] AS ! EMBODIM5T ( ! TOTALITY ( RIV]9E CREATURES & PH5OM5A1 & NOTES ?AT ! PRIE/ESSES :O MA9TA9 ROYAL %R9ES ALSO MA9TA9 H] CULT4 ,(F]+S TO H] >E LEFT ON ! BANK ( ! ,NILE4 ,%E IS ALSO ! GODDESS ( BIR?4 ,:5 RIV] CREATURES ACT 9 UNUSUAL WAYS1 !Y >E ASSUM$ TO BE ACT+ AS H] VEHICLE2 :5 L& ONES DO ! SAME !Y >E ASSUM$ TO BE VEHICLES ( ,NYIKANG4 

.<#b#h.> ,I WILL RETURN TO ?IS PO9T LAT]4 ,( C\RSE1 ONE C\LD >GUE ?AT ?IS SORT ( BEHAVIOR WAS CONSID]$ LEGITIMATE 9 DEAL+ ) /RANG]S3 ,%ILLUK W]E NOTORI\S RAID]S1 & W]E 9 ! #a#h? & #a#i? C5TURIES APP>5TLY NOT ABOVE ACTS ( TREA*]Y :5 DEAL+ ) ,>ABS OR O!R =EIGN]S 9 ! 0RAID+ C\NTRY0--= 9/ANCE1 (F]+ TO F]RY C>AVANS ACROSS ! ,NILE & !N ATTACK+1 ROBB+ OR EV5 MASSACR+ !M4 7,AT ! SAME TIME =EIGN]S :O 5T]$ ,%ILLUKL& ITSELF W]E TREAT$ ) SCRUPUL\S C\RTESY & GU>ANTE$ ! SAFETY ( !IR P]SONS & PROP]TY47 ,/ILL1 AS WE WILL SEE1 ORD9>Y ,%ILLUK T5D$ TO RANKLE MO/ ( ALL AT ATTEMPTS TO TURN PR$ATORY VIOL5CE 9TO SY/EMATIC P[] :I* IS EXACTLY :AT ,NYIKANG WAS DO+ H]E4 

.<#b#i.> ,WE/]MANN 7#a#i#a#b3 #a#b#g-#a#c#d7 SUMM>IZES ! ORIG9S ( SEV5TY-F\R DIFF]5T CLANS4 ,IF ONE DISC\NTS ! ?REE ROYAL L9EAGES 9CLUD$1 & ! SIX = :OM NO ORIG9 IS GIV51 WE F9D ?AT =TY N9E W]E DESC5D$ FROM 0S]VANTS0 ( ,NYIKANG1 SIX FROM 0S]VANTS0 ( ,DAK1 SIX ( ,ODAK1 ONE ( ,TOKOT1 &1 MO/ SURPRIS+LY1 ?REE FROM S]VANTS ( ,QUE5 ,ABUDOK1 ! LA/ ROYAL FIGURE TO PLAY ?IS ROLE--ANO!R TE/IMONY TO H] ONETIME IMPORTANCE4 

.<#c.> ,H[EV] ,SELIGMAN & ,SELIGMAN 7#a#i#c#b3 #d#h7 SAYS K+S W\LD ONLY TAKE ,ORORO WIVES IF !Y W]E 0UNUSUALLY ATTRACTIVE0 S9CE NO *ILD ( AN ,ORORO C\LD EV] BECOME K+4 

.<#c#a.> ,9 SOME V]SIONS1 ! ,ORORO M5 >E RESPONSIBLE = KILL+ ! K+ 0BY SURPRISE0 IF HE IS W\ND$ 9 BATTLE OR GRIEV\SLY ILL 7,H(MAYR #a#i#b#e3 #a#g#h-#a#h71 ! WOM5 KILL HIM O!RWISE4 

.<#c#b.> ,?IS SORT ( BEHAVIOR WAS OCCASIONALLY NOT$ EV5 9 COLONIAL TIMES4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,H[ELL & ,?OMSON 7#a#i#d#f3 #g#f71 !RE US$ TO BE C]EMONIAL DRUMS KEPT 9 ,FA%ODA = ROYAL FUN]ALS ) SPECIAL GU>DIANS1 UNTIL RE? ,FAFITI1 ANNOY$ ?AT HIS PR$ECESSOR HAD NOT US$ !M TO HONOR ! PREVI\S RE?1 ?REW !M 9 ! ,NILE4 

.<#c#c.> ,SIMIL>LY ,S*NEPEL3 ! +5I\S APPLICATION ( VIOL5CE WAS VALU$ 9 ITSELF--OR1 AT LEA/1 VALU$ 9S(> AS IT WAS SE5 TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! 0VITALITY0 ( ! ,%ILLUK NATION AS A :OLE4 

.<#c#d.> ,CURI\SLY1 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D 7#a#i#d#h7 5D$ UP >GU+ EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE3 ?AT /ORIES ( RITUAL K+-KILL+ W]E ! MY?1 & ?AT 9 MO/ CASES ONE WAS REALLY DEAL+ ) ASSASS9ATIONS OR REBELLIONS4 ,MOHAMM$ ,RIAD 7#a#i#e#f3 #a#g#a-#a#g#g7 H[EV] W5T ?R\< ALL EXI/+ HI/ORICAL 9=MATION & C\LD ONLY F9D TWO EXAMPLES ( IMPORTANT REBELLIONS 9 ALL ,%ILLUK HI/ORY1 ONLY ONE ( :I* C\LD REALLY BE CALL$ SUCCESSFUL4 ( TW5TY SIX HI/ORICAL K+S1 HE NOT$1 FIFTE5 0SURELY MET !IR DEA? 9 ! C]EMONIAL WAY0 7IBID43 #a#g#f74 ,( ! O!RS1 TWO W]E KILL$ 9 W>1 ?REE EXECUT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T 9 ,KH>T\M1 & SIX DI$ ( UNKN[N CAUSES4 ,ON ! O!R H& HE 9CLUDES ! F\R KN[N CASES ( MURD] BY RIVAL PR9CES AS C]EMONIAL DEA?S1 :I* DOES RA!R MUDDY ! PICTURE4 ,AT LEA/ IT MAKES CLE> ?IS DID HAPP51 BUT ONLY R>ELY4 

.<#c#e.> ,ON BO? SIDES3 ,H(MAYR WRITES 0AT NI<T HE .<! ,RE?.> IS AWAKE & WALKS HEAVILY >M$ >\ND ! VILLAGE4 ,HIS H& IS FULL ( SPE>S & RIFLES4 ,:OEV] COMES CLOSE TO HIM IS DOOM$0 7#a#i#b#e3 #a#g#e1 9 ,S*NEPEL #a#i#i#a3 #e74 

.<#c#f.> ,S*NEPEL 7#a#i#h#h7 PROVIDES ! BE/ PUBLI%$ BL[-BY-BL[ SUMM>Y4 ,:AT FOLL[S IS DRAWN FROM MY [N READ+ ( ! /&>D PRIM>Y S\RCES3 ,MUNRO #a#i#a#h2 ,OYL] #a#i#a#hA2 ,H(MAYR #a#i#b#e2 ,H[ELL & ,?OMSON #a#i#d#f1 #a#i#e#b2 ,?OMSON #a#i#d#h2 ,H[ELL #a#i#e#bA1 #a#i#e#cA2 ,ANONYM\S #a#i#e#f2 BUT ALSO ,RIAD #a#i#e#i1 :O ADDS SOME TELL+ DETAILS4 ,ALL !SE SEEM TO BE D]IV$ FROM ?REE C]EMONIES3 ! 9/ALLATIONS ( ,FAFITI 7#a#i#a#g71 ,ANEI 7#a#i#d#d7 & ,DAK 7#a#i#d#f74 

.<#c#g.> ,! NAME GIV5 ! NOR!RN HALF ( ! C\NTRY DUR+ ! RITUAL1 ! S\? BE+ ,<OL ,DHIANG4 ,IT IS 9T]E/+ ( C\RSE ?AT ! NOR!RN HALF %\LD BE NAM$ AFT] ,NYIKANG S9CE ?IS IS ! PORTION ( ! C\NTRY ,NYIKANG IS SAID NOT TO HAVE CONQU]$1 BUT IT IS ALSO :]E HIS EFFIGY NORMALLY RESIDES4 

.<#c#h.> ,!RE IS SOME CONFUSION OV] :5 ?IS C]EMONY TAKES PLACE4 ,S*NEPEL 7#a#i#h#h7 FOLL[S ,H[ELL & ,?OMSON 7#a#i#d#f7 9 PLAC+ IT IMM$IATELY AFT] ! ELECTION1 BUT ,RIAD 7#a#i#e#i3 #a#h#b7 SUGGE/S ! LATT] W]E DESCRIB+ AN EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUM/ANCE & ?AT ! FUN]AL NORMALLY OCCURR$ WELL AFT] ! NEW RE?'S 9/ALLATION4 

.<#c#i.> ,W5DY ,JAMES1 ONE ( ! PE] REVIEW]S NOTES1 NOT )\T JU/ICE1 ?AT ?IS ESSAY RA!R D[NPLAYS ! L>G] SIGNIFICANCE ( ! DIVISION ( ,%ILLUKL& 9TO A ,NOR!RN & ,S\!RN HALF1 :I* HAS POLITICAL AS WELL AS RITUAL IMPLICATIONS4 ,9VAD]S & P[]FUL =EIGN 9FLU5CES 7! ,TURKS1 ! ,MAHDI1 ,>AB TRAD]S1 ! ,FUNJ7 9V>IABLY 5T] FROM ! NOR?1 & ?IS HI/ORICAL PATT]N IS 5DLESSLY REPRODUC$ 9 ! RITUAL4 ,FA%ODA ( C\RSE /&S PRECISELY AT ! BORD] BETWE5 ! TWO HALVES4 

.<#d.> ,! ,ORORO :O C>RY ! K+'S SKELETON TO ITS F9AL RE/+ PLACE HAVE A SIMIL> RI<T TO 0SEIZE SMALL GIFTS & RANSOM FROM ?OSE UN=TUNATE 5\< TO CROSS !IR PA?0 7,H[ELL #a#i#e#b3 #a#f7 & EV5 ?OSE VILLAGES PREP>+ GE> = ! RITUAL CAN DO ! SAME FROM ANYONE PASS+ BY AT ! TIME 7,ANONYM\S #a#i#e#f3 #i#i74 ,BUT AS WE'LL SEE IT IS ! EFFIGIES ( ,NYIKANG & ,DAK ESPECIALLY :O >E FAM\S = ?IS SORT ( ?+4 

.<#d#a.> ,= EXAMPLE1 TWO MON?S BE=E ! C]EMONIES BEG91 ! EFFIGY ( ,DAK PRESIDES OV] AN EXP$ITION TO ,FANYIKANG TO OBTA9 C]TA9 SACR$ ROPES 7,H[ELL & ,?OMSON #a#i#d#f3 #c#h74 

.<#d#b.> ,ACTUALLY1 ,RIAD CLAIMS !SE FIRES >E TRADITIONALLY LIT AT ! SAME TIME AS ! WAT] ORDEAL--BUT 9 ORD] TO MAKE ! CLAIM1 HE HAS TO ALSO >GUE ?AT 9 =M] TIMES1 ! K+ US$ TO MOVE BACK & =? BETWE5 ,FA%ODA & ,DEBALO DUR+ HIS SECLUSION4 ,:E!R OR NOT ?IS IS ! CASE1 ! P>ALLEL HE OR MORE LIKELY HIS 9=MANTS >E TRY+ TO DRAW H]E--BETWE5 WAT] 9 ! ,NOR?1 & FIRE 9 ! S\?--SEEMS SIGNIFICANT4 ,SELIGMAN 7#a#i#c#d3 #i7 ADDS ONE ( ! ?REE FIRES IS TRANSPORT$ TO ,FA%ODA AS ! 0LIFE TOK50 ( ! K+4 

.<#d#c.> ,ACCORD+ TO C]TA9 O!R V]SIONS HE N[ COMMITS 9CE/ ) A HALF-SI/]1 A V]Y \TRAGE\S ACT4 ,?IS IS 9CID5TALLY ! CLOSE/ ! RE? COMES TO COMMITT+ ONE ( DE ,HEUS*'S 0EXPLOITS0 & MO/ S\RCES DO NOT EV5 M5TION IT4 

.<#d#d.> ,ALL ?IS IS ACTUALLY QUITE EXPLICIT3 0AS SOON AS ! K+ DIES1 ! SPIRIT ( ,NYIKANG GOES TO HIS MO!R ,NYIKAYA 9 ! RIV]1 & ! PEOPLE WILL HAVE TO GO TO ! RIV] & BR+ HIM1 & !Y WILL HAVE TO BEG HIM TO ACCEPT0 7,S+] 9 ,S*NEPEL #a#i#h#h3 #d#d#i74 

.<#d#e.> ,?\< 9 ?IS CASE MADE EV5 MORE CONFUS+ BY REV]S+ ! ORD] 9 ! SECOND EXAMPLE4 ,IF ?IS IS NOT SIMPLY A MI/AKE ON ! AU?OR'S P>T1 IT C\LD BE TAK5 AS A TELL+ SIGN ( ! REV]SIBILITY ( SOME ( !SE HI]>*IES4 

.<#d#f.> ,ACTUALLY ,WE/]MANN CLAIMS ?IS IS ! ONLY PRAY] (F]$ DIRECTLY TO ,GOD BUT ,H(MAYR 7#a#i#b#e3 #a#i#g-#b#a7 & ,OYL] 7#a#i#a#hA3 #b#h#c7 BO? PRODUCE O!R ONES 7VIZ4 ,SELIGMAN #a#i#c#d3 #e74 

.<#d#g.> ,GOD SEEMS P>TICUL>LY IMMAN5T 9 VIOL5CE OR DE/RUCTION4 ,! ABOVE-CIT$ PRAY] SAYS 0SPE>-?RU/S >E ( ,JUOK01 & ONE ( ! FEW WAYS ?AT ,GOD WAS REGUL>LY 9VOK$ 9 COMMON SPEE* IS :5 PEOPLE CALL \T 0:Y1 ,GOD80 :5 SOMEONE FALLS S]I\SLY ILL4 ,AMONG RELAT$ ,NILOTIC SPEAK]S 9 ,UG&A1 0ANY?+ TO DO ) KILL+ MU/ HAVE JUOK 9 IT0 7,MOG5SON #b#b3 #d#b#d74 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 =MAL SPEE*1 ,GOD1 SO ABS5T FROM ! EV]YDAY LIFE ( ORD9>Y ,%ILLUK1 P]VADES EV]Y ASPECT ( ROYAL EXI/5CE4 ,:5 SPEAK+ ) MEMB]S ( ! ROYAL CLAN1 ONE CAN NEV] SPEAK ( !IR GO+ SOMEPLACE1 OR GETT+ UP1 OR /AY+ SOMEPLACE1 OR 5T]+ A H\SE1 9/EAD !Y >E 0TAK5 BY ,GOD0 TO ?AT PLACE1 0LIFT$ BY ,GOD10 0NURS$ BY ,GOD10 0/UFF$ 9 ! H\SE BY ,GOD10 & SO ON 7,PUMPHREYS #a#i#c#g74 

.<#d#h.> ,! PRES5CE ( =EIGN]S H]E--EV5 IF LEG5D>Y--SEEMS TO BE A REM9D] ( ! UNIV]SALITY ( ! DIV9E PR9CIPLE4 ,NOTE TOO ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 ?IS 0FIRE ORDEAL0 9 :I* ! C&IDATE IS *OS5 BY ,GOD1 & ! 0WAT] ORDEAL0 9 :I* HE IS CONFIRM$ BY ,NYIKANG4 

.<#d#i.> ,IT HAPP5S SO (T5 ?AT MO/ SU* EXAMPLES ,I ACTUALLY PURG$ FROM MY ACC\NT1 ABOVE1 TO AVOID MONOTONY4 

.<#e.> ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ,NYIKANG'S PASSAGE DOES NOT 9CLUDE SOME ACTS ( SACRIFICE1 S9CE O!RWISE !RE C\LD BE NO FEA/S2 ONLY ?AT ?IS IS NOT A P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT ASPECT ( :AT HE DOES4 ,) ! K+ IT IS CLE>LY O!RWISE4 

.<#e#a.> ,9 ! ABS5CE ( ANY DETAIL$ PUBLI% MAT]IAL ON ,%ILLUK SACRIFICE1 ,I AM DRAW+ H]E ON ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D 7#a#i#e#d1 #a#i#e#f7 ON ! ,NU]1 BUT EV5 MORE ,LI5H>DT'S WORK ON ! ,D9KA 7#a#i#f#a7 & ,BEIDELMAN'S 7#a#i#f#fA1 #a#i#h#a7 RE9T]PRETATIONS ( ?IS MAT]IAL4 

.<#e#b.> ,! ,%ILLUK COGNATE APPE>S TO BE PAK1 USUALLY TRANSLAT$ 0PRAISE10 :I* ALSO REF]S TO SPECIALIZ$ =MAL LANGUAGE US$ )9 & BETWE5 CLANS 7SEE ,CRAZZOL>A #a#i#e#a3 #a#d#a#d#b74 ,AS USUAL1 ?\<1 !RE ISN'T 5\< MAT]IAL ON ,%ILLUK CU/OM TO MAKE A SU/A9$ COMP>ISON4 

.<#e#c.> ,ADMITT$LY1 ,I AM RELY+ H]E ON ,LI5H>DT'S DETAIL$ DESCRIPTION & ANALYSIS ( ,D9KA SACRIFICE1 SUPPLEM5T$ BY ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D'S ,NU] E?NOGRAPHY1 BUT ?IS IS AS ,I SAY BECAUSE NO P>ALLEL ,%ILLUK ACC\NT EXI/S4 ,= :AT IT'S WOR? ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D 7#a#i#e#d3 #b#h7 FELT IT APPROPRIATE TO USE ,%ILLUK /ATEM5TS TO ?R[ LI<T ON ,NU] PRACTICES4 

.<#e#d.> 0,! ?\<T WAS ?AT ! ANIMAL EATS A BIT H]E & !RE1 BUT 9 ! /OMA* IT ALL BECOMES ONE MASS4 ,EV5 SO ! 9DIVIDUALS ( ! TWO FACTIONS W]E TO BECOME ONE40 7,OYL] #a#i#bB3 #b#i#i74 

.<#e#e.> ,& ALSO *YLE1 :I* IS ! FUR!R DIGE/$ GRASS 9 ! ANIMAL'S SECOND /OMA*4 ,?IS IS ! /UFF EV5 MORE CLOSELY ID5TIFI$ ) LIFE BUT ,I ?\<T ,I W\LD SP>E ! READ] ALL ! NICETIES ( BOV9E DIGE/IVE ANATOMY4 

.<#e#f.> ,OR BETT] PUT1 ! PLACE :]E EXI/5TIAL DILEMMAS >E R$UC$ TO CONTRADICTIONS1 SO ?AT !Y CAN BE RESOLV$4 

.<#e#g.> ,SPECIALLY1 K+S W]E LIKE PROPHETS SE5 AS BE+ POSSESS$ BY DIV9E SPIRITS 7,%ILLUK PROPHETS1 :5 !Y APPE>$1 W]E (T5 POSSESS$ BY ,NYIKANG71 M$IAT$ DISPUTES ON A NATIONAL LEVEL ?AT LOCAL AU?ORITIES C\LD NOT DEAL )1 & RELI$ ON A FOLL[+ ( Y\NG M5 :O W]E !MSELVES CUT (F FROM ! ORD9>Y DOME/IC ORD] BECAUSE1 HAV+ NO ACCESS TO CATTLE1 !Y C\LD NOT ORD9>ILY EXPECT TO M>RY4 

.<#e#h.> ,?IS IS ( C\RSE :AT 0IDEAL0 ACTUALLY MEANS3 IT IS ! IDEA LY+ BEH9D SOME CATEGORY4 

.<#e#i.> ,PROBABLY LIT]ALLY3 ,*RI/OPH] ,WRIGLEY1 ! GR& OLD MAN ( ,G&A /UDIES1 MAKES A PLAUSIBLE CASE ?AT :AT WE >E DEAL+ ) H]E IS A V]Y OLD & PROBABLY FAIRLY TYPICAL 9/ITUTION ( SACR$ K9%IP SUDD5LY TRANS=M$1 A FEW G5]ATIONS BE=E1 9TO A /ATE 7#a#i#i#f3 #b#d#f74 ,A BUREAUCRACY WAS SUP]IMPOS$ ) DISA/R\S RESULTS4 

.<#f.> ,NO D\BT SOME ( ?IS WAS SIMPLY TO IMPRESS =EIGN]S ) ! ABSOLUT5ESS ( ROYAL P[]2 BUT SU* CU/OMS >5'T IMPROVIS$ :OLE CLO?4 

.<#f#a.> ,OR1 SOMETIMES !Y SKIP FROM DESCRIPTION ( MONKEYS1 O!R SORTS ( ANIMAL BEHAVIOR1 OR SPECULATIONS AB\T E>LY HOM9IDS TO W>S BETWE5 FULLY CON/ITUT$ NATION-/ATES4 ,BUT G5]ALLY !RE IS NO?+ 9 BETWE54 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bba 3 ,! DIV9E K+%IP ( ! ,%ILLUK -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,! DIV9E K+%IP ( ! ,%ILLUK -- ,UPDAT$4 

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HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/