,*APT] #a - ,! ,SOCIAL ,MATRIX ( ,TE*NOLOGY 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

#a4 ,! ,SOCIAL ,MATRIX ( ,TE*NOLOGY 

  

,JU/ AS S]I\S AS ! EXT5T TO :I* WE HAVE ME*ANIZ$ ! WORLD IS ! FACT ?AT WE CANNOT DI/+UI% :AT IS SOCIAL 9 \R LIVES FROM :AT IS TE*NICAL4 ,9 \R 9ABILITY TO DI/+UI% ! TWO1 WE >E LOS+ ! ABILITY TO DET]M9E :I* IS MEANT TO SUBS]VE ! O!R4 ,H]E9 LIES ! CORE ( \R DIFFICULTIES 9 CONTROLL+ ! MA*9E4 ,WE LACK A S5SE ( ! SOCIAL MATRIX 9 :I* ALL TE*NICS %\LD BE EMB$D$ -- ( ! SOCIAL MEAN+ 9 :I* TE*NOLOGY %\LD BE CLO!D4 ,9/EAD1 WE 5C\NT] ! ,HELL5IC CONCEPTION ( TE*NE 9 ! =M ( A GROTESQUE C>ICATURE ( ITSELF3 A TE*NE ?AT IS NO LONG] GOV]N$ BY A S5SE ( LIMIT4 ,\R [N1 ?OR\<LY M>KET-G5]AT$ CONCEPTION ( TE*NE HAS BECOME SO LIMITLESS1 SO UNB\ND$1 & SO BROADLY DEF9$ ?AT WE USE ITS VOCABUL>Y 709PUT10 0\TPUT10 0FE$BACK10 AD NAUSEAM7 TO EXPLA9 \R DEEPE/ 9T]RELATION%IPS -- :I* CONSEQU5TLY >E R5D]$ %ALL[ & TRITE4 ,9 ITS MASSIVE T5D5CY TO COLONIZE ! 5TIRE T]RA9 ( HUMAN EXP]I5CE1 TE*NICS N[ RAISES ! APOCALYPTIC NE$ TO >RE/ ITS ADVANCE1 TO R$EF9E ITS GOALS1 TO REORGANIZE ITS =MS1 TO RESCALE ITS DIM5SIONS -- ABOVE ALL1 TO REABSORB IT BACK 9TO ORGANIC =MS ( SOCIAL LIFE & ORGANIC =MS ( HUMAN SUBJECTIVITY4 

,! HI/ORIC PROBLEM ( TE*NICS LIES NOT 9 ITS SIZE OR SCALE1 ITS 0S(TNESS0 OR 0H>DNESS10 MU* LESS ! PRODUCTIVITY OR EFFICI5CY ?AT E>N$ IT ! NAIVE REV]5CE ( E>LI] G5]ATIONS2 ! PROBLEM LIES 9 H[ WE CAN CONTA9 7?AT IS1 ABSORB7 TE*NICS )9 AN EMANCIPATORY SOCIETY4 ,9 ITSELF1 0SMALL0 IS NEI!R BEAUTIFUL NOR UGLY2 IT IS M]ELY SMALL4 ,SOME ( ! MO/ DEHUMANIZ+ & C5TRALIZ$ SOCIAL SY/EMS W]E FA%ION$ \T ( V]Y 0SMALL0 TE*NOLOGIES2 BUT BUREAUCRACIES1 MON>*IES1 & MILIT>Y =CES TURN$ !SE SY/EMS 9TO BRUTALIZ+ CUDGELS TO SUBDUE HUMANK9D &1 LAT]1 TO TRY TO SUBDUE NATURE4 ,TO BE SURE1 A L>GE-SCALE TE*NICS WILL FO/] ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN OPPRESSIVELY L>GE-SCALE SOCIETY2 BUT EV]Y W>P$ SOCIETY FOLL[S ! DIALECTIC ( ITS [N PA?OLOGY ( DOM9ATION1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ! SCALE ( ITS TE*NICS4 ,IT CAN ORGANIZE ! 0SMALL0 9TO ! REPELL5T AS SURELY AS IT CAN IMPR9T AN >ROGANT SNE] ON ! FACES ( ! ELITES :O ADM9I/] IT4 ,T]MS LIKE 0L>GE10 0SMALL10 OR 09T]M$IATE10 & 0H>D10 0S(T10 OR 0MELL[0 >E SIMPLY EXT]NALS -- ! ATTRIBUTES ( PH5OM5A OR ?+S RA!R ?AN !IR ESS5TIALS4 ,!Y MAY HELP US DET]M9E !IR DIM5SIONS & WEI<TS1 BUT !Y DO NOT EXPLA9 ! IMMAN5T QUALITIES ( TE*NICS1 P>TICUL>LY AS !Y RELATE TO SOCIETY4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 A PREOCCUPATION ) TE*NICAL SIZE1 SCALE1 & EV5 >TI/RY DEFLECTS \R ATT5TION AWAY FROM ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT PROBLEMS ( TE*NICS -- NOTABLY1 ITS TIES ) ! IDEALS & SOCIAL /RUCTURES ( FRE$OM4 ,! *OICE BETWE5 A LIB]T>IAN & AN AU?ORIT>IAN TE*NICS WAS POS$ BY ,F\RI] & ,KROPOTK9 G5]ATIONS AGO1 LONG BE=E ,MUM=D D5ATUR$ ! WORD LIB]T>IAN 9TO ! MORE SOCIALLY RESPECTABLE & AMORPH\S T]M1 DEMOCRATIC4.<#d#i.> ,BUT ?IS *OICE IS NOT PECULI> TO \R TIMES2 IT HAS A LONG1 HI<LY COMPLEX P$IGREE4 ,! EXQUISITELY DESIGN$ POTT]Y ( A VANI%+ >TISAN WORLD1 ! BEAUTIFULLY CRAFT$ FURNI%+S1 ! COLORFUL & SUBTLY 9TRICATE PATT]NS ( TEXTILES1 ! C>EFULLY WR\<T ORNAM5TS1 ! BEAUTIFULLY SCULPT$ TOOLS & WEAPONS -- ALL ATTE/ TO A WEAL? ( SKILLS1 TO A C>E = PRODUCT1 TO A DESIRE = SELF-EXPRESSION1 & TO A CREATIVE CONC]N = DETAIL & UNIQU5ESS ?AT HAS FAD$ ALMO/ COMPLETELY FROM ! PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY ( \R DAY4 ,\R ADMIRATION = !SE >TISAN WORKS UNCONSCI\SLY EXT5DS 9TO A S5SE ( 9F]IORITY OR LOSS ( ! >TISAN WORLD 9 :I* !Y W]E =M$ -- A WORLD ?AT IS ALL ! MORE IMPRESSIVE BECAUSE WE RECOGNIZE ! HI< DEGREE ( SUBJECTIVITY EXPRESS$ BY ! OBJECTS4 ,WE FEEL ?AT ID5TIFIABLE HUMAN BE+S IMPR9T$ !IR P]SONALITIES ON !SE GOODS2 ?AT !Y POSSESS$ A HI<LY ATTUN$ S5SITIVITY TO ! MAT]IALS !Y H&L$1 ! TOOLS !Y US$1 & TO ! AGE-OLD >TI/IC NORMS !IR CULTURE E/ABLI%$ OV] C\NTLESS G5]ATIONS4 ,ULTIMATELY1 :AT >\SES US EMOTIONALLY IS ! FACT ?AT !SE OBJECTS ATTE/ TO A FECUND HUMAN SPIRIT1 A CREATIVE SUBJECTIVITY ?AT >TICULAT$ ITS CULTURAL H]ITAGE & ITS WEAL? 9 MAT]IALS ?AT MI<T O!RWISE SEEM P$E/RIAN & BEYOND >TI/IC M]IT 9 \R [N SOCIETY4 ,H]E1 ! SURREAL HALO >\ND EV]YDAY ?+S -- ! RECONQUE/ ( EV]YDAY LIFE BY A PULSAT+ 9TEGRATION ( H&S1 TOOLS1 M9D1 & MAT]IALS -- WAS ACTUALLY A*IEV$ NOT M]ELY AS P>T ( ! METAPHYSICAL PROGRAM ( ,EUROPEAN 9TELLECTUALS BUT ALSO BY ! COMMON FOLK :O LIV$ ?AT LIFE4 

,BUT 9 \R PREOCCUPATION ) ! SKILL1 C>E1 & S5SIBILITIES ( TRADITIONAL >TISANS1 WE ALL TOO EASILY =GET ! NATURE ( ! CULTURE ?AT PRODUC$ ! CRAFTSP]SON & ! CRAFT4 ,H]E1 ,I REF] NOT TO ITS HUMAN SCALE1 ITS S5SITIVITY ( VALUES1 & ITS HUMANI/IC ?RU/1 BUT TO ! MORE SOLID FACTS ( ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE & ITS RI* =MS4 ,?AT ,ESKIMOS CRAFT$ !IR EQUIPM5T ) CONSID]ABLE C>E BECAUSE !Y HAD A HI< S5SE ( C>E = EA* O!R IS OBVI\S 5\<1 & ?AT ! ANIMATE QUALITY ( !IR CRAFTS REVEAL$ AN 9T]NAL S5SE ( ANIMATION & SUBJECTIVITY NE$ H>DLY BE EMPHASIZ$4 ,BUT 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 ALL !SE DESID]ATA FL[$ FROM ! LIB]T>IAN /RUCTURE ( ! ,ESKIMO COMMUNITY4 ,NOR WAS ?IS ANY LESS ! CASE 9 ! LATE ,PALEOLI?IC & E>LY ,NEOLI?IC COMMUNITIES 7OR ( ORGANIC SOCIETY G5]ALLY71 :OSE >TIFACTS /ILL 5*ANT US & :OSE TRADITIONS LAT] =M$ ! COMMUNAL & ES!TIC BASE ( ! 0HI< CIVILIZATIONS0 ( ANTIQUITY4 ,TO ! DEGREE ?AT ITS SOCIAL TRADITIONS RETA9 !IR VITALITY1 EV5 9 A VE/IGIAL =M1 ITS SKILLS1 TOOLS1 & >TIFACTS RETA9 ! ALL-IMPORTANT IMPR9T ( ! >TISAN CONCEIV$ AS A SELF-CREATIVE BE+1 A SELF-PRODUCTIVE SUBJECT4 

,9ITIALLY1 A LIB]T>IAN IS DI/+UI%$ FROM AN AU?ORIT>IAN TE*NICS BY MORE ?AN JU/ ! SCALE ( PRODUCTION1 ! K9D OR SIZE ( IMPLEM5TS1 OR EV5 ! WAY 9 :I* LABOR IS ORGANIZ$1 IMPORTANT AS ?OSE MAY BE4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ CRUCIAL REASON = :AT PRODUCES ?IS DI/9CTION IS ! EM]G5CE ( AN 9/ITUTIONAL TE*NICS3 ! PRIE/LY CORPORATION2 ! SL[LY EM]G+ BUREAUCRACIES ?AT SURR\ND IT2 LAT] ! MON>*IES & ! MILIT>Y =CES ?AT PREEMPT IT2 9DE$1 ! V]Y BELIEF SY/EMS ?AT VALIDATE ! 5TIRE HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURE & PROVIDE ! AU?ORIT>IAN CORE ( AN AU?ORIT>IAN TE*NICS4 ,LAVI% MAT]IAL SURPLUSES DID NOT PRODUCE HI]>*IES & RUL+ CLASSES2 RA!R1 HI]>*IES & RUL+ CLASSES PRODUC$ LAVI% MAT]IAL SURPLUSES4 ,MUM=D MAY BE P]FECTLY CORRECT 9 OBS]V+ ?AT ONE ( ! E>LIE/ MA*9ES TO APPE> 9 HI/ORY WAS NOT AN 9ANIMATE 5SEMBLE ( TE*NICAL COMPON5TS BUT A HI<LY ANIMATE 0MEGAMA*9E0 ( MASS$ HUMAN BE+S :OSE L>GE-SCALE1 COORD9AT$ LABOR RE>$ ! HUGE PUBLIC WORKS & MORTU>IES ( E>LY 0CIVILIZATIONS40 ,BUT ! GR[+ RELIGI\S & SECUL> BUREAUCRACIES W]E EV5 MORE TE*NICALLY AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,9DE$1 !Y W]E ! E>LIE/ 0MA*9ES0 ?AT EV5TUALLY MADE ! 0MEGAMA*9E0 POSSIBLE -- ?AT MOBILIZ$ IT & DIRECT$ ITS 5]GIES T[>D AU?ORIT>IAN 5DS4 

,H[EV]1 !SE BUREAUCRACIES' MO/ SIGNAL A*IEVEM5T WAS NOT ! COORD9ATION & RATIONALIZATION ( ?IS NEWLY DEVELOP$ HUMAN MA*9E2 IT WAS ! EFFECTIV5ESS ) :I* !Y R$UC$ !IR ANIMATE SUBJECTS1 !IR VA/ >MIES ( PEASANTS & SLAVES1 TO UTT]LY 9ANIMATE OBJECTS4 ,! 0MEGAMA*9E0 C\LD BE DISB&$ AS EASILY AS IT C\LD BE MOBILIZ$2 ITS HUMAN COMPON5TS LIV$ \T ! GREAT] P>T ( !IR LIVES 9 ! ORGANIC MATRIX ( A VILLAGE SOCIETY4 ,MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! 0MEGAMA*9E0 WAS ! EXT5T TO :I* 9/ITUTIONAL TE*NOLOGIES OBJECTIFI$ ! LABOR IT G5]AT$ &1 ABOVE ALL1 ! LABOR]S :O =M$ IT4 ,LABOR & ! LABOR] SUFF]$ NOT M]ELY UND] ! :IP ( MAT]IAL EXPLOITATION BUT EV5 MORE UND] ! :IP ( SPIRITUAL DEGRADATION4 ,AS ,I HAVE ALREADY NOT$1 E>LY HI]>*IES & RUL+ CLASSES /AK$ \T !IR CLAIMS TO SOV]EIGNTY NOT ONLY BY A PROCESS ( ELEVATION BUT ALSO BY A PROCESS ( DEBASEM5T4 ,! VA/ >MIES ( CORVEE LABOR ?AT DRAGG$ HUGE /ONE BLOCKS ALONG ! BANKS ( ! ,NILE TO BUILD PYRAMIDS PROVID$ AN IMAGE NOT JU/ ( AN OPPRESS$ HUMANITY1 BUT ( DEHUMANIZ$ BEA/S -- ULTIMATELY1 ( 9ANIMATE OBJECTS UPON :OM !IR =EM5 & RUL]S C\LD EX]CISE !IR S5SE ( P[]4.<#e.> ,!IR SWEAT =M$ ! BALM ( RULE2 ! /5* FROM !IR BODIES1 AN 9C5SE TO TYRANNY2 !IR CORPSES1 A ?RONE = MORTAL M5 TO LIVE BY ! HEADY NORMS ( DEITIES4 ,= ! MANY TO BECOME LESS WAS TO MAKE ! FEW BECOME MORE4 

,IT IS DIFFICULT = US TO UND]/& ?AT POLITICAL /RUCTURES CAN BE NO LESS TE*NICAL ?AN TOOLS & MA*9ES4 ,9 P>T1 ?IS DIFFICULTY >ISES BECAUSE \R M9DS HAVE BE5 IMPR9T$ BY A DUALI/IC METAPHYSICS ( 0/RUCTURES0 & 0SUP]/RUCTURES40 ,TO DISSECT SOCIAL EXP]I5CE 9TO ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL1 TE*NICAL & CULTURAL1 HAS BECOME A MATT] ( SECOND NATURE ?AT RESI/S ANY MELD+ ( ONE ) ! O!R4 ,BUT ?IS T5D5CY IS ALSO P>TLY DUE TO AN OPPORTUNI/IC POLITICAL PRUD5CE ?AT IS W>Y ( CONFRONT+ ! />K REALITIES ( P[] 9 A P]IOD ( SOCIAL ACCOMMODATION4 ,BETT] & SAF] TO DEAL ) TE*NICS AS TOOLS1 MA*9ES1 LABOR1 & DESIGN ?AN AS CO]CIVE POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT ORGANIZE ! V]Y IMPLEM5TS1 WORK1 & IMAG9ATION 9VOLV$ 9 ! MOD]N TE*NICAL 5SEMBLE4 ,BETT] TO DEAL ) H[ !SE MEANS A*IEVE C]TA9 DE/RUCTIVE OR CON/RUCTIVE =MS ON ! NATURAL L&SCAPE ?AN TO EXPLORE ! DE=MATIONS !Y PRODUCE )9 SUBJECTIVITY ITSELF4 

,A LIB]ATORY TE*NOLOGY PRESUPPOSES LIB]ATORY 9/ITUTIONS2 A LIB]ATORY S5SIBILITY REQUIRES A LIB]ATORY SOCIETY4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 >TI/IC CRAFTS >E DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE )\T AN >TI/ICALLY CRAFT$ SOCIETY1 & ! 09V]SION ( TOOLS0 IS IMPOSSIBLE )\T A RADICAL 9V]SION ( ALL SOCIAL & PRODUCTIVE RELATION%IPS4 ,TO SPEAK ( 0APPROPRIATE TE*NOLOGIES10 0CONVIVIAL TOOLS10 & 0VOLUNT>Y SIMPLICITY0 )\T RADICALLY *ALL5G+ ! POLITICAL 0TE*NOLOGIES10 ! M$IA 0TOOLS10 & ! BUREAUCRATIC 0COMPLEXITIES0 ?AT HAVE TURN$ !SE CONCEPTS 9TO ELITI/ 0>T =MS0 IS TO COMPLETELY BETRAY !IR REVOLUTION>Y PROMISE AS A *ALL5GE TO ! EXI/+ SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,:AT R5D]S ,BUCKM9/] ,FULL]'S 0SPACE%IP0 M5TALITY & ! DESIGN M5TALITY ( ! 0H[-TO-DO-IT0 CATALOGS1 P]IODICALS1 & IMPRESS>IOS ( ! 0APPROPRIATE TE*NOLOGY MOVEM5T0 P>TICUL>LY UNSAVORY IS !IR READ9ESS TO MAKE 0PRAGMATIC0 COMPROMISES ) ! POLITICAL TE*NOLOGIES ( GOV]NM5TAL & QUASIGOV]NM5TAL AG5CIES ?AT N\RI% ! V]Y TE*NOLOGIES !Y PR(ESS TO OPPOSE4 

,ONCE WE GRANT ?AT ! T]M 0TE*NICS0 MU/ ALSO 9CLUDE POLITICAL1 MANAG]IAL1 & BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS1 WE >E OBLIG$ TO SEEK ! NONTE*NICAL SPH]ES -- ! SOCIAL SPH]ES -- ?AT HAVE RESI/$ ! TE*NICAL CONTROL ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,MORE PRECISELY1 H[ CAN ! SOCIAL SPH]E ABSORB ! MA*9ES ?AT FO/] ! ME*ANIZATION ( SOCIETY8 ,I HAVE ALREADY NOT$ ?AT ! GREAT MAJORITY ( HUMANK9D (T5 RESI/$ TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 ,EUROPEANS /OOD ALMO/ ALONE 9 !IR WILL+NESS TO ACCEPT & FO/] TE*NICAL 9NOVATION UNCRITICALLY4 ,& EV5 ?IS PROCLIVITY OCCURR$ FAIRLY LATE1 ) ! EM]G5CE ( MOD]N CAPITALISM4 ,! HI/ORICAL PUZZLE ( :AT R5D]S SOME CULTURES MORE AM5ABLE TO TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5TS ?AN O!RS CAN ONLY BE RESOLV$ CONCRETELY -- BY EXPLOR+ V>I\S CULTURES 9T]NALLY & REVEAL+1 IF POSSIBLE1 ! NATURE ( !IR DEVELOPM5T4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT FEATURE ( TE*NICS 9 A PRE9DU/RIAL SOCIETAL COMPLEX IS ! EXT5T TO :I* IT ORD9>ILY IS ADAPTIVE RA!R ?AN 9NOVATIVE4 ,:]E A CULTURE IS RI* 9 SOCIAL /RUCTURE1 :]E IT 5JOYS A WEAL? ( HUMAN RELATION%IPS1 COMMUNAL RESPONSIBILITIES1 & A %>$ BODY ( MUTUAL CONC]NS1 IT T5DS TO ELABORATE A NEW TE*NICAL 5SEMBLE RA!R ?AN 0DEVELOP0 IT4 ,CONTROLL$ BY ! CON/RA9TS ( USUFRUCT1 COMPLEM5T>ITY1 ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM1 & DISACCUMULATION1 E>LY SOCIETIES T5D$ TO ELABORATE TE*NICS ) CONSID]ABLE PRUD5CE & ) A KE5 S5SITIVITY = ! EXT5T TO :I* IT C\LD BE 9TEGRAT$ 9TO EXI/+ SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,ORD9>ILY1 ! ABILITY ( TE*NICS TO ALT] A SOCIETAL /RUCTURE SIGNIFICANTLY WAS ! EXCEPTION4 ,TE*NICAL 9NOVATION OCCURR$ 9 RESPONSE TO MAJOR CLIMATIC *ANGES OR TO VIOL5T 9VASIONS ?AT (T5 TRANS=M$ ! 9VAD] AS MU* AS ! 9VAD$4 ,EV5 :5 ! 0SUP]/RUCTURE0 ( A SOCIETY *ANG$ CONSID]ABLY OR ACQUIR$ A HI<LY DYNAMIC *>ACT]1 ! 0/RUCTURE0 ( ! SOCIETY *ANG$ LITTLE OR NOT AT ALL4 ,! 0RIDDLE ( ! UN*ANGEABILITY ( ,ASIAN SOCIETIES10 AS ,M>X WAS TO CALL IT1 IS 9 FACT ! SOLUTION TO ! 5TIRE PUZZLE ( ! 9T]ACTION ( SOCIETY ) TE*NICS4 ,:]E TE*NICS -- BUREAUCRATIC1 PRIE/LY1 & DYNA/IC AS WELL AS TOOLS1 MA*9ES1 & NEW =MS ( LABOR -- 5CROA*$ UPON ! SOCIAL LIFE ( TRIBES & VILLAGES1 ! LATT] T5D$ TO BIFURCATE FROM ! =M] & /OLIDLY DEVELOP A LIFE & DYNAMIC ( ITS [N4 ,! REAL P[]S ( ! ,ASIAN VILLAGE TO RESI/ TE*NICAL 9VASIONS OR TO ASSIMILATE !M TO !IR SOCIAL =MS LAY NOT 9 A FIX$ 0SY/EMATIC DIVISION ( LABOR10 AS ,M>X BELIEV$4 ,ITS P[]S ( RESI/ANCE LAY 9 ! 9T5SITY ( ,9DIAN FAMILY LIFE1 9 ! HI< DEGREE ( C>E1 MUTUALISM1 C\RTESY1 & HUMAN AM5ITIES ?AT VILLAG]S %>$ AS CULTURAL NORMS1 9 ! RITUALS ?AT SURR\ND$ P]SONAL & SOCIAL LIFE1 9 ! PR(\ND S5SE ( ROOT$NESS 9 A COMMUNAL GR\P1 & 9 ! DEEP S5SE ( MEAN+ !SE CULTURAL ELABORATIONS IMP>T$ TO ! COMMUNITY4 

,IT IS SURPRIS+ TO LE>N H[ TE*NICAL 9NOVATION LEFT VA/ ASPECTS ( SOCIAL LIFE UNT\*$ & (T5 CONTRIBUT$ V]Y LITTLE TO AN EXPLANATION ( MAJOR HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5TS4 ,DESPITE ! EXTRAORD9>Y TE*NICAL 5SEMBLE IT CREAT$1 ! ,NEOLI?IC ,REVOLUTION *ANG$ RELATIVELY LITTLE 9 ! SOCIETIES ?AT FO/]$ IT OR ADOPT$ ITS TE*NICS4 ,)9 ! SAME COMMUNITY1 HUNT+ COEXI/$ ) NEWLY DEVELOP$ SY/EMS ( HORTICULTURE UP TO ! ?RE%OLD ( 0CIVILIZATION10 & (T5 WELL 9TO ANTIQUITY 9 MANY >EAS4 ,VILLAGE SETTLEM5TS1 (T5 HI<LY MOBILE 9 ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE1 RETA9$ /RONG TRIBALI/IC FEATURES 9 ! ,NE> ,EA/4 ,JAMES ,MELLA>T'S WORK ON ,CATAL ,HUYUK1 A ,NEOLI?IC CITY 9 C5TRAL ,TURKEY1 PRES5TS A V]Y SIZABLE COMMUNITY ( ?\S&S -- WELL-EQUIPP$ ) A FAIRLY SOPHI/ICAT$ TE*NOLOGY -- ?AT APP>5TLY WAS DI/+UI%$ = ITS MATRIC5TRICITY1 ITS EGALIT>IAN *>ACT]1 & ITS PACIFIC QUALITIES4 ,AS REC5TLY AS #ce ,A4,D41 ,9DIANS ( ! ,NAZCA CULTURE 9 ! COA/AL REGIONS ( ,P]U PROVID$ 0! G5]AL PICTURE .<(.> A S$5T>Y DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE )\T M>K$ CLASS DI/9CTIONS OR AU?ORIT>IANISM1 POSSIBLY )\T AN E/ABLI%$ RELIGION10 OBS]VES ,J4 ,ALD5 ,MASON4 ,UNLIKE ! NE>BY ,MO*E CULTURE ( ! SAME P]IOD1 ! ,NAZCA CULTURE EXHIBITS LESS DIFF]5CE 9 ! 0RI*NESS0 OR POV]TY ( ! GRAVES1 & WOM5 SEEM TO BE ON AN EQUALITY ) M5 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,! APP>5T ABS5CE ( GREAT PUBLIC WORKS1 ( EXT5SIVE 5G9E]+ FEATURES1 & ( TEMPLE PYRAMIDS IMPLIES A LACK ( AU?ORIT>IAN LEAD]%IP4 ,9/EAD1 ! LEISURE TIME ( ! PEOPLE SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 SP5T 9 9DIVIDUAL PRODUCTION1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! MAK+ ( P]FECT1 EXQUISITE TEXTILES & POTT]Y VESSELS4 

,BY NO MEANS IS IT CLE> ?AT SU* ,NEOLI?IC TE*NIQUES AS POTT]Y1 WEAV+1 METALLURGY1 FOOD CULTIVATION1 & NEW MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION ALT]$ 9 ANY QUALITATIVE S5SE ! VALUES ( USUFRUCT1 COMPLEM5T>ITY1 & ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 HUNT+-GA!R+ SOCIETIES4 ,9 MANY CASES1 !Y MAY HAVE RE9=C$ !M4 ,AT A TIME :5 ! WORDS 0,NEOLI?IC ,REVOLUTION0 >E MEANT TO CONVEY SWEEP+ SOCIETAL *ANGES ?AT TE*NICAL 9NOVATIONS >E BELIEV$ TO HAVE 9DUC$1 IT MAY BE WISE TO RE/ORE SOME BALANCE BY EMPHASIZ+ ! CONT9UITY 9 VALUES1 \TLOOK1 & COMMUNITY RESPONSIBILITIES ! NEW VILLAGES PRES]V$ & POSSIBLY 5HANC$4 

,NEW ,WORLD PREHI/ORY IS A M9E ( DATA1 PROVOCATIVE ISSUES1 & IMAG9ATIVE POSSIBILITIES SO HEAVILY BIAS$ BY NEO-,M>XI/ 9T]PRETATIONS ?AT ITS CULTURES SEEM TO BE M]E REACTIONS TO CLIMATIC & TE*NICAL FACTORS4 ,YET AFT] WE HAVE CATEGORIZ$ ,9DIAN COMMUNITIES ACCORD+ TO 9V5TORIES ( !IR 0TOOL KITS0 & 5VIRONM5TAL SURR\ND+S1 WE >E (T5 SURPRIS$ TO F9D H[ M>K$LY !Y RESEMBLE ONE ANO!R ATTITUD9ALLY1 9 !IR BASIC CULTURAL SUB/ANCE1 EV5 C]EMONIALLY4 ,AMONG B&S1 TRIBES1 *IEFDOMS1 & /ATES WE F9D AN EXTRAORD9>Y COMMONALITY ( \TLOOK1 BASIC HUMAN CONV5TIONS1 COMMUNAL SOLID>ITY1 & MUTUAL C>E ?AT T5DS TO OV]RIDE !IR DIFF]5T ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AS FOOD GA!R]S1 HUNT]S1 FOOD CULTIVATORS1 & ! V>I\S COMB9ATIONS !RE(4 ,!SE SIMIL>ITIES >E /RONGE/ ON ! COMMUNITY LEVEL ( ! SOCIETY1 NOT ITS POLITICAL OR QUASIPOLITICAL SUMMITS4 

,TE*NICS1 9 ! N>R[1 9/RUM5TAL MEAN+ ( ! T]M1 DOES NOT FULLY OR EV5 ADEQUATELY ACC\NT = ! 9/ITUTIONAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 A FAIRLY DEMOCRATIC F$]ATION SU* AS ! ,IROQUOIS & A HI<LY DESPOTIC EMPIRE SU* AS ! ,9CA4 ,FROM A /RICTLY 9/RUM5TAL VIEWPO9T1 ! TWO /RUCTURES W]E SUPPORT$ BY ALMO/ ID5TICAL 0TOOL KITS40 ,BO? 5GAG$ 9 HORTICULTURAL PRACTICES ?AT W]E ORGANIZ$ >\ND PRIMITIVE IMPLEM5TS & WOOD5 HOES4 ,!IR WEAV+ & METALWORK+ TE*NIQUES W]E V]Y SIMIL>2 !IR CONTA9]S W]E EQUALLY FUNCTIONAL4 ,LIKE ALL ,NEW ,WORLD SOCIETIES1 !Y BO? LACK$ L>GE DOME/IC ANIMALS = AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES1 PL[S1 :EEL$ VEHICLES1 POTT]Y :EELS1 ME*ANICAL SP9N+ & WEAV+ MA*9ES1 A KN[L$GE ( SMELT+1 BELL[S1 & MODE/LY ADVANC$ C>P5TRY TOOLS -- 9 %ORT1 VIRTUALLY ALL ! TE*NIQUES ?AT M>K ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT ADVANCES ( ! ,NEOLI?IC4 ,:5 WE LOOK AT ! ,IROQUOIS & ,9CA 0TOOL KITS10 WE SEEM CLOS] TO ! LATE ,PALEOLI?IC ?AN TO ! HI< ,NEOLI?IC4 ,NOR DO WE F9D M>K$ DIFF]5CES BETWE5 !M 9 !IR ORI5TATION T[>D %>+1 COMMUNAL AID1 & 9T]NAL SOLID>ITY4 ,AT ! COMMUNITY LEVEL ( SOCIAL LIFE1 ,IROQUOIS & ,9CA POPULATIONS W]E IMM5SELY SIMIL> -- & RI*LY >TICULAT$ 9 !IR SOCIAL & CULTURAL QUALITIES4 

,YET AT ! POLITICAL LEVEL ( SOCIAL LIFE1 A DEMOCRATIC CONF$]AL /RUCTURE ( FIVE WOODL& ,9DIAN TRIBES OBVI\SLY DIFF]S DECISIVELY FROM A C5TRALIZ$1 DESPOTIC /RUCTURE ( M\NTA9 ,9DIAN *IEFDOMS4 ,! =M]1 A HI<LY LIB]T>IAN CONF$]ATION1 WAS CEM5T$ BY ELECT$ BUT RECALLABLE *IEFS 79 SOME CASES *OS5 BY WOM571 POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 A CONS5SUAL DECISION-MAK+ PROC$URE 9 ! UNIT$ TRIBAL C\NCIL 9 MATT]S ( W>1 ! PREVAL5CE ( MATRIL9EAL DESC5T1 & A CONSID]ABLE DEGREE ( P]SONAL FRE$OM4 ,! LATT]1 A MASSIVELY AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE1 WAS C5T]$ >\ND ! P]SON ( A DEIFI$ 0EMP]OR0 ) !ORETICALLY UNLIMIT$ P[]2 IT WAS M>K$ BY A F>-FLUNG BUREAUCRATIC 9FRA/RUCTURE1 BY PATRIL9EAL DESC5T & BY A TOTALLY SUBS]VI5T PEASANTRY4 ,COMMUNAL MANAGEM5T ( RES\RCES & PRODUCE AMONG ! ,IROQUOIS TRIBES OCCURR$ AT ! CLAN LEVEL4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ,9CA RES\RCES W]E L>GELY /ATE-[N$1 & MU* ( ! EMPIRE'S PRODUCE WAS SIMPLY CONFISCATION ( FOOD & TEXTILE MAT]IALS & !IR R$I/RIBUTION FROM C5TRAL & LOCAL /OREH\SES4 ,! ,IROQUOIS WORK$ TOGE!R FREELY1 MORE BY 9CL9ATION ?AN BY COMPULSION2 ! ,9CA PEASANTRY PROVID$ CORVEE LABOR TO A PAT5TLY EXPLOITIVE PRIE/HOOD & /ATE APP>ATUS UND] A NE>LY 9DU/RIAL SY/EM ( MANAGEM5T4 

,D\BTLESS1 CLIMATIC & GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS HELP$ SCULPT ! /RUCTURE DEVELOP$ BY ! TWO SY/EMS ( ASSOCIATION4 ,A HI<LY =E/$ >EA W\LD T5D TO YIELD LOOS] POLITICAL UNITS ?AN W\LD FAIRLY OP5 GEOGRAPHIC >EAS1 :]E VISIBILITY BETWE5 COMMUNITIES WAS HI<4 ,! V>IEGAT$ PHYSIOGRAPHY ( ! ,&ES1 FROM ! LU% ,AMAZON VALLEY TO ! VIRTUALLY B>R5 ,PACIFIC SLOPES1 W\LD HAVE PLAC$ A HI< PREMIUM ON MOBILIZ$ LABOR1 A POOL+ ( RES\RCES FROM DIFF]5T ECOSY/EMS1 & A MORE SECURE & DIV]SIFI$ R$I/RIBUTION ( GOODS4 ,BUT ! V]Y M\NTA9\S T]RA9 ?AT FO/]$ DEC5TRALIZATION AMONG ! ,GREEK POLEIS DID NOT SEEM TO 9HIBIT C5TRALIZATION AMONG ! ,9CA1 & ! TEMP]ATE =E/ L& ?AT FO/]$ A HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY 9 M$IEVAL ,EUROPE DID NOT OB/RUCT ! SUP]B ELABORATION ( AN EGALIT>IAN DEMOCRACY 9 PRE-,COLUMBIAN ,AM]ICA4 

,H9DSI<T & A HI<LY SELECTIVE *OICE ( 0TOOL KITS0 MAY HELP US DESCRIBE H[ A B& DEVELOP$ 9TO A TRIBE1 A TRIBE 9TO A *IEFDOM1 & A *IEFDOM 9TO A /ATE1 BUT !Y DO NOT EXPLA9 :Y !SE DEVELOPM5TS OCCURR$4 ,FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL1 HI]>*IES & CLASSES HAVE US$ %IFTS 9 EMPHASIS TO REV]SE SOCIAL RELATIONS FROM SY/EMS ( FRE$OM TO ?OSE ( RULE1 )\T DROPP+ A S+LE T]M FROM ! VOCABUL>Y ( ORGANIC SOCIETY4 ,IRONICALLY1 ?IS CUNN+ ON ! P>T ( ! RUL]S 9DICATES ! EXT5T TO :I* ! COMMUNITY VALU$ ITS EGALIT>IAN & COMPLEM5T>IAN TRADITIONS4 

,QUITE AP>T FROM ,NEW ,WORLD PREHI/ORY1 A VA/ SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T BEGAN MU* E>LI] 9 ! ,NE> ,EA/1 FROM :I* IT RADIAT$ \TW>D OV] ! 5TIRE ,EURASIAN CONT95T4 ,! 0,NEOLI?IC ,REVOLUTION0 ( ! ,OLD ,WORLD WAS TE*NICALLY MORE DRAMATIC & MORE ANCI5T ?AN ?AT ( ! ,NEW4 ,BUT TE*NICS1 9 A /RICTLY 9/RUM5TAL S5SE1 EXPLA9S SURPRIS+LY LITTLE AB\T ! SWEEP+ DEVELOPM5TS ?AT C>RI$ SOCIETY 9TO SEMI-9DU/RIALIZ$ -- 9DE$1 RELATIVELY ME*ANIZ$ -- SY/EMS ( AGRICULTURE1 POTT]Y1 METALLURGY1 WEAV+1 & ABOVE ALL A HI<LY COORD9AT$ SY/EM ( MOBILIZ+ LABOR4 

,NONE ( ! GREAT EMPIRES ( ANTIQUITY DEVELOP$ SUB/ANTIALLY BEYOND A LATE ,NEOLI?IC OR E>LY ,IRON ,AGE TE*NICS4 ,FROM A /RICTLY 9/RUM5TAL VIEWPO9T1 !IR TE*NICAL 5SEMBLE WAS NOTABLE = ITS SMALLNESS ( SCALE4 ,AS ,H5RY ,HODGES OBS]VES 9 HIS BROAD ASSESSM5T ( CLASSICAL TE*NICS3 

,! ANCI5T WORLD UND] ! DOM9ATION ( ,ROME HAD 9 FACT REA*$ A K9D ( CLIMAX 9 ! TE*NOLOGICAL FIELD4 ,BY ! 5D ( ! ,ROMAN P]IOD MANY TE*NOLOGIES HAD ADVANC$ AS F> AS POSSIBLE ) ! EQUIPM5T !N AVAILABLE1 & = FUR!R PROGRESS TO BE MADE1 A BIGG] OR MORE COMPLEX PLANT WAS REQUIR$4 ,DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! ,ROMANS W]E QUITE CAPABLE ( 9DULG+ 9 GIGANTIC UND]TAK+S1 !IR TE*NOLOGIES REMA9$ AT ! SMALL-EQUIPM5T LEVEL4 ,?US1 = EXAMPLE1 IF IT WAS REQUIR$ TO 9CREASE ! \TPUT ( IRON ! NUMB] ( FURNACES WAS MULTIPLI$1 BUT ! FURNACES !MSELVES REMA9$ ! SAME SIZE4 ,:ATEV] ! CAUSE1 ! IDEA ( BUILD+ A L>G] FURNACE & DEVIS+ MA*9]Y TO WORK IT SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 BEYOND ! ,ROMAN M9D4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! LA/ FEW C5TURIES ( ,ROMAN DOM9ATION PRODUC$ V]Y LITTLE ?AT WAS TE*NOLOGICALLY NEW4 ,NO NEW RAW MAT]IALS W]E DISCOV]$1 NO NEW PROCESSES 9V5T$1 & ONE CAN 9DE$ SAY ?AT LONG BE=E ,ROME FELL ALL TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION HAD CEAS$4 

,BUT 9NOVATION !RE SURELY WAS -- NOT 9 ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION BUT 9 ! 9/RUM5TS ( ADM9I/RATION4 ,9 T]MS ( ITS F>-REA*+ BUREAUCRACY1 LEGAL SY/EM1 MILIT>Y =CES1 MOBILIZATION ( LABOR1 & C5TRALIZATION ( P[]1 ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE AT ITS PEAK WAS ! HEIR1 IF NOT ! EQUAL1 ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN APP>ATUS ( PREC$+ EMPIRES4 

,PROBABLY NO IMP]IAL SY/EM 9 ! ,OLD ,WORLD EV] A*IEV$ ! TOTALIT>IAN ATTRIBUTES ( ,EGYPT OR ! BRUTALITY ( ,ASSYRIA4 ,CORVEE LABOR GAVE ! ,NE> ,EA/ ITS PUBLIC BUILD+S1 TEMPLES1 MORTU>IES1 MEGALI?IC SCULPTURES & SYMBOLS1 & ITS HI<LY COORD9AT$ IRRIGATION WORKS4 ,EGYPT & ,MESOPOTAMIA L$ ! WAY BY 5LI/+ HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S TO RAISE ! /RUCTURES ?AT /ILL MONUM5TALIZE !IR EXI/5CE4 ,BUT ! E>LY COMM&E]+ ( LABOR BY ! ,NE> ,EA/]N DESPOTISMS E/ABLI%$ NO DI/9CTIONS ( CLASS OR /ATUS3 >TISANS AS WELL AS PEASANTS1 CITY FOLK AS WELL AS RURAL FOLK1 WEAL?Y AS WELL AS POOR1 SCRIBES AS WELL AS LABOR]S1 EV5 ,EGYPTIAN PRIE/S AS WELL AS !IR CONGREGATIONS -- ALL W]E SUBJECT TO ! LABOR DEM&S ( ! ,/ATE4 ,LAT] ?IS 0DEMOCRACY0 ( TOIL WAS TO BE HONOR$ 9 ONLY ! BREA*1 UNTIL IT GAVE WAY TO A VISIBLY ON]\S BURD5 ON ! AGR>IAN & URBAN POOR4 

,9 REGIONS ) SMALL F>M]S1 IT WAS DIFFICULT TO E/ABLI% TOTALIT>IAN /ATES4 ,:]E !IR POSITION WAS WEAK5$1 OR :]E L>GE LABOR SURPLUSES W]E READILY AVAILABLE1 C5TRALIZ$ /ATES W]E MU* MORE POSSIBLE & (T5 DEVELOP$4 ,C>?AGE & ,ROME CULTIVAT$ ! LATIFUNDIA SY/EM3 A PLANTATION ECONOMY WORK$ BY GANG 7L>GELY SLAVE7 LABOR4 ,SP>TA 9TRODUC$ A COMMUNI/IC W>RIOR-ELITE SY/EM 9 :I* EA* CITIZ5 AT BIR? WAS GIV5 A SMALL1 /ATE-[N$ L&$ COMPET5CE1 WORK$ BY S]F-LIKE HELOTS1 ?AT REV]T$ TO ! POLIS AFT] HIS DEA?4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ,A!NS & ,HEBREW ,PALE/9E DEVELOP$ A YEOMAN F>M+ CLASS ?AT WORK$ ! L& ) FAMILY LABOR & (T5 ) TWO OR ?REE SLAVES4 

,BUT AP>T FROM A FEW /ATES ?AT W]E BAS$ ON ! 9DIVIDUAL F>M]1 ! AU!NTIC HALLM>K ( E>LY 0CIVILIZATIONS0 WAS AN EXT5SIVE SY/EM ( MOBILIZ$ LABOR -- EI!R P>TLY OR :OLLY DEVOT$ TO FOOD CULTIVATION & MONUM5TAL WORKS4 ,:]E ELABORATE IRRIGATION SY/EMS W]E NECESS>Y1 ! UND]CLASS ( RIV]9E SOCIETIES 9DUBITABLY GA9$ GREAT] MAT]IAL SECURITY FROM !SE TOTALIT>IAN SY/EMS ( LABOR ORGANIZATION & R$I/RIBUTION ?AN !Y W\LD HAVE 5JOY$ ON !IR [N4 ,EGYPTIAN MORTU>Y RECORDS CELEBRATE ! SUCCESS ) :I* ! ,PH>AOHS ALLEVIAT$ LOCAL FAM9ES4 ,BUT :AT ! PEASANTRY ACQUIR$ 9 ! =M ( BUFF]S TO NATURE'S UNC]TA9TIES !Y MAY HAVE MORE ?AN LO/ 9 ! ON]\S TOIL ?AT WAS EXACT$ FROM !M = (T5 FRIVOL\S MONUM5TAL WORKS4 ,NOR CAN WE BE V]Y SURE1 UNLIKE >*AEOLOGI/S ( A G5]ATION AGO1 ?AT ! HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ REGIMES ( ! ,OLD ,WORLD 7& ,NEW7 GREATLY 5HANC$ ! COORD9ATION & EFFECTIV5ESS ( ALLUVIAL IRRIGATION SY/EMS4 ,A C>EFULLY T5D$ NETWORK ( TR5*ES1 CANALS1 & POOLS HAD APPE>$ 9 >ID >EAS LONG BE=E ! 0HI< CIVILIZATIONS0 ( ANTIQUITY SURFAC$4 ,?AT ! 0HYDRAULIC0 COMMUNITIES ( ! PR$YNA/IC WORLD W]E SORELY AFFLICT$ BY CONFLICTS OV] WAT] & L& RI<TS WAS CLE>LY A S]I\S PROBLEM1 BUT C5TRALIZATION (T5 S]V$ M]ELY TO ESCALATE ! LEVEL ( CONFLICT TO AN EV5 MORE DE/RUCTIVE ONE BETWE5 K+DOMS & EMPIRES4 

,FROM ! ,NEW ,WORLD TO ! ,OLD1 ! /UP5D\S ELABORATION ( C5TRALIZ$ /ATES & ! PROLIF]ATION ( C\RTS1 NOBLES1 PRIE/HOODS1 & MILIT>Y ELITES WAS SUPPORT$ BY A HI<LY P>ASITIC 9/ITUTIONAL TE*NOLOGY ( DOM9ATION COMPOS$ ( >MIES1 BUREAUCRATS1 TAX F>M]S1 JURIDICAL AG5CIES & A SEPTIC1 (T5 BRUTAL BELIEF SY/EM BAS$ ON SACRIFICE & SELF-ABNEGATION4 ,)\T ?IS POLITICAL TE*NOLOGY1 ! MOBILIZATION ( LABOR1 ! COLLECTION ( VA/ MAT]IAL SURPLUSES1 & ! DEPLOYM5T ( A SURPRIS+LY SIMPLE 0TOOL-KIT0 = MONUM5TAL TE*NICAL TASKS W\LD HAVE BE5 9CONCEIVABLE4 ,BEYOND ! RESPONSIBILITY ( MASS+ HUGE NUMB]S ( HUMAN BE+S 9TO REGIM5T$ TASKS1 ?IS SY/EM HAD ?REE ESS5TIAL GOALS3 TO 9T5SIFY ! LABOR PROCESS1 TO AB/RACT IT1 & TO OBJECTIFY IT4 ,A C>EFULLY PLANN$ EF=T WAS UND]TAK5 TO PIECE WORK TOGE!R SO ?AT ! ,/ATE C\LD EXTRACT EV]Y BIT ( LABOR FROM ! 0MASSES10 R$UCE LABOR TO UNDIFF]5TIAT$ LABOR-TIME1 & TRANSMUTE HUMAN BE+S 9TO M]E 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 ?IS UNHOLY TR9ITY ( 9T5SIFICATION1 AB/RACTION1 & OBJECTIFICATION WEI<$ MORE HEAVILY ON HUMANITY AS A MALIGNANT V]DICT ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ?AN DID !OLOGY'S MY? ( ORIG9AL S94 ,NO 0REVOLUTION0 9 TOOLS & MA*9ES WAS NE$$ TO PRODUCE ?IS AFFLICTION4 ,IT /EMM$ PRIM>ILY FROM ! ELABORATION ( HI]>*Y 9TO CRY/ALLIZ$ W>RIOR ELITES1 & FROM ! G5ESIS ( AN 9/ITUTIONAL TE*NICS ( ADM9I/RATION L>GELY EMBODI$ 9 ! ,/ATE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! BUREAUCRACY ?AT MANAG$ ! ECONOMY4 ,LAT]1 ?IS TE*NICS ( ADM9I/RATION WAS TO ACQUIRE A HI<LY 9DU/RIAL *>ACT] & F9D ITS MO/ /RIK+ EXPRESSION 9 ! MOD]N FACTORY SY/EM4 

,! MANORIAL ECONOMY ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 LIKE ! GUILD SY/EM ( ITS T[NS1 NEV] CAME TO SOCIAL T]MS ) ANCI5T CONCEPTS ( LABOR & TE*NICS4 ,9FUS$ BY ,ROMAN CONCEPTS ( JU/ICE1 ,G]MANIC TRIBALI/IC TRADITIONS EXI/$ = C5TURIES 9 UNRESOLV$ T5SION ) ! C5TRALI/IC CLAIMS ( MAT]IALLY WEAK MON>*IES & AN IDEOLOGICALLY SUSPECT ,PAPACY4 ,=C$ BACK FROM ITS 9L& SEA1 ,EUROPE WAS BURI$ 9 ITS HUGE =E/S1 BOGS1 & M\NTA9S -- A VICTIM ( ITS [N ACCURS$ 9VAD]S FROM ! NOR? & ! EA/4 ,H]E1 ! MANOR BECAME ! SOCIAL 9T]REGNUM ?AT CLE>$ ! GR\ND = A NEW HI/ORIC PO9T ( DEP>TURE4 ,FROM ! ELEV5? C5TURY ONW>D1 TE*NICS BOLT$ =W>D ) AN 5]GY ?AT HAD NOT BE5 SE5 S9CE ! ,NEOLI?IC ,REVOLUTION4 ,9 SUCCESSIVE ORD]1 ! USE ( W9DMILLS WAS FOLL[$ BY ! HORSE-COLL> 7:I* MADE IT POSSIBLE TO PULL HEAVY PL[S & TRANSPORT 9L& GOODS *EAPLY71 /RIK+ ADVANCES 9 METALLURGY & METALLIC TOOLS1 AN IMPOS+ SY/EM ( HI<LY DEVELOP$ AGRICULTURE1 A COMPLEX MA*9E TE*NICS BAS$ L>GELY ON WOOD5 COMPON5TS1 & A SOPHI/ICAT$ V]SION ( ! ANCI5T WAT]-:EEL ?AT W\LD HAVE SURPRIS$ ! MO/ 9=M$ ,ROMAN 5G9E]S4 

,YET NONE ( !SE TE*NICAL 9NOVATIONS PRODUC$ ANY DECISIVE *ANGES 9 M$IEVAL SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,EXCEPT = ! ,GREEK POLIS1 ! M$IEVAL T[NS W]E USUALLY MORE DEMOCRATIC ?AN ! URBAN C5T]S ( ANTIQUITY1 ! AGR>IAN SY/EM LESS MOBILIZ$ & RATIONALIZ$1 ! CRAFT OCCUPATIONS MORE 9DIVIDUALI/IC & DEMOCRATICALLY /RUCTUR$4 ,WE CANNOT ACC\NT = ?IS FAVORABLE CON/ELLATION ( SOCIOTE*NICAL CIRCUM/ANCES )\T NOT+ ?AT ! ,/ATE & ITS BUREAUCRACIES HAD REA*$ A NADIR 9 ! HI/ORY ( POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION & BUREAUCRATIZATION4 ,UNTIL ! EM]G5CE ( NATION-/ATES 9 ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 & ,SPA9 BETWE5 ! FIFTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES1 ,EUROPE WAS COMP>ATIVELY FREE ( ! DESPOTISMS & BUREAUCRACIES ?AT COAT$ ! SOCIAL LIFE ( ,NOR? ,AFRICA1 ! ,NE> ,EA/1 & ,ASIA4 

,! ONE CLASS TO B5EFIT MO/ FROM ! RIS+ NATION-/ATE WAS ! ,EUROPEAN B\RGEOISIE4 ,9CREAS+LY C5TRALIZ$ MON>*IES & !IR GR[+ BUREAUCRATIC M9IONS IMPOS$ ! K+'S PEACE ON ! 9L& TRADE R\TES ( ,EUROPE1 ! K+'S C\RTS ON LOCAL >BITR>Y SY/EMS ( JU/ICE1 ! K+'S M9T ON ! ]RATIC METALLIC CURR5CY DI/RIBUT$ BY F9ANCIAL ROBB] B>ONS1 ! K+'S NAVY ON NE/S ( M>ITIME PIRATES1 & ! K+'S >MIES ON NEWLY COLONIZ$ M>KETS4 ,?IS /RUCTURE1 EV5 MORE ?AN ANY APPRECIABLE 0ADVANCES0 9 9/RUM5TAL TE*NICS1 PROVID$ ! BASIS = ! NEXT GREAT SY/EM ( LABOR MOBILIZATION3 ! FACTORY4 ,! MOD]N ORIG9S ( AB/RACT LABOR >E F\ND NOT ONLY 9 ! M>KET ECONOMY & ITS CLE>LY DEF9$ MONET>Y SY/EM ( EX*ANGE RATIOS1 BUT ALSO 9 ! ,5GLI% C\NTRYSIDE4 ,!RE1 ! 0FACTORS0 :O C>T$ RAW MAT]IALS & SEMIF9I%$ FABRICS TO COTTAGE WORK]S EV5TUALLY BR\<T !M TOGE!R UND] A S+LE RO( 7A 0FACTORY07 TO RATIONALIZE & 9T5SIFY A FAIRLY TRADITIONAL BODY ( TE*NICS UND] ! WAT*FUL EYE ( =EM5 & ! ICY />E ( MEAN-SPIRIT$1 HE>TLESS1 & CUNN+ 9DU/RIAL 5TREPR5EURS4 

,! E>LY FACTORY 9TRODUC$ NO SWEEP+ TE*NICAL DISP5SATION O!R ?AN ! AB/RACTION1 RATIONALIZATION1 & OBJECTIFICATION ( LABOR -- & ITS EMBODIM5T 9 HUMAN BE+S4 ,SP9N+1 WEAV+1 & DYE+ W]E /ILL P]=M$ ) ALL ! MA*9ES ?AT COTTAG]S HAD US$ 9 !IR [N HOMES = G5]ATIONS4 ,NO 5G9ES OR PRIME MOV]S W]E ADD$ TO ?IS OLD 5SEMBLE UNTIL ! MA*9]Y = SP9N+1 WEAV+1 & DYE+ Y>N W]E 9V5T$ A C5TURY OR SO LAT]4 ,BUT A NEW TE*NICS HAD SUPPLANT$ ! OLD3 ! TE*NICS ( SUP]VISION1 ) ITS HE>TLESS 9T5SIFICATION ( ! LABOR-PROCESS1 ITS CONSCI5CELESS 9TRODUCTION ( FE> & 9SECURITY1 & ITS DEBAS+ =MS ( SUP]VISORY BEHAVIOR4 ,:]E ! 0FACTORS0 HAD B\<T PRODUCTS1 NOT PEOPLE1 ! FACTORY B\<T PEOPLE1 NOT PRODUCTS4 ,?IS R$UCTION ( LABOR FROM ITS EMBODIM5T 9 PRODUCTS 9TO A CAPACITY ( PEOPLE WAS DECISIVE2 IT TURN$ FAIRLY AUTONOM\S 9DIVIDUALS 9TO TOTALLY ADM9I/]$ PRODUCTS & GAVE PRODUCTS AN AUTONOMY ?AT MADE !M SEEM LIKE PEOPLE4 ,! ANIMATE QUALITY ?AT ?+S ACQUIR$ -- QUALITIES :I* ,M>X APTLY CALL$ ! 0FETI%ISM ( COMMODITIES0 -- WAS PUR*AS$ AT ! EXP5SE ( ! ANIMATE QUALITIES ( PEOPLE4 ,AN UND]CLASS WAS BE+ PRODUC$ ?AT WAS ALMO/ AS 9ORGANIC AS ! FACTORY 9 :I* IT WORK$ & ! TOOLS IT US$ -- A TRANSUB/ANTIATION ( HUMANITY ITSELF ?AT WAS TO HAVE PR(\ND CONSEQU5CES = ! LEGACY ( DOM9ATION & ! FUTURE ( HUMAN FRE$OM4 

,LEAV+ ASIDE ! /UP5D\S >RAY ( DEVICES & PRIME MOV]S ?AT ! FACTORY WAS TO COMM&E] 9 ITS S]VICE1 ITS MO/ IMPORTANT TE*NICAL A*IEVEM5T HAS OCCURR$ 9 ! TE*NICS ( ADM9I/RATION4 ,NO LESS IMPORTANT ?AN ITS EVOLV+ TE*NICAL >MAM5T>IUM WAS ! EVOLUTION ( ! JO9T-/OCK COMPANY 9TO ! MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATION1 & ( ! FEI/Y1 MUSCUL> =EMAN 9TO ! SUAVE1 MULTIL+UAL CORPORATE EXECUTIVE4 ,NOR WAS ! ,/ATE TO BE SP>$ ITS [N *ANGE FROM A ROYAL C\RT1 ) CIRCUIT JUDGES & 9K-SPUTT]$ SCRIBES1 9TO A /UP5D\S BUREAUCRATIC POPULATION ?AT1 TOGE!R ) ITS MILIT>Y /RONG->M1 =M$ A NATION-/ATE 9 ITS [N RI<T )9 ! CONF9ES ( ! NATION4 ,! BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS ?AT UND]P9N$ OV]TLY TOTALIT>IAN MON>*IES SU* AS ! ,9CAS ( ,P]U & ,PH>AOHS ( ,EGYPT IS DW>F$ BY ! MANAG]IAL CIVIL1 & CORPORATE BUREAUCRACIES ( A S+LE ,AM]ICAN1 ,EUROPEAN1 OR ,JAPANESE COMM]CIAL CITY4 

,BUT NO M]E DESCRIPTION ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T CAN PASS = AN EXPLANATION4 ,BUREAUCRACY1 CONCEIV$ AS AN 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ TE*NICS 9 ITS [N RI<T1 MAY WELL HAVE ITS ORIG9S 9 ! PRIMORDIAL WORLD4 ,I REF] NOT M]ELY TO ! 9T]NAL DIALECTIC ( HI]>*Y ?AT YIELDS A LEGACY ( DOM9ATION 9 ! =MS ( G]ONTOCRACIES1 PRIE/LY CORPORATIONS1 PATRI>*Y1 & W>RIOR *IEFTA9S4 ,I AM EQUALLY CONC]N$ ) ! CIVIL SPH]E ( ! MALE1 :O PRODUCES RATIONALIZ$ C]EMONIAL & MILIT>Y SY/EMS AS COMP5SATORY ME*ANISMS = HIS [N AMBIVAL5T /ATUS 9 ORGANIC SOCIETY4 ,HE IS NECESS>ILY LESS FULFILL$ 9 A DOME/IC SOCIETY1 :]E WOMAN =MS ! CORE ( AU!NTIC SOCIAL ACTIVITY1 ?AN 9 A CIVIL SOCIETY -- BUT ONE ?AT HE MU/ ELABORATE 9TO A FULLY >TICULAT$ & /RUCTUR$ SPH]E ( LIFE4 ,HIS V]Y ID5TITY IS AT /AKE 9 A WORLD :]E PRODUCTION & REPRODUCTION >E C5T]$ >\ND WOMAN1 :]E ! 0MAGIC0 ( LIFE 9H]ES 9 H] [N P]SONAL LIFE-PROCESSES1 :]E ! RE>+ ( ! Y\NG1 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! HOME1 & ! FECUNDITY ( NATURE SEEM TO BE FUNCTIONS ( H] SEXUALITY & P]SONALITY4 ,:E!R HE 05VIES0 MATRIC5TRICITY OR NOT IS IRRELEVANT2 HE MU/ EVOLVE AN ID5TITY ( HIS [N :I* MAY REA* ITS MO/ W>P$ EXPRESSION 9 W>F>E1 >ROGANCE1 & SUBJUGATION4 

,! MALE'S ID5TITY DOES NOT HAVE TO F9D FULFILLM5T 9 AN ORBIT ( DOM9ATION1 BUT :]E ?IS DOES OCCUR ON A SIGNIFICANT SCALE1 IT IS FATAL TO ! 5TIRE SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,NOT ONLY IS ! COMMUNITY ITSELF TRANS=M$ BY ! ELABORATION ( ?IS CIVIL SPH]E 9TO A POLITICAL1 (T5 MILIT>I/IC1 ONE2 ! SURR\ND+ COMMUNITIES MU/ ALSO RESPOND -- EI!R PROTECTIVELY OR AGGRESSIVELY -- TO ! ROT DEVELOP+ )9 ! SOCIAL ECOSY/EM4 ,AN APP>5TLY DEMOCRATIC1 EGALIT>IAN1 POSSIBLY MATRIC5TRIC CULTURE SU* AS ! ,&EAN ,NAZCA W\LD HAVE BE5 OBLIG$ TO REACT AGGRESSIVELY TO AN AU?ORIT>IAN1 HI]>*ICAL1 PATRIC5TRIC -- & MILIT>I/IC -- CULTURE SU* AS ! NE>BY ,MO*E4 ,SOON] OR LAT]1 BO? W\LD HAVE HAD TO CONFRONT EA* O!R AS TYRANNICAL *IEFDOMS1 OR ! ,NAZCA W\LD HAVE BE5 COMPELL$ TO DEF] TO ! ,MO*E4 ,GIV5 SUFFICI5T EXPOSURE TO EXT]NAL =CES1 A PROCESS ( NEGATIVE SELECTION ON ! LEVEL ( POLITICAL LIFE HAS ALWAYS BE5 AT WORK TO FAVOR ! EXPANSION ( RU?LESS CULTURES AT ! EXP5SE ( ! MORE EQUABLE ONES4 ,:AT IS SURPRIS+ AB\T SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T IS NOT ! EM]G5CE ( ,NEW & ,OLD ,WORLD DESPOTISMS1 BUT !IR ABS5CE 9 L>GE >EAS ( ! WORLD G5]ALLY4 ,IT IS TE/IMONY TO ! B5IGN P[] 9H]5T 9 ORGANIC SOCIETY ?AT SO MANY CULTURES DID NOT FOLL[ ! SOCIAL R\TE TO ,/ATEHOOD1 MOBILIZ$ LABOR1 CLASS DI/9CTIONS1 & PR(ESSIONAL W>F>E -- 9DE$1 ?AT !Y (T5 RETREAT$ 9TO REMOT] >EAS TO SP>E !MSELVES ?IS DE/9Y4 

,P]HAPS ! MO/ IMPORTANT IDEOLOGICAL FACTOR TO FO/] ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM 9 ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY WAS ,*RI/IANITY1 ) ITS /RONG EMPHASIS ON 9DIVIDUATION1 ITS HI< REG>D = ! R$EMPTIVE ROLE ( LABOR1 ITS ELEVATION ( AN AB/RACT ,SUP]NATURE OV] A CONCRETE NATURE1 & ITS D5IAL ( ! IMPORTANCE ( COMMUNITY AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! UNIV]SAL ,PAPAL CONGREGATION4 ,?AT 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE1 EV5 MORE ?AN A HI< S5SE ( 9DIVIDUALITY1 PROMOT$ HUMAN WILL & 9V5TIV5ESS H>DLY REQUIRES ELABORATION4 ,! ,?OMAS ,$ISONS & ,H5RY ,=DS ( ! WORLD >E NOT GREAT 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT !Y >E SURELY GRASP+ EGOS -- VULG> C>ICATURES ( ! ,BIBLICAL 0ANGRY M540 ,! TRANS=MATION ( ,YAHWEH'S ,WILL 9TO MAN'S WILL IS TOO OBVI\S A TEMPTATION TO BE EVAD$4 ,EV5 ! ,*UR*'S ECCLESIA/ICS & MISSION>IES1 DRIV5 BY !IR ZEAL\S FANATICISM1 >E MORE TRANSP>5TLY B\RGEOIS M5 ?AN M]E ,HOM]IC H]OES :O LIV$ BY ! CANONS ( A %AME CULTURE4 

,?IS EMPHASIS ON ! P]SONAL EGO1 ) ITS VOYAG+ S5SE ( 5T]PRISE1 WAS RE9=C$ BY ,*RI/IANITY'S OBSESSION ) LABOR4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 ! ,*UR* PLAC$ ITS HI<E/ /AKES ON FAI? RA!R ?AN WORKS1 ON CONTEMPLATION RA!R ?AN LABOR4 ,BUT 9 PRACTICE1 ! M$IEVAL ,*RI/IAN ORD]S W]E MUNDANE WORK+ E/ABLI%M5TS :I* LEFT A HEAVY IMPR9T ON ! TE*NOLOGICALLY UNDEVELOP$ PEASANTRY >\ND !M4 ,MONA/]IES PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 9NOVAT+ TE*NICS & 9 RATIONALIZ+ LABOR2 9DE$1 !Y PIONE]$ AS MISSIONS1 NOT ONLY 9 ! DISSEM9ATION ( FAI? BUT 9 ! DISSEM9ATION ( TE*NICAL KN[L$GE & PLANN$1 ORD]LY SY/EMS ( WORK4 ,H]E1 !Y F\ND A WELCOME RESPONSE1 = !RE WAS NO NE$ TO PREA* A GOSPEL ( WORK TO HI<LY IMPOV]I%$ AGR>IAN COMMUNITIES ?AT DESP]ATELY NE$$ ! TE*NICAL WISDOM ( KN[L$GEABLE & DISCIPL9$ MONA/IC ORD]S4 

,! WORK E?IC1 DESPITE ITS ILL-REPUTE TODAY AS A ,CALV9I/ TRICK1 WAS NOT 9V5T$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 BY PRE9DU/RIAL RUL+ CLASSES4 ,IRONICALLY1 IT CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! SOCIALLY UND]PRIVILEG$ !MSELVES4 ,! WORK E?IC APPE>S = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,HESIOD'S ,WORKS & ,DAYS1 A PEASANT ,ILIAD ( ! SEV5? C5TURY BE=E ,*RI/1 :OSE ANTIH]OIC WORKADAY TITLE & T5OR REFLECT ! TRIBUTE ! POOR MAN PAYS TO HIS POOR LIFE4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 A WRITT5 LEGACY1 WORK -- 9 CONTRA/ TO VALOR -- APPE>S AS AN ATTRIBUTE ( P]SONAL NOBILITY & RESPONSIBILITY4 ,! VIRTU\S MAN :O B5DS HIS NECK TO ! YOKE ( TOIL OCCUPIES ! C5T] ( ! POETIC /AGE & 5VI\SLY ELB[S \T ! >I/OCRAT :O LIVES (F HIS LABOR4 ,?US DO POOR M5 ASSEMBLE !IR VIRTUES AS ! ATTRIBUTES ( TOIL1 R5UNCIATION1 & HUSB&RY1 ALL ! MORE TO AFFIRM !IR SUP]IORITY OV] ! PRIVILEG$ :O 5JOY LIVES ( EASE1 GRATIFICATION1 & PLEASURE4 ,LAT]1 ! RUL+ CLASSES WILL RECOGNIZE H[ RI* AN IDEOLOGICAL TREASURE TROVE ! ,HESIODS HAVE BE/[$ UPON !M4 ,!Y TOO WILL EXTOLL ! VIRTUES ( POV]TY = ! MEEK1 :O WILL F9D TREASURE 9 HEAV5 :ILE ! >ROGANT WILL PAY 9 HELL = !IR S9FUL 0HEAV50 ON E>?4 

,H5CE1 TOIL HAS ITS REW>DS = ! ,*RI/IAN CONGREGATION1 JU/ AS CONTEMPLATION HAS ITS REW>DS = ! ,*RI/IAN ELECT4 ,!SE REW>DS1 TO BE SURE1 REMA9 RA!R VAGUE3 AN E!REAL1 EV]LA/+ LIFE ?AT MAY WELL BE MORE BOR+ ?AN ! E>?LY ONE1 AN UNCEAS+ REV]5CE = ,GOD1 A WORLD AB/RACT$ ( ! LUSCI\S CONCRETES ?AT R5D] ,COKAYGNE SO SUP]IOR TO ,P>ADISE4 ,9 ITS AB/RACT ,SUP]NATURE1 ,*RI/IANITY ALREADY BEG9S TO SPAWN ! VAG>IES ( AB/RACT MATT] & AB/RACT LABOR4 ,YAHWEH IS A NAMELESS ,GOD1 NATURE IS M]ELY ! EPIPH5OM5ON ( HIS ,WORD1 & EV5 GOOD WORKS >E 9 !MSELVES LESS VIRTU\S ?AN ! ACTIVITY ( WORK+4 

,! DISSOCIATION ( WORK+ FROM WORKS -- ( ! AB/RACT PROCESS ( LABOR+ FROM ! CONCRETE USE-VALUES WORK PRODUCES -- IS SAVAGELY DY/OPIAN4 ,! L+]+ CONCRETE USE-VALUES ( ?+S 9 A WORLD ?AT HAS L>GELY R$UC$ !M TO EX*ANGE-VALUES IS ! HIDD5 ROMANCE BURI$ )9 ! W>P$ LIFE ( ! COMMODITY4 ,TO D5Y !M IS TO D5Y HUMANITY'S CLAIM TO ! SATISFACTIONS & PLEASURES !Y >E MEANT TO BE/[4 ,AN OV]LY ASCETIC & RATIONALI/IC \TLOOK IS ! C\NT]P>T ( AN OV]LY H$ONI/IC & 9/9CTIVE ONE4 ,BUT ?IS D5IAL IS PRECISELY ! FUNCTION ( A !OLOGY ?AT PLACES ! ,WORD BE=E ! DE$1 ,SUP]NATURE BE=E NATURE1 & WORK+ BE=E WORKS4 

,AS TO BROAD IDEOLOGICAL MATT]S1 ,*RI/IANITY HAD FEW] DIFF]5CES ) ,GALILEO ?AN EI!R ( !M REALIZ$4 ,! ,GALILEAN UNIV]SE ( LIFELESS MATT] & P]PETUAL MOTION DIFF]S V]Y LITTLE 9 PR9CIPLE FROM ! ,*RI/IAN VIEW ( NATURE AS 9H]5TLY MEAN+LESS )\T ! ILLUM9ATION ( A HEAV5LY ,SUP]NATURE4 ,BY ,NEWTON'S TIME1 ONE C\LD READ 7EV5 WRITE7 ! ,PR9CIPIA )\T FEEL+ ANY S5SE ( CONFLICT BETWE5 ! ,*UR* & ! ,ROYAL ,SOCIETY4 ,IT WAS NAIVETE & DI/RU/ ?AT SEP>AT$ = SO LONG SU* K9DR$ \TLOOKS AS ! ,*RI/IAN & ! SCI5TIFIC4 ,! TRUE SMOKE ( PEACE BETWE5 !M WAS F9ALLY 9HAL$ NOT FROM ! B[LS ( RITUAL ,9DIAN PIPES BUT FROM ! BEL*+ SMOKE/ACKS ( MOD]N 9DU/RY4 

,F9ALLY1 NO RELIGION ASSAIL$ MORE E>NE/LY ! AU!NTICITY1 9T5SITY1 & MEAN+FULNESS ( COMMUNITY AFFILIATION ?AN ,*RI/IANITY4 ,! ,/OIC PLEA = A RECOGNITION ( A UNIV]SAL HUMANITAS 5TAIL$ NOT A D5IAL ( ONE'S LOYALTY TO ! COMMUNITY BUT M]ELY ! 9DIVIDUAL'S RECOGNITION ( MY/ICAL AFF9ITY TO ! 0CITY ( ,MAN40 ,! ,*RI/IAN PLEA = A UNIV]SAL HUMANITAS WAS ACTUALLY MORE CUNN+4 ,IT %REWDLY ACKN[L$G$ ! CLAIMS ( ! ,/ATE BUT TRI$ TO REPLACE ! COMMUNITY'S CLAIMS ) ?OSE ( ! 0CITY ( ,GOD10 NOTABLY ! ,*UR*4 ,! ,*UR*'S JEAL\SY T[>D ! ,*RI/IAN'S COMMUNITY LOYALTIES WAS LE?AL2 ! RELIGION DEM&$ /RICT OB$I5CE TO ITS CL]ICAL 9FRA/RUCTURE4 ,! NOTION ( ,CONGREGATION IMPLI$ ?AT ! CL]GY HAD PRIORITY OV] ALL COMMUNAL CLAIMS UPON P]SONS -- 9DE$1 OV] ALL RELATION%IPS AMONG P]SONS O!R ?AN ?OSE ORDA9$ BY ,GOD -- & OV] ALL CODES ( SOLID>ITY O!R ?AN ! LAWS ( ,DEUT]ONOMY & ,*RI/'S /RICTURES TO HIS DISCIPLES4 ,?US ! ,*UR* LIV$ 9 COV]T HO/ILITY ) ! COMMUNITY -- JU/ AS ! ,/ATE C\LD F9D NO PEACE ) ! BLOOD OA?1 EV5 9 ITS PATRI>*AL =M4 ,H]E1 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM1 LIKE SCI5CE BE=E IT1 F\ND A P]FECT FIT BETWE5 ! B\RGEOIS CONCEPT ( CITIZ5%IP & ! ,*RI/IAN4 ,! FREE-FLOAT+ EGO1 DIVE/$ ( ALL COMMUNITY ROOTS1 BECAME ITS IDEAL ( 9DIVIDUALITY & P]SONALITY4 ,! 0MA/]LESS M50 ?AT ALL PREVI\S SOCIETIES HAD FE>$ SO 9T5SELY BECAME ! NEW IMAGE ( ! UNTRAMMEL$1 SELF-RELIANT 5TREPR5EUR -- & HIS C\NT]P>T 9 ! UPROOT$1 PROP]TYLESS PROLET>IAT4 

,WE MU/ RECOGNIZE :AT ?IS ATTEMPT TO DIVE/ TE*NICS ( ITS COMMUNITY MATRIX IMP>T$ TO ! SPIRIT ( TE*NICAL 9NOVATION4 ,IF ! TRUE MEAN+ ( TE*NE 9CLUDES AN E?ICAL EMPHASIS ON LIMIT1 !N ?IS EMPHASIS WAS VALID ONLY IF !RE WAS A SOCIAL AG5CY TO N\RI% & 5=CE ! CONCEPTION4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT TE*NE WAS ?R[N 9TO OPPOSITION TO COMMUNITY1 ! WORD BEGAN TO LOSE ITS ORIG9AL E?ICAL CONNOTATIONS & BECOME /RICTLY 9/RUM5TAL4 ,ONCE SOCIETAL CON/RA9TS BAS$ ON E?ICS & COMMUNAL 9/ITUTIONS W]E DEMOLI%$ IDEOLOGICALLY & PHYSICALLY1 TE*NICS C\LD BE RELEAS$ TO FOLL[ NO DICTATES O!R ?AN PRIVATE SELF-9T]E/1 PR(IT1 ACCUMULATION1 & ! NE$S ( A PR$ATORY M>KET ECONOMY4 ,! TIME-HONOR$ LIMITS ?AT HAD CONTA9$ TE*NICS 9 A SOCIETAL MATRIX DISAPPE>$1 & = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY TE*NICS WAS FREE TO FOLL[ ITS [N DEVELOPM5T )\T ANY GOALS EXCEPT ?OSE DICTAT$ BY ! M>KET4 

,! ,ROMANS REPLICAT$ !IR SMALL IRON FURNACES 9/EAD ( 5L>G+ !M NOT BECAUSE !Y W]E TE*NOLOGICALLY OBTUSE BUT L>GELY BECAUSE ! COMMUNITIES FROM :I* ! ,ROMAN IMP]IUM WAS =M$ HELD ITS 9/RUM5TAL & 9/ITUTIONAL TE*NICS 9 *ECK4 ,TO SAY ?AT ! ,ROMAN M9D C\LD NOT CONCEIVE ( L>G] FURNACES IS SIMPLY TO REVEAL ?AT ITS TE*NICAL IMAG9ATION WAS =M$ BY AN >TISAN CONCEPTION ( ! WORLD1 H[EV] GR&IOSE ITS POLITICAL IMAG9ATION4 ,?IS BIFURCATION ( ,/ATE & SOCIETY1 ( ! C5TRAL POLITICAL P[] & ! COMMUNITY1 IS CRUCIAL TO AN UND]/&+ ( ! NATURE ( A LIB]T>IAN TE*NOLOGY & ! RELATION%IP ( TE*NOLOGY TO FRE$OM4 

,ORGANIC SOCIETY1 :ILE 9/ITUTIONALLY W>P$ & TA9T$ BY PRE9DU/RIAL 0CIVILIZATIONS10 RETA9$ A HI< DEGREE ( VITALITY 9 ! EV]YDAY LIVES ( SO-CALL$ ORD9>Y PEOPLE4 ,! EXT5D$ FAMILY /ILL FUNCTION$ AS AN ATT5UAT$ =M ( ! TRADITIONAL CLAN & (T5 PROVID$ A HI<LY VIABLE SUB/ITUTE = IT4 ,ELD]S /ILL 5JOY$ CONSID]ABLE SOCIAL PRE/IGE EV5 AFT] !IR POLITICAL /&+ HAD DIM9I%$1 & K9%IP TIES W]E /ILL FAIRLY /RONG1 IF NOT DECISIVE1 9 DEF9+ MANY /RATEGIC HUMAN RELATION%IPS4 ,COMMUNAL LABOR =M$ A CONSPICU\S P>T ( VILLAGE 5T]PRISE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 AGRICULTURE1 :]E IT WAS CEM5T$ BY ! NE$ TO %>E TOOLS & CATTLE1 TO POOL RES\RCES 9 P]IODS ( DIFFICULTY1 & TO FO/] A TE*NICAL RECIPROCITY )\T :I* MANY COMMUNITIES C\LD NOT HAVE SURVIV$ MAJOR CRISES4 ,ONE DOES NOT HAVE TO LOOK =1 AS ,M>X PUT IT1 0! POSSESSION ( L& 9 COMMON0 OR AN 0UNALT]ABLE DIVISION ( LABOR0 ?AT S]V$ AS 0A FIX$ PLAN & BASIS = ACTION0 9 ,9DIA'S VILLAGES 9 ORD] TO KN[ ?AT UND] ! TI<TLY WOV5 POLITICAL C>PET ( ! ,/ATE WAS AN ACTIVE1 SUBT]RANEAN SOCIAL WORLD BAS$ ON CONS5SUS1 IDEOLOGICAL AGREEM5T1 %>$ CU/OMS1 & A COMMONALITY ( RELIGI\S BELIEFS4 

,!SE TRAITS >E F\ND EV5 :]E POLITICAL DESPOTISMS T5D TO BE HI<LY 9VASIVE4 ,& !Y (T5 >E HI<LY M>K$ BY PEASANT ATTITUDES T[>D LABOR4 ,!IR MO/ /RIK+ FEATURE IS ! EXT5T TO :I* ANY K9D ( COMMUNAL TOIL1 H[EV] ON]\S1 CAN BE TRANS=M$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES 9TO FE/IVE OCCASIONS ?AT S]VE TO RE9=CE COMMUNITY TIES4 ,9 A HYPO!TICAL ACC\NT ( ! WORK HABITS ( ,9CA PEASANTS1 ,MASON SURMISES ?AT3 

,LIKE ALL COOP]ATIVE LABOR1 IT MU/ HAVE BE5 A JOVIAL & NOT AN ON]\S OCCASION1 ) PL5TY ( *I*A BE]1 S++1 & BANT]+4 ,! SONGS1 P]HAPS 9 HONOR ( ! GODS :5 WORK+ ! *UR* L&S1 OR 9 PRAISE ( ! EMP]OR :ILE 5GAG$ 9 ! /ATE FIELDS1 W]E APPROPRIATE TO ! OCCASION4 ,AS SOON AS ! FIELDS ( ! GODS W]E F9I%$1 ! WORK WAS REPEAT$ ON ! GOV]NM5T L&S1 & !N ! PEOPLE W]E FREE TO CULTIVATE !IR [N FIELDS4 ,!RE WAS A COMMUNAL SPIRIT ( HELPFULNESS1 & IF A MAN WAS CALL$ AWAY ON /ATE BUS9ESS SU* AS MILIT>Y S]VICE HIS NEI<BORS QUIETLY ATT5D$ TO HIS AGRICULTURAL NE$S4 

,TO ! EXT5T ?AT REC5T >*AEOLOGICAL DISCOV]IES & RESE>* 9TO CURR5T ,&EAN LABOR CU/OMS ?R[ ANY LI<T ON !IR WORK HABITS1 ,MASON'S ACC\NT SEEMS REASONABLY ACCURATE4 ,B5EA? ! MASSIVE /RUCTURE ( A HI<LY DESPOTIC ,/ATE ?AT CLOSELY SUP]VIS$ ITS UND]CLASSES1 ! PEASANTRY LIV$ A DI/9CTLY SEP>ATE & SOCIALLY ORGANIC LIFE ( ITS [N4 ,9DE$1 ! ,9CA ,/ATE IMPLICITLY ACKN[L$G$ ?IS COV]T IMMUNITY TO ITS CONTROLS BY PUNI%+ ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE IF ITS 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S W]E GUILTY ( C]TA9 9FRACTIONS ( ,/ATE REGULATIONS4 ,?IS PRACTICE IS SO UNIV]SAL & ANCI5T ?AT IT RECURS REPEAT$LY ?R\<\T HI/ORY4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ VIVID ACC\NTS ( H[ COMMUNAL LABOR TRADITIONS & =MS L+] ON 9TO MOD]N TIMES1 (T5 TRANS=M+ GRUEL+ TOIL 9TO FE/IVE WORK1 APPE>S 9 ,TOL/OY'S ,ANNA ,K>59A4 ,LEV9 7,TOL/OY'S TYPICAL FICTIONAL C\NT]P>T7 OBS]VES PEASANTS HAY+ ON HIS SI/]'S E/ATE4 ,SITT+ TRANSFIX$ ON A HAYCOCK1 HE IS 0FASC9AT$0 :ILE TEEM+ PEASANTS 9 ! MEAD[ BUOYANTLY CUT ! HAY1 /ACK IT1 & PIT* IT ) HAY=KS ON WOOD5 C>TS4 

,BE=E HIM 9 ! B5D ( ! RIV] BEH9D ! M>%1 MOV$ A GAILY COLOR$ L9E ( PEASANT WOM51 *ATT]+ L\DLY & M]RILY1 :ILE ! SCATT]$ HAY WAS RAPIDLY RIS+ 9TO GRAY1 ZIG-ZAG RIDGES ON ! PALE-GRE5 /UBBLE4 

,! M5 FOLL[ ! WOM5 ) !IR HAY=KS UNTIL ! HAY+ IS ALMO/ COMPLETE4 ,! DIALOGUE ?AT 5SUES IS 9IMITABLE3 

0,MAKE HAY :ILE ! SUN %9ES & ! HAY Y\'LL GET WILL BE LOVELY10 SAID ! OLD BEEKEEP]1 SQUATT+ D[N BESIDE ,LEV94 0,:AT LOVELY HAY1 SIR6 ,TEA1 NOT HAY4 ,LOOK1 SIR1 AT ! WAY !Y PICK 'EM UP6 ,LIKE SCATT]+ GRA9 TO ! DUCKS10 HE ADD$1 PO9T+ TO ! GR[+ HAYCOCKS4 

,! WORK1 9 FACT1 IS NE>LY DONE & ! BEEKEEP] CALLS \T TO HIS SON1 :O RESPONDS3 

0,! LA/ ONE1 ,DAD60 %\T$ ! Y\NG MAN1 RE9+ 9 ! HORSE &1 SMIL+1 LOOK$ >\ND AT A *E]FUL1 ROSY-*EEK$ PEASANT WOMAN1 :O WAS DRIV+ BY1 /&+ ON ! FRONT P>T ( A C>T1 FLICK+ ! 5DS ( HIS HEMP5 RE9S4.<#e#a.> 

,IT IS TEMPT+ TO FOCUS \R DESCRIPTIONS ( TE*NOLOGY & \R ACC\NTS ( TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION ON ! L>GE-SCALE WORKS ( MOBILIZ$ LABOR FAVOR$ BY E>LY /ATES & RUL+ ELITES4 ,! A*IEVEM5TS ( P[] -- ITS TEMPLES1 MORTU>IES1 & PALACES -- EVOKE \R +RA9$ AWE ( P[]4 ,! HYDRAULIC SY/EMS ( GREAT ALLUVIAL EMPIRES LIKE ! ,EGYPTIAN1 ,MESOPOTAMIAN1 & ,ASIAN1 & ! CITIES1 ROADS1 & MEGALI?IC /RUCTURES ( PRE-,COLUMBIAN ,AM]ICA CA/ A LONG %AD[ OV] HI/ORY4 ,TRAGICALLY1 ?IS %AD[ HAS L>GELY OBSCUR$ ! TE*NICS ( PEASANTS & >TISANS AT ! 0BASE0 ( SOCIETY3 !IR WIDESPREAD NETWORKS ( VILLAGES & SMALL T[NS1 !IR PAT*WORK F>MS & H\SEHOLD G>D5S2 !IR SMALL 5T]PRISES2 !IR M>KETS ORGANIZ$ >\ND B>T]2 !IR HI<LY MUTUALI/IC WORK SY/EMS2 !IR KE5 S5SE ( SOCIALITY2 & !IR DELI<TFULLY 9DIVIDUAT$ CRAFTS1 MIX$ G>D5S1 & LOCAL RES\RCES ?AT PROVID$ ! REAL SU/5ANCE & >TWORK ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE4 ,A COMPLETE HI/ORY ( TE*NOLOGY1 FOOD CULTIVATION1 & >T HAS YET TO BE WRITT5 FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! SO-CALL$ COMMON]S1 JU/ AS HAS A COMPLETE HI/ORY ( WOM51 E?NIC M9ORITIES1 & ! OPPRESS$ G5]ALLY4 

,9 SOME CASES1 AS WE N[ KN[1 EV5 L>GE POLITICAL EMPIRES LIKE ! ,HITTITE ,EMPIRE W]E BAS$ OV]:ELM+LY ON SMALL F>MS4 ,TYPICALLY1 !SE W]E WORK$ BY FIVE OR SIX PEOPLE1 US+ P]HAPS TWO OX51 & ! CULTIVABLE L& WAS DIVID$ 9TO MIX$ CROPL&S1 V9EY>DS1 OR*>DS1 & PA/URES ?AT R>ELY SUPPORT$ MORE ?AN SMALL FLOCKS ( GOATS & %EEP4 ,9 IMP]IAL ,ROMAN TIMES1 YEOMAN F>MS ?AT HAD L+]$ ON FROM ! E>LY REPUBLICAN ]A COEXI/$ ) IMM5SE LATIFUNDIA WORK$ BY ?\S&S ( SLAVES4 ,! BEAUTIFULLY T]RAC$ SLOPES ?AT M>K$ AGRICULTURAL BELTS FROM ,9DONESIA TO ,P]U W]E WORK$ NOT M]ELY = ! ,/ATE BUT 7(T5 SEGREGAT$ FROM ,/ATE-[N$ L&S7 = ! NE$S ( ! EXT5D$ FAMILY & LOCAL COMMUNITY4 ,IF ,*9ESE CORVEE LABOR 9 ! ,SUI DYNA/Y 7C4 #f ,A4,D47 MAY HAVE EXCE$$ FIVE MILLION COMMON]S 7:O W]E UND] A GU>D ( #e1 TROOPS71 ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! PEASANTRY CONT9U$ TO WORK ITS [N PLOTS1 CULTIVAT+ MIX$ CROPS & OR*>DS1 & RAIS+ DOME/IC ANIMALS4 ,EV5 ,AZTEC AGRICULTURE1 DESPITE ! HI<LY DESPOTIC MILIT>I/IC /ATE ?AT GOV]N$ C5TRAL ,MEXICO1 WAS ORGANIZ$ PRIM>ILY >\ND CLAN-TYPE HORTICULTURE1 NOTABLY ! LOVELY FLOAT+ OR *9AMPA G>D5S ?AT L9$ & 9FILTRAT$ ! %ALL[S ( ! ,LAKE ( ,MEXICO4 

,VIEW$ AT ITS AGR>IAN 0BASE10 M$IEVAL ,EUROPE MAY WELL REPRES5T ! APO!OSIS ( ! SMALL1 AGRICULTURALLY MIX$ F>M )9 ! SOCIAL FRAMEWORK ( A CLASS SOCIETY4 ,! FAM\S 0OP5 FIELD SY/EM10 ) ITS ROTATION ( FALL[ & CULTIVAT$ CROP L&S1 WAS ORGANIZ$ >\ND 9DIVIDUALLY F>M$ N>R[ /RIPS4 ,BUT /RIP F>M+ NECESS>ILY 9VOLV$ SU* CLOSE COORD9ATION ( PLANT+ & H>VE/+ BETWE5 CULTIVATORS ( ADJAC5T /RIPS ?AT ! PEASANTRY NORMALLY %>$ ITS PL[S1 DRAFT ANIMALS1 & IMPLEM5TS4 ,NOT UNCOMMONLY1 P]IODIC R$I/RIBUTIONS ( ! /RIPS W]E MADE TO MEET ! MAT]IAL NE$S ( L>G] FAMILIES4 ,C>RI$ TO ! VILLAGE LEVEL1 !SE F>M+ TE*NIQUES FO/]$ FREE PEASANT ASSEMBLIES1 A LIVELY S5SE ( RECIPROCITY1 & ! RE9=CEM5T ( >*AIC COMMUNAL TRADITIONS SU* AS ! USE ( UNCULTIVABLE L& = 0COMMONS0 TO PA/URE ANIMALS & COLLECT WOOD = FUEL & CON/RUCTION MAT]IALS4 ,! MANORIAL ECONOMY ( ! T]RITORIAL LORDS BY NO MEANS DOM9AT$ ?IS 9CREAS+LY LIB]T>IAN VILLAGE SOCIETY2 RA!R1 IT RETA9$ ONLY A LOOS5+ HOLD OV] ! >TISAN & COMM]CIAL T[NS NE>BY4 ,9 LAT] YE>S1 ! VILLAGES & T[NS 9 MANY >EAS ( ,EUROPE1 ?OR\<LY S*OOL$ 9 ! PRACTICE ( SELF-MANAGEM5T1 GA9$ SUPREMACY OV] ! LOCAL B>ONS & ECCLESIA/ICS4 ,P>TICUL>LY 9 ,SWITZ]L& & ! ,L[L&S1 BUT TO A V]Y GREAT EXT5T ?R\<\T WE/]N ,EUROPE1 VILLAGES & T[NS E/ABLI%$ FAIRLY P[]FUL1 (T5 LONG-LIV$ PEASANT F$]AL REPUBLICS & /RONG URBAN CONF$]ATIONS4 

,! NEW1 COMP>ATIVELY LIB]T>IAN 09/ITUTIONAL TE*NICS0 SPAWN$ BY ?IS FASC9AT+ WORLD YIELD$1 9 TURN1 AN EQUALLY REM>KABLE ELABORATION ( A HUMAN-SCALE1 COMP>ATIVELY LIB]T>IAN 9/RUM5TAL TE*NICS4 ,ASIDE FROM ! WAT]MILLS ALREADY 9 ABUNDANCE ?R\<\T ,EUROPE 7,WILLIAM ! ,CONQU]OR'S ,DOMESDAY ,BOOK LI/S SOME #e1#e 9 AB\T #c1 ,5GLI% VILLAGES 9 #ahf ,A4,D471 !RE W]E ALSO W9DMILLS4 ,APP>5TLY D]IV$ FROM ! RITUAL ,TIBETAN PRAY]:EELS1 !Y HAD BECOME SO NUM]\S BY ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY ?AT ! ,BELGIAN T[N ( ,YPRES ALONE C\LD CELEBRATE ! FACT ?AT IT HAD RE>$ #ab W9DMILLS 9 ITS 5VIRONS4 ,EV5 MORE /RIK+ IS ! EXTRAORD9>Y1 UNPREC$5T$ V>IETY ( USES TO :I* ,EUROPEAN WAT]:EELS & W9DMILLS W]E PUT4 ,?IS MULTIPURPOSE *>ACT] ( M$IEVAL PRIME MOV]S /UNN+LY ILLU/RATES ! EXT5T TO :I* UNITY 9 DIV]SITY IS A CORRELATE ( ECOLOGICAL TE*NICS4 ,WAT]MILLS1 KN[N AS E>LY AS ,GREEK TIMES1 HAD BE5 US$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY TO MILL GRA92 W9DMILLS1 ALREADY 9 USE 9 ,P]SIA AS E>LY AS ! EI<? C5TURY1 HAD PROBABLY BE5 CONF9$ TO ! SAME LIMIT$ USES4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! LIVELY1 AL]T1 & 9CREAS+LY 9DIVIDUAT$ T[N & C\NTRY PEOPLE ( ! HI< & LATE ,MIDDLE ,AGES DEPLOY$ !SE NEW PRIME MOV]S NOT ONLY = RE/RICT$ AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES BUT ALSO TO RAISE & TRIP 5SEMBLES ( HEAVY HAMM]S 9 =GES1 TO OP]ATE LA!S1 TO WORK BELL[S 9 BLA/ FURNACES1 & TO TURN GR9D/ONES = POLI%+ METALS AS WELL AS GR9D+ GRA9S4 ,! NEW 9T]E/ 9 MA*9]Y1 AS YET SMALL 9 SCALE & FAIRLY SIMPLE 9 DESIGN1 L$ TO A HI<LY V>IEGAT$ USE ( CAMS1 CRANKS1 & PUMPS1 & ( AN +5I\S COMB9ATION ( GE>S1 LEV]S1 & PULLEYS4 ,IT ALSO FO/]$ ! TRIUMPHAL 9V5TION ( ! ME*ANICAL CLOCK1 :I* LESS5$ ! NE$ = >DU\S TOIL & GREATLY 9CREAS$ ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( CRAFT PRODUCTION4 

,:AT IS HI<LY ATTRACTIVE AB\T ! NEW VITALITY ?AT APPE>$ 9 M$IEVAL TE*NICS IS NOT SIMPLY ! S5SE ( 9NOVATION *>ACT]IZ+ ITS DEVELOPM5T2 RA!R1 IT IS ! S5SE ( ELABORATION ?AT M>K$ ! ADAPTATION ( ! NEW TO ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( ! OLD4 ,CONTR>Y TO POPUL> IMAGES ?AT READ \R [N VALUES BACK 9TO ! M$IEVAL WORLD1 ! TE*NICAL 0UTOPIANS0 ( ?AT TIME W]E F> REMOV$ 9 SPIRIT & \TLOOK FROM ! TE*NOCRATIC 0UTOPIANS0 OR FUTURI/S ( ! PRES5T ]A4 ,ROG] ,BACON1 ! ?IRTE5?-C5TURY ,FRANCISCAN1 PR$ICT$ L>GE1 HI<LY P[]$ %IPS /E]$ BY A S+LE OP]ATOR1 FLY+ MA*9ES1 & WAGONS ?AT W\LD TRAVEL AT CONSID]ABLE SPE$ BY !IR [N MOTIVE P[]4 ,FIGURES LIKE ,BACON W]E NOT PRESCI5T 5G9E]S ( AN ]A TO COME2 !Y W]E PRIM>ILY !OLOGIANS RA!R ?AN TE*NICIANS1 AL*EMI/S RA!R ?AN SCI5TI/S1 & S*OLA/ICS RA!R ?AN CRAFTSM54 ,!Y BORE WITNESS MORE TO SUP]NATURAL P[]S ?AN TO HUMAN +5UITY4 ,SOME ?REE C5TURIES W]E TO PASS BE=E AU!NTIC 9V5TORS LIKE ,LEON>DO DA ,V9CI SECRETLY SKET*$ !IR CRYPTIC DESIGNS & WROTE !IR NOTES 9 A SCRIPT ?AT C\LD ONLY BE READ BY US+ A MIRROR4 

,TE*NICS 9 ,BACON'S TIME WAS DEEPLY EMB$D$ 9 7& ITS DEVELOPM5T CON/RA9$ BY7 A RI*LY COMMUNAL SOCIAL MATRIX ?AT FO/]$ AN ORGANIC EPI/EMOLOGY ( DESIGN1 AN ES!TIC USE ( MAT]IALS1 AN ELABORATION ( AN ADAPTIVE TE*NICS1 A DEEP RESPECT = DIV]SITY1 & A /RONG EMPHASIS ON QUALITY1 SKILL1 & >TFULNESS4 ,!SE 9/RUM5TAL NORMS REFLECT$ ! SOCIAL NORMS ( ! TIME4 ,T[N & C\NTRY W]E MU* TOO CLOSE TO EA* O!R TO R5D] SOCIALLY & 9TELLECTUALLY ACCEPTABLE ! GEOMETRIC TEMPLES1 ! URBAN GIGANTISM1 ! 9ORGANIC SOCIAL RELATIONS1 & ! DEAD5+ IMAGES ( A ME*ANICAL WORLD4 ,H[EV] MU* ! ,*UR* EMPHASIZ$ HEAV5LY ,SUP]NATURE OV] E>?LY NATURE1 ! WORLD ( NATURE CAME 9CREAS+LY TO BE SE5 AS GIFT ( A HEAV5LY DISP5SATION -- A S5SIBILITY ?AT F\ND ITS !OLOGICAL VOICE 9 ! IDEAS ( ,SA9T ,FRANCIS4 ,WORK & ! HI< PREMIUM PLAC$ ON SKILLS W]E MU* TOO 9DIVIDUAT$ TO MAKE L>GE MASSES ( PEASANTS & 0MA/]LESS M50 AM5ABLE TO ! MOBILIZ$ LABOR SY/EMS ( E>LI] ]AS4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT WE CAN ?9K 9 T]MS ( SIZABLE MASSES ( PEOPLE1 WE MU/ ?9K MORE 9 T]MS ( IDEOLOGICAL CRUSADES RA!R ?AN ( HI<LY CONTROLL$ LABOR =CES4 ,[+ TO ITS DEC5TRALIZ$ *>ACT] & ITS ,*RI/IAN S5SE ( 9DIVIDUAL WOR?1 M$IEVAL SOCIETY WAS SIMPLY NOT CAPABLE ( UTILIZ+1 MU* LESS MOBILIZ+1 HUGE NUMB]S ( 0COMMON]S0 TO MONUM5TALIZE ITSELF 9 PUBLIC WORKS4 ,= ALL ! ABUSES ( FEUDAL SOCIETY1 CORVEE LABOR WAS CONF9$ TO ! MA9T5ANCE ( PUBLIC ROADS & T5ANT-TYPE SY/EMS ( FOOD CULTIVATION = ! MANORIAL LORDS1 TO DEF5SIVE /RUCTURES ?AT W]E NE$$ BY ! COMMUNITY AS WELL AS ! B>ONS1 & TO MISCELLANE\S 0GIFTS0 ( LABOR TO ! NOBILITY & ,*UR*4 

,TE*NICS ITSELF T5D$ TO FOLL[ AN AGE-OLD TRADITION ( NE/L+ CLOSELY 9TO A LOCAL ECOSY/EM1 ( ADAPT+ ITSELF S5SITIVELY TO LOCAL RES\RCES & !IR UNIQUE CAPACITY TO SU/A9 LIFE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 IT FUNCTION$ AS A HI<LY SPECIFIC CATALY/ BETWE5 ! PEOPLE ( AN >EA & !IR 5VIRONM5T4 ,! RI* KN[L$GE ( HABITAT -- ( REGION1 LOCAL FLORA & FAUNA1 SOIL CONDITIONS1 EV5 GEOLOGY -- ?AT 5ABL$ PEOPLE LIKE ! ,BU%M5 OR ,SAN TO PROVISION !MSELVES 9 7AS IT SEEM$ TO ,VICTORIAN ,EUROPE7 AN UTT] DES]T WA/EL& SURVIV$ WELL BEYOND PRIMORDIAL TIMES 9TO ! ,EUROPEAN ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,?IS HI< S5SE ( ! HIDD5 NATURAL WEAL? ( A HABITAT -- A KN[L$GE ?AT HAS BE5 SO COMPLETELY LO/ TO MOD]N HUMANITY -- KEPT ! LAT5T EXPLOITATIVE P[]S ( TE*NICS WELL )9 ! 9/ITUTIONAL1 MORAL1 & MUTUALI/IC B\ND>IES ( ! LOCAL COMMUNITY4 ,PEOPLE DID MORE ?AN JU/ LIVE )9 ! BIOTIC POT5TIALITIES ( !IR ECOSY/EM & REMAKE IT ) AN EXTRAORD9>Y S5SITIVITY ?AT FO/]$ ECOLOGICAL DIV]SITY & FECUNDITY4 ,!Y ALSO 7(T5 >TI/ICALLY7 ABSORB$ TE*NICALLY UNIQUE DEVICES 9TO ?IS BROAD BIOSOCIAL MATRIX & BR\<T !M 9TO ! S]VICE ( !IR LOCALITY4 

,ONLY MOD]N CAPITALISM C\LD S]I\SLY SUBV]T ?IS ANCI5T S5SIBILITY & SY/EM ( TE*NICAL 9TEGRATION4 ,& IT DID SO NOT SIMPLY BY REPLAC+ ONE 9/RUM5TAL 5SEMBLE BY ANO!R4 ,WE GRAVELY MI/AKE CAPITALISM'S HI/ORICALLY DE/RUCTIVE ROLE IF WE FAIL TO SEE ?AT IT SUBV]T$ A MORE FUNDAM5TAL DIM5SION ( ! TRADITIONAL SOCIAL 5SEMBLE3 ! 9TEGRITY ( ! HUMAN COMMUNITY4 ,ONCE ! M>KET RELATION%IP -- & ITS R$UCTION ( 9DIVIDUAL RELATION%IPS TO ?OSE ( BUY]S & SELL]S -- REPLAC$ ! EXT5D$ FAMILY1 ! GUILD1 & ITS HI<LY MUTUALI/IC NETWORK ( CONSOCIATION2 ONCE HOME & ! PLACE ( PRODUCTION BECAME SEP>ATE1 EV5 ANTAGONI/IC1 >5AS1 DIVID+ AGRICULTURE AGA9/ CRAFT & CRAFT AGA9/ FACTORY2 F9ALLY ONCE T[N & C\NTRY W]E ?R[N 9TO H>% OPPOSITION TO EA* O!R2 !N EV]Y ORGANIC & HUMANI/IC REFUGE FROM A HI<LY ME*ANIZ$ & RATIONALIZ$ WORLD BECAME COLONIZ$ BY A MONADIC1 IMP]SONAL1 & ALI5AT$ NEXUS ( RELATION%IPS4 ,COMMUNITY AS SU* BEGAN TO DISAPPE>4 ,CAPITALISM 9VAD$ & UND]M9$ >EAS ( SOCIAL LIFE ?AT NONE ( ! GREAT EMPIRES ( ! PA/ C\LD EV] P5ETRATE OR EV5 HOPE TO ABSORB4 ,NOT ONLY WAS ! TE*NICAL IMAG9ATION SAVAGELY DISMEMB]$ BUT ALSO ! HUMAN IMAG9ATION4 ,! CRY 0,IMAG9ATION TO ,P[]60 BECAME A PLEA NOT ONLY = A FREE-PLAY ( FANCY BUT ALSO = A R$ISCOV]Y ( ! V]Y P[] TO FANTASIZE4 ,:E!R ITS ADVOCATES RECOGNIZ$ IT OR NOT1 ! URGE TO BR+ IMAG9ATION TO P[] IMPLI$ A RE/ORATION ( ! P[] ( IMAG9ATION ITSELF4 

,! REC5T EMPHASIS ON 0LIMITS TO GR[?0 & 0APPROPRIATE TE*NOLOGY0 IS RIDDL$ BY ! SAME AMBIGUITIES ?AT HAVE IMP>T$ A CONFLICT+ S5SE ( PROMISE & FE> TO 0HI< TE*NOLOGY40 ,I HAVE SAID 5\< AB\T ! DANG] ( DISSOCIAT+ 9/RUM5TAL TE*NICS1 0S(T0 OR 0H>D10 FROM 9/ITUTIONAL TE*NICS2 ,I LEAVE ! ELABORATION ( !IR 9TEGRATION TO ! CLOS+1 MORE RECON/RUCTIVE *APT] ( ?IS BOOK1 :]E ,I %ALL EXPLORE ! POSSIBLE /RUCTURES ( FRE$OM1 ( HUMAN RELATION%IPS1 & ( P]SONAL SUBJECTIVITY ?AT DEL9EATE AN 0APPROPRIATE0 SOCIAL MATRIX = A LIB]T>IAN TE*NICS4 ,= ! PRES5T1 H[EV]1 ,I MU/ EMPHASIZE AGA9 ?AT T]MS LIKE 0SMALL10 0S(T10 09T]M$IATE10 0CONVIVIAL10 & 0APPROPRIATE0 REMA9 UTT]LY VACU\S ADJECTIVES UNLESS !Y >E RADICALLY 9TEGRAT$ ) EMANCIPATORY SOCIAL /RUCTURES & COMMUNIT>IAN GOALS4 ,TE*NOLOGY & FRE$OM DO NOT 0COEXI/0 ) EA* O!R AS TWO SEP>ATE 0REALMS0 ( LIFE4 ,EI!R TE*NICS IS US$ TO RE9=CE ! L>G] SOCIAL T5D5CIES ?AT R5D] HUMAN CONSOCIATION TE*NOCRATIC & AU?ORIT>IAN1 OR ELSE A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY MU/ BE CREAT$ ?AT CAN ABSORB TE*NICS 9TO A CON/ELLATION ( EMANCIPATORY HUMAN & ECOLOGICAL RELATION%IPS4 ,A 0SMALL10 0S(T10 09T]M$IATE10 0CONVIVIAL10 OR 0APPROPRIATE0 TE*NICAL DESIGN WILL NO MORE TRANS=M AN AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY 9TO AN ECOLOGICAL ONE ?AN WILL A R$UCTION 9 ! 0REALM ( NECESSITY10 ( ! 0WORK+ WEEK10 5HANCE OR 5L>GE ! 0REALM ( FRE$OM40 

,9 ADDITION TO SUBV]T+ ! 9TEGRITY ( ! HUMAN COMMUNITY1 CAPITALISM HAS TA9T$ ! CLASSICAL NOTION ( 0LIV+ WELL0 BY FO/]+ AN IRRATIONAL DREAD ( MAT]IAL SC>CITY4 ,BY E/ABLI%+ QUANTITATIVE CRIT]IA = ! 0GOOD LIFE10 IT HAS DISSOLV$ ! E?ICAL IMPLICATIONS ( 0LIMIT40 ,?IS E?ICAL LACUNA RAISES A SPECIFICALLY TE*NICAL PROBLEMATIC = \R TIME4 ,9 EQUAT+ 0LIV+ WELL0 ) LIV+ AFFLU5TLY1 CAPITALISM HAS MADE IT EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO DEMON/RATE ?AT FRE$OM IS MORE CLOSELY ID5TIFI$ ) P]SONAL AUTONOMY ?AN ) AFFLU5CE1 ) EMP[]M5T OV] LIFE ?AN ) EMP[]M5T OV] ?+S1 ) ! EMOTIONAL SECURITY ?AT D]IVES FROM A N\RI%+ COMMUNITY LIFE ?AN ) A MAT]IAL SECURITY ?AT D]IVES FROM ! MY? ( A NATURE DOM9AT$ BY AN ALL-MA/]+ TE*NOLOGY4 

,A RADICAL SOCIAL ECOLOGY CANNOT CLOSE ITS EYES TO ?IS NEW TE*NOLOGICAL PROBLEMATIC4 ,OV] ! PA/ TWO C5TURIES1 ALMO/ EV]Y S]I\S MOVEM5T = SOCIAL *ANGE HAS BE5 CONFRONT$ ) ! NE$ TO DEMON/RATE ?AT TE*NICS1 0H>D0 OR 0S(T10 CAN MORE ?AN MEET ! MAT]IAL NE$S ( HUMANITY )\T PLAC+ >BITR>Y LIMITS UPON A MODE/LY S5SIBLE CONSUMPTION ( GOODS4 ,! T]MS ( ! 0BLACK R$I/RIBUTION0 HAVE BE5 HI/ORICALLY ALT]$3 WE >E FAC$ ) PROBLEMS NOT ( DISACCUMULATION BUT ( RATIONAL SY/EMS ( PRODUCTION4 ,PO/-SC>CITY1 AS ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ 9 E>LI] WORKS1 DOES NOT MEAN M9DLESS AFFLU5CE2 RA!R1 IT MEANS A SUFFICI5CY ( TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT LEAVES 9DIVIDUALS FREE TO SELECT !IR NE$S AUTONOM\SLY & TO OBTA9 ! MEANS TO SATISFY !M4 ,! EXI/+ TE*NICS ( ! WE/]N WORLD -- 9 PR9CIPLE1 A TE*NICS ?AT CAN BE APPLI$ TO ! WORLD AT L>GE -- CAN R5D] MORE ?AN A SUFFICI5CY ( GOODS TO MEET EV]YONE'S REASONABLE NE$S4 ,=TUNATELY1 AN AMPLE LIT]ATURE HAS ALREADY APPE>$ TO DEMON/RATE ?AT NO ONE NE$ BE D5I$ ADEQUATE FOOD1 CLO?+1 %ELT]1 & ALL ! AM5ITIES ( LIFE4.<#e#b.> ,! A/R+5T >GUM5TS = 0LIMITS TO GR[?0 & ! 0LIFE-BOAT E?IC0 SO PREVAL5T TODAY HAVE BE5 RE>$ L>GELY ON SPECI\S DATA & A CUNN+ ADAPTATION ( RES\RCE PROBLEMS TO ! 09/ITUTIONAL TE*NICS0 ( AN 9CREAS+LY AU?ORIT>IAN ,/ATE4 

,IT IS SOCIAL ECOLOGY'S CRUCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TO DEMY/IFY ! TRADITION ( A 0/+Y NATURE10 AS WELL AS ! MORE REC5T IMAGE ( 0HI<0 TE*NOLOGY AS AN UNRELIEV$ EVIL4 ,EV5 MORE EMPHATICALLY1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY MU/ DEMON/RATE ?AT MOD]N SY/EMS ( PRODUCTION1 DI/RIBUTION1 & PROMOTION ( GOODS & NE$S >E GROSSLY IRRATIONAL AS WELL AS ANTIECOLOGICAL4 ,:OSOEV] SIDE/EPS ! CONFLICT+ ALT]NATIVES BETWE5 A POT5TIALLY B\NTIFUL NATURE & AN EXPLOITIVE USE ( TE*NICS S]VES M]ELY AS AN APOLOGI/ = ! PREVAIL+ IRRATIONALITY4 ,C]TA9LY1 NO E?ICAL >GUM5T 9 ITSELF WILL EV] P]SUADE ! D5I$ & UND]PRIVILEG$ ?AT !Y MU/ ABDICATE ANY CLAIM TO ! RELATIVE AFFLU5CE ( CAPITALISM4 ,:AT MU/ BE DEMON/RAT$ -- & NOT M]ELY ON !ORETICAL OR /ATI/ICAL GR\NDS ALONE -- IS ?AT ?IS AFFLU5CE CAN ULTIMATELY BE MADE AVAILABLE TO ALL -- BUT %\LD BE DESIRABLE TO NONE4 ,IT IS A BETRAYAL ( ! 5TIRE MESSAGE ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY TO ASK ! WORLD'S POOR TO D5Y !MSELVES ACCESS TO ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE ON GR\NDS ?AT 9VOLVE LONG-RANGE PROBLEMS ( ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATION1 ! %ORTCOM+S ( 0HI<0 TE*NOLOGY1 & V]Y SPECI\S CLAIMS ( NATURAL %ORTAGES 9 MAT]IALS1 :ILE SAY+ NO?+ AT ALL AB\T ! >TIFICIAL SC>CITY 5G9E]$ BY CORPORATE CAPITALISM4 

,ANY?+ ?AT IS NOT R5EWABLE IS EXHAU/IBLE -- ?IS IS A PHILI/9E TRUISM4 ,BUT CONFRONT$ BY SU* TRUISMS1 ONE MAY REASONABLY ASK3 ,:5 WILL IT BE EXHAU/$8 ,H[8 ,BY :OM8 ,& = :AT REASON8 ,= ! PRES5T !RE CAN BE NO S]I\S CLAIM ?AT ANY MAJOR1 IRREPLACEABLE RES\RCE WILL BE EXHAU/$ UNTIL HUMANITY CAN *OOSE NEW ALT]NATIVES -- 0NEW0 REF]R+ NOT SIMPLY TO MAT]IAL OR TE*NICAL ALT]NATIVES BUT ABOVE ALL TO 9/ITUTIONAL & SOCIAL ONES4 ,! TASK ( ADVANC+ HUMANITY'S RI<T TO *OOSE FROM AMONG ALT]NATIVES1 P>TICUL>LY 9/ITUTIONAL ONES1 ?AT MAY YET (F] US A RATIONAL1 HUMANI/IC1 & ECOLOGICAL TRAJECTORY HAS NOT YET BE5 FULFILL$ BY 0HI<0 OR BY 0L[0 TE*NOLOGY4 ,9 SUM1 0HI<0 TE*NOLOGY MU/ BE US$ BY S]I\S SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S TO DEMON/RATE ?AT1 ON RATIONAL GR\NDS1 IT IS LESS DESIRABLE ?AN ECOLOGICAL TE*NOLOGIES4 0,HI<0 TE*NOLOGY MU/ BE P]MITT$ TO EXHAU/ ITS SPECI\S CLAIMS AS ! TOK5 ( SOCIAL 0PROGRESS0 & HUMAN WELL-BE+ -- ALL ! MORE TO R5D] ! DEVELOPM5T ( ECOLOGICAL ALT]NATIVES A MATT] ( *OICE RA!R ?AN ! PRODUCT ( A CYNICAL 0NECESSITY40 

,/ILL ANO!R ISSUE ?AT MAY WELL BE REG>D$ AS A NEW TE*NOLOGICAL PROBLEMATIC IS ! ASSOCIATION ( ! 0REALM ( FRE$OM0 ) 0FREE TIME10 ! POLITICAL C\NT]P>T ( ,M>X'S 0AB/RACT LABOR0 OR 0LABOR TIME40 ,H]E1 TOO1 WE 5C\NT] A TYRANNICAL AB/RACTION3 ! NOTION ?AT FRE$OM ITSELF IS A RES TEMPORALIS1 A TEMPORAL ?+4 ,! RES TEMPORALIS ( FREE TIME1 LIKE ! RES EXT5SA ( IRR$UCIBLE MATT]1 IS DEAD -- ! 0DEAD TIME0 FROM :I* ! ,P>ISIAN /UD5TS ( ,MAY-,JUNE1 #aifh S\<T FRE$OM BY TRANSLAT+ TIME ITSELF 9TO ! PROCESS ( BE+ FREE4 ,VIEW$ FROM ?IS /&PO9T1 0FREE TIME0 IS V]Y CONCRETE TIME -- 9DE$1 A V]Y ACTIVE1 SOCIALLY >TICULAT$ =M ( TIME4 ,IT 5TAILS NOT ONLY FRE$OM FROM ! CON/RA9TS ( LABOR-TIME1 FROM ! TIME-CLOCK IMPOS$ BY AB/RACT LABOR ON ! 0REALM ( NECESSITY0 7OR :AT WE SO FELICIT\SLY CALL 0M9DLESS PRODUCTION072 IT ALSO 5TAILS ! USE ( TIME TO BE FREE4 

,IF ONLY 9 REACTION TO ! DEAD5+ TIME-CON/RA9TS ( AB/RACT LABOR1 ! IDEAL ( 0FREE TIME0 IS /ILL TA9T$ BY A WAYW>D UTOPIANISM ?AT EXAGG]ATES ! P[] ( USE-VALUES OV] ! TYRANNY ( EX*ANGE-VALUES4 ,FREE TIME IS /ILL SE5 AS 9ACTIVITY ON ! ONE H& & MAT]IAL PL5ITUDE ON ! O!R4 ,H5CE1 0FRE$OM0 IS /ILL CONCEIV$ AS FRE$OM FROM LABOR1 NOT FRE$OM = WORK4 ,H]E WE 5C\NT] ! AIMLESS 9T]E/S ( ! ISOLAT$ EGO1 ! ROOTLESS 0LIB]T>IAN0 MONAD :O W&]S WAYW>DLY ?R\< LIFE AS ! C\NT]P>T ( ! WAYW>D1 ROOTLESS B\RGEOIS MONAD4 ,! WORK]S 9 ,A ,N\S LA ,LIB]TE1 ,R5E ,CLAIR'S PLAYFUL ,FR5* 0UTOPIA0 ( ! E>LY #a#i#cS1 A*IEVE !IR FRE$OM 9 A HI<LY 9DU/RIALIZ$ L& ( ,COKAYGNE3 !IR FUNCTIONS >E TAK5 OV] COMPLETELY BY MA*9ES :ILE !Y DO NO?+ BUT FROLIC 9 NE>BY FIELDS & FI% 5 MASSE ALONG RIV] BANKS ?AT HAVE AN UNCANNY RESEMBLANCE TO !IR ASSEMBLY L9ES4 ,?IS IS *>ACT]I/ICALLY V]Y MOD]N4 ,CLAIR'S HOBOS1 ! PR9CIPAL *>ACT]S ( ! MOTION PICTURE1 LEAVE ! TRAMP'S V]SION ( FRE$OM IMPR9T$ ON ! CONCLUSION ( ! C9EMATIC 0UTOPIA40 ,!Y >E ! 0MA/]LESS M50 ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY :O HAVE YET TO BE =M$ 9TO CITIZ5S ( A COMMUNITY1 LIKE ! ROOTLESS1 W&]+ RADICALS ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT :O C>RI$ !IR 0COMMUNITY0 9 !IR KNAPSACKS OR UND] ! RO(S ( !IR TRUCKS4 ,! 0UTOPIA0 IS *>M+ BUT AIMLESS1 SPONTANE\S BUT UN=M$1 EASY-GO+ BUT /RUCTURELESS1 POETIC BUT IRRESPONSIBLE4 ,ONE MAY LIVE LONG 9 SU* A 0UTOPIA0 BUT NOT 0LIVE WELL40 

,! ,HELL5IC IDEAL ( FRE$OM -- AN IDEAL CONF9$ TO ! CITIZ5 -- WAS DIFF]5T4 ,FRE$OM EXI/$ = ACTIVITY1 NOT FROM ACTIVITY4 ,IT WAS NOT A REALM BUT A PRACTICE -- ! PRACTICE ( BE+ FREE BY P>TICIPAT+ 9 FREE 9/ITUTIONS1 BY DAILY RECREAT+1 ELABORAT+1 & FO/]+ ! ACTIVITY ( BE+ FREE4 ,ONE WAS NOT M]ELY 0FREE0 9 ! PASSIVE S5SE ( FRE$OM FROM CON/RA9T1 BUT 9 ! ACTIVE S5SE ( 0FREE+10 BO? ( ONESELF & ONE'S FELL[ CITIZ5S4 ,AN AU!NTIC COMMUNITY IS NOT M]ELY A /RUCTURAL CON/ELLATION ( HUMAN BE+S BUT RA!R ! PRACTICE ( COMMUNIZ+4 ,H5CE1 FRE$OM 9 ! POLIS WAS A CON/ELLATION ( RELATION%IPS ?AT WAS CONT9UALLY 9 ! PROCESS ( REPRODUCTION4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,FU/EL DE ,C\LANGE1 

,WE >E A/ONI%$ 4 4 4 AT ! AM\NT ( LABOR :I* ?IS DEMOCRACY REQUIR$ ( M54 ,IT WAS A V]Y LABORI\S GOV]NM5T4 ,SEE H[ ! LIFE ( AN ,A!NIAN IS PASS$4 ,ONE DAY HE IS CALL$ TO ! ASSEMBLY ( HIS DEME1 & HAS TO DELIB]ATE ON ! RELIGI\S & POLITICAL 9T]E/S ( ?IS LITTLE ASSOCIATION4 ,ANO!R DAY HE MU/ GO TO ! ASSEMBLY ( HIS TRIBE2 A RELIGI\S FE/IVAL IS TO BE >RANG$1 OR EXP5SES >E TO BE EXAM9$1 OR DECREES PASS$1 OR *IEFS & JUDGES NAM$4 ,?REE TIMES A MON?1 REGUL>LY1 HE TAKES P>T 9 ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ! PEOPLE2 & HE IS NOT P]MITT$ TO BE ABS5T4 ,! SESSION IS LONG4 ,HE DOES NOT GO !RE SIMPLY TO VOTE2 HAV+ >RIV$ 9 ! MORN+1 HE MU/ REMA9 TILL A LATE H\R1 & LI/5 TO ! ORATORS4 ,HE CANNOT VOTE UNLESS HE HAS BE5 PRES5T FROM ! OP5+ ( ! SESSION1 & HAS HE>D ALL ! SPEE*ES4 ,= HIM ?IS VOTE IS ONE ( ! MO/ S]I\S AFFAIRS4 ,AT ONE TIME POLITICAL & MILIT>Y *IEFS >E TO BE ELECT$ -- ?AT IS TO SAY1 ?OSE TO :OM HIS 9T]E/S & HIS LIFE >E TO BE CONFID$ = A YE>2 AT ANO!R A TAX IS TO BE IMPOS$1 OR A LAW TO BE *ANG$4 ,AGA91 HE HAS TO VOTE ON QUE/IONS ( W>1 KN[+ WELL ?AT1 9 CASE ( W>1 HE MU/ GIVE HIS [N BLOOD OR ?AT ( A SON4 ,9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/S >E 9SEP>ABLY UNIT$ ) ?OSE ( ! /ATE .<READ POLIS.>4 ,A MAN CANNOT BE 9DIFF]5T OR 9CONSID]ATE4 ,IF HE IS MI/AK51 HE KN[S ?AT HE %ALL SOON SUFF] = IT1 & ?AT 9 EA* VOTE HE PL$GES HIS =TUNE & HIS LIFE4.<#e#c.> 

,TO RECOV] ! SUB/ANTIVE1 RI*LY >TICULAT$ ATTRIBUTES ( 0FRE$OM =0 RA!R ?AN M]ELY 0FRE$OM FROM10 ,I AM OBLIG$ TO SPECULATE AB\T ! ATTRIBUTES ( A NEW SOCIETY ?AT W\LD TRANSMUTE 0BUSYNESS0 9TO ! PROCESS ( REPRODUC+ FRE$OM ON AN EV] 5L>G+ SCALE4 ,YET WE MAY REASONABLY ASK :E!R TE*NICS AS A =M ( SOCIAL METABOLISM HAS C]TA9 =MAL ATTRIBUTES 7ITS SOCIAL MATRIX ASIDE1 = ! PRES5T7 ?AT CAN N\RI% SOCIAL FRE$OM AS A DAILY ACTIVITY4 ,H[ CAN ! DESIGN IMAG9ATION FO/] A REVITALIZATION ( HUMAN RELATION%IPS & HUMANITY'S RELATION%IP ) NATURE8 ,H[ CAN IT HELP LIFT ! 0MUT5ESS0 ( NATURE -- A PROBLEMATICAL CONCEPT ?AT WE1 9 FACT1 HAVE IMPOS$ ON \RSELVES -- BY OP5+ \R [N E>S TO ITS VOICE8 ,H[ CAN IT ADD A S5SE ( HAUNT+ SYMBIOSIS TO ! COMMON PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY ( HUMAN & NATURAL BE+S1 A S5SE ( P>TICIPATION 9 ! >*ETYPAL ANIMAT5ESS ( NATURE8 

,WE %>E A COMMON ORGANIC ANCE/RY ) ALL ?AT LIVES ON ?IS PLANET4 ,IT 9FILTRATES ?OSE LEVELS ( \R BODIES ?AT SOMEH[ MAKE CONTACT ) ! EXI/+ PRIMORDIAL =MS FROM :I* WE MAY ORIG9ALLY HAVE D]IV$4 ,BEYOND ANY /RUCTURAL CONSID]ATIONS1 WE >E FAC$ ) ! NE$ TO GIVE AN ECOLOGICAL MEAN+ TO !SE BURI$ S5SIBILITIES4 ,9 ! CASE ( \R DESIGN /RATEGIES1 WE MAY WELL WANT TO 5HANCE NATURAL DIV]SITY1 9TEGRATION1 & FUNCTION1 IF ONLY TO REA* MORE DEEPLY 9TO A WORLD ?AT HAS BE5 SY/EMATICALLY $UCAT$ \T ( \R BODIES & 9NATE EXP]I5CES4 ,TODAY1 EV5 9 ALT]NATE TE*NOLOGY1 \R DESIGN IMAG9ATION IS (T5 UTILIT>IAN1 ECONOMI/IC1 & BL9D TO A VA/ >EA ( EXP]I5CE ?AT SURR\NDS US4 ,A SOL> H\SE ?AT SYMBOLIZES A DESIGN]'S ABILITY TO DIM9I% 5]GY CO/S MAY BE A MONUM5T TO F9ANCIAL CUNN+1 BUT IT IS AS BL9D & DEAD5$ ECOLOGICALLY AS *EAP PLUMB+4 ,IT MAY BE A S\ND 9VE/M5T1 EV5 AN 5VIRONM5TAL DESID]ATUM BECAUSE ( ITS CAPACITY TO USE 0R5EWABLE RES\RCES10 BUT IT /ILL DEALS ) NATURE M]ELY AS NATURAL RES\RCES & EXHIBITS ! S5SITIVITY ( A CONC]N$ 5G9E] -- NOT AN ECOLOGICALLY S5SITIVE 9DIVIDUAL4 ,AN ATTRACTIVE ORGANIC G>D5 MAY WELL BE A WISE NUTRITIONAL 09VE/M5T0 OV] ! QUALITY ( FOOD OBTA9ABLE 9 A %OPP+ MALL4 ,BUT 9S(> AS ! FOOD CULTIVATOR IS PREOCCUPI$ ONLY ) ! NUTRITIONAL VALUE ( FOOD ON ! D9N] TABLE1 ORGANIC G>D5+ BECOMES A M]E TE*NICAL /RATEGEM = 0FOODWISE0 CONSUMPTION1 NOT A TE/AM5T TO A ONCE-HALL[$ 9T]C\RSE ) NATURE4 ,ALL TOO (T51 WE >E FLIPPANTLY PREP>$ TO USE HYDROPONIC TRAYS AS SUB/ITUTES = ACTUAL G>D5S & GRAVEL = SOIL4 ,S9CE ! OBJECT IS TO FILL ! DOME/IC L>D] ) VEGETATION1 IT (T5 SEEMS TO MAKE NO DIFF]5CE :E!R \R G>D5+ TE*NIQUES PRODUCE SOIL OR NOT4 

,SU* COMMONPLACE ATTITUDES >E V]Y REVEAL+4 ,!Y 9DICATE ?AT WE HAVE =GOTT5 H[ TO BE ORGANISMS -- & ?AT WE HAVE LO/ ANY S5SE ( BELONG+ TO ! NATURAL COMMUNITY >\ND US1 H[EV] MU* IT HAS BE5 MODIFI$ BY SOCIETY4 ,9 ! MOD]N DESIGN IMAG9ATION1 ?IS LOSS IS REVEAL$ 9 ! FACT ?AT WE T5D TO DESIGN 0SCULPTURES0 9/EAD ( 5SEMBLES -- AN ISOLAT$ SOL> H\SE H]E1 A W9DMILL !RE1 AN ORGANIC G>D5 ELSE:]E4 ,! B\ND>IES BETWE5 ! 0ORGANIC0 WORLD WE HAVE CONTRIV$ & ! REAL ONE ?AT MAY EXI/ BEYOND !M >E /RICT & PRECISE4 ,IF \R WORKS T5D TO DEF9E \R ID5TITY1 AS ,M>X CLAIM$1 P]HAPS ! FIR/ /EP 9 ACQUIR+ AN ECOLOGICAL ID5TITY W\LD BE TO DESIGN \R 0SCULPTURES0 AS P>T ( 5SEMBLES -- AS TE*NICAL ECOSY/EMS ?AT 9T]P5ETRATE ) ! NATURAL ONES 9 :I* !Y >E LOCAT$1 NOT M]ELY AS AGGLOM]ATIONS ( 0SMALL10 0S(T10 09T]M$IATE10 OR 0CONVIVIAL0 GADGETS4 ,! PR9CIPAL MESSAGE ( AN ECOLOGICAL TE*NICS IS ?AT IT IS 9TEGRAT$ TO CREATE A HI<LY 9T]ACTIVE1 ANIMATE & 9ANIMATE CON/ELLATION 9 :I* EV]Y COMPON5T =MS A SUPPORTIVE P>T ( ! :OLE4 ,! FI% TANKS1 0SUN TUBES10 & PONDS ?AT USE FI% WA/ES TO N\RI% ! PLANT NUTRIM5T ON :I* !Y LIVE >E M]ELY ! SIMPLE/ EXAMPLES ( A WIDE-RANG+ ECOLOGICAL SY/EM COMPOS$ ( A L>GE V>IETY ( BIOTA -- FROM ! SIMPLE/ PLANTS TO SIZABLE MAMMALS -- ?AT HAVE BE5 S5SITIVELY 9TEGRAT$ 9TO A BIOTE*NICAL ECOSY/EM4 ,TO ?IS SY/EM1 HUMANITY [ES NOT ONLY ITS LABOR1 IMAG9ATION1 & TOOLS BUT ITS WA/ES AS WELL4 

,NO LESS IMPORTANT ?AN ! 5SEMBLE IS ! TE*NICAL IMAG9ATION ?AT ASSEMBLES IT4 ,TO ?9K ECOLOGICALLY = DESIGN PURPOSES IS TO ?9K ( TE*NICS AS AN ECOSY/EM1 NOT M]ELY AS CO/ EFFECTIVE DEVICES BAS$ ON 0R5EWABLE RES\RCES40 ,9DE$1 TO ?9K ECOLOGICALLY IS TO 9CLUDE NATURE'S 0LABOR0 9 ! TE*NICAL PROCESS1 NOT ONLY HUMANITY'S4 ,! USE ( ORGANIC SY/EMS TO REPLACE MA*9ES :]EV] POSSIBLE -- SAY1 9 PRODUC+ F]TILIZ]1 FILT]+ \T SEWAGE1 HEAT+ GRE5H\SES1 PROVID+ %ADE1 RECYCL+ WA/ES1 & ! LIKE -- IS A DESID]ATUM 9 ITSELF4 ,BUT !IR ECONOMIC WISDOM ASIDE1 !SE SY/EMS ALSO S5SITIZE ! M9D & SPIRIT TO NATURE'S [N P[]S ( G5]ATION4 ,WE BECOME AW>E ?AT NATURE1 TOO1 HAS ITS [N COMPLEX 0ECONOMY0 & ITS [N ?RU/ T[>D EV]-GREAT] DIV]SITY & COMPLEXITY4 ,WE REGA9 A NEW S5SE ( COMMUNICATION ) AN 5TIRE BIOTIC WORLD ?AT 9ORGANIC MA*9ES HAVE BLOCK$ FROM \R VISION4 ,AS PRODUCTION ITSELF HAS (T5 BE5 COMP>$ ) A DRAMA1 WE %\LD REMEMB] ?AT NATURE'S ROLE IS MORE ?AN ?AT ( A M]E *ORUS4 ,NATURE IS ONE ( ITS PR9CIPAL PLAY]S & AT TIMES1 P]HAPS1 ! GREAT] P>T ( ! CA/4 

,H5CE1 AN ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ TE*NICAL IMAG9ATION MU/ SEEK TO DISCOV] ! 0,WAY0 ( ?+S AS 5SEMBLES1 TO S5SE ! SUBJECTIVITY ( :AT WE SO ICILY CALL 0NATURAL RES\RCES10 TO RESPECT ! ATTUNEM5T ?AT %\LD EXI/ BETWE5 ! HUMAN COMMUNITY & ! ECOSY/EM 9 :I* IT IS ROOT$4 ,?IS IMAG9ATION MU/ SEEK NOT M]ELY A MEANS = RESOLV+ ! CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY1 A MA*9E & ITS MAT]IALS1 OR ! FUNCTIONAL UTILITY ( A DEVICE & ITS IMPACT ON ITS NATURAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,IT MU/ TRY TO A*IEVE !IR >TI/IC1 RI*LY COLOR$1 & HI<LY >TICULAT$ 9TEGRATION4 ,LABOR1 P]HAPS EV5 MORE ?AN TE*NICS1 MU/ RECOV] ITS [N CREATIVE VOICE4 ,ITS AB/RACT =M1 ITS DEPLOYM5T 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( L9E> TIME AS A RES TEMPORALIS1 ITS CRUEL OBJECTIFICATION AS M]E1 HOMOG5E\S 5]GY1 MU/ YIELD TO ! CONCRET5ESS ( SKILL1 TO ! FE/IV5ESS ( COMMUNAL ACTIVITY1 TO A RECOGNITION ( ITS [N SUBJECTIVITY4 ,9 ?IS BROAD REVITALIZATION ( ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T1 ( WORK1 & ( TE*NICS1 IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE = ! TE*NICAL IMAG9ATION TO CONF9E ITSELF TO ! TRADITIONAL IMAG]Y ( A LIFELESS1 IRR$UCIBLE1 & PASSIVE MAT]IAL SUB/RATE4 ,WE MU/ CLOSE ! DISJUNCTION BETWE5 AN ORD]LY WORLD ?AT L5DS ITSELF TO RATIONAL 9T]PRETATION & ! SUBJECTIVITY ?AT IS NE$$ TO GIVE IT MEAN+4 ,! TE*NICAL IMAG9ATION MU/ SEE MATT] NOT AS A PASSIVE SUB/ANCE 9 R&OM MOTION BUT AS AN ACTIVE SUB/ANCE ?AT IS =EV] DEVELOP+ -- A /RIV+ 0SUB/RATE0 7TO USE AN UNSATISFACTORY WORD7 ?AT REPEAT$LY 9T]ACTS ) ITSELF & ITS MORE COMPLEX =MS TO YIELD V>IEGAT$1 0S5SITIVE10 & MEAN+FUL PATT]NS4 

,ONLY :5 \R TE*NICAL IMAG9ATION BEG9S TO TAKE ?IS APPROPRIATE =M WILL WE EV5 BEG9 TO ATTA9 ! RUDIM5TS ( A MORE 0APPROPRIATE0 -- OR BETT]1 A LIB]ATORY -- TE*NOLOGY4 ,! BE/ DESIGNS ( SOL> COLLECTORS1 W9DMILLS & WAT]MILLS1 G>D5S1 GRE5H\SES1 BIO%ELT]S1 0BIOLOGICAL0 MA*9ES1 TREE CULTURE1 & 0SOL> VILLAGES0 WILL BE LITTLE MORE ?AN NEW DESIGNS RA!R ?AN NEW MEAN+S1 H[EV] WELL -- 9T5TION$ !IR DESIGN]S4 ,!Y WILL BE ADMIRABLE >TIFACTS RA!R ?AN >TI/IC WORKS4 ,LIKE FRAM$ PORTRAITS1 !Y WILL BE SET (F FROM ! RE/ ( ! WORLD -- 9DE$1 SET (F FROM ! V]Y BODIES FROM :I* !Y HAVE BE5 BEHEAD$4 ,NOR WILL !Y *ALL5GE 9 ANY SIGNIFICANT WAY ! SY/EMS ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION ?AT ORIG9ALLY RE>$ ! MY?OLOGY ( A NATURE 0DOM9AT$0 BY ONE ( ITS [N CREATIONS4 ,LIKE FL[]S 9 A DRE>Y WA/EL&1 !Y WILL PROVIDE ! COLORS & SC5TS ?AT OBSCURE A CLE> & HONE/ VISION ( ! UGL9ESS >\ND US1 ! PUTRESC5T REGRESSION TO AN 9CREAS+LY ELEM5TAL & 9ORGANIC WORLD ?AT WILL NO LONG] BE HABITABLE = COMPLEX =MS ( LIFE & ECOLOGICAL 5SEMBLES4 

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