,*APT] #aa - ,! ,AMBIGUITIES ( ,FRE$OM 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

#a#a4 ,! ,AMBIGUITIES ( ,FRE$OM 

  

,! TE*NICS & ! TE*NICAL IMAG9ATION ?AT CAN N\RI% ! DEVELOPM5T ( A FREE1 ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY >E BESET BY AMBIGUITIES4 ,TOOLS & MA*9ES CAN BE US$ EI!R TO FO/] A TOTALLY DOM9E]+ ATTITUDE T[>D NATURE OR TO PROMOTE NATURAL V>IETY & NONHI]>*ICAL SOCIAL RELATION%IPS4 ,AL?\< :AT IS 0BIG0 9 TE*NICS MAY BE V]Y UGLY1 :AT IS 0SMALL0 IS NOT NECESS>ILY BEAUTIFUL4 ,GREAT DESPOTISMS HAVE BE5 BAS$ ON A TE*NOLOGY ?AT IS ,NEOLI?IC 9 SCALE & =M4 ,! CRITICISM ( 09DU/RIAL SOCIETY0 & 0TE*NOLOGICAL MAN0 :I* ]UPT$ 9 ! #a#i#gS IS TE/IMONY TO POPUL> DIS5*ANTM5T ) ! HOPES ( E>LI] G5]ATIONS = GR[+ TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T & ! FRE$OM IT WAS EXPECT$ TO YIELD -- A FRE$OM BAS$ ON MAT]IAL PL5TY & ! ABS5CE ( DEBAS+ TOIL4 

,P]HAPS LESS OBVI\SLY1 ! SAME AMBIGUITIES ALSO BECL\D \R ATTITUDES T[>D REASON & SCI5CE4 ,TO ,5LI<T5M5T ?9K]S TWO C5TURIES AGO1 REASON & SCI5CE 7AS EMBODI$ 9 MA!MATICS & ,NEWTONIAN PHYSICS7 W]E LAT5T ) ! HOPE ( A HUMAN M9D FRE$ ( SUP]/ITION & ( A NATURE FRE$ ( S*OLA/IC METAPHYSICS4 ,VOLTAIRE'S FAM\S CRY AGA9/ ! ,*UR*1 0,ECRASEZ L'9FAME610 WAS EVID5CE ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T'S BELIEF 9 ! TRIUMPH ( HUMAN M9D AS MU* AS IT WAS AN ATTACK UPON CL]ICAL DOGMATISM2 ,ALEX&] ,POPE'S LUM9ESC5T PANEGYRIC TO NEWTON WAS AS MU* EVID5CE ( A NEW BELIEF 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL CL>ITY ?AT SCI5CE W\LD IMP>T TO HUMANITY'S UND]/&+ ( ! COSMOS AS IT WAS A TRIBUTE TO ! G5IUS ( ,NEWTON HIMSELF4 

,!SE ?REE GREAT PA?WAYS OR 0TOOLS0 7TO USE ! LANGUAGE ( MOD]N 9/RUM5TALISM7 = A*IEV+ HUMAN FRE$OM -- REASON1 SCI5CE1 & TE*NICS -- ?AT SEEM$ SO ASSUR$ M]ELY A G5]ATION AGO NO LONG] 5JOY !IR HI< /ATUS4 ,S9CE ! MIDDLE ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 WE HAVE SE5 REASON BECOME RATIONALISM1 A COLD LOGIC = ! SOPHI/ICAT$ MANIPULATION ( HUMAN BE+S & NATURE2 SCI5CE BECOME SCI5TISM1 AN IDEOLOGY = VIEW+ ! WORLD AS AN E?ICALLY NEUTRAL1 ESS5TIALLY ME*ANICAL BODY TO BE MANIPULAT$2 & TE*NICS BECOME MOD]N TE*NOLOGY1 AN >MAM5T>IUM ( VA/LY P[]FUL 9/RUM5TS = ASS]T+ ! AU?ORITY ( A TE*NICALLY TRA9$1 L>GELY BUREAUCRATIC ELITE4 ,!SE 0MEANS0 = RESCU+ FRE$OM FROM ! CLUT*ES ( A CL]ICAL & MY/IFI$ WORLD HAVE REVEAL$ A D>K SIDE ?AT N[ ?REAT5S TO IMP$E FRE$OM -- 9DE$1 TO ELIM9ATE ! V]Y PROSPECTS ?AT REASON1 SCI5CE1 & TE*NICS ONCE ADVANC$ = A FREE SOCIETY & = FREE HUMAN M9DS4 

,! AMBIGUITY CREAT$ BY ?IS ,JANUS-FAC$ DEVELOPM5T ( REASON1 SCI5CE1 & TE*NICS LEADS TO AN ALL-P]VASIVE S5SE ?AT ?IS TRIUNE IS MEAN+LESS AS SU* UNLESS ! ?REE >E REEVALUAT$ & RE/RUCTUR$ SO ?AT EA* ONE'S LAT5T LIB]ATORY SIDE IS RESCU$ & ITS OPPRESSIVE SIDE CLE>LY REVEAL$4 ,TO RETURN TO IRRATIONALITY1 SUP]/ITION1 & MAT]IAL PRIMITIVISM IS NO MORE DESIRABLE ?AN TO DEF] TO ! VALUE-FREE & ELITI/ RATIONALISM1 SCI5TISM1 & TE*NOCRATIC S5SIBILITIES ?AT PREVAIL TODAY4 ,! NE$ TO RESCUE REASON AS AN E?ICALLY *>G$ LOGOS ( ! WORLD DOES NOT CONFLICT ) ITS USE AS A LOGIC = DEAL+ ) ?AT WORLD4 ,! NE$ TO RESCUE SCI5CE AS A SY/EMATIC 9T]PRETATION ( ?AT LOGOS DOES NOT CONFLICT ) A RECOGNITION ( ! NE$ = ANALYTIC TE*NIQUES & EMPIRICAL EVID5CE4 ,F9ALLY1 ! NE$ TO RESCUE TE*NICS AS A MEANS ( M$IAT+ \R RELATION%IP ) NATURE -- 9CLUD+ HUMAN NATURE -- DOES NOT CONFLICT ) HUMANITY'S [N RI<T TO 9T]V5E 9 ! NATURAL WORLD1 TO DO EV5 BETT] ?AN 0BL9D0 NATURE 9 FO/]+ V>IETY & NATURAL FECUNDITY4 ,ALL !SE SEEM+LY CONTRADICTORY1 AMBIGU\S PA?WAYS = ATTA9+ FRE$OM >E ESS5TIAL TO \R V]Y DEF9ITION ( FRE$OM4 ,\R ABILITY TO RESOLVE !SE AMBIGUITIES ( FRE$OM DEP5DS AS MU* ON H[ WE DEF9E REASON1 SCI5CE1 & TE*NICS AS IT DOES ON H[ WE USE !M4 

,ULTIMATELY1 ! P>ADOXES WE 5C\NT] 9 DEF9+ REASON1 SCI5CE & TE*NICS CANNOT BE RESOLV$ BY A MY/ICAL =MULA ?AT M]ELY VAPORIZES ! ISSUES !Y RAISE4 ,!IR RESOLUTION DEP5DS UPON A SUPREME ACT ( HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS4 ,WE NE$ TO SURM\NT ! EVIL ?AT LIES 9 EV]Y GOOD1 TO R$EEM ! GA9 ?AT 9H]ES 9 EV]Y LOSS -- BE IT ! SOCIALITY LAT5T 9 ! SOLID>ITY ( K9%IP1 ! RATIONALITY 9 PRIMAL 9NOC5CE1 ! IDEALS 9 SOCIAL CONFLICT1 ! WILLFULNESS 9 PATRI>*Y1 ! P]SONALITY 9 9DIVIDUALISM1 ! S5SE ( HUMANITY 9 ! P>O*IAL TRIBAL COMMUNITY1 ! ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY 9 NATURE IDOLATRY1 OR ! TE*NICS 9 %AMANI/IC MANIPULATION4 ,TO R$EEM !SE DESID]ATA )\T COMPLETELY %$D+ C]TA9 FEATURES ( ! CONTEXT ?AT GAVE !M VIABILITY -- SOLID>ITY1 9NOC5CE1 TRADITION1 COMMUNITY1 & NATURE -- WILL REQUIRE ALL ! WISDOM & >TFULNESS WE POSSESS4 ,NOR CAN !Y BE ,! ,AMBIGUITIES ( ,FRE$OM #bfi ADEQUATELY R$EEM$ )9 ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD]4 ,RA!R1 WE NE$ A NEW K9D ( IMAG9ATION -- A NEW S5SE ( SOCIAL FANTASY -- TO TRANSMUTE !SE (T5 OPPRESSIVE >*AIC CONTEXTS 9TO EMANCIPATORY ONES4.<#e#d.> 

,9 DEAL+ ) ! AMBIGUITIES ( FRE$OM1 ,I %ALL BEG9 ) REASON1 = REASON HAS ALWAYS =M$ ! SECUL> HALLM>K ( EV]Y SPECIFICALLY HUMAN A*IEVEM5T4 ,PRESUMABLY1 IT IS BY VIRTUE ( \R RATIONALITY ?AT WE >E UNIQUE 9 ! 0MUTE0 WORLD >\ND US & CAN A*IEVE \R 0MA/]Y0 OV] IT4 ,! ,5LI<T5M5T'S G5]\S COMMITM5T TO REASON -- ITS VA/ FAI? 9 ! HUMAN 5T]PRISE AS ! \TCOME ( ?\<T & $UCATION -- HAS NEV] BE5 LO/ EV5 ON ITS MO/ SEV]E CRITICS1 NE>LY ALL ( :OM HAVE DEPLOY$ REASON 9 ! V]Y ACT ( D5IGRAT+ IT4 ,WILLIAM ,BLAKE'S ASSAULT ON ! 0M$DL+ 9TELLECT0 IS A BRILLIANTLY CONCEIV$ 9TELLECTUAL T\R DE =CE1 AS WAS ,R\SSEAU'S A G5]ATION OR SO E>LI]4 ,MY [N >GUM5TS 9 DEF5SE ( REASON'S 9TEGRITY >E NOT MEANT TO BE AD HOM9EM2 LIKE A MOCK+ 9CUBUS1 0L9E> ?\<T0 ABIDES )9 ! MO/ MY/ICAL EXP]I5CES & ! MO/ 9SPIR$ =MS ( 0ILLUM9ATION40 ,! ROLE ASSIGN$ TO REASON & ! DE/9Y IMP>T$ TO IT -- :E!R AS BLESS+ OR AS CURSE -- DEP5DS CRUCIALLY ON H[ WE DEF9E IT 9 ! V>I\S LIVES OR 0/AGES0 ( SOCIETY4 ,ITS ROLE ALSO DEP5DS ON :AT1 9 \R S5SITIVITY TO ! WORLD ?AT SURR\NDS & 9FUSES US1 REASON IS P]MITT$ TO DISPLACE4 

,EV]Y S]I\S CRITIQUE ( REASON HAS FOCUS$ ON ITS HI/ORIC 9/RUM5TALIZATION 9TO TE*NICS -- ITS DEPLOYM5T AS A TOOL OR =MAL DEVICE = CLASSIFICATION1 ANALYSIS1 & MANIPULATION4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 =MAL REASON HAS NEV] REALLY BE5 ABS5T FROM ! HUMAN 5T]PRISE4 ,TO ANYONE :O HAS EV5 AN ELEM5T>Y FAMILI>ITY ) ! TRIBAL WORLD1 =MAL REASON WAS SIMPLY A SUBDU$ PRES5CE 9 A L>G] S5SIBILITY JU/LY CALL$ SUBJECTIVITY4 ,BUT SUBJECTIVITY IS NOT CONGRU5T ) CONSCI\SNESS2 IT SPEAKS TO A WID] & DEEP] LEVEL ( 9T]ACTION ) ! WORLD ?AN TO ! M]E CAPACITY TO CLASSIFY1 ANALYZE1 MANIPULATE1 OR EV5 DEVELOP AN AW>5ESS ( SELF ?AT IS DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ?AT ( 0O!RNESS40 

,CRITICS ( 0IRRATIONALITY0 DO NOT CL>IFY !SE DI/9CTIONS BY WANTONLY BANI%+ EV]Y SUBJECTIVE EXP]I5CE O!R ?AN 0L9E> ?\<T0 TO ! REALM ( ! 0IRRATIONAL0 OR 0ANTIRATIONAL40 ,FANTASY1 >T1 IMAG9ATION1 ILLUM9ATION1 9TUITION1 & 9SPIRATION -- ALL >E REALITIES 9 !IR [N RI<T ?AT MAY WELL 9VOLVE BODILY RESPONSES AT LEVELS ?AT HAVE BE5 METICUL\SLY CLOS$ (F TO HUMAN S5SIBILITY BY =MAL CANONS ( ?\<T4 ,?IS BL9DNESS TO L>GE >EAS ( EXP]I5CE IS NOT M]ELY ! PRODUCT ( =MAL $UCATION2 IT IS ! RESULT ( AN UNREL5T+ TRA9+ ?AT BEG9S AT 9FANCY & C>RIES ?R\< ! 5TIRE L5G? ( A LIFETIME4 ,TO POL>IZE ONE >EA ( S5SIBILITY AGA9/ ANO!R MAY WELL BE EVID5CE ( A REPRESSIVE 0IRRATIONALITY0 ?AT IS MASK$ BY REASON1 JU/ AS 0L9E> ?\<T0 APPE>S 9 ! MY/ICAL LIT]ATURE UND] ! MASK ( 0IRRATIONALITY40 ,FREUD1 9 HIS 9EPTNESS 9 DEAL+ ) !SE ISSUES FROM HIS BA/ION ( ,VICTORIAN BIASES1 IS P]HAPS ! MO/ OBVI\S EXAMPLE ( A LONG L9E ( SELF-APPO9T$ 9QUISITORS :OSE RIGID NOTIONS ( SUBJECTIVITY REVEAL A HATR$ ( S5SIBILITY AS SU*4 ,?IS HAS LONG CEAS$ TO BE A LI<T MATT]4 ,IF ! ,FREUDS ( ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY ?REAT5$ TO DE/ROY \R DREAMS1 ! ,KAHNS1 ,T(FL]S1 & SIMIL> CORPORATE 0RATIONALI/S0 ?REAT5 TO DE/ROY \R FUTURES4 

,! MO/ 9CISIVE CRITIQUES ( REASON -- ,I ?9K P>TICUL>LY ( ,HORKHEIM] & ,ADORNO'S ,DIALECTIC ( ,5LI<T5M5T & ,HORKHEIM]'S ,ECLIPSE ( ,REASON -- MAY WELL HAVE F\ND]$ ON !IR FAILURE TO KEEP SU* DI/9CTIONS 9 M9D4 ,BO? ?9K]S CLE>LY RECOGNIZ$ A CRUCIAL AMBIGUITY 9 REASON1 & !Y W]E UN]R+ 9 !IR 9T]PRETATION ( ! PROBLEMS IT RAIS$4 ,TO SPEAK ( REASON TODAY IS TO ADDRESS A PROCESS ?AT HAS TWO 5TIRELY DIFF]5T ORI5TATIONS4 ,ONE 9VOLVES HI< IDEALS1 B9D+ VALUES1 & L(TY GOALS = HUMANITY AS A :OLE ?AT D]IVE FROM SUPRA9DIVIDUAL1 ALMO/ TRANSC5D5TAL1 CANONS ( RI<T & WRONG1 ( VIRTUE & EVIL4 ,REASON1 9 ?IS S5SE1 IS NOT A MATT] ( P]SONAL OP9ION OR TA/E4 ,IT SEEMS TO 9H]E 9 OBJECTIVE REALITY ITSELF -- 9 A /URDY BELIEF 9 A RATIONAL & MEAN+FUL UNIV]SE ?AT IS 9DEP5D5T ( \R NE$S & PROCLIVITIES AS 9DIVIDUALS4 ,?IS MODE ( REASON -- :I* ,HORKHEIM] CALL$ 0OBJECTIVE REASON0 -- EXPRESSES ! LOGOS ( ! WORLD & RETA9S ITS 9TEGRITY & VALIDITY AP>T FROM ! 9T]PLAY ( HUMAN VOLITION & 9T]E/S4 

,BY CONTRA/1 :AT WE COMMONLY REG>D AS REASON -- MORE PROP]LY1 AS 0REASONABLE0 -- IS A /RICTLY FUNCTIONAL M5TALITY GUID$ BY OP]ATIONAL /&>DS ( LOGICAL CONSI/5CY & PRAGMATIC SUCCESS4 ,WE =MULATE 0REASONABLE0 /RATEGIES = 5HANC+ \R WELL-BE+ & *ANCES ( SURVIVAL4 ,REASON1 9 ?IS S5SE1 IS M]ELY A TE*NIQUE = ADVANC+ \R P]SONAL OP9IONS & 9T]E/S4 ,IT IS AN 9/RUM5T TO EFFICI5TLY A*IEVE \R 9DIVIDUAL 5DS1 NOT TO DEF9E !M 9 ! BROAD] LI<T ( E?ICS & ! SOCIAL GOOD4 ,?IS 9/RUM5TAL REASON -- OR1 TO USE ,HORKHEIM]'S T]MS1 0SUBJECTIVE REASON0 79 MY VIEW1 A V]Y UNHAPPY SELECTION ( WORDS7 -- IS VALIDAT$ EXCLUSIVELY BY ITS EFFECTIV5ESS 9 SATISFY+ ! EGO'S PURSUITS & RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,IT MAKES NO APPEAL TO VALUES1 IDEALS1 & GOALS ?AT >E L>G] ?AN ! REQUIREM5TS = EFFECTIVE ADAPTATION TO CONDITIONS AS !Y EXI/4 ,C>RI$ BEYOND ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! SOCIAL REALM1 9/RUM5TAL REASON 0,S]VES ANY P>TICUL> 5DEAVOR1 GOOD OR BAD10 ,HORKHEIM] OBS]VES4 0,IT IS ! TOOL ( ALL ACTIONS ( SOCIETY1 BUT IT MU/ NOT TRY TO SET ! PATT]NS ( SOCIAL & 9DIVIDUAL LIFE10 :I* >E REALLY E/ABLI%$ OR DISC>D$ BY ! M]E PREF]5CES ( SOCIETY & ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,9 %ORT1 9/RUM5TAL REASON PAYS TRIBUTE NOT TO ! SPECULATIVE M9D BUT M]ELY TO PRAGMATIC TE*NIQUE4 

,IF REASON IS N[ FAC$ ) A CRISIS ?AT *ALL5GES ITS CR$IBILITY & VALIDITY1 ?IS *ALL5GE NO LONG] /EMS FROM ! TRADITIONAL ASSAULTS ( IRRATIONALITY & MY/ICISM FROM :I* ! ,5LI<T5M5T TRI$ TO DEF5D IT4 ,?AT BATTLEGR\ND HAS BE5 DISSOLV$ BY HI/ORY4 ,9DE$1 :AT TODAY PASSES = IRRATIONALITY & MY/ICISM HAS BECOME A FRAGILE REFUGE FROM ! ASSAULTS ( 9/RUM5TALISM & ! CRISIS IT HAS PRODUC$ 9 REASON4 ,! CONTRADICTIONS BESETT+ REASON HAVE !IR ORIG9S 9 ! HI/ORIC R$UCTION ( OBJECTIVE REASON TO 9/RUM5TAL REASON -- 9 ! DISQUIET+ DEVOLUTION ( RATIONALITY AS AN 9H]5T FEATURE ( REALITY TO A 0REASONABL5ESS0 ?AT IS M]ELY AN UN?9K+ EFFICI5T TE*NIQUE4 ,IF WE MI/RU/ REASON TODAY1 IT IS BECAUSE REASON HAS 5HANC$ \R TE*NICAL P[]S TO ALT] ! WORLD DRA/ICALLY )\T PROVID+ US ) ! GOALS & VALUES ?AT GIVE !SE P[]S DIRECTION & MEAN+4 ,LIKE ,CAPTA9 ,AHAB 9 ,MELVILLE'S ,MOBY ,DICK1 WE CAN CRY \T =LORNLY3 0,ALL MY MEANS >E SANE2 MY MOTIVES & OBJECTS MAD40 

,TO ! MO/ A/UTE CRITICS ( 9/RUM5TAL REASON1 ?IS DEVOLUTION ( OBJECTIVE REASON 9TO A LOGIC ( MANIPULATION IS VIEW$ AS A DIALECTIC ( RATIONALITY ITSELF1 AN 9V]SION ( 5DS 9TO MEANS4 ,ACCORD+ TO !SE CRITICS1 ! HI< IDEALS =MULAT$ BY OBJECTIVE REASON ?AT W]E MEANT TO SOPHI/ICATE RATIONALITY AS A TE*NIQUE HAVE BETRAY$ !MSELVES TO ! V]Y 9/RUM5TALISM ?AT WAS MEANT TO BE 9 !IR S]VICE4 ,?US ! E?ICAL GOALS ( ! 0GOOD10 VIEW$ EXI/5TIALLY AS SOCIAL FRE$OM & 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY1 >E PRESUM$ TO HAVE PRESUPPOSITIONS ( !IR [N4 ,FRE$OM 5TAILS NOT ONLY ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE ( FRE$OM1 WE >E TOLD1 BUT ALSO A SUFFICI5CY 9 ! MEANS ( LIFE TO PRACTICE FRE$OM4 ,9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY1 9 TURN1 5TAILS NOT ONLY ! UNTRAMMEL$ OPPORTUNITY = SELF-EXPRESSION1 BUT ALSO ! SELF-DISCIPL9E TO RE/RA9 ! UNRULY COMM&S ( ! EGO4 ,FRE$OM & 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY1 ACCORD+ TO ?IS CRITIQUE1 EXACT A HI/ORIC TOLL3 ! HI/ORIC DEPLOYM5T ( 9/RUM5TAL REASON TO FULFILL ! GOALS RE>$ BY OBJECTIVE REASON4 ,ACCORD+LY1 TO A*IEVE !SE GOALS1 HUMANITY MU/ ATTA9 SUFFICI5T CONTROL OV] NATURE 7BO? EXT]NAL & 9T]NAL NATURE7 TO TRANSMUTE AN IDEAL 9TO A MAT]IAL & PSY*OLOGICAL REALITY4 ,! PRECONDITION = FRE$OM IS DOM9ATION -- SPECIFICALLY1 ! DOM9ATION ( ! EXT]NAL NATURAL WORLD BY MAN2 ! PRECONDITION = P]SONAL AUTONOMY IS ALSO DOM9ATION -- ! DOM9ATION ( 9T]NAL PSY*IC NATURE BY A RATIONAL APP>ATUS ( REPRESSION4 

,?IS CRITIQUE ( 9/RUM5TAL REASON & ! CRISIS ( REASON ?ICK5S FUR!R :5 WE >E ASK$ TO BE> 9 M9D ?AT FRE$OM & 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY PRESUPPOSE NOT ONLY ! RATIONAL CONTROL ( NATURE BUT ALSO ! R$UCTION ( HUMANITY TO A WELL-REGULAT$1 EFFICI5T MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,CLASS SOCIETY & ! ,/ATE HAVE ALWAYS BE5 VALIDAT$ -- EV5 9 C]TA9 RADICAL !ORIES -- BY ! ROLE !Y PLAY 9 RATIONALIZ+ LABOR TO A PO9T :]E MAT]IAL PRODUCTION CAN ULTIMATELY BE BR\<T 9TO ! S]VICE ( LIB]ATION4 ,! TOIL ( CLASS SOCIETY 9 EXTRICAT+ HUMANITY FROM ! DOM9ATION ( NATURE & MY? IS 9EXTRICABLY 5TANGL$ ) ! TOIL ( HUMANITY 9 EXTRICAT+ ITSELF FROM ! DOM9ATION ( CLASS SOCIETY & 9/RUM5TAL REASON4 ,9DE$1 ! 9/RUM5TALIZATION ( NATURE AS RAW MAT]IALS IS ?OR\<LY W$D$ TO ! 9/RUM5TALIZATION ( HUMAN BE+S AS MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! DEVOLUTION ( REASON FROM AN 9H]5T FEATURE ( REALITY 9TO AN EFFICI5T TE*NIQUE ( CONTROL YIELDS ! DISSOLUTION ( OBJECTIVE REASON ITSELF4 ,! V]Y S\RCE ( OBJECTIVE REASON1 NOTABLY OBJECTIVE REALITY ITSELF1 IS DEGRAD$ 9TO ! M]E MAT]IALS UPON :I* 9/RUM5TAL REASON EX]CISES ITS P[]S4 ,SCI5CE1 COJO9$ ) TE*NICS1 R5D]S ! 5TIRE COSMOS 9TO A DEVITALIZ$ >5A = TE*NICAL COLONIZATION & CONTROL4 ,9 OBJECTIFY+ HUMANITY & NATURE ALIKE1 9/RUM5TAL REASON BECOMES ! OBJECT ( ITS [N TRIUMPH OV] A REALITY ?AT WAS ONCE LAD5 ) MEAN+4 ,NOT ONLY DO MEANS BECOME 5DS1 BUT ! 5DS !MSELVES >E R$UC$ TO MA*9ES4 ,DOM9ATION & FRE$OM BECOME 9T]*ANGEABLE T]MS 9 A COMMON PROJECT ( SUBJUGAT+ NATURE & HUMANITY -- EA* ( :I* IS US$ AS ! EXCUSE TO VALIDATE ! CONTROL ( ONE BY ! O!R4 ,! REASON+ 9VOLV$ IS /RICTLY CIRCUL>4 ,! MA*9E HAS NOT ONLY RUN AWAY )\T ! DRIV]1 BUT ! DRIV] HAS BECOME A M]E P>T ( ! MA*9E4 

,! 5TIRE CRITIQUE ( REASON1 AT LEA/ 9 ! =M ,I HAVE ELABORAT$ IT SO F>1 IS ITSELF ACTUALLY LAD5 ) BIASES ?AT IT UNKN[+LY TRANSMUTES 9TO A DIALECTIC ( RATIONALITY4 ,9 FACT1 ! ,DIALECTIC ( ,5LI<T5M5T IS ACTUALLY NO DIALECTIC AT ALL -- AT LEA/ NOT 9 ITS ATTEMPT TO EXPLA9 ! NEGATION ( REASON ?R\< ITS [N SELF-DEVELOPM5T4 ,! 5TIRE WORK ASSUMES ?AT WE HOLD A BODY ( ,VICTORIAN PREJUDICES -- MANY ( !M SPECIFICALLY ,M>XIAN & ,FREUDIAN -- ?AT ID5TIFY 0PROGRESS0 ) 9CREAS+ CONTROL ( EXT]NAL & 9T]NAL NATURE4 ,HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T IS CA/ )9 AN IMAGE ( AN 9CREAS+LY DISCIPL9$ HUMANITY ?AT IS EXTRICAT+ ITSELF FROM A BRUTI%1 UNRULY1 MUTE NATURAL HI/ORY4 ,! IMAGE ( A HUMANITY ?AT HAS A*IEV$ ! DEGREE ( PRODUCTIVITY & ADM9I/RATION ?AT 5ABLES IT TO BE FREE IS MODEL$ /RICTLY ON AN 9DU/RIAL 0P>ADIGM0 ( MA/]Y & DISCIPL9E4 ,BUT LOOK+ BACK FROM \R [N TIME1 ! CRITIQUE DISSOLVES 9TO DESPAIR4 ,F> FROM EXTRICAT+ ITSELF FROM A SEEM+LY BRUTI% NATURAL HI/ORY1 HUMANITY HAS 5ME%$ ITSELF 9 A UBIQUIT\S SY/EM ( DOM9ATION ?AT HAS NO P>ALLEL 9 NATURE4 ,NO:]E HAS HI/ORY R$EEM$ ITS PROMISE ( FRE$OM & AUTONOMY4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 IT ALMO/ SEEMS ?AT HI/ORY MU/ BEG9 ANEW -- NOT AS A SPLIT BETWE5 HUMANITY & ITS NATURAL MATRIX1 BUT RA!R AS AN ELABORATION ( ECOLOGICAL TIES BY AN 9/RUM5TALISM ?AT REMA9S 9 ! S]VICE ( OBJECTIVE REASON4 

,H]E IS ! NUB ( ! PROBLEM3 ! ,VICTORIAN VEIL 7TO :I* ,M>X & ,FREUD GAVE A RADICAL DIM5SION7 ?AT OBSCURES ! FUNCTION ( ECOLOGY7 AS A S\RCE ( VALUES & IDEALS4 ,IF OBJECTIVE REASON HAS 9CREAS+LY DISSOLV$ 9TO 9/RUM5TALISM1 WE MU/ RECOV] ! RATIONAL DIM5SION ( REALITY ?AT ALWAYS VALIDAT$ REASON ITSELF AS AN 9T]PRETATION ( ! WORLD4 ,AS LONG AS ! WORLD IS CONCEIV$ SCI5TI/ICALLY1 ! PREEM95CE ( 9/RUM5TALISM REMA9S IDEOLOGICALLY SECURE4 ,AS A 0VALUE-FREE10 PRESUMABLY E?ICALLY 0NEUTRAL0 ME?ODOLOGY1 SCI5CE NOT ONLY FO/]S 9/RUM5TALISM BUT ALSO MAKES ( 9/RUM5TAL REASON AN IDEOLOGY :OSE CLAIMS ( COMPREH5D+ REALITY >E AS UNIV]SAL AS ?OSE ( SCI5CE ITSELF4 ,H]E1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY OP5S A BREA* 9 !SE CLAIMS ?AT POT5TIALLY1 AT LEA/1 MAY R$EEM ! FUNCTION ( OBJECTIVE REASON TO ONCE AGA9 DEF9E \R GOALS & VALUES4 

,NEI!R ,HORKHEIM] NOR ,ADORNO W]E PREP>$ TO 9VOKE ! CLAIMS ( NATURE AGA9/ ! FAILURES ( SOCIETY4 ,LIKE ! ,VICTORIANS ( ! C5TURY BE=E1 !IR ATTITUDE T[>D NATURE WAS AMBIGU\S4 ,! /ORY ( 0CIVILIZATION0 9 !IR EYES1 HAD NEV] CEAS$ TO BE A /RUGGLE BY REASON & FRE$OM TO TRANSC5D ! TRAMMELS ( UN?9K+ MY? & BL9D NATURAL LAW4 ,9 ! PO/-REVOLUTION>Y WORLD ( ! #a#i#bS & #a#i#cS1 MY? HAD ATAVI/ICALLY RAIS$ ITS HEAD 9 ! FASCI/ APPEAL TO 0BLOOD & SOIL0 -- ! 0NATURALISM0 ( ! MOD]N DESPOTIC ,/ATE4 0,OBJECTIVE REASON0 ROOT$ 9 A LAWFUL NATURAL WORLD1 HAD ATAVI/ICALLY RAIS$ ITS HEAD 9 ! ,/AL9I/ APPEAL = A DIALECTICS ( NATURE4 ,9 BO? CASES1 NATURE HAD S]V$ AS ! IDEOLOGICAL VEHICLE = REGRESSION3 ! ONE TO PLACE HUMANITY UND] ! TYRANNY ( RACE & IRRATIONALITY2 ! O!R TO PLACE ! FREE PLAY & SPONTANEITY ( AN EMANCIPAT$ SOCIETY UND] ! TYRANNY ( 09EXORABLE0 NATURAL LAWS4 ,NOT ?AT ! LAT5T ANT9ATURALISM ( ,M>XISM HAD NOT CA/ A D>K %AD[ OV] NATURE'S ROLE 9 HUMANITY'S PROJECT ( EMANCIPATION4 ,HORN]'S ISL& ( ! ,LOTUS-EAT]S IS A D5IAL ( MEMORY1 HI/ORY1 CULTURE1 & 0PROGRESS0 ?AT =EV] HAUNTS ,EUROPE'S EMPHASIS ON HUMAN ACTIVITY ) ! IMAGE ( AN ATAVI/ICALLY IMMOBILIZ$ & PACIFI$ DREAM WORLD4 ,BUT EV5 AS !IR ,M>XISM SUBSID$1 ,HORKHEIM] & ,ADORNO REVEAL$ AN UN=GIV+ HATR$ ( ! W>P$ HI/ORY ?AT FASCISM & ,/AL9ISM HAD 9FLICT$ ON ! HUMAN 5T]PRISE4 

,! CURR5T ECOLOGICAL CRISIS1 H[EV]1 REM9DS US ?AT ! PREEMPTIVE CLAIMS ( 9/RUM5TAL REASON >E FAILURES ON !IR [N T]MS4 ,9/RUM5TALISM1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ITS SCI5TIFIC =M1 HAS NOT ONLY FAIL$ TO LIVE UP TO ITS HI/ORIC CLAIM ( EMANCIPAT+ HUMANITY1 BUT IT HAS EV5 FAIL$ TO APPROXIMATE ITS MORE TRADITIONAL CLAIM ( ILLUM9AT+ M9D4 ,SCI5CE1 IMM]S$ 9 ITS IMP]SONAL GADGETRY & ITS IMP]I\S QUE/ = 9NOVATION1 HAS LO/ ALL CONTACT ) ! CULTURE ( ITS TIME4 ,WORSE YET1 ITS QUE/ = 9NOVATION ?REAT5S TO TE> D[N ! PLANET ITSELF4 ,F> MORE ?AN ANY MORAL OR IDEOLOGICAL V]DICT1 !SE FAILURES >E TANGIBLE FEATURES ( EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,!Y >E V]IFI$ BY ! F\L AIR & WAT]1 ! RIS+ CANC] RATES1 ! AUTOMOTIVE ACCID5TS1 & ! *EMICAL WA/EL&S ?AT ASSAULT ! 5TIRE WORLD ( A SCI5TI/IC 0CIVILIZATION40 ,BY R$UC+ E?ICS TO LITTLE MORE ?AN MATT]S ( OP9ION & TA/E1 9/RUM5TALISM HAS DISSOLV$ EV]Y MORAL & E?ICAL CON/RA9T OV] ! IMP5D+ CATA/ROPHE ?AT SEEMS TO AWAIT HUMANITY4 ,JUDGM5TS NO LONG] >E =M$ 9 T]MS ( !IR 9TR9SIC M]ITS2 !Y >E M]ELY MATT]S ( PUBLIC CONS5SUS ?AT FLUCTUATE ) *ANG+ P>TICUL>I/IC 9T]E/S & NE$S4 ,HAV+ DIVE/$ ! WORLD ( ITS E?ICAL OBJECTIVITY & R$UC$ REALITY TO AN 9V5TORY ( 9DU/RIAL OBJECTS1 9/RUM5TALISM ?REAT5S TO KEEP US FROM =MULAT+ A CRITICAL /ANCE T[>D ITS [N ROLE 9 ! PROBLEMS IT HAS CREAT$4 ,IF ,OD9 PAID = WISDOM ) ! LOSS ( ONE EYE1 WE HAVE PAID = \R P[]S ( CONTROL ) ! LOSS ( BO? EYES4 

,BUT WE CAN NO MORE DIVE/ \RSELVES ( 9/RUM5TAL REASON ?AN WE CAN DIVE/ \RSELVES ( TE*NICS4 ,BO? >E 9DISP5SABLE TO EXP&$ NOTIONS ( FRE$OM2 9DE$1 !IR EMANCIPATORY ROLE LONG ANT$ATES ! EM]G5CE ( CAPITALISM ) ITS IMAGES ( A 0/+Y0 NATURE & 0UNLIMIT$0 NE$S4 ,HUMANITY DOES NOT LIVE BY E?ICS ALONE2 H]E9 LIES ONE ( FRE$OM'S MO/ CRUCIAL AMBIGUITIES4 ,9 ! FACE ( AN 9CREAS+LY TE*NOCRATIC SOCIETY & S5SIBILITY1 ON :AT GR\NDS CAN WE SPEAK ( AN OBJECTIVE WORLD ?AT PROVIDES ! NE$$ CON/RA9TS TO 9/RUM5TALISM8 ,FROM :AT S\RCE CAN WE D]IVE ! VALUES & GOALS ?AT WILL SUBS]VE 9/RUM5TALISM TO AN OBJECTIVE E?ICS8 

,TO EVOKE NATURE AS ! S\RCE = AN OBJECTIVELY GR\ND$ E?ICS1 AS ,I PROPOSE TO DO1 REQUIRES C>EFUL QUALIFICATION4 ,A NATURE CONCEIV$ AS ! MATRIX ( 0BLOOD & SOIL10 OR AS ! DOMA9 ( A BL9D 0DIALECTICAL0 LAWFULNESS ?AT IMBUES TYRANNY ) ! SUPRAHUMAN QUALITIES ( 9EXORABLE DE/9Y1 W\LD JU/LY BE REG>D$ AS ATAVI/IC4 ,! RACIAL E?OS ( FASCISM & ! SCI5TI/IC 0DIALECTICS0 ( ,/AL9ISM1 BO? BAS$ ON V]Y P>TICUL>I/IC IMAGES ( NATURE1 HAVE CLAIM$ A TOLL 9 LIFE & SUFF]+ ?AT BEGG>S ! MO/ B>B>\S ]AS ( HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,WE NO LONG] NE$ A 0NATURE0 7?AT IS1 AN AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIOBIOLOGY7 ?AT ADVANCES AN IDEOLOGICAL RATIONALE = E?NIC >ROGANCE & CONC5TRATION CAMPS UND] ! EGIS ( 09EVITABILITY0 OR 0BL9D LAW40 ,BUT NATURE IS NOT A HOMOG5E\S FABRIC ?AT IS WOV5 FROM A S+LE ?READ4 ,! NATURE TO :I* WE CAN N[ ADDRESS \RSELVES IS NEI!R BLOODY NOR BL9D2 IT PROVIDES NO IDEOLOGICAL REFUGE = A MY?OS ( IRRATIONALITY1 RACE1 OR1 LIKE ,M>XISM1 A CONTRIV$ ME*ANISM ?AT PASSES ITSELF (F AS A 0SOCIAL SCI5CE0 CONCEAL$ UND] ! %R\D ( ,HEGEL4 

,! MATRIX FROM :I* OBJECTIVE REASON MAY YET D]IVE ITS E?ICS = A BALANC$ & H>MONIZ$ WORLD IS ! NATURE CONCEIV$ BY A RADICAL SOCIAL ECOLOGY -- A NATURE ?AT IS 9T]PRET$ NONHI]>*ICALLY1 9 T]MS ( UNITY 9 DIV]SITY & SPONTANEITY4 ,H]E1 NATURE IS CONCEIV$ NOT M]ELY AS A CON/ELLATION ( ECOSY/EMS BUT ALSO AS A MEAN+FUL NATURAL HI/ORY1 A DEVELOP+1 CREATIVE1 & FECUND NATURE ?AT YIELDS AN 9CREAS+ COMPLEXITY ( =MS & 9T]RELATION%IPS4 ,& :AT MAKES ?IS COMPLEXITY SO SIGNIFICANT IS NOT JU/ ! /ABILITY IT FO/]S 7AN OBVI\S DESID]ATUM 9 ITS [N RI<T1 NE$$ = BO? ! BIOTIC & SOCIAL WORLDS74 ,NATURE'S EVOLUTION T[>D EV] MORE COMPLEX =MS IS UNIQUELY IMPORTANT 9 ?AT IT 5T]S 9TO ! HI/ORY ( SUBJECTIVITY ITSELF4 ,FROM ! TRANSITION ( ! 9ORGANIC TO ! ORGANIC & ?R\< ! V>I\S PHASES ( EVOLUTION ?AT CRY/ALLIZ$ 9TO HUMAN =MS ( RATIONALITY1 WE WITNESS AN 9CREAS+LY EXPANSIVE HI/ORY ( MOLECUL> 9T]ACTIVITY -- NOT ONLY ( NEUROLOGICAL RESPONSES BUT ( AN 9EFFABLE S5SIBILITE ?AT IS A FUNCTION ( 9CREAS+LY COMPLEX PATT]NS ( 9TEGRATION4 ,SUBJECTIVITY EXPRESSES ITSELF 9 V>I\S GRADATIONS1 NOT ONLY AS ! M5TALISM ( REASON BUT ALSO AS ! 9T]ACTIVITY1 REACTIVITY1 & ! GR[+ PURPOSIVE ACTIVITY ( =MS4 ,H5CE1 SUBJECTIVITY EMPHATICALLY DOES NOT EXCLUDE REASON2 9 P>T1 IT IS ! HI/ORY ( REASON -- OR1 MORE PRECISELY1 ( A SL[LY =M+ M5TALITY ?AT EXI/S ON A WID] T]RA9 ( REALITY ?AN HUMAN C]EBRAL ACTIVITY4 ,! T]M SUBJECTIVITY EXPRESSES ! FACT ?AT SUB/ANCE -- AT EA* LEVEL ( ITS ORGANIZATION & 9 ALL ITS CONCRETE =MS -- ACTIVELY FUNCTIONS TO MA9TA9 ITS ID5TITY1 EQUILIBRIUM1 FECUNDITY1 & PLACE 9 A GIV5 CON/ELLATION ( PH5OM5A4 

,NORMALLY1 WE ?9K ( SUB/ANCE 9 ITS V>I\S =MS AS PASSIVE OBJECTS1 AS YIELD+ PH5OM5A ?AT >E 0MOLD$0 OR 0SELECT$0 BY !IR 05VIRONM5TS40 ,EXT]NAL 0=CES0 SEEM TO DET]M9E ! 0TRAITS0 ?AT 5ABLE MAT]IAL =MS 7P>TICUL>LY LIFE-=MS7 TO RETA9 !IR 9TEGRITY & 0SURVIVE40 ,SCI5CE'S PASSION = R$UC+ ALL *ANGES )9 !SE =MS TO M]E PRODUCTS ( ACCID5T -- ! CAPACITY ( !SE =MS TO 0MUTATE0 BY M]E *ANCE -- FATALLY D5IES ! HI< DEGREE ( NISUS1 ( SELF-ORGANIZATION & SELF-CREATION1 9H]5T 9 NONHUMAN PH5OM5A4 ,SCI5CE COMES P]IL\SLY CLOSE TO ! V]Y METAPHYSICS & MY/ICISM IT HAS OPPOS$ SO MILITANTLY S9CE ! ,5LI<T5M5T :5 IT IGNORES ! EXT5T TO :I* PH5OM5A PLAY AN ACTIVE ROLE 9 !IR [N EVOLUTION>Y PROCESSES4 ,! TRADITIONAL IMAGE ( BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION AS A S]IES ( R&OM PO9T MUTATIONS ?AT >E 0SELECT$0 9 ! 9T]E/S ( SURVIVAL ESS5TIALLY LIES 9 DEBRIS4 ,IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO EXPLA9 ! ELEGANT ORGANIZATION ( LIV+ BE+S -- 9DE$ ( ORGANS LIKE ! EYE OR E> -- )\T VIEW+ !IR DEVELOPM5TAL TRAITS AS IMMAN5TLY & CREATIVELY CON/ITUT$1 AS ORGANIZ$ 5SEMBLES ?AT EM]GE TOGE!R 9 ! ORGANISM'S 9T]ACTION ) ! WORLD >\ND IT4 ,! JIG-SAW PUZZLE'S FIT1 SO TO SPEAK1 9VOLVES ! P>TS AS WELL AS ! :OLE -- NOT JU/ ! PLAY] :O IS ! ME*ANICAL DEUS EX MA*9A ?AT SEEMS TO BE ! EXCLUSIVE 09TELLIGIBLE0 FACTOR 9 ! 5TIRE PUZZLE4 ,IT IS >GUABLE :E!R ! 0PREF]5CE0 ( C>BON ATOMS TO BE L9K$ ) F\R O!R ATOMS IS RELAT$ BY A LONG EVOLUTION ( SUBJECTIVITY TO A *IMPANZEE'S USE ( /ICKS TO PROBE AN?ILLS4 ,BUT ! V]Y /RONG POSSIBILITY ( SU* A CONT9UUM1 GRADUALLY M$IAT$ BY 9CREAS+LY COMPLEX =MS ( MAT]IAL ORGANIZATION1 CAN NO LONG] BE DISMISS$ AS MY/ICAL4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y CONTEMPOR>Y VISION ( NATURE 7AP>T FROM ! MO/ 5TR5*$ BUNK]S ( ,VICTORIAN SCI5CE7 HAS 9CREAS+LY ASSIGN$ TO SUB/ANCE ITSELF MORE A CREATIVE ROLE 9 ! EVOLUTION ( SUBJECTIVITY ?AN AT ANY TIME S9CE ! DEMISE ( CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY4 

,ACCORD+LY1 :E!R OR NOT WE DECIDE TO SELECT REASON AS ! MO/ COMPLEX EXPRESSION ( SUBJECTIVITY1 ! GRAD$ EM]G5CE ( M9D 9 ! NATURAL HI/ORY ( LIFE IS P>T ( ! L>G] L&SCAPE ( SUBJECTIVITY ITSELF4 ,FROM ! BIO*EMICAL RESPONSES ( A PLANT TO ITS 5VIRONM5T TO ! MO/ WILLFUL ACTIONS ( A SCI5TI/ 9 ! LABORATORY1 A COMMON BOND ( PRIMAL SUBJECTIVITY 9H]ES 9 ! V]Y ORGANIZATION ( 0MATT]0 ITSELF4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! HUMAN M9D HAS NEV] BE5 ALONE1 EV5 9 ! MO/ 9ORGANIC ( SURR\ND+S4 ,>T HAS EXPRESS$ ?IS MESSAGE MORE POIGNANTLY ?AN SCI5CE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ?OSE AB/RACT PA9T+S EVACUAT$ ( VIRTUALLY ALL S5SORY EXP]I5CE BEYOND COLOR & =M2 = H]E WE RECOGNIZE ! PRIMAL AFF9ITY ( M9D ) =M ITSELF4 ,EV5 ?OSE PIRATES ( SPACE TRAVEL1 ! A/RONAUTS1 >E AW$ BY ! ACTIVITY ( A/RAL MASSES1 ( ! COSMIC DU/ & OBJECTS SWIRL+ >\ND !M 9 A WORLD ?AT SEEMS DEVOID ( MATT] -- 9 A SPACE ?AT G5]ATIONS ( SCI5TI/S ONCE REG>D$ AS A VIRTUAL VACUUM4 0,M9D0 REA*ES BEYOND \R C]EBRAL M5TALISM TO A CONCEPT ( SUBJECTIVITY 9 !SE V]Y BROAD T]MS1 & CEASES TO BE TRAPP$ EXCLUSIVELY )9 ! HUMAN BRA94 ,9/EAD1 IT SEEMS TO 9H]E 9 ! HUMAN BODY AS A :OLE & ! NATURAL HI/ORY IT EMBODIES4 

,:I* SPECIFIC E?ICAL IMP]ATIVES WE DRAW FROM AN ECOLOGICAL 9T]PRETATION ( NATURE 7AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! AB/RACT1 MEAN+LESS1 DE-SUBJECTIVIZ$ NATURE ?AT *ILL$ ! ,VICTORIAN M9D BY ITS 0/+9ESS0 & 0BRUTALITY07 DEP5D ULTIMATELY ON \R EXPLORATION ( A FUTURE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,H]E IS A PROBLEMATIC :OSE ANSW]S CAN BE SUPPLI$ ONLY BY A SOCIETY CAPABLE ( R5D]+ !M 9TO A LIV+ PRAXIS4 ,AN ECOLOGICAL NATURE -- & ! OBJECTIVE E?ICS FOLL[+ FROM IT -- CAN SPR+ TO LIFE1 AS IT W]E1 ONLY 9 A SOCIETY :OSE S5SIBILITIES & 9T]RELATION%IPS HAVE BECOME ECOLOGICAL TO !IR V]Y CORE4 ,! NATURE WE NORMALLY 0CREATE0 TODAY IS HI<LY CONDITION$ BY ! SOCIAL IMP]ATIVES ( \R TIME4 ,?IS NATURE MAY BE SCI5CE'S HI<LY QUANTIFI$ NATURE2 ! ,M>XIAN 0AB/RACT MATT]0 ?AT IS =M$ BY 0AB/RACT LABOR02 ! MY/IC'S COSMOS DISSOLV$ 9TO AN UNRELIEV$1 UNIV]SAL 0,ON5ESS02 SOCIOBIOLOGY'S HI]>*ICAL NATURE ORGANIZ$ >\ND PRIMAL 9/9CTS & DRIVES2 ! ,HOBBESIAN-,FREUDIAN NATURE1 IMPUD5TLY UNRULY & 9VASIVE2 OR ! VULG>IZ$ ,D>W9IAN NATURE1 GOV]N$ BY 0FANG & CLAW40 ,I HAVE NOT EV5 ALLUD$ TO ! ANIMI/IC1 ,HELL5IC1 ,JUDEA-,*RI/IAN1 M$IEVAL1 & ,R5AISSANCE IMAGES ( NATURE ?AT /ILL IDEOLOGICALLY M>BLE ?OSE :I* ,I HAVE CIT$ ABOVE4 

,NONE ( ! MOD]N IMAGES ( NATURE (F]S A COMPELL+ VISION ( A :OL5ESS ?AT IS P]MEAT$ -- AS A RESULT ( ITS :OL5ESS -- BY A L>G] S5SE ( SUBJECTIVITY1 :I* WE NORMALLY ID5TIFY ) HUMAN RATIONALITY4 ,EA* ILLU/RATES NOT SO MU* ! NE$ TO 0RESURRECT0 NATURE AS ! NE$ TO 0RESURRECT0 HUMAN SUBJECTIVITY ITSELF4 ,! FLAW 9 ,HORKHEIM] & ,ADORNO'S WORKS ON REASON /EMS FROM !IR FAILURE TO 9TEGRATE RATIONALITY ) SUBJECTIVITY 9 ORD] TO BR+ NATURE )9 ! COMPASS ( S5SIBILITE4 ,TO DO SO1 !Y W\LD HAVE HAD TO UND]/& ! MESSAGE ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 A REALM ?AT WAS COMPLETELY \TSIDE !IR 9TELLECTUAL TRADITION4 

,H]E1 !IR SUBDU$ ADH]5CE TO ,M>XISM BECAME A MAJOR OB/ACLE TO :AT O!RWISE C\LD HAVE BE5 A SUP]BLY COMPREH5SIVE CRITIQUE ( 9/RUM5TAL REASON4 ,!Y W]E TOO AFRAID TO CEM5T !IR VIEW ( NATURE TO SUBJECTIVITY -- A COMMITM5T !Y ID5TIFI$ ) MY?IC & CLASSICAL >*AISMS4 ,H5CE !Y NEV] PROVID$ A MEAN+FUL OBJECTIVE MATRIX = REASON4 ,! WI% TO MAKE ?IS COMMITM5T HAUNTS !IR 5TIRE WORK ON REASON & 5LI<T5M5T1 BUT IT IS A WI% !Y W]E TOO PRUD5T TO SATISFY4 

,BUT H[ CAN WE1 :O >E MORE FAMILI> ) ! POSSIBILITIES ( ECOLOGY1 AVOID ! 9VASION ( 9/RUM5TALISM 9TO AN ECOLOGICAL APPROA* TO E?ICS8 ,H[ CAN WE PREV5T IT FROM TURN+ NATURE 9TO A M]E OBJECT = MANIPULATION 9 ! V]Y NAME ( RESPECT+ ITS SUBJECTIVITY8 ,NONE ( !SE QUE/IONS CAN BE ANSW]$ SATISFACTORILY )\T RECREAT+ \R EXI/+ S5SIBILITIES1 TE*NICS1 & COMMUNITIES ALONG ECOLOGICAL L9ES4 ,ONCE ?IS OCCURR$1 !N AN ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY MI<T WELL RECOV] ITS S5SE ( PLACE 9 ITS SPECIFIC ECOSY/EM BY ALLY+ ITSELF ) ITS NATURAL 5VIRONM5T 9 A CREATIVELY REPRODUCTIVE =M -- A =M ?AT SPAWNS A HUMAN SYMBIOTIC S5SIBILITY1 A HUMAN TE*NICS ?AT 5RI*ES NATURE'S COMPLEXITY1 & A HUMAN RATIONALITY ?AT 5L>GES NATURE'S SUBJECTIVITY4 ,H]E1 HUMANITY W\LD NEI!R GIVE NOR TAKE2 IT W\LD ACTUALLY P>TICIPATE ) NATURE 9 CREAT+ ! NEW LEVELS ( DIV]SITY & =M ?AT >E P>T ( A MORE HEI<T5$ S5SE ( HUMANNESS & NATURALNESS4 ,\R E?ICAL CLAIM TO RATIONALITY W\LD D]IVE FROM ! P>TICIPATION ( HUMAN M9D 9 ! L>G] SUBJECTIVITY ( NATURE1 A SUBJECTIVITY ?AT IS A FUNCTION ( =M1 9TEGRATION1 & COMPLEXITY4 ,! USE ( NATURE AS 0NATURAL RES\RCES0 -- A USAGE ?AT SEEMS UNAVOIDABLE TO ! 0PURPOSIVE-RATIONAL M9D0 7TO USE ,JURG5 ,HAB]MAS' J>GON7 W\LD BE DIM9I%$1 9DE$ ELIM9AT$1 BY AN ECOLOGICAL TE*NICS ?AT W\LD NOT ONLY 5RI* ! FL[ BETWE5 NATURE & HUMANITY1 BUT ALSO S5SITIZE HUMANITY TO ! CREATIVITY ( NATURE4 

,LE/ !SE GOOD 9T5TIONS SEEM LIKE JU/ ANO!R CASE ( ! SIMPLI/IC S5TIM5TALITY SO *>ACT]I/IC ( NATURE PHILOSOPHIES AS A :OLE1 LET ME EMPHASIZE ?AT AN ECOLOGICAL E?ICS IS NOT PATT]N$ ON A NAIVE VISION ( ! NATURAL WORLD -- EI!R AS IT EXI/S TODAY OR AS IT MI<T EXI/ 9 A 0PACIFI$0 SOCIAL FUTURE4 ,A WOLF HAS NO BUS9ESS LY+ D[N ) A LAMB4 ,! IMAG]Y IS TRITE & 9 ITS [N WAY REPELL5T4 ,! 0PACIFICATION0 ( NATURE DOES NOT CONSI/ 9 ITS DOME/ICATION4 ,V]Y MU* IS LO/ :5 0WILDNESS0 7A /UPID WORD IF !RE EV] WAS ONE7 IS REMOV$ SO COMPLETELY FROM NATURE ?AT IT CEASES TO BE A 0TOK5 ( SC>CITY1 SUFF]+1 & WANT10 TO USE ,H]B]T ,M>CUSE'S ABSURD NOTION ( A NATURE ?AT HAS NOT BE5 0RECREAT$ BY ! P[] ( ,REASON40 ,M>CUSE'S LANGUAGE1 H]E1 IS AN?ROPOMORPHIC 9 ITS MYOPIA1 ,M>XI/ 9 ITS 9T5T1 & PREPO/]\S 9 ITS CLAIM ?AT 0PACIFICATION PRESUPPOSES ! MA/]Y ( ,NATURE1 :I* IS & REMA9S ! OBJECT OPPOS$ TO ! DEVELOP+ SUBJECT40 ,IF !RE >E 0TWO K9DS ( MA/]Y1 A REPRESSIVE & A LIB]ATORY ONE10 ONE MI<T ALSO CLAIM ) EQUAL ABSURDITY ?AT !RE >E TWO K9DS ( NATURE3 AN 0EVIL0 ONE & A 0VIRTU\S0 ONE4 

,LEAV+ ?IS MUDDL$ LOGIC ASIDE1 !RE IS NO 0CRUELTY0 9 NATURE1 ONLY ! PR$ATION 7& MUTUALISM7 >\ND :I* NATURAL HI/ORY HAS EVOLV$ ITS /RUCTURES = SU/A9+ LIFE & ECOLOGICAL BALANCE4 ,!RE IS NO 0SUFF]+0 9 NATURE1 ONLY ! UNAVOIDABLE PHYSICAL PA9 ?AT COMES ) 9JURY4 ,!RE IS NO 0SC>CITY0 & 0WANT0 9 NATURE1 ONLY NE$S ?AT MU/ BE SATISFI$ IF LIFE ITSELF IS TO BE MA9TA9$4 ,9DE$1 ! MAT]IAL FECUNDITY ( NATURE1 PRIOR TO HI/ORY'S 0NEGATION ( ,NATURE0 7TO USE ,M>CUSE'S LANGUAGE AGA971 MI<T HAVE COMPLETELY /UNN$ ITS E>LIE/ HOM9ID (FSPR+1 HAD !Y EV5 BE5 M9DFUL ( 0SC>CITY0 AS A SOCIAL CATEGORY4 ,I CANNOT EMPHASIZE TOO /RONGLY ?AT NATURE ITSELF IS NOT AN E?ICS2 IT IS ! MATRIX = AN E?ICS1 ! S\RCE ( E?ICAL MEAN+ ?AT CAN BE ROOT$ 9 OBJECTIVE REALITY4 ,H5CE NATURE1 EV5 AS ! MATRIX & S\RCE ( E?ICAL MEAN+1 DOES NOT HAVE TO ASSUME SU* DELI<TFULLY HUMAN ATTRIBUTES AS K9DNESS1 VIRTUE1 GOODNESS & G5TL5ESS2 NATURE NE$ M]ELY BE FECUND & CREATIVE -- A S\RCE RA!R ?AN A 0P>ADIGM40 

,! FUNCTION ( AN E?ICAL PHILOSOPHY DOES NOT 5TAIL A MIMETIC R$UCTION ( E?ICS TO ITS S\RCE4 ,RA!R1 IT REQUIRES A GR\ND FROM :I* TO CREATIVELY DEVELOP E?ICAL IDEALS4 ,! *ILD IS NOT ! P>5T1 BUT BO? >E UNIT$ BY ! OBJECTIVE CONT9UITY ( G5ETIC ANCE/RY1 GE/ATION1 BIR?1 & SOCIALIZATION4 ,! TWO NEV] COMPLETELY SEP>ATE2 !Y COEXI/1 & !IR LIVES OV]LAP UND] NORMAL CONDITIONS UNTIL ! *ILD GR[S TO ADUL?OOD & BECOMES A P>5T4 ,! TWO MAY RETA9 A LOV+ RELATION%IP OR BECOME ANTAGONI/S1 & ! *ILD MAY BECOME MORE HUMAN1 OR POSSIBLY LESS HUMAN1 ?AN ! P>5T4 ,9 EI!R CASE1 WE >E OBLIG$ TO UND]/& :Y ONE C\RSE ( DEVELOPM5T UNFOLD$1 NOT M]ELY H[ IT OCCURR$ -- & TO GIVE IT MEAN+1 COH]5CE1 & E?ICAL 9T]PRETATION4 ,9 ANY CASE ! DEVELOPM5T IS REAL & WE CANNOT SUPPRESS \R RESPONSIBILITY TO 9T]PRET IT 9 E?ICAL T]MS BY CLAIM+ ?AT IT IS M]ELY A S]IES ( R&OM EV5TS4 

,TO TRANSMUTE 0PACIFICATION0 9TO 0DOME/ICATION0 IS TO DEAL ) NATURE AS A MODEL ( E?ICAL BEHAVIOR RA!R ?AN TO ACCEPT IT = :AT IT REALLY IS -- A S\RCE ( E?ICAL MEAN+ ?AT REE/ABLI%ES \R S5SE ( ECOLOGICAL :OL5ESS1 ! UND]LY+ DIALECTIC ( UNITY 9 DIV]SITY4 ,IT IS ?IS LACK ( :OL5ESS 9 \R RELATION%IP ) NATURE ?AT REALLY EXPLA9S ! UNF9I%$ SOCIAL COSMOS 9 :I* WE LIVE1 ! S5SE ( 9COMPLET5ESS ?AT EXI/S >\ND US4 ,NOT ONLY DOES A TRULY 0PACIFI$0 & DOME/ICAT$ NATURAL WORLD >ROGANTLY MODEL NATURE ON SOCIETY 7RATIONAL OR NOT7 BUT IT ALSO FAILS TO RECOGNIZE ?AT HUMAN RATIONALITY IS A PHASE OR ASPECT ( NATURAL SUBJECTIVITY4 ,IT IS NO ACCID5T ?AT ,M>CUSE'S 0PACIFI$0 NATURE IS 9 FACT A 0RATIONAL0 NATURE4 ,PAUL ,%EP>D1 9 A SUP]B REFUTATION ( ! SELF-/YL$ 0PEACEMAK]S0 ( NATURE1 OBS]VES ?AT3 

,EA* G5E 9 AN 9DIVIDUAL ORGANISM ACTS 9 ! CONTEXT ( MANY O!R G5ES4 ,H5CE ! G5ETIC *ANGES RESULT+ FROM DOME/ICATION MAY AFFECT ! :OLE CREATURE1 ITS APPE>ANCE1 BEHAVIOR1 & PHYSIOLOGY4 ,! TEMP]AM5T & P]SONALITY ( DOME/IC ANIMALS >E NOT ONLY MORE PLACID ?AN !IR WILD C\NT]P>TS1 BUT ALSO MORE FLACCID -- ?AT IS1 !RE IS SOMEH[ LESS DEF9ITION4 ,( C\RSE !RE IS NO?+ PLACID AB\T AN ANGRY BULL OR A MEAN WAT*DOG1 BUT !IR MO!RS W]E TRACTABLE1 & ONCE AN ORGANISM HAS BE5 /RIPP$ ( ITS WILDNESS IT CAN BE FREAK$ 9 ANY DIRECTION ! BRE$] WI%ES4 ,IT MAY BE MADE FI]CE )\T BE+ TRULY WILD4 ,! LATT] IMPLIES AN ECOLOGICAL NI*E FROM :I* ! DOME/ICAT$ ANIMAL HAS BE5 REMOV$4 ,NI*ES >E H>D TASKMA/]S4 ,ESCAPE FROM !M IS NOT FRE$OM BUT LOSS ( DIRECTION4 ,MAN SUB/ITUTES CONTROLL$ BRE$+ = NATURAL SELECTION2 ANIMALS >E SELECT$ = SPECIAL TRAITS LIKE MILK PRODUCTION OR PASSIVITY1 AT ! EXP5SE ( OV]-ALL FITNESS & NATUREWIDE RELATION%IPS4 

,!RE IS AN IMPORTANT MORAL TO BE DRAWN FROM !SE REM>KS ?AT APPLIES NOT JU/ TO ANIMALS BUT HUMAN BE+S AS WELL4 ,! FRE$OM ( ALL ORGANISMS IS A FUNCTION ( DIRECTION -- ( MEAN+FUL 0NI*ES0 9 NATURE & MEAN+FUL COMMUNITIES 9 SOCIETY4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! TWO >E NOT COMPLETELY CONGRU5T1 BUT !RE IS EV]Y REASON TO REG>D !M AS D]IVATIVE3 COMMUNITY FROM 0NI*E10 HUMAN BE+ FROM WILD ANIMAL4 ,9 ITS [N WAY1 \R LOSS ( COMMUNITY HAS BE5 A =M ( DOME/ICATION -- A CONDITION ?AT LACKS MEAN+ & DIRECTION -- AS SURELY AS IS ! WILD ANIMAL'S LOSS ( ITS NI*E4 ,LIKE \R CATTLE1 P\LTRY1 PETS1 & EV5 CROPS1 WE TOO HAVE LO/ \R WILDNESS 9 A 0PACIFI$0 WORLD ?AT IS OV]LY ADM9I/]$ & HI<LY RATIONALIZ$4 ,! PRIVATE WORLD WE CREAT$ 9 \R PREPOLITICAL COMMUNITIES1 ! 0NI*ES0 WE OCCUPI$ 9 ! HIDD5 SPACES ( SOCIAL LIFE1 >E QUICKLY DISAPPE>+4 ,LIKE ! G5ETIC /RUCTURE ( DOME/ICAT$ ANIMALS1 ! PSY*IC /RUCTURES ( DOME/ICAT$ HUMANS >E UND]GO+ P]IL\S DEGRADATION4 ,MORE ?AN EV] WE MU/ RECOV] ! CONT9UUM BETWE5 \R 0FIR/ NATURE0 & \R 0SECOND NATURE10 \R NATURAL WORLD & \R SOCIAL WORLD1 \R BIOLOGICAL BE+ & \R RATIONALITY4 ,LAT5T )9 US >E ANCE/RAL MEMORIES ?AT ONLY AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY & S5SIBILITY CAN 0RESURRECT40 ,! HI/ORY ( HUMAN REASON HAS NOT YET REA*$ ITS CULM9ATION1 MU* LESS ITS 5D4 ,ONCE WE CAN 0RESURRECT0 \R SUBJECTIVITY & RE/ORE IT TO ITS HEI<TS ( S5SIBILITY1 !N 9 ALL LIKELIHOOD ?AT HI/ORY WILL HAVE JU/ BEGUN4 

,9 SUMM>Y1 HUMAN RATIONALITY MU/ BE SE5 AS A =M & A D]IVATIVE ( A BROAD] 0M5TALITY10 OR SUBJECTIVITY1 ?AT 9H]ES 9 NATURE AS A :OLE -- SPECIFICALLY1 9 ! LONG DEVELOPM5T ( 9CREAS+LY COMPLEX =MS ( SUB/ANCE OV] ! C\RSE ( NATURAL HI/ORY4 ,WE MU/ BE V]Y CLE> AB\T :AT ?IS MEANS4 ,NATURAL HI/ORY 9CLUDES A HI/ORY ( M9D AS WELL AS ( PHYSICAL /RUCTURES -- A HI/ORY ( M9D ?AT DEVELOPS FROM ! SEEM+LY 0PASSIVE0 9T]ACTIVITY ( ! 9ORGANIC TO ! HI<LY ACTIVE C]EBRAL PROCESSES ( HUMAN 9TELLECT & VOLITION4 ,?IS HI/ORY ( :AT WE CALL 0M9D0 IS CUMULATIVELY PRES5T NOT ONLY 9 ! HUMAN M9D BUT ALSO 9 \R BODIES AS A :OLE1 :I* L>GELY RECAPITULATE ! EXPANSIVE DEVELOPM5T ( LIFE-=MS AT V>I\S NEUROPHYSICAL LEVELS ( EVOLUTION4 ,:AT WE TRAGICALLY LACK TODAY -- PRIM>ILY BECAUSE 9/RUM5TALISM TYRANNIZES \R BODILY APP>ATUS -- IS ! ABILITY TO S5SE ! WEAL? ( SUBJECTIVITY 9H]5T 9 \RSELVES & 9 ! NONHUMAN WORLD >\ND US4 ,TO SOME EXT5T1 ?IS WEAL? REA*ES US ?R\< >T1 FANTASY1 PLAY1 9TUITION1 CREATIVITY1 SEXUALITY &1 E>LY 9 \R LIVES1 9 ?OSE S5SIBILITIES ( *ILDHOOD & Y\? FROM :I* ADUL?OOD & ! NORMS ( 0MATURITY0 WEAN US 9 ! YE>S ?AT FOLL[4 

,! L&SCAPE ( NATURE -- ITS =MAL ORGANIZATION1 FROM ! A/RAL LEVEL ( \R UNIV]SE TO ! LEA/ NOTICEABLE ECOSY/EMS >\ND US -- HAS MESSAGES ( ITS [N TO IMP>T4 ,IT TOO HAS A VOICE TO :I* ,BRUNO & ,KEPL] 9 ! ,R5AISSANCE & A GR[+ NUMB] ( LIFE SCI5TI/S TODAY HAVE TRI$ TO RESPOND4 ,9DE$1 FROM ! TIME ( ,PY?AGORAS ONW>D1 ! CLASSICAL TRADITION 9 PHILOSOPHY F\ND SUBJECTIVITY 9 ! EVOLUTION ( =M AS SU*1 NOT ONLY 9 ! MORPHOLOGY ( 9DIVIDUAL BE+S4 ,CONCEIV$ AS AN ACTIVE PROCESS ( EV]-GR[+1 9T]RELAT$ COMPLEXITY1 ! 0BALANCE ( NATURE0 CAN BE VIEW$ AS MORE ?AN JU/ A =MAL 5SEMBLE ?AT LIFE PRESUPPOSES = ITS [N /ABILITY & SURVIVAL4 ,IT CAN ALSO BE VIEW$ AS A =MAL 5SEMBLE :OSE V]Y ORGANIZATION 9TO 9TEGRAT$ :OLES EXHIBITS V>Y+ LEVELS ( 0M5TALISM10 A SUBJECTIVITY TO :I* WE WILL RESPOND ONLY IF WE FREE \R S5SORIUM FROM ITS 9/RUM5TALI/ 9HIBITIONS & CONV5TIONS4 

,\R 9T]PRETATION ( SCI5CE IS NOT F> REMOV$ FROM \R 9T]PRETATION ( REASON4 ,VIEW$ AS ! ME?ODICAL APPLICATION ( REASON TO ! CONCRETE WORLD1 SCI5CE HAS ACQUIR$ ! BAD NAME ?AT 9/RUM5TALISM & TE*NICS HAVE E>N$ OV] ! PA/ FEW DECADES4 ,ITS OV]/AT$ CLAIMS AS A /RATEGY = OBS]VATION1 EXP]IM5TATION1 & ! G5]ALIZATION ( DATA 9TO 09EXORABLE0 NATURAL LAWS -- & ITS HI<LY VAUNT$ ASS]TIONS ( 0OBJECTIVITY0 & 9TELLECTUAL UNIV]SALITY -- HAVE EXPOS$ IT TO *>GES ( AN UNFEEL+ >ROGANCE T[>D S5TIM5T1 E?ICS1 & ! GR[+ CRISIS 9 ! HUMAN CONDITION4 ,ONCE REG>D$ AS ! H]ALD ( 5LI<T5M5T 9 ALL SPH]ES ( KN[L$GE1 SCI5CE IS N[ 9CREAS+LY SE5 AS A /RICTLY 9/RUM5TAL SY/EM ( CONTROL4 ,ITS USE AS A MEANS ( SOCIAL MANIPULATION & ITS ROLE 9 RE/RICT+ HUMAN FRE$OM N[ P>ALLEL 9 EV]Y DETAIL ITS USE AS A MEANS ( NATURAL MANIPULATION4 ,MO/ ( ITS DISCOV]IES 9 PHYSICS1 *EMI/RY1 & BIOLOGY >E JU/LY VIEW$ ) SUSPICION BY ITS ONCE MO/ F]V5T ADEPTS1 AS ! CONTROV]SIES OV] NUCLE> P[] & RECOMB9ANT ,D,N,A SO VIVIDLY REVEAL4 ,ACCORD+LY1 SCI5CE NO LONG] 5JOYS A REPUTATION AS A MEANS ( 0KN[+10 ( ,WISS5S*AFT 7TO USE ! LANGUAGE ( ! ,G]MAN ,5LI<T5M5T71 BUT AS A MEANS ( DOM9ATION -- OR :AT ,MAX ,S*EL]1 9 A LAT]1 MORE DIS5*ANT$ TIME1 CALL$ ,H]RS*AFTSWISS54 ,IT HAS BECOME1 9 EFFECT1 A COLD1 UNFEEL+1 METAPHYSICALLY GR\ND$ TE*NICS ?AT HAS IMP]IALI/ICALLY EXP&$ BEYOND ITS LIMIT$ REALM AS A =M ( 0KN[+0 TO CLAIM ! 5TIRE REALM ( KN[L$GE AS SU*4 

,WE >E ?US CONFRONT$ ) ! P>ADOX ?AT SCI5CE1 AN 9DISP5SABLE TOOL = HUMAN WELL-BE+1 IS N[ A MEANS = SUBV]T+ ITS TRADITIONAL HUMANI/IC FUNCTION4 ,! E?ICAL NEUTRALITY ( ! NUCLE> PHYSICI/1 ! FOOD *EMI/1 & ! BACT]IOLOGI/ 9VOLV$ 9 DEVELOP+ LE?AL PA?OG5S = MILIT>Y PURPOSES IS NUMB+ SYMBOL ( A 0SCI5CE-RUN-WILD0 ?AT COMP>ES 9 EV5 MORE FRI<T5+ DETAIL TO ! IMAGE ( A 0TE*NICS-RUN-WILD40 ,! HEAT$ CONTROV]SIES OV] ! HAZ>DS ( NUCLE> P[] & RECOMB9ANT ,D,N,A >E EVID5CE ?AT SCI5CE IS ?OR\<LY 5TANGL$ 9 DEBATES ?AT DEAL ) ITS CLAIMS NOT JU/ TO TE*NICAL COMPET5CE BUT TO MORAL MATURITY AS WELL4 

,LIKE REASON & TE*NICS1 SCI5CE TOO HAS A HI/ORY &1 BROADLY CONCEIV$ BEYOND ITS 9/RUM5TALI/ DEF9ITION1 IT CAN ALSO BE REG>D$ AS ?AT HI/ORY4 ,:AT WE SO GLIBLY CALL 0,GREEK SCI5CE0 WAS L>GELY A NATURE PHILOSOPHY ?AT IMP>T$ TO SPECULATIVE REASON ! CAPACITY TO COMPREH5D ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,TO UND]/& & IMP>T COH]5CE TO NATURE WAS AN ACTIVITY ( ! CONTEMPLATIVE M9D1 NOT M]ELY ( EXP]IM5TAL TE*NIQUE4 ,VIEW$ FROM ! /&PO9T ( ?IS RATIONAL FRAMEWORK1 ,PLATO & ,>I/OTLE'S CONSID]ABLE CORPUS ( WRIT+S ON NATURE W]E NOT 0WRONG0 9 !IR ACC\NTS ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,)9 ?IS L>GE BODY ( NATURE PHILOSOPHY1 WE F9D 9SI<TS & A BREAD? ( GRASP & SCOPE ?AT ! PHYSICAL & LIFE SCI5CES >E N[ TRY+ TO RECOV]4.<#e#e.> ,!IR V>Y+ EMPHASES ON SUB/ANCE1 =M1 & DEVELOPM5T -- :AT NORMALLY >E DEPICT$ AS A 0QUALITATIVE0 ORI5TATION1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM MOD]N SCI5CE'S 0QUANTITATIVE0 ORI5TATION -- EXHIBIT A RANGE ( ?\<T ?AT MAY WELL BE REG>D$ AS BROAD]1 OR AT LEA/ MORE ORGANIC1 ?AN SCI5CE'S TRADITIONAL EMPHASES ON MATT] & MOTION4 ,! CLASSICAL TRADITION /RESS$ ACTIVITY1 ORGANIZATION1 & PROCESS2 ! ,5LI<T5M5T TRADITION /RESS$ MATT]'S PASSIVITY1 R&OM FEATURES1 & ME*ANICAL MOVEM5T4 ,?AT ! ,5LI<T5M5T TRADITION HAS YIELD$ SL[LY TO ! CLASSICAL -- A DEVELOPM5T =C$ UPON IT BY A GR[+ S5SE ( NATURE'S HI/ORICITY1 CONTEXTUAL QUALITIES1 & ! IMPORTANCE ( =M -- HAS NOT L$ TO A CLE> UND]/&+ ( ! DIFF]5CES SEP>AT+ !M & ! WAY 9 :I* !Y %>E A HI/ORICAL CONT9UITY ?AT C\LD YIELD !IR 9TEGRATION )\T ANY LOSS ( !IR SPECIFIC ID5TITIES4 

,TO CALL CLASSICAL1 ME*ANI/IC1 EVOLUTION>Y1 & RELATIVI/IC =MS ( SCI5CE 0COMPLEM5T>Y0 MAY V]Y WELL MISS A CRUCIAL PO9T4 ,!Y DO NOT SIMPLY SUPPLEM5T ONE ANO!R NOR >E !Y 0/AGES0 9 HUMANITY'S 9CREAS+ KN[L$GE ( NATURE1 A KN[L$GE ?AT PRESUMABLY 0CULM9ATES0 9 MOD]N SCI5CE4 ,?IS K9D ( ?9K+ AB\T ! HI/ORY ( SCI5CE IS /ILL V]Y POPUL> & (T5 HI<LY PRESUMPTU\S 9 ITS ELEVATION ( ALL ?+S MOD]N & PRESUMABLY FREE ( SPECULATION & 0!OLOGY40 ,ACTUALLY1 !SE DIFF]5T =MS ( SCI5CE 5COMPASS DIFF]5T LEVELS ( NATURAL DEVELOPM5T & DIFF] 9 !IR AV[$ SCOPE4 ,!Y >E NOT SIMPLY DIFF]5T 0P>ADIGMS10 AS ,?OMAS ,KUHN HAS >GU$1 ?AT RADICALLY REPLACE ONE ANO!R4 ,TO ASSUME ?AT !RE IS A 0SCI5CE0 AS SU* 9 :I* ! CLASSICAL TRADITION IS L>GELY 0]RONE\S10 9 :I* ! ,R5AISSANCE TRADITION IS P>TLY 0CORRECT10 & 9 :I* ! MOD]N TRADITION IS MORE 0TRUE0 9 ITS UND]/&+ ( NATURE ?AN ANY ( ITS PR$ECESSORS IS TO ASSUME ?AT NATURE IS CUT FROM A S+LE CLO? & DIFF]S ONLY 9 ITS =MS ( TAILOR+4 ,IRONICALLY1 ,KUHN'S VIEWS HAVE BE5 ATTACK$ MO/ H>%LY NOT SO MU* BY CRITICS :O REJECT ! HI/ORY ( SCI5CE AS A DISPLACEM5T ( ONE PREVAIL+ SCI5TIFIC 0P>ADIGM0 BY A DIFF]5T ONE4 ,RA!R1 HE HAS BE5 MO/ %>PLY CRITICIZ$ = HIS T5D5CY TO VIEW ! LOGIC ( 0SCI5TIFIC REVOLUTIONS0 AS BE+ GUID$ BY 0TE*NIQUES ( P]SUASION0 RA!R ?AN BY PRO(1 BY PSY*OLOGICAL & SOCIAL FACTORS RA!R ?AN BY ! TE/ ( OBJECTIVE /UDIES ( REALITY4 

,IGNOR+ ,KUHN'S LAT] ATTEMPT TO BACKTRACK UPON HIS MORE *ALL5G+ CONCLUSIONS AB\T ! /RUCTURE ( ! SCI5TIFIC COMMUNITY ITSELF1 :AT IS MO/ /RIK+ AB\T HIS VIEWS ( ! 0P>ADIGMATIC0 REVOLUTIONS 9 SCI5CE IS ! WAY 9 :I* !Y HAVE BE5 CONTRA/$ ) ONE ANO!R4 ,I SPEAK LESS ( ,KUHN1 H]E1 ?AN ( ! CONV5TIONAL WISDOM ( SCI5TISM1 :I* T5DS TO FOCUS ON ! ME?ODOLOGICAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 CLASSICAL NATURE PHILOSOPHY & MOD]N SCI5CE4 ,! COMMON NOTION ?AT MOD]N SCI5CE REALLY EMB>K$ UPON ITS UNIQUE VOYAGE :5 IT CONSCI\SLY ADOPT$ ,FRANCIS ,BACON'S PROGRAM ( CONTROLL$ EMPIRICAL OBS]VATION & EXP]IM5TAL V]IFICATION IS A TRITE MY? ?AT MORE ACCURATELY REFLECTS ! 9TELLECTUAL CONFLICTS 9 ,BACON'S TIME ?AN IT DOES ! AU!NTIC DIFF]5CES BETWE5 CLASSICAL & ,R5AISSANCE NOTIONS ( NATURE4 ,)\T NECESS>ILY >TICULAT+ IT1 CLASSICAL NATURE PHILOSOPH]S HAD BE5 WORK+ ) ,BACON'S PROGRAM ( OBS]VATION & EXP]IM5TATION = C5TURIES4 ,P]HAPS MORE APPROPRIATELY1 ,BACON1 ) HIS 0,GREAT ,9/AURATION10 GAVE SCI5CE A FUNCTION ?AT CLASSICAL !ORY HAD NEV] FULLY ACCEPT$3 0MAN'S0 RECOV]Y ( HIS MA/]Y OV] ! NATURAL WORLD1 A VIEW ?AT WAS PITT$ AGA9/ ! M$IEVAL ,S*OOLMAN'S 7ACTUALLY1 ,*RI/IANITY'S7 CONTEMPLATIVE ORI5TATION T[>D NATURE4 

,YET1 EV5 H]E1 IT IS /ILL MISLEAD+ TO ASSUME ?AT ! CLASSICAL TRADITION1 LIKE ! M$IEVAL1 WAS /RICTLY CONTEMPLATIVE & ?AT ! MOD]N WAS OV]:ELM+LY PRAGMATIC4 ,! IDEA ( DOM9ATION HAD BE5 AN ON-GO+ PRACTICE 9 ! =M ( HUMAN DOM9ATION -- ( A HUMANITY CONCEIV$ BY ITS RUL]S AS 0NATURAL RES\RCES0 OR 0MEANS ( PRODUCTION0 -- FROM ! 9CEPTION ( 0CIVILIZATION0 ITSELF4 ,BACON'S ,GREAT ,9/AURATION HAD BE5 A FUNCTION+ REALITY = ?\S&S ( YE>S1 NOT M]ELY 9 CLASS SOCIETY'S ATTEMPTS TO SUBJUGATE NATURE = ! PURPOSES ( CONTROL1 BUT TO SUBJUGATE HUMANITY ITSELF4 ,ITS TEMPLE WAS NOT ,BACON'S UTOPIAN LABORATORY1 ! ,H\SE ( ,SALOMON1 BUT ! ,/ATE1 ) ITS BUREAUCRACIES1 >MIES1 & ! KN\TS ( ITS =EM54 ,WE DO A GRAVE 9JU/ICE TO ! AU!NTIC HI/ORY ( 0SCI5TIFIC ME?OD0 :5 WE =GET ?AT BE=E SCI5CE E/ABLI%$ ITS LABORATORY TO CONTROL NATURE1 ! ,/ATE HAD E/ABLI%$ ITS PALACES & B>RACKS TO CONTROL HUMANITY4 ,! ,GREAT ,9/AURATION DREW ITS 9SPIRATION FROM ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN BE=E IT MADE ! DOM9ATION ( NATURE C5TRAL TO ITS IDEALS & FUNCTIONS4.<#e#c.> 

,! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 CLASSICAL NATURE PHILOSOPHY & MOD]N SCI5CE LIES 9 !IR RADICALLY DIFF]5T CONCEPTS ( CAUSALITY4 ,H]E IS ! REAL ONTOLOGICAL ISSUE -- NOT ! TURGID *ATT] AB\T 0ME?ODOLOGY0 -- ?AT SEP>ATES KN[L$GE ITSELF FROM M]E MATT]S ( TE*NIQUE1 ?AT CL>IFIES ! ALL-IMPORTANT PROBLEM ( ! RELATION%IP ( MEANS TO 5DS1 :I* IS SO VITAL TO ANY CRITIQUE ( 9/RUM5TAL REASON & AN AU?ORIT>IAN TE*NICS4 ,TO ,>I/OTLE1 :O NEV] CEAS$ TO BE A KE5 OBS]V]1 A SOPHI/ICAT$ G5]ALIZ]1 & COMMITT$ EXP]IM5T] 7LIKE ,>*IM$ES AFT] HIM71 NATURAL CAUSALITY WAS NOT EXHAU/$ BY ME*ANICAL MOTION4 ,CAUSATION 9VOLV$ ! V]Y MAT]IAL1 ! POT5TIALITY = =M1 ! =MATIVE AG5T1 & ! MO/ ADVANC$ =M T[>D :I* A PH5OM5ON C\LD DEVELOP4 ,HIS CONCEPT ( CAUSALITY1 9 EFFECT1 WAS 5TELE*IAL4 ,IT ASSUM$ ?AT A PH5OM5ON WAS 0DRAWN0 TO ACTUALIZE ITS FULL POT5TIALITY = A*IEV+ ! HI<E/ =M SPECIFIC TO IT -- TO DEVELOP 9TR9SICALLY & EXTR9SICALLY T[>D ! =MAL SELF-REALIZATION ( ITS POT5TIALITIES4 

,H5CE1 CAUSATION TO ,>I/OTLE IS NOT M]ELY MOTION ?AT 9VOLVES *ANGE ( PLACE -- LIKE ! *ANGE ( PLACE PRODUC$ BY ONE BILLI>D BALL /RIK+ ANO!R4 ,:ILE IT MAY C]TA9LY BE ME*ANICAL1 CAUSATION IS MORE MEAN+FULLY & SIGNIFICANTLY DEVELOPM5TAL4 ,IT %\LD BE SE5 MORE AS A GRAD$ PROCESS1 AS AN EM]G+ PROCESS ( SELF-REALIZATION1 ?AN AS A S]IES ( PHYSICAL DISPLACEM5TS4 ,ACCORD+LY1 MATT]1 :I* ALWAYS HAS V>Y+ DEGREES ( =M1 IS LAT5T ) POT5TIALITY -- 9DE$1 IT IS IMBU$ BY A NISUS TO ELABORATE ITS POT5TIALITY = GREAT] =M4 ,H5CE IT 5T]S 9TO ,>I/OTLE'S NOTION ( CAUSATION AS A 0MAT]IAL CAUSE40 ,! =M ?AT IS LAT5T 9 MATT] & /RIVES T[>D ITS FULL ACTUALIZATION IS A 0=MAL CAUSE40 ,! 9TR9SIC & ! EXTR9SIC =CES ?AT SCULPT ! DEVELOPM5T -- H]E1 9 ! LATT] CASE1 ,>I/OTLE REF]S TO EXT]NAL AG5TS1 LIKE ! SCULPTOR :O FA%IONS A BRONZE HORSE -- >E ! 0EFFICI5T CAUSE40 ,& LA/LY1 ! =M ?AT ALL !SE ASPECTS ( CAUSALITY >E MEANT TO ACTUALIZE REPRES5TS ! 0F9AL CAUSE40 

,>I/OTELIAN CAUSALITY1 9 EFFECT1 IS NOT ONLY DEVELOPM5TAL BUT ALSO DIRECTIVE & PURPOSIVE4 ,IT HAS ALSO BE5 CALL$ 0TELEOLOGICAL0 BECAUSE ! F9AL =M T[>D :I* SUB/ANCE /RIVES IS LAT5T 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! DEVELOPM5T4 ,! T]M1 H[EV]1 IS R$OL5T ) NOTIONS ( A PR$ET]M9$1 9EXORABLE 5D -- A NOTION ?AT ,>I/OTLE TAKES GREAT PA9S TO ES*EW4 ,9 ,ON ,9T]PRETATION1 HE IS C>EFUL TO PO9T \T ?AT 

IT CANNOT BE SAID )\T QUALIFICATION ?AT ALL EXI/5CE & NONEXI/5CE IS ! \TCOME ( NECESSITY4 ,= !RE IS A DIFF]5CE BETWE5 SAY+ ?AT ?AT :I* IS1 :5 IT IS1 MU/ NE$S BE1 & SIMPLY SAY+ ?AT ALL ?AT IS MU/ NE$S BE1 & SIMIL>LY 9 ! CASE ( ?AT :I* IS NOT4 ,9 ! CASE1 ALSO1 ( TWO CONTRADICTORY PROPOSITIONS ?IS HOLDS GOOD4 ,EV]Y?+ MU/ EI!R BE OR NOT BE1 :E!R 9 ! PRES5T OR 9 ! FUTURE1 BUT IT IS NOT ALWAYS POSSIBLE TO DI/+UI% & /ATE DET]M9ATELY :I* ( !SE ALT]NATIVES MU/ NECESS>ILY COME AB\T4 

,:AT *>ACT]IZES ! 0TELEOLOGICAL DIM5SION0 ( ,>I/OTELIAN CAUSALITY IS ?AT IT HAS MEAN+1 NOT PR$ET]M9ATION2 CAUSALITY IS ORI5T$ T[>D A*IEV+ :OL5ESS1 ! FULFILLM5T & COMPLET5ESS ( ALL ! POT5TIALITIES = =M LAT5T 9 SUB/ANCE AT DIFF]5T LEVELS ( ITS DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS S5SE ( MEAN+ IS P]MEAT$ BY E?ICS3 0,= 9 ALL ?+S1 AS WE AFFIRM1 NATURE ALWAYS /RIVES AFT] '! BETT]4'0 ,H]E1 ! WORD /RIVE REQUIRES EMPHASIS1 = ,>I/OTLE R>ELY IMPUTES ?\<T1 9 \R C]EBRAL MEAN+ ( ! T]M1 TO NATURE2 RA!R1 NATURE IS AN ORGANIZ$ OIKOS1 A GOOD H\SEHOLD1 & 0LIKE EV]Y GOOD H\SEHOLD]1 IS NOT 9 ! HABIT ( ?R[+ AWAY ANY?+ FROM :I* IT IS POSSIBLE TO MAKE ANY?+ USEFUL40 ,! EXT5T TO :I* ?IS BRILLIANT 9SI<T1 SO 9TEGRAL TO ,>I/OTLE'S OV]ALL PHILOSOPHY1 HAS BE5 CONFIRM$ BY ECOLOGY & PALEONTOLOGY CAN H>DLY BE EMPHASIZ$ TOO MU*4 

,)9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ,>I/OTELIAN CAUSALITY1 ,HEGEL'S CONCEPT ( DIALECTIC 7A GROSSLY ABUS$ T]M1 !SE DAYS7 IS VIRTUALLY CONGRU5T ) ,>I/OTLE'S CAUSAL ORI5TATION4 ,LIKE ,>I/OTLE1 ,HEGEL'S 5TIRE GOAL IS TO COMPREH5D ! NOTION ( :OL5ESS1 NOT A SPECI\S 0SYN!SIS0 ?AT IS =M$4 FROM ! TRANS=MATION ( A !SIS 9TO ITS ANTI!SIS4 ,SU* A ME?ODOLOGICAL =MULA = DIALECTIC NOT ONLY DIVE/S IT ( ALL ORGANIC CONT5T BUT R$UCES DIALECTIC TO A ME?OD -- AN 9/RUM5TAL TE*NIQUE 9 ! HI< TRADITION ( ,M>XIAN OR?ODOXY1 RA!R ?AN AN ONTOLOGICAL CAUSALITY4 ,AS ,HEGEL OBS]VES 9 ONE ( HIS MO/ TR5*ANT ACC\NTS ( ! DIALECTIC1 

,BECAUSE ?AT :I* IS IMPLICIT COMES 9TO EXI/5CE1 IT C]TA9LY PASSES 9TO *ANGE1 YET IT REMA9S ONE & ! SAME1 = ! :OLE PROCESS IS DOM9AT$ BY IT4 ,! PLANT1 = EXAMPLE1 DOES NOT LOSE ITSELF 9 M]E 9DEF9ITE *ANGE4 ,FROM ! G]M MU* IS PRODUC$ :5 AT FIR/ NO?+ WAS TO BE SE52 BUT ! :OLE ( :AT IS BR\<T =?1 IF NOT DEVELOP$1 IS YET HIDD5 & IDEALLY CONTA9$ )9 ITSELF4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( ?IS PROJECTION 9TO EXI/5CE IS ?AT ! G]M CANNOT REMA9 M]ELY IMPLICIT1 BUT IT IS IMPELL$ T[>D DEVELOPM5T1 S9CE IT PRES5TS ! CONTRADICTION ( BE+ ONLY IMPLICIT & YET NOT DESIR+ SO TO BE4 ,BUT ?IS COM+ )\T ITSELF HAS AN 5D 9 VIEW2 ITS COMPLETION IS FULLY REA*$1 & ITS PREVI\SLY DET]M9$ 5D IS ! FRUIT OR PRODUCE ( ! G]M1 :I* CAUSES A RETURN TO ! FIR/ CONDITION4 

,M9D C>RIES ?IS MOVEM5T FUR!R1 = ,HEGEL1 & RA!R ?AN 0D\BL+0 BACK TO ITS G]M9AL =M GOES =? TO ! FULL REALIZATION ( 0COM+ TO ITSELF40.<#e#e.> 

,:AT IS CRUCIAL = BO? ,HEGEL & ,>I/OTLE IS !IR COMMON NOTION ( 0F9AL CAUSE10 !IR COMMITM5T TO :OL5ESS & MEAN+ 9 PH5OM5A4 ,MORE ?AN ANY ASPECT ( ,>I/OTLE'S IDEAS1 ?IS ONE WAS TO BECOME A V]ITABLE BATTLEGR\ND BETWE5 SCI5CE & ,S*OOLMAN !OLOGY2 9DE$1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT ME*ANISM BECAME ! PREVAL5T 0P>ADIGM0 ( ,R5AISSANCE & ,5LI<T5M5T SCI5CE1 ! NOTION ( 0F9AL CAUSE0 BECAME ! GRI/MILL ON :I* SCI5CE %>P5$ ITS SCALPEL ( 0OBJECTIVITY10 SCI5TI/IC 0DIS9T]E/$NESS10 & ! TOTAL REJECTION ( VALUES 9 ! SCI5TIFIC ORGANON4 ,TO IMPLY A S5SE ( DIRECTION 9 CAUSALITY -- A 0:Y0 RA!R ?AN M]ELY A 0H[0 9 NATURE -- WAS R$OL5T ( !OLOGY4 ,M$IEVAL S*OLA/ICISM HAD SO ?OR\<LY ,*RI/IANIZ$ ,>I/OTELIAN NATURE PHILOSOPHY & CAUSALITY ?AT ! ,R5AISSANCE ME*ANICIANS VIEW$ !M AS LITTLE MORE ?AN A SY/EM ( ,CA?OLIC APOLEGETICS2 EV5 ,HOBBES'S VISION ( A 0SOCIAL ME*ANICS0 VE]$ %>PLY 9TO A CRITIQUE ( ,>I/OTLE'S F9AL CAUSE4 ,TO BE SURE1 ?IS CONFLICT WAS UNAVOIDABLE & EV5 FRE$ ,>I/OTLE'S [N ?\<T FROM ! 9QUISITORIAL GRIP ( ! ,*UR*4 ,BUT OPPOSITION & P]SECUTION 7,BRUNO & ,S]VETUS W]E TO GO TO ! /AKE & ,GALILEO TO CONF9EM5T AS SCI5CE'S PR9CIPAL M>TYRS 9 ?IS CONFLICT7 L$ TO AN EXAGG]AT$ REJECTION ( ALL ORGANICISM -- 9DE$1 TO AN A/R+5T ,C>TESIAN DUALISM BETWE5 A 0S\LFUL0 SUBJECTIVITY EXCLUSIVELY CONF9$ TO 0MAN0 & A /RICTLY ME*ANICAL1 QUANTITATIVE VIEW ( PHYSICAL NATURE4 

,BUT ?IS BATTLE WAS NOT WON )\T A SEV]E P5ALTY4 ,TO FREE ! HUMAN M9D FROM ! TRAMMELS ( RELIGION1 HUMANITY ITSELF WAS 5SLAV$ TO ! P[]S ( SCI5CE4 ,A NEW ORGANON REPLAC$ ! OLD4 ,! ,BACONIAN IDEAL ( HUMANITY'S RECOV]Y ( ITS MA/]Y OV] NATURE DID NOT CLEANSE IT ( ! TA9T ( 0ORIG9AL S90 & RE/ORE IT TO ! PL5ITUDE ( ! ,G>D5 ( ,$54 ,SCI5CE JO9$ H&S ) TE*NICS TO RE9=CE ! MA/]Y ( HUMAN OV] HUMAN BY 5SLAV+ HUMANITY TO ! SAME D>K1 MY?IC WORLD ( DOM9ATION ?AT IT ONCE HAD IDEOLOGICALLY OPPOS$4 ,SCI5CE ITSELF HAD N[ BECOME A !OLOGY4 ,BEG9N+ ) ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 HUMANITY HAS BECOME 9CREAS+LY 9/RUM5TALIZ$1 OBJECTIVIZ$1 & ECONOMIZ$ -- EV5 MORE ?AN ! V]Y CONTROLL$ NATURE ?AT ,BACON'S ,GREAT ,9/AURATION WAS 9T5D$ TO CREATE4 ,RATIONALIZATION HAS COMB9$ ) SCI5CE TO PRODUCE A TE*NOCRACY ?AT N[ ?REAT5S TO DIVE/ HUMANITY ITSELF -- & ITS NATURAL 5VIRONM5T -- ( ! SUBJECTIVITY BY :I* ! ,5LI<T5M5T HAD 9T5D$ TO ILLUM9ATE ! WORLD4 

,PHILOSOPHICAL ORI5TATIONS ?AT REPLACE ONE 0P>ADIGM0 BY ANO!R 9 ! C\RSE ( 9TELLECTUAL 0REVOLUTIONS0 PRODUCE A S]I\S BREAKD[N ( CONT9UITY1 9TEGRATION1 & :OL5ESS 9 ! REALM ( KN[L$GE4 ,!Y DISRUPT ! ECOLOGY & HI/ORY ( KN[L$GE ITSELF -- 9 SOCIAL !ORY AS MU* AS 9 SCI5TIFIC !ORY4 ,WE HAVE LO/ A TREM5D\S WEAL? ( EXCIT+ TRADITIONS BY SUB/ITUT+ A ,HOBBESIAN PROJECT ( 0SOCIAL SCI5CE0 = AN ,>I/OTELIAN PROJECT ( SOCIAL E?ICS 7NOT ?AT ! ,>I/OTELIAN PROVIDES ! 0HI<E/0 PO9T WE C\LD HOPE TO ATTA9 9 SOCIAL !ORY74 ,! ALL-P]VASIVE SWEEP ( ,*RI/IANITY OV] ! ,EUROPEAN WORLD1 FOLL[$ MORE REC5TLY BY ,M>XISM1 HAS 9T]R$ AN 9VALUABLE BODY ( SOCIAL IDEALS & 9SI<TS4 ,9 \R [N TIME1 ONE IS REM9D$ ( ! LOSS ( ! 9T5SELY LIB]T>IAN HOPES FO/]$ BY RADICAL GR\PS 9 ! ,5GLI%1 ,AM]ICAN1 & ,FR5* REVOLUTIONS1 ALL ( :I* HAVE BE5 BLANKET$ BY ! ,L59I/ 0REVOLUTIONS0 ( ! PRES5T C5TURY OR CONSIGN$ 7TO USE ,TROTSKY'S NOXI\S PHRASE7 TO ! 0DU/-B9 ( HI/ORY40 ,ONE IS ALSO REM9D$ ( ! WEAL? ( UTOPIAN IDEAS FROM :I* ,M>X PILF]R$ BE=E REPLAC+ !M ) ! MY? ( A 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM40 ,LIKE ,*RI/IANITY BE=E IT1 SOCIALISM HAS FO/]$ A DOGMATIC FANATICISM ?AT CLOS$ (F C\NTLESS NEW POSSIBILITIES -- NOT ONLY TO HUMAN ACTION BUT ALSO TO HUMAN ?\<T & IMAG9ATION4 ,SCI5CE1 :ILE LESS DEM&+ 9 ITS ATTACKS UPON ITS [N H]ETICS1 EXHIBITS AN EQUAL DEGREE ( FANATICISM 9 ITS 9TELLECTUAL CLAIMS4 ,TO DEFY SCI5CE'S METAPHYSICAL1 (T5 MY/ICAL1 PRESUPPOSITIONS ?AT >E ROOT$ 9 AN E]ILY PASSIVE 0MATT]0 & A PHYSICAL CONCEPT ( MOTION IS TO EXPOSE ONESELF TO ACCUSATIONS ( METAPHYSICS & MY/ICISM1 & TO AN 9TELLECTUAL P]SECUTION ?AT SCI5CE ITSELF ONCE SUFF]$ AT ! H&S ( ITS !OLOGICAL 9QUISITORS4 

,!RE IS A /RONG T5D5CY )9 NEW SCI5TIFIC 0P>ADIGMS0 TO VIEW V>I\S =MS ( DIFF]5T 0NATURES0 -- 9ORGANIC & ORGANIC1 K9ETIC & DEVELOPM5TAL1 R&OM & MEAN+FUL -- AS 9H]5TLY ANTAGONI/IC TO ONE ANO!R RA!R ?AN AS DIFF]5T 9 SCOPE1 AS LEVELS ( DEVELOPM5T1 & AS COMPON5TS ( A L>G] :OLE4 ,ONLY REC5TLY HAVE WE BEGUN TO ESCAPE FROM A ME*ANI/IC R$UCTIONISM ( ALL NATURAL PH5OM5A TO A 0P>ADIGM0 BAS$ ON MA!MATICAL PHYSICS4 ,! WIDELY T\T$ 0UNITY ( SCI5CE0 :I* !ORI/S ( ! LA/ C5TURY ADVANC$ DUR+ ! TRIUMPHANT HEI<TS ( ! ,NEWTONIAN COSMIC IMAGE1 WAS (T5 LITTLE MORE ?AN AN 9TELLECTUAL NI<TM>E -- A 0,ON5ESS10 RA!R ?AN A 0UNITY ( SCI5CE10 :I* !ORI/S ( ! LA/ C5TURY ADVANC$ DUR+ ! MO/ UNRECON/RUCT$ MY/ICISM ?AT WE/]N ?\<T HAD EV] A*IEV$4 ,NO?+ C\LD BE MORE RIDDL$ BY METAPHYSICAL & MY/ICAL NOTIONS ?AN A CAUSALITY R$UC$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY TO A UNIV]SE BAS$ ON A K9ETICS ( 9T]ACT+ =CES AT A DI/ANCE & ( MOTION ?AT 7TO EXPLA9 *EMICAL BOND+7 YIELD$ M]E 9T]LOCK+ >RANGEM5TS BETWE5 ATOMS4 

,BY ,LAPLACE'S TIME1 NATURE WAS SE5 AS A K9ETIC AGGLOM]ATION ( IRR$UCIBLE 0ATOMS0 FROM :I* ! COSMOS WAS CON/RUCT$1 LIKE A SOLID ,VICTORIAN BANK4 ,! CONCEPTION ( ATOMS AS ! 0BUILD+ BLOCKS0 ( ! UNIV]SE WAS TAK5 LIT]ALLY1 & EV5 ! ,DEITY WAS SE5 LESS AS A 0,CREATOR0 OR P>5T ( ! WORLD ?AN AS AN >*ITECT4 ,?IS IMAGE DESIGNAT$ A PASSIVE NATURE SCULPT$ BY 9TR9SIC1 (T5 R&OM1 =CES -- :I* QUALIFI$ RUL+ ELITES C\LD MANIPULATE ACCORD+ TO !IR 9T]E/S ONCE SCI5CE HAD 0UNLOCK$0 ! 0SECRETS0 ( AN 5*ANT$ & CRYPTIC NATURE4 ,EFFICI5T CAUSE1 REMOV$ FROM ! L>G] E?ICAL MATRIX ( ,>I/OTELIAN CAUSALITY1 WAS N[ CONCEIV$ AS ! SOLE DESCRIPTION = NATURAL PH5OM5A 9 K9ETIC 9T]ACTION4 ,! IMAGE ( NATURE AS A 0CON/RUCTION-SITE10 :I* EV5 ,BLO* BORR[$1 PRODUC$ ITS [N TE*NOLOGICAL CANT4 ,T]MS LIKE 0BUILD+ BLOCKS10 0MORT>10 & 0CEM5T0 ?AT >E /ILL COMMONPLACE 9 WORKS ON PHYSICS REPLAC$ CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY'S IMAGES ( 0LOVE0 & 0HATE10 0JU/ICE0 & 09JU/ICE10 05TELE*Y0 & 0K9ESIS0 ?AT1 = ALL !IR AN?ROPOMORPHIC QUALITIES1 IMPLI$ NOT ONLY AN 5*ANT$ NATURE OR EV5 AN E?ICAL NATURE BUT A PASSIONATE NATURE4 ,:AT REMA9$ FROM ! PA/ TO 0EXPLA90 ! ULTIMATE ,NEWTONIAN MY/]Y ( ACTION AT A DI/ANCE & ! TR\BL+ FACTS ( GRAVITATION W]E ! T]MS 0ATTRACTION0 & 0REPULSION10 T]MS ?AT /ILL SURVIVE 9 ELECTROMAGNETISM4 

,IT IS DIFFICULT TO EXPLA9 H[ MU* ?IS TE*NOLOGICAL CANT & ! IMAG]Y IT REFLECT$ S]V$ ! 9T]E/S ( DOM9ATION 9 AN 9DU/RIAL M>KET SOCIETY4 ,= ?IS CANT WAS NOT M]ELY PHILOSOPHICAL BUT EM95TLY SOCIAL 9 ITS *>ACT]1 JU/ AS ! LANGUAGE ( PRES5T-DAY SY/EMS !ORY -- ) ITS EXT5SION ( T]MS LIKE 09PUT10 0\TPUT10 & 0FE$BACK0 9TO EV]YDAY DISC\RSE -- REFLECTS ! CORPORATIZATION ( DAILY LIFE1 ITS R$UCTION TO A 0FL[ DIAGRAM40 ,TO CONCEIVE ( ALL PH5OM5A AS CON/RUCT$ FROM A HOMOG5E\S1 LIFELESS1 PASSIVE1 & MALLEABLE 0MATT]0 WAS TO PLACE HUMANITY ITSELF )9 ! ORBIT ( ALL !SE ATTRIBUTES4 ,FLE%1 NO LESS ?AN /ONE & /EEL1 WAS M]ELY MATT] ?AT HAD BE5 ACCID5TALLY /RUCTUR$ 9TO A MORE ELABORATE AGGLOM]ATION ( ! SAME IRR$UCIBLE MAT]IAL4 ,EV5 ?\<T HAD LO/ ITS HI< E/ATE1 & WAS 9/EAD CONCEIV$ AS A 0FLUID0 ?AT =M$ AN EXUDATE ( ! BRA9 & ! N]V\S SY/EM4 ,LABOR1 AS M]E 5]GY1 WAS CONSID]$ TO BE ROOT$ NOT M]ELY 9 POLITICAL ECONOMY BUT ALSO 9 ! 0ECONOMY ( NATURE40 ,?IS OP5$ A DIRECT TIE BETWE5 ! RADICAL CRITIQUE DEVELOP$ BY ,M>X & ACCOMMODATIVE /RATEGIES =MULAT$ 9 A LAT] P]IOD BY ,SOCIAL ,D>W9ISM4 ,! ,5LI<T5M5T IDEAL ( HUMAN RE$UCATION ACCORD+ TO ! CANONS ( REASON WAS 9T]PRET$ TO MEAN TRA9+ ACCORD+ TO CANONS ( EFFICI5T P]=MANCE4 

,SCI5CE1 SE5 9 T]MS ( A HI/ORY ?AT WANTONLY DISC>D$ ITS PA/ BY A RADICAL SUCCESSION ( 0P>ADIGMS10 /&S ALONE 9 ! WORLD BECAUSE IT HAS M>*$ ?R\< ?IS SUCCESSION AP>T FROM NATURE4 ,HAV+ DIVE/$ ITSELF ( ANTEC$5TS ?AT ONCE ADDRESS$ !MSELVES TO ! DIFF]5T EM]G+ LEVELS ( NATURAL HI/ORY1 SCI5CE N[ LACKS ! CONT9UITY ?AT RELATES !SE LEVELS 9TELLIGIBLY4 ,IT LACKS A S5SE ( LIMIT ?AT CONFIRMS :AT IS OR IS NOT VALID 9 V>I\S WAYS ( KN[+ REALITY2 IT LACKS AN AW>5ESS ( NEW =MS ( REALITY ?AT L+] ON ! B\ND>IES ( 0E/ABLI%$ DATA40 ,9 %ORT1 MOD]N SCI5CE HAS NOT DEVELOP$ 9 RELATION TO NATURE BUT 9 RELATION TO ITS [N 0P>ADIGMS40 ,! PURSUIT ( ! 0UNITY ( SCI5CE0 %\LD 9 NO S5SE BE UND]/OOD AS A PURSUIT ( ! UNITY ( NATURE4 ,! =M] IS AN 9TELLECTUAL 5T]PRISE BETWE5 SCI5TIFIC CONTE/ANTS & COLLABORATORS1 NOT AN 5T]PRISE ?AT AU!NTICALLY 9VOLVES ! NATURAL WORLD4 

,! R$ISCOV]Y ( NATURE IS MORE IMPORTANT AT ?IS PO9T 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN KN[L$GE ?AN >E SU* TRITE 5T]PRISES AS ! 0RE5*ANTM5T ( ! WORLD0 7A PHRASE ?AT T5DS TO DISSOLVE 9TO M]E METAPHOR :5 IT LACKS ! FLE% ( SOCIAL 9SI<T & A NATURALI/IC ELABORATION74 ,IF SCI5CE IS TO RESOLVE ! DILEMMA ( ITS RATIONALIZATION 9 ! SOCIAL WORLD1 IT MU/ LE>N TO BALANCE ! NE$ = SELF-9T]PRETATION ) ! 9SI<TS FURNI%$ BY DIFF]5T LEVELS ( NATURAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,SCI5CE MU/ TURN TO NATURE ITSELF = NUTRIM5T4 ,IT MU/ BE ?OR\<LY M9DFUL ( ! PRESUPPOSITIONS -- ! BIASES -- ?AT CONT9UALLY 5T] 9TO ITS EPI/EMOLOGICAL /RUCTURES4 ,! DEBATES BETWE5 SUPPORT]S ( ONE 0P>ADIGM0 & ANO!R MU/ BE 9FUS$ ) A S5SE ( HI/ORY -- BO? NATURAL & 9TELLECTUAL -- RA!R ?AN TO RE/ ON DYNA/IC IDEOLOGICAL SUCCESSIONS & EXCLUSIONS4 ,SCI5CE MU/ C&IDLY ASK ITSELF QUE/IONS %AP$ BY NATURAL REALITY1 NOT BY A SELF-5CLOS$ 9TELLECTUALISM ?AT SEP>ATES ITS IDEOLOGICAL HI/ORY FROM ! HI/ORY ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,H5CE SCI5CE MU/ OV]COME ITS AMBIGUITIES BY RECOGNIZ+ ?AT IT IS BO? ITS [N HI/ORY AS A :OLE -- NOT ONE OR ANO!R PHASE ( ?AT HI/ORY -- & NATURAL HI/ORY AS WELL4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 NEI!R ,>I/OTLE NOR ,GALILEO W]E WRONG P] SE1 H[EV] MU* ! LATT] DETE/$ ! =M]2 !Y OBS]V$ DIFF]5T ASPECTS ( REALITIES IMP>T$ TO !M BY NATURE & BY DIFF]5T LEVELS ( NATURAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,UND]LY+ ANY PROJECT = R$ISCOV]+ NATURE IS A BODY ( KEY QUE/IONS4 ,IF !RE IS ANY UNITY ( NATURE TO BE DISCOV]$1 :AT MESSAGE DOES IT HAVE TO (F]8 ,:AT IS ITS ESS5TIAL MEAN+8 ,& IF WE >E TO TALK ( MEAN+ 9 NATURE -- ( ! 0:Y0 AS WELL AS ! 0H[0 ( NATURAL PH5OM5A -- H[ >E WE TO DEVELOP GRAD$ =MS ( CAUSALITY 7:E!R !Y >E ,HELL5IC OR MOD]N1 = EXAMPLE1 OR ! PHAS+ ( ONE 9TO ! O!R7 SO ?AT WE DO NOT COMPLETELY EXCLUDE ONE OR ! O!R8 ,& IF WE GRANT ?AT MEAN+ DOES EXI/1 H[ >E WE TO 9T]PRET ITS DIRECTION1 ITS TELEOLOGY8 ,MU/ WE =ECLOSE ! POSSIBILITY ?AT 5DS MAY BE LAT5T 9 BEG9N+S BY SPEAK+ ( 0TELEOLOGY0 AS IF ! 5D MU/ NECESS>ILY FOLL[ FROM ITS BEG9N+ AS A TOTALLY PREORDA9$ 0F9AL CAUSE08 ,CAN WE LOOS5 UP \R CURR5T N>R[1 IRONCLAD NOTIONS ( TELEOLOGY TO SEE IT MORE AS A GRAD$1 EM]G5T1 & CREATIVE DEVELOPM5T RA!R ?AN AN OV]LY DET]M9I/IC =M ( CAUSALITY8 

,!SE QUE/IONS1 SO CRUCIAL = DEVELOP+ AN ECOLOGICAL E?ICS & AN ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ SCI5CE1 CANNOT /AY FROZ5 9 ! =MS US$ BY CRUDE SCI5TI/IC IDEOLOGUES = C5TURIES4 ,IF NO?+ ELSE1 WE MU/ RECLAIM ! RI<T TO ?9K FREELY AB\T IDEAS & REALITY )\T HAV+ RE/RICTIONS IMPOS$ UPON US BY IDEOLOGUES :O M]ELY ANSW] EA* O!R'S ]RORS ) ]RORS ( !IR [N4 ,SCI5CE1 9 EFFECT1 MU/ CEASE TO BE A ,*UR*4 ,IT MU/ TE> D[N ! ECCLESIA/ICAL B>RI]S ?AT SEP>ATE IT FROM ! FREE AIR ( NATURE & FROM ! G>D5 :I* N\RI%$ ITS 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,TE*NICS ! SKILLS & 9/RUM5TS = HUMANITY'S METABOLISM ) NATURE1 =M$ ! CRUCIBLE 9 :I* ! MOD]N CONCEPTS ( REASON & SCI5CE W]E ACTUALLY =G$4 ,9 ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION 79 ,M>X'S 0REALM ( NECESSITY07 ! AMBIGUITIES ( FRE$OM EM]G$ ) UNADORN$ CL>ITY4 ,DUR+ ! MOD]N 9DU/RIAL ]A & EV5 E>LI]1 DUR+ C]TA9 PRE9DU/RIAL P]IODS1 REASON F9ALLY BECAME M]E RATIONALIZATION & SCI5CE WAS VISIBLY TRANSMUT$ FROM A PURSUIT ( KN[L$GE 9TO M]E TE*NIQUE & 9/RUM5TALISM4 ,H5CE IT %\LD NOT SEEM SURPRIS+ ?AT TE*NICS EXHIBITS ! AMBIGUITIES ( FRE$OM 9 !IR MO/ /RIK+ =M4 ,! NOTION ?AT TE*NOLOGY IS 9TR9SICALLY MORALLY NEUTRAL1 ?AT ! PROV]BIAL 0KNIFE0 CUTS EI!R WAY -- AS WEAPON TO KILL OR AS TOOL TO CUT1 DEP5D+ UPON ! US] OR ! SOCIETY 9 :I* IT IS US$ -- WAS NOT A WIDELY ACCEPT$ VIEWPO9T UNTIL ! RISE ( 9DU/RIALISM4 ,TO BE SURE KNIVES1 LIKE O!R H& TOOLS1 CAN BE VIEW$ 9 SU* E?ICALLY NEUTRAL T]MS4 ,BUT 9 ! L>G] CONTEXT ( TE*NICS -- NOTABLY1 TOOLS1 MA*9ES1 SKILLS1 =MS ( LABOR1 & 0NATURAL RES\RCES0 -- ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION R>ELY W]E REG>D$ AS VALUE-FREE1 NOR WAS !IR IMPACT CONT+5T M]ELY ON 9DIVIDUAL OR SOCIAL 9T5TIONS4 

,AL?\< PRE9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES MAY NOT HAVE EXPLICITLY DI/+UI%$ BETWE5 LIB]T>IAN & AU?ORIT>IAN TE*NICS 7A DI/9CTION ?AT PROBABLY =C$ ITSELF UPON ! MOD]N M9D ) ! MASSIVE SUPREMACY ( HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ 9DU/RIAL TE*NOLOGIES OV] TRADITIONAL CRAFTS71 !Y APP>5TLY W]E MORE AW>E ?AN WE ( ! ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS ( TE*NIQUE4 ,IF ,/EPHAN ,T\LM9 & ,JUNE ,GOODFIELD >E CORRECT 9 !IR APPRAISAL1 PRE9DU/RIAL COMMUNITIES DI/+UI%$ V]Y E>LY 9 HI/ORY BETWE5 0NATURAL >TS0 & 0>TIFICIAL CRAFTS0 -- A DI/9CTION ?AT EXPRESS$ E?ICAL \TLOOKS BASICALLY DIFF]5T FROM \R [N T[>D TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,! 0NATURAL >TS10 SU* AS F>M+1 HUSB&RY1 & M$IC9E1 W]E PAT5TLY NECESS>Y = HUMAN SURVIVAL1 & !IR PLACE 9 ! PRES]VATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! COMMUNITY WAS ( C5TRAL IMPORTANCE4 ,BUT !Y W]E 0NATURAL0 NOT JU/ = PRAGMATIC REASONS2 !IR V]Y SUCCESS 9 SATISFY+ BASIC HUMAN NE$S REQUIR$ ?AT !Y BE SUBTLY 9 RHY?M ) 0NATURAL *ANGE40 ,! >TISAN'S 9SI<T MELD$ HUMAN CRAFT & NATURE TOGE!R 9TO NOT ONLY ! NATURAL MAT]IALS REQUIR$ BY ! ,ANVILIK ,ESKIMOS = !IR SOAP/ONE >TI/RY BUT ALSO ! L>G] NATURAL PROCESSES ?AT DET]M9$ ! SUCCESS ( AN 5T]PRISE4 

,T\LM9 & ,GOODFIELD1 9 EFFECT1 REF] TO A COSMIC TABLEAU 9 :I* ! P]SON 5GAG$ 9 A 0NATURAL >T0 WAS SITUAT$ 9 ORD] TO 0/E] .<!SE NATURAL PROCESSES.> 9 A FAVORABLE DIRECTION0 & TO UTILIZE 0C]TA9 NATURAL P[]S0 /RONG] ?AN ?OSE POSSESS$ BY ! 9DIVIDUAL TO REM$Y ! DISA/]S ?AT AFFLICT$ AGRICULTURE OR HEAL?4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ALL EF=TS W]E VALUELESS IF ONE FAIL$ TO ACT AT ! 0CORRECT TIME0 9 SYN*RONY ) 0NATURAL CYCLES40 ,RITUAL BECAME AS MU* A P>T ( PRODUCTION AS SEASONAL *ANGES1 CLIMATIC V>IATIONS1 DR\<T1 & PR$ATION1 OR1 9 ! CASE ( M$IC9E1 ! P]IODIC ONSET ( C]TA9 ILLNESSES4 ,IT IS FAIR TO SAY ?AT WE >E RECLAIM+ !SE REMOTE1 APP>5TLY LO/ S5SIBILITIES TODAY ) \R GR[+ AW>5ESS ?AT S\ND FOOD CULTIVATION & GOOD HEAL? PRESUPPOSE ! ATTUNEM5T ( LIFE -- & CRAFTS -- ) BIOLOGICAL CYCLES ?AT FO/] SOIL F]TILITY & PHYSICAL WELL-BE+4 ,BO? ! ORGANIC F>M] & ! S]I\S PRACTITION] ( HOLI/IC HEAL?1 = EXAMPLE1 HAVE BE5 OBLIG$ TO CULTIVATE 9SI<TS ?AT EXT5D F> BEYOND ! CONV5TIONAL WISDOM ( ! AGRONOMI/ & ! PHYSICIAN4 ,C]TA9 ALL-IMPORTANT NOTIONS -- ?AT NUTRIM5T & HEAL? >E NOT M]ELY 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTS1 >TIFACTS 70MAGIC BULLETS07 ?AT CAN BE 5G9E]$ 9TO EXI/5CE2 ?AT \R MOD]N PH>MACOPIAS = AGRICULTURE & PHYSICAL WELL-BE+ CANNOT FUNCTION AS SUB/ITUTES = A WISELY 0CRAFT$0 WAY ( LIFE2 ?AT LIFE ITSELF IS A 0CALL+10 :I* RE/S ON ?AT R>E COMB9ATION ( CRAFT & NATURE WE DESIGNATE AS 0>T0 -- HAVE !IR ROOTS 9 ANCI5T NOTIONS ( A S5SE ( CRAFT ?AT IS 09 /EP ) ! RUL+ CYCLES ( NATURAL *ANGE40 

,BY CONTRA/1 ! 0>TIFICIAL CRAFTS PLAY$ A MU* SMALL] P>T 9 M5'S LIVES ?AN ! NATURAL >TS10 ,T\LM9 & ,GOODFIELD OBS]VE4 0,GIV5 FL9T TOOLS & WEAPONS1 & SOME POTT]Y1 LIFE WAS SUPPORTABLE AT A PRIMITIVE LEVEL )\T METAL1 GLASS OR P]FUME1 EV5 9 AN ,5GLI% W9T]40 ,!SE REM>KS BELABOR ! OBVI\S & R5D] ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 0NATURAL >TS0 & 0>TIFICIAL CRAFTS0 M]ELY PRAGMATIC4 ,WE MU/ NOT IGNORE ! ESS5TIALLY METAPHYSICAL ASPECTS ?AT DI/+UI% !M4 ,>TIFICIAL OR NOT1 E>LY CRAFTS SU* AS METALWORK+1 GLASS-MAK+1 & DYE+ ALIKE HAD ! TASK ( IMITAT+ ,NATURE1 & ( CREAT+ PRODUCTS :I* W]E 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ! BE/ NATURAL MAT]IALS4 ,! E>LIE/ GLASS OBJECTS KN[N >E C]TA9 ,EGYPTIAN BEADS :I* W]E US$ AS P]SONAL ORNAM5TS 9 PLACE ( PRECI\S /ONES2 EV5 !N !Y W]E KN[N AS 0SP>KL]S40 ,GLASS-MAK+ ?US BEGAN AS ! PRODUCTION ( >TIFICIAL JEWELS1 & S9CE GOLD & JEWELS W]E ALWAYS 9 %ORT SUPPLY M5 CONT9U$ TO ?9K ( ! CRAFTS 9 ?IS LI<T AS LATE AS CLASSICAL TIMES4 ,! METAL-WORK]S ( ,ALEX&RIA1 = 9/ANCE1 PRODUC$ SILV] & COPP] ALLOYS HAV+ ! APPE>ANCE & PROP]TIES ( GOLD2 & !Y DEVELOP$ = ?IS PURPOSE A :OLE RANGE ( TE*NIQUES = DEPOSIT+ A DURABLE GOLD5 COLOR ON A RELATIVELY *EAP ALLOY4 ,!RE WAS NO?+ NECESS>ILY FRAUDUL5T AB\T !SE TE*NIQUES4 ,M5 W]E PAY+ = ! APPE>ANCE1 NOT ! 0ATOMIC WEI<TS10 SO ! CRAFTSM5 & CU/OM]S ALIKE W]E 5TITL$ TO BE SATISFI$ ) ! RESULTS4 

,H5CE ! 0NATURAL0 RA!R ?AN ! VALUABLE1 ! USEFUL & BEAUTIFUL RA!R ?AN ! CO/LY & ! R>E /ILL RETA9$ !IR PRIMORDIAL HOLD EV5 ON 0>TIFICIALLY0 CRAFT$ PRODUCTS4 ,USE-VALUE1 AS IT W]E1 HELD ITS PR$OM9ANT POSITION OV] EX*ANGE-VALUE & ! GLITT] ( ! UTOPIAN HELD SWAY OV] ! DROSS ( SELF-9T]E/4 

,TO ! DEGREE ?AT ! CRAFTSP]SON 0IMITAT$0 NATURE1 HE OR %E HAD 5T]$ 9TO A QUASIMY/ICAL COMMUNION ?AT AU!NTICAT$ ! NATURAL QUALITIES ( HUMAN-MADE PRODUCTS4 ,SKILL WAS P]MEAT$ BY ! IMAG]Y ( A NATURAL 5D[M5T1 ( GIFTS BE/[$ UPON ! CRAFTSP]SON BY NATURAL =CES -- GIFTS ?AT1 9 SOME S5SE1 HAD TO BE RECIPROCAT$4 ,! NATURALI/IC 0LAW ( RETURN0 REFLECTS A DI/9CTLY ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY -- 9DE$1 A S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY ?AT 9VOLVES COMP5SATION = :AT IS )DRAWN OR EV5 SIMULAT$ 9 ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,H5CE1 AS ,T\LM9 & ,GOODFIELD TELL US3 

,A RITUAL ELEM5T CAN BE F\ND ALSO 9 ! >TIFICIAL CRAFTS ( ! ANCI5T WORLD1 :]E AT FIR/ SI<T ! RECIPES .<= PRODUC+ ! PRODUCT.> LOOK$ SO MU* MORE DIRECT4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ! ,MESOPOTAMIAN RECIPES = GLASS & GLAZES 4 4 4 9/RUCTIONS = ! NECESS>Y TE*NICAL PROC$URES >E ACCOMPANI$ BY O!R 9JUNCTIONS ( A RITUAL K9D4 ,! RECIPES FROM ! LIBR>Y ( ,ASSURBANIPAL 7SEV5? C5TURY ,B4,C47 BEG9 BY EXPLA9+ ?AT ! GLASS-FURNACE MU/ BE BUILT AT ! AUSPICI\S TIME3 A %R9E TO ! APPROPRIATE ,GODS MU/ BE 9/ALL$1 & C>E MU/ BE TAK5 TO KEEP ! GOOD WILL ( ! DEITIES 9 ! DAILY OP]ATIONS ( ! WORK%OP4 

,9 LAY+ ! PLANS = ! GLASS-FURNACE1 ! BUILD] WAS W>N$ TO SET A C5S] ( P9E 9C5SE AS AN (F] TO ! 0EMBRYO-GODS10 A REF]5CE ?AT1 AS ,T\LM9 & ,GOODFIELD OBS]VE1 HAS A HI/ORY4 ,9 ! E>LI] SET ( RECIPES1 DAT+ FROM #af ,B4,C41 !RE IS A V]Y OBSCURE PASSAGE 9 :I* SOME S*OL>S HAVE SE5 EVID5CE ?AT ACTUAL HUMAN EMBRYOS -- POSSIBLY /ILL-BORN 9FANTS -- W]E BURI$ 9 ! FURNACE4 ,:AT C\LD HAVE BE5 ! PO9T ( ?IS8 ,!RE IS LITTLE CONTEMPOR>Y EVID5CE1 BUT P]HAPS WE MAY READ BACK 9TO ?IS ASSOCIATION BELIEFS :I* >E QUITE EXPLICIT LAT] ON4 ,=1 IF ONE CONTRA/S ! BRILLIANCY & COHESION ( NEW-P\R$ GLASS OR METAL +OTS ) ! DIRTY & *AOTIC PILE ( ORE1 A% & S& FROM :I* !Y >E MADE1 ! *ANGE IS MO/ /RIK+3 IT IS AS ?\< ONE HAD TRANS=M$ A DULL1 LIFELESS AGGLOM]ATION 9TO A LIV+ UNITY4 ,! SP>KLE ( GOLD & GLASS HAD SOME?+ ( ! VITAL SP>K VISIBLE 9 ! HUMAN EYE1 SO ?AT IT WAS NOT M]E FANCY TO SEE1 9 ! >TIFICIAL PRODUCTION ( !SE MAT]IALS1 ! CREATION ( SOME?+ SUP]IOR -- IF NOT ACTUALLY ALIVE4 

,PRODUCTION1 9 EFFECT1 IMPLI$ NOT ONLY REPRODUCTION1 AS ,ELIADE HAS OBS]V$ = METALLURGY1 BUT ALSO ANIMATION -- NOT AS 0RAW MAT]IALS0 BA!D 9 ! 0FIRE ( LABOR10 BUT AS NATURE ACTIVELY IMBU+ ITS [N SUB/ANCE ) A 0VITAL SP>K40 ,! SPIRITIZ$ NATURE ( TE*NICS IS REFLECT$ 9 A HI<LY SUGGE/IVE BODY ( POSSIBILITIES ?AT ONLY REC5TLY HAVE 5T]$ 9TO \R ACC\NTS ( ! HI/ORY ( TE*NOLOGY4 

,! ORIG9AL 0MAGIC0 ( GOLD1 9 FACT1 MAY JU/IFY A MORE LIT]AL 9T]PRETATION ( ! METAL ?AN WE HAVE PREVI\SLY GIV54 ,ITS ORIG9AL ATTRACTION IS P]HAPS LESS A FUNCTION ( ITS MONET>Y VALUE & R>ITY ?AN ( ! FACT ?AT IT IS UNT>NI%ABLE4 ,! METAL SEEMS TO PRES5T A MY/ICAL ET]NALITY TO ! FLUX & *ANGE ?AT AFFLICT MORE MUNDANE OBJECTS4 ,AL*EMY MAY HAVE DRAWN ITS 9SPIRATION FROM !SE ATTRIBUTES2 WELL BE=E GOLD BECAME CO9AGE OR ! ORNAM5TAL EVID5CE ( WEAL? & P[]1 IT MAY HAVE BE5 SACR$ SUB/ANCE ?AT DEFI$ ! ASSAULT ( TIME & ! P]I%ABILITY ( ?+S4 ,IF !SE SPECULATIONS >E VALID1 ! DIVISION ( LABOR BETWE5 0NATURAL >TS0 & 0>TIFICIAL CRAFTS0 -- 9DE$1 ! HI/ORIC DIVISION ( LABOR BETWE5 FOOD CULTIVATION & CRAFTS ?AT UND]P9S ! SEP>ATION ( T[N & C\NTRY -- IS HAUNT$ BY IDEOLOGICAL <O/S3 ! RE>+ ( TEMPLES1 ! FABRICATION ( SACR$ OBJECTS & ALT>S1 ! ORNAM5TATION ( DEITIES1 ! >TI/RY APPLI$ TO PRIE/LY VE/M5TS & >TIFACTS4 ,ONLY LAT] DO >TIFICIAL CRAFTS BEG9 TO APPLY TO P]SONAL PRODUCTS ?AT SATISFY ! APPETITES ( RUL+ CLASSES4 

,AFT] ALL HAS BE5 SAID AB\T ! CLASSICAL WORLD'S DISDA9 = LABOR1 ,I WI% TO ADD A QUALIFY+ NOTE4 ,9 MANY RESPECTS1 ,HELL5IC & ,ROMAN IDEAS AB\T WORK SCORE A PR(\ND E?ICAL ADVANCE OV] PRELIT]ATE & E>LY ANCI5T MY/ICAL ATTITUDES T[>D TE*NICS4 ,CLAUDE ,MOSSE REM9DS US ?AT ,ODYSSEUS BUILT HIS [N BOAT1 & ?AT ,HEPHAE/US1 ! DEITY ( CRAFTS1 SP5T HIS LIFE 09 ! R$ GL[ ( HIS =GE40 ,! ANCI5T WORLD DID NOT DESPISE WORK AS SU*4 ,! ORIG9S ( ! ,GREEK IDEAL ( FREE TIME D]IVE NOT ONLY FROM AN IDEOLOGICAL DISDA9 = ! SLAVE & = 5SLAVEM5T BUT ALSO FROM A PR(\ND RESPECT = FRE$OM AS AN ACTIVITY4 ,>I/OTLE PO9T$LY OBS]VES ?AT 0! BE/ ORD]$ POLEIS WILL NOT MAKE AN >TISAN A CITIZ540 ,CITIZ5%IP WILL 0ONLY BELONG TO ?OSE :O >E RELEAS$ FROM MANUAL OCCUPATIONS0 &1 9 EFFECT1 >E !REBY 5GAG$ 9 ! WORK ( MANAG+ ! POLIS4 ,IT IS ?IS LATT] CONCEPT ( ACTIVE CITIZ5%IP BAS$ ON 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY & FRE$OM ( JUDGM5T ?AT IS C5TRAL TO ! ,HELL5IC NOTION ( CITIZ5%IP4 ,AS ,MASSE CORRECTLY OBS]VES1 0,IT IS NOT ! MANUAL ACTIVITY ( WORK :I* MAKES LABOR DESPIS$1 BUT ! TIES ( DEP5D5CE :I* IT CREATES BETWE5 ! >TISAN & ! P]SON :O USES ! PRODUCT :I* HE MANUFACTURES40 ,! ,HELL5IC ATTITUDE T[>D LABOR IS CONDITION$ AS MU* BY ! AUTONOMY ( ! WORK] AS IT IS BY AN ASSOCIATION ( ACTIVE CITIZ5%IP ) FREE TIME4 ,! E?ICAL PR9CIPLE ( AUTONOMY IS NO LESS SIGNIFICANT ?AN ! SOCIAL & PSY*OLOGICAL FACTORS ?AT %AP$ ! ATTITUDE ( ! POLIS4 

,MOSSE'S ELABORATION ( ?IS ,GREEK VIEW T[>D WORK IS WOR? CIT+ 9 MORE DETAIL4 

,TO BUILD ONE'S [N H\SE1 ONE'S [N %IP1 OR TO SP9 & WEAVE ! MAT]IAL :I* IS US$ TO CLO! ! MEMB]S ( ONE'S [N H\SEHOLD IS 9 NO WAY %AMEFUL4 ,BUT TO WORK = ANO!R MAN1 9 RETURN = A WAGE ( ANY K9D1 IS DEGRAD+4 ,IT IS ?IS :I* DI/+UI%ES ! ANCI5T M5TALITY FROM A MOD]N :I* W\LD HAVE NO HESITATION 9 PLAC+ ! 9DEP5D5T >TISAN ABOVE ! WAGE-E>N]4 ,BUT1 = ! ANCI5TS1 !RE IS REALLY NO DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! >TISAN :O SELLS HIS [N PRODUCTS & ! WORKMAN :O HIRES \T HIS S]VICES4 ,BO? WORK TO SATISFY ! NE$S ( O!RS1 NOT !IR [N4 ,!Y DEP5D ON O!RS = !IR LIVELIHOOD4 ,= ?AT REASON !Y >E NO LONG] FREE4 ,?IS P]HAPS ABOVE ALL IS :AT DI/+UI%ES ! >TISAN FROM ! PEASANT4 ,! PEASANT IS SO MU* CLOS] TO ! IDEAL ( SELF-SUFFICI5CY 7AUT>KEIA7 :I* WAS ! ESS5TIAL BASIS = MAN'S FRE$OM 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 9 ! CLASSICAL AGE1 9 BO? ,GREECE & ,ROME1 ?IS IDEAL ( SELF-SUFFICI5CY HAD LONG S9CE GIV5 WAY TO A SY/EM ( ORGANIZ$ TRADE4 ,H[EV]1 ! >*AIC M5TALITY 5DUR$1 & ?IS EXPLA9S NOT ONLY ! SCORN FELT = ! >TISAN1 LABOR+ 9 HIS SMI?Y1 OR B5EA? ! SCOR*+ SUN ON BUILD+ SITES1 BUT ALSO ! SC>CELY VEIL$ DISDA9 FELT = M]*ANTS OR = ! RI* 5TREPR5EURS :O LIVE (F ! LABOR ( !IR SLAVES4 

,BY CONTRA/1 ! F>M] E>N$ NOT ONLY ! MAT]IAL 9DEP5D5CE REQUISITE = A FREE MAN1 BUT ALSO ! S5SE ( SECURITY REQUISITE = A FREE SPIRIT4 ,HE WAS NO CLI5T4 ,! CLASSICAL M9D READ CLI5TAGE 9TO VOCATIONS ?AT W\LD SURPRISE US TODAY -- = EXAMPLE1 ! DEP5D5CE ( WEAL?Y USUR]S ON !IR DEBTORS1 ( TRAD]S ON !IR BUY]S1 ( CRAFTSM5 ON !IR CU/OM]S1 & ( >TI/S ON !IR ADMIR]S4 ,EV5 ?\< ! USUR]1 TRAD]1 & >TISAN BEGAN TO PREEMPT ! F>M] 9 SOCIAL P[]1 ! T5SION BETWE5 REALITY & IDEAL1 :ILE IT F9ALLY DE/ROY$ ! TRADITIONAL REALITY1 DID NOT DE/ROY ! TRADITIONAL IDEAL4 ,9 FACT1 AGRICULTURE 5JOY$ CULTURAL EM95CE 9 ! CLASSICAL WORLD NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT CONF]R$ SELF-SUFFICI5CY ON ITS PRACTITION]S BUT ALSO BECAUSE IT WAS SE5 AS AN E?ICAL ACTIVITY1 H5CE NOT ONLY A TE*NE4 0,LIFE 9 ! FIELDS /R5G!N$ BO? ! BODY & S\L10 ,MOSSE OBS]VES4 

,LOVE = ! SOIL WAS AN ESS5TIAL +R$I5T ( PATRIOTISM 4 4 4 4 ,! E>? WAS JU/ & GAVE H] FRUITS TO ?OSE :O UND]/OOD H[ TO T5D H]1 & :O OBEY$ ! 9JUNCTIONS ( ! GODS4 ,:ATEV] MAGICAL PRACTICES !Y RESORT$ TO1 9 ORD] TO GA9 GOOD H>VE/S1 !Y C]TA9LY NEV] TOOK ! PLACE ( ! DAY-TO-DAY C>E ! E>? NE$$1 & EXP]I5CE WAS ! BASIS ( ?IS KN[L$GE :I* WAS H&$ D[N FROM FA!R TO SON4 ,BUT ! SCI5CE ( AGRICULTURE W5T NO FUR!R ?AN AN ATTEMPT TO F9D BETT] WAYS ( ORGANIZ+ LABOR4 

,FOOD CULTIVATION AS A SPIRITUAL -- 9DE$ RELIGI\S -- ACTIVITY HAD NOT BE5 *ANG$ BASICALLY BY ! EM]G5CE ( ! POLIS & ! REPUBLICAN CITY-/ATE4 ,BUT IT HAD ALSO BE5 GIV5 A MORAL DIM5SION ?AT WAS MORE 9 ACCORD ) ! RATIONALISM ( ! CLASSICAL WORLD4 

,! SECUL>IZATION ( TE*NICS OCCURR$ )9 A CONTEXT ?AT1 :ILE RATIONAL & PRAGMATIC1 WAS NOT /RICTLY RATIONALI/IC & SCI5TI/IC4 ,9ITIALLY1 RELIGION -- & LAT]1 E?ICS -- DEF9$ ! V]Y FUNCTION ( TE*NOLOGY )9 SOCIETY4 ,! USE ( TOOLS & MA*9ES CALL$ = A S]IES ( EXPLANATIONS ?AT W]E NOT ONLY MY/ICAL BUT ALSO E?ICAL & ECOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS RA!R ?AN /RICTLY PRAGMATIC4 ,W]E >TS AU!NTICALLY 0NATURAL0 OR NOT8 ,W]E CRAFTS 0>TIFICIAL08 ,IF SO1 9 :AT S5SE8 ,DID !Y ACCORD ) ! /RUCTURE1 SOLID>ITY1 & IDEOLOGY ( ! COMMUNITY8 ,AT A LAT] TIME1 :5 ! POLIS & ! REPUBLICAN CITY-/ATE EM]G$1 MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ P>AMET]S = TE*NICAL *ANGE EM]G$ AS WELL4 ,DID TE*NICAL *ANGES FO/] ! P]SONAL AUTONOMY ?AT BECAME SO 9TEGRAL TO ! ,HELL5IC IDEAL ( CITIZ5%IP & A PALPABLE BODY POLITIC8 ,DID !Y FO/] P]SONAL 9DEP5D5CE & REPUBLICAN VIRTUE8 ,VIEW$ FROM AN ECOLOGICAL VIEWPO9T1 DID !Y ACCORD ) A 0JU/0 E>? :O 0GAVE H] FRUITS TO ?OSE :O UND]/OOD H[ TO T5D H]08 ,H]E1 ! CONCEPT ( AN 0APPROPRIATE0 TE*NOLOGY WAS =MULAT$ NOT 9 T]MS ( LOGI/ICS & PHYSICAL DIM5SIONS BUT 9 T]MS ( AN ECOLOGICAL E?ICS ?AT VISUALIZ$ AN ACTIVE NATURE AS 0JU/10 COMPREH5D+1 & G5]\S4 ,NATURE ABUNDANTLY REW>D$ ! FOOD CULTIVATOR 7OR ! >TISAN7 :O WAS PREP>$ TO FUNCTION SYMBIOTICALLY 9 RELATION TO H] P[] ( FECUNDITY & H] 9JUNCTIONS4 

,DESPITE ! MORASS ( SLAV]Y 9TO :I* ! CLASSICAL WORLD DESC5D$1 ONLY TO BE FOLL[$ BY FEUDAL =MS ( S]VITUDE1 !SE E?ICAL DI/9CTIONS DID NOT DISAPPE>4 ,A CLOSE ASSOCIATION BETWE5 E?ICS & TE*NICS P]SI/$ ?R\<\T M$IEVAL SOCIETY1 ! ,R5AISSANCE1 & ! ,5LI<T5M5T4 ,FEUDAL CU/OM & ! ,PROTE/ANT E?IC DICTAT$ A S5SE ( MORAL RESPONSIBILITY & !OLOGICAL 0CALL+0 T[>D WORK & TE*NICAL *ANGE1 ALL O!R SOCIAL & DOCTR9AL LIMITATIONS ASIDE4 ,! M$IEVAL GUILDS W]E NOT M]ELY OCCUPATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS2 !Y REGULAT$ ! QUALITY ( GOODS ACCORD+ TO V]Y DI/9CT CANONS ( FAIRNESS & JU/ICE 9 :I* ,BIBLICAL PRECEPT PLAY$ AS MU* ( A ROLE AS ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS4 ,UNTIL ! 5CLOSURE MOVEM5TS ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY TURN$ ! ,5GLI% NOBILITY 9TO M]E AGRICULTURAL 5TREPR5EURS1 ! MANORIAL SOCIETY OV] :I* IT PRESID$ HAD AN AV[$LY PATRONAL *>ACT]4 ,:5 ! NOBILITY BEGAN TO BETRAY ITS TRADITIONAL YEOMAN CLI5TS BY REPLAC+ !M ) %EEP1 ! ,TUDOR MON>*S FROM ,H5RY TO ,ELIZABE? VIGOR\SLY S\<T TO >RE/ ?IS DEVELOPM5T & BECAME ! OBJECTS ( %>P OPPROBRIUM BY ! L&LORD & M]*ANT CLASSES ( ! TIME4 

,BY ! LATE EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ,5GL& HAD PLUMMET$ RECKLESSLY 9TO A BRUTALIZ+ 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY ?AT ADVANC$ T]RIBLY MEAG] E?ICAL CRIT]IA = ME*ANIZATION4 ,B5?AM1 AS NOT$ E>LI]1 ID5TIFI$ ! 0GOOD0 QUANTITATIVELY RA!R ?AN 9 T]MS ( AN ABID+ S5SE ( RI<T & WRONG4 ,ADAM ,SMI?1 9 MANY WAYS MORE ( A MORALI/ ?AN AN ECONOMI/1 SAW 0GOOD0 9 T]MS ( SELF-9T]E/ GOV]N$ BY A VAGUE 0RULE ( JU/ICE40 ,FROM AN E?ICAL VIEWPO9T1 ! DISPLAC$ YEOMANRY & ! NEW WORK+ CLASSES W]E SIMPLY AB&ON$ TO !IR FATE4 ,IF ! EM]G+ FACTORY SY/EM /UNT$ ITS HUMAN 0OP]ATIVES0 7TO USE ! LANGUAGE ( ! DAY7 -- IF IT %ORT5$ !IR LIVES APPALL+LY1 FO/]+ P&EMICS LIKE TUB]CULOSIS & *OL]A -- ! NEW ,5GLI% MANUFACTUR+ CLASS ADVANC$ NO WEI<TY E?ICAL IMP]ATIVES = ! HUMAN DISA/]S IT PRODUC$1 BEYOND SOME HAZY COMMITM5T TO 0PROGRESS40 ,! ,BRITI% RUL+ ELITE MAY HAVE BE5 SANCTIMONI\S1 BUT IT WAS (T5 BLISSFULLY LACK+ 9 HYPOCRISY1 AS ! WRIT+S ( ONE ( ITS GREATE/ !ORI/S1 ,DAVID ,RIC>DO1 HAS REVEAL$4 0,PROGRESS0 WAS UNABA%$LY ID5TIFI$ ) EGOTISM2 ! CLASSICAL IDEAL ( AUTONOMY & 9DEP5D5CE1 ) 0FREE COMPETITION40 ,5GLI% 9DU/RIALI/S W]E NEV] 9FUS$ ) A SPIRIT ( 0REPUBLICAN VIRTUE0 -- NOR1 = ?AT MATT]1 W]E ! IDEOLOGI/S ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 DESPITE ALL !IR MIMICK+ ( ,ROMAN PO/URES & PHRASEOLOGY4 ,NEI!R ,ADAM ,SMI? ON ONE SIDE ( ! ,*ANNEL NOR ,ROBESPI]RE ON ! O!R ID5TIFI$ !IR E?ICAL VIEWS ) ! EXI/5CE ( AN 9DEP5D5T YEOMAN CLASS :OSE CAPACITY = CITIZ5%IP WAS A FUNCTION ( !IR AUTONOMY4 ,BO? SPOKESM5 W]E ORI5T$ IDEOLOGICALLY T[>D VAGUE NOTIONS ( 0NATURAL LIB]TY0 ?AT F\ND !IR EXPRESSION 9 FRE$OM FROM GOV]NM5T 7,SMI?7 OR A 0TYRANNY ( FRE$OM0 7,R\SSEAU7 ?AT TOOK ! =M ( A HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ ,/ATE4 

,IT WAS ACTUALLY 9 ,AM]ICA -- & P]HAPS !RE ALONE -- ?AT REPUBLICAN VIRTUE MO/ CLOSELY APPROXIMAT$ ! CLASSICAL IDEAL4 ,A LIV+ F$]ALISM1 :I* WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DILUT$ UNTIL ! LATT] HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 PROVID$ ! SOIL = A /UNN+ V>IETY ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS & ECONOMIC RELATION%IPS4 ,TO BE SURE1 ?IS RI* GALAXY ( =MS 9CLUD$ ! SLAVOCRACY ( ! S\!RN /ATES1 9/ITUTIONS 7& IDEOLOGIES7 = ! G5OCIDAL OCCUPATION ( ,9DIAN L&S1 & A B>ELY CONCEAL$ SY/EM ( PEONAGE 9VOLV+ NOT ONLY 9D5TUR$ S]VITUDE DUR+ ! COLONIAL P]IOD BUT ! PLANTATION ECONOMY ?AT CAME ) ! EXPROPRIATION ( ,MEXICAN T]RITORIES4 ,BUT ,NEW ,5GL& POLITICAL LIFE WAS ORGANIZ$ >\ND ! FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY ( 0! T[N MEET+ & >\ND CONSID]ABLE C\NTY & /ATEWIDE AUTONOMY4 ,AN 9CR$IBLY LOOSE DEMOCRACY & MUTUALISM PREVAIL$ ALONG A FRONTI] ?AT WAS (T5 BEYOND ! REA* ( ! COMP>ATIVELY WEAK NATIONAL GOV]NM5T4 

,P]MEAT+ ?IS RELATIVELY DEMOCRATIC WORLD WAS AN 9T5SE REPUBLICAN IDEOLOGY ?AT PROVID$ ! E?ICAL CONTEXT ( ,AM]ICAN TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T = G5]ATIONS AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,AL?\< IT IS COMMONPLACE TO CITE ,JEFF]SON AS ?IS IDEOLOGY'S MO/ >TICULATE SPOKESMAN1 WE MU/ (T5 BE REM9D$ H[ CLOSELY HIS VIEWS APPROXIMAT$ ! CLASSICAL IDEAL & H[ DEEPLY !Y AFFECT$ ,AM]ICAN TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 ! FAM\S ,NOTES ON ! ,/ATE ( ,VIRG9IA ( #a#g#h#e1 ,JEFF]SON'S ASSOCIATION ( REPUBLICAN VIRTUE ) ! 0NATURAL >TS0 ( AGRICULTURE & AN AUTONOM\S YEOMAN CLASS READS LIKE A /RID5T PASSAGE FROM ,CIC]O'S ,DE ,(FICIIS3 

,?OSE :O LABOR 9 ! E>? >E ! *OS5 PEOPLE ( ,GOD1 IF EV] HE HAD A *OS5 PEOPLE1 :OSE BREA/S HE HAS MADE HIS PECULI> DEPOSIT = SUB/ANTIAL & G5U9E VIRTUE4 ,IT IS ! FOCUS 9 :I* HE KEEPS ALIVE ?AT SACR$ FIRE1 :I* O!RWISE MI<T ESCAPE FROM ! FACE ( ! E>?4 ,CORRUPTION ( MORALS 9 ! MASS ( CULTIVATORS IS A PHA5OM5ON ( :I* NO AGE NOR NATION HAS FURNI%$ AN EXAMPLE4 ,IT IS ! M>K SET ON ?OSE1 :O NOT LOOK+ UP TO HEAV51 TO !IR [N SOIL & 9DU/RY1 AS DOES ! HUSB&MAN1 = !IR SUBSI/5CE1 DEP5D = IT ON ! CASUALTIES & CAPRICE ( CU/OM]S4 ,DEP5D5CE BEGETS SUBS]VI5CE & V5ALITY1 SUFFOCATES ! G]M ( VIRTUE & PREP>ES FIT TOOLS = ! DESIGNS ( AMBITION4 

,JEFF]SON'S CONC]N = ! 9DEP5D5CE ( A REPUBLICAN BODY POLITIC R5D]S ?IS PASSAGE /RIK+LY UNIQUE4 ,EI<TE5?-C5TURY ,EUROPEAN POLITICAL ECONOMI/S LIKE ! ,PHYSIOCRATS HAD ALSO GIV5 PRIMACY TO ! 0NATURAL >TS10 NOTABLY TO AGRICULTURE OV] MANUFACTURES4 ,BUT !Y HAD DONE SO MORE AS A S\RCE ( WEAL? RA!R ?AN BECAUSE ( SOCIAL MORALITY4 ,JEFF]SON'S EMPHASIS ON AGRICULTURE IS L>GELY E?ICAL2 IT IS AN*OR$ NOT ONLY 9 ! VIRTUES ( HUSB&RY AS A TE*NICAL CALL+ BUT 9 ! F>M] AS AN 9DEP5D5T CITIZ54 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! 0MOBS ( ! GREAT CITIES0 >E CORRUPT$ BY !IR CLI5TAGE1 SELF-9T]E/1 & LASCIVI\S APPETITES4 ,!Y LACK ! 9DU/RY1 VIRTUE1 & MORAL COHESION ?AT IS NECESS>Y = FRE$OM & /ABLE REPUBLICAN 9/ITUTIONS4 

,NOR WAS ,JEFF]SON ALONE 9 ?IS E?ICAL /ANCE4 ,SIMIL> VIEWS W]E E*O$ 7AL?\< F> LESS F]V5TLY7 BY ,JOHN ,ADAMS AS E>LY AS ! #a#g#hS1 & EV5 BY ,B5JAM9 ,FRANKL91 :OSE FAVORABLE VIEW ( ! 0>TIFICIAL CRAFTS0 WAS ?AT ( A HI<LY URBANIZ$ REPUBLICAN >TISAN -- ( A PR9T] TURN$ PROPAG&I/4 ,= \R PURPOSES1 :AT MAKES ,JEFF]SON'S VIEWS UNIQUE IS ! EXT5T TO :I* HE EXALT$ ! VIRTUES ( NATURE AS SU*4 ,HE SPEAKS TO US NOT ONLY 9 ! TRADITIONAL LANGUAGE ( 0NATURAL LAW10 BUT 9 A MORE ES!TIC V]NACUL> ?AT REVEALS HIS APPRECIATION ( ! MUTUAL 5HANCEM5T ( ! NATURAL WORLD & LABOR4 ,! ,BIBLICAL 9JUNCTION ( H>D LABOR 9 ! FIELDS AS P5ANCE IS REPLAC$ BY AN ECOLOGICAL VISION ( VIRTU\S LABOR AS FRE$OM4 ,! HUSB&MAN 0LOOK+ UP TO HEAV50 OR D[N TO HIS 0[N SOIL0 IS ! IMAG]Y ( ECOLOGY1 NOT ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 

,BUT WE SOON 5C\NT] A REM>KABLE P>ADOX4 ,ONCE ?IS F]V5TLY REPUBLICAN TRADITION IS EXT5D$ BEYOND AN AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY PEOPL$ BY SELF-SUFFICI5T F>M]S1 IT CONTA9S ! SE$S = ITS [N NEGATION4 ,P]HAPS EV5 MORE /RIK+1 ?IS TRADITION PROVIDES A BASIS NOT ONLY = ! ABSORPTION ( ! 0NATURAL >TS0 BY ! 0>TIFICIAL CRAFTS0 BUT ALSO = ! TOTAL ME*ANIZATION ( P]SONAL & SOCIAL LIFE4 ,NEI!R ,JEFF]SON NOR ! AGR>IAN POPULI/S ( HIS DAY C\LD HAVE PREV5T$ ! GR[? ( MANUFACTURES 9 ! ,NEW ,WORLD1 NOR C\LD !Y PRES5T A /RONG IDEOLOGICAL CASE AGA9/ ! 9CREASE ( NONAGRICULTURAL PURSUITS4 ,9DE$1 ,JEFF]SON ! PRESID5T WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DIFF]5T FROM ,JEFF]SON ! AU?OR ( ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE4 ,IF ! VITALITY ( ! REPUBLIC1 CONCEIV$ AS A BODY POLITIC1 DEP5D$ UPON ! 9DEP5D5CE & AUTONOMY ( ITS YEOMANRY1 !N ! VITALITY ( ! REPUBLIC1 CONCEIV$ AS A NATION1 DEP5D$ UPON ! 9DEP5D5CE & AUTONOMY ( ITS ECONOMY4 ,AN AGR>IAN ,AM]ICA ?AT REQUIR$ 9DU/RIAL GOODS C\LD H>DLY HOPE TO RETA9 ITS REPUBLICAN 9TEGRITY IF IT REMA9$ A M]E CLI5T ( ,EUROPEAN 9DU/RY4 ,IT FOLL[$ LOGICALLY ?AT ,AM]ICA HAD TO DEVELOP ITS [N 9DU/RIAL BASE 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 ITS [N S5SE ( REPUBLICAN VIRTUE4 

,H]E LAY ! CONDITIONS = A SUPREMELY IRONIC DEVELOPM5T 9 ! RELATION ( E?ICS TO TE*NICS4 ,TO PRES]VE ITS SECUL> E?ICS1 ,AM]ICAN REPUBLICAN IDEOLOGY HAD TO ACCEPT A C\RSE ( TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT ?REAT5$ TO VITIATE ITS [N CLASSICAL PREMISES4 ,! NATION C\LD NOT BECOME AUTONOM\S )\T R5D]+ ITS [N BODY POLITIC ( SELF-SUFFICI5T YEOM5 9CREAS+LY HET]ONOM\S4 ,TO CEASE TO BE A CLI5T ( ,5GLI% 9DU/RY1 ,AM]ICA REQUIR$ AN 9DU/RY ( ITS [N ) ITS CONSEQU5T RATIONALIZATION ( LABOR & ITS USE ( SCI5TIFIC PR9CIPLES TO DEVISE SOPHI/ICAT$ 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION4 ,JEFF]SON HAD NEV] SE5 ,5GLI% FACTORY T[NS & ! SQUALOR !Y PRODUC$2 HIS UNRULY URBAN 0MOBS0 W]E L>GELY >TISANS & SMALL RETAIL]S4 ,YET EV5 ?IS MODE/ LEVEL ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T SUFFIC$ TO DISQUIET HIM4 ,! EM]G5CE ( ! FACTORY RAIS$ EV5 MORE ?UND]+ PROBLEMS4 ,VISITORS TO ,5GL& DUR+ ! FIR/ HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY RETURN$ TO !IR RESPECTIVE HOMEL&S ) HORR5D\S ACC\NTS ( ! FIL?1 ! DISEASE1 & ! DEMORALIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASSES ?AT ACCOMPANI$ ! NEW 9DU/RIAL SY/EM4 ,9 ! #a#h#cS1 ,DE ,TOCQUEVILLE TOLD ! ,FR5* AB\T ,MAN*E/]1 ?IS 0NEW ,HADES10 ) ITS 0HEAPS ( DUNG1 RUBBLE FROM BUILD+S1 PUTRID /AGNANT POOLS 4 4 4 ! NOISE ( FURNACES1 ! :I/LE ( /EAM0 & ! 0VA/ /RUCTURES0 5%R\D$ 9 0BLACK SMOKE0 ?AT 0KEEP AIR & LI<T \T ( ! HUMAN HABITATIONS :I* !Y DOM9ATE40 ,A DECADE LAT]1 ,5GELS GAVE ! ,G]MANS AN EV5 MORE DETAIL$1 VIVID ACC\NT ( ,5GL&'S *IEF 9DU/RIAL CITY4 ,/ILL ANO!R DECADE LAT]1 ,DICK5S DESCRIB$ ! SITUATION TO HIS MORE =TUNATE C\NTRYM5 9 ! WELL-TO-DO P>TS ( ! C\NTRY4 

,TO BUILD A L>GE FACTORY COMPLEX 9 ! NEW ,UNIT$ ,/ATES MEANT LITTLE MORE ?AN TO PLACE CLASSICAL REPUBLICAN E?ICS ON ! RACK4 ,H[ C\LD ,YANKEE M]*ANT-5TREPR5EURS1 :OSE P>5TS & GR&P>5TS HAD PRESUMABLY RISK$ !IR LIVES & =TUNES = ! REPUBLICAN IDEAL1 HOPE TO DECORATE A RELATIVELY SOPHI/ICAT$ 9DU/RIAL SY/EM ) ! G>L&S ( REPUBLICAN VIRTUE8 ,! IDEAL ITSELF HAD TO BE MODIFI$ )\T OV]LY ABUS+ ITS =M1 :I* ITSELF HAD TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY ALT]$ )\T SEEM+ TO LOSE ITS SURFACE ATTRIBUTES4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! CONC]N = ! AUTONOMY ( ! BODY POLITIC ) ITS WORLD ( FREE F>M]S HAD TO BE TRANSF]R$ TO A CONC]N = ! AUTONOMY ( ! NATION ) ITS WORLD ( FREE 5TREPR5EURS4 ,?IS PROBLEM WAS TO BECOME A C5TRAL !ME ( ,AM]ICAN SOCIAL LIFE = MORE ?AN A C5TURY AFT] ,JEFF]SON'S DEA?4 ,IT RECURS TO ?IS DAY AS A CULTURAL REFLEX AGA9/ AN 9CREAS+LY C5TRALIZ$ & BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETY4 

,REPUBLICAN VIRTUE VIEW$ AS A HUMAN GOOD HAD TO BE DEP]SONALIZ$1 G5]ALIZ$1 & F9ALLY OBJECTIFI$ 9TO REPUBLICAN VIRTUE VIEW$ AS AN 9/ITUTIONAL GOOD4 ,?IS *ANGE 9 EMPHASIS WAS DECISIVE4 ,:]E ,JEFF]SON HAD PLAC$ ! LOCUS ( HIS E?ICS 9 A FAMILY-WORK$ F>M1 9DEP5D5T & /RONG 9 ITS COMMITM5T TO 9DEP5D5CE1 ! NEW M]*ANT-5TREPR5EURS PLAC$ ! LOCUS ( !IR E?ICS 9 AN 9DU/RIAL COMMUNITY WORK$ BY HIR$1 ROBOTIZ$ H&S4 ,! AUTONOMY ( ,! ,REPUBLIC1 9 EFFECT1 WAS PUR*AS$ AT ! EXP5SE ( ITS REPUBLICANS4 ,?IS %REWD DEHUMANIZATION ( E?ICS 9TO A M]E /RATAGEM = MAT]IAL GA9 ASSUM$ A HI<LY S9I/] =M4 ,IF ,! ,REPUBLIC N[ BEGAN TO SUPPLANT ITS REPUBLICANS1 ITS S5SE ( 0VIRTUE0 P]SI/$ -- BUT N[ AS A DISCIPL9E RA!R ?AN AS AN IDEAL4 

,AS ,JOHN ,F4 ,KASSON HAS NOT$ 9 AN EXCELL5T /UDY ( TE*NOLOGY & ,AM]ICAN REPUBLICAN VALUES1 A DECISIVE /EP 9 A*IEV+ ?IS %IFT 9 EMPHASIS OCCURR$ 9 ! #a#h#bS1 :5 A GR\P ( ,BO/ON M]*ANT-5TREPR5EURS BUILT ! E>LIE/ ,AM]ICAN 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX AT :AT WAS TO BE CALL$ ,L[ELL1 ,MASSA*USETTS4 ,FRANCIS ,CABOT ,L[ELL1 :O CONCEIV$ ?IS TEXTILE MANUFACTUR+ COMPLEX & PROVID$ IT PO/HUM\SLY ) HIS NAME1 ALSO FURNI%$ IT ) ITS E?ICAL RATIONALE1 ITS 9ITIAL DESIGN1 & ITS UBIQUIT\S CRIT]IA ( DISCIPL9E4 ,AS ,KASSON OBS]VES1 

,PREVI\S ,AM]ICAN FACTORY SETTLEM5TS HAD RETA9$ ! ,5GLI% SY/EM ( HIR+ :OLE FAMILIES1 (T5 9CLUD+ S*OOL-AGE *ILDR54 ,L[ELL & HIS ASSOCIATES OPPOS$ ! IDEA ( A LONG-T]M RESID5TIAL =CE ?AT MI<T LEAD TO AN 5TR5*$ PROLET>IAT4 ,!Y PLANN$ TO HIRE AS !IR MA9 WORK+ =CE Y\NG S+LE WOM5 FROM ! SURR\ND+ >EA = A FEW YE>S APIECE4 ,= A ROTAT+ =CE SU* AS ?IS1 WOM5 W]E AN OBVI\S *OICE4 ,ABLE-BODI$ M5 C\LD BE ATTRACT$ FROM F>M+ ONLY ) DIFFICULTY1 & !IR HIR+ W\LD RAISE FE>S ?AT ! NATION MI<T LOSE H] AGR>IAN *>ACT] & PROMOTE RESI/ANCE TO MANUFACTURES4 ,WOM51 ON ! O!R H&1 HAD TRADITIONALLY S]V$ AS SP9N]S & WEAV]S :5 TEXTILES HAD BE5 PRODUC$ 9 ! HOME1 & !Y CON/ITUT$ AN IMPORTANT P>T ( ! FAMILY ECONOMY4 

,H]E1 PIETY & PA/ORALISM =M$ A P]FECT FIT ) PR(IT & PRODUCTIVITY4 ,! WOM5 W]E EXPECT$ TO BE DOCILE4 ,RAIS$ 9 A ,PURITAN TRADITION ?AT PREA*$ A MESSAGE ( SELF-DISCIPL9E1 H>D WORK1 OB$I5CE1 & SALVATION1 !IR S5SE ( VIRTUE WAS HOME-BR$ & M]ELY REQUIR$ PAT]NAL SURVEILLANCE4 ,ON ?IS SCORE1 ! ,L[ELL MILL-[N]S US$ !IR CONCEPT ( REPUBLICAN IDEALS 9 AN UNPREC$5T$LY EXPANSIVE MANN]3 ! FACTORY SY/EM'S DEM&S = ORD] & HI]>*Y W]E 9TRODUC$ 9TO EV]Y ASPECT ( ! EMPLOYEE'S LIV+ SITUATION4 

,! FIR/ MANUFACTUR+ COMPLEX1 :I* OP5$ 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#h#b#c1 CONSI/$ ( SIX FACTORY BUILD+S 0GR\P$ 9 A SPACI\S QUADRANGLE BORD]+ ! RIV] & L&SCAP$ ) FL[]S1 TREES1 & %RUBS40 ,! GRE5]Y ?AT SURR\ND$ ,L[ELL & ITS BUILD+S NOT ONLY IMP>T$ ! APPROPRIATE PA/ORAL SETT+ = A CLASSICAL REPUBLICAN COMMUNITY BUT ALSO 9SULAT$ ITS EMPLOYES FROM L>GE T[NS ) !IR UNRULY 0MOBS0 & 9SIDI\S POLITICAL IDEAS4 ,! FACTORY BUILD+S1 9 TURN1 W]E DOM9AT$ BY A C5TRAL MILL1 CR[N$ ) A ,GEORGIAN CUPOLA4 ,MADE ( BRICK1 ) FLAT1 PLA9 WALLS1 & :ITE GRANITE L9TELS ABOVE EA* W9D[ SPACE1 ! FACTORIES PRES5T$ A NEAT1 ORD]LY1 & EFFICI5T APPE>ANCE1 :I* SYMBOLIZ$ ! 9/ITUTION'S GOALS & W\LD BE EMULAT$ BY MANY ( ! P5IT5TI>IES1 9SANE ASYLUMS1 ORPHANAGES1 & RE=MATORIES ( ! P]IOD4 ,BEYOND ! C\NT+ H\SE AT ! 5TRANCE TO ! MILL Y>D /RET*$ ! COMPANY DORMITORIES4 ,!IR >RANGEM5T REFLECT$ A ,F$]ALI/ IMAGE ( PROP] SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,! FACTORY POPULATION ( ,L[ELL WAS RIGIDLY DEF9$ 9TO F\R GR\PS & !IR HI]>*Y WAS IMMUTABLY PRES]V$ 9 ! T[N'S >*ITECTURE4 

,A ,GEORGIAN MANSION DIRECTLY BEL[ ! ORIG9AL FACTORY 9 ,L[ELL SYMBOLIZ$ ! AU?ORITY ( ! COMPLEX'S MANAG]4 ,B5EA? ! COMPANY'S AG5T /OOD ! OV]SE]S1 :O LIV$ 9 SIMPLE YET SUB/ANTIAL QU>T]S AT ! 5DS ( ! R[S ( BO>D+H\SES :]E ! OP]ATIVES RESID$1 ?US PROVID+ A SECOND>Y MEASURE ( SURVEILLANCE4 ,9 ! BO>D+H\SES !MSELVES LIV$ ! FEMALE WORK]S :O \TNUMB]$ MALE EMPLOYES ?REE TO ONE4 ,ORIG9ALLY !SE AP>TM5TS W]E CON/RUCT$ 9 R[S ( D\BLE H\SES1 AT LEA/ ?IRTY GIRLS TO A UNIT1 ) 9T]V5+ /RIPS ( LAWN4 

,LAT]1 AS ! COMPANY EXP&$1 ! AP>TM5TS W]E /RUNG TOGE!R1 0BLOCK+ BO? LI<T & AIR4 ,!SE QU>T]S W]E 9T5D$ TO S]VE 9T5TIONALLY AS DORMITORIES & (F]$ FEW AM5ITIES BEYOND D9+ ROOMS & B$ROOMS1 EA* ( ! LATT] %>$ BY AS MANY AS SIX OR EI<T GIRLS1 TWO TO A B$40 

,AL?\< ,L[ELL'S TEXTILE TE*NOLOGY BELONGS TO ! BEG9N+S ( ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM1 ITS OBSESSIVE CONC]N ) SURVEILLANCE & DISCIPL9E WAS E]ILY 9 ADVANCE ( ITS TIME4 ,IT REVEALS ) />TL+ CL>ITY ! IMPLICATIONS ( ! FACTORY AS A UNIQUE =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION -- AN ISSUE ?AT ONLY REC5TLY HAS COME TO ! =EGR\ND ( 9/ITUTIONAL DISC\RSE4 ,L[ELL DID NOT M]ELY EXPLOIT ITS WORK]S2 IT S\<T TO TOTALLY RECONDITION !M4 ,ITS SURVEILLANCE SY/EM MAY SEEM P>TICUL>LY CRUDE TODAY1 BUT AT ! TIME IT WAS HI<LY EFFECTIVE 9 RE%AP+ ! V]Y \TLOOK ( NAIVE C\NTRY FOLK3 

,! FACTORY AS A :OLE WAS GOV]N$ BY ! SUP]9T5D5T1 HIS (FICE /RATEGICALLY PLAC$ BETWE5 ! BO>D+H\SES & ! MILLS AT ! 5TRANCE TO ! MILL Y>D4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T1 AS ONE SPOKESMAN 5?USIA/ICALLY REPORT$1 HIS 0M9D REGULATES ALL2 HIS *>ACT] 9SPIRES ALL2 HIS PLANS1 MATUR$ & DECID$ BY ! DIRECTORS ( ! COMPANY1 :O VISIT HIM EV]Y WEEK1 CONTROL ALL40 ,B5EA? HIS WAT*FUL EYE 9 EA* ROOM ( ! FACTORY1 AN OV]SE] /OOD RESPONSIBLE = ! WORK1 CONDUCT1 & PROP] MANAGEM5T ( ! OP]ATIVES !RE9 4 4 4 4 ,9 ADDITION 4 4 4 CORPORATE AU?ORITIES RELI$ UPON ! FACTORY GIRLS TO ACT AS MORAL POLICE OV] ONE ANO!R4 ,! IDEAL1 AS DESCRIB$ BY AN UN(FICIAL SPOKESMAN ( ! CORPORATION1 REPRES5T$ A TYRANNY ( ! MAJORITY ?AT W\LD HAVE MADE ,DE ,TOCQUEVILLE %UDD]4 

,!ORETICALLY1 AT LEA/1 ! M]E SUSPICION ( MORAL & BEHAVIORAL IMPROPRIETIES L$ TO O/RACISM UNTIL ! SUSPECT$ OP]ATIVE1 %UNN$ BY H] C[ORK]S ON ! /REETS ( ! T[N1 ON ! JOB1 & 9 ! BO>D+H\SE1 WAS R$UC$ TO AN \TCA/4 ,EV5TUALLY1 ! VICTIM ( ?IS UNREL5T+ SOCIAL PRESSURE W\LD BE =C$ TO LEAVE ! COMMUNITY4 

,IT W\LD BE SIMPLI/IC TO DISMISS ,L[ELL AS AN 9DU/RIAL P5IT5TI>Y1 A BLI<T AMONG MANY ?AT M>K$ ! ONSET ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION 9 ,AM]ICA4 ,AS ) ! FACTORY SY/EM 9 ,5GL&1 ONE ( ! PRIM>Y FUNCTIONS ( SU* HI<LY SUP]VIS$ WORK+ CONDITIONS WAS TO REGUL>IZE LABOR1 TO /&>DIZE IT1 & TO GOV]N ITS RHY?MS BY ! TICK ( ! CLOCK & ! TEMPO ( ! MA*9E4 ,BUT ,L[ELL WAS ALSO A UNIQUELY ,AM]ICAN PH5OM5ON4 ,IDEOLOGICALLY1 IT HAD BE5 RE>$ ON ! BASIS ( A DI/9CT REPUBLICAN E?IC ?AT RELAT$ TE*NICS TO L(TY CONCEPTS ( CITIZ5%IP4 ,9 PRACTICE1 H[EV]1 IT DRAMATICALLY DEMON/RAT$ H[ E?ICS C\LD BE DISMEMB]$ BY TE*NOLOGY -- 9DE$1 ABSORB$ 9TO IT4 ,VALUES ?AT HAD /EMM$ FROM A LONG TRADITION ( HUMAN RATIONALITY BECAME NOT ONLY DEHUMANIZ$ BUT ALSO RATIONALIZ$1 NOT ONLY 9/RUM5TS 9 ! S]VICE ( 9DU/RIAL EXPLOITATION BUT ALSO S\RCES ( SOCIAL REGIM5TATION4 

,F> FROM BE+ A PHASE 9 E>LY 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T LIKE ! UNFEEL+ FACTORY T[N ( ,MAN*E/]1 ,L[ELL WAS 9 MANY WAYS F> AHEAD ( ITS TIME4 ,AS E>LY AS ! #a#h#bS1 :5 SMALL-SCALE AGRICULTURE & FAMILY-TYPE >TISAN%IP W]E /ILL PR$OM9ANT 9 ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY1 AN 9DU/RIAL 5TITY HAD EM]G$ ?AT1 9 ! V]Y NAME ( DOME/IC REPUBLICAN IDEALS1 ?OR\<LY 9DU/RIALIZ$ EV]Y DETAIL ( A COMMUNITY'S P]SONAL LIFE4 ,L[ELL HAD CREAT$ NOT ONLY A SOCIETY ( 0>TIFICIAL CRAFTS0 BUT ALSO A COSMOS ( 9DU/RIAL HI]>*Y & DISCIPL9E4 ,NO?+ WAS SP>$ FROM !SE 9DU/RIAL ATTRIBUTES -- NOT DRESS1 FOOD1 5T]TA9M5T1 READ+ MATT]1 LEISURE TIME1 SEXUALITY1 OR DEMEANOR4 ,AS ,KASSON NOTES1 ! CUPOLAS :I* CR[N$ ,L[ELL'S MILLS W]E NOT SIMPLY ORNAM5TAL2 !IR BELLS 9SI/5TLY REM9D$ WORK]S ?AT TIME WAS MONEY4 ,OP]ATIVES WORK$ A SIX-DAY WEEK1 APPROXIMATELY TWELVE H\RS A DAY1 & BELLS TOLL$ !M AWAKE & TO !IR JOBS 7LAT5ESS WAS SEV]ELY PUNI%$71 TO & FROM MEALS1 CURFEW1 & B$4 

,AL?\< ,L[ELL WAS TO FADE AWAY AS A MODEL 9DU/RIAL COMMUNITY1 ITS LEGACY NEV] DISAPPE>$4 ,SU* A HI<LY REGULAT$ WORLD DID NOT REAPPE> 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES UNTIL ! #a#i#eS1 ALBEIT 9 ! PA/EL COLORS FAVOR$ BY SOCIAL 5G9E]S & RE9=C$ LESS BY BRUTE SURVEILLANCE ?AN BY ! SUBTLE >TS ( 9DU/RIAL PSY*OLOGY4 ,BUT !SE NEW TE*NIQUES W]E EFFECTIVE BECAUSE ,L[ELL & ITS SUCCESSORS HAD DONE !IR JOB WELL4 ,! DISSOCIATION ( TRADITIONAL REPUBLICAN E?ICS FROM TE*NICS WAS COMPLETE4 ,BY ! #a#i#eS1 ! FACTORY SY/EM & M>KET HAD BEGUN TO 9VADE ! LA/ BA/IONS ( PRIVATE LIFE & HAD COLONIZ$ P]SONALITY ITSELF4 ,NO OV]SE]S & SUP]9T5D5TS W]E NE$$ TO P]=M ?IS TASK4 ,RE9=C$ BY RATIONALITY AS A MODE ( 9/RUM5TALISM & SCI5CE AS A VALUE-FREE DISCIPL9E1 ! ,L[ELLS ( \R [N ]A HAVE CEAS$ TO BE AN EXTR9SIC FEATURE ( SOCIAL ME*ANIZATION4 ,!Y >OSE IMMAN5TLY FROM ! FACTORY SY/EM AS A WAY ( LIFE & ! M>KETPLACE AS ! MODE ( HUMAN CONSOCIATION4 ,TE*NICS NO LONG] HAD TO PRET5D ?AT IT HAD AN E?ICAL CONTEXT2 IT HAD BECOME ! 0VITAL SP>K0 ( SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,9 ! FACE ( ?IS MASSIVE DEVELOPM5T1 NO PRIVATE REFUGE WAS AVAILABLE1 NO T[N OR FRONTI] TO :I* ONE C\LD FLEE1 NO COTTAGE TO :I* ONE C\LD RETREAT4 ,MANAGEM5T CEAS$ TO BE A =M ( ADM9I/RATION & LIT]ALLY BECAME A WAY ( LIFE4 ,IRONICALLY1 REPUBLICAN VIRTUE WAS NOT COMPLETELY DISC>D$2 IT WAS SIMPLY TRANSMUT$ FROM AN IDEAL 9TO A TE*NIQUE4 ,AUTONOMY WAS REWORK$ TO MEAN COMPETITION1 9DIVIDUALITY TO MEAN EGOTISM1 =TITUDE TO MEAN MORAL 9DIFF]5CE1 5T]PRISE TO MEAN ! PURSUIT ( PR(IT1 & F$]ALISM TO MEAN FREE TRADE4 ,! E?IC SPAWN$ BY ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION WAS SIMPLY EVISC]AT$1 LEAV+ BEH9D A HOLL[ %ELL = C]EMONIAL EXPLOITATION4 ,AS IT TURN$ \T1 IT WAS NOT ! HIDE\S SQUALOR ( A ,MAN*E/] ?AT PLAC$ A LA/+ IMPR9T ON ! 9DU/RIAL AGE BUT ! CL9ICAL SOPHI/ICATION ( BUREAUCRATIC DISEMP[]M5T & M$IA MANIPULATION4 

,:AT IS MO/ *ILL+ AB\T ! AMBIGUITIES ( FRE$OM -- ( REASON1 SCI5CE1 & TE*NICS -- IS ?AT WE N[ TAKE !IR EXI/5CE = GRANT$4 ,WE HAVE BE5 TAU<T TO REG>D !SE AMBIGUITIES AS P>T ( ! HUMAN CONDITION1 ) ! RESULT ?AT !Y M]ELY COEXI/ ) EA* O!R RA!R ?AN CONFRONT EA* O!R4 ,WE >E BECOM+ DEAD5$ TO ! CONTRADICTIONS !Y POSE1 !IR RELATION%IP TO EA* O!R 9 CONTEMPOR>Y LIFE & ! HI/ORY ( IDEAS1 & ! H>% LOGIC ?AT MU/ EV5TUALLY ASS]T ITSELF :5 ONE ELEM5T ( !SE AMBIGUITIES ASS]TS ITSELF OV] ! O!R4 ,\R 9TELLECTUAL NEUTRALITY T[>D REASON & RATIONALISM1 SCI5CE & SCI5TISM1 & E?ICS & TE*NICS CREATES NOT ONLY CONFUSION AB\T ! NOTION ( P>ADOX AS SU*1 BUT ALSO A MISBEGOTT5 0FRE$OM0 TO ALT]NATE FLIPPANTLY BETWE5 BO? SIDES ( ! AMBIGUITY -- OR WORSE YET1 TO M9DLESSLY OCCUPY UTT]LY CONFLICT+ POSITIONS SIMULTANE\SLY4 

,! SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ( \R TIME WILL NOT ALL[ US TO DELAY 9DEF9ITELY 9 =MULAT+ A S\ND \TLOOK & PRACTICE4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL ELEM5TS ( !SE AMBIGUITIES ( FRE$OM HAVE ACQUIR$ A LIFE ( !IR [N1 ALL ! MORE BECAUSE \R NEUTRALITY FO/]S AB/5TION & )DRAWAL4 ,! CONT9U+ SUB/ITUTION ( RATIONALISM = REASON1 ( SCI5TISM = SCI5CE1 & ( TE*NICS = E?ICS ?REAT5S TO REMOVE \R V]Y S5SE ( ! PROBLEMS ?AT EXI/1 NOT TO SPEAK ( \R ABILITY TO RESOLVE !M4 ,A LOOK AT TE*NICS ALONE REVEALS ?AT ! C> IS RAC+ AT AN 9CREAS+ PACE1 ) NOBODY 9 ! DRIV]'S SEAT4 ,ACCORD+LY1 COMMITM5T & 9SI<T HAVE NEV] BE5 MORE NE$$ ?AN !Y >E TODAY4 ,:E!R OR NOT ! TIME IS TOO LATE ,I WILL NOT V5TURE TO SAY2 NEI!R PESSIMISM NOR OPTIMISM HAVE ANY MEAN+ 9 ! FACE ( ! COMM&+ IMP]ATIVES ?AT CONFRONT US4 ,:AT MU/ BE UND]/OOD IS ?AT ! AMBIGUITIES ( FRE$OM >E NOT 9TRACTABLE PROBLEMS -- ?AT !RE >E WAYS ( RESOLV+ !M4 

,! RECON/RUCTION ( REASON AS AN 9T]PRETATION ( ! WORLD MU/ BEG9 ) A REVIEW ( ! MOD]N PREMISES ( RATIONALISM -- ITS COMMITM5T TO 9SI<T ?R\< OPPOSITION4 ,?IS OPPOSITIONAL COMMITM5T1 COMMON TO OBJECTIVE & SUBJECTIVE REASON ALIKE1 CA/S ALL 0O!RNESS0 9 /R+5TLY ANTI!TICAL T]MS4 ,UND]/&+ AS SU* DEP5DS UPON \R ABILITY TO CONTROL :AT IS TO BE UND]/OOD -- OR1 MORE RADICALLY1 TO CONQU] IT1 SUBJUGATE IT1 EFFACE IT1 OR ABSORB IT4 ,LIKE ! ,M>XIAN VISION ( LABOR1 REASON IS SAID TO E/ABLI% ITS V]Y ID5TITY ?R\< ITS P[]S ( NEGATIVITY & SOV]EIGNTY4 ,AN ACTIVI/IC RATIONALISM ( ! K9D SO 5DE>+ TO BO? ,G]MAN IDEALISM & ,AM]ICAN PRAGMATISM IS A RATIONALISM ( CONQUE/1 NOT ( RECONCILIATION2 ( 9TELLECTUAL PR$ATION1 NOT ( 9TELLECTUAL SYMBIOSIS4 ,?AT !RE >E PH5OM5A 9 \R WORLD ?AT MU/ BE CONQU]$1 9DE$1 DISGORG$ -- = EXAMPLE1 DOM9ATION1 EXPLOITATION1 RULE1 CRUELTY1 & 9DIFF]5CE TO SUFF]+ -- NE$S H>DLY TO BE EMPHASIZ$4 ,BUT ?AT 0O!RNESS0 P] SE IS 9TR9SICALLY COMPREH5D$ 9 OPPOSITIONAL T]MS ALSO BIASES ?AT COMPREH5SION 9 ! DIRECTION ( 9/RUM5TALISM1 = HIDD5 )9 A DIALECTIC ( /RICT NEGATIVITY >E ! PHILOSOPHICAL TRICKS = US+ P[] AS A PR$OM9ANT MODE ( COMPREH5SION4 

,JU/ AS WE CAN JU/IFIABLY DI/+UI% BETWE5 AN AU?ORIT>IAN & A LIB]T>IAN TE*NICS1 SO TOO CAN WE DI/+UI% BETWE5 AU?ORIT>IAN & LIB]T>IAN MODES ( REASON4 ,?IS DI/9CTION IS NO LESS DECISIVE = ?\<T & ITS HI/ORY ?AN IT IS = TE*NOLOGY4 ,! CREATIVELY REPRODUCTIVE =M WE WI% TO IMP>T TO A NEW ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY REQUIRES ! M$IATION ( A LIB]T>IAN REASON1 ONE ?AT BE>S WITNESS TO ! SYMBIOTIC ANIMISM ( E>LY PRELIT]ATE S5SIBILITIES )\T BECOM+ CAPTIVE TO ITS MY?S & SELF-DECEPTIONS4 ,EV5 ?\< ANIMALS HAVE NOT BE5 P]SUAD$ BY RITUALS & C]EMONIALS TO SEEK \T ! HUNT]1 WE W\LD DO WELL TO RESPECT ! ANIMALS & PLANTS WE CONSUME BY US+ AN ETIQUETTE1 P]HAPS EV5 C]EMONIES1 ?AT ACKN[L$GE !IR 9TEGRITY & SUBJECTIVITY AS LIV+ BE+S4 ,= H]E NATURE HAS (F]$ UP A SACRIFICE TO US ?AT DEM&S SOME K9D ( RECOMP5SE 9 TURN -- EV5 AN ES!TIC ONE4 ,NOR >E WE ALONE ! P>TICIPANTS & AUDI5CE = ?AT C]EMONIAL2 LIFE SURR\NDS US EV]Y:]E &1 9 ITS [N WAY1 BE>S WITNESS TO \RS4 ,\R HABITAT1 9 EFFECT1 IS NOT M]ELY A PLACE 9 :I* WE HAPP5 TO LIVE2 IT IS ALSO A =M ( NATURAL CONSCI5CE4 

,! SYMBIOTIC RATIONALITY ,I HAVE CALL$ LIB]T>IAN IS A UBIQUIT\S PRES5CE1 A S5SIBILITY1 A /ATE ( M9D1 NOT M]ELY A C]EBRAL S]IES ( ?\<TS4 ,TO H>VE/ LIFE & FE$ ON IT UN?9K+LY IS TO DIM9I% ! S5SE ( LIFE )9 US AS WELL AS ! REALITY ( LIFE >\ND US4 ,D5I$ ITS ES!TICS & C]EMONIALS1 AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY BECOMES A M]E PRET5SE AT :AT WE SO FLIPPANTLY CALL 0ECOLOGICAL ?9K+10 OR 7TO USE ! SLEAZY =MULA ( ONE PROM95T 5VIRONM5TALISM7 ! NOTION ?AT !RE IS NO 0FREE LUN*0 9 NATURE4 ,LIB]T>IAN RATIONALITY DOES NOT 9CLUDE 0LUN*ES0 OR 0SNACKS0 9 ITS VISION ( ECOLOGICAL BALANCE4 ,IT IS A R$EF9ITION ( 0O!RNESS0 NOT SIMPLY AS A 0?\10 BUT AS ! V]Y WAY BY :I* WE RELATE TO BE+S AP>T FROM \RSELVES4 ,\R APPROA* TO ALL ! P>TICUL>S ?AT CON/ITUTE NATURE IS AS 9TR9SIC TO A LIB]T>IAN RATIONALITY AS ! IMAGES WE =M ( !M 9 \R M9DS4 ,H5CE IT IS A PRACTICE AS WELL AS AN \TLOOK4 ,H[ WE TILL ! SOIL OR PLANT & H>VE/ ITS PRODUCE -- 9DE$1 H[ WE WALK ACROSS A MEAD[ OR ?R\< A =E/ -- IS COEXT5SIVE ) ! RATIONALITY WE BR+ TO ! 5VIRONM5TS WE >E TRY+ TO COMPREH5D4 

,! 0O!R10 TO BE SURE1 IS NEV] US4 ,IT IS AP>T FROM US JU/ AS SURELY AS WE >E AP>T FROM IT4 ,9 WE/]N PHILOSOPHY1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ITS ,HEGELIAN =MS1 ?IS FACT HAS 9EXORABLY LOCK$ 0O!RNESS0 AS SU* 9TO V>I\S CONCEPTS ( ALI5ATION4 ,LEAV+ ,HEGELIAN 9T]PRET]S ASIDE1 H[EV]1 ANY S]I\S READ+ ( ,HEGEL'S WORKS REVEALS ?AT HE WAS NEV] FULLY COM=TABLE ) HIS [N NOTION ( ! 0O!R40 ,ALI5ATION CONCEIV$ AS ,5TAUSS]UNG IS NOT SIMIL> TO ALI5ATION CONCEIV$ AS ,SELB/5TAUSS]UNG4 ,! =M]1 FAVOR$ BY ,M>X1 VIEWS 0O!RNESS0 -- SPECIFICALLY1 ! PRODUCTS ( HUMAN LABOR -- AS AN ANTAGONI/IC MODE ( OBJECTIFICATION ?AT ASS]TS ITSELF ABOVE & AGA9/ ! WORK]4 ,BY NO MEANS DOES ,M>X CONF9E ,5TAUSS]UNG TO CAPITALISM2 IT ALSO EM]GES 9 HUMANITY'S 9T]C\RSE ) NATURE S9CE1 UND] NATURAL CONDITIONS1 EV5 COOP]ATIVE LABOR1 9 ,M>X'S VIEW1 0IS NOT VOLUNT>Y BUT NATURAL1 NOT AS .<! WORK]S'.> UNIT$ P[]1 BUT AS AN ALI5 =CE EXI/+ \TSIDE !M 4 4 4 & :I* !Y !RE=E CANNOT CONTROL1 BUT :I* ON ! CONTR>Y1 PASSES ?R\< ITS [N P[] S]IES ( PHASES & /AGES1 9DEP5D5T ( MAN1 EV5 APPE>+ TO GOV]N HIS WILL & ACTION40 ,H5CE ,5TAUSS]UNG 9 ! ANTAGONI/IC S5SE ( 0E/RANGEM5T0 IS COEXT5SIVE ) HUMANITY'S 0EMB$D$NESS0 9 NATURE -- ANO!R EXAMPLE ( ,M>X'S ATROCI\S MISREAD+S ( 0SAVAGE0 SOCIETY -- & CAN BE ANNULL$ ONLY BY ITS CONQUE/ ( NATURE4 

,9 ,HEGEL'S MATURE ONTOLOGY1 ALI5ATION AS 0O!RNESS0 IS ! ,SELB/5TAUSS]UNG1 OR 0SELF-DETA*M5T10 ( ,SPIRIT -- ! UNFOLD+ CONCRETIZATION ( ITS POT5TIALITIES 9TO SELF-CONSCI\SNESS4 ,SELF-DETA*M5T IS NOT COMMITT$ TO ANTAGONISM AS MU* AS IT IS TO :OL5ESS1 FULLNESS1 & COMPLET5ESS4 ,AL?\< ,HEGEL'S EMPHASIS ON NEGATIVITY CAN NEV] BE D5I$1 HE REPEAT$LY WEAK5S ITS ASP]ITY -- = EXAMPLE1 9 HIS VISION ( 0TRUE LOVE40 0,9 LOVE ! SEP>ATE DOES /ILL REMA910 HE WROTE 9 HIS Y\?FUL YE>S1 0BUT AS SOME?+ UNIT$ & NO LONG] AS SOME?+ SEP>ATE2 LIFE 79 ! SUBJECT7 S5SES LIFE 79 ! OBJECT740 ,?IS S5SE ( DETA*M5T AS A UNITY 9 DIV]SITY RUNS ?R\< ! 5TIRE ,HEGELIAN DIALECTIC AS C]TA9LY AS DOES ITS SWEEP+ SPIRIT ( ANTI!SIS4 ,HEGEL'S CONCEPT ( TRANSC5D5CE 7AUFHEBUNG7 NEV] ADVANCES A NOTION ( \TRI<T ANNIHILATION4 ,ITS NEGATIVITY CONSI/S ( ANNULL+ ! 0O!R0 9 ORD] TO ABSORB IT 9TO A MOVEM5T T[>D A RI*LY V>IEGAT$ COMPLET5ESS4 

,BUT ,HEGEL'S NOTION ( ALI5ATION IS /RICTLY !ORETICAL4 ,IF WE REMA9 ) HIM TOO LONG1 WE RISK TRY+ TO EXPLORE DIFF]5T =MS ( REASON 9 PURELY SPECULATIVE T]MS4 ,REASON1 AS ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$1 HAS ITS [N NATURAL & SOCIAL HI/ORY ?AT PROVIDES A BETT] MEANS ( RESOLV+ ITS P>ADOXES ?AN DOES A /RICTLY 9TELLECTUAL /RATEGY4 ,IT ALSO HAS ITS [N AN?ROPOLOGY1 :I* REVEALS AN APPROA* TO 0O!RNESS0 ?AT IS BAS$ MORE ON SYMBIOSIS & CONCILIATION ?AN DETA*M5T & OPPOSITION4 ,! =MATION ( ! HUMAN M9D IS 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! SOCIALIZATION ( HUMAN NATURE AT BIR? & ITS E>LY P]IOD ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,H[EV] SIGNIFICANT BIOLOGY MAY BE 9 %AP+ ! HUMAN N]V\S SY/EM & ITS ACUITY1 IT IS ULTIMATELY ! GRADUAL 9TRODUCTION ( ! NEWBORN 9FANT TO CULTURE ?AT GIVES REASON ITS SPECIFICALLY HUMAN *>ACT]4 ,WE MU/ TURN TO ?IS E>LY =MATIVE PROCESS TO F9D ! G]M9AL CONDITIONS = A NEW1 LIB]T>IAN MODE ( RATIONALITY & ! S5SIBILITY ?AT WILL 9FUSE IT4 

,BIOLOGY & SOCIALIZATION1 9 FACT1 COJO9 PRECISELY AT ! PO9T :]E MAT]NAL C>E IS ! MO/ =MATIVE FACTOR 9 *ILDHOOD ACCULTURATION4 ,BIOLOGY IS OBVI\SLY IMPORTANT BECAUSE ! NEURAL EQUIPM5T ( HUMAN BE+S TO ?9K SYMBOLICALLY & TO G5]ALIZE WELL BEYOND ! CAPACITY ( MO/ PRIMATES IS A TANGIBLE PHYSICAL 5D[M5T4 ,! NEWBORN 9FANT FACES A LONG P]IOD ( BIOLOGICAL DEP5D5CY1 :I* NOT ONLY ALL[S = GREAT] M5TAL PLA/ICITY 9 ACQUIR+ KN[L$GE BUT ALSO PROVIDES TIME 9 :I* TO DEVELOP /RONG SOCIAL TIES ) ITS P>5TS1 SIBL+S1 & SOME K9D ( RUDIM5T>Y COMMUNITY4 ,NO LESS IMPORTANT IS ! =M ( ! SOCIALIZATION PROCESS ITSELF1 :I* 9TIMATELY %APES ! M5TALITY & S5SIBILITY ( ! Y\NG4 

,REASON COMES TO ! *ILD PRIM>ILY ?R\< ! C>E1 SUPPORT1 ATT5TION1 & 9/RUCTION PROVID$ BY ! MO!R4 ,ROB]T ,BRIFFAULT1 9 HIS PIONE]+ WORK ON ! 0MATRI>*AL0 ORIG9S ( SOCIETY1 ACCURATELY DEPICTS ?IS AN?ROPOLOGY ( REASON4 ,HE OBS]VES ?AT ! 

ONE KN[N FACTOR :I* E/ABLI%ES A PR(\ND DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! CON/ITUTION ( ! MO/ RUDIM5T>Y HUMAN GR\P & ALL O!R ANIMAL GR\PS .<IS !.> ASSOCIATION ( MO!R & (FSPR+ :I* IS ! SOLE =M ( TRUE SOCIAL SOLID>ITY AMONG ANIMALS4 ,?R\<\T ! CLASS ( MAMMALS !RE IS A CONT9U\S 9CREASE 9 ! DURATION ( ?AT ASSOCIATION1 :I* IS ! CONSEQU5CE ( ! PROLONGATION ( ! P]IOD ( 9FANTILE DEP5D5CE1 & IS CORRELAT$ ) A CONCOMITANT PROTRACTION ( GE/ATION & ! ADVANCE 9 9TELLIG5CE & SOCIAL 9/9CTS4 

,WE MAY REASONABLY QUE/ION :E!R ! MO!R-9FANT RELATION%IP IS ! 0SOLE =M ( TRUE SOCIAL SOLID>ITY AMONG ANIMALS0 -- P>TICUL>LY 9 ! CASE ( PRIMATES1 :I* HAVE A SURPRIS+LY L>GE REP]TOIRE ( RELATION%IPS4 ,BUT HAD ,BRIFFAULT EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ! MO!R-9FANT RELATION%IP IS ! 9ITIAL /EP 9 ! SOCIALIZATION PROCESS -- ! CRADLE 9 :I* ! NE$ = CONSOCIATION IS CREAT$ -- HE W\LD HAVE BE5 ACCURATE4 ,! ROLE ( ?IS RELATION%IP 9 %AP+ HUMAN ?\<T PROCESSES & S5SIBILITIES IS NO?+ LESS ?AN MONUM5TAL1 P>TICUL>LY 9 MATRIC5TRIC CULTURES :]E IT 5COMPASSES MO/ ( *ILDHOOD LIFE4 

,9 MANY RESPECTS1 0CIVILIZATION0 9VOLVES A MASSIVE 5T]PRISE TO UNDO ! IMPACT ( MAT]NAL C>E1 NURTURE1 & MODES ( ?\<T ON ! *>ACT] /RUCTURE ( ! (FSPR+4 ,! IMAG]Y ( GR[+ UP HAS ACTUALLY COME TO MEAN GR[+ AWAY FROM A MAT]NAL1 DOME/IC WORLD ( MUTUAL SUPPORT1 CONC]N1 & LOVE 7A V5]ABLE & HI<LY WORKABLE SOCIETY 9 ITS [N RI<T7 9TO ONE MADE %APELESS1 UNFEEL+1 & H>%4 ,TO ACCOMMODATE HUMANITY TO W>1 EXPLOITATION1 POLITICAL OB$I5CE1 & RULE 9VOLVES ! UNDO+ NOT ONLY ( HUMAN 0FIR/ NATURE0 AS AN ANIMAL BUT ALSO ( HUMAN 0SECOND NATURE0 AS A *ILD :O LIVES 9 DEP5D5CY & PROTECTIVE CU/ODY UND] ! EYES & 9 ! >MS ( ITS MO!R4 

,:AT WE SO FACILELY CALL 0MATURITY0 IS NOT ORD9>ILY AN E?ICALLY DESIRABLE PROCESS ( GR[? & HUMANIZATION4 ,TO BECOME AN 0AUTONOM\S10 0P]CEPTIVE10 0EXP]I5C$10 & 0COMPET5T0 ADULT 9VOLVES T]MS ?AT HI/ORICALLY POSSESS V]Y MIX$ MEAN+S4 ,!SE T]MS BECOME V]Y MISLEAD+ IF !Y >E NOT EXPLICAT$ 9 ! LI<T ( ! SOCIAL1 E?ICAL1 ECONOMIC1 & PSY*OLOGICAL GOALS WE HAVE 9 M9D4 ,! *ILD'S GR[? AWAY FROM ! VALUES ( A C>+ MO!R T[>D AUTONOMY & 9DEP5D5CE BECOMES A CULTURAL TRAVE/Y & A PSY*OLOGICAL DISA/] :5 IT RESULTS 9 A Y\?'S DEGRAD+ DEP5D5CY UPON ! CAPRICES ( AN EGOTI/ICAL & UNFEEL+ TASKMA/]4 

,NEI!R ! Y\?'S AUTONOMY NOR ITS *>ACT] /RUCTURE B5EFIT BY 0MATURITY0 9 ?IS =M4 ,DICK5S'S ACC\NT ( ,OLIV] ,TWI/ IS NOT A /UDY ( ! GR[? ( A *ILD'S CAPACITY TO COPE AS HE 0DEVELOPS0 FROM LIFE 9 A N9ETE5?-C5TURY ORPHANAGE TO SURVIVAL 9 ! W5S ( ,LONDON4 ,RA!R1 IT IS A /UDY ( A DEHUMANIZ+ SOCIETY ?AT T5DS TO DE/ROY :ATEV] S5SE ( SYMPA?Y1 C>E1 & SOLID>ITY IS WOV5 9TO ITS *>ACT] /RUCTURE BY MAT]NAL LOVE4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! 0PRIMITIVE0 ,HOPI *ILDR5 >E 9 AN IMM5SELY 5VIABLE POSITION :5 !Y F9D MANY MO!RS TO SUCCOR !M & MANY LOV+ RELATIONS TO 9/RUCT !M4 ,!Y ACQUIRE A MU* GREAT] SOCIAL GIFT ?AN 09DEP5D5CE10 :I* MOD]N CAPITALISM HAS R$EF9$ TO MEAN 0RUGG$ EGOTISM40 ,9DE$1 ,HOPI *ILDR5 ACQUIRE ! ALL-IMPORTANT GIFT ( 9T]DEP5D5CE1 9 :I* 9DIVIDUAL & COMMUNITY SUPPORT EA* O!R )\T NEGAT+ ! VALUES ( K9DNESS1 SOLID>ITY1 & MUTUAL RESPECT ?AT BECOME ! *ILD'S PSY*IC 9H]ITANCE & BIR? RI<T4 

,?IS H]ITAGE IS =M$ NOT ONLY BY MAT]NAL C>E & NURTURE BUT ALSO BY A V]Y SPECIFIC RATIONALITY ?AT (T5 IS CONCEAL$ )9 ! MAUDL9 T]M 0MO!R LOVE40 ,= IT IS NOT ONLY LOVE ?AT ! MO!R ORD9>ILY GIVES H] *ILD1 BUT A RATIONALITY ( 0O!RNESS0 ?AT /&S %>PLY AT ODDS ) ITS MOD]N >ROGANT C\NT]P>T4 ,?IS E>LI] RATIONALITY IS UNABA%$LY SYMBIOTIC4 ,FROMM'S EVOCATION ( 0MO!R LOVE0 AS A SPONTANE\S1 UNCONDITIONAL S5TIM5T ( C>+1 FREE FROM ANY RECIPROCAT+ OBLIGATIONS BY ! *ILD1 YIELDS MORE ?AN ! TOTAL DEOBJECTIFICATION ( P]SON ?AT ,I EMPHASIZ$ E>LI]4 0,MO!R LOVE0 ALSO YIELDS A RATIONALITY ( DEOBJECTIFICATION ?AT IS ALMO/ UNIV]SAL 9 *>ACT]1 9DE$1 A RESUBJECTIVIZATION ( EXP]I5CE ?AT SEES ! 0O!R0 )9 A LOGICAL NEXUS ( MUTUALITY4 ,! 0O!R0 BECOMES ! ACTIVE COMPON5T ?AT IT ALWAYS HAS BE5 9 NATURAL & SOCIAL HI/ORY1 NOT SIMPLY ! 0ALI50 & ALI5AT$ ?AT IT IS 9 ,M>XIAN !ORY & ! 0DEAD MATT]0 ?AT IT IS 9 CLASSICAL PHYSICS4 

,I HAVE DELIB]ATELY EMPHASIZ$ ! WORD SYMBIOTIC 9 DESCRIB+ ?IS LIB]T>IAN RATIONALITY4 ,! DUAL MEAN+ ( ?IS ECOLOGICAL T]M IS IMPORTANT3 SYMBIOSIS 9CLUDES NOT ONLY MUTUALISM BUT ALSO P>ASITISM4 ,A LIB]T>IAN RATIONALITY IS NOT UNCONDITIONAL 9 ITS OBS]VATIONS1 LIKE 0MO!RLOVE02 9DE$1 TO D5Y ANY CONDITIONS = JUDG+ EXP]I5CE IS NAIVE & MYOPIC4 ,BUT ITS PRECONDITIONS = OBS]VATION DIFF] FROM AN AU?ORIT>IAN RATIONALISM /RUCTUR$ >\ND E/RANGEM5T & ULTIMATELY >\ND COMM& & OB$I5CE4 ,9 A LIB]T>IAN RATIONALITY1 OBS]VATION IS ALWAYS LOCAT$ )9 AN E?ICAL CONTEXT ?AT DEF9ES ! 0GOOD0 & IS /RUCTUR$ >\ND A SELF-DETA*M5T 7TO USE ,HEGEL'S T]M7 ?AT LEADS T[>D :OL5ESS1 COMPLET5ESS1 & FULLNESS 7AL?\< MORE 9 AN ECOLOGICAL RA!R ?AN ,HEGEL'S METAPHYSICAL S5SE74 ,A LIB]T>IAN RATIONALITY RAISES NATURAL ECOLOGY'S T5ET ( UNITY 9 DIV]SITY TO ! LEVEL ( REASON ITSELF2 IT EVOKES A LOGIC ( UNITY BETWE5 ! 0,I0 & ! 0O!R0 ?AT RECOGNIZES ! /ABILIZ+ & 9TEGRATIVE FUNCTION ( DIV]SITY -- ( A COSMOS ( 0O!RS0 ?AT CAN BE COMPREH5D$ & 9TEGRAT$ SYMBIOTICALLY4 ,DIV]SITY & UNITY DO NOT CONTRADICT EA* O!R AS LOGICAL ANT9OMIES4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 UNITY IS ! =M ( DIV]SITY1 ! PATT]N ?AT GIVES IT 9TELLIGIBILITY & MEAN+1 & H5CE A UNIFY+ PR9CIPLE NOT ONLY ( ECOLOGY BUT ( REASON ITSELF4 

,A LIB]T>IAN RATIONALITY ?AT EMPHASIZES ! UNITY ( 0O!RNESS0 IS NOT A LOGIC ( SURR5D]1 PASSIVITY1 & S5TIM5TALITY1 AS ,JACOB ,BA*(51 9 HIS WORK1 ,DAS ,MUTT]RE*T 70,MO!R ,RI<T071 IMPUT$ TO MO!RLOVE & 0MATRI>*Y0 MORE ?AN A C5TURY AGO4 ,SYMBIOSIS1 AS ,I HAVE ALREADY OBS]V$1 DOES NOT D5Y ! EXI/5CE ( A H>MFUL P>ASITISM ?AT CAN DE/ROY ITS HO/4 ,A LIB]T>IAN RATIONALITY MU/ ACKN[L$GE ! EXI/5CE ( AN 0O!R0 ?AT IS ITSELF BLATANTLY ANTAGONI/IC & OPPOSITIONAL4 ,ACTUALLY1 ! ABILITY TO MANIPULATE NATURE & TO FUNCTION ACTIVELY 9 NATURAL & SOCIAL HI/ORY IS A DESID]ATUM1 NOT AN EVIL4 ,BUT HUMAN ACTIVITY IS EXPECT$ TO OCCUR )9 AN E?ICAL CONTEXT ( VIRTUE1 NOT A VALUE-FREE CONTEXT ( UTILITY & EFFICI5CY4 ,!RE IS A NATURAL & SOCIAL HI/ORY ( M5TALISM ?AT OBJECTIVELY VALIDATES \R CONCEPTS ( ! 0GOOD40 ,\R V]Y ABILITY TO =M SU* CONCEPTS FROM ! VA/ RES]VOIR ( NATURAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ALL ITS GRADATIONS & =MS D]IVES FROM ?IS NATURAL HI/ORY ( SUBJECTIVITY4 ,HUMANITY1 AS P>T ( ?IS NATURAL HI/ORY1 HAS ! 9TR9SIC RI<T TO P>TICIPATE 9 IT4 ,AS A UNIQUE AG5T ( CONSCI\SNESS1 HUMANITY CAN PROVIDE ! VOICE ( NATURE'S 9T]NAL RATIONALITY 9 ! =M ( ?\<T & SELF-REFLECTIVE ACTION4 ,LIB]T>IAN REASON SEEKS TO CONSCI\SLY MITIGATE ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION1 9 ! REALMS ( BO? SOCIAL ECOLOGY & NATURAL ECOLOGY4 

,ACTUALLY1 ! =MAL /RUCTURE ( DIALECTICAL & ANALYTICAL REASON W\LD REQUIRE V]Y LITTLE ALT]ATION TO ACCOMMODATE A LIB]T>IAN RATIONALITY4 ,:AT W\LD HAVE TO *ANGE DECISIVELY1 H[EV]1 IS ! OV]:ELM+ ORI5TATION ( RATIONAL CANONS T[>D CONTROL1 MANIPULATION1 DOM9ATION1 & E/RANGEM5T ?AT COLLECTIVELY BIAS AU?ORIT>IAN RATIONALISM4 ,LIB]T>IAN REASON W\LD ADVANCE A CONTRA/+ VIEW 9 ITS ORI5TATION T[>D ECOLOGICAL SYMBIOSIS1 BUT D\BTLESS ?IS CAN BE REG>D$ AS A BIAS ?AT IS NEI!R MORE NOR LESS JU/IFIABLE ?AN ! BIAS ( AU?ORIT>IAN RATIONALISM4 ,BUT BIASES >E NOT =M$ FROM M]E AIR4 ,NOT ONLY DO !Y ALWAYS EXI/ 9 EV]Y ORI5TATION WE HOLD1 BUT !IR IMPACT UPON ?\<T IS ALL ! MORE 9SIDI\S :5 !IR EXI/5CE IS D5I$ 9 ! NAME ( 0OBJECTIVITY0 & A 0VALUE-FREE0 EPI/EMOLOGY4 

,IT IS NOT ! 9T]PLAY BETWE5 AB/RACT 9TELLECTUAL CATEGORIES TO :I* WE MU/ TURN 9 ORD] TO VALIDATE ! ASSUMPTIONS BEH9D ALL \R VIEWS4 ,IT IS TO EXP]I5CE ITSELF -- TO NATURAL & SOCIAL HI/ORY -- ?AT WE MU/ TURN TO TE/ !SE ASSUMPTIONS4 ,NOT ONLY 9 NATURE BUT ALSO 9 0MAT]NAL C>E10 9 ! V]Y CRADLE ( HUMAN CONSOCIATION ITSELF1 DO WE F9D A HUMAN 0SECOND NATURE0 ?AT IS /RUCTUR$ >\ND NURTURE1 SUPPORT1 & A DEOBJECTIFI$ WORLD ( EXP]I5CE RA!R ?AN A WORLD GUID$ BY DOM9ATION1 SELF-9T]E/1 & EXPLOITATION4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS SOCIAL CRADLE ?AT ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL CANONS ( REASON >E =M$4 ,! /ORY ( REASON 9 ! HI/ORY ( 0CIVILIZATION0 IS NOT AN ACC\NT ( ! SOPHI/ICATION ( ?IS G]M9AL RATIONALITY ALONG LIB]T>IAN L9ES2 IT IS A VA/ POLITICAL & PSY*OLOGICAL 5T]PRISE TO BRUTALLY EXTIRPATE ?IS RATIONALITY 9 ! 9T]E/ ( DOM9ATION1 TO SUPPLANT IT BY ! 0?IRD NATURE0 ( AU?ORITY & RULE4 ,?AT FETID WORD 0MOD]NITY0 -- & ITS CONFUSION ( P]SONAL ATOMIZATION ) 09DIVIDUALITY0 -- MAY WELL DEM>CATE AN ]A 9 :I* ! CRADLE ( REASON HAS F9ALLY BE5 DEMOLI%$4 

,A NEW SCI5CE ?AT ACCORDS ) LIB]T>IAN REASON1 9 TURN1 HAS ! RESPONSIBILITY ( R$ISCOV]+ ! CONCRETE1 :I* IS SO IMPORTANT 9 >RE/+ ?IS 5T]PRISE4 ,IRONICALLY1 0P>ADIGMS0 ?AT QU>REL ) 0P>ADIGMS10 EA* BLISSFULLY REMOTE FROM ! NATURAL HI/ORY & ECOLOGICAL REALITY 9 :I* !Y %\LD BE IMM]S$1 9CREAS+LY S]VE ! 5DS ( 9/RUM5TALISM ) ITS 9EVITABLE MANIPULATION ( M9D & SOCIETY4 ,P>ADOXICAL AS IT MAY SEEM1 ! AB/RACTION ( SCI5CE TO ME?ODOLOGY 7:I* IS L>GELY :AT SCI5TIFIC 0P>ADIGMS0 DO7 T5DS TO TURN ! SCI5TIFIC PROJECT ITSELF 9TO A PROBLEM ( ME?OD1 OR MORE BLUNTLY1 A PROBLEM ( 9/RUM5TAL /RATEGIES4 ,! CONFUSION BETWE5 SCI5CE AS KN[L$GE1 OR ,WISS5S*AFT1 & AS 0SCI5TIFIC ME?OD0 HAS NEV] BE5 ADEQUATELY UNSCRAMBL$4 ,S9CE ,FRANCIS ,BACON'S TIME1 ! ID5TIFICATION ( SCI5TIFIC V]IFICATION ) SCI5CE ITSELF HAS GIV5 A PRIORITY TO TE*NIQUE OV] REALITY & HAS FO/]$ ! T5D5CY TO R$UCE \R COMPREH5SION ( REALITY TO A MATT] ( M]E ME?ODOLOGY4 ,TO RECOV] ! SUPREMACY ( ! CONCRETE -- ) ITS RI* WEAL? ( QUALITIES1 DIFF]5TIA1 & SOLIDITY -- OV] & BEYOND A TRANSC5D5TAL CONCEPT ( SCI5CE AS ME?OD IS TO SLAP ! FACE ( AN >ROGANT 9TELLECTUALISM ) ! UNGLOV$ H& ( REALITY4 ,PLAGU$ AS WE >E TODAY BY A NEO-,KANTIAN DUALISM & TRANSC5D5TALISM ?AT HAS GIV5 M9D 0A LIFE ( ITS [N0 -- SUPPLANT+ ! REALITY ( HI/ORY ) A M5TALIZ$ MY? ( 0HI/ORICAL /AGES10 ! REALITY ( SOCIETY ) 0FL[ DIAGRAMS10 & ! REALITY ( COMMUNICATION ) 0METACOMMUNICATION0 -- ! RECOV]Y ( ! CONCRETE IS AN 5T]PRISE NOT SIMPLY 9VOLV+ 9TELLECTUAL V5TILATION BUT ALSO 9TELLECTUAL DETOXIFICATION4 ,:ATEV] WE MAY ?9K ( ,PAUL ,FEY]B&'S 9TELLECTUALIZ$ V]SION ( AN>*ISM1 WE MAY WELL TREASURE HIS WORK2 HE HAS OP5$ ! W9D[S ( MOD]N SCI5CE TO ! FRE% AIR ( REALITY4 

0,SCI5CE0 MU/ BECOME ! MANY SCI5CES ?AT MAKE UP ITS [N HI/ORY1 FROM ANIMISM TO NUCLE> PHYSICS2 IT MU/ !RE=E RESPOND TO ! MANY 0VOICES0 EMITT$ BY NATURAL HI/ORY4 ,BUT !SE VOICES SPEAK ! LANGUAGE ( ! FACTS ?AT CON/ITUTE NATURE AT DIFF]5T LEVELS ( ITS DEVELOPM5T4 ,!Y >E CONCRETE & DETAIL$2 9DE$1 IT IS !IR V]Y DIV]SITY AS CONCRETES ?AT MAKES ! ORGANIZATION ( SUB/ANCE A DRAMA ( EV] MORE COMPLEX =MS1 ( 0MOLECUL> SELF-ORGANIZATION0 7TO USE ! LANGUAGE ( BIO*EMI/RY74 ,TO RECOGNIZE ! SPECIFICITY ( !SE FACTS1 !IR UNIQU5ESS AS =MS 9 5RI*+ ! 5T]PRISE ( KN[L$GE1 IS NOT TO R$UCE SCI5CE TO A CRUDE EMPIRICISM ?AT REPLACES ! SCI5TI/'S NE$ TO G5]ALIZE4 ,G5]ALIZATIONS ?AT SEEK TO ELUDE !SE CONCRETES BY FETT]+ !M TO PURELY 9TELLECTUAL CRIT]IA ( 0TRU?0 & 0SCI5TIFIC ME?OD0 -- TO G>N] :AT IS QUANTITATIVE 9 REALITY AT ! EXP5SE ( :AT IS QUALITATIVE -- IS TO REJECT AS >*AIC 0P>ADIGMS0 A VA/ H]ITAGE ( TRU? :OSE VALUE (T5 LIES 9 ITS RI*]1 MORE QUALITATIVE VIEW ( REALITY4 

,EV5 NATURAL ECOLOGY HAS NOT BE5 IMMUNE TO ?IS ORI5TATION4 ,IT IS ALREADY PAY+ A SEV]E P5ALTY 9 ITS ONCE-PROMIS+ RANGE ( SCOPE = ITS ATTEMPTS TO GA9 SCI5TIFIC 0CR$IBILITY0 BY SURR5D]+ ITS RESPECT = ! QUALITATIVE UNIQU5ESS ( EA* ECOSY/EM & 9/EAD DESCRIB+ ! ECOSY/EM 9 T]MS ( 5]GY VALUES & FL[ DIAGRAMS4 ,R$UCTIONISM & SY/EMS !ORY HAVE SCOR$ YET ANO!R TRIUMPH4 ,H5CE1 ONE ( ! KEY PROBLEMS ( SCI5CE /ILL L+]S ON4 ,! SCI5TI/ MU/ APPROA* NATURE = :AT IT REALLY IS3 ACTIVE1 DEVELOPM5TAL1 EM]G5T1 & DELICI\SLY V>IEGAT$ 9 ITS WEAL? ( SPECIFICITY & =M4 

,F9ALLY1 TE*NICS MU/ RE9FUSE ITS 0>TIFICIAL CRAFTS0 ) ITS 0NATURAL >TS0 BY BR++ NATURAL PROCESSES BACK 9TO TE*NE AS MU* AS POSSIBLE4 ,I REF] NOT JU/ TO ! TRADITIONAL NE$ TO 9TEGRATE AGRICULTURE ) 9DU/RY1 BUT TO ! NE$ TO *ANGE \R V]Y CONCEPT ( 9DU/RY4 ,! USE ( ! ,LAT9 T]M 9DU/RIA TO MEAN PRIM>ILY A CONTRIVANCE OR DEVICE RA!R ?AN DILIG5CE IS ( COMP>ATIVELY REC5T V9TAGE4 ,TODAY1 ! WORD 9DU/RY HAS BECOME ALMO/ SYNONYM\S ) PRODUCTION ORGANIZ$ >\ND MA*9ES & !IR PRODUCTS OR 0MANUFACTURES40 ,9DU/RY & ITS MA*9ES1 9 TURN1 FO/] A V]Y SPECIAL PUBLIC ORI5TATION3 WE SEE !M AS RATIONALLY >RANG$1 L>GELY SELF-OP]AT+ 9/RUM5TS1 CONCEIV$ & DESIGN$ BY ! HUMAN M9D1 ?AT >E MEANT TO %APE1 =M1 & TRANS=M 0RAW MAT]IALS0 OR 0NATURAL RES\RCES40 ,! /EEL1 GLASS1 RUBB]1 COPP]1 & PLA/IC MAT]IALS ?AT >E TURN$ 9TO MOTOR VEHICLES2 ! WAT] & *EMICAL +R$I5TS ?AT >E TURN$ 9TO ,COCA-,COLA2 EV5 ! WOOD ?AT IS TURN$ 9TO MASS-PRODUC$ FURNI%+S & ! FLE% ?AT IS TURN$ 9TO HAMBURG]S -- ALL >E REG>D$ M]ELY AS MANUFACTURES1 ! PRODUCTS ( 9DU/RY4 ,9 !IR F9I%$ =M1 !SE PRODUCTS BE> NO RESEMBLANCE TO ! ORES1 M9]ALS1 VEGETATION1 OR ANIMALS FROM :I* !Y W]E D]IV$4 ,ASSEMBL$ OR PACKAG$1 !Y >E TRANSMUT$ RESULTS ( PROCESSES ?AT REFLECT NOT ! S\RCES BUT ! M]E BACKGR\ND ( !IR CON/ITU5T MAT]IALS4 ,! CRAFTSP]SON ( ANTIQUITY CONT9UALLY ADD$ A NATURAL DIM5SION TO ! PRODUCTS ( HIS OR H] 0>TIFICIAL CRAFTS0 -- SAY1 BY C>V+ ! LEGS ( C\*ES TO LOOK LIKE ANIMAL LIMBS OR PA9T+ /ATUES ) S5SU\S COLORS4 ,BUT :AT LITTLE >TI/RY MOD]N 9DU/RY ADDS TO ITS PRODUCTS IS EXPLICITLY GEOMETRIC & ANT9ATURAL -- MORE PRECISELY1 9ORGANIC 9 ITS PASSION = ! 0HONE/Y0 ( ! TRANSMUT$ MAT]IALS ) :I* IT FUNCTIONS4 

,?IS EXTRAORD9>Y1 9DE$ PA?OLOGICAL1 DISJUNCTION ( NATURE FROM ITS MANUFACTUR$ RESULTS /EMS FROM A L>GELY MY?IC 9T]PRETATION ( TE*NICS4 ,! PRODUCTS ( MOD]N 9DU/RY >E LIT]ALLY D5ATUR$4 ,AS SU*1 !Y BECOME M]E OBJECTS TO BE CONSUM$ OR 5JOY$4 ,!Y EXHIBIT NO ASSOCIATION ) ! NATURAL WORLD FROM :I* !Y D]IVE4 ,9 ! PUBLIC M9D1 A PRODUCT IS MORE 9TIMATELY ASSOCIAT$ ) ! COMPANY ?AT MANUFACTUR$ IT ?AN ) ! NATURAL WORLD ?AT MADE ITS V]Y EXI/5CE & PRODUCTION POSSIBLE4 ,A C> IS A 0,DATSUN0 OR A 0,*EVROLET10 NOT A VEHICLE ?AT COMES FROM ORES1 M9]ALS1 TREES1 & ANIMAL HIDES2 A HAMBURG] IS A 0,BIG ,MAC10 NOT ! REMA9S ( AN ANIMAL ?AT ONCE RANG$ A DI/ANT REGION ( GRASSL&S4 ,PACKAG+ OBSCURES ! CORN & :EAT FIELDS ( ! ,MIDWE/ BEH9D ! LABELS ( ! ,DEL ,MONTE1 ,G5]AL ,FOODS1 & ,PEPP]IDGE ,F>M CORPORATIONS4 ,9DE$1 :5 WE SAY ?AT A PRODUCT1 FOOD1 OR EV5 !RAPY IS 0NATURAL10 WE USUALLY MEAN ?AT IT IS 0PURE0 OR 0UNADULT]AT$10 NOT ?AT IT COMES FROM NATURE4 

,:AT ?IS ORI5TATION -- OR LACK ( ORI5TATION -- REVEALS IS NOT M]ELY ?AT ADV]TIS+ & M$IA HAVE IMPR9T$ CORPORATE NAMES ON \R M9DS ) A VIEW T[>D GUID+ \R PREF]5CES & PUR*AS+ P[]4 ,P]HAPS MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! ACTUAL FABRICATION ( ! PRODUCT -- FROM M9E1 F>M1 & =E/ TO FACTORY1 MILL1 & *EMICAL PLANT -- HAS R$UC$ ! 5TIRE TE*NICAL PROCESS TO A MY/]Y4 ,9 ! >*AIC S5SE1 0MY/]Y0 WAS ONCE SE5 AS A MY/ICAL1 DIV9ELY 9SPIR$ PROCESS 7= EXAMPLE1 METALLURGY72 BUT ! MY/]Y SURR\ND+ MOD]N PRODUCTION IS MORE MUNDANE4 ,WE SIMPLY DO NOT KN[ BEYOND \R [N N>R[ SPH]E ( EXP]I5CE H[ ! MO/ ORD9>Y ?+S WE USE >E PRODUC$4 ,SO COMPLETE IS ! DISJUNCTION BETWE5 PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 BETWE5 F>M & FACTORY 7NOT TO SPEAK ( BETWE5 FACTORY & CONSUM]7 ?AT WE >E LIT]ALLY ! UNKN[+ CLI5TS ( A /UP5D\S 9DU/RIAL APP>ATUS 9TO :I* WE HAVE LITTLE 9SI<T & OV] :I* WE HAVE NO CONTROL4 

,BUT ?IS APP>ATUS IS ITSELF ! 0CLI5T0 ( A VA/LY COMPLEX NATURAL WORLD1 :I* IT R>ELY COMPREH5DS 9 T]MS ?AT >E NOT /RICTLY TE*NICAL4 ,WE ?9K ( NATURE AS A NONHUMAN 9DU/RIAL 0APP>ATUS40 ,IT 0FABRICATES0 PRODUCTS1 9 SOME VAGUELY UND]/OOD MANN]1 ?AT WE TREAT AS AN 9DU/RIAL PH5OM5ON -- ) \R EXT5SIVE USE ( AGRICULTURAL *EMICALS1 \R :AL+ & FI%+ M>9E FACTORIES1 \R ME*ANICAL SLAU<T]+ DEVICES1 & \R D5ATUR+ ( 5TIRE CONT95TAL REGIONS TO M]E FACTORY DEP>TM5TS4 ,WE COMMONLY V]BALIZE ?IS 9DU/RIAL CONCEPTION ( NATURE 9 ! LANGUAGE ( ME*ANICS1 ELECTRONICS1 & CYB]NETICS4 ,\R DESCRIPTION ( ! NONHUMAN OR NATURAL PROCESSES1 AS REGULAT$ BY 0NEGATIVE FE$BACK0 OR AS SY/EMS 9TO :I* WE 0PLUG0 \R 09PUTS0 & 0\TPUTS10 REFLECTS ! WAY WE HAVE 0FREAK$0 ! NATURAL WORLD 7TO USE ,PAUL ,%EP>D'S VIVID T]M7 TO MEET ! 5DS ( 9DU/RIAL DOM9ATION4 

,:AT IS MO/ IMPORTANT AB\T \R D5ATUR+ ( NATURAL PH5OM5A IS ?AT WE >E ITS PR9CIPAL VICTIMS -- WE BECOME ! 0OBJECTS0 ?AT \R 9DU/RY MO/ EFFECTIVELY CONTROLS4 ,WE >E ITS VICTIMS BECAUSE WE >E UNCONSCI\S ( ! WAY1 BO? TE*NICALLY & PSY*OLOGICALLY1 9 :I* 9DU/RY CONTROLS US4 ,TE*NE AS MY/]Y HAS RETURN$ AGA91 BUT NOT AS A PROCESS 9 :I* ! AGRICULTURI/ OR CRAFTP]SON TOTALLY P>TICIPATES 9 A MY/ICALLY 5*ANT$ PROCESS4 ,WE DO NOT P>TICIPATE 9 ! MOD]N 9DU/RIAL PROCESS EXCEPT AS M9UTELY SPECIALIZ$ AG5TS4 ,H5CE WE >E UNAW>E ( H[ ! PROCESS OCCURS1 MU* LESS ABLE TO EX]CISE ANY DEGREE ( CONTROL OV] IT4 ,:5 WE SAY ?AT MOD]N 9DU/RY HAS BECOME TOO COMPLEX1 WE NORMALLY MEAN ?AT \R KN[L$GE1 SKILLS1 9SI<TS1 & TRADITIONS = GR[+ OR FABRICAT+ \R MEANS ( LIFE HAVE BE5 USURP$ BY A /UP5D\S1 (T5 MEAN+LESS1 SOCIAL MA*9]Y ?AT R5D]S US UNABLE TO COPE ) ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y IMP]ATIVES ( LIFE4 ,BUT IT IS NOT ! COMPLEXITY ( MA*9]Y ?AT 9HIBITS \R ABILITY TO DEAL ) !SE IMP]ATIVES2 IT IS ! NEW RULES ( ! GAME WE CALL AN 09DU/RIAL SOCIETY0 ?AT1 BY RE/RUCTUR+ \R V]Y LIVES1 HAS 9T]POS$ ITSELF BETWE5 ! P[]S ( HUMAN RATIONALITY & ?OSE ( NATURE'S FECUNDITY4 ,MO/ WE/]N]S ORD9>ILY CANNOT PLANT & H>VE/ A G>D51 FELL A TREE & %APE IT TO MEET !IR NE$S = %ELT]1 R$UCE ORES & CA/ METALS1 KILL & DRESS ANIMALS = FOOD & HIDES OR PRES]VE FOOD & O!R P]I%ABLES4 ,!SE ELEM5T>Y VULN]ABILITIES RESULT NOT FROM ANY 9TR9SIC COMPLEXITY ?AT MU/ EXI/ TO PROVIDE US ) ! MEANS ( LIFE2 BUT FROM AN IGNORANCE ( ! MEANS ( SU/A9+ LIFE -- AN IGNORANCE ?AT HAS BE5 DELIB]ATELY FO/]$ BY A SY/EM ( 9DU/RIAL CLI5TAGE4 

,! FACTORY WAS NOT BORN FROM A NE$ TO 9TEGRATE LABOR ) MOD]N MA*9]Y4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?IS BUILD+ BLOCK ( :AT WE CALL 09DU/RIAL SOCIETY0 >OSE FROM A NE$ TO RATIONALIZE ! LABOR PROCESS -- TO 9T5SIFY & EXPLOIT IT MORE EFFECTIVELY ?AN EMPLOY]S C\LD EV] HOPE TO A*IEVE ) E>LY COTTAGE 9DU/RIES BAS$ ON A SELF-REGULAT$ SY/EM ( >TISAN%IP4 ,SIDNEY ,POLL>D1 QUOT+ AN OBS]V] ( ! PREFACTORY ]A1 NOTES ?AT WORK]S :O W]E FREE TO REGULATE !IR [N TIME AS DOME/IC CRAFT-P]SONS R>ELY WORK$ ! MOD]N EI<T-H\R DAY & FIVE-DAY WEEK4 0,! WEAV]S W]E US$ TO 'PLAY FREQU5TLY ALL DAY ON ,MONDAY & ! GREAT] P>T ( ,TUESDAY1 & WORK V]Y LATE ON ,?URSDAY NI<T1 & FREQU5TLY ALL NI<T ON ,FRIDAY'0 TO READY !IR CLO? = ! ,SATURDAY M>KET DAY4 ,?IS IRREGUL>ITY1 OR 0NATURALNESS10 9 ! RHY?M & 9T5SITY ( TRADITIONAL SY/EMS ( WORK CONTRIBUT$ MORE T[>D ! B\RGEOISIE'S CRAZE = SOCIAL CONTROL & ITS SAVAGELY ANT9ATURALI/IC \TLOOK ?AN DID ! PRICES OR E>N+S DEM&$ BY ITS EMPLOYES4 ,MORE ?AN ANY S+LE TE*NICAL FACTOR1 ?IS IRREGUL>ITY L$ TO ! RATIONALIZATION ( LABOR UND] A S+LE 5SEMBLE ( RULE1 TO A DISCIPL9E ( WORK & REGULATION ( TIME ?AT YIELD$ ! MOD]N FACTORY1 (T5 ) NONE ( ! TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5TS WE IMPUTE TO ! 0,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION40 ,BE=E ! /EAM 5G9E1 P[] LOOM1 & FLY+ %UTTLE CAME 9TO USE -- 9DE$1 BE=E SOME ( !SE MA*9ES W]E EV5 9V5T$ -- ! TRADITIONAL SP9N+ :EEL1 H& LOOM1 & DYE+ VAT ?AT ONCE FILL$ ! WORK+ >EAS ( COTTAG]S W]E ASSEMBL$ 9 L>GE %$S PRIM>ILY TO MOBILIZE ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 TO REGULATE !M H>%LY1 & TO 9T5SIFY ! EXPLOITATION ( !IR LABOR4 

,H5CE1 ! 9ITIAL GOAL ( ! FACTORY WAS TO DOM9ATE LABOR & DE/ROY ! WORK]'S 9DEP5D5CE FROM CAPITAL4 ,! LOSS ( ?IS 9DEP5D5CE 9CLUD$ ! LOSS ( ! WORK]'S CONTACT ) FOOD CULTIVATION4 ,5GLI% P>LIAM5T>Y LEGISLATION 9 ! LATE SEV5TE5? C5TURY ACKN[L$G$ ?AT 0CU/OME HA? BE5 RETA9$ TIME \T ( M9D 4 4 4 ?AT !RE %\LD BE A CESSATION ( WEAV+ EV]Y YE>1 9 ! TIME ( H>VE/0 SO ?AT SP9N]S & WEAV]S C\LD USE !IR TIME 0*IEFLY EMPLOY$ 9 H>VE/ WORKE40 ,AS REC5TLY AS ! E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ?IS PRACTICE WAS SUFFICI5TLY WIDESPREAD TO W>RANT A COMM5T 9 ! ,MAN*E/] ,*RONICLE ?AT MANY WEAV]S C\LD BE EXPECT$ TO HELP 9 ! LATE SUMM] & E>LY AUTUMN H>VE/+ OP]ATIONS ON F>MS NE> ! CITY4 

,! P]IODIC %IFT+ ( WORK]S FROM FACTORIES TO FIELDS %\LD H>DLY BE TAK5 AS AN ACT ( BUCOLIC G5]OSITY ON ! P>T ( ,5GL&'S RUL+ CLASSES4 ,UNTIL ! #a#h#cS1 ,5GLI% L&LORDS /ILL HELD A POLITICAL $GE OV] ! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE4 ,WORK]S :O LEFT FACTORIES DUR+ H>VE/ SEASONS TO WORK 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE W]E M]ELY TRANSPORT$ FROM ONE REALM ( EXPLOITATION TO ANO!R4 ,BUT IT WAS 9TR9SICALLY IMPORTANT = !M TO RETA9 !IR AGR>IAN SKILLS -- SKILLS ?AT !IR *ILDR5 & GR&*ILDR5 W]E LAT] TO LOSE COMPLETELY4 ,TO LIVE 9 A COTTAGE1 :E!R AS AN >TISAN OR AS A FACTORY WORK]1 (T5 MEANT TO CULTIVATE A FAMILY G>D51 POSSIBLY TO PA/URE A C[1 TO PREP>E ONE'S [N BREAD1 & TO HAVE ! SKILLS = KEEP+ A HOME 9 GOOD REPAIR4 ,TO UTT]LY ]ASE !SE SKILLS & MEANS ( LIVELIHOOD FROM ! WORK]'S LIFE BECAME AN 9DU/RIAL IMP]ATIVE4 

,! WORK]'S COMPLETE DEP5D5CE ON ! FACTORY & O N AN 9DU/RIAL LABOR M>KET WAS A COMPELL+ PRECONDITION = ! TRIUMPH ( 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 ,URBAN PLANN+1 SU* AS IT WAS1 TOGE!R ) URBAN CONGE/ION1 LONG WORK+ H\RS1 A G5]\S MORAL DISREG>D = WORK+-CLASS ALCOHOLISM1 & A HI<LY SPECIALIZ$ DIVISION ( LABOR MELD$ ! NE$S ( EXPLOITATION TO A DELIB]ATE POLICY ( PROLET>IANIZATION4 ,! NE$ TO DE/ROY :ATEV] 9DEP5D5T MEANS ( LIFE ! WORK] C\LD G>N] FROM A BACKY>D PLOT ( L&1 A SIMPLE PR(ICI5CY 9 ! USE ( TOOLS1 A SKILL ?AT PROVID$ %OES1 CLO?+1 & FURNI%+S = ! FAMILY -- ALL 9VOLV$ ! ISSUE ( R$UC+ ! PROLET>IAT TO A CONDITION ( TOTAL P[]LESSNESS 9 ! FACE ( CAPITAL4 ,& ) ?AT P[]LESSNESS CAME A SUP95ESS1 A LOSS ( *>ACT] & COMMUNITY1 & A DECL9E 9 MORAL FIB] ?AT WAS TO MAKE ! H]$IT>Y ,5GLI% WORK] ONE ( ! MO/ DOCILE MEMB]S ( AN EXPLOIT$ CLASS DUR+ ! PA/ TWO C5TURIES ( ,EUROPEAN HI/ORY4 ,! FACTORY SY/EM1 ) ITS NE$ = A L>GE CORPS ( UNSKILL$ LABOR1 F> FROM GIV+ ! WORK]S GREAT] MOBILITY & OCCUPATIONAL FLEXIBILITY 7AS ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E TO CLAIM71 ACTUALLY R$UC$ !M TO AIMLESS SOCIAL VAGABONDS4 

,TO RE9FUSE ! 0>TIFICIAL CRAFTS0 ) ! 0NATURAL >TS0 IS NOT JU/ A C>D9AL PROJECT = SOCIAL ECOLOGY2 IT IS AN E?ICAL 5T]PRISE = REHUMANIZ+ ! PSY*E & DEMY/IFY+ TE*NE4 ,! R\ND$ P]SON 9 A R\ND$ SOCIETY1 LIV+ A TOTAL LIFE RA!R ?AN A FRAGM5T$ ONE1 IS A PRECONDITION = ! EM]G5CE ( 9DIVIDUALITY & ITS HI/ORIC SOCIAL HALLM>K1 AUTONOMY4 ,?IS VISION1 F> FROM D5Y+ ! NE$ = COMMUNITY1 HAS ALWAYS PRESUPPOS$ IT4 ,BUT IT VISUALIZES COMMUNITY AS A FREE COMMUNITY 9 :I* 9T]DEP5D5CE1 RA!R ?AN DEP5D5CE OR 09DEP5D5CE10 PROVIDES ! MANY-SID$ SOCIAL +R$I5TS = P]SONALITY & ITS DEVELOPM5T4 ,IF WE 7LIKE ,FR$]ICK ,5GELS 9 CONTEMPTU\SLY DISMISS+ ,G]MAN ,PR\DHONIAN DEM&S = WORK]S' G>D5S AS 0REACTION>Y0 & ATAVI/IC7 HYPO/ATIZE 9DU/RIAL AU?ORITY1 HI]>*Y1 & DISCIPL9E AS AN 5DUR+ TE*NOLOGICAL DESID]ATUM1 WE DO LITTLE MORE ?AN R$UCE ! WORK] FROM A HUMAN BE+ TO A WAGE LABOR] & ! 0>TIFICIAL CRAFTS0 TO A BRUTALIZ+ FACTORY4 ,H]E1 ,M>XISM >TICULAT$ ! B\RGEOIS PROJECT MORE CONSI/5TLY & ) GREAT] CL>ITY ?AN ITS MO/ BLATANT LIB]AL APOLOGI/S4 ,9 TREAT+ ! FACTORY & TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T AS SOCIALLY AUTONOM\S 7TO USE ,LANGDON ,W9N]'S EXCELL5T T]M71 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM0 IGNOR$ ! ROLE ?AT ! FACTORY1 ) ITS ELABORATE HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURE1 HAS PLAY$ 9 EXT5D+ ! CONDITION+ ( WORK]S TO OB$I5CE1 & S*OOL+ !M 9 SUBJUGATION FROM *ILDHOOD ?R\< EV]Y PHASE ( ADULT LIFE4 

,BY CONTRA/1 A RADICAL SOCIAL ECOLOGY NOT ONLY RAISES TRADITIONAL ISSUES1 SU* AS ! REUNION ( AGRICULTURE ) 9DU/RY1 BUT ALSO QUE/IONS ! V]Y /RUCTURE ( 9DU/RY ITSELF4 ,IT QUE/IONS ! FACTORY CONCEIV$ AS ! ALL-5DUR+ BASIS = ME*ANIZATION -- & EV5 ME*ANIZATION CONCEIV$ AS A SUB/ITUTE = ! EXQUISITE BIOTIC 0MA*9]Y0 ?AT WE CALL FOOD *A9S & FOOD WEBS4 ,TODAY1 :5 ! ASSEMBLY L9E VISIBLY RISKS ! PROSPECT ( COLLAPS+ UND] ! MASS NEUROSES ( ITS 0OP]ATIVES10 ! ISSUE ( DISB&+ ! FACTORY -- 9DE$1 ( RE/OR+ MANUFACTURE 9 ITS LIT]AL S5SE AS A MANUAL >T RA!R ?AN A MUSCUL> 0MEGAMA*9E0 -- HAS BECOME A PRIORITY ( 5ORM\S SOCIAL IMPORTANCE4 ,TAX+ AS \R METAPHORS MAY BE1 NATURE IS A BIOTIC 09DU/RY0 9 ITS [N RI<T4 ,SOIL LIFE DISASSEMBLES1 TRANS=MS1 & REASSEMBLES ALL ! 0MAT]IALS0 OR NUTRI5TS ?AT MAKE ! EXI/5CE ( T]RE/RIAL VEGETATION POSSIBLE4 ,! IMM5SELY COMPLEX FOOD WEB ?AT SUPPORTS A BLADE ( GRASS OR A /ALK ( :EAT SUGGE/S ?AT BIOTIC PROCESSES !MSELVES CAN REPLACE MANY /RICTLY ME*ANICAL ONES4 ,WE >E ALREADY LE>N+ TO PURIFY POLLUT$ WAT] BY DEPLOY+ BACT]IAL & ALGAL ORGANISMS TO DETOXIFY ! POLLUTANTS1 & WE USE AQUATIC PLANTS & ANIMALS TO ABSORB !M AS NUTRI5TS4 ,RELATIVELY CLOS$ AQUACULTURAL SY/EMS 9 TRANSLUC5T SOL> TUBES HAVE BE5 DESIGN$ TO USE FI% WA/ES AS NUTRI5TS TO SU/A9 AN ELABORATE FOOD WEB ( SMALL AQUATIC PLANTS & ANIMALS4 ,! FI%1 9 TURN1 FE$ UPON ! V]Y VEGETATION :I* !IR WA/ES N\RI%4 ,?US1 NATURAL TOX9S >E RECYCL$ ?R\< ! FOOD WEB TO ULTIMATELY PROVIDE NUTRI5TS = $IBLE ANIMALS2 ! TOXIC WA/E PRODUCTS ( FI% METABOLISM >E RECONV]T$ 9TO ! 0SOIL0 = FI% FOOD4 

,EV5 SIMPLE ME*ANICAL PROCESSES ?AT 9VOLVE PHYSICAL MOVEM5T -- = 9/ANCE1 AIR MASSES CIRCULAT$ BY PUMPS -- HAVE !IR NONME*ANICAL ANALOG 9 ! CONVECTION ( AIR BY SOL> HEAT4 ,SOL> GRE5H\SES ADJO9$ TO FAMILY /RUCTURES PROVIDE NOT ONLY W>M? & FOOD BUT ALSO HUMIDITY CONTROL BY VEGETATION4 ,SMALL1 RI*LY V>IEGAT$ VEGETABLE PLOTS1 OR 0,FR5*-9T5SIVE G>D5S1'' NOT ONLY OBVIATE ! NE$ = US+ 9DU/RIALLY PRODUC$ F]TILIZ]S & TOXIC BIOCIDES2 !Y ALSO PROVIDE AN 9VALUABLE & PRODUCTIVE RATIONALE = COMPO/+ DOME/IC KIT*5 WA/ES4 ,NATURE'S PROV]BIAL 0LAW ( RETURN0 CAN ?US BE DEPLOY$ NOT ONLY TO FO/] NATURAL FECUNDITY BUT ALSO TO PROVIDE ! BASIS = ECOLOGICAL HUSB&RY4 

,ONE CAN CITE AN ALMO/ UN5D+ V>IETY ( BIOTIC ALT]NATIVES TO ! CO/LY & BRUTALIZ+ ME*ANICAL SY/EMS ?AT DRIVE MOD]N 9DU/RY4 ,! PROBLEM ( REPLAC+ ! LATT] BY ! =M] IS F> FROM 9SURM\NTABLE4 ,ONCE HUMAN IMAG9ATION IS FOCUS$ UPON !SE PROBLEMS1 HUMAN +5UITY IS LIKELY TO BE MAT*$ ONLY BY NATURE'S FECUNDITY4 ,C]TA9LY1 ! TE*NIQUES = TURN+ A MULTITUDE ( !SE SUB/ITUTIONS 9TO REALITIES >E V]Y MU* AT H&4 ,! L>GE/ S+LE PROBLEM WE FACE1 H[EV]1 IS NOT /RICTLY TE*NICAL2 9DE$1 ! PROBLEM MAY WELL BE ?AT WE REG>D$ !SE NEW BIOTIC TE*NIQUES AS M]E TE*NOLOGIES4 ,:AT WE HAVE NOT RECOGNIZ$ CLE>LY >E ! SOCIAL1 CULTURAL1 & E?ICAL CONDITIONS ?AT R5D] \R BIOTIC SUB/ITUTES = 9DU/RIAL TE*NOLOGIES ECOLOGICALLY & PHILOSOPHICALLY MEAN+FUL4 ,= WE MU/ >RE/ MORE ?AN JU/ ! RAVAG+ & SIMPLIFICATION ( NATURE4 ,WE MU/ ALSO >RE/ ! RAVAG+ & SIMPLIFICATION ( ! HUMAN SPIRIT1 ( HUMAN P]SONALITY1 ( HUMAN COMMUNITY1 ( HUMANITY'S IDEA ( ! 0GOOD10 & HUMANITY'S [N FECUNDITY )9 ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,9DE$1 WE MU/ C\NT]ACT !SE TR5DS ) A SWEEP+ PROGRAM ( SOCIAL R5EWAL4 

,H5CE1 A CRUCIAL CAVEAT MU/ BE RAIS$4 ,A PURELY TE*NICAL ORI5TATION T[>D ORGANIC G>D5+1 SOL> & W9D 5]GY DEVICES1 AQUACULTURE1 HOLI/IC HEAL?1 & ! LIKE W\LD /ILL RETA9 ! 9CUBUS ( 9/RUM5TAL RATIONALITY ?AT ?REAT5S \R V]Y CAPACITY TO DEVELOP AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY4 ,AN 5VIRONM5TALI/IC TE*NOCRACY IS HI]>*Y DRAP$ 9 GRE5 G>M5TS2 H5CE IT IS ALL ! MORE 9SIDI\S BECAUSE IT IS CAM\FLAG$ 9 ! COLOR ( ECOLOGY4 ,! MO/ C]TA9 TE/ WE CAN DEVISE TO DI/+UI% 5VIRONM5TAL FROM ECOLOGICAL TE*NIQUES IS NOT ! SIZE1 %APE1 OR ELEGANCE ( \R TOOLS & MA*9ES1 BUT ! SOCIAL 5DS ?AT !Y >E MEANT TO S]VE1 ! E?ICS & S5SIBILITIES BY :I* !Y >E GUID$ & 9TEGRAT$1 & ! 9/ITUTIONAL *ALL5GES & *ANGES !Y 9VOLVE4 ,:E!R !IR 5DS1 E?ICS1 S5SIBILITIES1 & 9/ITUTIONS >E LIB]T>IAN OR M]ELY LOGI/ICAL1 EMANCIPATORY OR M]ELY PRAGMATIC1 COMMUNIT>IAN OR M]ELY EFFICI5T -- 9 SUM1 ECOLOGICAL OR M]ELY 5VIRONM5TAL -- WILL DIRECTLY DET]M9E ! RATIONALITY ?AT UND]P9S ! TE*NIQUES & ! 9T5TIONS GUID+ !IR DESIGN4 ,ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGIES MAY BR+ ! SUN1 W9D1 & ! WORLD ( VEGETATION & ANIMALS 9TO \R LIVES AS P>TICIPANTS 9 A COMMON ECOLOGICAL PROJECT ( REUNION & SYMBIOSIS4 ,BUT ! 0SMALLNESS0 OR 0APPROPRIAT5ESS0 ( !SE TE*NOLOGIES DOES NOT NECESS>ILY REMOVE ! POSSIBILITY ?AT WE WILL KEEP TRY+ TO R$UCE NATURE TO AN OBJECT ( EXPLOITATION4 ,WE MU/ RESOLVE ! AMBIGUITIES ( FRE$OM EXI/5TIALLY -- BY SOCIAL PR9CIPLES1 9/ITUTIONS1 & AN E?ICAL COMMONALITY ?AT R5D]S FRE$OM & H>MONY A REALITY4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

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,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiha 3 ,*APT] #aa - ,! ,AMBIGUITIES ( ,FRE$OM -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #a1 #bai 3 ,*APT] #aa - ,! ,AMBIGUITIES ( ,FRE$OM -- ,ADD$4 

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