,*APT] #ab - ,AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY #aihbaihb ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ,TEXT 3 #a#b4 ,AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY ,AFT] SOME T5 MILL5NIA ( A V]Y AMBIGU\S SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 WE MU/ RE5T] NATURAL EVOLUTION AGA9 -- NOT M]ELY TO SURVIVE ! PROSPECTS ( ECOLOGICAL CATA/ROPHE & NUCLE> IMMOLATION BUT ALSO TO RECOV] \R [N FECUNDITY 9 ! WORLD ( LIFE4 ,I DO NOT MEAN ?AT WE MU/ RETURN TO ! PRIMITIVE LIFEWAYS ( \R E>LY ANCE/ORS1 OR SURR5D] ACTIVITY & TE*NE TO A PA/ORAL IMAGE ( PASSIVITY & BUCOLIC ACQUIESC5CE4 ,WE SL&] ! NATURAL WORLD :5 WE D5Y ITS ACTIVITY1 /RIV+1 CREATIVITY1 & DEVELOPM5T AS WELL AS ITS SUBJECTIVITY4 ,NATURE IS NEV] DRUGG$4 ,\R RE5TRY 9TO NATURAL EVOLUTION IS NO LESS A HUMANIZATION ( NATURE ?AN A NATURALIZATION ( HUMANITY4 ,! REAL QUE/ION IS3 :]E HAVE HUMANITY & NATURE BE5 PITT$ 9TO ANTAGONISM OR SIMPLY DETA*$ FROM EA* O!R8 ,! HI/ORY ( 0CIVILIZATION0 HAS BE5 A /EADY PROCESS ( E/RANGEM5T FROM NATURE ?AT HAS 9CREAS+LY DEVELOP$ 9TO \TRITICULATE NATURE'S LAT5T CAPACITY TO REFLECT UPON ITSELF1 TO FUNCTION )9 ITSELF AS ITS [N CORRECTIVE & GUIDE4 ,BUT ?IS NOTION PRESUPPOSES ?AT WE EXI/ SUFFICI5TLY )9 NATURE & >E SUFFICI5TLY P>T ( NATURE TO FUNCTION ON ITS BEHALF4 ,:]E ,FI*TE PAT5TLY ]R$ WAS 9 HIS ASSUMPTION ?AT A POSSIBILITY IS A FACT4 ,WE >E NO MORE NATURE R5D]$ SELF-CONSCI\S ?AN WE >E HUMANITY R5D]$ SELF-CONSCI\S4 ,REASON MAY GIVE US ! CAPACITY TO PLAY ?IS ROLE1 BUT WE & \R SOCIETY >E /ILL TOTALLY IRRATIONAL -- 9DE$1 WE >E CUNN+LY DANG]\S TO \RSELVES & ALL ?AT LIVES >\ND US4 ,WE DO NOT MAKE ! IMPLICIT MEAN+S 9 NATURE EXPLICIT1 NOR DO WE ACT UPON NATURE TO 5HANCE ITS 9N] /RIV+ T[>D GREAT] V>IETY4 ,WE HAVE ASSUM$ ?AT SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T CAN OCCUR ONLY AT ! EXP5SE ( NATURAL DEVELOPM5T1 NOT ?AT DEVELOPM5T CONCEIV$ AS :OL5ESS 9VOLVES SOCIETY & NATURE COJO9TLY4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT WE HAVE BE5 \R [N WOR/ 5EMIES -- NOT ONLY OBJECTIVELY BUT SUBJECTIVELY AS WELL4 ,\R M5TAL1 & LAT] \R FACTUAL1 DISSOCIATION ( SOCIETY FROM NATURE RE/S ON ! B>B>\S OBJECTIFICATION ( HUMAN BE+S 9TO MEANS ( PRODUCTION & T>GETS ( DOM9ATION -- AN OBJECTIFICATION WE HAVE PROJECT$ UPON ! 5TIRE WORLD ( LIFE4 ,TO RE5T] NATURAL EVOLUTION M]ELY TO RESCUE \R HIDES FROM ECOLOGICAL CATA/ROPHE W\LD *ANGE LITTLE1 IF ANY?+1 9 \R S5SIBILITIES & 9/ITUTIONS4 ,NATURE W\LD /ILL BE OBJECT 7ONLY ?IS TIME TO BE FE>$ RA!R ?AN REV]$71 & PEOPLE W\LD /ILL BE OBJECTS 9/RUM5TALLY ORI5T$ T[>D ! WORLD 7ONLY ?IS TIME C[$ RA!R ?AN >ROGANT74 ,! CAM\FLAGE ( GRE5 W\LD REMA92 ONLY ITS T9TS W\LD BE DEEP]4 ,NATURE W\LD REMA9 D5ATUR$ 9 \R VISION & HUMANITY DEHUMANIZ$1 BUT RHETORIC & PALLIATIVES W\LD REPLACE ! FURNACES ( A RU?LESS 9DU/RY1 & S5TIM5TAL BABBLE W\LD REPLACE ! NOISE ( ! ASSEMBLY L9E4 ,LET US AT LEA/ ADMIT1 9 ,VOLTAIRE'S MEMORABLE WORDS1 ?AT WE CANNOT DROP TO ! GR\ND ON ALL F\RS1 NOR %\LD WE DO SO4 ,WE >E NO LESS PRODUCTS ( NATURAL EVOLUTION BECAUSE WE /& ]ECT ON \R FEET & RETA9 ! FACILITY ( \R M9DS & F+]S1 :E!R WE REG>D ?IS H]ITAGE AS A BOON OR AS A DAMNATION4 ,NOR CAN WE AF=D TO BANI% ! MEMORY ?AT 0CIVILIZATION0 HAS 9SCRIB$ ON \R BRA9S BY SURR5D]+ \R CAPACITY TO FUNCTION SELF-CONSCI\SLY 9 SOCIETY AS WELL AS )9 NATURE4 ,WE W\LD DI%ONOR ! C\NTLESS MILLIONS :O TOIL$ & P]I%$ TO PROVIDE US ) :AT IS WOR?Y 9 HUMAN CONSOCIATION1 NOT TO M5TION ! EV5 L>G] NUMB]S :O W]E ITS GUILELESS VICTIMS4 ,! SOIL IS NO LESS A CEMET]Y = ! 9NOC5T DEAD ?AN IT IS A S\RCE ( LIFE4 ,W]E WE TO HONOR ! MAXIM1 0A%ES TO A%ES10 E>? TO E>?1 SOCIETY W\LD SEEM TO AT LEA/ BE RESPOND+ TO NATURE'S 0LAW ( RETURN40 ,BUT SOCIETY HAS BECOME SO IRRATIONAL & ITS DIET ( SLAUELY CONSID]$ ! 0GOOD0 ( HUMANITY1 MU* LESS ?AT ( NATURE4 ,UNTIL WE RID \RSELVES ( ! CAFET]IA IMAG]Y ?AT WE MU/ REPAY NATURE = ITS 0LUN*ES0 & 0SNACKS10 \R RELATION%IP ) ! BIOSPH]E WILL /ILL BE CONTRACTUAL & B\RGEOIS TO ITS CORE4 ,WE WILL /ILL BE FUNCTION+ 9 A SLEAZY WORLD ( 0CO/-EFFECTIVE TRADE(FS0 & 0DEALS0 = NATURE'S 0RES\RCES40 ,ONLY ! MO/ SPONTANE\S DESIRE TO BE NATURAL -- ?AT IS1 TO BE FECUND1 CREATIVE1 & 9TR9SICALLY HUMAN1 CAN N[ JU/IFY \R V]Y RIIAN RATIONALITY4 ,:AT EM]GES FROM ,BRIFFAULT'S ACC\NT &1 MORE REC5TLY1 FROM ! NEW AN?ROPOLOGY ?AT HAS HAPPILY REPLAC$ ,VICTORIAN /UDIES ( 0SAVAGE SOCIETY0 IS ! COMPELL+ REALIZATION ?AT :AT WE CALL 0HUMAN NATURE0 IS A BIOLOGICALLY ROOT$ PROCESS ( CONSOCIATION1 A PROCESS 9 :I* COOP]ATION1 MUTUAL SUPPORT1 & LOVE >E NATURAL AS WELL AS CULTURAL ATTRIBUTES4 ,AS ,BRIFFAULT EMPHASIZES1 ,9 ! HUMAN GR\P BY ! TIME ?AT ONE G5]ATION HAS BECOME SEXUALLY MATURE1 NEW G5]ATIONS HAVE BE5 ADD$ TO ! GR\P4 ,! ASSOCIATION BETWE5 ! Y\NG] G5]ATIONS1 PRON\NC$ 9 ALL PRIMATES1 IS GREATLY 9CREAS$ AS REG>DS SOLID>ITY 9 ! HUMAN GR\P4 ,FROM BE+ A TRANSITORY ASSOCIATION1 IT T5DS TO BECOME A P]MAN5T ONE4 ,! PROLONG$ PROCESS ( PHYSICAL MATURATION 9 ! HUMAN SPECIES TURNS 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN NATURE 9TO A BIOLOGICALLY CON/ITUT$ =M ( CONSOCIATION4 ,9DE$1 ! =MATION NOT ONLY ( 9DIVIDUALITY BUT ALSO ( P]SONALITY CONSI/S ( BE+ ACTIVELY P>T ( A P]MAN5T SOCIAL GR\P4 ,SOCIETY 9VOLVES1 ABOVE ALT A PROCESS ( SOCIALIZ+ -- ( DISC\RSE1 MUTUAL 5T]TA9M5T1 JO9T WORK1 GR\P C]EMONIES1 & ! DEVELOPM5T ( COMMON CULTURE4 ,H5CE1 HUMAN NATURE IS =M$ BY ! WORK+S ( AN ORGANIC PROCESS4 ,9ITIALLY1 TO BE SURE1 IT IS =M$ BY A CONT9UATION ( NATURE'S COOP]ATIVE & ASSOCIATIVE T5D5CIES 9TO ! 9DIVIDUAL'S P]SONAL LIFE4 ,CULTURE MAY ELABORATE !SE T5D5CIES & PROVIDE !M ) QUALITATIVELY NEW TRAITS 7SU* AS LANGUAGE1 >T1 & POLITICALLY CON/ITUT$ 9/ITUTIONS7 ?US PRODUC+ :AT C\LD AU!NTICALLY BE CALL$ A SOCIETY1 NOT M]ELY A COMMUNITY4 ,BUT NATURE DOES NOT M]ELY PHASE 9TO SOCIETY1 MU* LESS 0DISAPPE>0 9 IT2 NATURE IS !RE ALL ! TIME4 ,)\T ! C>E1 COOP]ATION1 & LOVE FO/]$ BY ! MO!R-*ILD RELATION%IP & FAMILY RELATION%IPS1 9DIVIDUALITY & P]SONALITY EI!R >E IMPOSSIBLE OR BEG9 TO DIS9TEGRATE1 AS ! MOD]N CRISIS ( ! EGO SO VIVIDLY 9DICATES4 ,ONLY :5 SOCIAL TIES BEG9 TO DECAY )\T (F]+ ANY SUB/ITUTES DO WE BECOME ACUTELY AW>E ?AT 9DIVIDUALITY 9VOLVES NOT A /RUGGLE = SEP>ATION BUT A /RUGGLE AGA9/ IT 7ALBEIT 9 A PURSUIT ( MU* RI*] & UNIV]SAL >5AS ( CONSOCIATION ?AN ! PRIMAL K9%IP GR\P74 ,SOCIETY MAY CREATE !SE NEW >5AS & EXT5D !M BEYOND ! BLOOD OA? -- ?AT IS1 :5 IT DOES NOT REGRESS 9 ! =M ( FASCISM & ,/AL9ISM TO ! MO/ SUFFOCAT+ ATTRIBUTES ( ! >*AIC WORLD -- BUT IT DOES NOT CREATE ! NE$ TO BE 5GR\P$1 TO PRACTICE C>E1 COOP]ATION1 & LOVE4 ,TO REMOVE ANY CONFUSION BETWE5 AN 0ORGANIC SOCIETY0 /RUCTUR$ >\ND ! BLOOD OA? & ! UTOPI/IC VISION ( A FREE SOCIETY ADVANC$ 9 ?IS *APT]1 ,I CALL ! LATT] AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY PRESUPPOSES ?AT ! NOTION ( A UNIV]SAL HUMANITAS1 :I* 0CIVILIZATION0 HAS IMP>T$ TO US OV] ! PA/ ?REE MILL5NIA1 HAS NOT BE5 LO/4 ,IT ALSO ASSUMES ?AT ! /RONG EMPHASIS ON 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY1 :I* \R CONTEMPOR>Y 0MOD]NI/S0 SO FACILELY ATTRIBUTE TO ! ,R5AISSANCE1 WILL ACQUIRE UNSURPASS$ REALITY -- BUT )\T ! LOSS ( ! /RONG COMMUNAL TIES 5JOY$ BY ORGANIC SOCIETIES 9 ! PA/4 ,HI]>*Y1 9 EFFECT1 W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY 9T]DEP5D5CE1 & CONSOCIATION W\LD IMPLY ! EXI/5CE ( AN ORGANIC CORE ?AT MEETS ! DEEPLY FELT BIOLOGICAL NE$S = C>E1 COOP]ATION1 SECURITY1 & LOVE4 ,FRE$OM W\LD NO LONG] BE PLAC$ 9 OPPOSITION TO NATURE1 9DIVIDUALITY TO SOCIETY1 *OICE TO NECESSITY1 OR P]SONALITY TO ! NE$S ( SOCIAL COH]5CE4 ,AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY W\LD FULLY RECOGNIZE ?AT ! HUMAN ANIMAL IS BIOLOGICALLY /RUCTUR$ TO LIVE ) ITS K9D1 & TO C>E = & LOVE ITS [N K9D )9 A BROADLY & FREELY DEF9$ SOCIAL GR\P4 ,!SE HUMAN TRAITS W\LD BE CONCEIV$ AS NOT M]ELY ATTRIBUTES ( HUMAN NATURE BUT ALSO AS CON/ITUT+ & =M+ IT -- 9DE$1 AS 9DISP5SABLE TO ! EVOLUTION ( HUMAN SUBJECTIVITY & P]SONALITY4 ,SU* TRAITS W\LD BE REG>D$ NOT SIMPLY AS SURVIVAL ME*ANISMS OR SOCIAL FEATURES ( ! BIOLOGICAL HUMAN COMMUNITY1 BUT AS ! V]Y MAT]IALS ?AT 5T] 9TO ! /RUCTURE ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,IF ?IS 9T]PRETATION ( HUMAN CONSOCIATION & ITS ORIG9S IS S\ND1 IT MAY PROVIDE ! BASIS = A RECON/RUCTIVE APPROA* TO AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,UP TO N[1 ,I HAVE HAD TO DEF9E SOCIAL ECOLOGY 9 L>GELY CRITICAL T]MS -- AS AN AN?ROPOLOGY ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION4 ,I HAVE BE5 CONC]N$ PRIM>ILY ) AU?ORITY & ! CONFLICT 9 S5SIBILITIES BETWE5 PRELIT]ATE SOCIETIES & ! EM]G+ ,/ATE4 ,I HAVE EXPLOR$ ! IMPOSITION ( RULE1 ACQUISITIVE IMPULSES1 & PROP]TY RI*AIC WORLD1 ONE ?AT HAS P]SI/5TLY RESI/$ 0CIVILIZATION0 -- AT TIMES VIOL5TLY1 AT O!R TIMES PASSIVELY4 ,I HAVE *RONICL$ ! COMMITM5T ( TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES TO USUFRUCT1 COMPLEM5T>ITY1 & ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM AGA9/ CLASS SOCIETY'S CLAIMS TO PROP]TY1 ! SANCTITY ( CONTRACT1 & ITS ADH]5CE TO ! RULE ( EQUIVAL5CE4 ,9 %ORT1 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO RESCUE ! LEGACY ( FRE$OM ?AT ! LEGACY ( DOM9ATION HAS S\*Y & DOM9ATION HAS BE5 ! 5DUR+ FEATURES ( A SUBT]RANEAN LIB]T>IAN REALM ?AT HAS LIV$ 9 CUNN+ ACCOMMODATION ) ! PREVAIL+ ORD] ( DOM9ATION4 ,I HAVE TAK5 NOTE ( ITS TE*NICS1 =MS ( ASSOCIATION1 RELIGI\S BELIEFS1 CONV5TICLES1 & 9/ITUTIONS4 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO PI]CE ?R\< ! LAY]$ MEMBRANES ( FRE$OM1 FROM ITS \TW>D SURFACE AS ! 9EQUALITY ( EQUALS1 PROB+ ?R\< ITS V>I\S ECONOMIC LAY]S ( EQUIVAL5CE1 TO WORK ) ITS CORE AS A C>+ P]SONAL S5SIBILITY1 A SUPPORTIVE DOME/IC LIFE1 & ITS [N RULE ( ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS4 ,I HAVE F\ND RESIDUAL >EAS ( FRE$OM 9 COMMUNITIES :]E ! WORD SIMPLY DOES NOT EXI/1 9 LOYALTIES ?AT >E FREELY GIV5 )\T EXPECTATIONS ( RECOMP5SE1 9 SY/EMS ( DI/RIBUTION ?AT KN[ NO RULES ( EX*ANGE1 & 9 9T]P]SONAL RELATIONS ?AT >E COMPLETELY DEVOID ( DOM9ATION4 ,9DE$1 9S(> AS HUMANITY HAS BE5 FREE TO VOICE ! SUBJECTIVITY ( NATURE & MEAN+S LAT5T )9 IT1 NATURE ITSELF HAS REVEAL$ ITS [N VOICE1 SUBJECTIVITY1 & FECUNDITY ?R\< HUMANITY4 ,ULTIMATELY1 IT IS 9 ?IS ECOLOGICAL 9T]PLAY ( SOCIAL FRE$OM & NATURAL FRE$OM ?AT A TRUE ECOLOGY ( FRE$OM WILL BE FA%ION$4 ,CAN WE1 !N1 9TEGRATE ! >*AIC CU/OMS ( USUFRUCT1 COMPLEM5T>ITY1 & ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS 9TO A MOD]N VISION ( FRE$OM8 ,:AT NEW] S5SIBILITIES1 TE*NICS1 & E?ICS CAN WE DEVELOP1 & :AT NEW] SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS CAN WE HOPE TO =M8 ,IF ! FRE$OM ( HUMANITY IMPLIES ! LIB]ATION ( NATURE ?R\< HUMANITY1 BY :AT CRIT]IA & MEANS CAN WE RE5T] NATURAL EVOLUTION8 ,\R V]Y USE ( ! WORDS 0HUMANITY0 & 09DIVIDUALITY0 BETRAYS ! FACT ?AT \R ANSW]S MU/ BE DRAWN FROM A V]Y DIFF]5T CONTEXT ?AN ?AT ( ! PRELIT]ATE SOCIAL WORLD4 ,9 FACT1 0CIVILIZATION0 HAS BROAD5$ ! T]RA9 ( FRE$OM WELL BEYOND ! P>O*IAL RELATION%IPS FO/]$ BY ! BLOOD OA?1 ! SEXUAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 & ! ROLE ( AGE GR\PS 9 /RUCTUR+ E>LY COMMUNITIES4 ,ON ?IS QUALITATIVELY NEW T]RA91 WE CANNOT -- & %\LD NOT -- RELY ON ! P[] ( CU/OM1 MU* LESS ON TRADITIONS ?AT HAVE LONG FAD$ 9TO ! PA/4 ,WE >E NO LONG] AN 9W>DLY ORI5T$1 L>GELY HOMOG5E\S GR\P ( FOLK ?AT IS UNTR\BL$ BY A LONG HI/ORY ( 9T]NAL CONFLICT & UNBLEMI%$ BY ! MORES & PRACTICES ( DOM9ATION4 ,\R VALUES & PRACTICES N[ DEM& A DEGREE ( CONSCI\SNESS & 9TELLECTUAL SOPHI/ICATION ?AT E>LY B&S1 CLANS1 & TRIBES NEV] REQUIR$ TO MA9TA9 !IR FRE$OM AS A LIV$ PH5OM5ON4 ,) ?IS CAVEAT 9 M9D1 LET US FRANKLY ACKN[L$GE ?AT ORGANIC SOCIETIES SPONTANE\SLY EVOLV$ VALUES ?AT WE R>ELY CAN IMPROVE4 ,! CRUCIAL DI/9CTION 9 RADICAL !ORY BETWE5 ! 0REALM ( NECESSITY0 & ! 0REALM ( FRE$OM0 -- A DI/9CTION ?AT ,PR\DHON & ,M>X ALIKE BR\ILY !Y RESI/$ EV]Y ATTEMPT TO IMPOSE IT4 ,:AT WE TODAY W\LD CALL 0ON]\S TOIL0 WAS !N SPONTANE\SLY ADAPT$ TO ! COMMUNITY'S NE$ TO COMMUNIZE ALL ASPECTS ( LIFE 9 ORD] TO BR+ A S5SE ( COLLECTIVE 9VOLVEM5T & JOY TO ! MO/ PHYSICALLY DEM&+ TASKS4 ,R>ELY DID ! 0SAVAGES0 EV5 TRY TO 0WRE/LE0 ) NATURE2 RA!R1 !Y COAX$ IT ALONG1 SL[LY & PATI5TLY1 ) *ANTS1 SONGS1 & C]EMONIALS ?AT WE RIATION & T5SIONS ?AT 0CIVILIZATION0 WAS TO CREATE BETWE5 !M1 & BY ! REPRESSIVE DISCIPL9E 0CIVILIZATION0 WAS TO IMPOSE ON NONHUMAN & HUMAN NATURE ALIKE4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( USUFRUCT1 :I* /&S ON A MORE G5]\S E?ICAL PLANE ?AN COMMUNISM1 ) ITS MAXIM ( 0TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS .<& H].> [N NE$S40 ,:AT IS P]HAPS MO/ SURPRIS+ IS ?AT CLASSICAL AN>*ISM1 FROM ,PR\DHON TO ,KROPOTK91 CA/ ITS NOTION ( CONSOCIATION 9 T]MS ( CONTRACT ) ITS UND]LY+ PREMISE ( EQUIVAL5CE -- A SY/EM ( 0EQUITY0 ?AT REA*ES ITS APOGEE 9 B\RGEOIS CONCEPTIONS ( RIIAN OR AU?ORIT>IAN1 ULTIMATELY >E /ILL ROOT$ 9 ! CONCEPT ( PROP]TY AS SU* & ! NE$ TO REGULATE PROP]TY RELATION%IPS 0SOCIALI/ICALLY40 ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN91 & ,KROPOTK9'S PEANS TO CONTRACTS 0FREELY 5T]$ 9TO0 BETWE5 0M50 & BETWE5 COMMUNITIES /RANGELY D5IES ! T]M 0FREELY0 BY ITS LIMIT$ CONCEPT ( FRE$OM4 ,9DE$1 IT IS NOT ACCID5TAL ?AT ?IS K9D ( LANGUAGE CAN BE F\ND 9 ! CON/ITUTIONS & LEGAL CODES ( ! MO/ UNRECON/RUCT$ B\RGEOIS REPUBLICS4 ,TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ CONCEPTS ( CONTRACT SCORE NO GREAT] ADVANCE OV] \R SY/EM ( JU/ICE ?AN ,M>X'S NOTION ( A 0PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP0 SCORES ANY ADVANCE OV] \R REPUBLICAN CONCEPTS ( FRE$OM4 ,PRELIT]ATE SOCIETIES NEV] ADH]$ TO ?IS CONTRACTUAL IDEAL ( ASSOCIATION2 9DE$1 !Y RESI/$ EV]Y ATTEMPT TO IMPOSE IT4 ,TO BE SURE1 !RE W]E MANY TREATIES BETWE5 TRIBES & ALLIANCES ) /RANG]S4 ,BUT CONTRACTUAL TIES )9 TRIBES W]E ESS5TIALLY NONEXI/5T4 ,NOT UNTIL HI]>*Y HAD SCOR$ ITS TRIUMPH 9 ! E>LY WORLD & BEGUN ITS J\RNEY 9TO CLASS SOCIETY DID EQUIVAL5CE1 0EQUITY10 & CONTRACT BEG9 TO =M ! CONTEXT = HUMAN SOCIAL RELATION%IPS4 ,! QUID PRO QUO ( EX*ANGE & ITS E?ICAL BALANCE %EETS W]E SIMPLY IRRELEVANT TO A COMMUNITY GUID$ BY ! CU/OMS ( USUFRUCT1 COMPLEM5T>ITY1 & ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM4 ,! MEANS ( LIFE & COMMUNITY SUPPORT W]E !RE TO BE HAD RA!R ?AN APPORTION$1 & EV5 :]E APPORTIONM5T DID EXI/1 IT WAS GUID$ BY EGALIT>IAN TRADITIONS ?AT RESPECT$ AGE1 ACKN[L$G$ 9FIRMITIES1 & FO/]$ A LOV+ C>E = *ILDR54 ,ONLY 0CIVILIZATION0 WAS TO PUT ! FIGURE ( ,JU/ITIA ON A P$E/AL & PLACE ITS PURELY QUANTITATIVE WEIILY HAVE AN 9TR9SIC 0VALUE0 ( !IR [N BEYOND A SYMBOLIC ONE1 MU* LESS RATIOS OR 0PRICE TAGS0 ?AT GAVE !M EX*ANGE VALUE4 ,F9ALLY1 COMPLEM5T>ITY IS M]ELY \R [N WORD = SUMM+ UP ! WIDELY ACCEPT$ IMAGE ?AT ORGANIC SOCIETIES HAD ( !MSELVES AS 9T]DEP5D5T SY/EMS4 ,ORD9>ILY1 9 FACT1 !Y HAD NO WORD TO >TICULATE ?IS REALITY -- NOR ANY NE$ TO =MULATE ONE4 ,!Y LIV$ AS SY/EMS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY & H5CE W]E GUID$ MORE BY !IR S5SE ( RESPECT = P]SONALITY ?AN BY A SY/EM ( JURIDICAL IMP]ATIVES4 ,9DEP5D5CE 9 ANY S5SE ( ! FREE-:EEL+ B\RGEOIS EGO1 PLUNG$ 9TO SOCIAL LIFE BY AN IDEOLOGY ( 0S9K-OR-SWIM10 WAS NOT ONLY 9CONCEIVABLE TO !M2 IT WAS ALTOGE!R FRITLY AN EXCUSE TO REIT]ATE TRADITIONS ( CONSOCIATION1 & P>TLY =MS ( COMMUNIZ+4 ,TO BE 0EXIL$0 FROM ! GR\P1 TO BE EXPELL$ FROM IT1 WAS TANTAM\NT TO A DEA? S5T5CE4 ,NOT ?AT A P]SON SO EXIL$ C\LDN'T PHYSICALLY SURVIVE1 BUT HE OR %E W\LD FEEL LIKE A 0NONP]SON0 AS WELL AS BE TREAT$ LIKE ONE4 ,PSY*OLOGICALLY 9DUC$ DEA? WAS NOT UNCOMMON 9 PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITIES4 ,BY CONTRA/1 \R MOD]N EMPHASIS ON 09DEP5D5CE0 EXPRESSES NEI!R ! VIRTUES ( AUTONOMY NOR ! CLAIMS ( 9DIVIDUALITY2 RA!R1 IT /RID5TLY VOICES ! BRUTE IDEOLOGY ( A P]VASIVE & SOCIALLY CORROSIVE EGOTISM4 ,IT RUDELY CONTRA/S ) ! V]Y ORIG9S ( ! SPIRIT ( CONSOCIATION -- ! SELFLESS1 C>+ LOVE ?AT ! HUMAN MO!R ORD9>ILY GIVES H] Y\NG -- & ?OR\D MID ! M>KET RA!R ?AN ADAPT+ A G5]\S DI/RIBUTIVE SY/EM TO SOCIETY4 ,GIV5 ?IS ORI5TATION 7OR LACK ( IT71 ! 0REALM ( NECESSITY0 CAN 9DE$ BE ROOT$ 9 /+9ESS -- BUT NOT ! 0/+9ESS0 ( NATURE4 ,RA!R1 IT IS ROOT$ 9 ! /+9ESS ( PEOPLE -- MORE PRECISELY1 ( ! ELITES :O E/ABLI% SOCIAL CONV5TIONS4 ,:5 ONE LIVES ) ! CONT9UAL FE> ( BE+ 0%ORT*ANG$10 %>$ BY ALL HUMAN MONADS1 ONE BEG9S TO %ORT*ANGE O!RS R\T9ELY -- ULTIMATELY1 MALICI\SLY & ) AN ACTIVE MEANNESS ( SPIRIT4 ,) ?IS RESPL5D5T \TLOOK1 IT IS EASY = A B\RGEOIS MONAD TO BECOME A 0P>TN]0 9 ! BUY]-SELL] RELATION%IP & ITS EMBODIM5T AS 0CONTRACT40 ,A SOCIETY COMPOS$ ( EXILES IS LIT]ALLY AN EXIL$ SOCIETY -- EXIL$ FROM ! ROOTS ( HUMAN CONSOCIATION 9 C>E & NURTURE4 ,! 0REALM ( NECESSITY0 DOM9ATES ! 0REALM ( FRE$OM0 NOT BECAUSE NATURE ITSELF IS JEAL\SLY POSSESSIVE ( ITS WEAL?1 BUT RA!R BECAUSE WEAL? BECOMES JEAL\SLY POSSESSIVE ( ITS HO>DS & PR]OGATIVES4 ,DOM9ATION N[ 5T]S 9TO HI/ORY AS A SOCIAL 0NE$0 -- MORE PRECISELY1 A SOCIAL IMP]ATIVE -- ?AT 5TANGLES P]SONALITY1 DAILY LIFE1 ECONOMIC ACTIVITY1 & EV5 LOVE 9 ITS TOILS4 ,! MY? ( CONTRACTUAL 0TRU/10 ) ITS SANCTIMONI\S SEALS & >*AIC LANGUAGE1 IS BUILT ON ! P]SI/5CE ( CONTRACTUAL MI/RU/ & SOCIAL E/RANGEM5T1 :I* ! IDEA ( 0CONTRACT0 CONT9UALLY RE9=CES4 ,?AT EV]Y?+ HAS TO BE 0SPELL$ \T0 IS EVID5CE ( ! UBIQUITY ( MORAL PR$ATION4 ,EV]Y 0AGREEM5T0 REFLECTS A LAT5T ANTAGONISM1 & 7TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ RHETORIC ASIDE7 ITS 0MUTUALI/IC0 E?ICS LACKS ANY TRUE UND]/&+ ( C>E & COMPLEM5T>ITY4 ,D5I$ ! MESSAGE ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 ! LIB]T>IAN IDEAL T5DS TO S9K TO ! LEVEL ( IDEOLOGICAL SECT>IANISM &1 EV5 WORSE1 TO ! LEVEL ( ! HI]>*ICAL SYNDICALISM FO/]$ BY 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 ,:AT 0CIVILIZATION0 HAS GIV5 US1 9 SPITE ( ITSELF1 IS ! RECOGNITION ?AT ! ANCI5T VALUES ( USUFRUCT1 COMPLEM5T>ITY1 & ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM MU/ BE EXT5D$ FROM ! K9 GR\P TO HUMANITY AS A :OLE4 ,BEYOND ! BLOOD OA?1 SOCIETY MU/ OV]RIDE ! TRADITIONAL SEXUAL DIVISION ( LABOR & ! PRIVILEGES CLAIM$ BY AGE GR\PS TO EMBRACE ! 0/RANG]0 & EXOG5\S CULTURES4 ,MOREOV]1 0CIVILIZATION0 HAS REMOV$ !SE ANCI5T VALUES FROM ! REALM ( RIGID CU/OM & UN?9K+ TRADITION BY R5D]+ !M IDEATIONAL OR CONCEPTUAL4 ,! T5SIONS & CONTRADICTIONS M>K+ SOCIAL LIFE BEYOND ! TRIBAL WORLD HAVE ADD$ AN 9TELLECTUAL ACUITY TO MORES ?AT ONCE W]E ACCEPT$ UNREFLECTIVELY4 ,! 5ORM\S POT5TIALITIES LAT5T 9 !SE DEVELOPM5TS %\LD NOT BE UND]E/IMAT$4 ,*ALL5GES BEYOND ! IMAG9ATION ( ! PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITY !Y SURELY >E2 = A P>O*IAL FOLK TO EV5 CONCEIVE ( ITSELF AS P>T ( HUMANITY 9VOLV$ %ATT]+ ! BONES ( DEEPLY EMB$D$ CU/OMS1 TRADITIONS1 & A S5SE ( BIOLOGICAL EXCEPTIONALISM4 ,! MY? ( ! 0*OS5 PEOPLE10 AS ,I HAVE ALREADY NOT$1 IS NOT UNIQUE TO ,JUDAISM2 ALMO/ EV]Y FOLK1 TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R1 HAS ?IS IMAGE ( ITSELF4 ,TO 9CLUDE E?ICAL /&>DS ( A %>$ HUMANITAS1 ( A HUMAN COMMUNITY1 9VOLV$ A SWEEP+ *ANGE 9 ! PROCESS ( CONCEPTUALIZ+ SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,A FREE-FL[+ REALM ( E?ICS1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM A WORLD ( H>D5$ CU/OMS 7H[EV] ADMIRABLE !SE MAY BE71 IS A CREATIVE REALM 9 :I* ! GR[? ( M9D & SPIRIT IS POSSIBLE ON A SCALE ?AT HAS NO PREC$5T 9 ! WORLD ( TRADITIONAL MORES4 ,E?ICS1 VALUES1 & ) !M1 SOCIAL RELATION%IPS1 TE*NICS1 & SELF-CULTIVATION CAN N[ BECOME SELF-=M+1 GUID$ BY 9TELLECT1 SYMPA?Y1 & LOVE4 ,?AT 0CIVILIZATION0 HAS USUALLY0 BETRAY$ ITS PROMISE ( IDEATIONAL & P]SONAL SELF-CREATIVITY DOES NOT ALT] ! REALITY ( !SE POT5TIALITIES & ! MANY A*IEVEM5TS 9 :I* !Y W]E ACTUALIZ$4 ,AMONG ! GREATE/ ( !SE A*IEVEM5TS W]E ! FALT]+ /EPS T[>D 9DIVIDUALITY ?AT OCCURR$ 9 ! ,HELL5IC1 LATE M$IEVAL1 & MOD]N WORLDS4 ,NOT ?AT PRELIT]ATE SOCIETIES LACK A S5SE ( & A RESPECT = P]SON1 BUT !Y PLACE RELATIVELY LITTLE EMPHASIS ON HUMAN WILL1 ON P]SONAL ECC5TRICITY OR DEVIANCE AS A VALUE 9 ITSELF4 ,!Y >E NOT 9TOL]ANT :5 BEHAVIOR DEP>TS FROM C]TA9 /&>DS ( ETIQUETTE & 0NORMALITY40 ,UNIQU5ESS IS DEF9ITELY PRIZ$1 AS ,DORO?Y ,LEE NOT$1 BUT IT IS ALWAYS VIEW$ )9 A GR\P CONTEXT4 ,TO BE OV]LY CONSPICU\S1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! =M ( SELF-ACCLAIM1 ELICITS A MEASURE ( W>9ESS & MAY EXPOSE ! 9DIVIDUAL TO RIDICULE4 ,ONE'S CLAIMS TO C]TA9 ABILITIES MU/ BE PROV$ 9 REALITY1 TO SAY ! LEA/1 & >E (T5 M>K$LY D[NPLAY$4 ,H5CE A ,HOPI *ILD TRADITIONALLY RE/RA9$ HIS OR H] CAPACITY TO P]=M WELL LE/ IT VITIATE GR\P SOLID>ITY4 ,! 0BIG MAN0 SYNDROME -- :I* PROBABLY IS A LAT] DEVELOPM5T 9 PRELIT]ATE SOCIETIES & P]HAPS IS MO/ WIDELY KN[N ?R\< ,KWAKIUTL POTLAT* C]EMONIES -- %\LD BE PLAC$ SIDE BY SIDE ) ! 0HUMILITY0 SYNDROME4 ,!SE >E /RANGELY COMPLEM5T>Y RA!R ?AN CONTRADICTORY4 ,F> MORE ?AN ITS CLAIMS ( A*IEV+ RATIONALITY1 0CIVILIZATION0 C]TA9LY DID PROVIDE ! SOIL = ! EM]G5CE ( ! HIACT] /RUCTURE1 BUT ALSO 9 \R RIE FREE TO *OOSE -- TO =MULATE \R [N P]SONAL NE$S1 OR AT LEA/ TO SELECT FROM ?OSE ?AT >E CREAT$ = US4 ,?AT ! CURR5T FETI%IZATION ( NE$S R$UCES ?IS FRE$OM TO ! LEVEL ( CU/OM IS ONE ( ! MO/ SUBV]SIVE FACTORS 9' ! DECL9E ( 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,BUT ! MY? ( \R AUTONOMY IS NO LESS REAL ?AN ! REALITY ( ITS DECL9E4 ,:E!R AS MY? OR CANON1 WILL -- CONCEIV$ AS ! P]SONAL FRE$OM TO *OOSE OR TO CREATE ! CON/ITU5TS ( *OICE -- PRESUPPOSES ?AT !RE IS SU* A PH5OM5ON AS ! 9DIVIDUAL1 & ?AT HE OR %E IS COMPET5T & !RE=E CAPABLE ( MAK+ RATIONAL JUDGM5TS2 9 %ORT1 ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL IS CAPABLE ( FUNCTION+ AS A SELF-DET]M9$1 SELF-ACTIVE1 & SELF-GOV]N+ BE+4 ,TRAGICALLY1 0CIVILIZATION0 HAS ASSOCIAT$ VOLITION ) CONTROL1 DOM9ATION1 & AU?ORITY2 H5CE1 IT ALSO HAS ASSOCIAT$ IT ) MA/]Y &1 9 ! >*AIC WORLD1 ) A GODLIKE SUP]HUMANITY ( ! ABSOLUTE RUL]4 ,FIGURES SU* AS ,GILGAME%1 ,A*ILLES1 ,JO%UA1 & ,JULIUS ,CES> W]E MORE ?AN JU/ M5 ( ACTION -- ! SUPREME EGOS WE ASSOCIATE ) ! 0H]OIC0 CA/ ( P]SONALITY 7! EGO AS W>RIOR74 ,9 SEV]AL CASES !Y BECAME TRANSC5D5TAL FIGURES :OSE SUP]HUMANITY C>RI$ !M BEYOND ! CONTROLS ( NATURE ITSELF4 ,?IS VIEW DEFIL$ NOT ONLY ! V]Y NOTION ( A HUMAN NATURE1 BUT ALSO ! CONCRETE REALITY & CON/RA9TS ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,AS LATE AS ,HEGEL'S TIME1 !Y W]E VIEW$ AS METAPHYSICAL FIGURES1 OR 0,WORLD ,SPIRITS10 CA/ FROM A ,NAPOLEONIC MOLD4 ,TO ?IS DAY1 9 ! VULG> IMAG]Y ( TELEVISION1 !Y >E CLO!D 9 ! ADV]TIS+ AG5CY'S TRAPP+S ( 0*>ISMATIC0 EGOS1 OR :AT WE SO APPROPRIATELY CALL 0P]SONALITIES0 & 0/>S40 ,BUT ?IS COMMITM5T ( 9DIVIDUALITY TO DOM9ATION1 SO COMPELL+LY =G$ BY 0CIVILIZATION10 IS C]TA9LY NOT ! SOLE =M ( 9DIVIDUAL CREATIVITY4 ,! ,R5AISSANCE1 AS ,K5NE? ,CL>K NOT$1 DID NOT DEVELOP A V]Y SUB/ANTIAL BODY ( PHILOSOPHICAL LIT]ATURE1 COMP>ABLE1 SAY1 TO ?AT ( ! LATE EILY N9ETE5? C5TURIES1 BECAUSE IT EXPRESS$ ITS PHILOSOPHY 9 >T4 ,= ALL ITS UND]/ATEM5T ( ,R5AISSANCE ?\RE/+4 ,H]E1 WILL F\ND EXPRESSION 9 ! 9COMP>ABLE /ATU>Y ( ,MI*ELANGELO'S 0,DAVID0 & ! CEIL+ ( ! ,SI/9E ,*APEL2 9 ,RAPHAEL'S 0,S*OOL ( ,A!NS02 9 ,LEON>DO'S 0,LA/ ,SUPP]02 & 9 SCI5TIFIC RESE>*4 ,?US H]OISM ACQUIR$ ANO!R VOICE FROM ?AT ( ! BATTLEFIELD'S CLAMOR4 ,IMAG9ATION1 /IRR$ TO LIFE BY ! MO!R'S SONGS & /ORIES1 SL[LY =M$ >\ND CREATIVITY CONCEIV$ AS ! EXPRESSION ( BEAUTY4 ,H5CE1 IT IS BY NO MEANS A GIV5 ?AT 9DIVIDUALITY1 AUTONOMY1 & WILLFULNESS MU/ BE EXPRESS$ 9 DOM9ATION2 !Y CAN JU/ AS WELL BE EXPRESS$ 9 >TI/IC CREATIVITY4 ,S*ILL] VIEW$ ! AFFIRMATION ( HUMAN 9DIVIDUALITY & P[] AS ! EXPRESSION ( JOY1 PLAY1 & FULFILLM5T ( ! ES!TIC S5SIBILITY2 ,M>X SAW IT AS ASS]TION1 ,PROME!AN CONTROL1 & DOM9ATION -- ?R\< PRODUCTION1 ! FIRE ( LABOR1 & ! CONQUE/ ( NATURE4 ,YET ! POET NO MORE IMPLI$ A D5IAL ( P[] & 9DIVIDUALITY ?AN ! SOCIAL ?9K]4 ,9DE$1 ! RIT RA!R ?AN AS A CONFLICT HAS BE5 ) US ALL ! TIME4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! P>O*IAL WORLD ( ! K9 GR\P & ITS FIXITY 9 CU/OM1 0CIVILIZATION0 HAS GIV5 US ! WID] WORLD ( ! SOCIAL GR\P & ITS FLEXIBILITY 9 RATIOC9ATION4 ,TODAY1 ! REAL ISSUE POS$ BY ?IS HI/ORIC TRANSC5D5CE IS NO LONG] A QUE/ION ( REASON1 P[]1 & TE*NE AS SU*1 BUT ! FUNCTION ( IMAG9ATION 9 GIV+ US DIRECTION1 HOPE1 & A S5SE ( PLACE 9 NATURE & SOCIETY4 ,! CRY 0,IMAG9ATION TO ,P[]60 ?AT ! ,P>ISIAN /UD5TS RAIS$ 9 #aifh WAS NOT A RECIPE = ! SEIZURE ( P[] BUT A GL[+ VISION ( ! AES!TICIZATION ( P]SONALITY & SOCIETY4 ,WE DO NOT NORMALLY F9D !SE VISIONS 9 TRADITIONAL RADICALISM4 ,! N9ETE5?-C5TURY SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S W]E L>GELY ECONOMI/IC & SCI5TI/IC 9 !IR \TLOOK1 (T5 ON A SCALE COMP>ABLE TO ! CONV5TIONAL SOCIAL !ORI/S ( !IR DAY4 ,PR\DHON WAS NO LESS COMMITT$ TO A 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM0 ?AN WAS ,M>X4 ,KROPOTK9 WAS (T5 AS MU* ( A TE*NOLOGICAL DET]M9I/ AS ,5GELS1 AL?\< HE R$EEM$ ?IS /ANCE BY HIS EMPHASIS ON E?ICS4 ,BO? M51 LIKE ! ,VICTORIANS ( !IR TIME1 W]E ?OR\GELY ECONOMIC A*IEVEM5T4 ,ALL !SE PR9CIPAL FIGURES VIEW$ ! ,/ATE AS 0HI/ORICALLY NECESS>Y40 ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK9 SAW IT AS AN 0UNAVOIDABLE EVIL02 ,M>X & ,5GELS SAW IT AS A HI/ORICALLY PROGRESSIVE DATUM4 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 P]HAPS ! MO/ E?ICALLY ORI5T$ ( ! AN>*I/S1 SAW !SE FAIL+S CLE>LY & OP5LY CRITICIZ$ !M 9 ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK94 ,ALL ( !M W]E (T5 DY/OPIAN 9 !IR \TLOOK4 ,! GIV5 REALITY1 ) ITS HYPO/ATIZATION ( LABOR1 ITS REV]5CE = SCI5CE & TE*NICS1 ITS MY?S ( PROGRESS1 & ABOVE ALL1 ITS COMMITM5T TO PROLET>IAN HEGEMONY1 WAS P>T ( A %>$ MY?OLOGY ?AT CEM5TS ! 0LIB]T>IAN0 & 0AU?ORIT>IAN0 SOCIALISMS ( ! LA/ C5TURY 9TO AN EQUALLY UN9HABITABLE $IFICE4 ,IMAG9ATION AS A SOCIALLY CREATIVE P[] F\ND ITS ,IMAG9ATION AS A SOCIALLY CREATIVE P[] F\ND ITS VOICE NOT 9 ! PREVAL5T RADICAL SOCIAL 5G9E]S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY BUT 9 ! R>E1 LUM9ESC5T UTOPIAN WORKS ?AT FLA%$ ANNOY+LY >\ND 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALI/S0 ( ALL K9DS4 ,OCCASIONALLY1 ! IRRIDESC5CE ( !SE WORKS DAZZL$ !M1 BUT MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 !Y W]E EMB>RASS$ BY !SE FANCIFUL FLIE H] BREA/S ) DECORUM TO FE$ H] 9FANT1 BUT NEV] 0WANTONLY10 ON A B>RICADE OR AT A PUBLIC RALLY = FRE$OM4 ,! GREAT UTOPIANS DID PRECISELY ?AT -- & MORE -- ON !IR B>RICADES1 LIKE ! TWO ANONYM\S 0H>LOTS0 ON ! B>RICADES ( ,JUNE1 #a#h#d#h1 :O 9S\CIANTLY & DEFIANTLY RAIS$ !IR SKIRTS BE=E ! ATTACK+ ,NATIONAL ,GU>DSM5 ( B\RGEOIS ,P>IS1 & W]E %OT D[N 9 ! ACT4 ,:AT M>K$ ! GREAT UTOPIANS WAS NOT !IR LACK ( REALISM BUT !IR S5SU\SNESS1 !IR PASSION = ! CONCRETE1 !IR ADORATION ( DESIRE & PLEASURE4 ,!IR UTOPIAS W]E (T5 EXEMPL>S ( A QUALITATIVE 0SOCIAL SCI5CE0 WRITT5 9 S$UCTIVE PROSE1 A NEW K9D ( SOCIALISM ?AT DEFI$ AB/RACT 9TELLECTUAL CONV5TIONS ) !IR P$ANTRY & ICY PRACTICALITY4 ,P]HAPS EV5 MORE IMPORTANTLY1 !Y DEFI$ ! IMAGE ?AT HUMAN BE+S W]E1 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 MA*9ES2 ?AT !IR EMOTIONS1 PLEASURES1 APPETITES1 & IDEALS C\LD BE CA/ 9 T]MS ( A CULTURE ?AT VIEW$ ! QUANTITATIVE AS AU!NTIC TRU?4 ,H5CE1 !Y /OOD 9 FLAT OPPOSITION TO A MA*9E-ORI5T$ MASS SOCIETY4 ,!IR MESSAGE ( FECUNDITY & REPRODUCTION ?US RESCU$ ! IMAGE ( HUMANITY AS AN EMBODIM5T ( ! ORGANIC ?AT HAD ITS PLACE 9 ! RI*LY T9T$ WORLD ( NATURE1 NOT 9 ! WORK%OP & ! FACTORY4 ,SOME ( !SE UTOPIAS ADVANCE ?IS MESSAGE ) UNABA%$ VULG>ITY1 SU* AS ,RABELAIS' \TRAGE\S ,ABBEY ( ,!LEME1 A L& ( ,COKAYGNE DRESS$ 9 ! ,R5AISSANCE E>?9ESS & SEXUALITY ?AT EV5 ! FOLK UTOPIA LACK$4 ,LIKE NE>LY ALL ,R5AISSANCE UTOPIAS1 ! ,ABBEY IS A 0MONA/]Y0 & A 0RELIGION10 BUT ONE ?AT MOCKS MONA/IC LIFE & REV]5CE = ! ,DEITY4 ,IT HAS NO WALLS TO CONTA9 IT1 NO RULES TO REGULATE IT4 ,IT ADMITS BO? WOM5 & M51 ALL COMELY & ATTRACTIVE1 & ACCEPTS NO V[S ( *A/ITY1 POV]TY1 OR OB$I5CE4 ,LAVI% DRESS REPLACES ECCLESIA/ICAL BLACK2 SUMPTU\S REPA/S REPLACE GRUEL & H>D BREAD2 MAGNIFIC5T FURNI%+S REPLACE ! COLD /ONE WALLS ( ! MONA/IC CELL2 FALCONRIES & POOLS REPLACE SOMB] RETREATS & WORK PLACES4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! NEW ORD] SP5D !IR LIVES 0NOT 9 LAWS1 /ATUTES1 & RULES1 BUT ACCORD+ TO !IR [N FREE WILL & PLEASURE40 ,!Y >ISE FROM B$ :5 IT PLEASES !M2 D9E1 DR9K1 LABOR1 & SLEEP :5 !Y HAVE A M9D TO2 & DISPORT !MSELVES AS & :5 !Y WI%4 ,! CLOCK HAS BE5 ABOLI%$1 = :AT IS ! 0GREATE/ LOSS10 9 ,RABELAIS' WORDS1 ?AN TO 0C\NT ! H\RS1 :AT GOOD COMES ( IT80 ,BUT :AT REALLY MAY HAVE \TRAG$ ITS B\RGEOIS READ]S W]E ! ?REE ,GRACES :O SURM\NT ! ,ABBEY'S F\NTA91 0) !IR CORNUCOPIAS1 OR HORNS ( ABUNDANCE10 :I* SPURT \T WAT] 0AT !IR BREA/S1 M\?S1 E>S1 EYES1 & O!R OP5 PASSAGES ( ! BODY40 ,LOOK+ UPON ?IS PROVOCATIVE SYMBOL 9 !IR C\RTY>D1 ! WOM5 & M5 ( ! ,ABBEY >E REM9D$ ?AT !Y MU/ OBEY ONE /RICT RULE3 0,DO AS ?\ WILT40 ,WE %\LD NOT ALL[ ! TYPICAL ,R5AISSANCE ELITISM ( ,RABELAIS' ,ABBEY TO CONCEAL ! 9TIMATE ASSOCIATION IT E/ABLI%ES BETWE5 PLEASURE & ! TOTAL ABS5CE ( DOM9ATION4 ,?AT !RE >E S]VANTS1 CU/ODIANS1 & LABOR]S :O R5D] ! VISION CR$IBLE DOES NOT ALT] ! FACT ?AT IT IS JU/IFIABLE AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 ,*RI/IAN ASCETICISM & ! B\RGEOIS WORK E?IC DID NOT AIM AT ! EQUALITY ( HUMANITY ON E>?1 BUT RA!R ! REPRESSION ( EV]Y IMPULSE ?AT MI$ BY ALL4 ,! REBELLION ( FREE WILL & ! RI?LY PLEASURE AGA9/ ! LIFELONG P5ANCE ( D5IAL & TOIL4 ,AFT] ! ,ABBEY ( ,!LEME1 ! T]RA9 ,RABELAIS OP5$ WAS CLUTT]$ BY SYB>ITIC VISIONS ( ! 0GOOD LIFE40 ,AL?\< ! ,RE=MATION'S /]NNESS MUT$ !SE PRIVATIZ$ H$ONI/IC FUTURAMAS1 !Y MORE OR LESS P]SI/$ 9TO \R [N DAY AS ]OTIC & SCI5CE-FICTION DRAMAS4 ,A FEW ,5LI?9ESS & G5]OSITY ( SPIRIT1 A RESPECT = ! DESIRES ( ! FLE% & = ! CULTURES ( PRELIT]ATE PEOPLES ?AT HAVE YET TO BE MAT*$ 9 \R [N TIME4 ,BUT NEI!R WORK ADVANCES A PROGRAM OR EV5 A VISION ?AT *ALL5GES 5TR5*$ VALUES & 9/ITUTIONS4 ,!Y CONTRITELY DEPICT A DIFF]5T K9D ( 0FALL0 FROM ! GRACE ( NATURE & NATURALNESS ( BEHAVIOR ?AT IS MORE TRAGIC 9 !IR HOPELESSNESS ?AN R$EMPTIVE 9 !IR IDEALISM4 ,P]HAPS ! LEA/ UND]/OOD 0UTOPIA0 ( ! P]IOD1 H[EV]1 IS ! ,M>QUIS DE ,SADE'S PLEA = A REVOLUTION>Y EMANCIPATION ( PASSION ITSELF FROM ! CON/RA9TS ( CONV5TION & ,*RI/IAN MORALITY4 ,! ,M>QUIS DE ,SADE HAS BE5 JU/LY CONDEMN$ = HIS RAPACI\S EGOTISM1 HIS OBJECTIFICATION ( WOM5 & SEXUALITY1 & ! 9/RUM5TAL M5TALITY HE EXHIBITS T[>D ! S5SU\S ITSELF4 ,YET HIS ,PHILOSOPHY ( ! ,B$ROOM IS P]HAPS ONE ( ! MO/ PSY*OLOGICALLY DISRUPTIVE WORKS ( ITS TIME1 AL?\< ITS 9FLU5CE WAS NOT FELT UNTIL A MU* LAT] P]IOD4 ,= DE ,SADE1 SEXUALITY IS NOT ONLY A PLEASURE 9 ITS [N RIIAN :5 IT OP5S ! MO/ 9T]NALIZ$ REPRESSIONS ( ! PSY*E TO ! LIDS AS 0AUDACI\S10 HE DECL>ES1 0,A NATION ?AT BEG9S BY GOV]N+ ITSELF AS A REPUBLIC WILL ONLY BE SU/A9$ BY VIRTUE BECAUSE1 9 ORD] TO ATTA9 ! MO/1 ONE MU/ ALWAYS />T ) ! LEA/40 ,HEAD+ DE ,SADE'S DISQUISITION 9 ! DIALOGUE IS ! CRY3 0,YET ,ANO!R ,EF=T1 ,FR5*M51 ,IF ,Y\ ,W\LD ,BECOME ,REPUBLICANS60 ,!REUPON DE ,SADE IMPUGNS LAW ITSELF3 0,MAN RECEIVES FROM NATURE ! IMPRESSIONS :I* ALL[ ONE TO P>DON HIM = ?IS ACTION1 :ILE LAW1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 BE+ ALWAYS 9 OPPOSITION TO NATURE & [+ NO?+ TO IT1 CANNOT BE AU?ORIZ$ TO P]MIT ITSELF ! SAME MOTIVES 4 4 4 40 ,NOT ?AT DE ,SADE D5IES ! NE$ = LAWS 7:I* %\LD BE AS 0MILD0 AS POSSIBLE7 OR ! P>APH]NALIA ( A REPUBLIC2 BUT ! LIB]T>IAN T5OR ( HIS POSITION & HIS PASSIONATE HATR$ ( SOCIAL & PSY*OLOGICAL RE/RA9T >E EVID5T4 ,HIS T5OR & POSITION W\LD BE MORE CONV9C+ IF !Y APPLI$ TO ! VICTIMS ( HIS [N SEXUAL TA/ES4 ,BUT HIS ORGIA/IC APPEAL TO A NEW S5SIBILITY1 BAS$ ON A NATURALI/IC REAWAK5+ ( ! S5SES & ! BODY FROM ! DEEP SLEEP ( REPRESSION1 /&S %>PLY AT ODDS ) ! /RONG EMPHASIS ON 0SELF-DISCIPL9E0 ?AT ! EM]G+ 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE WAS TO IMPOSE ON ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,L'AM\R F\1 ! 9DISP5SABLE S5SORY 0D]ANGEM5T0 ?AT DE ,SADE'S 0B$ROOM PHILOSOPHY0 IMPLIES1 F\ND ITS RE/+ PLACE 9 ES!TIC MOVEM5TS ( ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,SYMBOLI/S1 & \R [N C5TURY'S ,DADAI/ & ,SURREALI/ MOVEM5TS4 ,9 !SE COMP>ATIVELY EXOTIC =MS1 IT WAS SOCIALLY M>G9AL -- UNTIL ! C\NT]CULTURE ( ! SIXTIES & ! 0Y\? REVOLT0 ( ! EITI/IC BOHEMIAS 9TO ! OP5 LILY N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ,RABELAIS & DE ,SADE 5JOY$ A BRIEF ,9DIAN SUMM] 9 ,*>LES ,F\RI]'S UTOPIAN VISIONS1 :I* HAVE RECEIV$ WORLDWIDE ATT5TION AS A SEEM+LY PRACTICAL SY/EM = 9ITIAT+ A 0SOCIALI/0 SOCIETY4 ,F\RI] HAS BE5 WIDELY H]ALD$ = HIS /UNN+ ORIG9ALITY & F]TILE IMAG9ATION -- BUT (T5 = ! WRONG REASONS4 ,DESPITE HIS VIGOR\S D5UNCIATIONS ( LIB]ALISM'S HYPOCRISIES1 HE WAS NOT A SOCIALI/2 H5CE1 HE WAS NO 0PRECURSOR0 ( ,M>X OR ,PR\DHON4 ,NOR WAS HE AN EGALIT>IAN 9 ! S5SE ?AT HIS UTOPIA PRESUM$ A RADICAL LEVEL+ ( ! RID HIM AS A SOCIAL 0ME*ANI/0 7ANO!R CRITICISM ?AT HAS BE5 VOIC$ AGA9/ HIM7 IS SIMPLY PREPO/]\S4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! CONTRADICTIONS 9 ,F\RI]'S 0,H>MONIAN0 FUTURE1 :I* HE CONTRA/$ ) ! DEGRAD+ /ATE ( 0,CIVILIZATION10 >E LEGION4 ,WOM5 >E TO BE TOTALLY LIB]AT$ FROM ALL PATRI>*AL CON/RA9TS1 BUT ?IS DOES NOT PREV5T ,F\RI] FROM VIEW+ !M AS SEXUAL P]=M]S -- EA* ( :OM WILL COOK1 LAT] 5T]TA9 HIS COMMUNITIES1 OR PHALAN/]IES1 9 S++ & O!R DELIS WILL OCCUR 9 ,H>MONY1 & CAPTIVES1 HELD = SEV]AL DAYS AT MO/1 WILL BE OBLIG$ TO OBEY !IR CAPTORS EV5 9 P]=M+ SEXUAL TASKS ?AT MAY BE ON]\S TO !M4 ,SECRET 9FIDELITIES WILL BE PUNI%$ 9 MU* ! SAME WAY4 ,DESPITE ,F\RI]'S BASIC DETE/ATION ( AU?ORITY1 H[EV]1 HE TOY$ ) ! NOTION ( A WORLD LEAD] AT ! SUMMIT ( HIS VAGUE FUNCTIONAL HI]>*Y1 A POSITION HE V>I\SLY (F]$ TO ,NAPOLEON & ,CZ> ,ALEX&] ,I4 ,YET :5 SU* CONTRADICTIONS >E PLAC$ 9 ! L>G] P]SPECTIVE ( HIS 5TIRE WORK1 ,F\RI] TURNS \T TO BE ! MO/ LIB]T>IAN1 ! MO/ ORIG9AL1 & C]TA9LY ! MO/ RELEVANT UTOPIAN ?9K] ( HIS DAY1 IF NOT ( ! 5TIRE TRADITION4 ,AS ,M>K ,PO/] OBS]VES 9 AN EXCELL5T REVIEW ( HIS WORK1 ,/AMP$ AS A UTOPIAN BY ! POPE ( SOCIALI/ OR?ODOXY .<,M>X.>1 IT HAS BE5 ,F\RI]'S MIS=TUNE TO BE MISUND]/OOD BY G5]ATION AFT] G5]ATION ( S*OL>S4 ,SE5 9 HIS [N T]MS1 9 ! CONTEXT ( HIS [N 9TELLECTUAL PROBLEMATIC1 ,F\RI] EM]GES AS A BRILLIANT PIONE] ( QUE/IONS ?AT HAVE NOT BE5 FULLY EXAM9$ UNTIL ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,! FATE ( ! PASSIONS 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ! LIMITATIONS ( ! NUCLE> FAMILY1 ! PROSPECTS ( COMMUNAL $UCATION1 ! TYPES ( LOVE RELATIONS 9 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY1 ! POSSIBILITY ( ATTRACTIVE LABOR1 ! NATURE ( GR\PS & ! ROLE ( SEX 9 ! =MATION ( GR\PS1 ! DEHUMANIZATION ( M>KET RELATIONS1 ! EFFECTS ( PSY*IC FRU/RATION1 ! POSSIBILITY ( A NON-REPRESSIVE SOCIETY -- ALL ( !SE QUE/IONS1 :I* W]E DROPP$ BY ! SOCIALI/ TRADITION & NEV] EV5 RAIS$ BY LIB]ALISM HAVE ONLY REC5TLY BE5 RESURRECT$ FROM ! OBLIVION FAT$ = ALL QUE/IONS RELAT+ M]ELY TO ! 0SUP]/RUCTURE40 ,MORE SO ?AN MO/ UTOPIAN WRIT]S1 ,F\RI] LEFT BEH9D PAGES UPON PAGES ( ELABORATE DESCRIPTIONS ( HIS NEW ,H>MONIAN SOCIETY1 9CLUD+ ! MO/ MUNDANE DETAILS ( EV]YDAY LIFE 9 A PHALAN/]Y4 ,HIS CRITIQUE ( 0CIVILIZATION10 NOTABLY ( CAPITALISM1 WAS UTT]LY DEVA/AT+2 9DE$1 IT IS L>GELY = HIS CRITICAL WRIT+S ?AT HE E>N$ ! GREATE/ AM\NT ( PRAISE FROM LAT] SOCIALI/ WRIT]S4 ,BUT SU* A ONE-SID$1 RA!R PATRONIZ+ TREATM5T ( ,F\RI] DOES HIM A GRAVE 9JU/ICE4 ,HE WAS ABOVE ALL ! ADVOCATE ( L'EC>T ABSOLU1 ! COMPLETE REJECTION ( ! CONV5TIONS ( HIS TIME4 ,L'EC>T ABSOLU C\LD EASILY PROVIDE A SUB/ITUTE = ,MAURICE ,BLAN*OT'S PLEA = AN 0ABSOLUTE REFUSAL10 AN EXPRESSION ?AT WAS TO ACQUIRE SPECIAL APPLICABILITY TO ! SOCIAL PROTE/ VOIC$ BY ! #a#i#fS4 ,) A F]VOR & SCOPE ?AT MAKES HIM UNIQUELY CONTEMPOR>Y1 ,F\RI] REJECT$ ALMO/ EV]Y ASPECT ( ! SOCIAL WORLD 9 :I* HE LIV$ -- ITS ECONOMY1 MORALITY1 SEXUALITY1 FAMILY /RUCTURE1 $UCATIONAL SY/EM1 CULTURAL /&>DS1 & P]SONAL RELATIONS4 ,VIRTUALLY NO?+ 9 HIS ]A OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 9 ! DEEPE/ PSY*IC RECESSES ( ! 9DIVIDUALS ( HIS DAY1 WAS LEFT UNT\*$ BY HIS CRITICAL SCALPEL4 ,HE EV5 =MULAT$ A NEW CONCEPTION ( ! UNIV]SE ?AT1 H[EV] FANTA/IC & EXTRAVAGANTLY IMAG9ATIVE1 IS LIKELY TO BE CONG5IAL TO ! ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITIES ( \R DAY4 ,TO ,F\RI]1 ! PHYSICAL WORLD IS GOV]N$ NOT BY ,NEWTON'S LAW ( UNIV]SAL GRAVITATION BUT BY HIS [N 0LAW ( PASSIONATE ATTRACTION0 -- A LAW ?AT HE EXUB]ANTLY PROCLAIM$ AS HIS GREATE/ CONTRIBUTION TO MOD]N KN[L$GE4 ,9 PLACE ( ,NEWTON'S ME*ANICAL 9T]PRETATION ( ! UNIV]SE1 ,F\RI] ADVANCES A CONCEPT ( ! COSMOS AS A VA/ ORGANISM ?AT IS SUFFUS$ BY LIFE & GR[?4 ,A VIBRANT VITALISM SO COMPLETELY REPLACES ! DESPIRITIZ$ MATT] ( CONV5TIONAL PHYSICS ?AT EV5 ! IDEA ( PLANETS COPULAT+ IS NOT IMPLAUSIBLE4 ,LIFE1 AS WE NORMALLY CONCEIVE IT1 & SOCIETY >E M]ELY ! (FSPR+ ( A PROGRESSIVE ELABORATION ( ! PASSIONS4 ,F\RI]1 TO BE SURE1 IS NOT UNIQUE 9 CONCEIV+ ( ! UNIV]SE 9 BIOLOGICAL T]MS4 ,BUT 9 CONTRA/ TO MO/ VITALI/S1 HE C>RIES HIS 0LAW ( PASSIONATE ATTRACTION0 FROM ! />S 9TO HUMANITY'S 9N]MO/ PSY*IC RECESSES4 0,CIVILIZATION0 -- ! ?IRD 9 SEV5TE5 ASC5D+ /AGES ?AT ,F\RI] *>TS \T AS HUMANITY'S DE/9Y -- IS P]HAPS ! MO/ PSY*ICALLY REPRESSIVE PHASE ( ALL1 A PHASE ?AT BRUTALLY DI/ORTS ! PASSIONS & *ANNELS !M 9TO P]V]T$ & DE/RUCTIVE =MS4 ,! BRUTALITIES ( ! NEW 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY1 :I* ,F\RI] REC\NT$ ) ! MO/ P[]FUL PROSE AT HIS COMM&1 >E ESS5TIALLY ! EXPRESSION ( 0CIVILIZATION'S0 HIATUS4 ,H>MONY1 ! CULM9AT+ /AGE ( SOCIETY'S DEVELOPM5T1 WILL BE M>K$ BY ! PR$OM9ANCE ( 5TIRELY NEW SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS -- NOTABLY1 ! PHALAN/]Y -- ?AT WILL NOT ONLY DISMANTLE 0CIVILIZATION'S0 REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS BUT F9ALLY PROVIDE 9DIVIDUALS ) ! FULL RELEASE ( !IR PASSIONS & ! FULL SATISFACTION ( !IR DESIRES4 ,DESPITE ! 9CONSI/5CIES ?AT M> HIS DISCUSSIONS ( WOM51 ,F\RI] WAS P]HAPS ! MO/ EXPLICIT OPPON5T ( PATRI>*ALISM 9 ! 0UTOPIAN0 TRADITION4 ,IT WAS HE1 NOT ,M>X1 :O P5N$ ! FAM\S MAXIM ?AT SOCIAL PROGRESS CAN BE JUDG$ BY ! WAY A SOCIETY TREATS ITS WOM54 ,:5 VIEW$ AGA9/ ! BACKGR\ND ( ! UTOPIAN TRADITION AS A :OLE1 ) ITS /RONG EMPHASIS ON PAT]NAL AU?ORITY1 ?IS MAXIM W\LD BE 5\< TO S+LE \T ,F\RI] AS ONE ( ! MO/ RADICAL ?9K]S ( HIS TIME4 ,BUT HE ALSO DI/+UI%$ HIMSELF FROM RADICAL SOCIAL !ORI/S ON ISSUES ?AT VEX US TO ?IS V]Y DAY4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! ,JACOB9 CRE$ ( REPUBLICAN VIRTUE1 HE TOTALLY REJECT$ AN E?IC ( SELF-D5IAL1 ( REASON'S ABSOLUTE SUPREMACY OV] PASSION1 ( MOD]ATION ( DESIRE & RE/RICTION ( PLEASURE4 ,UNLIKE ,M>X1 HE D5I$ ?AT WORK MU/ NECESS>ILY BE TAX+ & 9H]5TLY OPPRESSIVE4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ,FREUD1 HE MEASUR$ SOCIETAL ADVANCES NOT 9 T]MS ( ! EXT5T TO :I* ]OTICISM IS SUBLIMAT$ 9TO O!R ACTIVITIES BUT ! EXT5T TO :I* IT IS RELEAS$ & GIV5 FULL EXPRESSION4 ,9 ! ,H>MONIAN WORLD1 ! PSY*IC REPRESSIONS CREAT$ BY 0CIVILIZATION0 WILL F9ALLY BE REPLAC$ BY A FULL FL[]+ ( PASSION1 PLEASURE1 LUXURY1 LOVE1 P]SONAL RELEASE1 & JOY\S WORK4 ,! 0REALM ( NECESSITY0 -- ! REALM ( TOIL & R5UNCIATION -- WILL BE SUFFUS$ BY ! 0REALM ( FRE$OM40 ,WORK1 H[EV] ATT5UAT$ ITS ROLE MAY BE 9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 WILL BE TRANS=M$ FROM AN ON]\S ACTIVITY 9TO PLAY4 ,NATURE1 W\ND$ & P]V]T$ BY 0CIVILIZATION10 WILL BECOME B\NTIFUL & YIELD ABUNDANT H>VE/S = ALL TO 5JOY4 ,9DE$1 AS 9 ! L& ( ,COKAYGNE1 EV5 ! SAL9ITY ( ! OCEANS WILL GIVE WAY TO A FRUIT-LIKE1 DR9KABLE FLUID1 & OR*>DS1 PLANT$ EV]Y:]E BY ,H>MONIAN HUMANITY1 WILL PROVIDE A PL5ITUDE ( FRUITS & NUTS4 ,MONOGAMY WILL YIELD TO UN9HIBIT$ SEXUAL FRE$OM2 HAPP9ESS TO PLEASURE2 SC>CITY TO ABUNDANCE2 BOR$OM TO A DAZZL+ V>IETY ( EXP]I5CES2 DULL$ S5SES TO A NEW ACUITY ( VISION1 HE>+1 & TA/E2 & COMPETITION TO HIIEGAT$ ASSOCIATIONS AT ALL LEVELS ( P]SONAL & SOCIAL LIFE4 ,9 ESS5CE ,F\RI] REHABILITATES ,RABELAIS' ,ABBEY ( ,!LEME ) HIS CONCEPT ( ! PHALAN/]Y1 BUT HIS COMMUNITY IS TO BE ! %>$ DE/9Y ( HUMANITY RA!R ?AN ( A WELL-BR$ ELITE4 ,UNLIKE ! L& ( ,COKAYGNE1 H[EV]1 ,F\RI] DID NOT RELY ON NATURE ALONE TO PROVIDE ?IS MAT]IAL B\NTY4 ,ABUNDANCE1 9DE$ LUXURY1 WILL BE AVAILABLE = ALL TO 5JOY BECAUSE TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T WILL HAVE REMOV$ ! ECONOMIC BASIS = SC>CITY & CO]CION4 ,WORK WILL BE ROTAT$1 ELIM9AT+ MONOTONY & ONE-SID$NESS 9 PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY1 BECAUSE TE*NOLOGY WILL HAVE SIMPLIFI$ MANY PHYSICAL TASKS4 ,COMPETITION1 9 TURN1 WILL BE CURTAIL$ BECAUSE ! SCRAMBLE = SC>CE GOODS WILL BECOME MEAN+LESS 9 AN AFFLU5T SOCIETY4 ,! PHALAN/]Y WILL BE NEI!R A RURAL VILLAGE NOR A CONGE/$ CITY1 BUT RA!R A BALANC$ COMMUNITY COMB9+ ! VIRTUES ( BO?4 ,AT ITS FULL COMPLEM5T1 IT WILL CONTA9 #a1 #g TO #a1#h PEOPLE -- :I*1 TO ,F\RI]1 NOT ONLY ALL[S = HUMAN SCALE BUT BR+S PEOPLE TOGE!R 9 PRECISELY ! CORRECT NUMB] ( 0PASSIONATE COMB9ATIONS0 ?AT >E NECESS>Y TO SATISFY EA* 9DIVIDUAL'S DESIRES4 ,F\RI]1 H[EV]1 /OOD ON A MU* MORE ADVANC$ & COMPLEX SOCIAL LEVEL ?AN ,RABELAIS & DE ,SADE4 ,! MONK & ! M>QUIS ESS5TIALLY CLOI/]$ !IR VIEWS 9 SPECIFIC 5VIRONM5TS4 ,BUT ,F\RI] BOLDLY /EPP$4 UP ON ! SOCIAL /AGE = ALL TO SEE4 ,HE FURNI%$ IT NOT ONLY ) HIS [N PRES5CE & HIS IMAG9ATIVE 0LIC5SE0 BUT ALSO ) A FULLY EQUIPP$ PHALAN/]Y & ITS LUXURI\S B$ROOMS1 >CADES1 GRE5H\SES1 & WORK PLACES4 ,HIS VEHICLE WAS NOT ! PIC>ESQUE NOVEL ( ! ,R5AISSANCE OR ! EXOTIC DIALOGUE ( ! ,5LITICLE1 ! TREATISE1 ! ORAL AS WELL AS WRITT5 ATTACK UPON 9JU/ICE1 & ! COMPELL+ PLEAS = FRE$OM4 ,HE WAS AN ACTIVI/ AS WELL AS A !ORI/1 A PRACTITION] AS WELL AS A VISION>Y4 ,F\RI]'S NOTION ( FRE$OM IS ! MO/ EXPANSIVE WE HAVE YET 5C\NT]$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( LIB]ATORY IDEALS4 ,EV5 ,SUSO1 ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT1 & ! ,ADAMITES SEEM LESS] 9 SCOPE1 = !IRS IS /ILL ! ELITI/ UTOPIA ( ,RABELAIS4 ,!Y >E MORE LIKE ,*RI/IAN ORD]S ?AN A SOCIETY1 AN ASSOCIATION ( ! ELECT RA!R ?AN A COMMUNITY = ALL4 ,F> MORE ?AN ,M>X1 ,F\RI] L9K$ ! DE/9Y ( SOCIAL FRE$OM 9EXTRICABLY ) P]SONAL FRE$OM3 ! REMOVAL ( REPRESSION 9 SOCIETY MU/ TAKE PLACE CONCURR5TLY ) ! REMOVAL ( REPRESSION 9 ! HUMAN PSY*E4 ,ACCORD+LY1 !RE CAN BE NO HOPE ( LIB]AT+ SOCIETY )\T SELF-LIB]ATION 9 ! FULLE/ MEAN+ ( SELFHOOD1 ( ! EGO & ALL ITS CLAIMS4 ,F9ALLY1 ,F\RI] IS 9 MANY WAYS ! E>LIE/ SOCIAL ECOLOGI/ TO SURFACE 9 RADICAL ?\D$ AS A SOCIAL ECOSY/EM 9 ITS EXPLICIT 5DEAVOR TO PROMOTE UNITY 9 DIV]SITY4 ,F\RI] PA9/AK+LY ITEMIZ$ & ANALYZ$ ALL ! POSSIBLE PASSIONS ?AT MU/ F9D EXPRESSION )9 ITS WALLS4 ,AL?\< ?IS HAS BE5 GROSSLY MISREAD AS SU*1 IT WAS NO P$ANTIC EX]CISE ON ,F\RI]'S P>T1 H[EV] MU* ONE MAY DISAGREE ) HIS CONCLUSIONS4 ,F\RI] SEEMS TO HAVE HAD HIS [N NOTION ( ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS2 ! PHALAN/]Y MU/ TRY TO COMP5SATE 9 PSY*IC WEAL? & V>IETY = ANY 9EQUALITIES ( MAT]IAL WEAL? EXI/+ AMONG ITS MEMB]S4 ,:E!R ITS MEMB]S >E WELL-TO-DO OR NOT1 !Y ALL %>E 9 ! BE/ ( W9ES1 ! GREATE/ ( CUL9>Y1 SEXUAL1 & S*OL>LY PLEASURES1 & ! WIDE/ CONCEIVABLE DIV]SITY ( /IMULI4 ,H5CE1 QUANTITATIVE V>IATIONS ( 9COME )9 ! COMMUNITY BECOME IRRELEVANT 9 A FEA/ ( DIV]SIFI$1 QUALITATIVELY SUP]B DELIIETY & COMPLEXITY WAS ALSO A MATT] ( PR9CIPLE1 A ME?ODOLOGICAL & SOCIAL CRITIQUE HE LEVEL$ AT ! ME*ANICAL \TLOOK ( ! EITS W]E VIRTUALLY 9T]*ANGEABLE10 OBS]VES ,FRANK ,MANUEL 9 HIS EXCELL5T ESSAY ON ,F\RI]4 0,F\RI] REJECT$ ! SIMPLE AS FALSE & EVIL1 & 9SI/$ ON COMPLEXITY1 V>IETY1 CONTRA/1 MULTIPLICITY40 ,HIS EMPHASIS ON COMPLEXITY APPLI$ NOT ONLY TO ! /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY BUT ALSO TO HIS ASSESSM5T ( ! PSY*E'S [N NE$S4 0,F\RI]'S PSY*OLOGY WAS F\ND$ ON ! PREMISE ?AT 9 PLURALITY & COMPLEXITY !RE WAS SALVATION & HAPP9ESS10 ,MANUEL ADDS2 09 MULTIPLICITY !RE WAS FRE$OM40 ,?IS IS NOT PSY*IC OR SOCIAL 0PLURALISM0 BUT AN 9TUITIVE ECOLOGICAL S5SE ( :OL5ESS4 ,:AT ,F\RI] PAT5TLY S\IETY &1 BY VIRTUE ( ?AT /ABILITY1 ! FRE$OM TO *OOSE & TO WILL -- 9 %ORT1 FRE$OM ?R\< MULTIPLICITY4 ,! EXTRAORD9>Y DECADES ?AT L$ FROM ! ,5LIIAN2 O!RS1 LIKE ,CABET'S1 W]E ?OR\*AL2 /ILL O!RS1 LIKE ,SA9T-,SIMON'S VISION1 W]E L>GELY TE*NOCRATIC & HI]>*ICAL4 ,ROB]T ,[5'S 0UTOPIAN0 SOCIALISM WAS C]TA9LY ! MO/ PRAGMATIC & PROGRAMMATIC4 ,A SUCCESSFUL TEXTILE MANUFACTUR]1 ,[5 HAD ORGANIZ$ HIS FAM\S MILL AT ,NEW ,LAN>K 9TO A PAT]NALI/IC 5T]PRISE 9 9DU/RIAL PHILAN?ROPY ?AT PROV$ HIB>\S /&>DS ( ! E>LY ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION74 ,CLEANL9ESS1 DEC5T PAY1 B5IGN DISCIPL9E1 RELATIVELY %ORT WORK+ H\RS1 CULTURAL EV5TS1 COMPANY S*OOLS & NURS]IES -- ALL TAILOR$ TO ! WORK]'S /AM9A1 SEX 7MO/ ( ! OP]ATIVES W]E WOM571 & PHYSICAL CONDITION -- DEMON/RAT$ TO A DELUGE ( ADMIR+ VISITORS FROM ALL P>TS ( ,EUROPE ?AT FACTORY T[NS C\LD NOT ONLY BE FREE ( DEMORALIZATION1 ALCOHOLISM1 PRO/ITUTION1 RAMPANT DISEASE1 & ILLIT]ACY1 BUT !Y C\LD ALSO YIELD SUB/ANTIAL PR(ITS1 EV5 9 P]IODS ( ECONOMIC DEPRESSION4 ,[5 V5TUR$ F> AFIELD 9 HIS LAT] YE>S4 ,HE DEVOT$ MO/ ( HIS =TUNE TO E/ABLI%+ 0,NEW ,H>MONY10 AN ,AM]ICAN UTOPIA ?AT FAIL$ MIS]ABLY4 ,HE LAT] BECAME A REV]$ FIGURE 9 ! ,5GLI% WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 LIV+ MODE/LY & WRIT+ PROLIFICALLY 9 SUPPORT ( HIS UNIQUE V]SION ( SOCIALISM4 ,[5'S VISION ( ! 09DU/RIAL VILLAGE10 :I* COMB9ES FACTORIES & WORK%OPS ) AGRICULTURE 9 HUMAN-SCAL$ UNITS1 =MS ! AU!NTIC PROTOTYPE = ,KROPOTK9'S COMMUNAL IDEA 7AS DEVELOP$ 9 HIS ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES1 & ,WORK%OPS7 & ,EB5EZ] ,H[>D'S 0G>D5 CITIES40 ,BUT NONE ( ,[5'S LIB]T>IAN & RE=MI/ SUCCESSORS ADD$ ANY?+ ?AT WAS SUB/ANTIALLY NEW TO HIS VISION4 ,LIKE MO/ ( ! UTOPIANS & SOCIALI/S ( HIS TIME1 HE WAS H>%LY ASCETIC & E?ICALLY A UTILIT>IAN -- 9DE$1 HE WAS AN AV[$ ADMIR] ( ,B5?AM4 ,AS ,JOHN ,F4 ,C4 ,H>RISON OBS]VES1 0,HE DID NOT 5VISAGE HAPP9ESS AS ! SEEK+ OR ATTA9M5T ( PLEASURE1 BUT RA!R AS SOME 'RATIONAL' =M ( LIV+40 ,?IS 0RATIONALITY0 WAS SURPRIS+LY 9DU/RIAL & QUANTITATIVE4 ,LIKE MANY RADICALS & RE=M]S ( ! P]IOD :O 0QUOT$ ,B5?AM TO ! EFFECT ?AT '! HAPP9ESS ( ! GREATE/ NUMB] IS ! ONLY LEGITIMATE OBJECT ( SOCIETY1'0 ,[5 & ! ,[5ITES 0ADD$ !IR CLAIM ?AT ONLY 9 A 'SY/EM ( G5]AL COOP]ATION & COMMUNITY ( PROP]TY' C\LD ?IS GREATLY DESIR$ 5D BE ATTA9$40 ,BY ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY -- A TIME M>K$ BY A L>GE NUMB] ( TE*NOCRATIC1 VIRTUALLY MILIT>I/IC UTOPIAS & SYNDICALI/ PANACEAS -- IT PROBABLY WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT A BACKW>D-LOOK+1 L>GELY ANTI-9DU/RIAL UTOPIA %\LD SURFACE4 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS1 9 HIS ,NEWS FROM ,NO:]E1 T]M9AT$ ! UTOPIAN TRADITION ( ! PA/ TWO C5TURIES ) A BUCOLIC RECOV]Y ( A LIB]T>IAN BUT TE*NICALLY M$IEVAL EVOCATION ( CRAFTS1 SMALL-SCALE AGRICULTURE1 & A *>M+ COMMITM5T TO SIMPLE LIV+ & ITS VALUES4 ,AMAZ+LY1 NO UTOPIAN ?9K] SPOKE MORE DIRECTLY TO ! C\NT]CULTURAL VALUES ( ! #a#i#fS ?AN ,MORRIS -- & WAS MORE ?OR\ ,RID+ ! CRE/ ( LATE SIXTIES' S5TIM5TS1 ,H]B]T ,M>CUSE E*O$ 7& SOON AB&ON$7 ! DEEPE/ IMPULSES ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT & C\NT]CULTURE ) HIS CRY1 0FROM ,M>X TO ,F\RI]40 ,R$UC$ TO A M]E SLOGAN1 ,F\RI] WAS 9 FACT SUBTLY DEFAM$4 0,H>MONIAN ,SOCIETY10 = ALL ITS DAYDREAM+ NAIVETE1 WAS AT LEA/ MEANT TO BE A SOCIETY -- ONE ?AT ,F\RI] HAD PA9/AK+LY EXPLOR$ 7(T5 9 METICUL\S DETAIL7 & VIGOR\SLY *AMPION$4 ,M>CUSE NEV] UND]TOOK ?IS PROJECT4 ,IF ANY?+1 HE CONFUS$ IT ) HIS ATTEMPTS TO MELD ,F\RI] ) ,M>X4 ,UTOPI/IC RECON/RUCTION ?US REMA9$ AN UNC]TA91 (T5 UN?9K+ PRACTICE4 ,TRAGICALLY1 ?IS PRACTICE T5D$ TO N>R[ 9 NUMB]S & SCOPE AS ! SIXTIES EXPIR$4 ,LACK+ ANY PHILOSOPHICAL DIRECTION & RESPECT = M9D1 IT TOO SPLIT 9 CONTRADICTORY DIRECTIONS T[>D A 0VOLUNT>Y SIMPLICITY0 ?AT D5I$ ! NE$ = PHYSICAL & CULTURAL COMPLEXITY1 A PROCLIVITY = GURUS ?AT D5I$ ! NE$ = NONHI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS1 A SELF-5CLOS$ ASCETISM ?AT D5I$ ! CLAIMS ( PLEASURE1 AN EMPHASIS ON SURVIVAL ?AT D5I$ ! AU!NTICITY ( DESIRE1 & A P>O*IALISM ?AT D5I$ ! IDEAL ( A FREE SOCIETY4 ,*>LES ,REI*'S ,GRE5+ ( ,AM]ICA1 :I* ATTEMPT$ TO EXPLA9 ! C\NT]CULTURE TO A MIDDLE-AG$ ,AM]ICA1 HAS ALREADY BE5 SUPPLANT$ BY 0,! ,POISON+ ( ,AM]ICA0 7,TIME1 ,SEPTEMB] #b#b1 #a#i#h74 ,IF ACC\NTS ( ! 0POISON+ ( ,AM]ICA0 >E EV5 MODE/LY ACCURATE1 UTOPIAN ?9K+ TODAY REQUIRES NO APOLOGIES4 ,R>ELY HAS IT BE5 SO CRUCIAL TO /IR ! IMAG9ATION 9TO CREAT+ RADICALLY NEW ALT]NATIVES TO EV]Y ASPECT ( DAILY LIFE4 ,N[1 :5 IMAG9ATION ITSELF IS BECOM+ ATROPHI$ OR IS BE+ ABSORB$ BY ! MASS M$IA1 ! CONCRET5ESS ( UTOPIAN ?9K+ MAY WELL BE ITS MO/ REJUV5AT+ TONIC4 ,:E!R AS DRAMA1 NOVEL1 SCI5CE FICTION1 POETRY1 OR AN EVOCATION ( TRADITION1 EXP]I5CE & FANTASY MU/ RETURN 9 ALL !IR FULLNESS TO /IMULATE AS WELL AS TO SUGGE/4 ,UTOPIAN DIALOGUE 9 ALL ITS EXI/5TIALITY MU/ 9FUSE ! AB/RACTIONS ( SOCIAL !ORY4 ,MY CONC]N IS NOT ) UTOPI/IC 0BLUEPR9TS0 7:I* CAN RIGIDIFY ?9K+ AS SURELY AS MORE REC5T GOV]NM5TAL 0PLANS07 BUT ) ! DIALOGUE ITSELF AS A PUBLIC EV5T4 ,IT IS NOT 9 ?IS BOOK ?AT ! READ] %\LD EXPECT TO F9D ! 0CONCRETE UNIV]SALS0 ?AT WILL /IMULATE IMAG9ATION & EVOKE ! DETAILS ( RECON/RUCTION1 BUT RA!R 9 ! 9T]*ANGE ( UTOPIAN VIEWS ?AT /ILL AWAITS US4 ,I W\LD LIKE1 H[EV]1 TO ADVANCE C]TA9 BASIC CONSID]ATIONS ?AT NO RADICAL UTOPIAN VISION -- P>TICUL>LY AN ECOLOGICAL ONE -- CAN AF=D TO IGNORE4 ,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 LIB]T>IAN & AU?ORIT>IAN APPROA*ES -- 9 REASON1 SCI5CE1 TE*NICS1 & E?ICS1 AS WELL AS 9 SOCIETY -- CAN BE IGNOR$ ONLY AT GRAVE P]IL TO ! UTOPIAN VISION4 ,?IS DI/9CTION UND]P9S EV]Y CONCEPTUAL ASPECT ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,WE CAN ILL AF=D TO =GET ?AT ! TWO APPROA*ES HAVE DEVELOP$ SIDE BY SIDE = MILL5NIA1 & ?AT !IR CONTE/ HAS AFFECT$ EV]Y ASPECT ( \R S5SIBILITIES & BEHAVIOR4 ,TODAY1 :5 TE*NICS HAS ASSUM$ UNPREC$5T$ P[]S ( CONTROL & DE/RUCTIV5ESS1 !SE APPROA*ES CAN NO LONG] COEXI/ ) EA* O!R1 H[EV] UNEASILY !Y HAVE DONE SO 9 ! PA/4 ,! AU?ORIT>IAN TE*NICS ( ! FACTORY -- 9DE$1 ! FACTORY CONCEIV$ AS A TE*NIQUE = HUMAN MOBILIZATION -- HAS SO COMPLETELY 9VAD$ EV]YDAY LIFE 7EV5 SU* DOMA9S AS ! HOME & NEIE LOS+ !IR PHYSICAL T]RA91 H[EV] MU* !Y >E HONOR$ RHETORICALLY4 ,WE >E FAC$ ) ! DESP]ATE NECESSITY ( 9SULAT+ BO? !SE >5AS FROM BUREAUCRATIC CONTROL & ! 9VASION ( ! M$IA1 IF 9DIVIDUALITY ITSELF IS TO CONT9UE4 ,I SPEAK1 H]E1 FROM A WORLD ?AT ONCE KNEW COMMUNITY 9 ! =M ( CULTURALLY DI/9CT NEIKS RA!R ?AN ELECTRONICALLY2 ?AT ONCE ACQUIR$ ITS FOOD & CLO?+ FROM SMALL1 P]SONAL RETAIL]S :O *ATT$1 ADVIS$1 & GOSSIP$ AS WELL AS *ECK$ PRICES2 ?AT ONCE RECEIV$ MO/ ( ITS /APLES FROM SMALL F>MS EXI/+ )9 A FEW SCORE MILES ( ! CITY'S C5T]2 ?AT ONCE DEALT ) ITS AFFAIRS LEISURELY & =M$ ITS JUDGM5TS REFLECTIVELY4 ,ABOVE ALL1 ?IS WORLD WAS ONCE MORE SELF-REGULAT+ 9 MATT]S ( P]SONAL & SOCIAL CONC]N1 MORE HUMAN 9 SCALE & DEC5CY1 MORE FIRMLY =M$ 9 ITS *>ACT] /RUCTURE1 & MORE COMPREH5SIBLE AS A SOCIAL 5TITY TO ITS CITIZ5RY4 ,IF WE TAKE = GRANT$ & ACCEPT UNREFLECTIVELY ?AT COMMUNITY CONSI/S ( AN AGGREGATE ( UNRELAT$1 MONADIC1 SELF-5CLOS$1 & HIK+ LOTS >E \R NORMAL T]RA9 = PUBLIC 9T]C\RSE2 ?AT PROCESS$ & PACKAG$ FOODS1 TRANSPORT$ ?\S&S ( MILES FROM REMOTE >EAS ( ! C\NTRY1 >E \R MAJOR S\RCES ( NUTRIM5T2 ?AT 0TIME IS MONEY10 FA/-TALK+ IS A PAY+ SKILL1 & SPE$-READ+ IS A DESID]ATUM2 ?AT1 ABOVE ALL1 BUREAUCRACY COMPRISES ! S9EWS ( SOCIAL LIFE1 GIGANTISM IS ! MEASURE ( SUCCESS1 & CLI5TAGE TO PR(ESSIONALS & C5TRALIZ$ AU?ORITY IS EVID5CE ( A PUBLIC SPH]E -- !N WE WILL BE IRRETRIEVABLY LO/ AS 9DIVIDUALS1 WILL-LESS AS EGOS1 & =MLESS AS P]SONALITIES4 ,LIKE ! NATURAL WORLD >\ND US1 WE WILL BECOME ! VICTIMS ( A SIMPLIFICATION PROCESS ?AT R5D]S US AS 9ORGANIC & M9]AL AS ! ORES ?AT FE$ \R F\NDRIES & ! S& ?AT FE$S \R GLASS FURNACES4 ,IT IS NO LONG] A 0,NEW ,AGE0 CLI*E TO 9SI/ ?AT1 :]EV] POSSIBLE1 WE MU/ 0UNPLUG0 \R 09PUTS0 FROM A DEP]SONALIZ$1 M9DLESS SY/EM ?AT ?REAT5S TO ABSORB US 9TO ITS CIRCUITRY4 ,9 LITTLE MORE ?AN A DECADE1 WE HAVE BE5 VICTIMIZ$ BY \R ELECTRONIC & CYB]NETIC SOCIETY MORE ?AN ! MO/ \TSPOK5 CRITICS ( EV]YDAY LIFE C\LD HAVE ANTICIPAT$ 9 ! SIXTIES4 ,LOSS ( 9DIVIDUALITY & P]SONAL UNIQU5ESS1 ) ITS ULTIMATE RESULT 9 ! 0LIQUIDATION0 ( P]SONALITY ITSELF1 BEG9S ) ! LOSS ( \R ABILITY TO CONTRA/ A MORE HUMAN-SCAL$ WORLD ?AT ONCE WAS2 ANO!R WORLD1 APPROXIMAT+ COMPLETE TOTALIT>IANIZATION1 ?AT N[ IS2 & F9ALLY A ?IRD ONE1 HUMAN-SCAL$1 ECOLOGICAL1 & RATIONAL1 ?AT %\LD BE4 ,ONCE ?AT S5SE ( CONTRA/ DISAPPE>S1 ! T5SION BETWE5 !SE WORLDS ALSO PASSES AWAY2 IT IS ?IS T5SION ?AT MOTIVATES US TO RE> UP 9 RESI/ANCE AGA9/ \R COMPLETE DEFILEM5T4 ,H5CE1 DAILY LIFE ITSELF MU/ BE VIEW$ AS A CALL+ 9 :I* WE HAVE AN E?ICAL RESPONSIBILITY TO FUNCTION 9 A /ATE ( UNRELIEV$ OPPOSITION TO ITS PREVAIL+ NORMS4 ,! ?+S WE NE$1 H[ WE ACQUIRE !M1 :OM WE KN[1 & :AT WE SAY HAVE BECOME ! ELEM5TS ( A BATTLEGR\ND ON A SCALE WE C\LD NOT HAVE =ESE5 A G5]ATION AGO4 ,TODAY1 A FOOD COOP]ATIVE IS UNLIKELY TO REPLACE A SUP]M>KET2 A ,FR5*-9T5SIVE G>D5 TO REPLACE AGRIBUS9ESS2 B>T] & MUTUAL AID TO REPLACE \R BANK+ SY/EM2 P]SONAL 9T]C\RSE TO REPLACE ! ELECTRONIC P>APH]NALIA BY :I* ! WORLD 0COMMUNICATES0 ) ITSELF4 ,BUT WE CAN /ILL *OOSE ! =M] BODY ( POSSIBILITIES OV] ! LATT] 0REALITIES40 ,\R *OICES WILL KEEP ALIVE ! CONTRA/ & T5SION ?AT TE*NOCRATIC & BUREAUCRATIC HOMOG5EITY ?REAT5 TO EFFACE1 TOGE!R ) P]SONALITY ITSELF4 ,WE ALSO MU/ RECOV] ! T]RA9 NECESS>Y = ! P]SONIFICATION & ! =MATION ( A BODY POLITIC4 ,TO DEF5D SOCIETY'S MOLECUL> BASE -- ITS NEIES1 & PLACES ( ASSEMBLY -- EXPRESSES A DEM& NOT ONLY = 0FRE$OM FROM 4 4 40 BUT ALSO = 0FRE$OM =4 4 4 40 ,! FIE CRUCIAL2 !Y REFLECT AN 9TUITIVE PASSION = AUTONOMY1 9DIVIDUALITY1 & UNIQU5ESS ?AT W\LD W9 A ,F\RI]'S PLAUDITS4 ,)\T \R 0FRE$OM =0 A PUBLIC T]RA91 ! PHRASE 0BODY POLITIC0 BECOMES A M]E METAPHOR2 IT HAS NO PROTOPLASM1 NO VOICES1 NO FACES1 & NO PASSIONS4 ,H5CE ITS POT5TIAL HUMAN COMPON5TS BECOME PRIVATIZ$ 9TO !IR ISOLAT$ %ELT]S1 !IR PURPOSELESS LIVES1 !IR P]SONAL ANONYMITY1 & !IR M9DLESS 0PLEASURES40 ,!Y BECOME AS FLE%LESS AS ! ELECTRONIC DEVICES !Y >E OBLIG$ TO USE1 AS UN?9K+ AS ! FA%IONABLE G>M5TS !Y WE>1 AS MUTE AS ! PETS ) :I* !Y CONSOLE !MSELVES4 ,TO DIS5GAGE \RSELVES FROM ! EXI/+ SOCIAL MA*9]Y1 TO CREATE A DOMA9 TO MEET ONE'S NE$S AS A HUMAN BE+1 TO =M A PUBLIC SPH]E 9 :I* TO FUNCTION AS P>T ( A PROTOPLASMIC BODY POLITIC -- ALL CAN BE SUMM$ UP 9 A S+LE WORD3 REEMP[]M5T4 ,I SPEAK ( REEMP[]M5T 9 ITS FULLE/ P]SONAL & PUBLIC S5SE1 NOT AS A PSY*IC EXP]I5CE 9 A SPECI\S & R$UCTIONI/ =M ( PSY*OLOGICAL 05]GETICS0 ?AT IS FIXAT$ ON ONE'S [N 0VIBES0 & 0SPACE40 ,!RE IS NO J\RNEY 09W>D0 ?AT IS NOT A J\RNEY 0\TW>D0 & NO 09N] SPACE0 ?AT CAN HOPE TO SURVIVE )\T A V]Y PALPABLE 0PUBLIC SPACE0 AS WELL4 ,BUT PUBLIC SPACE1 LIKE 9N] SPACE1 BECOMES M]E EMPTY SPACE :5 IT IS NOT /RUCTUR$1 >TICULAT$1 & GIV5 BODY4 ,IT MU/ BE PROVID$ ) 9/ITUTIONAL =M1 NO LESS SO ?AN \R HITICULATION1 !RE CAN BE NO ID5TITY1 NO DEF9ITION1 & NONE ( ! SPECIFICITY ?AT YIELDS V>IETY4 ,:AT IS ACTUALLY AT ISSUE :5 ONE DISCUSSES 9/ITUTIONS IS NOT :E!R !Y %\LD EXI/ AT ALL BUT :AT =M !Y %\LD TAKE -- LIB]T>IAN OR AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,LIB]T>IAN 9/ITUTIONS >E PEOPL$ 9/ITUTIONS1 A T]M ?AT %\LD BE TAK5 LIT]ALLY1 NOT METAPHORICALLY4 ,!Y >E /RUCTUR$ >\ND DIRECT1 FACE-TO-FACE1 PROTOPLASMIC RELATION%IPS1 NOT >\ND REPRES5TATIVE1 ANONYM\S1 ME*ANICAL RELATION%IPS4 ,!Y >E BAS$ ON P>TICIPATION1 9VOLVEM5T1 & A S5SE ( CITIZ5%IP ?AT /RESSES ACTIVITY1 NOT ON ! DELEGATION ( P[] & SPECTATORIAL POLITICS4 ,H5CE1 LIB]T>IAN 9/ITUTIONS >E GUID$ BY A C>D9AL PR9CIPLE3 ALL MATURE 9DIVIDUALS CAN BE EXPECT$ TO MANAGE SOCIAL AFFAIRS DIRECTLY -- JU/ AS WE EXPECT !M TO MANAGE !IR PRIVATE AFFAIRS4 ,AS 9 ! ,A!NIAN ,ECCLESIA1 ! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS ( #a#g#i#c1 & ! ,NEW ,5GL& T[N MEET+S -- ALL ( :I* W]E REGUL>LY CONV5$ PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES BAS$ ON FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY -- EV]Y CITIZ5 IS FREE TO P>TICIPATE 9 MAK+ F>-REA*+ DECISIONS REG>D+ HIS OR H] COMMUNITY4 ,:AT IS DECISIVE1 H]E1 IS ! PR9CIPLE ITSELF3 ! FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO P>TICIPATE1 NOT ! COMPULSION OR EV5 NE$ TO DO SO4 ,FRE$OM DOES NOT CONSI/ 9 ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE :O ELECT TO P>TICIPATE 9 DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES1 BUT 9 ! FACT ?AT !Y HAVE ! UNIMPAIR$ OPPORTUNITY TO DO SO3 TO *OOSE TO DECIDE OR NOT TO DECIDE PUBLIC ISSUES4 ,A 0MASS ASSEMBLY0 IS SIMPLY AN AMORPH\S CR[D IF IT IS CAJOL$ TO ASSEMBLE BY EMOLUM5TS1 5T]TA9M5T1 ! ABS5CE ( ANY NE$ TO REFLECT1 OR ! NE$ TO MAKE QUICK DECISIONS ) M9IMAL DIALOGUE4 ,QUORUMS1 CONS5SUS1 & PLEAS = P>TICIPATION >E DEGRAD+1 NOT 0DEMOCRATIC02 !Y EMPHASIZE QUANTITY AS A SOCIAL GOAL1 NOT QUALITY AS EVID5CE ( AN E?ICAL COMMUNITY4 ,TO LIMIT DISCUSSION & R$UCE PROBLEMS TO !IR L[E/ COMMON D5OM9ATOR1 LE/ !Y TAX ! 9TELLIG5CE & ! ATT5TION SPAN ( A COMMUNITY1 IS TO FO/] A PEOPLE'S DEGRADATION 9TO A MUTE1 9SUB/ANTIAL AGGREGATE1 NOT TO 5HANCE ! HUMAN SPIRIT4 ,! ,A!NIAN ,ECCLESIA WAS A DEMOCRACY ONLY TO ! DEGREE ?AT ITS CITIZ5 7ALAS1 ALL MALES ( ,A!NIAN ANCE/RY7 *OSE TO ATT5D ITS SESSIONS1 NOT BECAUSE !Y W]E PAID TO DO SO OR W]E VIRTUALLY =C$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ITS DELIB]ATIONS 7AS OCCURR$ 9 ! DECL9+ P]IOD ( ! POLIS74 ,>E !SE PR9CIPLES & =MS ( LIB]T>IAN 9/ITUTIONALIZATION REALI/IC OR PRACTICAL8 ,CAN !Y REALLY WORK1 0HUMAN NATURE0 BE+ :AT IT IS & 0CIVILIZATION0 IMPR9T+ ITS HORR5D\S LEGACY ( DOM9ATION ON ! HUMAN 5T]PRISE8 ,ACTUALLY1 WE WILL NEV] BE ABLE TO ANSW] !SE QUE/IONS UNLESS WE TRY TO CREATE A DIRECT DEMOCRACY ?AT IS FREE ( SEXUAL1 E?NIC1 & HI]>*ICAL BIASES4 ,HI/ORY DOES PROVIDE US ) A NUMB] ( WORK+ EXAMPLES ( =MS ?AT >E L>GELY LIB]T>IAN4 ,IT ALSO PROVIDES US ) EXAMPLES ( CONF$]ATIONS & LEAGUES ?AT MADE ! COORD9ATION ( SELF-GOV]N+ COMMUNITIES FEASIBLE )\T IMP++ ON !IR AUTONOMY & FRE$OM4 ,MO/ IMPORTANT IS :E!R OR NOT WE ACCEPT A RADICAL NOTION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL'S COMPET5CE TO BE A SELF-GOV]N+ CITIZ54.<#e#i.> ,DEP5D+ UPON ! ASSUMPTIONS ONE MAKES1 DIRECT DEMOCRACY IS EI!R WOR? ! TE/ ( EXP]I5CE OR IT IS 9H]5TLY EXCLUD$ FROM S]I\S SOCIAL DISC\RSE4 ,WE CANNOT 9T]PRET ! DECL9E ( ! ,A!NIAN ,ECCLESIA1 ! ULTIMATE FAILURE ( ! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS1 & ! WAN+ ( ! ,NEW ,5GL& T[N MEET+S AS D5Y+ ! POPUL> ASSEMBLY'S FEASIBILITY = A FUTURE SOCIETY4 ,!SE =MS ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY W]E RIDDL$ BY CLASS CONFLICTS & OPPOS+ SOCIAL 9T]E/S2 !Y W]E NOT 9/ITUTIONS FREE ( HI]>*Y1 DOM9ATION1 & EGOTISM4 ,:AT IS EXTRAORD9>Y AB\T !M IS ?AT !Y FUNCTION$ AT ALL1 NOT ! WE>Y CONCLUSION ?AT !Y EV5TUALLY FAIL$4 ,A SECOND PREMISE 9 CREAT+ LIB]T>IAN 9/ITUTIONS IS A CLE> DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! =MULATION ( POLICY & ITS ADM9I/RATIVE IMPLEM5TATION4 ,?IS DI/9CTION HAS BE5 WOEFULLY CONFUS$ BY SOCIAL !ORI/S LIKE ,M>X1 :O CELEBRAT$ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE'S FUSION ( DECISION-MAK+ ) ADM9I/RATION )9 ! SAME POLITICAL BODIES & AG5CIES4 ,P]HAPS NO ]ROR C\LD BE MORE S]I\S FROM A LIB]T>IAN VIEWPO9T4 ,! DANG] ( DELIV]+ POLICY-MAK+ DECISIONS TO AN ADM9I/RATIVE BODY1 :I* NORMALLY IS A DELEGAT$ BODY & (T5 HIACT]1 IS R$OL5T ) ELITISM & ! USURPATION ( PUBLIC P[]4 ,A DIRECT DEMOCRACY IS FACE-TO-FACE & UNABA%$LY P>TICIPATORY4 ,A C\NCIL1 COMMITTEE1 AG5CY1 OR BUREAU IS PRECISELY ! OPPOSITE3 9DIRECT1 DELEGAT$1 & (T5 UNABA%$LY EXCLUSION>Y4 ,= ! LATT] TO MAKE POLICY DECISIONS1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM COORD9AT+ ACTIVITIES1 IS TO REMOVE POLICY FROM ! PUBLIC DOMA9 -- TO DEPOLITICIZE ! PROCESS 9 ! ,A!NIAN S5SE ( ! T]M AT BE/1 & R5D] POLICY =MULATION TOTALLY EXCLUSION>Y AT WOR/4 ,9 FACT1 ?IS SUBV]SIVE RANGE ( POSSIBILITIES1 ALL 9IMICABLE TO FRE$OM & ! IDEAL ( AN ACTIVE CITIZ5RY1 HAS BE5 ! DE/9Y ( ! REVOLUTION>Y C\NCIL MOVEM5TS S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY -- NOTABLY1 ! ,RUSSIAN SOVIETS1 ! ,G]MAN ,RAT51 & ! ,SPANI% AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ *A9 ( 0COMMITTEES0 ?AT DEVELOP$ E>LY 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 ,O!R C\NCIL MOVEM5TS1 SU* AS ! ,HUNG>IAN 9 #a#i#e#f1 W]E TOO %ORTLIV$ TO DEG5]ATE AS !IR PR$ECESSORS HAD4 ,MOREOV]1 ! C\NCIL SY/EM1 CONCEIV$ AS A POLICY-MAK+ /RUCTURE1 IS 9H]5TLY HI]>*ICAL4 ,:E!R BAS$ ON FACTORIES OR COMMUNITIES1 IT T5DS TO ACQUIRE A PYRAMIDAL =M1 H[EV] CONF$]AL ITS RHETORIC & SURFACE APPE>ANCE4 ,FROM FACTORY & VILLAGE TO T[N1 TO CITY1 TO REGION1 & F9ALLY TO SWOLL51 9FREQU5TLY CONV5$1 EASILY MANIPULAT$ NATIONAL 0CONGRESSES10 ! %ORT-LIV$ ,G]MAN ,RAT5 & ! MORE LONG-LIV$ ,RUSSIAN SOVIETS W]E SO F> REMOV$ FROM !IR POPUL> BASE ?AT !Y QUICKLY DEG5]AT$ 9TO DECORATIVE 9/RUM5TS = HITIES4 ,:AT IS OBVI\SLY AT ISSUE IS NOT :E!R A C\NCIL HAS BE5 DELEGAT$1 *OS5 BY SORTITION1 OR =M$ 9 AN AD HOC MANN]1 BUT :E!R OR NOT IT CAN =MULATE POLICY4 ,IT W\LD MATT] V]Y LITTLE -- GIV5 A REASONABLE AM\NT ( PRUD5CE1 PUBLIC SUP]VISION1 & ! RIR[ FUNCTIONS W\LD !REBY DEF9E !IR P[]S & !IR LIMITS4 ,IT W\LD NOT BE DIFFICULT TO DET]M9E :E!R !SE LIMITS1 ONCE CLE>LY DEF9$1 HAVE BE5 OV]/EPP$ & ! C\NCIL HAS 5GAG$ 9 FUNCTIONS ?AT IMP+E ON ! ASSEMBLY'S POLICY-MAK+ P[]S4 ,NOR W\LD IT BE DIFFICULT TO DET]M9E :5 C]TA9 FUNCTIONS HAVE BE5 DIS*>G$ & NE$LESS ADM9I/RATIVE BODIES CAN BE DISB&$4 ,A REL5TLESS SY/EM ( ACC\NTABILITY W\LD PUT ADM9I/RATIVE GR\PS L>GELY AT ! M]CY ( DECISION-MAK+ ASSEMBLIES1 H5CE RE9=C+ ! LIMITS ?AT CONF9E C\NCILS TO /RICTLY COORD9ATIVE FUNCTIONS4 ,F9ALLY1 ,I MU/ EMPHASIZE ?AT DIRECT DEMOCRACY IS ULTIMATELY ! MO/ ADVANC$ =M ( DIRECT ACTION4 ,!RE >E D\BTLESSLY MANY WAYS TO EXPRESS ! CLAIMS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & COMMUNITY TO BE AUTONOM\S1 SELF-ACTIVE1 & SELF-MANAG+ -- TODAY AS WELL AS 9 A FUTURE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,TO EX]CISE ONE'S P[]S ( SOV]EIGNTY -- BY SIT-9S1 /RIKES1 NUCLE>-PLANT OCCUPATIONS -- IS NOT M]ELY A 0TACTIC0 9 BYPASS+ AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT IS A S5SIBILITY1 A VISION ( CITIZ5%IP & SELFHOOD ?AT ASSUMES ! FREE 9DIVIDUAL HAS ! CAPACITY TO MANAGE SOCIAL AFFAIRS 9 A DIRECT1 E?ICAL1 & RATIONAL MANN]4 ,?IS DIM5SION ( ! SELF 9 SELF-MANAGEM5T IS A P]SI/5T CALL TO P]SONAL SOV]EIGNTY1 TO R\ND$NESS ( EGO & 9TELLECTUAL P]CEPTION1 :I* SU* COJO9$ T]MS LIKE 0MANAGEM5T0 & 0ACTIVITY0 (T5 OV]%AD[4 ,! CONT9UAL EX]CISE ( ?IS SELF -- ITS V]Y =MATION BY ONE'S DIRECT 9T]V5TION 9 SOCIAL ISSUES -- 9 ASS]T+ ITS MORAL CLAIM & RIX'S IMAGE ( SELF-ID5TITY ?R\< LABOR4 ,= DIRECT ACTION IS LIT]ALLY A =M ( E?ICAL *>ACT]-BUILD+ 9 ! MO/ IMPORTANT SOCIAL ROLE ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL CAN UND]TAKE3 ACTIVE CITIZ5%IP4 ,TO R$UCE IT TO A M]E MEANS1 A 0/RATEGY0 ?AT CAN BE US$ OR DISC>D$ = /RICTLY FUNCTIONAL PURPOSES1 IS 9/RUM5TALISM 9 ITS MO/ 9SIDI\S1 (T5 MO/ CYNICAL =M4 ,DIRECT ACTION IS AT ONCE ! RECLAMATION ( ! PUBLIC SPH]E BY ! EGO1 ITS DEVELOPM5T T[>D SELF-EMP[]M5T1 & ITS CULM9ATION AS AN ACTIVE P>TICIPANT 9 SOCIETY4 ,BUT DIRECT ACTION CAN ALSO BE DEGRAD$1 ON ITS [N T]MS1 BY SEEM+ TO HONOR SOME ( ITS MO/ DUBI\S *>ACT]I/ICS3 AGGRESSIV5ESS1 >ROGANCE1 & T]RORISM4 ,9EVITABLY1 !SE *>ACT]I/ICS REB\ND AGA9/ ! 9DIVIDUAL1 & (T5 LEAD TO :AT ,F\RI] CALL$ A MALIGNANT 0C\NT]PASSION0 -- A SPOIL$1 DISAPPO9T$ ADH]5CE TO AU?ORITY1 DELEGAT$ P[]S1 & P]SONAL PASSIVITY4 ,WE >E V]Y FAMILI> ) ! FULM9AT+ 0AN>*I/0 T]RORI/ :O TURNS 9TO ! MO/ REV]5TIAL SUPPORT] ( AU?ORITY1 AS ,PAUL ,BR\SSE'S C>E] REVEAL$4 ,DIRECT ACTION F9DS ITS AU!NTIC EXPRESSION 9 ! PA9/AK+ WORK ( CITIZ5%IP -- SU* AS ! BUILD+ ( LIB]T>IAN =MS ( ORGANIZATION TODAY & !IR CONSCI5TI\S ADM9I/RATION 9 R\T9E WORK ) LA/+ >DOR4 ,?IS UNASSUM+ WORK IS ALL TOO READILY OV]LOOK$ = DRAMATIC ACTIONS & COLORFUL PROJECTS4 ,! HI< DEGREE ( COMPET5CE 9DIVIDUALS HAVE EXHIBIT$ 9 MANAG+ SOCIETY1 !IR CAPACITY TO DI/+UI% POLICY-MAK+ FROM ADM9I/RATION 7CONSID] ! ,A!NIAN & E>LY ,SWISS EXAMPLES71 & !IR AW>5ESS ( SELFHOOD AS A MODE ( SOCIAL BEHAVIOR -- ALL !SE TRAITS WILL BE HEI*ICAL SOCIETY4 ,WE HAVE NO REASON TO BE DIS5*ANT$ BY HI/ORY4 ,AS B>B>\S AS ITS MO/ W>LIKE1 CRUEL1 EXPLOITIVE1 & AU?ORIT>IAN P]IODS HAVE BE51 HUMANITY HAS SO>$ TO RADIANT HEIT -- DESPITE ! BURD5S ( DOM9ATION & EGOTISM4 ,ONCE !SE BURD5S >E REMOV$1 WE HAVE EV]Y REASON TO HOPE = A DEGREE ( P]SONAL & SOCIAL 5LIE NO HI/ORICAL PREC$5TS4 ,?R\< ! MO!R-9FANT RELATION%IP1 WE REGUL>LY PLANT ! SE$S ( A HUMAN NATURE ?AT CAN BE ORI5T$ T[>D SELFLESS 5DE>M5T1 9T]DEP5D5CE1 & C>E4 ,!SE >E NOT TRITE WORDS TO DESCRIBE ! WOMB ( HUMAN R5EWAL1 G5]ATION AFT] G5]ATION1 & ! LOVE EA* *ILD RECEIVES 9 VIRTUALLY EV]Y SOCIETY4 ,!Y BECOME CLI*ES ONLY :5 WE IGNORE ! POSSIBILITY ?AT SEP>ATION CAN YIELD AN AGGRESSIVE EGOTISM & S5SE ( RIVALRY1 :5 MAT]IAL 9SECURITY PRODUCES FE> T[>D NATURE & HUMANITY1 & :5 WE 0MATURE0 BY FOLL[+ ! PA?WAYS ( HI]>*ICAL & CLASS SOCIETIES4 ,WE MU/ TRY TO CREATE A NEW CULTURE1 NOT M]ELY ANO!R MOVEM5T ?AT ATTEMPTS TO REMOVE ! SYMPTOMS ( \R CRISES )\T AFFECT+ !IR S\RCES4 ,WE MU/ ALSO TRY TO EXTIRPATE ! HI]>*ICAL ORI5TATION ( \R PSY*ES1 NOT M]ELY REMOVE ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT EMBODY SOCIAL DOM9ATION4 ,BUT ! NE$ = A NEW CULTURE & NEW 9/ITUTIONS MU/ NOT BE SACRIFIC$ TO A HAZY NOTION ( P]SONAL R$EMPTION ?AT MAKES US 9TO LONELY 0SA9TS0 AMID MASSES ( IRR$EEMABLE 0S9N]S40 ,*ANGES 9 CULTURE & P]SONALITY GO H& 9 H& ) \R EF=TS TO A*IEVE A SOCIETY ?AT IS ECOLOGICAL -- A SOCIETY BAS$ ON USUFRUCT1 COMPLEM5T>ITY1 & ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM -- BUT ?AT ALSO RECOGNIZES ! EXI/5CE ( A UNIV]SAL HUMANITY & ! CLAIMS ( 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,GUID$ AS WE MAY BE BY ! PR9CIPLE ( ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS1 WE CAN IGNORE NEI!R ! P]SONAL >5A NOR ! SOCIAL1 NEI!R ! DOME/IC NOR ! PUBLIC1 9 \R PROJECT TO A*IEVE H>MONY 9 SOCIETY & H>MONY ) NATURE4 ,BE=E EXPLOR+ ! G5]AL CONT\RS ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 ,I MU/ FIR/ EXAM9E ! CONCEPT ( 9DIVIDUAL COMPET5CE 9 MANAG+ SOCIAL AFFAIRS4 ,TO CREATE A SOCIETY 9 :I* EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL IS SE5 AS CAPABLE ( P>TICIPAT+ DIRECTLY 9 ! =MULATION ( SOCIAL POLICY IS TO 9/ANTLY 9VALIDATE SOCIAL HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION4 ,TO ACCEPT ?IS S+LE CONCEPT MEANS ?AT WE >E COMMITT$ TO DISSOLV+ ,/ATE P[]1 AU?ORITY1 & SOV]EIGNTY 9TO AN 9VIOLATE =M ( P]SONAL EMP[]M5T4 ,?AT \R COMMITM5T TO A NONHI]>*ICAL SOCIETY & P]SONAL EMP[]M5T IS /ILL A F> CRY FROM ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( !SE IDEALS 9TO A LIV$ S5SIBILITY IS OBVI\S 5\<2 H5CE \R P]SI/5T NE$ TO CONFRONT ! PSY*IC PROBLEMS ( HI]>*Y AS WELL AS SOCIAL PROBLEMS ( DOM9ATION4 ,!RE >E ALREADY MANY T5D5CIES ?AT >E LIKELY TO =CE ?IS CONFRONTATION1 EV5 AS WE TRY TO A*IEVE 9/ITUTIONAL *ANGES4 ,I REF] TO RADICAL =MS ( FEM9ISM ?AT 5COMPASS ! PSY*OLOGICAL DIM5SIONS ( MALE DOM9ATION1 9DE$1 DOM9ATION ITSELF2 TO ECOLOGY CONCEIV$ AS A SOCIAL \TLOOK & P]SONAL S5SIBILITY2 & TO COMMUNITY AS 9TIMATE1 HUMAN-SCAL$ =MS ( ASSOCIATION & MUTUAL AID4 ,AL?\< !SE T5D5CIES MAY WANE P]IODICALLY & RETREAT = A TIME TO ! BACKGR\ND ( \R CONC]NS1 !Y HAVE P5ETRAT$ DEEPLY 9TO ! SOCIAL SUB/ANCE & IDEOLOGIES ( \R ]A4.<#f.> ,:AT W\LD FUR!R RE9=CE !IR IMPACT ON CONTEMPOR>Y CONSCI\SNESS & PRACTICE IS ! MEAN+ -- ! FUNCTION & S5SE ( DIRECTION -- !Y IMP>T TO \R VISION ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,SU* A SOCIETY IS CONSID]ABLY MORE ?AN AN 5SEMBLE ( NONHI]>*ICAL SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS & S5SIBILITIES4 ,9 A V]Y DECISIVE S5SE1 IT EXPRESSES ! WAY 9 :I* WE SOCIALIZE ) NATURE4 ,I USE ! WORD 0SOCIALIZE0 ADVIS$LY3 MY CONC]N IS NOT M]ELY ) ?OSE *]I%$ 0METABOLIC0 PROCESSES ( PRODUCTION SO C5TRAL TO ,M>X'S IDEA ( LABOR1 NOR ) ! DESIGN ( AN 0APPROPRIATE0 TE*NICS SO DE> TO ! HE>TS ( \R 5VIRONM5TAL 5G9E]S4 ,:AT CONC]NS ME DEEPLY1 H]E1 >E ! FUNCTIONS WE IMP>T TO \R COMMUNITIES AS SOCIAL ECOSY/EMS -- ! ROLE !Y PLAY 9 ! BIOLOGICAL REGIONS 9 :I* !Y >E SITUAT$4 ,9DE$1 :E!R WE M]ELY 0SITUATE0 \R ECOCOMMUNITIES OR ROOT !M 9 !IR ECOSY/EMS1 :E!R WE 0DESIGN0 !M M]ELY AS P>T ( A 0NATURAL SITE0 7LIKE A ,FRANK ,LLOYD ,WRID TE*NICS1 E?ICS1 & ! SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS WE SO BLI!LY CALL ECOLOGICAL4 ,WIS] SOL> TE*NICIANS HAVE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT A DOME/IC SOL> 5]GY SY/EM IS NOT A COMPON5T ( A HOME1 LIKE A KIT*5 OR BA?ROOM2 IT IS ! 5TIRE H\SE ITSELF1 AS AN ORGANISM 9T]ACT+ ) NATURE4 ,9 LESS ME*ANICAL T]MS1 ! SAME PR9CIPLE ( ORGANIC UNITY HOLDS TRUE = ! ECOCOMMUNITIES & ECOTE*NOLOGIES WE SEEK TO 9TEGRATE 9TO ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,IT IS A COMMONPLACE ?AT EV]Y HUMAN 5T]PRISE NECESS>ILY 09T]F]ES0 ) 0PURE0 OR 0VIRG9AL0 NATURE4 ,?IS NOTION1 :I* SUGGE/S ?AT HUMAN BE+S & !IR WORKS >E 9TR9SICALLY 0UNNATURAL0 &1 9 SOME S5SE1 ANTI!TICAL TO NATURE'S 0PURITY0 & 0VIRG9ITY10 IS A LIBEL ON HUMANITY & NATURE ALIKE4 ,IT UN]R+LY REFLECTS 0CIVILIZATION'S0 IMAGE ( 0MAN0 AS A PURELY SOCIAL BE+ & SOCIETY AS AN 5EMY ( NATURE1 M]ELY BY VIRTUE ( ! SPECIFICITY & DI/9CTIV5ESS ( SOCIAL LIFE ITSELF4 ,WORSE YET1 IT GROSSLY DI/ORTS ! FACT ?AT HUMANITY IS A MANIFE/ATION ( NATURE1 H[EV] UNIQUE & DE/RUCTIVE -- H5CE ! MY? ?AT 0MAN0 MU/ 0DISEMB$0 HIMSELF FROM NATURE 7,M>X7 OR 0TRANSC5D0 HIS PRIMATE ORIG9S 7,SAHL9S74 ,WE MAY REASONABLY QUE/ION :E!R HUMAN SOCIETY MU/ BE VIEW$ AS 0UNNATURAL0 :5 IT CULTIVATES FOOD1 PA/URES ANIMALS1 REMOVES TREES & PLANTS -- 9 %ORT1 0TAMP]S0 ) AN ECOSY/EM4 ,WE NORMALLY DETECT A TELL-TALE PEJORATIVE 9FLECTION 9 \R DISCUSSIONS ON HUMAN 09T]F]5CE0 9 ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,BUT ALL !SE SEEM+ ACTS ( 0DEFILEM5T0 MAY 5HANCE NATURE'S FECUNDITY RA!R ?AN DIM9I% IT4 ,! WORD FECUNDITY1 H]E1 IS DECISIVE -- & WE C\LD ADD O!R T]MS1 SU* AS V>IETY1 :OL5ESS1 9TEGRATION1 & EV5 RATIONALITY4 ,TO R5D] NATURE MORE FECUND1 V>I$1 :OLE1 & 9TEGRAT$ MAY WELL CON/ITUTE ! HIDD5 DESID]ATA ( NATURAL EVOLUTION4 ,?AT HUMAN BE+S BECOME RATIONAL AG5TS 9 ?IS ALL-EXPANSIVE NATURAL TR5D -- ?AT !Y EV5 B5EFIT PRACTICALLY FROM IT 9 ! =M ( GREAT] & MORE V>I$ QUANTITIES ( FOOD -- IS NO MORE AN 9TR9SIC DEFILEM5T ( NATURE ?AN ! FACT ?AT DE] LIMIT =E/ GR[? & PRES]VE GRASSL&S BY FE$+ ON ! B>K ( SAPL+S4 ,= HUMAN SOCIETY TO ACKN[L$GE ?AT ITS WELL-BE+1 P]HAPS ITS V]Y SURVIVAL1 MAY DEP5D UPON CONSCI\SLY ABETT+ ! ?RU/ ( NATURAL EVOLUTION T[>D A MORE DIV]SIFI$1 V>I$1 & FECUND BIOSPH]E DOES NOT NECESS>ILY MEAN ?AT WE MU/ R$UCE NATURE TO A M]E OBJECT = HUMAN MANIPULATION -- AN E?ICAL DEGRADATION ( NATURE AS A 0SOME?+0 ?AT M]ELY EXI/S 0= US40 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 :AT IS AU!NTICALLY 0GOOD0 = US MAY V]Y WELL NOT BE A PURELY HUMAN DESID]ATUM BUT A NATURAL ONE AS WELL4 ,AS A UNIQUE PRODUCT ( NATURAL EVOLUTION1 HUMANITY BR+S ITS P[]S ( REASON+1 ITS CREATIVE F+]S1 ITS HI< DEGREE ( CONSCI\S CONSOCIATION -- ALL QUALITATIVE DEVELOPM5TS ( NATURAL HI/ORY -- TO NATURE1 AT TIMES AS S\RCES ( HELP & AT O!R TIMES AS S\RCES ( H>M4 ,P]HAPS ! GREATE/ S+LE ROLE AN ECOLOGICAL E?ICS CAN PLAY IS A DISCRIM9AT+ ONE -- TO HELP US DI/+UI% :I* ( \R ACTIONS S]VE ! ?RU/ ( NATURAL EVOLUTION & :I* ( !M IMP$E IT4 ,?AT HUMAN 9T]E/S ( ONE K9D OR ANO!R MAY BE 9VOLV$ 9 !SE ACTIONS IS NOT ALWAYS RELEVANT TO ! E?ICAL JUDGM5TS WE >E LIKELY TO MAKE4 ,:AT REALLY C\NTS >E ! E?ICAL GUIDEL9ES ?AT DET]M9E \R JUDGM5T4 ,! CONCEPT ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY MU/ BEG9 FROM A S5SE ( ASSURANCE ?AT SOCIETY & NATURE >E NOT 9H]5TLY ANTI!TICAL4 ,9 \R *>ACT]I/IC VIEW ( DIFF]5CE AS A =M ( OPPOSITION & E/RANGEM5T1 WE HAVE P]MITT$ ! UNIQUE ASPECTS ( HUMAN SOCIETY TO OBSCURE \R P]CEPTION ( ITS COMMONALITY ) NATURE1 AS A 0NI*E0 9 A GIV5 BIOREGION & ECOSY/EM4 ,MORE PO9T$LY1 WE HAVE P]MITT$ ! V]Y FAIL+S ( 0CIVILIZATION0 -- ITS OBJECTIFICATION ( NATURE & HUMAN BE+S1 ITS HI]>*ICAL1 CLASS1 DOM9E]+1 & EXPLOITATIVE RELATION%IPS -- TO BE 9T]PRET$ AS 9TR9SIC SOCIAL ATTRIBUTES4 ,H5CE1 A DE=M$ SOCIETY HAS COME TO REPRES5T SOCIETY AS SU*1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ITS ANTIHUMAN & ANT9ATURAL QUALITIES BECOME VISIBLE ONLY :5 WE CONTRA/ ?IS DE=M$ SOCIETY ) ORGANIC SOCIETY4 ,)\T ! B5EFIT ( ?IS H9DSIE TURN$ 9TO GROSSLY UNJU/IFIABLE 0SUCCESSES02 \R MO/ IRRATIONAL ACTIONS & 9/ITUTIONS BECOME ! 0FRUITS0 ( HUMAN REASON & VOLITION4 ,?AT HUMANITY WAS EXPELL$ FROM ! ,G>D5 ( ,$5 DOES NOT MEAN ?AT WE MU/ TURN AN ANTAGONI/IC FACE T[>D NATURE2 RA!R1 IT IS A METAPHOR = A NEW1 EM95TLY ECOLOGICAL FUNCTION3 ! NE$ TO CREATE MORE FECUND G>D5S ?AN ,$5 ITSELF4 ,IT IS TEMPT+ TO V5TURE 9TO A UTOPIAN DESCRIPTION ( H[ AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY W\LD LOOK & H[ IT W\LD FUNCTION1 BUT ,I HAVE PROMIS$ TO LEAVE SU* VISIONS TO ! UTOPIAN DIALOGUE ?AT WE SO DIRELY NE$ TODAY4 ,H[EV]1 C]TA9 BIOTIC & CULTURAL IMP]ATIVES CANNOT BE IGNOR$ IF \R CONCEPT ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY IS TO HAVE 9TEGRATIVE MEAN+ & SELF-CONSCI\S DIRECTION4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ /RIK+ EXAMPLE ( H[ NATURAL EVOLUTION PHASES 9TO SOCIAL EVOLUTION IS ! FACT ?AT WE >E ! HEIRS ( A /RONG NATURAL ?RU/ T[>D ASSOCIATION4 ,[+ TO \R PROLONG$ DEP5D5CY AS *ILDR5 & ! PLA/ICITY ( M9D ?AT ?IS LONG P]IOD ( GR[? PROVIDES1 WE >E DE/9$ TO LIVE TOGE!R AS A SPECIES4 ,HIE = \R [N K9D1 TO COLLABORATE4 ,:E!R 9 VILLAGE OR T[N1 POLIS OR CITY1 COMMUNE OR MEGALOPOLIS1 WE SEEM IMPELL$ BY ! V]Y NATURE ( \R *ILD-RE>+ EXP]I5CES & ATTRIBUTES TO LIVE 9 A HIO*IAL & RE/RICTIVE1 9 VIEW ( \R MOD]N COMMITM5T TO A UNIV]SAL HUMANITAS4 ,9DE$1 IT IS FAIR TO ASK :E!R ! /RICTLY BIOLOGICAL IS NECESS>ILY MORE 0NATURAL0 ?AN ! HUMAN SOCIAL ATTRIBUTES PRODUC$ BY NATURAL EVOLUTION4 ,\R V]Y CONCEPT ( NATURE MAY BE MORE FULLY EXPRESS$ BY ! WAY 9 :I* BIOLOGICAL FACTS >E 9TEGRAT$ /RUCTURALLY TO GIVE RISE TO MORE COMPLEX & SUBTLE =MS ( NATURAL REALITY4 ,SOCIETY ITSELF MAY BE A CASE 9 PO9T1 AT LEA/ 9 T]MS ( ITS ABID+ BASIC ELEM5TS1 & HUMAN ASSOCIATIONS ?AT EXT5D BEYOND ! BLOOD TIE MAY REFLECT MORE COMPLEX =MS ( NATURAL EVOLUTION ?AN ! HIT ( NATURE1 ! ASSOCIATIONS ?AT RE/ ON UNIV]SAL HUMAN LOYALTIES MAY WELL BE EXPRESSIONS ( A RI*]1 MORE V>IEGAT$ NATURE ?AN WE HI!RTO HAVE BE5 PREP>$ TO ACKN[L$GE4 ,9 ANY CASE1 IT IS APP>5T ?AT WE SCORE A MU* RI*] ECOLOGICAL ADVANCE OV] ! CONV5TIONAL BIOLOGICAL WISDOM ( E>LY HUMANITY :5 WE RELATE ON ! BASIS ( A SIMPLE AFF9ITY ( TA/ES1 CULTURAL SIMIL>ITIES1 EMOTIONAL COMPATIBILITIES1 SEXUAL PREF]5CES1 & 9TELLECTUAL 9T]E/S4 ,NOR >E WE ANY ! LESS NATURAL = DO+ SO4 ,EV5 MORE PREF]ABLE ?AN ! BLOOD-RELAT$ FAMILY IS ! COMMUNE ?AT UNITES 9DIVIDUALS BY :AT !Y *OOSE TO LIKE 9 EA* O!R RA!R ?AN :AT !Y >E OBLIG$ BY BLOOD TIES TO LIKE4 ,CONSCI\S CULTURAL AFF9ITY IS ULTIMATELY A MORE CREATIVE BASIS = ASSOCIATION ?AN ! UN?9K+ DEM&S ( K9 LOYALTIES4 ,! RUDIM5TS ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY WILL PROBABLY BE /RUCTUR$ >\ND ! COMMUNE -- FREELY CREAT$1 HUMAN 9 SCALE1 & 9TIMATE 9 ITS CONSCI\SLY CULTIVAT$ RELATION%IPS -- RA!R ?AN CLAN OR TRIBAL =MS ?AT >E (T5 FAIRLY SIZABLE & AN*OR$ 9 ! IMP]ATIVES ( BLOOD & ! NOTION ( A COMMON ANCE/RY4 ,IT IS NOT 0RETRIBALIZATION0 ?AT AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY IS LIKELY TO SEEK BUT RA!R RECOMMUNALIZATION ) ITS WEAL? ( CREATIVE LIB]T>IAN TRAITS4 ,ON A /ILL L>G] SCALE1 ! ,COMMUNE COMPOS$ ( MANY SMALL COMMUNES SEEMS TO CONTA9 ! BE/ FEATURES ( ! POLIS1 )\T ! E?NIC P>O*IALISM & POLITICAL EXCLUSIVITY ?AT CONTRIBUT$ SO SIGNIFICANTLY TO ITS DECL9E4 ,SU* L>G] OR COMPOSITE ,COMMUNES1 NETWORK$ CONF$]ALLY ?R\< ECOSY/EMS1 BIOREGIONS1 & BIOMES1 MU/ BE >TI/ICALLY TAILOR$ TO !IR NATURAL SURR\ND+S4 ,WE CAN 5VISION ?AT !IR SQU>ES WILL BE 9T]LAC$ BY /REAMS1 !IR PLACES ( ASSEMBLY SURR\ND$ BY GROVES1 !IR PHYSICAL CONT\RS RESPECT$ & TA/EFULLY L&SCAP$1 !IR SOILS NURTUR$ C>+LY TO FO/] PLANT V>IETY = \RSELVES1 \R DOME/IC ANIMALS1 & :]EV] POSSIBLE ! WILDLIFE !Y MAY SUPPORT ON !IR FR+ES4 ,WE CAN HOPE ?AT ! ,COMMUNES W\LD ASPIRE TO LIVE )1 N\RI%1 & FE$ UPON ! LIFE-=MS ?AT 9DIG5\SLY BELONG TO ! ECOSY/EMS 9 :I* !Y >E 9TEGRAT$4 ,DEC5TRALIZ$ & SCAL$ TO HUMAN DIM5SIONS1 SU* ECOCOMMUNITIES W\LD OBEY NATURE'S 0LAW ( RETURN0 BY RECYCL+ !IR ORGANIC WA/ES 9TO COMPO/$ NUTRIM5T = G>D5S & SU* MAT]IALS AS !Y CAN RESCUE = !IR CRAFTS & 9DU/RIES4 ,WE CAN EXPECT ?AT !Y W\LD SUBTLY 9TEGRATE SOL>1 W9D1 HYDRAULIC1 & ME?ANE-PRODUC+ 9/ALLATIONS 9TO A HIIEGAT$ PATT]N = PRODUC+ P[]4 ,AGRICULTURE1 AQUACULTURE1 /OCKRAIS+1 & HUNT+ W\LD BE REG>D$ AS CRAFTS -- AN ORI5TATION ?AT WE HOPE W\LD BE EXT5D$ AS MU* AS POSSIBLE TO ! FABRICATION ( USE-VALUES ( NE>LY ALL K9DS4 ,! NE$ TO MASS-PRODUCE GOODS 9 HIDABLE ITEMS ?AT >E QUICKLY SACRIFIC$ TO ! GODS ( OBSOLESC5CE4 ,! PA/ W\LD ALWAYS LIVE 9 ! PRES5T AS ! TREASUR$ >TS & WORKS ( G5]ATIONS GONE BY4 ,WE C\LD EXPECT ?AT WORK1 MORE CRAFTLIKE ?AN 9DU/RIAL1 W\LD BE AS READILY ROTAT$ AS POSITIONS ( PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITY2 ?AT MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITIES W\LD BE DISPOS$ TO DEAL ) ONE ANO!R 9 FACE-TO-FACE RELATION%IPS RA!R ?AN BY ELECTRONIC MEANS4 ,9 A WORLD :]E ! FETI%IZATION ( NE$S W\LD GIVE WAY TO ! FRE$OM TO *OOSE NE$S1 QUANTITY TO QUALITY1 MEAN-SPIRIT$ EGOTISM TO G5]OSITY1 & 9DIFF]5CE TO LOVE1 WE MIE & COJO9TLY OP]ATE C]TA9 9DU/RIAL 5TITIES -- SU* AS A SMALL-SCALE F\NDRY1 MA*9E %OP1 ELECTRONIC 9/ALLATION1 OR UTILITY -- OR :E!R !Y W\LD WANT TO RETURN TO MORE TRADITIONAL BUT (T5 TE*NICALLY EXCIT+ MEANS ( PRODUC+ GOODS IS A DECISION ?AT BELONGS TO FUTURE G5]ATIONS4 ,C]TA9LY1 NO LAW ( PRODUCTION REQUIRES ?AT WE RETA9 OR EXP& ! GIGANTIC1 HI*ICALLY ORGANIZ$ PLANTS1 MILLS1 & (FICES ?AT DISFIGURE MOD]N 9DU/RY4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 IT IS NOT = US TO DESCRIBE 9 ANY DETAIL H[ ! ,COMMUNES ( ! FUTURE W\LD CONF$]ATE !MSELVES & COORD9ATE !IR COMMON ACTIVITIES4 ,ANY 9/ITUTIONAL RELATION%IP ( :I* WE C\LD CONCEIVE W\LD REMA9 A HOLL[ =M UNTIL WE KNEW ! ATTITUDES1 S5SIBILITIES1 IDEALS1 & VALUES ( ! PEOPLE :O E/ABLI% & MA9TA9 IT4 ,AS ,I HAVE ALREADY PO9T$ \T1 A LIB]T>IAN 9/ITUTION IS A PEOPL$ ONE2 H5CE ITS PURELY =MAL /RUCTURE WILL BE NEI!R BETT] NOR WORSE ?AN ! E?ICAL VALUES ( ! PEOPLE :O GIVE IT REALITY4 ,C]TA9LY WE1 :O HAVE BE5 SATURAT$ ) ! VALUES ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION1 CANNOT HOPE TO IMPOSE \R 0D\BTS0 UPON PEOPLE :O HAVE BE5 TOTALLY FRE$ ( !IR TRAMMELS4 ,:AT HUMANITY CAN NEV] AF=D TO LOSE IS ITS S5SE ( ECOLOGICAL DIRECTION & ! E?ICAL MEAN+ IT GIVES TO ITS PROJECTS4 ,AS ,I HAVE ALREADY OBS]V$1 \R ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGIES WILL HAVE V]Y LITTLE SOCIAL MEAN+ OR DIRECTION IF !Y >E DESIGN$ ) /RICTLY TE*NOCRATIC GOALS 9 M9D4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 \R EF=TS AT COOP]ATION WILL BE ACTIVELY DEMORALIZ+ IF WE COME TOGE!R M]ELY TO 0SURVIVE0 ! HAZ>DS ( LIV+ 9 \R PREVAIL+ SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,\R TE*NICS CAN BE EI!R CATALY/S = \R 9TEGRATION ) ! NATURAL WORLD OR ! *ASMS SEP>AT+ US FROM IT4 ,!Y >E NEV] E?ICALLY NEUTRAL4 0,CIVILIZATION0 & ITS IDEOLOGIES HAVE FO/]$ ! LATT] ORI5TATION2 SOCIAL ECOLOGY MU/ PROMOTE ! =M]4 ,MOD]N AU?ORIT>IAN TE*NICS HAVE BE5 TE/$ BEYOND ALL HUMAN 5DURANCE BY A MISBEGOTT5 HI/ORY ( NATURAL DEVA/ATION & *RONIC G5OCIDE1 9DE$1 BIOCIDE4 ,! REW>DS WE CAN GLEAN FROM ! WRECKAGE !Y HAVE PRODUC$ WILL REQUIRE SO MU* C>EFUL SIFT+ ?AT AN UND]/&ABLE CASE CAN BE MADE = SIMPLY TURN+ \R BACKS ON ! 5TIRE HEAP4 ,BUT WE >E ALREADY TOO DEEPLY MIR$ 9 ITS WA/ES TO EXTRICATE \RSELVES READILY4 ,WE HAVE BECOME TRAPP$ 9 ITS ECONOMIC LOGI/ICS1 ITS SY/EMS ( TRANSPORTATION & DI/RIBUTION1 ITS NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 & ITS IMM5SE 9DU/RIAL APP>ATUS4 ,LE/ WE BE TOTALLY SUBM]G$ & BURI$ 9 ITS DEBRIS1 WE MU/ TREAD CAUTI\SLY -- SEEK+ FIRM GR\ND :]E WE CAN 9 ! REAL ATTA9M5TS ( SCI5CE & 5G9E]+1 AVOID+ ITS LE?AL QUAGMIRE ( WEAPONRY & ITS AU?ORIT>IAN TE*NICS ( SOCIAL CONTROL4 ,9 ! 5D1 H[EV]1 WE MU/ ESCAPE FROM ! DEBRIS ) :ATEV] BOOTY WE CAN RESCUE1 & RECA/ \R TE*NICS 5TIRELY 9 ! LITURE FROM \R CONCEPTS ( DIV]SITY1 :OL5ESS1 & A NATURE R5D]$ SELF-CONSCI\S -- AN E?ICS :OSE 0EVIL0 IS ROOT$ 9 HOMOG5EITY1 HI]>*Y1 & A SOCIETY :OSE S5SIBILITIES HAVE BE5 DEAD5$ BEYOND RESURRECTION4 ,9S(> AS WE HOPE TO RESURRECT \RSELVES1 WE >E OBLIG$ TO USE TE*NICS TO BR+ ! VITALITY ( NATURE BACK 9TO \R ATROPHI$ S5SES4 ,HAV+ LO/ SIEFUL 9 DEAL+ ) ! MEANS ( LIFE AS =MS ( NATURE3 TO DISC]N \R ROOTS 9 ! SUN & W9D1 9 M9]ALS & GASES1 AS WELL AS 9 SOIL1 PLANTS1 & ANIMALS4 ,IT IS A *ALL5GE NOT TO BE EVAD$ -- NOTABLY1 TO SEE ! SUN AS P>T ( \R UMBILICAL CORD TO P[] JU/ AS WE DISC]N ITS ROLE 9 ! PHOTOSYN!TIC ACTIVITIES ( PLANTS4 ,9EVITABLY1 ,I AM ASK$ H[ TO GO FROM 0H]E TO !RE10 AS ?\< REFLECTIONS ON ! EM]G5CE & DISSOLUTION ( HI]>*Y MU/ CONTA9 RECIPES = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,= SOCIAL 0P>ADIGMS0 ONE CAN TURN TO SU* MEMORABLE EV5TS AS ! ,MAY-,JUNE UPHEAVAL 9 ,FRANCE DUR+ #a#i#f#h1 OR TO ,PORTUGAL A DECADE LAT]1 & POSSIBLY TO ,SPA9 A G5]ATION E>LI]4 ,:AT %\LD ALWAYS C\NT 9 ANALYZ+ SU* EV5TS IS NOT :Y !Y FAIL$ -- = !Y W]E NEV] EXPECT$ TO OCCUR AT ALL -- BUT H[ !Y MANAG$ TO ]UPT & P]SI/ AGA9/ MASSIVE ODDS4 ,NO MOVEM5T = FRE$OM CAN EV5 COMMUNICATE ITS GOALS1 MU* LESS SUCCE$ 9 ATTA9+ !M1 UNLESS HI/ORIC =CES >E AT WORK TO ALT] UNCONSCI\S HI]>*ICAL VALUES & S5SIBILITIES4 ,IDEAS REA* ONLY PEOPLE :O >E READY TO HE> !M4 ,NO 9DIVIDUAL1 NEWSPAP]1 OR BOOK CAN UNDO A *>ACT] /RUCTURE %AP$ BY ! PREVAIL+ SOCIETY UNTIL ! SOCIETY ITSELF IS BELEAGU]$ BY CRISES4 ,?US IDEAS1 AS ,M>X %REWDLY OBS]V$1 REALLY MAKE US CONSCI\S ( :AT WE ALREADY KN[ UNCONSCI\SLY4 ,:AT HI/ORY CAN TEA* US >E ! =MS1 /RATEGIES1 TE*NIQUES -- & FAILURES -- 9 TRY+ TO *ANGE ! WORLD BY ALSO TRY+ TO *ANGE \RSELVES4 ,! LIB]T>IAN TE*NICS ( *ANGE HAVE BE5 DISCUSS$ & TRI$ EXT5SIVELY4 ,!IR CAPACITY = SUCCESS /ILL MU/ BE PROV5 BY ! SITUATIONS 9 :I* !Y CAN REALLY HOPE TO ATTA9 !IR GOALS4 ,NONE ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN TE*NICS ( *ANGE HAS PROVID$ SUCCESSFUL 0P>ADIGMS10 UNLESS WE >E PREP>$ TO IGNORE ! H>% FACT ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN1 ,*9ESE1 & ,CUBAN 0REVOLUTIONS0 W]E MASSIVE C\NT]REVOLUTIONS ?AT BLIIAN =MS ( ORGANIZATION HAVE ! 5ORM\S RESPONSIBILITY ( TRY+ TO RESEMBLE ! SOCIETY !Y >E SEEK+ TO DEVELOP4 ,!Y CAN TOL]ATE NO DISJUNCTION BETWE5 5DS & MEANS4 ,DIRECT ACTION1 SO 9TEGRAL TO ! MANAGEM5T ( A FUTURE SOCIETY1 HAS ITS P>ALLEL 9 ! USE ( DIRECT ACTION TO *ANGE SOCIETY4 ,COMMUNAL =MS1 SO 9TEGRAL TO ! /RUCTURE ( A FUTURE SOCIETY1 HAVE !IR P>ALLEL 9 ! USE ( COMMUNAL =MS -- COLLECTIVES1 AFF9ITY GR\PS1 & ! LIKE -- TO *ANGE SOCIETY4 ,! ECOLOGICAL E?ICS1 CONF$]AL RELATION%IPS1 & DEC5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURES WE W\LD EXPECT TO F9D 9 A FUTURE SOCIETY1 >E FO/]$ BY ! VALUES & NETWORKS WE TRY TO USE 9 A*IEV+ AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,WE KN[ FROM ! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS ?AT EV5 L>GE CITIES CAN BE DEC5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURALLY & 9/ITUTIONALLY = A L5G?Y P]IOD ( TIME1 H[EV] C5TRALIZ$ !Y ONCE W]E LOGI/ICALLY & ECONOMICALLY4 ,%\LD A FUTURE SOCIETY1 CONF$]ALLY 9TEGRAT$ & COMMUNALLY ORI5T$1 SEEK TO DEC5TRALIZE ITSELF LOGI/ICALLY & ECONOMICALLY1 IT WILL NOT LACK ! EXI/+ MEANS & LAT5T TAL5TS TO DO SO4 ,JU/ AS ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY HAS %[N ?AT IT CAN EF=TLESSLY DISMEMB] ITSELF 9 LESS ?AN A DECADE & BECOME A PHYSICAL RU91 SO ,G]MANY'S CITIES AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I HAVE %[N ?AT !Y CAN REBUILD !MSELVES FROM RU9S 9TO ?RIV+ 7IF TA/ELESS7 MEGALOPOLISES 9 AN EQUAL SPAN ( TIME4 ,! MEANS = TE>+ D[N ! OLD >E AVAILABLE1 BO? AS HOPE & AS P]IL4 ,SO1 TOO1 >E ! MEANS = REBUILD+4 ,! RU9S !MSELVES >E M9ES = RECYCL+ ! WA/ES ( AN IMM5SELY P]I%ABLE WORLD 9TO ! /RUCTURAL MAT]IALS ( ONE ?AT IS FREE AS WELL AS NEW4 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiha 3 ,*APT] #ab - ,AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,JULY #a1 #bai 3 ,*APT] #ab - ,AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/