,*APT] #e - ,! ,LEGACY ( ,DOM9ATION 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

#e4 ,! ,LEGACY ( ,DOM9ATION 

  

,! HI]>*ICAL ORIG9S ( MORALITY OCCUR 9 ! E>LY & CLASSICAL =MS ( FAMILY ORGANIZATION -- 9 ! MORAL AU?ORITY CLAIM$ BY ITS MALE HEAD4 ,! ,BIBLE PROVIDES AMPLE EVID5CE ( ! SOV]EIGNTY 5JOY$ BY ! PATRI>* 9 DEAL+ ) HIS WIVES & *ILDR54 ,TO PUT IT BLUNTLY1 !Y W]E HIS *ATTELS1 LIKE ! ANIMALS ?AT MADE UP HIS H]DS4 ,HIS P[] OV] !M LACK$ ALL RE/RA9T BUT ?AT EVOK$ BY COMPASSION & BY ! FEEL+ ( IMMORTALITY HE D]IV$ FROM ! LIV+ PRODUCTS ( HIS LO9S4 ,:E!R OR NOT ! SON BE CA/ 9 ! IMAGE ( ! FA!R1 BO? >E NEV]!LESS MADE 9 ! IMAGE ( ! DEITY :O !REBY UNITES !M BY COV5ANT & BLOOD4 ,! DEM&+ *>ACT]I/ICS ( FA!R-LOVE1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! SELFLESS *>ACT]I/ICS ( MO!R-LOVE1 REPRES5T ! MALE'S RESOLUTION ( HIS QU>REL ) ET]NITY4 ,! ,HEBREW PATRI>*S REQUIR$ NO HEAV5 OR IMMORTAL S\L1 = BO? ( !M EXI/$ 9 ! PHYSICAL REALITY ( !IR SONS4 

,MORE 9TRIGU+1 H[EV]1 IS ! PAT]NAL AU?ORITY CLAIM$ BY ! ,GREEKS1 :OSE PHILOSOPH]S TRI$ TO GIVE MORAL PRECEPTS A RATIONAL OR E?ICAL -- NOT A DIV9E -- SANCTION4 ,9ITIALLY1 ! HEAD ( ! H\SEHOLD OCCUPI$ AN ALMO/ REGAL POSITION ) RESPECT TO O!R MEMB]S ( ! FAMILY4 ,DESPITE ! RATIONAL DIM5SION ,HELL5IC PHILOSOPHY TRI$ TO IMP>T TO SOCIAL RELATION%IPS1 H[EV]1 ITS CAPACITY TO 9VADE ! FAMILY WAS 9ITIALLY LIMIT$4 ,AS ,E4 ,R4 ,DODDS WAS TO OBS]VE 9 A FASC9AT+ /UDY ( ! ISSUE3 

,OV] HIS *ILDR5 HIS AU?ORITY IS 9 E>LY TIMES UNLIMIT$3 HE IS FREE TO EXPOSE !M 9 9FANCY .<?AT IS1 5GAGE 9 9FANTICIDE.> & 9 MANHOOD TO EXPEL AN ]R+ OR REBELLI\S SON FROM ! COMMUNITY1 AS ,!SEUS EXPELL$ ,HIPPOLYTUS1 AS ,O5EUS EXPELL$ ,TY$EUS1 AS ,TROPHIOS EXPELL$ ,PYLADES1 AS ,ZEUS HIMSELF CA/ \T ,HEPHAE/OS FROM ,OLYMPUS = SID+ ) HIS ,MO!R4 

,UNTIL WELL 9TO ! SIX? C5TURY ,B4,C41 ! SON 0HAD DUTIES BUT NO RI<TS2 :ILE HIS FA!R LIV$1 HE WAS A P]PETUAL M9OR40 ,9 ITS CLASSICAL =M1 PATRI>*Y IMPLI$ MALE G]ONTOCRACY1 NOT ONLY ! RULE ( MALES OV] FEMALES4 ,! Y\NG1 IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR SEX1 W]E PLAC$ RIGOR\SLY UND] ! MORAL & SOCIAL AU?ORITY ( ! OLDE/ MEMB]S ( ! FAMILY4 

,! ,GREEK PATRI>*'S COMM&+ POSITION OV] ! PRIVATE LIVES ( HIS W>DS WAS TO BE %>PLY ATT5UAT$ BY ! ,/ATE1 :I* WAS TO /AKE \T ITS [N CLAIMS OV] Y\NG MALES :OM IT NE$$ = BUREAUCRATS & SOLDI]S4 ,BUT 9 ?AT %AD[Y P]IOD ( TRANSITION :5 ! LATE ,NEOLI?IC PHAS$ 9TO ,BRONZE-,AGE & ,IRON-,AGE 0CIVILIZATIONS10 :5 /RONGLY PATRI>*AL 9VAD]S W]E TO OV]:ELM SETTL$1 (T5 MATRIC5TRIC1 CULTURES1 MALE-ORI5T$ FAMILY /RUCTURES =M$ ! BASIC SOCIAL ELEM5TS ( ! COMMUNITY & />KLY IMPR9T$ WIDE-RANG+ VALUES ON SOCIAL LIFE4 ,9DE$1 !Y HELP$ TO PREP>E ! MORAL UND]P9N+S ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS & ! ,/ATE -- IRONICALLY1 ! V]Y /RUCTURES BY :I* !Y W]E TO BE ULTIMATELY ABSORB$4 

,EV5 BE=E SOCIAL CLASSES EM]G$ & ! PRIE/HOOD E/ABLI%$ QUASI-POLITICAL TEMPLE DESPOTISMS OV] SOCIETY1 ! PATRI>* EMBODI$ 9 A SOCIAL =M ! V]Y SY/EM ( AU?ORITY ?AT ! ,/ATE LAT] EMBODI$ 9 A POLITICAL =M4 ,9 ! NEXT *APT]1 WE %ALL EXAM9E ! CURI\S DIALECTICAL T5SION BETWE5 ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY & ! ,/ATE ?AT GAVE RISE TO IDEAS ( JU/ICE & E?ICS -- A DIALECTIC 9 :I* ! FA!R WAS TRANS=M$ FROM A TYRANT 9TO A JUDGE & LAT] FROM A JUDGE 9TO A TEA*]4 ,BUT UNTIL PATRI>*AL P[] WAS ATT5UAT$ BY POLITICAL =CES1 IT WAS ! FA!R :O EMBODI$ NOT ONLY A PREPOLITICAL MORALITY ( SOCIAL DOM9ATION1 BUT MORE SPECIFICALLY1 A MORALITY ?AT 5TAIL$ VISIONS ( ! DOM9ATION ( NATURE4 

,! E>LIE/ VICTIM ( ?IS DOM9E]+ RELATION%IP WAS HUMAN NATURE1 NOTABLY1 ! HUMAN NATURE ( WOMAN4 ,AL?\< PATRI>*Y REPRES5TS A HI<LY AU?ORIT>IAN =M ( G]ONTOCRACY 9 :I* ! ELD]S 9ITIALLY BEGAN TO RULE SOCIETY AS A COLLECTIVE :OLE1 WOMAN 9CREAS+LY LO/ H] P>ITY ) MAN AS ! LATT] GA9$ SOCIAL ASC5DANCY OV] ! DOME/IC SPH]E ( LIFE ) ! EXPANSION ( HIS CIVIL SPH]E4 ,PATRIC5TRICITY & F9ALLY PATRI>*Y CAME COMPLETELY 9TO !IR [N4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 WOMAN BECAME ! >*ETYPAL ,O!R ( MORALITY1 ULTIMATELY ! HUMAN EMBODIM5T ( ITS W>P$ IMAGE ( EVIL4 ,?AT ! MALE /ILL OPPOSES HIS SOCIETY TO WOMAN'S NATURE1 HIS CAPACITY TO PRODUCE COMMODITIES TO H] ABILITY TO REPRODUCE LIFE1 HIS RATIONALISM TO H] 09/9CTUAL0 DRIVES HAS ALREADY RECEIV$ 5\< EMPHASIS 9 ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL & FEM9I/ LIT]ATURE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 WOMAN 5T]S 9TO MAN'S MORAL DEVELOPM5T AS ITS ANTIPODE -- ! ANTI!TICAL & CONTRA/+ FACTOR P> EXCELL5CE -- 9 %AP+ ITS T5ETS4 ,P]SONALLY1 %E HAS NO P>T 09 ! EFFICI5CY ON :I* .<! MALE'S.> CIVILIZATION IS BAS$10 OBS]VE ,HORKHEIM] & ,ADORNO 9 !IR SUP]B DISCUSSION ( H] /ATUS3 

,IT IS MAN :O HAS TO GO \T 9TO AN UNFRI5DLY WORLD1 :O HAS TO /RUGGLE & PRODUCE4 ,WOMAN IS NOT A BE+ 9 H] [N RI<T1 A SUBJECT4 ,%E PRODUCES NO?+ BUT LOOKS AFT] ?OSE :O DO2 %E IS A LIV+ MONUM5T TO A LONG-VANI%$ ]A :5 ! DOME/IC ECONOMY WAS SELF-CONTA9$4 

,9 A CIVILIZATION ?AT DEVALUES NATURE1 %E IS ! 0IMAGE ( NATURE10 ! 0WEAK] & SMALL]10 & ! DIFF]5CES IMPOS$ BY NATURE BETWE5 ! SEXES BECOME 0! MO/ HUMILIAT+ ?AT CAN EXI/ 9 A MALE-DOM9AT$ SOCIETY 4 4 4 A KEY /IMULUS TO AGGRESSION40.<#b#h.> 

,YET WOMAN HAUNTS ?IS MALE 0CIVILIZATION0 ) A P[] ?AT IS MORE ?AN >*AIC OR ATAVI/IC4 ,EV]Y MALE-ORI5T$ SOCIETY MU/ P]SI/5TLY EXORCIZE H] ANCI5T P[]S1 :I* ABIDE 9 H] ABILITY TO REPRODUCE ! SPECIES1 TO RE> IT1 TO PROVIDE IT ) A LOV+ REFUGE FROM ! 0UNFRI5DLY WORLD10 9DE$1 TO ACCOMPLI% ?OSE MAT]IAL A*IEVEM5TS -- FOOD CULTIVATION1 POTT]Y1 & WEAV+1 TO CITE ! MO/ ASSUR$ ( WOMAN'S TE*NICAL 9V5TIONS -- ?AT R5D]$ ?AT WORLD POSSIBLE1 ALBEIT ON T]MS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE =MULAT$ BY ! MALE4 

,EV5 BE=E MAN EMB>KS ON HIS CONQUE/ ( MAN -- ( CLASS BY CLASS -- PATRI>*AL MORALITY OBLIGES HIM TO AFFIRM HIS CONQUE/ ( WOMAN4 ,! SUBJUGATION ( H] NATURE & ITS ABSORPTION 9TO ! NEXUS ( PATRI>*AL MORALITY =MS ! >*ETYPAL ACT ( DOM9ATION ?AT ULTIMATELY GIVES RISE TO MAN'S IMAG]Y ( A SUBJUGAT$ NATURE4 ,IT IS P]HAPS NOT ACCID5TAL ?AT NATURE & E>? RETA9 ! FEMALE G5D] 9TO \R [N TIME4 ,:AT MAY SEEM TO US LIKE A L+UI/IC ATAVISM ?AT REFLECTS A LONG-GONE ]A :5 SOCIAL LIFE WAS MATRIC5TRIC & NATURE WAS ITS DOME/IC ABODE MAY WELL BE AN ON-GO+ & SUBTLY VIABLE EXPRESSION ( MAN'S CONT9UAL VIOLATION ( WOMAN AS NATURE & ( NATURE AS WOMAN4 

,! SYMBOLISM ( ?IS VIOLATION ALREADY APPE>S E>LY 9 PRIMORDIAL C]EMONIES1 ALMO/ AS ?\< ! WI% IS FA!R TO ! ACT & ITS RITUALI/IC AFFIRMATION 9 M]E DRAMA IS A H>B+] ( ITS LAT] REALITY4 ,FROM ! DEP?S ( ! ,ITURI =E/ TO ! GILD$ CONF9ES ( ! ,*UR*1 WOMAN IS RAIS$ UP TO H] APPROPRIATE EM95CE ALL ! MORE TO CA/ H] D[N 9 SUBJUGATION TO MAN4 ,EV5 ! C5TRAL ,AFRICAN PYGMIES1 ,TURNBULL'S ,=E/ ,PEOPLE1 HAVE ! EQUIVAL5T ( ,EVE OR ,P&ORA1 :O ALT]NATELY S$UCES & SUCCORS ! MALE1 BUT 9 ! 5D MU/ NEV] BE P]MITT$ TO 0DOM9ATE0 HIM4 ,H] ASSOCIATION ) ! >TS ( 0CIVILIZATION0 IS P]MEAT$ BY AN 5VI\S NEGATIVITY4 ,EVE S$UCES ,ADAM 9TO EAT+ ! FRUIT ( ! TREE ( RI<T & WRONG1 ONLY TO AFFLICT HIM ) ! CURSE ( KN[L$GE4 ,H] ,HELL5IC SI/]1 ,P&ORA1 EXPOSES MAN TO ! ILLS ?AT FOLL[ ! LOSS ( ALL 9NOC5CE4 ,& ! ,SUM]IAN 0H>LOT0 :O SLEEPS ) ,5KIDU 9 ! ,GILGAME% ,EPIC IRREVOCABLY D5ATURES HIM BY SEP>AT+ HIM FROM HIS FRI5DS1 ! BEA/S ( ! PLA9S & =E/4 ,! ,ODYSSEY IS A SPITEFUL EXP$ITION ?R\< HI/ORY 9 :I* ! EPIC EXORCIZES ! ANCI5T FEMALE DEITIES BY RIDICUL+ !M AS P]V]SE H>RIDANS4 

,BUT PATRI>*AL MORALITY R$UCES WOMAN NOT M]ELY TO A G5]ALIZ$ ,HEGELIAN ,O!R :O MU/ BE OPPOS$1 NEGAT$1 & CONTA9$1 AS ,SIMONE DE ,BEAUVOIR EMPHASIZ$ A G5]ATION AGO2 IT P>TICUL>IZES ?IS O!RNESS 9TO A SPECIFIC HATR$ ( H] 9QUISITIV5ESS1 ( H] PROB+ SUBJECTIVITY & CURIOSITY4 ,EV5 9 D5Y+ WOMAN'S 0BE+ 9 H] [N RI<T10 MAN AFFIRMS IT BY DAMN+ ,EVE = RESPOND+ TO ! S]P5T1 ,P&ORA = D>+ TO OP5 ! BOX ( AFFLICTIONS1 & ,CIRCE = H] P[] ( PREVISION4 ,A GNAW+ S5SE ( 9F]IORITY & 9COMPLET5ESS /AMPS EV]Y ASPECT ( ! NEWLY EM]G5T MALE MORALITY3 EVIL AB\NDS EV]Y:]E1 PLEASURE & ! S5SES >E DECEPTIVE1 & ! *AOS ?AT ALWAYS ?REAT5S TO 5GULF ! KOSMOS MU/ BE CON/ANTLY W>D$ (F LE/ NATURE RECLAIM 0CIVILIZATION40 ,IRONICALLY1 !RE IS NO D5IAL1 H]E1 ( WOMAN'S SUBJECTIVITY BUT A %RIEK+ FE> ( H] LAT5T P[]S & ! POSSIBILITY ?AT !Y MAY BE /IRR$ BACK 9TO LIFE AGA94 

,H5CE1 PATRI>*AL MORALITY MU/ BR+ H] 9TO COMPLICITY ) ! MALE'S EV]-TREMUL\S IMAGE ( H] 9F]IORITY4 ,%E MU/ BE TAU<T TO VIEW H] PO/URE ( R5UNCIATION1 MODE/Y1 & OB$I5CE AS ! 9TR9SIC ATTRIBUTES ( H] SUBJECTIVITY1 9 %ORT1 H] TOTAL NEGATION AS A P]SONALITY4 ,IT IS UTT]LY IMPOSSIBLE TO UND]/& :Y MEAN+LESS W>S1 MALE BOA/FULNESS1 EXAGG]AT$ POLITICAL RITUALS1 & A PREPO/]\S ELABORATION ( CIVIL 9/ITUTIONS 5GULF SO MANY DIFF]5T1 EV5 TRIBAL1 SOCIETIES )\T RECOGNIZ+ H[ MU* !SE PH5OM5A >E AFFIRMATIONS ( MALE ACTIVITY & EXPRESSIONS ( HIS 0SUPREMACY40 ,FROM ! M9DLESS & 9CESSANT CONFLICTS ?AT ,NEW ,GU9EAN PEOPLES WAGE BETWE5 !MSELVES TO ! OV]LY METICUL\S 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( POLITICAL =MS1 ! MALE IS EV]-ACTIVE & 0OV]BURD5$0 BY HIS RESPONSIBILITIES -- (T5 BECAUSE !RE IS SO LITTLE = HIM TO DO 9 PRIMORDIAL COMMUNITIES & EV5 9 MANY HI/ORICAL SOCIETIES4 ,BUT HIS 9CREAS+ D5IGRATION ( WOMAN & HIS TRANSPOSITION ( O!RNESS FROM A CONCILIATORY TO ANTAGONI/IC RELATION%IP G5]ATES A HO/ILE AMBIANCE 9 SOCIETY -- A MEANNESS ( SPIRIT1 A CRAV+ = RECOGNITION1 AN AGGRESSIVE APPETITE1 & A T]RIFY+ EXAGG]ATION ( CRUELTY -- ?AT IS TO R5D] MAN 9CREAS+LY PRONE TO ! VICTIMIZATION ( HIS [N K9D4 ,! SLAVE IS ! MALE 9C>NATION ( ! LONG-5SLAV$ WOMAN3 A M]E OBJECT TO BE POSSESS$ & US$ BY ! CANONS ( PATRI>*AL MORALITY4 ,! /RUCTUR+ ( O!RNESS ANTAGONI/ICALLY1 :I* ,HEGEL CELEBRAT$ AS ! FIR/ /EPS T[>D SELF-ID5TITY1 BECOMES AN EPI/EMOLOGY ?AT DEVALUATES HUMANITY 9TO AN AGGREGATE ( M]E OBJECTS1 A PSY*OLOGICAL REGRESSION ?AT ULTIMATELY LEADS TO ! >ROGANT CONCEPTION ( HUMAN BE+S AS ! M]E EMBODIM5T ( LABOR4 

,AS VICTIM & AGGRESSOR1 WOMAN & MAN >E ?US BR\<T 9TO BL9D COMPLICITY ) A MORAL SY/EM ?AT D5IES !IR HUMAN NATURE & ULTIMATELY ! 9TEGRITY ( EXT]NAL NATURE AS WELL4 ,BUT LAT5T =EV] 9 ! REPRESSIVE MORALITY ?AT EM]GES ) PATRI>*Y IS A SMOLD]+ POT5TIALITY = REVOLT ) ITS EXPLOSIVE REJECTION ( ! ROLES ?AT SOCIALIZATION HAS 9/ILL$ 9 ALL BUT ! DEEPE/ RECESSES ( HUMAN SUBJECTIVITY4 ,! MORAL CON/RA9TS IMPOS$ BY PATRI>*Y & F9ALLY BY CLASS RULE REMA9 A CON/ANT AFFRONT TO HUMAN RATIONALITY4 ,FROM ! A%ES ( MORALITY >ISES ! PROGRAM ( A NEW APPROA* TO RI<T & WRONG -- A RATIONAL DISCIPL9E CALL$ E?ICS -- ?AT IS FREE ( HI]>*ICALLY 9/ILL$ PATT]NS ( BEHAVIOR4 ,FROM E?ICS WILL EM]GE RATIONAL CRIT]IA = EVALUAT+ VIRTUE1 EVIL1 & FRE$OM1 NOT M]ELY BLAME1 S91 & !IR P5ALTIES4 ,E?ICS MAY TRY TO 5COMPASS MORALITY & JU/IFY ITS EPI/EMOLOGIES ( RULE1 BUT IT IS ALWAYS VULN]ABLE TO ! V]Y RATIONAL /&>DS IT HAS CREAT$ TO JU/IFY DOM9ATION4 

,SELF-D5IAL & ! 9CREAS+LY HEI<T5$ CONTRADICTIONS ( RULE CREATE T5SIONS SO 9H]5TLY DE/ABILIZ+ TO 0CIVILIZATION0 ?AT CLASS SOCIETY MU/ ALWAYS BE >MOR$ -- NOT ONLY PSY*OLOGICALLY BY ! ,/ATE IT CULTIVATES )9 ! 9DIVIDUAL1 BUT PHYSICALLY BY ! ,/ATE IT 9/ITUTIONALIZES4 ,AS ,PLATO REM9D$ ! ,A!NIANS1 ! SLAVE'S NATURE IS AN UNRULY ONE1 A PHILOSOPHICAL =MULATION = A CONDITION ?AT C\LD P]IODICALLY BECOME AN EXPLOSIVE SOCIAL REALITY4 ,:]E MORALITY & PSY*IC 9TROJECTION FAIL TO CONTA9 M\NT+ SOCIAL & P]SONAL CONTRADICTIONS1 CLASS SOCIETY MU/ HAVE REC\RSE TO \TRI<T CO]CION -- TO ! 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ SY/EM ( =CE WE CALL ! POLITICAL ,/ATE4 

,BETWE5 SOCIETY & ! FULLY DEVELOP$ POLITICAL ,/ATE !RE IS ULTIMATELY A HI/ORICAL PO9T :]E ! PSY*IC CON/RA9TS CREAT$ BY REPRESSIVE SOCIALIZATION & MORALITY BEG9 TO DET]IORATE4 ,NO LONG] CAN SOCIAL & P]SONAL CONTRADICTIONS BE RESOLV$ BY MEANS ( DISC\RSE4 ,ALL ?AT REMA9S IS REC\RSE TO ! ?REAT ( BRUTE VIOL5CE4 ,PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETY NEV] %UNN$ ?IS POSSIBILITY OR CLOAK$ IT ) SANCTIMONI\S HOMILIES AB\T ! SACR$NESS ( LIFE4 ,IT C&IDLY ADMITT$ ?AT CO]CION WAS ITS ULTIMATE DEF5SE AGA9/ SOCIAL & POPUL> UNRE/4 

,ONE MI<T CONJECTURE ?AT ! ,/ATE AS AN 9/RUM5T ( ORGANIZ$ VIOL5CE EVOLV$ FROM ! OP5 EX]CISE ( VIOL5CE4 ,?IS HAS BE5 ! !SIS ( MANY RADICAL !ORI/S SU* AS ,PR\DHON4 ,YET !RE IS MU* ?AT SO R$UCTIONI/ A VIEW LEAVES UNANSW]$ HI/ORICALLY1 AS BO? ,M>X & ,KROPOTK9 IMPLI$ 9 A NUMB] ( !IR WRIT+S4.<#b#i.> ,! ,/ATE DID NOT SIMPLY EXPLODE ON ! SOCIAL HORIZON LIKE A VOLCANIC ]UPTION4 ,PA/ORAL 9VASIONS MAY HAVE ACCEL]AT$ ITS DEVELOPM5T DRAMATICALLY1 BUT A LEAP FROM /ATELESS TO ,/ATE =MS IS PROBABLY A FICTION4 

,! FACT ?AT ! ,/ATE IS A HYBRIDIZATION ( POLITICAL ) SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 ( CO]CIVE ) DI/RIBUTIVE FUNCTIONS1 ( HI<LY PUNITIVE ) REGULATORY PROC$URES1 & F9ALLY ( CLASS ) ADM9I/RATIVE NE$S -- ?IS MELD+ PROCESS HAS PRODUC$ V]Y REAL IDEOLOGICAL & PRACTICAL P>ADOXES ?AT P]SI/ AS MAJOR ISSUES TODAY4 ,H[ EASILY1 = EXAMPLE1 CAN WE SEP>ATE ,/ATE FROM SOCIETY ON ! MUNICIPAL1 ECONOMIC1 NATIONAL1 & 9T]NATIONAL LEVELS8 ,IS IT POSSIBLE TO DO SO COMPLETELY8 ,HAVE ,/ATE & SOCIETY BECOME SO 9EXTRICABLY 9T]WOV5 ?AT A FREE SOCIETY IS IMPOSSIBLE )\T C]TA9 ,/ATE FEATURES SU* AS ! DELEGATION ( AU?ORITY8 ,9 %ORT1 IS FRE$OM POSSIBLE )\T ! 0DEPOLITICIZ$0 ,/ATE ,M>X WAS TO PR(F]1 OR A 0M9IMUM0 ,/ATE1 AS SOME ( HIS 0LIB]T>IAN0 ACOLYTES HAVE CONT5D$8 ,AN ATTEMPT TO ANSW] !SE QUE/IONS MU/ BE DEF]R$ TO ! CLOS+ *APT]S ( ?IS BOOK4 ,= ! PRES5T1 :AT CONC]NS US >E ?OSE ATTRIBUTES ( ! ,/ATE ?AT HAVE ME%$ IT ) SOCIETY TO A PO9T :]E \R ABILITY TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! TWO IS COMPLETELY BLURR$4 

,CLE>LY1 A DI/9CTION MU/ FIR/ BE MADE BETWE5 SOCIAL CO]CION & SOCIAL 9FLU5CE4 ,DESPITE !IR SIMIL>ITIES1 ! TWO >E NOT ID5TICAL3 ,WEB]'S *>ISMATIC LEAD] AT ! BEG9N+S ( HI/ORY IS H>DLY ! SAME AS AN IMP]SONAL BUREAUCRACY NE> ITS 5D4 ,! FIR/ IS P]SONAL2 ! SECOND1 9/ITUTIONAL4 ,TO TAKE ?IS DI/9CTION /ILL FUR!R1 HI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS ?AT >E BAS$ ON P]SONALITY >E NOTORI\SLY LOOSE1 AD HOC1 & EASILY DISASSEMBL$1 LIKE ! 0DOM9ANCE-SUBMISSION HI]>*IES0 E?OLOGI/S SO READILY IMPUTE TO PRIMATES4 ,BUREAUCRATIC RELATION%IPS1 BY CONTRA/1 >E NOTORI\SLY RIGID1 SCL]OTIC1 & 9T5TIONALLY DIVE/$ ( ALL P]SONALITY4 ,!Y T5D TO BE SELF-P]PETUAT+ & SELF-EXPANSIVE4 ,AS M]E 9/RUM5TS ( RULE1 BUREAUCRATIC /RUCTURES >E QU9TESS5TIALLY HI]>*ICAL2 9DE$1 !Y >E ! POLITICAL EXPRESSION ( OBJECTIVE P[]1 ( P[] ?AT 0M]ELY0 HAPP5S TO BE EXECUT$ BY PEOPLE :O1 AS BUREAUCRATS1 >E TOTALLY DIVE/$ ( P]SONALITY & UNIQU5ESS4 ,ACCORD+LY1 = MANY >EAS ( ! MOD]N WORLD1 SU* PEOPLE HAVE BE5 TURN$ ALMO/ LIT]ALLY 9TO A ,/ATE TE*NOLOGY1 ONE 9 :I* EA* BUREAUCRAT IS 9T]*ANGEABLE ) ANO!R 9CLUD+1 MORE REC5TLY1 ) ME*ANICAL DEVICES4.<#c.> 

,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 SOCIAL CO]CION & SOCIAL 9FLU5CE IS CLE>LY SE5 9 SEEM+LY HI]>*ICAL SOCIETIES ?AT >E /ILL POLITICALLY UNDEVELOP$4 ,! FAIRLY /RATIFI$ ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ ,9DIANS PROVIDE A GOOD EXAMPLE ?AT C\LD EASILY BE EXT5D$ TO 9CLUDE ! MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ CULTURES ( ,POLYNESIA4 ,!SE ,9DIAN SOCIETIES HAD SLAVES1 & PRESUMABLY ! V]Y 0LA/ & L[LIE/ CITIZ5 KNEW HIS PRECISE H]$IT>Y POSITION ) AN .<EXACTLY.> DEF9$ DI/ANCE FROM ! *IEF10 OBS]VES ,PET] ,F>B4 ,BUT1 9 PO9T ( FACT1 !Y C\LD H>DLY BE CALL$ ,/ATE-/RUCTUR$ COMMUNITIES4 ,! *IEF 0HAD NO POLITICAL P[] & NO WAY TO BACK UP HIS DECISIONS40 ,HIS SOCIAL 9FLU5CE WAS BAS$ ON PRE/IGE4 ,HE LACK$ ANY 0MONOPOLY ( =CE40 ,IF HE FAIL$ TO P]=M HIS DUTIES TO ! SATISFACTION ( ! COMMUNITY1 HE C\LD BE REMOV$4 ,9DE$1 DESPITE ! HI<LY /RATIFI$ /RUCTURE ( !SE COMMUNITIES1 !Y W]E NOT A 0CLASS SOCIETY0 9 ANY MOD]N S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,/RATIFICATION WAS BAS$ ON :E!R ONE WAS MORE CLOSELY RELAT$ BY BLOOD TIES TO ! *IEF OR LESS RELAT$ -- LIT]ALLY1 TO USE ,F>B'S T]M1 A MATT] ( 0DI/ANCE FROM ! *IEF40 ,9 %ORT1 L9EAGE DET]M9$ /ATUS1 NOT ECONOMIC POSITION OR 9/ITUTIONAL GRADATIONS4 0,TO 9SI/ UPON ! USE ( ! T]M 'CLASS SY/EM' = ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ SOCIETY10 OBS]VES ,P4 ,DRUCK]1 0MEANS ?AT EA* 9DIVIDUAL WAS 9 A CLASS BY HIMSELF0 -- A SITUATION ?AT MORE CLOSELY RESEMBLES PRIMATE 0HI]>*IES0 ?AN ! 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ /RATIFICATION WE ASSOCIATE ) A CLASS SOCIETY4 

,:AT 9ITIALLY *>ACT]IZES ! EM]G5CE ( ! ,/ATE IS ! GRADUAL POLITICIZATION ( IMPORTANT SOCIAL FUNCTIONS4 ,FROM ,9DIAN ,AM]ICAN TO ! MO/ DI/ANT REA*ES ( ,ASIA1 WE F9D CONSID]ABLE EVID5CE ?AT P]SONAL /ATUS ROLES1 V]Y SIMIL> 9 PR9CIPLE TO ! *IEFTA9%IPS ( ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ ,9DIANS1 W]E SL[LY TRANS=M$ 9TO POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 A TRANS=MATION ?AT 9VOLV$ NOT ONLY CO]CION BUT ! SATISFACTION ( G5U9E SOCIAL NE$S4 ,ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL NE$S !SE 9/ITUTIONS SATISFI$ WAS ! R$I/RIBUTION ( GOODS AMONG ECOLOGICALLY & CULTURALLY DISP>ATE >EAS4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( LOCAL M>KETS1 ! K+LY FIGURES :O ROSE TO PROM95CE 9 ! ,NILE VALLEY1 ON ! ,MESOPOTAMIAN PLA9S1 9 ! ,P]UVIAN M\NTA9S1 & 9 ! RIV] VALLEYS ( ,9DIA & ,*9A MADE IT POSSIBLE = ! PRODUCE ( FOOD CULTIVATORS1 HUNT]S1 ANIMAL H]D]S1 & FI%]M5 TO REA* COMMUNITIES1 9CLUD+ ADM9I/RATIVE CITIES1 ?AT MI<T O!RWISE HAVE HAD ACCESS TO ONLY A LIMIT$ V>IETY ( GOODS4 ,AL?\< SIMIL> FUNCTIONS HAD BE5 P]=M$ E>LI] BY TEMPLE /OREH\SES ON A LOCAL SCALE1 ! MON>*S ( ANCI5T CIVILIZATIONS GRADUAT$ !SE FUNCTIONS TO AN IMP]IAL SCALE4 

,MOREOV]1 !Y ALSO S]V$ TO BUFF] P]IODS ( 0FEA/0 & 0FAM9E40 ,! /ORY ( ,JOSEPH IS MORE ?AN A ,BIBLICAL P>ABLE ON CONSANGU9EAL RESPONSIBILITIES & ALLEGIANCES4 ,IT EXEMPLIFIES AUTOCRATIC IDEOLOGY ?AT 9T]M+LES ! SOCIAL ) ! POLITICAL PR9CIPLE 9 ! MY/IFI$ WORLD ( PROPHETIC DREAMS4 ,JOSEPH EMBODIES ! COMB9$ ROLES ( ! CLAIRVOYANT ) ! VIZI]1 ! MY?OPEIC FIGURES ) ! CALCULAT+ RATIONAL FUNCTION>Y4 ,IF ,GILGAME% REM9DS US ( ! W>RIOR :O MU/ BE SOCIALIZ$ FROM DEITY 9TO K+1 ,JOSEPH REM9DS US ( A /ILL E>LI] *ANGE3 ! TRIBAL %AMAN :O IS TO BECOME AN EXPLICITLY POLITICAL FIGURE BE=E SOCIETY & ! ,/ATE >E CLE>LY DI/+UI%ABLE4 ,HIS /ORY1 9 FACT1 CONFRONTS US ) ONE ( ! P>ADOXES ( ! PA/ ?AT REMA9S ) US TODAY3 :]E DOES ! POLITICAL SE] 7FROM ! *>ISMATIC LEAD] TO ! CON/ITUTIONAL !ORI/7 5D & ! SOCIAL ADM9I/RATOR1 PURE & SIMPLE1 BEG98 ,9DE$1 :]E CAN ! ,/ATE BE DI/+UI%$ FROM ! SOCIALLY PRAGMATIC FUNCTIONS IT BEG9S TO ABSORB8 ,!SE >E NO IDLE QUE/IONS1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 = !Y HAUNT US CONT9UALLY 9 \R ATTEMPTS TO RECON/RUCT A VISION ( A FREE & HUMAN SOCIAL FUTURE4 

,JOSEPH IS ALSO ONE ( ! E>LIE/ POLITICAL PR(ESSIONALS1 & PR(ESSIONALISM IS A HALLM>K ( /ATISM -- ! ABOLITION ( SOCIAL MANAGEM5T AS AN 0AMATEUR0 ACTIVITY4.<#c.> ,CANONS ( EFFICI5CY BECOME A POLITICAL MORALITY 9 !MSELVES1 !REBY REPLAC+ ! /ILL UN>TICULAT$ NOTION ( 9=MAL1 PRESUMABLY 9EFFICI5T =MS ( FRE$OM4 ,EV5 MORE ?AN ,YAHWEH1 ! ,/ATE IS A JEAL\S GOD4 ,IT MU/ PREEMPT1 ABSORB1 & CONC5TRATE P[] AS A NUTRITIVE PR9CIPLE ( SELF-PRES]VATION4 ,?IS =M ( POLITICAL IMP]IALISM OV] ALL O!R PR]OGATIVES ( SOCIETY PRODUCES A RANK JUNGLE ( METAPHYSICAL /ATI/ IDEOLOGIES3 ! ,5LI<T5M5T'S ID5TIFICATION ( ! ,/ATE ) SOCIETY1 ,HEGEL'S CONCEPT ( ! ,/ATE AS ! REALIZATION ( SOCIETY'S E?ICAL IDEA1 ,SP5C]'S NOTION ( ! ,/ATE AS A 0BIOLOGICAL ORGANISM10 ,BLUNTS*LI'S VISION ( ! ,/ATE AS ! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( A 0COLLECTIVE WILL10 ,MEY]'S IDEALIZATION ( ! ,/ATE AS AN ORGANIZ+ PR9CIPLE ( SOCIETY4 ,ONE CAN GO ON 9DEF9ITELY & SELECTIVELY PIECE TOGE!R A CORPORATIVE VISION ( ! ,/ATE ?AT EASILY L5DS ITSELF TO ,FASCI/ IDEOLOGY4 

,HI/ORICALLY1 ! ,/ATE OBLIT]ATES ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 GOV]NANCE & ADM9I/RATION4 ,! SO-CALL$ PRIMITIVE PEOPLES 9 ORGANIC SOCIETIES W]E ACUTELY CONSCI\S ( ?IS DIFF]5CE4 ,! CLOS] WE COME TO CULTURES ORGANIZ$ 9 B&S & COMP>ATIVELY SIMPLE TRIBES1 ! MORE 0RULE0 IS AN AD HOC1 NON9/ITUTIONALIZ$ SY/EM ( ADM9I/RATION4 ,EV5 ! ,CR[ ,9DIAN MILIT>Y & RELIGI\S SOCIETIES 7ACTUALLY1 CLUB-LIKE FRAT]NITIES7 >E EXAMPLES NOT ( GOV]NM5T BUT ( ADM9I/RATION4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! P]MAN5T 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ /RUCTURES BAS$ ON OB$I5CE & COMM& ?AT GOV]NM5T PRESUPPOSES EV5 ON ! MO/ RUDIM5T>Y LEVELS1 ,CR[ SOCIETIES W]E M>K$ BY A ROTATION ( FUNCTIONS & BY EPISODIC SOV]EIGNTY = V]Y LIMIT$ & WELL-DEF9$ 5DS4 ,SU* SOV]EIGNTY AS !SE SOCIETIES 5JOY$ OV] ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE WAS L>GELY FUNCTIONAL3 !Y PRIM>ILY POLIC$ ! BISON HUNTS1 A PROJECT :OSE SUCCESS 9VOLV$ A HI< DEGREE ( COORD9ATION & DISCIPL9E4 

,TO CALL !SE ACTIVITIES 0GOV]NM5TAL0 RA!R ?AN 0ADM9I/RATIVE0 & TO SEE 9 !M EVID5CE ( A FULLY DEVELOP$ ,/ATE RA!R ?AN POLITICAL FUNCTIONS ( ! MO/ RUDIM5T>Y K9D IS NOT M]E WORD-PLAY4 ,IT REFLECTS CONCEPTUAL CONFUSION AT ITS WOR/4 ,9 POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES ( ALL TYPES1 ! ABUSE ( T]MS LIKE GOV]NM5T & ADM9I/RATION TURN ! ,/ATE 9TO ! TEMPLATE = A FREE SOCIETY1 H[EV] MU* ITS FUNCTIONS >E R$UC$ TO A 0M9IMUM40 ,ULTIMATELY1 ?IS CONFUSION PROVIDES ! ,/ATE ) ! IDEOLOGICAL RATIONALE = ITS MAXIMUM DEVELOPM5T1 NOTABLY ! ,SOVIET-TYPE REGIMES ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 ,LIKE ! M>KET1 ! ,/ATE KN[S NO LIMITS2 IT CAN EASILY BECOME A SELF-G5]AT+ & SELF-EXP&+ =CE = ITS [N SAKE1 ! 9/ITUTIONAL =M 9 :I* DOM9ATION = ! SAKE ( DOM9ATION ACQUIRES PALPABILITY4 

,! ,/ATE'S CAPACITY TO ABSORB SOCIAL FUNCTIONS PROVIDES IT NOT ONLY ) AN IDEOLOGICAL RATIONALE = ITS EXI/5CE2 IT PHYSICALLY & PSY*OLOGICALLY RE>RANGES SOCIAL LIFE SO ?AT IT SEEMS 9DISP5SABLE AS AN ORGANIZ+ PR9CIPLE = HUMAN CONSOCIATION4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! ,/ATE HAS AN EPI/EMOLOGY ( ITS [N1 A POLITICAL ONE ?AT IS IMPR9T$ UPON ! PSY*E & M9D4 ,A C5TRALIZ$ ,/ATE GIVES RISE TO A C5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY2 A BUREAUCRATIC ,/ATE TO A BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETY2 A MILIT>I/IC ,/ATE TO A MILIT>I/IC SOCIETY-& ALL DEVELOP ! \TLOOKS & PSY*ES ) ! APPROPRIATE 0!RAPEUTIC0 TE*NIQUES = ADAPT+ ! 9DIVIDUAL TO EA*4 

,9 RE/RUCTUR+ SOCIETY >\ND ITSELF1 ! ,/ATE ACQUIRES SUP]ADD$ SOCIAL FUNCTIONS ?AT N[ APPE> AS POLITICAL FUNCTIONS4 ,IT NOT ONLY MANAGES ! ECONOMY BUT POLITICIZES IT2 IT NOT ONLY COLONIZES SOCIAL LIFE BUT ABSORBS IT4 ,SOCIAL =MS ?US APPE> AS ,/ATE =MS & SOCIAL VALUES AS POLITICAL VALUES4 ,SOCIETY IS REORGANIZ$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT IT BECOMES 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ! ,/ATE4 ,REVOLUTION IS ?US CONFRONT$ NOT ONLY ) ! TASK ( SMA%+ ! ,/ATE & RECON/RUCT+ ADM9I/RATION ALONG LIB]T>IAN L9ES2 IT MU/ ALSO SMA% SOCIETY1 AS IT W]E1 & RECON/RUCT HUMAN CONSOCIATION ITSELF ALONG NEW COMMUNAL L9ES4 ,! PROBLEM ?AT N[ FACES REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS IS NOT M]ELY ONE ( REAPPROPRIAT+ SOCIETY BUT LIT]ALLY RECON/ITUT+ IT4.<#c#a.> 

,BUT ?IS MELD+ ( ,/ATE & SOCIETY1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 IS A FAIRLY REC5T DEVELOPM5T4 ,9ITIALLY1 :AT (T5 PASSES = ! ,/ATE 9 ! SOCIOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE ( \R TIME IS A V]Y LOOSE1 UN/ABLE1 9DE$1 EV5 A FAIRLY DEMOCRATIC 5SEMBLE ( 9/ITUTIONS ?AT HAVE V]Y %ALL[ ROOTS 9 SOCIETY4 ,POPUL> ASSEMBLIES ( CITIZ5S >E R>ELY COMPLETE ,/ATE =MS1 EV5 :5 !IR MEMB]%IP IS RESOLUTELY RE/RICT$4 ,NOR >E *IEFTA9%IPS & RUDIM5T>Y K+%IPS EASILY RESOLVABLE 9TO AU!NTIC POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,DUR+ E>LY /AGES ( ANTIQUITY1 :5 C\NCILS & C5TRALIZ$ 9/ITUTIONS BEG9 TO ASSUME ,/ATE-LIKE =MS1 !Y >E EASILY UNRAVEL$ & GOV]NANCE RETURNS AGA9 TO SOCIETY4 ,WE W\LD DO WELL TO CALL ! T5U\S POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS ( ,A!NS QUASI-,/ATE =MS1 & ! SO-CALL$ ,ORI5TAL DESPOTISMS ( ANTIQUITY >E (T5 SO F>-REMOV$ FROM VILLAGE LIFE ?AT !IR CONTROL ( TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES IS T5U\S & UNSY/EMATIC4 

,! M$IEVAL COMMUNE IS M>K$ BY EQUALLY /RIK+ AMBIGUITIES 9 ! RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ,/ATE & SOCIETY4 ,:AT R5D]S ,KROPOTK9'S DISCUSSION ( ! COMMUNE SO FASC9AT+ 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID IS HIS V]Y LOOSE USE ( ! T]M ,/ATE TO DESCRIBE ITS SY/EM ( SELF-GOV]NANCE4 ,AS HE EMPHASIZES1 

,SELF-JURISDICTION WAS ! ESS5TIAL PO9T1 & SELF-JURISDICTION MEANT SELF-ADM9I/RATION4 ,BU T ! COMMUNE WAS NOT SIMPLY AN AUTONOM\S P>T ( ! ,/ATE -- SU* AMBIGU\S WORDS HAD YET TO BE 9V5T$ BY ?AT TIME -- IT WAS A ,/ATE 9 ITSELF4 ,IT HAD ! RI<T ( W> & PEACE1 ( F$]ATION & ALLIANCE ) ITS NEI<BORS4 ,IT WAS SOV]EIGN 9 ITS [N AFFAIRS1 & MIX$ ) NO O!RS4 ,! SUPREME POLITICAL P[] C\LD BE VE/$ 9 A DEMOCRATIC =UM1 AS WAS ! CASE 9 ,PSKOV1 :OSE VYE*E S5T & RECEIV$ AMBASSADORS1 CONCLUD$ TREATIES1 ACCEPT$ & S5T AWAY PR9CES1 OR W5T ON )\T !M = DOZ5S ( YE>S2 OR IT WAS VE/$ 91 OR USURP$ BY1 AN >I/OCRACY ( M]*ANTS OR EV5 NOBLES AS WAS ! CASE 9 HUNDR$S ( ,ITALIAN & MIDDLE ,EUROPEAN CITIES4 ,! PR9CIPLE1 NEV]!LESS1 REMA9$ ! SAME3 ,! CITY WAS A ,/ATE & -- :AT IS P]HAPS MORE REM>KABLE -- :5 ! P[] 9 ! CITY WAS USURP$ BY AN >I/OCRACY ( M]*ANTS OR EV5 NOBLES1 ! 9N] LIFE ( ! CITY & ! DEMOCRATISM ( ITS DAILY LIFE DID NOT DISAPPE>3 !Y DEP5D$ BUT LITTLE UPON :AT C\LD BE CALL$ ! POLITICAL =M ( ! ,/ATE4 

,GIV5 ,KROPOTK9'S HI<LY SOPHI/ICAT$ AN>*I/ VIEWS1 !SE L9ES >E REM>KABLE -- & !Y ACTUALLY CA/ CONSID]ABLE LI<T ON ! =MATION ( ! ,/ATE AS A GRAD$ PH5OM5ON4 ,! ,/ATE ACQUIRES /ABILITY1 =M1 & ID5TITY ONLY :5 P]SONAL LOYALTIES >E TRANSMUT$ 9TO DEP]SONALIZ$ 9/ITUTIONS1 P[] BECOMES C5TRALIZ$ & PR(ESSIONALIZ$1 CU/OM GIVES WAY TO LAW1 & GOV]NANCE ABSORBS ADM9I/RATION4 ,BUT ! DECISIVE %IFT FROM SOCIETY TO ! ,/ATE OCCURS ) ! MO/ SUPREME POLITICAL ACT ( ALL3 ! DELEGATION ( P[]4 ,IT IS NOT 9SIGNIFICANT ?AT HEAT$ DISPUTES1 BO? !ORETICALLY & HI/ORICALLY1 HAVE REVOLV$ AB\T ?IS CRUCIALLY IMPORTANT ACT4 ,SOCIAL CONTRACT !ORY1 FROM ,HOBBES TO ,R\SSEAU1 RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! DELEGATION ( P[] AN ALMO/ METAPHYSICAL C5TRALITY4 ,! SOCIAL CONTRACT ITSELF WAS SE5 AS AN ACT ( P]SONAL DISEMP[]M5T1 A CONSCI\S SURR5D] BY ! SELF ( CONTROL OV] ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE4 ,TO ,HOBBES & ,LOCKE1 TO BE SURE1 ! DELEGATION ( P[] WAS RE/RICT$ BY ! SECURITY ( LIFE 7,HOBBES7 & ITS EXT5SION ?R\< LABOR 9TO ! SANCTITY ( PROP]TY 7,LOCKE74 

,R\SSEAU'S VIEWS W]E /]N] & MORE C&ID ?AN ?OSE ( HIS ,BRITI% PR$ECESSORS4 ,9 A WIDELY QUOT$ PASSAGE 9 ,! ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT1 HE DECL>$3 

,SOV]EIGNTY1 = ! SAME REASON AS IT MAKES IT 9ALI5ABLE1 CANNOT BE REPRES5T$4 ,IT LIES ESS5TIALLY 9 ! G5]AL WILL1 & WILL DOES NOT ADMIT ( REPRES5TATION3 IT IS EI!R ! SAME1 OR O!R2 !RE IS NO 9T]M$IATE POSSIBILITY4 ,! DEPUTIES ( ! PEOPLE1 !RE=E1 >E NOT & CANNOT BE ITS REPRES5TATIVE3 !Y >E M]ELY ITS /EW>DS1 & CAN C>RY ?R\< NO DEF9ITIVE ACTS4 ,EV]Y LAW ! PEOPLE HAS NOT RATIFI$ 9 P]SON IS NULL & VOID -- IS1 9 FACT1 NOT A LAW4 ,! PEOPLE ( ,5GL& REG>DS ITSELF AS FREE3 BUT IT IS GROSSLY MI/AK53 IT IS FREE ONLY DUR+ ! ELECTION ( MEMB]S ( P>LIAM5T4 ,AS SOON AS !Y >E ELECT$1 SLAV]Y OV]TAKES IT1 & IT IS NO?+4 

,REMOV$ FROM ! G5]AL CONTEXT ( ,! ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT1 ?IS PASSAGE CAN BE EASILY MISUND]/OOD4 ,BUT :AT IS IMPORTANT IS ,R\SSEAU'S CLE> DI/9CTION BETWE5 DEPUTATION & DELEGATION1 DIRECT DEMOCRACY & REPRES5TATION4 ,TO DELEGATE P[] IS TO DIVE/ P]SONALITY ( ITS MO/ 9TEGRAL TRAITS2 IT D5IES ! V]Y NOTION ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL IS COMPET5T TO DEAL NOT ONLY ) ! MANAGEM5T ( HIS OR H] P]SONAL LIFE \T ) ITS MO/ IMPORTANT CONTEXT3 ! SOCIAL CONTEXT4 ,C]TA9LY E>LY SOCIETIES DID NOT DEAL ) ! ISSUE ( DELEGAT$ P[] 9 T]MS ( SELFHOOD & ITS 9TEGRITY1 BUT ! HI/ORICAL RECORD SUGGE/S ?AT !Y FUNCTION$ AS ?\< !SE ISSUES PR(\NDLY 9FLU5C$ !IR BEHAVIOR4 

,! PROBLEM ( DELEGAT$ P[] EM]G$ MO/ CLE>LY 9 ! AFFAIRS ( ! 0CITY-/ATE40 ,9DE$1 BEYOND LOCALIZ$ SOCIAL >EAS1 ! PROBLEM ITSELF BECOMES ELUSIVE & OBSCURE IF ONLY BECAUSE IT LOSES ITS HUMAN SCALE & COMPREH5SIBILITY4 ,9 ,SUM]IAN HI/ORY ACCORD+ TO ,H5RI ,FRANK=T1 ! E>LIE/ 0CITY-/ATES0 W]E MANAG$ BY 0EQUALIT>IAN ASSEMBLIES10 :I* POSSESS$ 0FRE$OM TO AN UNCOMMON DEGREE40 ,EV5 SUBJECTION TO ! WILL ( ! MAJORITY1 AS EXPRESS$ 9 A VOTE1 WAS UNKN[N4 ,! DELEGATION ( P[] TO A NUM]ICAL MAJORITY1 9 EFFECT1 WAS APP>5TLY VIEW$ AS A TRANSGRESSION ( PRIMAL 9TEGRITY1 AT LEA/ 9 ITS TRIBAL =M4 0,! ASSEMBLY CONT9U$ DELIB]ATION UND] ! GUIDANCE ( ! ELD]S UNTIL PRACTICAL UNANIMITY WAS REA*$40 ,AS ! CITY-/ATES BEGAN TO EXP& & QU>REL OV] L& & WAT]-RI<TS1 ! P[] TO WAGE W> WAS CONF]R$ ON AN 5SI OR 0GREAT MAN40 ,BUT ?IS DELEGATION ( P[] W\LD REV]T TO ! ASSEMBLY ONCE A CONFLICT BETWE5 ! 0CITY-/ATES0 CAME TO AN 5D4 ,AS ,FRANK=T NOTES1 H[EV]1 

,! ?REAT ( AN EM]G5CY WAS NEV] ABS5T ONCE ! CITIES FL\RI%$ & 9CREAS$ 9 NUMB]4 ,CONTIGU\S FIELDS1 QUE/IONS ( DRA9AGE & IRRIGATION1 ! SAFE-GU>D+ ( SUPPLIES BY PROCUR+ SAFETY 9 TRANSIT -- ALL !SE MI<T BECOME MATT]S ( DISPUTE BETWE5 NEI<BOR+ CITIES4 ,WE CAN FOLL[ ?R\< FIVE OR SIX G5]ATIONS A FUTILE & DE/RUCTIVE W> BETWE5 ,UMMA & ,LAGA% ) A FEW FIELDS ( >ABLE L& AS ! /AKES4 ,UND] SU* CONDITIONS ! K+%IP .<BALA.> SEEMS TO HAVE BECOME P]MAN5T4 

,EV5 SO1 !RE IS EVID5CE ( POPUL> REVOLTS1 POSSIBLY TO RE/ORE ! OLD SOCIAL DISP5SATION OR TO DIM9I% ! AU?ORITY ( ! BALA4 ,! RECORDS >E TOO DIM TO GIVE US A CLE> IDEA ( ALL ! ISSUES ?AT MAY HAVE PRODUC$ 9T]NAL CONFLICTS )9 ,SUM]IAN CITIES1 BUT A LEAP FROM TRIBALISM TO DESPOTISM IS OBVI\S MY?4 

,! ISSUE ( DELEGAT+ P[] :ILE AFFIRM+ ! COMPET5CY ( ! BODY POLITIC A*IEVES AN EXTRAORD9>Y DEGREE ( CONSCI\SNESS & CL>ITY 9 CLASSICAL ,A!NS4 ,P]IKLES' ,FUN]AL ,ORATION IS ONE ( ! MO/ REM>KABLE VE/IGES WE HAVE ( POLIS DEMOCRACY1 AS RECON/RUCT$ BY ONE ( ITS OPPON5TS1 ,?UKYDIDES4 ,! ORATION CELEBRATES NOT ONLY CIVIC DUTY & FRE$OM2 IT /RONGLY AFFIRMS ! CLAIMS ( P]SONALITY & PRIVATE FRE$OM4 ,A!NS' LAWS 0AF=D EQUAL JU/ICE TO ALL 9 !IR PRIVATE DIFF]5CES10 ,P]IKLES IS REPORT$ TO HAVE DECL>$1 & 0CLASS CONSID]ATIONS0 DO NOT 09T]F]E ) M]IT2 NOR AGA9 DOES POV]TY B> ! WAY4 ,IF A MAN IS ABLE TO S]VE ! POLIS1 HE IS NOT H9D]$ BY ! OBSCURITY ( HIS POSITION40 ,POLITICAL FRE$OM EXT5DS ALSO TO \R ORD9>Y LIFE4 ,!RE1 F> FROM EX]CIS+ A JEAL\S SURVEILLANCE OV] EA* O!R1 WE DO NOT FEEL CALL$ UPON TO BE ANGRY ) \R NEI<BOR = DO+ :AT HE LIKES1 OR EV5 9DULGE 9 ?OSE 9JURI\S LOOKS :I* CANNOT FAIL TO BE (F5SIVE1 AL?\< !Y 9FLICT NO POSITIVE P5ALTY4 ,BUT ALL ?IS EASE 9 \R PRIVATE RELATIONS DOES NOT MAKE US LAWLESS AS CITIZ5S4 

,FROM !SE P]SONALLY EXHIL>AT+ OBS]VATIONS1 = :I* !RE IS NO AVAILABLE PREC$5T 9 ! CLASSICAL LIT]ATURE1 ! ORATION BUILDS UP TO A KE5 WORLDLY S5SE ( ,A!NS AS A POLIS ?AT TRANSC5DS ! CONF9ES ( A TRADITION-B\ND COMMUNITY3 

,WE ?R[ OP5 \R CITY TO ! WORLD1 & NEV] BY ALI5 ACTS EXCLUDE =EIGN]S FROM ANY OPPORTUNITY ( LE>N+ OR OBS]V+1 AL?\< ! EYES ( AN 5EMY MAY OCCASIONALLY PR(IT BY \R LIB]ALITY1 TRU/+ LESS 9 SY/EM & POLICY ?AN TO ! NATIVE SPIRIT ( \R CITIZ5S2 :ILE 9 $UCATION1 :]E \R RIVALS FROM !IR V]Y CRADLES BY A PA9FUL DISCIPL9E SEEK AFT] MANL9ESS1 AT ,A!NS WE LIVE EXACTLY AS WE PLEASE & YET >E JU/ AS READY TO 5C\NT] EV]Y LEGITIMATE DANG]4 

,P]IKLES' CONFID5CE 9 ! 9TEGRITY ( ! POLIS IS BUILT UPON HIS EXPANSIVE CONFID5CE 9 ! 9TEGRITY ( ITS CITIZ5S4 ,H]E1 ! ,A!NIAN IDEAL ( CITIZ5%IP AS ! PHYSICAL REALITY ( ! BODY POLITIC -- 9DE$1 AS SOCIETY 9C>NAT$ 9TO AN ASSEMBL$ COMMUNITY ( FREE 9DIVIDUALS :O DIRECTLY =MULATE & ADM9I/] POLICY -- F9DS A CONSCI\S EXPRESSION ?AT IT DOES NOT A*IEVE AGA9 UNTIL V]Y REC5T TIMES4 ,TO ,P]IKLES1 ALL ,A!NIANS >E TO BE VIEW$ AS COMPET5T 9DIVIDUALS1 AS SELVES ?AT >E CAPABLE ( SELF-MANAGEM5T1 H5CE !IR RI<T TO CLAIM UNM$IAT$ SOV]EIGNTY OV] PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,! G5IUS ( ,A!NS LIES NOT ONLY 9 ! COMPLET5ESS ( ! POLIS BUT 9 ! COMPLET5ESS ( ITS CITIZ5S1 = :ILE ,A!NS MAY BE 0! S*OOL ( ,HELLAS10 ,P]IKLES D\BTS 0IF ! WORLD CAN PRODUCE A MAN1 :O :]E HE HAS ONLY HIMSELF TO DEP5D UPON1 IS EQUAL TO SO MANY EM]G5CIES & GRAC$ BY SO HAPPY A V]SATILITY1 AS ! ,A!NIAN40 ,! ,GREEK CONCEPT ( AUT>KEIA1 ( 9DIVIDUAL SELF-SUFFICI5CY GRAC$ BY AN ALL-R\ND$NESS ( SELFHOOD1 =MS ! AU!NTIC BASIS ( ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 ?IS FAM\S PASSAGE1 :I* BEG9S ) A PEAN TO ! COMMUNITY1 ,A!NS1 5DS ) ITS W>ME/ TRIBUTE TO ! 9DIVIDUAL -- ! ,A!NIAN4 

,WE HAVE V]Y FEW /ATEM5TS1 9CLUD+ ! DECL>ATIONS ( HUMAN RI<TS PRODUC$ BY ! GREAT REVOLUTIONS1 ?AT BE> COMP>ISON ) ,P]IKLES'4 ,! GREAT ORATION EXHIBITS A S5SITIVE BALANCE BETWE5 COMMUNITY & 9DIVIDUAL1 & AN ASSOCIATION ( SOCIAL ADM9I/RATION ) COMPET5CE ?AT R>ELY A*IEVES COMP>ABLE C5TRALITY 9 LAT] /ATEM5TS ON FRE$OM4 ,IT IS NOT 9 0GOD0 ?AT ! ,A!NIAN POLIS PLAC$ ITS 0TRU/10 BUT 9 ITSELF4 ,! PRACTICE ( A DIRECT DEMOCRACY WAS AN AFFIRMATION ( CITIZ5%IP AS A PROCESS ( DIRECT ACTION4 ,A!NS WAS 9/ITUTIONALLY ORGANIZ$ TO CONV]T ITS POT5TIALLY MONADIC CITIZ5RY FROM FREE-FLOAT+ ATOMS 9TO A COHESIVE BODY POLITIC4 ,ITS REGUL> CITIZ5 ASSEMBLIES 7,ECCLESIA71 ITS ROTAT+ ,C\NCIL ( ,FIVE ,HUNDR$ 7,B\LE71 & ITS C\RT JURIES ?AT REPLICAT$ 9 ! HUNDR$S ! POLIS 9 M9IATURE1 W]E ! CONSCI\S CREATIONS ( A PUBLIC REALM ?AT HAD L>GELY BE5 FO/]$ 9TUITIVELY 9 TRIBAL SOCIETIES >ID W]E R>ELY TO RISE TO ! LEVEL ( RATIONAL PRACTICE 9 ! C5TURIES TO FOLL[4 ,! 5TIRE ,A!NIAN SY/EM WAS ORGANIZ$ TO OB/RUCT POLITICAL PR(ESSIONALISM1 TO PREV5T ! EM]G5CE ( BUREAUCRACY1 & TO P]PETUATE AN ACTIVE CITIZ5RY AS A MATT] ( DESIGN4 ,WE MAY RI<TLY FAULT ?IS DEMOCRACY = D5Y+ P[] TO SLAVES1 WOM51 & RESID5T ALI5S1 :O =M$ ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION4 ,BUT !SE TRAITS W]E NOT UNIQUE TO ,A!NS2 !Y EXI/$ ?R\<\T ! ,M$IT]RANEAN WORLD 9 ! FIF? C5TURY ,B4,C4 ,:AT WAS UNIQUELY ,A!NIAN W]E ! 9/ITUTIONAL =MS IT DEVELOP$ = A M9ORITY ( ITS POPULATION -- =MS ?AT MORE TRADITIONAL 0CIVILIZATIONS0 R5D]$ 9TO ! PRIVILEGE ( ONLY A V]Y SMALL RUL+ CLASS4 

,CONFLICTS OV] DELEGATION & DEPUTATION ( P[]1 BUREAUCRACY1 & ! CITIZ5'S CLAIMS TO COMPET5CE APPE> ?R\<\T HI/ORY4 0,!Y RECUR 9 ! M$IEVAL COMMUNE1 9 ! ,5GLI%1 ,AM]ICAN1 & ,FR5* REVOLUTIONS1 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 & EV5 REC5TLY 9 ! =M ( POPUL> DEM&S = MUNICIPAL & NEI<BORHOOD AUTONOMY4 ,LIKE A /RANGE TALISMAN1 !SE CONFLICTS S]VE ALMO/ ELECTRICALLY TO DISSOCIATE ! SOCIAL CLAIMS ( ! ,/ATE FROM ! POLITICAL CLAIMS ( SOCIETY4 ,! ISSUE ( PUBLIC COMPET5CE P5ETRATES ! IDEOLOGICAL >MOR ?AT CONCEALS ,/ATE FUNCTIONS FROM SOCIAL TO SEP>ATE GOV]NANCE FROM ADM9I/RATION1 PR(ESSIONALISM FROM AMATEURISM1 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ RELATIONS FROM FUNCTIONAL ONES1 & ! MONOPOLY ( VIOL5CE FROM ! CITIZ5S 9 >MS4 ,A!NIAN 9/ITUTIONS W]E UNIQUE NOT M]ELY BECAUSE ( !IR PRACTICES1 BUT BECAUSE !Y W]E ! PRODUCTS ( CONSCI\S 9T5T RA!R ?AN ! ACCID5TS ( POLITICAL 9TUITION OR CU/OM4 ,! V]Y PRACTICE ( ! ,A!NIANS 9 CREAT+ !IR DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS WAS ITSELF AN 5D2 IT WAS EQUIVAL5T TO ! POLIS CONCEIV$ AS A SOCIAL PROCESS4 

,A V]Y ?9 L9E SEP>ATES ! PRACTICE ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY FROM DIRECT ACTION4.<#c#b.> ,! =M] IS 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ & SELF-DISCIPL9$2 ! LATT] IS EPISODIC & (T5 HI<LY SPONTANE\S4 ,YET A RELATION%IP BETWE5 AN ASSEMBL$ POPULACE ?AT =MULATES POLICIES 9 A FACE-TO-FACE MANN] & SU* ACTIONS AS /RIKES1 CIVIL DISOB$I5CE1 & EV5 9SURRECTION CAN BE E/ABLI%$ >\ND ! RI<T ( A PEOPLE TO ASSUME UNM$IAT$ CONTROL OV] PUBLIC LIFE4 ,REPRES5TATION HAS BE5 VALIDAT$ BY AN ELITI/ BELIEF ?AT ! ONLY SELECT 9DIVIDUALS 7AT BE/1 SELECT$ BY VIRTUE ( EXP]I5CE & ABILITY1 AT WOR/1 BY BIR?7 >E QUALIFI$ TO UND]/& PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,TODAY1 REPRES5TATION IS VALIDAT$ BY 9/RUM5TAL REASONS1 SU* AS ! COMPLEXITY ( MOD]N SOCIETY & ITS MAZE ( LOGI/ICAL 9TRICACIES4 

,HELL5IC DEMOCRACY ACQUIR$ A P>TICUL>LY ON]\S -- ACTUALLY1 FE>SOME -- REPUTATION AS A 0MOBOCRACY10 :I* IS A MOD]N TRANSLATION ( ITS OPPON5TS' VIEWS 9 ! FIF? C5TURY ,B4,C41 P]HAPS BECAUSE IT REVEAL$ ?AT DIRECT ACTION C\LD BE 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ )\T BE+ BUREAUCRATIZ$4 ,H5CE1 DIRECT ACTION C\LD BE TURN$ 9TO A P]MAN5T PROCESS -- A P]MAN5T REVOLUTION -- NOT M]ELY A S]IES ( EPISODIC ACTS4 ,IF IT C\LD BE %[N ?AT DIRECT ACTION AS A =M ( SELF-ADM9I/RATION S]VES TO /ABILIZE SOCIETY1 NOT R$UCE IT TO *AOTIC %AMBLES1 ! ,/ATE W\LD BE PLAC$ 9 ! DOCK ( HI/ORY AS A =CE = VIOL5CE & DOM9ATION4 

,A FEW IMPORTANT QUE/IONS REMA94 ,UND] :AT SOCIAL CONDITIONS CAN DIRECT ACTION BE 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ AS A DIRECT DEMOCRACY8 ,& :AT >E ! 9/ITUTIONAL =MS ?AT C\LD BE EXPECT$ TO PRODUCE ?IS *ANGE8 ,! ANSW]S TO !SE QUE/IONS1 LIKE O!RS WE HAVE RAIS$1 MU/ BE DEF]R$ TO ! CLOS+ PORTIONS ( ! WORK4 ,:AT WE CAN REASONABLY ASK AT ?IS PO9T IS :AT K9D ( CITIZ5 OR PUBLIC SELF -- :AT PR9CIPLE ( CITIZ5%IP & SELFHOOD -- =MS ! TRUE BASIS = A DIRECT DEMOCRACY8 ,! COMMON PR9CIPLE ?AT LEGITIMATES DIRECT ACTION & DIRECT DEMOCRACY IS A BODY POLITIC'S COMMITM5T TO ! BELIEF ?AT AN ASSEMBL$ PUBLIC1 UNIT$ AS FREE & AUTONOM\S 9DIVIDUALS1 CAN DEAL 9 A COMPET5T1 FACE-TO-FACE MANN] ) ! DIRECTION ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 

,NO CONCEPT ( POLITICS HAS BE5 ! T>GET ( GREAT] D]ISION & IDEOLOGICAL D5UNCIATION BY ! ,/ATE1 = IT IMPUGNS EV]Y RATIONALE = /ATEHOOD4 ,IT SUB/ITUTES ! IDEAL ( P]SONAL COMPET5CY = ELITISM1 AMATEURISM = PR(ESSIONALISM1 A BODY POLITIC 9 ! PROTOPLASMIC S5SE ( A FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY = ! DELEGATION & BUREAUCRATIZATION ( DECISION-MAK+ & ITS EXECUTION1 ! RE-EMP[]M5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! ATTEMPT TO A*IEVE AGREEM5T BY DIALOGUE & REASON = ! MONOPOLY ( P[] & VIOL5CE4 ,FROM ! ,/ATE'S VIEWPO9T1 ! PUBLIC 0USURPATION0 ( SOCIAL AFFAIRS REPRES5TS ! TRIUMPH ( *AOS OV] KOSMOS4 ,& IF ! LEGACY ( DOM9ATION HAS HAD ANY BROAD] PURPOSE ?AN ! SUPPORT ( HI]>*ICAL & CLASS 9T]E/S1 IT HAS BE5 ! ATTEMPT TO EXORCIZE ! BELIEF 9 PUBLIC COMPET5CE FROM SOCIAL DISC\RSE ITSELF4 ,AL?\< DIRECT DEMOCRACY HAS RECEIV$ MORE G5TLE TREATM5T AS AN >*AISM ?AT IS 9COMPATIBLE ) ! NE$S ( A 0COMPLEX0 & 0SOPHI/ICAT$0 SOCIETY1 DIRECT ACTION AS ! TRA9+ GR\ND = ! SELFHOOD1 SELF-ASS]TIV5ESS1 & S5SIBILITY = DIRECT DEMOCRACY HAS BE5 CONSI/5TLY D5\NC$ AS AN>*Y1 OR EQUIVAL5TLY1 ! DEGRADATION ( SOCIAL LIFE TO *AOS4.<#c#c.> 

,ONE SOCIETY -- CAPITALISM1 9 BO? ITS DEMOCRATIC & TOTALIT>IAN =MS -- HAS SUCCE$$ TO A REM>KABLE DEGREE 9 A*IEV+ ?IS EXORCISM -- & ONLY 9 V]Y REC5T TIMES4 ,! EXTRAORD9>Y EXT5T TO :I* B\RGEOIS SOCIETY HAS DISCR$IT$ POPUL> DEM&S = PUBLIC CONTROL ( ! SOCIAL PROCESS IS ! RESULT ( SWEEP+ /RUCTURAL *ANGES 9 SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,APPEALS = LOCAL AUTONOMY SUGGE/ POLITICALLY NAIVE & ATAVI/IC SOCIAL DEM&S ONLY BECAUSE DOM9ATION HAS BECOME F> MORE ?AN A M]E LEGACY4 ,IT HAS S$IM5T$ OV] EV]Y ASPECT ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,9DE$1 ! 9CREAS+LY VOCIF]\S DEM&S = LOCAL CONTROL MAY REFLECT ! EXT5T TO :I* COMMUNITY ITSELF1 BE IT A MUNICIPALITY OR A NEI<BORHOOD1 IS FAC$ ) EXT9CTION4 

,:AT MAKES CAPITALISM SO UNIQUE IS ! SWEEP+ P[] IT GIVES TO ECONOMICS3 ! SUPREMACY IT IMP>TS TO HOMO ECONOMICUS4 ,AS ,M>X1 :O CELEBRAT$ ?IS TRIUMPH AS AN ECONOMIC HI/ORIAN ) ! SAME VIGOR HE WAS TO CONDEMN IT AS A SOCIAL CRITIC1 OBS]V$3 

,! GREAT CIVILIZ+ 9FLU5CE ( CAPITAL .<LIES 9.> ITS PRODUCTION ( A /AGE ( SOCIETY 9 COMP>ISON TO :I* ALL E>LI] ONES APPE> AS M]E LOCAL DEVELOPM5TS ( HUMANITY & AS NATURE-IDOLATRY4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME1 NATURE BECOMES PURELY AN OBJECT ( HUMANK9D1 PURELY A MATT] ( UTILITY2 CEASES TO BE RECOGNIZ$ AS A P[] = ITSELF2 & ! !ORETICAL DISCOV]Y ( ITS AUTONOM\S LAWS APPE>S M]ELY AS A RUSE SO AS TO SUBJUGATE IT UND] HUMAN NE$S1 :E!R AS AN OBJECT ( CONSUMPTION OR AS A MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 

,MU* ( ?IS QUOTATION WAS WRITT5 9 BAD FAI?1 = NO ONE WAS MORE M9DFUL 9 HIS DAY ?AT ! FE> ( CAPITAL & ATTEMPTS TO CONTA9 IT ON E?ICAL GR\NDS REA* BACK TO ,>I/OTLE'S TIME & EV5 E>LI]4 ,BUT ! EFFECTS ( CAPITALISM & ITS HI/ORICAL UNIQU5ESS >E ACCURATELY REPRES5T$4 ,9 EV]Y PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 C\NT]VAIL+ =CES 7ALL 0NATURE-IDOLATRY0 ASIDE7 EXI/$ TO RE/RICT ! M>KET ECONOMY4 ,NO LESS SIGNIFICANTLY1 MANY PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETIES RAIS$ :AT !Y ?\<T W]E 9SUP]ABLE OB/ACLES TO ! P5ETRATION ( ! ,/ATE 9TO SOCIAL LIFE4 ,IRONICALLY1 ,M>X1 MORE SO ?AN ! MAJOR SOCIAL !ORI/S ( HIS DAY1 RECOGNIZ$ ! P[] ( VILLAGE COMMUNITIES TO RESI/ ! 9VASION ( TRADE & DESPOTIC POLITICAL =MS 9TO SOCIETY'S ABID+ COMMUNAL SUB/RATE4 

,9 ,CAPITAL1 ,M>X METICUL\SLY EXPLOR$ ! REM>KABLE CAPACITY ( ,9DIA'S TRADITIONAL VILLAGE SOCIETY TO RETA9 ITS >*ETYPAL ID5TITY AGA9/ ! CORROSIVE EFFECTS ( ! ,/ATE4 ,AS HE OBS]V$3 

,?OSE SMALL & EXTREMELY ANCI5T ,9DIAN COMMUNITIES1 = EXAMPLE1 SOME ( :I* CONT9UE TO EXI/ TO ?IS DAY1 >E BAS$ ON ! POSSESSION ( ! L& 9 COMMON1 ON ! BL5D+ ( AGRICULTURE & H&ICRAFTS & ON AN UNALT]ABLE DIVISION ( LABOR1 :I* S]VES AS A FIX$ PLAN & BASIS = ACTION :5EV] A NEW COMMUNITY IS />T$ 4 4 4 4 ,! LAW :I* REGULATES ! DIVISION ( LABOR 9 ! COMMUNITY ACTS ) ! IRRESI/IBLE AU?ORITY ( A LAW ( NATURE1 :ILE EA* 9DIVIDUAL CRAFTSMAN1 ! SMI?1 ! C>P5T] & SO ON1 CONDUCTS 9 HIS WORK%OP ALL ! OP]ATIONS ( HIS H&ICRAFT 9 ! TRADITIONAL WAY1 BUT 9DEP5D5TLY2 )\T RECOGNIZ+ ANY AU?ORITY4 ,! SIMPLICITY ( ! PRODUCTIVE ORGANISM 9 !SE SELF-SUFFIC+ COMMUNITIES :I* CON/ANTLY REPRODUCE !MSELVES 9 ! SAME =M &1 :5 ACCID5TALLY DE/ROY$1 SPR+ UP AGA9 ON ! SAME SPOT & ) ! SAME NAME -- ?IS SIMPLICITY SUPPLIES ! KEY TO ! RIDDLE ( ! UN*ANGEABILITY ( ,ASIATIC SOCIETIES1 :I* IS 9 SU* /RIK+ CONTRA/ ) ! CON/ANT DISSOLUTION & REF\ND+ ( ,ASIATIC /ATES1 & !IR NEV]-CEAS+ *ANGES ( DYNA/Y4 ,! /RUCTURE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL ECONOMIC ELEM5TS ( SOCIETY REMA9S UNT\*$ BY ! /ORMS :I* BL[ UP 9 ! CL\DY REGIONS ( POLITICS4 

,AGA91 ONE C\LD WI% = A LESS ECONOMI/IC & P]HAPS LESS TE*NICAL 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,ASIAN VILLAGE :OSE ELABORATE CULTURE SEEMS TO COMPLETELY ELUDE ,M>X'S ATT5TION 9 !SE PASSAGES4 ,SO OV]:ELM+ WAS ?IS CULTURAL 09]TIA0 ?AT NO?+ %ORT ( G5OCIDAL ANNIHILATION C\LD OV]COME ITS CAPACITY TO RESI/ 9VASIVE ECONOMIC & POLITICAL =CES4.<#c#d.> 

,A SIMIL> ROLE WAS PLAY$ BY ! GUILDS ( M$IEVAL ,EUROPE1 ! YEOMANRY ( ,RE=MATION ,5GL&1 & ! PEASANTRY ( WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,WELL 9TO ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 F>M]S 9 T[N%IPS 7OR COMP>ATIVELY ISOLAT$ F>M/EADS7 & URBAN DWELL]S W]E LOCK$ 9TO CLE>LY DEF9ABLE NEI<BORHOODS1 EXT5D$ FAMILIES1 /RONG CULTURAL TRADITIONS & SMALL1 FAMILY-[N$ RETAIL TRADE4 ,!SE SY/EMS COEXI/$ ) ! BURGEON+ 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL APP>ATUS ( CAPITALI/ ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE4 ,AL?\< A M>KET ECONOMY & AN 9DU/RIAL TE*NOLOGY HAD CLE>LY E/ABLI%$ !IR SOV]EIGNTY OV] !SE >EAS1 ! SELF RETA9$ ITS [N NONB\RGEOIS REFUGE FROM ! DEM&S ( A PURELY CAPITALI/IC SOCIETY4 ,9 HOME & FAMILY 7ADMITT$LY PATRIC5TRIC & P>O*IAL71 9 T[N OR NEI<BORHOOD1 9 A P]SONALIZ$ RETAIL TRADE & A RELATIVELY HUMAN SCALE1 & 9 A SOCIALIZATION PROCESS ?AT 9/ILL$ TRADITIONAL V]ITIES ( DEC5CY1 HOSPITALITY1 & S]VICE1 SOCIETY /ILL PRES]V$ A COMMUNAL REFUGE ( ITS [N FROM ! ATOMIZ+ =CES ( ! M>KET ECONOMY4 

,BY ! MIDDLE ( ! PRES5T C5TURY1 H[EV]1 L>GE-SCALE M>KET OP]ATIONS HAD COLONIZ$ EV]Y ASPECT ( SOCIAL & P]SONAL LIFE4 ,! BUY]-SELL] RELATION%IP -- A RELATION%IP ?AT LIES AT ! V]Y CORE ( ! M>KET -- BECAME ! ALL-P]VASIVE SUB/ITUTE = HUMAN RELATION%IPS AT ! MO/ MOLECUL> LEVEL ( SOCIAL1 9DE$1 P]SONAL LIFE4 ,TO 0BUY *EAPLY0 & 0SELL DE>LY0 PLACES ! P>TIES 9VOLV$ 9 ! EX*ANGE PROCESS 9 AN 9H]5TLY ANTAGONI/IC PO/URE2 !Y >E POT5TIAL RIVALS = EA* O!R'S GOODS4 ,! COMMODITY -- AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! GIFT1 :I* IS MEANT TO CREATE ALLIANCES1 FO/] ASSOCIATION1 & CONSOLIDATE SOCIALITY -- LEADS TO RIVALRY1 DISSOCIATION1 & ASOCIALITY4 

,ASIDE FROM ! FE>S ?AT PHILOSOPH]S FROM ,>I/OTLE TO ,HEGEL HAVE >TICULAT$ 9 !IR CONC]N = ! DISSOCIATIVE ROLE ( A COMM]CE & 9DU/RY ORGANIZ$ = EX*ANGE1 SOCIETY ITSELF HAD LONG BUFF]$ EX*ANGE ) A SOCIAL ETIQUETTE ( ITS [N -- ONE ?AT /ILL L+]S ON 9 ! VE/IGIAL FACE-TO-FACE >*AIC M>KETPLACE ( ! BAZA>4 ,H]E1 ONE DOES NOT VOICE A DEM& = GOODS1 COMP>E PRICES1 & 5GAGE 9 ! M>KET'S UNIV]SAL DUEL CALL$ 0B>GA9+40 ,RA!R1 ETIQUETTE REQUIRES ?AT ! EX*ANGE PROCESS BEG9 GRACEFULLY & RETA9 ITS COMMUNAL DIM5SION4 ,IT OP5S ) ! S]V+ ( BEV]AGES1 AN EX*ANGE ( NEWS & GOSSIP1 SOME P]SONAL *IT-*AT1 &1 9 TIME1 EXPRESSIONS ( ADMIRATION = ! W>ES AT H&4 ,ONE LEADS TO ! EX*ANGE PROCESS TANG5TIALLY4 ,! B>GA91 IF /RUCK1 IS A BOND1 A COMPACT SEAL$ BY TIME-HONOR$ E?ICAL IMP]ATIVES4 

,! APP>5TLY NONCOMM]CIAL AMBIANCE ( ?IS EX*ANGE PROCESS %\LD NOT BE VIEW$ AS M]E CANN9ESS OR HYPOCRISY4 ,IT REFLECTS ! LIMITS ?AT PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETY IMPOS$ ON EX*ANGE TO AVOID ! LAT5T IMP]SONALITY ( TRADE1 AS WELL AS ITS POT5TIAL MEANNESS ( SPIRIT1 ITS 9SATIABLE APPETITE = GA91 ITS CAPACITY TO SUBV]T ALL SOCIAL LIMITS TO PRIVATE MAT]IAL 9T]E/1 TO DISSOLVE ALL TRADITIONAL /&>DS ( COMMUNITY & CONSOCIATION1 TO SUBORD9ATE ! NE$S ( ! BODY POLITIC TO EGOI/IC CONC]NS4 

,BUT IT WAS NOT ONLY = !SE REASONS ?AT TRADE WAS VIEW$ W>ILY4 ,PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETY MAY WELL HAVE SE5 9 ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES A RETURN ( ! 9ORGANIC1 ( ! SUB/ITUTION ( ?+S = LIV+ HUMAN RELATION%IPS4 ,!SE OBJECTS C\LD C]TA9LY BE VIEW$ SYMBOLICALLY AS TOK5S ( CONSOCIATION1 ALLIANCE & MUTUALITY -- :I* IS PRECISELY :AT ! GIFT WAS MEANT TO REPRES5T4 ,BUT DIVE/$ ( ?IS SYMBOLIC MEAN+1 !SE M]E ?+S OR COMMODITIES C\LD ACQUIRE SOCIALLY CORROSIVE TRAITS4 ,LEFT UN*ECK$ & UNBUFF]$1 !Y MI<T WELL VITIATE ALL =MS ( HUMAN CONSOCIATION & ULTIMATELY DISSOLVE SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,! TRANSITION FROM GIFT TO COMMODITY1 9 EFFECT1 C\LD YIELD ! DIS9TEGRATION ( ! COMMUNITY 9TO A M>KET PLACE1 ! CONSANGU9AL OR E?ICAL UNION BETWE5 PEOPLE 9TO RIVALRY & AGGRESSIVE EGOTISM4 

,?AT ! TRIUMPH ( ! COMMODITY OV] ! GIFT WAS POSSIBLE ONLY AFT] VA/ *ANGES 9 HUMAN SOCIAL RELATION%IPS HAS BE5 SUP]BLY EXPLOR$ 9 ! CLOS+ PORTION ( ,CAPITAL4 ,I NE$ NOT SUMM>IZE ,M>X'S DEVA/AT+ N>RATION & ANALYSIS ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION1 ITS 0G5]AL LAW10 & P>TICUL>LY ! SWEEP+ DISLOCATION ( ! ,5GLI% PEASANTRY FROM ! FIFTE5? C5TURY ONW>D4 ,! GIFT ITSELF VIRTUALLY DISAPPE>$ AS ! OBJECTIFICATION ( ASSOCIATION4 ,IT L+]$ ON M]ELY AS A BYPRODUCT ( C]EMONIAL FUNCTIONS4 ,! TRADITIONAL ETIQUETTE ?AT BUFF]$ ! EX*ANGE PROCESS WAS REPLAC$ BY A COMPLETELY IMP]SONAL1 PR$ATORY -- & TODAY1 AN 9CREAS+LY ELECTRONIC -- PROCESS4 ,PRICE CAME FIR/1 QUALITY CAME LAT]2 & ! V]Y ?+S ?AT W]E ONCE SYMBOLS RA!R ?AN M]E OBJECTS = USE & EX*ANGE W]E TO BECOME FETI%IZ$1 TOGE!R ) ! 0NE$S0 !Y W]E MEANT TO SATISFY4 ,SUPRAHUMAN =CES N[ SEEM$ TO TAKE COMM& OV] ! EGO ITSELF4 ,EV5 SELF-9T]E/1 :I* ,GREEK SOCIAL !ORY VIEW$ AS ! MO/ S]I\S ?REAT TO ! UNITY ( ! POLIS1 SEEM$ TO BE GOV]N$ BY A M>KET SY/EM ?AT DIVE/$ ! SUBJECT ( ITS V]Y CAPACITY TO MOVE FREELY ?R\< ! EX*ANGE PROCESS AS AN AUTONOM\S BUY] & SELL]4 

,IRONICALLY1 MOD]N 9DU/RY1 HAV+ D]IV$ FROM >*AIC SY/EMS ( COMM]CE & RETAIL+1 HAS RETURN$ TO ITS COMM]CIAL ORIG9S ) A V5GEFUL SELF-HATR$ M>K$ BY A DEMEAN+ RATIONALIZATION ( TRADE ITSELF4 ,! %OPP+ MALL ) ITS EXTRAVAGANT >EAS DELIV]$ OV] TO P>K$ MOTOR VEHICLES1 ITS SP>CITY ( SALES P]SONNEL1 ITS COO+ 0MUZAK10 ITS DAZZL+ >RAY ( %ELV$ GOODS1 ITS ELABORATE SURVEILLANCE SY/EM1 ITS LACK ( ALL W>M? & HUMAN 9T]C\RSE1 ITS CRUELLY DECEPTIVE PACKAG+1 & ITS LONG *ECK-\T C\NT]S :I* 9DIFF]5TLY & IMP]SONALLY RECORD ! EX*ANGE PROCESS -- ALL SPEAK TO A D5ATUR+ ( CONSOCIATION AT LEVELS ( LIFE ?AT DEEPLY AFFRONT EV]Y HUMAN S5SIBILITY & ! SACR$NESS ( ! V]Y GOODS ?AT >E MEANT TO SUPPORT LIFE ITSELF4 

,:AT IS CRUCIALLY IMPORTANT H]E IS ?AT ?IS WORLD P5ETRATES P]SONAL AS WELL AS ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,! %OPP+ MALL IS ! AGORA ( MOD]N SOCIETY1 ! CIVIC C5T] ( A TOTALLY ECONOMIC & 9ORGANIC WORLD4 ,IT WORKS ITS WAY 9TO EV]Y P]SONAL HAV5 FROM CAPITALI/ RELATIONS & IMPOSES ITS C5TRICITY ON EV]Y ASPECT ( DOME/IC LIFE4 ,! HI<WAYS ?AT LEAD TO ITS P>K+ LOTS & ITS PRODUCTION C5T]S DEV\R COMMUNITIES & NEI<BORHOODS2 ITS MASSIVE COMM& ( RETAIL TRADE DEV\RS ! FAMILY-[N$ /ORE2 ! SUBDIVISIONS ?AT CLU/] >\ND IT DEV\R F>ML&2 ! MOTOR VEHICLES ?AT C>RY WOR%IP]S TO ITS TEMPLES >E SELF-5CLOS$ CAPSULES ?AT PRECLUDE ALL HUMAN CONTACT4 ,! 9ORGANIC RETURNS NOT ONLY TO 9DU/RY & ! M>KETPLACE2 IT CALCIFIES & DEHUMANIZES ! MO/ 9TIMATE RELATION%IPS BETWE5 PEOPLE 9 ! PRESUMABLY 9VULN]ABLE WORLD ( ! B$ROOM & NURS]Y4 ,! MASSIVE DISSOLUTION ( P]SONAL & SOCIAL TIES ?AT COMES ) ! RETURN ( ! 9ORGANIC TRANS=MS ! EXT5D$ FAMILY 9TO ! NUCLE> FAMILY & F9ALLY DELIV]S ! 9DIVIDUAL OV] TO ! PURVEYORS ( ! S+LES' B>S4 

,) ! HOLL[+ \T ( COMMUNITY BY ! M>KET SY/EM1 ) ITS LOSS ( /RUCTURE1 >TICULATION1 & =M1 WE WITNESS ! CONCOMITANT HOLL[+ \T ( P]SONALITY ITSELF4 ,JU/ AS ! SPIRITUAL & 9/ITUTIONAL TIES ?AT L9K$ HUMAN BE+S TOGE!R 9TO VIBRANT SOCIAL RELATIONS >E ]OD$ BY ! MASS M>KET1 SO ! S9EWS ?AT MAKE = SUBJECTIVITY1 *>ACT]1 & SELF-DEF9ITION >E DIVE/$ ( =M & MEAN+4 ,! ISOLAT$1 SEEM+LY AUTONOM\S EGO ?AT B\RGEOIS SOCIETY CELEBRAT$ AS ! HI<E/ A*IEVEM5T ( 0MOD]NITY0 TURNS \T TO BE ! M]E HUSK ( A ONCE FAIRLY R\ND$ 9DIVIDUAL :OSE V]Y COMPLET5ESS AS AN EGO WAS POSSIBLE BECAUSE HE OR %E WAS ROOT$ 9 A FAIRLY R\ND$ & COMPLETE COMMUNITY4 

,) ! HOLL[+ \T ( COMMUNITY BY ! M>KET SY/EM1 ) ITS LOSS ( /RUCTURE1 >TICULATION1 & =M1 WE WITNESS ! CONCOMITANT HOLL[+ \T ( P]SONALITY ITSELF4 ,JU/ AS ! SPIRITUAL & 9/ITUTIONAL TIES ?AT L9K$ HUMAN BE+S TOGE!R 9TO VIBRANT SOCIAL RELATIONS >E ]OD$ BY ! MASS M>KET1 SO ! S9EWS ?AT MAKE = SUBJECTIVITY1 *>ACT]1 & SELF-DEF9ITION >E DIVE/$ ( =M & MEAN+4 ,! ISOLAT$1 SEEM+LY AUTONOM\S EGO ?AT B\RGEOIS SOCIETY CELEBRAT$ AS ! HI<E/ A*IEVEM5T ( 0MOD]NITY0 TURNS \T TO BE ! M]E HUSK ( A ONCE FAIRLY R\ND$ 9DIVIDUAL :OSE V]Y COMPLET5ESS AS AN EGO WAS POSSIBLE BECAUSE HE OR %E WAS ROOT$ 9 A FAIRLY R\ND$ & COMPLETE COMMUNITY4 

,AS ! 9ORGANIC REPLACES ! ORGANIC 9 NATURE1 SO ! 9ORGANIC REPLACES ! ORGANIC 9 SOCIETY & P]SONALITY4 ,! SIMPLIFICATION ( ! NATURAL WORLD HAS ITS UNCANNY P>ALLEL 9 ! SIMPLIFICATION ( SOCIETY & SUBJECTIVITY4 ,! HOMOG5IZATION ( ECOSY/EMS GOES H& 9 H& ) ! HOMOG5IZATION ( ! SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T & ! SO-CALL$ 9DIVIDUALS :O PEOPLE IT4 ,! 9TIMATE ASSOCIATION ( ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN ) ! NOTION ( ! DOM9ATION ( NATURE T]M9ATES NOT ONLY 9 ! NOTION ( DOM9ATION AS SU*2 ITS MO/ /RIK+ FEATURE IS ! K9D ( PREVAIL+ NATURE -- AN 9ORGANIC NATURE -- ?AT REPLACES ! ORGANIC NATURE ?AT HUMANS ONCE VIEW$ SO REV]5TLY4 

,WE CAN NEV] DISEMB$ \RSELVES FROM NATURE-ANY MORE ?AN WE CAN DISEMB$ \RSELVES FROM \R [N VISC]A4 ,! TE*NOCRATIC 0UTOPIA0 ( P]SONALIZ$ AUTOMATA REMA9S A HOLL[ MY?4 ,! !RAPIES ?AT SEEK TO ADJU/ ORGANIC BE+S TO 9ORGANIC CONDITIONS M]ELY PRODUCE LIFELESS1 9ORGANIC1 & DEP]SONALIZ$ AUTOMATA4 ,H5CE1 NATURE ALWAYS AFFIRMS ITS EXI/5CE AS ! MATRIX = SOCIAL & P]SONAL LIFE1 A MATRIX 9 :I* LIFE IS ALWAYS EMB$D$ BY DEF9ITION4 ,BY RATIONALIZ+ & SIMPLIFY+ SOCIETY & P]SONALITY1 WE DO NOT DIVE/ IT ( ITS NATURAL ATTRIBUTES2 RA!R1 WE BRUTALLY DE/ROY ITS ORGANIC ATTRIBUTES4 ,?US NATURE NEV] SIMPLY COEXI/S ) US2 IT IS P>T ( EV]Y ASPECT ( \R /RUCTURE & BE+4 ,TO TURN BACK NATURAL EVOLUTION FROM MORE COMPLEX =MS ( ORGANIC BE+S TO SIMPL] ONES1 FROM ! ORGANIC TO ! 9ORGANIC1 5TAILS ! TURN+ BACK ( SOCIETY & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T FROM MORE COMPLEX TO SIMPL] =MS4 

,! MY? ?AT \R SOCIETY IS MORE COMPLEX ?AN E>LI] CULTURES REQUIRES %ORT %RIFT2 \R COMPLEXITY IS /RICTLY TE*NICAL1 NOT CULTURAL2 \R EFFLUVIUM ( 09DIVIDUALITY0 IS MORE NEUROTIC & PSY*OPA?IC1 NOT MORE UNIQUE OR MORE 9TRICATE4 0,MOD]NITY0 REA*$ ITS APOGEE BETWE5 ! DECADES PREC$+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ! #a#h#dS1 AFT] :I* 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM FA/5$ ITS GRIP ON SOCIAL LIFE4 ,ITS C>E]1 ) A MODE/ NUMB] ( EXCEPTIONS1 HAS YIELD$ A GRIM D5ATUR+ ( HUMANITY & SOCIETY4 ,S9CE ! MIDDLE ( ! PRES5T C5TURY1 EV5 ! VE/IGES ( ITS GREATNESS -- AP>T FROM DRAMATIC EXPLOSIONS LIKE ! #a#i#fS -- HAVE ALL BUT DISAPPE>$ FROM VIRTUALLY EV]Y REALM ( EXP]I5CE4 

,:AT HAS L>GELY REPLAC$ ! S9EWS ?AT HELD COMMUNITY & P]SONALITY TOGE!R IS AN ALL-5COMPASS+1 COLDLY DEP]SONALIZ+ BUREAUCRACY4 ,! AG5CY & ! BUREAUCRAT HAVE BECOME ! SUB/ITUTES = ! FAMILY1 ! T[N & NEI<BORHOOD1 ! P]SONAL SUPPORT /RUCTURES ( PEOPLES 9 CRISIS1 & ! SUP]NATURAL & MY?IC FIGURES ?AT AF=D$ P[] & TUTEL>Y SURVEILLANCE OV] ! DE/9Y ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,) NO O!R /RUCTURE TO SPEAK ( BUT ! BUREAUCRATIC AG5CY1 SOCIETY HAS NOT M]ELY BE5 RIDDL$ BY BUREAUCRACY2 IT HAS ALL BUT BECOME A BUREAUCRACY 9 :I* EV]YONE1 AS ,CAMUS WAS WONT TO SAY1 HAS BE5 R$UC$ TO A FUNCTION>Y4 ,P]SONALITY AS SU* HAS BECOME CONGRU5T ) ! V>I\S DOCUM5TS1 LIC5SES1 & RECORDS ?AT DEF9E ONE'S PLACE 9 ! WORLD4 ,MORE SACR$ ?AN SU* DOCUM5TS AS PASSPORTS1 :I* >E ! >*AIC TOK5S ( CITIZ5%IP1 A MOTOR VEHICLE LIC5SE LIT]ALLY VALIDATES ONE'S ID5TITY1 & A CR$IT C>D BECOMES ! WORLDWIDE CO9AGE ( EX*ANGE4 

,! LEGACY ( DOM9ATION ?US CULM9ATES 9 ! GR[+ TOGE!R ( ! ,/ATE & SOCIETY -- & ) IT1 A DISSOLUTION ( ! FAMILY1 COMMUNITY1 MUTUAL AID1 & SOCIAL COMMITM5T4 ,EV5 A S5SE ( ONE'S P]SONAL DE/9Y DISAPPE>S 9TO ! BUREAUCRAT'S (FICE & FIL+ CAB9ET4 ,HI/ORY ITSELF WILL BE READ 9 ! MICR(ILM RECORDS & COMPUT] TAPES ( ! AG5CIES ?AT N[ =M ! AU!NTIC 9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIETY4 ,PSY*OLOGICAL CATEGORIES HAVE 9DE$ 0BECOME POLITICAL CATEGORIES10 AS ,M>CUSE OBS]V$ 9 ! OP5+ L9ES ( HIS ,]OS & ,CIVILIZATION1 BUT 9 A P$E/RIAN =M ?AT EXCE$S HIS MO/ DOLEFUL VISIONS4 ,! ,SUP]EGO IS NO LONG] =M$ BY ! FA!R OR EV5 BY DOM9E]+ SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS2 IT IS =M$ BY ! FACELESS PEOPLE :O PRESIDE OV] ! RECORDS ( BIR? & DEA?1 ( RELIGI\S AFFILIATION & $UCATIONAL P$IGREE1 ( 0M5TAL HEAL?0 & PSY*OLOGICAL PROCLIVITIES1 ( VOCATIONAL TRA9+ & JOB ACQUISITION1 ( M>RIAGE & DIVORCE C]TIFICATES1 ( CR$IT RAT+S & BANK ACC\NTS2 9 %ORT1 ( ! 5DLESS >RAY ( LIC5SES1 TE/S1 CONTRACTS1 GRADES1 & P]SONALITY TRAITS ?AT DEF9E ! /ATUS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 SOCIETY4 ,POLITICAL CATEGORIES HAVE REPLAC$ PSY*OLOGICAL CATEGORIES 9 MU* ! SAME S5SE ?AT AN ELECTROC>DIOGRAPH HAS REPLAC$ ! HE>T4 ,UND] /ATE CAPITALISM1 EV5 ECONOMIC CATEGORIES BECOME POLITICAL CATEGORIES4 ,DOM9ATION FULFILLS ITS DE/9Y 9 ! UBIQUIT\S1 ALL-P]VASIVE ,/ATE2 ITS LEGACY REA*ES ITS D5\EM5T 9 ! DISSOLUTION1 9DE$1 ! COMPLETE DIS9TEGRATION1 ( A RI*LY ORGANIC SOCIETY 9TO AN 9ORGANIC ONE -- A T]RIFY+ DE/9Y ?AT ! NATURAL WORLD %>ES ) ! SOCIAL4 

,REASON1 :I* WAS EXPECT$ TO DISPEL ! D>K HI/ORIC =CES TO :I* A PRESUMABLY UNKN[+ HUMANITY HAD BE5 CAPTIVE1 N[ ?REAT5S TO BECOME ONE ( !SE V]Y =CES 9 ! =M ( RATIONALIZATION4 ,IT N[ 5HANCES ! EFFICI5CY ( DOM9ATION4 ,! GREAT PROJECT ( WE/]N SPECULATIVE ?\<T -- TO R5D] HUMANITY SELF-CONSCI\S -- /&S BE=E A HUGE ABYSS3 A YAWN+ *ASM 9TO :I* ! SELF & CONSCI\SNESS ?REAT5 TO DISAPPE>4 ,H[ CAN WE DEF9E ! HI/ORICAL SUBJECT -- A ROLE ,M>X IMPUT$ TO ! PROLET>IAT -- ?AT WILL CREATE A SOCIETY GUID$ BY SELFHOOD & CONSCI\SNESS8 ,:AT IS ! CONTEXT 9 :I* ?AT SUBJECT IS =M$8 ,IS IT ! WORKPLACE1 SPECIFICALLY1 ! FACTORY8 ,OR A NEW EMANCIPAT$ POLIS8 ,OR ! DOME/IC >5A8 ,OR ! UNIV]SITY8 ,OR ! C\NT]CULTURAL COMMUNITY8 

,) !SE QUE/IONS1 WE BEG9 TO DEP>T FROM ! LEGACY ( DOM9ATION & TURN TO C\NT]VAIL+ TRADITIONS & IDEALS ?AT MAY PROVIDE SOME PO9T ( DEP>TURE = A SOLUTION4 ,WE MU/ TURN TO ! LEGACY ( FRE$OM ?AT HAS ALWAYS CUT ACROSS ! LEGACY ( DOM9ATION4 ,P]HAPS IT HOLDS SOME CLUE TO A RESOLUTION ( !SE PROBLEMS -- PROBLEMS :I*1 MORE ?AN EV]1 LEAVE \R ]A SUSP5D$ 9 UNC]TA9TY & RIDDL$ BY ! AMBIGUITIES ( RATIONALIZATION & TE*NOCRATIC P[]4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiha 3 ,*APT] #e - ,! ,LEGACY ( ,DOM9ATION -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #a1 #bai 3 ,*APT] #e - ,! ,LEGACY ( ,DOM9ATION -- ,ADD$4 

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