,! ,EM]G5CE ( ! ,NEW ,AN>*ISM 

#aig 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,COM=T 

,AU?OR 3 ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK 

,AU?OR 3 ,DANIEL ,GU]9 

,AU?OR 3 ,H]B]T ,READ 

,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,GOODMAN 

,AU?OR 3 ,M>IE ,L\ISE ,B]N]I 

,TEXT 3 

,9 ,VOLUME ,TWO ( ,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,DOCUM5T>Y ,HI/ORY ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,IDEAS1 SUBTITL$ ,! ,EM]G5CE ( ! ,NEW ,AN>*ISM 7#a#i#c#i-#a#i#g#g71 ,I DOCUM5T ! REM>KABLE RESURG5CE ( AN>*I/ IDEAS & ACTION FOLL[+ ! TRAGIC DEFEAT ( ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION & ,CIVIL ,W>1 & ! MASS C>NAGE ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 ,BEL[1 ,I HAVE COLLECT$ ADDITIONAL WRIT+S FROM MANY ( ! PEOPLE :O W]E RESPONSIBLE = ?AT RESURG5CE4 ,H]B]T ,READ1 ,M>IE ,L\ISE ,B]N]I1 ,PAUL ,GOODMAN1 ,DAVID ,WIECK1 ,DANIEL ,GU]91 ,ALEX ,COM=T1 ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK & ! ,NOIR ET ,R\GE GR\P 9 ,FRANCE W]E AMONG ?OSE :O MADE AN>*ISM RELEVANT AGA91 DESPITE ITS CRITICS' ATTEMPTS TO CONSIGN IT TO ! DU/B9 ( HI/ORY4 

,VOLUME ,TWO ( ,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,DOCUM5T>Y ,HI/ORY ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,IDEAS OP5S ) EXC]PTS FROM ,H]B]T ,READ'S #aid ESSAY1 0,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,AN>*ISM40 ,READ HAD DECL>$ HIMSELF 9 FAVOR ( AN>*ISM 9 HIS #ai* PUBLICATION1 ,POETRY & ,AN>*ISM1 ) :I* ,I CLOS$ ,VOLUME ,ONE ( ! ,AN>*ISM AN?OLOGY4 ,!RE HE WROTE ?AT HE S\<T TO 0BALANCE AN>*ISM ) SURREALISM1 REASON ) ROMANTICISM1 ! UND]/&+ ) ! IMAG9ATION1 FUNCTION ) FRE$OM40 ,READ WAS UND] NO ILLUSIONS REG>D+ H[ PEOPLE W\LD REACT TO HIS 5DORSEM5T ( AN>*ISM4 ,AT ! TIME1 ! WORLD'S V>I\S AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS W]E 9 ECLIPSE1 & MO/ RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS SUPPORT$ ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ) ITS ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,IT WAS ! ]A ( 0,POPUL> ,FRONTS0 AGA9/ ,FASCISM1 :I* ! ,/AL9I/ ,COMMUNI/S US$ TO CO-OPT O!R =CES ON ! LEFT1 RESULT+ 9 ! FUR!R ISOLATION ( ! AN>*I/S1 !IR 9VET]ATE FOES & FREQU5T VICTIMS 7SEE ,*APT] #ah ( ,VOLUME ,ONE1 0,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION074 

,H]B]T ,READ 7#a#h#i#c-#a#i#f#h7 

,H]B]T ,READ 7#a#h#i#c-#a#i#f#h7 HAD S]V$ 9 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 :I* HELP$ TURN HIM 9TO A PACIFI/4 ,BY #a#i#c#h1 HE WAS A NOT$ POET1 ESSAYI/ & >T CRITIC4 ,9 ! #a#i#cS1 HE HELP$ 9TRODUCE ,SURREALISM TO AN ,5GLI% AUDI5CE4 ,AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 HE DID ! SAME = EXI/5TIALISM1 ! PHILOSOPHY ?AT WAS BE+ POPUL>IZ$ 9 ,FRANCE BY PEOPLE LIKE ,JEAN ,PAUL ,S>TRE & ,ALB]T ,CAMUS4 ,HE WAS CURR5T ) ! LATE/ 9TELLECTUAL & >TI/IC TR5DS1 9CLUD+ ,FREUDIAN PSY*OANALYSIS1 :I* HELP$ TO 9=M HIS APPROA* TO AN>*ISM1 >T & $UCATION4 ,READ WAS ONE ( A FEW BETT] KN[N 9TELLECTUALS AT ! TIME :O EXPRESS$ AN>*I/ IDEAS 9 A CONTEMPOR>Y IDIOM1 HELP+ TO PAVE ! WAY = ! REM>KABLE RESURG5CE ( AN>*ISM ?AT SURPRIS$ MANY1 9CLUD+ SOME AN>*I/S1 9 ! #a#i#fS4 ,O!R NOTEWOR?Y CONTRIBUTORS TO ?IS AN>*I/ R5AISSANCE W]E ,PAUL ,GOODMAN & ,DWI<T ,MACDONALD 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,M>IE ,L\ISE ,B]N]I1 ,ALEX ,COM=T & ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK 9 ,5GL&1 & ,GIANC>LO DE ,C>LO 9 ,ITALY4 ,I HAVE 9CLUD$ EXT5SIVE SELECTIONS FROM ALL ( !SE WRIT]S 9 ,VOLUME ,TWO ( ! ,AN>*ISM AN?OLOGY4 

,NOT ALL AN>*I/S W]E 5AMOR$ ) !SE NEW CURR5TS 9 AN>*I/ !ORY4 ,AN>*I/S :O TOOK A 0CLASS /RUGGLE0 APPROA*1 :I* EMPHASIZ$ ! REVOLUTION>Y ROLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ! NE$ = AN>*I/S TO TAKE P>T 9 WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLES1 SU* AS ! ,IMPULSO GR\P 9 ,ITALY1 D5\NC$ ! 0NEW0 AN>*ISM AS C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y1 REF]R+ TO IT AS 0RESI/5CIALISM10 BECAUSE WRIT]S LIKE ,READ HAD PURPORT$LY AB&ON$ ANY HOPE = A SUCCESSFUL SOCIAL REVOLUTION & 9/EAD ADVOCAT$ RESI/ANCE TO AU?ORITY1 RA!R ?AN ITS ABOLITION 7,AN>*ISM1 ,VOLUME ,TWO1 ,SELECTION #c#h74 

,READ1 H[EV]1 HAD NOT AB&ON$ ! IDEA ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,HE SIMPLY CONCEIV$ ( IT 9 BROAD] T]MS1 & DI/+UI%$ IT FROM MORE CONV5TIONAL CONCEPTIONS ( REVOLUTION BY REVIV+ ,MAX ,/IRN]'S 7,VOLUME ,ONE1 ,SELECTION #a#a7 DI/9CTION BETWE5 REVOLUTION & 9SURRECTION4 ,A REVOLUTION IS 0AN EX*ANGE ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS40 ,AN 9SURRECTION 0AIMS AT GETT+ RID ( !SE POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS ALTOGE!R40 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 HE LOOK$ =W>D TO A 0SPONTANE\S & UNIV]SAL 9SURRECTION0 7,VOLUME ,TWO1 ,SELECTION #a71 BUT DISC>D$ 0! ROMANTIC CONCEPTION ( AN>*ISM--CONSPIRACY1 ASSASS9ATION1 CITIZ5 >MIES1 ! B>RICADES4 ,ALL ?AT K9D ( FUTILE AGITATION HAS LONG BE5 OBSOLETE3 BUT IT WAS F9ALLY BL[N 9TO OBLIVION BY ! ATOMIC BOMB40 ,TODAY1 0ACTION MU/ BE PIECEMEAL1 NONVIOL5T1 9SIDI\S & UNIV]SALLY P]VASIVE0 7,VOLUME ,TWO1 ,SELECTION #c#f74 

,DEF9+ ! MEASURE ( PROGRESS AS 0! DEGREE ( DIFF]5TIATION 9 SOCIETY0 7,VOLUME ,TWO1 ,SELECTION #a71 ,READ S\<T TO CREATE AN ORGANIC SOCIETY 9 :I* EV]YONE IS FREE TO DEVELOP & EXPRESS !IR UNIQUE TAL5TS & ABILITIES1 BR++ =? 0! >TI/ LAT5T )9 EA* ONE ( US0 7,VOLUME ,TWO1 ,SELECTION #a#i74 ,>GU+ ?AT 0REAL POLITICS >E LOCAL POLITICS10 ,READ PROPOS$ A SY/EM ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY BAS$ ON FUNCTIONAL & COMMUNAL GR\PS F$]AT$ ) EA* O!R1 ) !IR ACTIVITIES BE+ COORD9AT$ BY AD HOC DELEGATES :O >E NEV] SEP>AT$ FROM !IR 0NATURAL PRODUCTIVE0 FUNCTIONS 7,VOLUME ,ONE1 ,SELECTION #a#c74 

,:5 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 />T$ DRAW+ ! CONNECTIONS BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ECOLOGY 9 ! #a#i#fS1 HE CIT$ ,READ AS ONE ( HIS 9SPIRATIONS 7,VOLUME ,TWO1 ,SELECTION #d#h74 ,READ'S EMPHASIS ON LOCAL POLITICS CAN ALSO BE F\ND 9 ,BOOK*9'S WRIT+S1 9 HIS CONCEPT ( 0LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM40 ,BOOK*9'S DI/9CTION BETWE5 A LIB]T>IAN POLITICS ( DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC COMMUNITY ASSEMBLIES & ! BUREAUCRATIC AU?ORIT>IANISM ( ! /ATE CAN !RE=E BE F\ND 9 ,READ'S E>LI] WRIT+S4 

,9 ! FOLL[+ EXC]PTS FROM ,READ'S #aidg ,B,B,C LECTURE1 0,NEI!R ,LIB]ALISM ,NOR ,COMMUNISM10 HE FUR!R DEVELOPS HIS CONCEPTION ( AN>*ISM AS AN ALT]NATIVE K9D ( POLITICS )\T ! /ATE1 EMPHASIZ+1 AS ,BOOK*9 DID LAT]1 ! 9SI<T ( ! ANCI5T ,GREEK PHILOSOPH]S ?AT A TRULY DEMOCRATIC POLITICS REQUIRES DEC5TRALIZATION & HUMAN-SCALE4 

,NEI!R ,LIB]ALISM ,NOR ,COMMUNISM 7#a#i#d#g7 

,IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 RECOGNIZ$ S9CE ! TIME ( ! ,GREEK PHILOSOPH]S ?AT ! PRACTICABILITY ( A FREE DEMOCRACY WAS SOMEH[ B\ND UP ) ! QUE/ION ( SIZE--?AT DEMOCRACY W\LD ONLY WORK )9 SOME RE/RICT$ UNIT SU* AS ! CITY-/ATE4 ,?IS WAS ! CONCLUSION ( ,PLATO & ,>I/OTLE 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD1 & !IR VIEW HAS BE5 SUPPORT$ 9 MOD]N TIMES BY GREAT POLITICAL PHILOSOPH]S LIKE ,R\SSEAU1 ,PR\DHON1 ,BURCKH>DT & ,KROPOTK94 

,BAS$ ON ?IS REALIZATION1 A POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY HAS >IS5 :I* OPPOSES ! :OLE CONCEPTION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,?IS !ORY1 :I* W\LD ABOLI% ! ,/ATE1 OR R$UCE IT TO 9SIGNIFICANCE1 IS SOMETIMES KN[N AS DI/RIBUTIVISM1 SOMETIMES AS SYNDICALISM1 SOMETIMES AS GUILD SOCIALISM1 BUT 9 ITS PURE/ & MO/ 9TRANSIG5T =M IT IS CALL$ AN>*ISM4 ,AN>*ISM1 AS ! ,GREEK ROOTS ( ! WORD 9DICATE1 IS A POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY BAS$ ON ! IDEA ?AT A SOCIAL ORD] IS POSSIBLE )\T RULE1 )\T DICTATION--EV5 ! DICTATION ( A MAJORITY4 ,S5OR DE ,MAD>IAGA 9 HIS BROADCA/ US$ ! WORD AS AN ANTI!SIS TO ORD]1 :I* IS A COMMON MISUSE ( ! WORD4 ,AN>*ISM1 9DE$1 SEEKS A V]Y POSITIVE =M ( SOCIAL ORD]1 BUT IT IS ORD] REA*$ BY MUTUAL AGREEM5T1 NOT ORD] IMPOS$ BY UNILAT]AL DICTATION4 

,?\< AN>*ISM AS A POLITICAL DOCTR9E HAS A RESPECTABLE ANCE/RY & HAS NUMB]$ GREAT POETS & PHILOSOPH]S LIKE ,GODW9 & ,%ELLEY1 ,TOL/OY & ,KROPOTK9 AMONG ITS ADH]5TS3 ?\< EV5 N[ IT IS ! PR(ESS$ FAI? ( MILLIONS ( PEOPLE 9 ,SPA91 9 ,ITALY &1 ALAS1 9 ,SIB]IA3 ?\< IT IS ! UN=MULAT$ FAI? ( MILLIONS MORE ?R\<\T ! WORLD--?\<1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 IT IS ONE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL POLITICAL DOCTR9ES ( ALL TIME1 IT HAS NEV] BE5 GIV5 A PLACE 9 \R 9SUL> DISCUSSIONS ( ! POLITICAL PROBLEMS ( \R TIME4 

,:Y ?IS CONSPIRACY ( SIL5CE8 ,I %ALL NOT SP5D ANY TIME ON ?AT 9T]E/+ SPECULATION1 BUT ,I %ALL TRY1 9 ! FEW M9UTES LEFT TO ME1 TO GIVE Y\ ! MA9 PR9CIPLES ( ?IS DI/9CT POLITICAL !ORY 

,BELIEV+ ?AT AN EXP&+ DEMOCRACY LEADS TO ! DELEGATION ( AU?ORITY TO ! CREATION ( A GOV]N+ CLASS ( POLITICIANS & BUREAUCRATS--BELIEV+1 9 ,ACTON'S WORDS1 ?AT DEMOCRACY T5DS TO UNITY ( P[]1 & 9EVITABLY TO ! ABUSE ( P[] BY P[]-CORRUPT$ POLITICIANS1 WE :O >E AN>*I/S SEEK TO DIVIDE P[]1 TO DEC5TRALIZE GOV]NM5T D[N TO ! LOCALITIES 9 :I* IT IS EX]CIS$1 SO ?AT EV]Y MAN HAS A S5SE ( SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY & P>TICIPATES IMM$IATELY 9 ! CONDUCT ( HIS SOCIAL ORD]4 

,?AT IS ! POLITICAL ASPECT ( ! !ORY4 ,BUT IT IS EQUALLY 9 ! ECONOMIC FIELD ?AT DEMOCRACY T5DS TO UNITY ( P[]--EI!R ! P[] ( ! CAPITALI/ MONOPOLY OR ! P[] ( ! NATIONALIZ$ 9DU/RY4 ,WE BELIEVE 9 ! DEC5TRALIZATION ( 9DU/RY & 9 ! DEPROLET>IZATION ( LABOR 9 ! RADICAL TRANS=MATION & FRAGM5TATION ( 9DU/RY1 SO ?AT 9 PLACE ( A FEW P[]FUL TRADE COMB9ES & TRADE UNIONS1 WE %\LD HAVE MANY SMALL COOP]ATIVE F>MS & WORK%OPS1 ADM9I/]$ DIRECTLY BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 

,WE BELIEVE1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 9 A F$]AL OR COOP]ATIVE COMMONWEAL?1 & WE BELIEVE ?AT ?IS REPRES5TS AN IDEAL :I* IS DI/9CT FROM ANY (F]$ BY LIB]ALISM OR COMMUNISM4 ,Y\ MAY BE 9CL9$ TO DISMISS IT AS AN IMPRACTICABLE IDEAL1 BUT )9 LIMITS WE CAN PROVE ?AT IT DOES WORK1 9 SPITE ( UNFAVORABLE ECONOMIC CONDITIONS & 9 ! FACE ( RU?LESS OPPOSITION FROM CAPITALI/S OR COMMUNI/S4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 MANY FAILURES & MANY FALSE />TS1 BUT !SE HAVE BE5 /UDI$ BY ! SOCIOLOGI/S ( ! MOVEM5T1 & WE KN[ PRETTY ACCURATELY :Y C]TA9 COOP]ATIVE COMMUNITIES HAVE FAIL$4 ,WE ?9K WE KN[ = :AT REASONS O!RS HAVE SURVIV$ = A C5TURY OR MORE--! ,HUTT]ITES1 A RELIGI\S COMMUNITY WAS F\ND$ 9 ,MORAVIA 9 ! #a#f? C5TURY & HAS C>RI$ \T !SE PR9CIPLES SUCCESSFULLY EV] S9CE4 ,MORE REM>KABLE1 BECAUSE OP]AT+ )9 ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( A MOD]N SOCIETY1 >E ! HI<LY SUCCESSFUL COOP]ATIVE AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES E/ABLI%$ 9 ,PALE/9E1 9 ,MEXICO & UND] ! ,F>M ,SECURITY ,ADM9I/RATION 9 ! ,U,S,A4 ,AT ,VAL5CE 9 ,FRANCE A V]Y SUCCESSFUL EXP]IM5T IS TAK+ PLACE4 ,9 ?IS CASE ! COOP]ATIVE COMMUNITY COMB9ES A HI<LY SKILL$ 9DU/RY 7! MANUFACTURE ( WAT*-CASES7 ) AGRICULTURE4 ,I DO NOT PRET5D ?AT !SE EXP]IM5TS PROVE ! CASE = AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY4 ,BUT !Y >E HI<LY SIGNIFICANT TE/S ( ! HUMAN CAPACITY = COOP]ATIVE LIV+--EXP]IM5TS :I* GIVE US EV]Y CONFID5CE 9 ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC S\NDNESS ( \R WID] PROPOSALS4 

,I AM OLD 5\< TO REMEMB] ! DAYS1 BE=E #a#i#a#g1 :5 PEOPLE W\LD SAY3 ,OH1 SOCIALISM IS ALL RI<T 9 !ORY1 BUT IT C\LD NEV] BE PUT 9TO PRACTICE4 ,AGA9/ SU* AN >GUM5T SOCIALI/S ( ?AT TIME C\LD ONLY PUT !IR FAI?--A FAI? :I*1 WE MU/ ADMIT1 HAS BE5 AMPLY JU/IFI$4 ,N[ ON EV]Y SIDE WE MEET ! SAME >GUM5T AGA9/ AN>*ISM1 AGA9/ ! COOP]ATIVE COMMONWEAL?4 ,NO FEUDAL B>ON C\LD HAVE BELIEV$ 9 A WORLD RUL$ BY M]*ANTS & MONEY-L5D]S2 & 9 !IR TURN !SE M]*ANTS & MONEY-L5D]S REFUS$ = A LONG TIME TO BELIEVE 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( A WORLD RUL$ BY BUREAUCRATS4 ,I DO NOT EXPECT ?AT MANY ( MY LI/5]S CAN BELIEVE 9 A WORLD 9 :I* ! V]Y IDEA ( RULE IS ABOLI%$1 9 :I* WE LIVE BY MUTUAL AID1 9 :I* ALL ?\<T ( PR(IT1 ALL AGGRESSIVE IMPULSES1 ! CONCEPT ( NATIONAL SOV]EIGNTY & ! PRACTICE ( >M$ IMP]IALISM1 >E =EV] ABS5T4 ,BUT :5 Y\ CONSID] ! WORLD 9 ALL ITS MORAL & ECONOMIC *AOS1 :5 Y\ SEE HUMANITY FE>FULLY TRANSFIX$ BY ! ?REAT ( ATOMIC W>F>E1 CAN Y\ = A MOM5T BELIEVE ?AT \R CIVILIZATION WILL BE SAV$ BY ANY *ANGE LESS PR(\ND ?AN ?AT :I* ,I HAVE DESCRIB$ TONI<T8 

,REPR9T$ 9 ,A ,ONE-,MAN ,MANIFE/O & ,O!R ,WRIT+S = ,FRE$OM ,PRESS 7,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#d71 $4 ,DAVID ,GOODWAY 

,M>IE ,L\ISE ,B]N]I 7#a#i#a#h-#a#i#d#i7 

,9 ,VOLUME ,TWO ( ,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,DOCUM5T>Y ,HI/ORY ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,IDEAS1 ,I ALSO 9CLUD$ ?REE SELECTIONS FROM ,M>IE ,L\ISE ,B]N]I 7#a#i#a#h-#a#i#d#i71 ! TAL5T$ AN>*I/ J\RNALI/ & WRIT]4 ,B]N]I WAS BORN 9 ,ITALY1 ONE ( ! DAU<T]S ( ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I & ,GIOVANNA ,B]N]I1 PROM95T AN>*I/S AT ! =EFRONT ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,!Y W]E =C$ TO FLEE ,ITALY 9 #a#i#b#f4 ,M>IE ,L\ISE W5T TO UNIV]SITY 9 ,FRANCE1 :]E %E WORK$ ) ,L\IS ,M]CI] ,VEGA 7,I 9CLUD$ EXC]PTS FROM ,M]CI] ,VEGA'S #aig ESSAY1 0,YE/]DAY'S ,SOCIETY & ,TODAY'S10 9 ,VOLUME ,TWO AS ,SELECTIONS #de @& #f#f74 ,9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I WAS MURD]$ 9 ,SPA91 PROBABLY BY ,/AL9I/ AG5TS4 ,M>IE ,L\ISE 5D$ UP 9 ,5GL&1 :]E %E CAMPAIGN$ ON BEHALF ( ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S & HELP$ REVITALIZE ! ,5GLI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,%E WROTE PROLIFICALLY = ! ,5GLI% AN>*I/ PAP]S1 ,SPA9 & ! ,WORLD1 !N ,W> ,COMM5T>Y1 !N ,FRE$OM4 ,AFT] H] UNTIMELY DEA? 9 #a#i#d#i1 A COLLECTION ( H] >TICLES WAS PUBLI%$ UND] ! TITLE1 ,NEI!R ,EA/ ,NOR ,WE/ 7#a#i#e#b71 EMPHASIZ+ ! AN>*I/ REJECTION ( ! FALSE ,COLD ,W> DI*OTOMY POS$ BY ! IDEOLOGI/S ( ! CAPITALI/ ,WE/ & ! ,COMMUNI/ ,EA/1 & ! NE$ = AN AN>*I/ ALT]NATIVE4 ,! FOLL[+ EXC]PTS >E FROM H] #aidd ESSAY1 0,BY ,FIRE & ,SWORD10 LAT] 9CLUD$ 9 ! *APT] 9 ,NEI!R ,EA/ ,NOR ,WE/ ON ! 0PRICE ( W>10 FROM :I* ,I REPRODUC$ ADDITIONAL EXTRACTS 9 ,VOLUME ,TWO ( ! ,AN>*ISM AN?OLOGY AS ,SELECTION #d4 ,I ALSO 9CLUD$ 9 ,VOLUME ,TWO ( ,AN>*ISM--,! ,EM]G5CE ( ! ,NEW ,AN>*ISM1 EXC]PTS FROM H] /UDY ( LIT]>Y UTOPIAS1 ,J\RNEY ,?R\< ,UTOPIA 7#a#i#d#i71 AS ,SELECTION #a#e1 & H] #aide >TICLE1 0,WILHELM ,REI* & ! ,SEXUAL ,REVOLUTION10 AS ,SELECTION #g#e4 

,! ,PRICE ( ,W>3 ,BY ,FIRE & ,SWORD 

,P>IS #aidd 

,9 ,! ,P,R,E,F,A,C,E TO ! ,BA$EK] = ,P>IS & ITS SURR\ND+S1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#h#a1 ONE F9DS A DESCRIPTION ( ! 0MO/ DEPLORABLE REC5T DISA/]S CAUS$ BY ! FI5DI% PROCE$+S ( ! ,COMMUNI/S DUR+ ! SECOND 'REIGN ( ,T]ROR1' #b?-#b#h? ,MAY1 #a#h#g#a40 ,ACCORD+ TO ! WRIT]1 0,)9 ?AT WEEK ( HORRORS NO FEW] ?AN TW5TY-TWO IMPORTANT PUBLIC BUILD+S & MONUM5TS W]E :OLLY OR P>TLY DE/ROY$1 & A SIMIL> FATE OV]TOOK SEV5 RAILWAY /ATIONS1 ! F\R PR9CIPAL PUBLIC P>KS & G>D5S1 & HUNDR$S ( DWELL+- H\SES & O!R BUILD+S40 

,IF ,B>ON ,K>L ,BA$EK] W\LD HAVE HAD TO WRITE A PREFACE TO A GUIDE TO ,P>IS 9 ! YE>S :I* WILL FOLL[ ! PRES5T W> HE W\LD PROBABLY HAVE HAD TO RECORD F> MORE 0FI5DI%0 PROCE$+S ON ! P>TS ( ! RETREAT+ ,G]MAN >MY & ! VICTORI\S BULLDOZ+1 ALL-LEVEL+ >MIES ( 0LIB]ATION04 ,!RE WILL BE A DIFF]5CE1 H[EV]2 ! SC>S ?AT ,P>IS1 LIKE ! O!R ,FR5* T[NS ( ,CA51 ,*]B\RG & MANY MORE WILL WE> WILL BE NOBLE SC>S ( :I* ! ,FR5* PEOPLE WILL BE ASK$ TO BE PR\D1 & IT IS D\BTFUL IF !Y WILL RECEIVE SLI<T+ REF]5CES1 SU* AS ?OSE LEVEL$ AT ! ,COMMUNE1 BY ! G5]ATIONS ( GUIDE-WRIT]S TO COME4 

,IT IS ! PRIVILEGE ( REVOLUTIONS ?AT ! ACTS ( VIOL5CE TO :I* !Y GIVE RISE HAVE ALWAYS RECEIV$ ! UTMO/ PUBLICITY 9 NEWSPAP]S1 HI/ORY BOOKS1 NOVELS1 PLAYS1 FILMS444 & EV5 TRAVEL]S' BOOKS4 ,! HORRORS ( W> >E =GOTT5 OR >E GLORIFI$ = ! B5EFIT ( T\RI/S1 LIKE ! RU9S ( ,V]DUN4 ,BUT EV]Y?+ CONSPIRES TO KEEP ALIVE 9 PEOPLE'S M9DS ! ACTS ( VIOL5CE :I* HAVE TAK5 PLACE DUR+ REVOLUTIONS4 ,ASK ANY ,FR5* S*OOLBOY :AT WAS ! MO/ BLOODY P]IOD 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,FRANCE & HE WILL MO/ PROBABLY M5TION ! P]IOD ( ! ,T]ROR DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,A FEW ?\S& PEOPLE W]E KILL$ DUR+ ?AT P]IOD1 A SMALL NUMB] COMP>$ ) ! ,NAPOLEONIC W>S2 AN 9F9ITESIMAL FIGURE COMP>$ ) ! CASUALTIES 9 ! W> ( #a#i#a#d-#a#i#a#h4 ,YET ! ,FR5* S*OOL BOY WILL KN[ ALL AB\T ! HORRORS ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ! KILL+ ( PRIE/S & NOBLES1 ! DEA? 9 CAPTIVITY ( ,L\IS ! ,SIXTE5?'S HEIR & ! BEHEAD+ ( ,M>IE-,ANTO9ETTE4 ,BUT HE WILL KN[ NO?+ AB\T ! MILLION DEAD ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> & ! HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( *ILDR5 :O DI$ ( />VATION & DISEASE AS A RESULT ( IT4 

,REVOLUTIONS SPELL :OLESALE MURD] & DE/RUCTION NOT ONLY TO S*OOL*ILDR54 ,H[ MANY TIMES HAVE EXP]I5C$ SOCIALI/ POLITICIANS & LE>N$ ,FABIAN PR(ESSORS ADVOCAT$ SUBMISSION & COMPROMISE ) ! RUL+ CLASS BY WAV+ ! SPECT] ( BLOODY REVOLUTION 9 FRONT ( ! MISGUID$ MASSES8 ,IT WAS ) TE>S 9 HIS EYES ?AT ,LEON ,BLUM ASK$ ! ,FR5* PEOPLE NOT TO 9T]V5E 9 ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS 9 ORD] TO 0SP>E LIVES0 ?AT HE WAT*$ ONE ( ! MO/ SPL5DID REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS SUFFOCAT$ & ALL[$ ! ,FASCI/ P[]S TO GA9 MILIT>Y EXP]I5CE TO FI<T A WORLD W>4 ,( C\RSE1 :5 ! PRES5T W> />T$1 ,LEON ,BLUM =GOT ALL HIS S5SITIVE LOVE = HUMANITY & URG$ ,FR5* PEOPLE TO GO TO ! MASSACRE4 ,AS EV]YONE KN[S REVOLUTIONS >E BLOODY AFFAIRS BUT TO DIE :OLESALE = ! MO!RL& IS CALL$ SUPREME & SUBLIME SACRIFICE1 SO ?AT 9 !SE CASES DEA? DOES NOT REALLY C\NT4 

,ONE CAN EASILY PROPHESY ?AT AFT] ?IS W> !RE WILL /ILL BE ?OSE PEOPLE TO TALK AB\T ! HORRORS ( ! ,COMMUNE & ( ! %OOT+ ( FASCI/S1 CAPITALI/S & PRIE/S 9 ,SPA94 ,BUT ! BOMB+ ( ,HAMBURG1 ,P>IS & ,LONDON2 ! BOMB>DM5T ( ,CA52 ! S9K+ ( TROOP%IPS2 ! DEA? 9 ! SKIES ( ?\S&S ( Y\NG M52 ! />VATION & PE/IL5CE DEVA/AT+ SCORES ( C\NTRIES3 !SE WILL ALL BE CLASSIFI$ AS NECESS>Y EVILS1 UNAVOIDABLE CURSES :I* HUMANITY MU/ BE PR\D TO 5DURE4 ,REVOLUTIONI/S ONCE AGA9 WILL BE CONSID]$ BLOOD?IR/Y FELL[S :O HAD BETT] BE KEPT LOCK$ UP & IF ! *OICE BETWE5 W> & REVOLUTION AGA9 PRES5TS ITSELF1 ,*RI/IANS1 SOCIALI/S & COMMUNI/S NO D\BT WILL1 ON HUMANIT>IAN GR\NDS1 AGA9 *OOSE W>4 

,PAUL ,GOODMAN 7#a#i#a#a-#a#i#g#b7 

,9 ,VOLUME ,TWO ( ,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,DOCUM5T>Y ,HI/ORY ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,IDEAS1 ,I 9CLUD$ SEV]AL SELECTIONS BY ,PAUL ,GOODMAN 7#a#i#a#a-#a#i#g#b71 A PIVOTAL FIGURE 9 ! PO/W> RESURG5CE ( AN>*ISM4 ,GOODMAN WAS A POET1 NOVELI/1 PLAYWRI<T1 LAY PSY*OANALY/1 SOCIAL CRITIC & POLITICAL ACTIVI/4 ,ONE ( HIS MO/ 9FLU5TIAL WRIT+S WAS ,! ,MAY ,PAMPHLET 7#a#i#d#f71 HIS AN>*I/ ANTI-W> /ATEM5T 9 :I* HE SUMM$ UP HIS G5]AL SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY3 0,A FREE SOCIETY CANNOT BE ! SUB/ITUTION ( A 'NEW ORD]' = ! OLD ORD]2 IT IS ! EXT5SION ( SPH]ES ( FREE ACTION UNTIL !Y MAKE UP MO/ ( ! SOCIAL LIFE0 7,VOLUME ,TWO1 ,SELECTION #a#a74 ,) HIS BRO!R ,P]CIVAL1 HE WROTE ,COMMUNITAS--,MEANS ( ,LIVELIHOOD & ,WAYS ( ,LIFE 7#a#i#d#g71 9 :I* !Y PRES5T ?REE COMMUNITY P>ADIGMS = PO/W> SOCIETY1 ! SECOND BE+ AN UPDATE ( ,KROPOTK9'S ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS 7,VOLUME ,ONE1 ,SELECTION #c#d71 9 :I* ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION W\LD BE ELIM9AT$ 7,VOLUME ,TWO1 ,SELECTION #a#g74 

,9 ! FACE ( ! APA?Y1 CON=MISM & UNFULFILL+ CONSUM]ISM ( PO/W> ,AM]ICA1 AMID ! ?REAT ( NUCLE> ANNIHILATION1 ,GOODMAN OBS]V$ ?AT IT 0IS 9EVITABLE ?AT !RE %\LD BE A PUBLIC DREAM ( UNIV]SAL DISA/]1 ) EXPLOSIONS1 FIRES1 & ELECTRIC-%OCKS2 & PEOPLE POOL !IR EF=TS TO BR+ ?IS APOCALYPSE TO AN ACTUALITY0 9 A SOCIETY GE>$ 0T[>D SADISM & PRIM>Y MASO*ISM0 7,VOLUME ,TWO1 ,SELECTION #c#g74 ,APPLY+ ?IS ANALYSIS TO ! PROBLEMS ( Y\? 9 PO/W> SOCIETY1 ,GOODMAN A*IEV$ PROM95CE AS A SOCIAL CRITIC1 P>TICUL>LY ) ! PUBLICATION ( ,GR[+ ,UP ,ABSURD3 ,PROBLEMS ( ,Y\? 9 ! ,ORGANIZ$ ,SOCIETY 9 #a#i#f1 & ,COMPULSORY ,MIS$UCATION 9 #a#i#f#d4 ,HE WAS AN ADVOCATE ( HUMAN SCALE TE*NOLOGY 7,VOLUME ,TWO1 ,SELECTION #g71 A VOCAL OPPON5T ( ! ,U4,S4 W> 9 ,VIETNAM & A FREQU5T CONTRIBUTOR TO ! ,NEW ,YORK ,REVIEW ( ,BOOKS4 

,AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 :5 !RE WAS TALK ( TURN+ ! ,U4,S4 ,>MY BACK 9TO A VOLUNTE] =CE 7SOME?+ ?AT WAS NOT TO HAPP5 UNTIL #a#i#g#c71 ,GOODMAN WROTE ! FOLL[+ OP5 LETT] TO HI< S*OOL GRADUATES4 ,SEE+ ?AT ! ,>MY CONT9UES TO RELY ON 0VOLUNTE]S10 HIS COMM5TS REMA9 P]T95T TODAY4 

,LETT] TO HI< S*OOL GRADUATES 

,DE> ,GRADUATE3 

,! CONGRESS IS /ILL SQUIRM+ AB\T DECID+ TO EXT5D ! DRAFT ACT1 9 ! FACE ( OPPOSITION ( LABOR UNIONS1 F>M]S1 RELIGI\S ORGANIZATIONS & O!R BODIES ( VOT]S ?AT SEEM TO RETA9 A LITTLE SANITY ON ?IS DIRECT P]SONAL ISSUE ?\< !Y COOP]AT$ ) ! W> 9 !IR MANUFACTURES1 TAXES1 DI%ONE/ S]MONS1 & G5]AL COMPLIANCE4 ,! RECALCITRANCE ( ! PUBLIC & ! CONGRESSM5'S FE> ( LOS+ !IR JOBS HAVE PUT IT UP TO ! ,>MY TO (F] ADD$ 9DUCEM5TS TO VOLUNTE]S1 9 CASE ! DRAFT LAPSES4 ,?AT IS1 UNABLE TO P]SUADE ! M9DS ( ADULTS1 ! ,>MY TURNS ITS APPEAL TO ! IMMATURE GRADUATES ( HI< S*OOL1 :O 9 S*OOL HAVE LE>N$ NO?+ ( ! FACTS ( \R SOCIAL LIFE & :O1 IMMUR$ 9 !IR HOMES & S*OOLS1 HAVE HAD NO *ANCE ( LE>N+ ANY?+ BY DIRECT EXP]I5CE4 

,! TRU? IS ?AT ! 9DUCEM5TS = A Y\? TO VOLUNTE] >E 9DE$ P]SUASIVE2 ! ,>MY HAS A GOOD CASE4 ,A GOOD CASE TO 5TICE A Y\NG MAN 9TO AN UNPRODUCTIVE WA/E ( HIS YE>S1 SUBS]VI5T TO IGNORANT (FIC]S1 D$ICAT$ TO A PURPOSE ADMITT$ TO BE UNIV]SALLY DISA/R\S1 & 9 A /ATUS ?AT UP TO N[ 9 ,AM]ICAN PEACETIME HI/ORY HAS ALWAYS BE5 REG>D$ ) CONTEMPT BY ! CITIZ5S4 ,NEV]!LESS ! ,>MY HAS A GOOD CASE6 ,:AT AN 9DICTM5T ( ! /ATE ( \R 9/ITUTIONS IF EV5 ! ,>MY HAS A GOOD CASE6 

,?,R,E,E ,M,A,9 ,C,A,U,S,E,S 

,OMITT+ ! PROSPECT ( BE+ DRAFT$ WILLY-NILLY1 !RE >E ?REE MA9 CAUSES1 9T]DEP5D5T ON EA* O!R1 ?AT BR+ Y\NG M5 TO VOLUNTE]3 7A7 ,! PRESSURE ( MAK+ A LIV+ & F9D+ A JOB4 7B7 ,! FE> ( RESPONSIBLE 9DEP5D5CE4 7C7 ,! NE$ TO ESCAPE FROM HOME4 ,ON ALL ?OSE ?REE C\NTS ! ,>MY SEEMS TO PROVIDE ! BE/ SOLUTION AVAILABLE 9 ! 9/ITUTIONS--UNLESS ! Y\NG MAN OP5S HIS EYES1 FREES HIMSELF FROM ! FE> ( AU?ORITY1 & JOYFULLY WORKS TO *ANGE ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS4 

7A7 ,I HAVE BE=E ME A CRUDE MIMEOGRAPH$ CIRCUL> DI/RIBUT$ BY ! ,>MY ,RECRUIT+ ,/ATION1 #bi ,EA/ ,=DHAM ,ROAD1 ,! ,BRONX1 ,NEW ,YORK4 ,IT BEG9S3 

,DE> ,GRADUATE1 ,CONGRATULATIONS UPON Y\R SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION ( ,HI< ,S*OOL4 ,Y\ >E N[ /&+ AT ! CROSSROADS ( Y\R WORLD4 

,& ! CIRCUL> !N PRES5TS A DIAGRAM ( #c ROADS3 

#a4 ,C>E] ,ROAD3 ,TO ,SECURITY6 ,C>E]6 #b-YE> ,RETIREM5T ) ,>MY4 

#b4 ,$UCATION ,AV5UE3 ,TO ,COLLEGE6 ,FIVE ,YE>S FREE AFT] #c YE>S 9 REGUL> ,>MY4 

#c4 ,D\BTFUL ,LANE8 ,CIVILIAN ,JOB4 ,NO ,SECURITY4 ,C>E] ,QUE/IONABLE4 ,RETIRE--:58 ,$UCATION--,MAYBE4 

,D\BTFUL ,LANE86 ,SU* IS ! BREAKD[N ( ! SY/EM ( 0FREE 5T]PRISE0 ?AT UP TO N[ HAS BE5 ! *IEF APOLOGY = ,AM]ICAN CAPITALISM6 

0,LET'S FACE FACTS10 ! CIRCUL> GOES ON4 0,MILLIONS ( VET]ANS >E COM+ BACK 9TO CIVILIAN LIFE4 ,!Y NE$ JOBS & HAVE FIR/ PRIORITY1 ETC40 

,:AT GALL66 TO D>E TO >GUE FROM !SE 0FACTS06 ,IT IS PRECISELY ! TOP ( ! HI]>*Y ( ?IS ,>MY ?AT HAS P]SI/5TLY )/OOD EV]Y /RUGGLE TO IMPROVE ECONOMIC CONDITIONS2 ?IS ,>MY ?AT HAS BROK5 /RIKES :5 /RIKES W]E NOT YET CONTROLL$ BY ! LABOR-BUREAUCRACIES & ?AT WILL AGA9 BREAK /RIKES2 ?IS ,>MY ?AT MU/ BE FILL$ 9 ORD] TO PROTECT ,AM]ICAN 0COMMITM5TS0 ABROAD1 & ! COMMITM5TS >E NO?+ BUT ! 9T]E/S ( ! V]Y CLASS & ! V]Y ,/ATE ?AT MA9TA9 ! CONDITIONS ( 0NO SECURITY1 C>E] QUE/IONABLE1 $UCATION MAYBE40 ,! ,>MY HELPS TO CREATE & MA9TA9 ! FACTS & !N SAYS FACE ! FACTS4 ,IS NOT ?IS =M ( P]SUASION KN[N AS EXTORTION8 

,I AM MYSELF ACADEMICALLY TRA9$1 & ,I AM A/ONI%$ & A%AM$ TO SEE H[ ! COLLEGES & ! UNIV]SITIES HAVE GRASP$ AT !SE ,>MY SUBSIDIES & FEES4 ,IT IS ! 5D ( FREE RESE>* & LIB]AL $UCATION1 = HE :O PAYS ! PIP] CALLS ! TUNE4 ,! TE*NICAL TRA9+ ( :I* ! ,>MY BOA/S WILL1 = A TIME1 9V5T NEW WEAPONS1 BUT IT WILL NOT ADVANCE SCI5CE4 

7B7 ,EV5 SO1 ?IS ECONOMIC >GUM5T ( ! ,>MY CIRCUL> W\LD NOT BE P]SUASIVE IF IT W]E NOT = ! ATTITUDE ( TIMIDITY1 LACK ( SELF-CONFID5CE1 & G5]AL LACK ( CULTURAL & SOCIAL 9T]E/ ) :I* IT IS RECEIV$ BY ! Y\NG M52 = NO 9DEP5D5T & 9TELLECTUALLY ACTIVE Y\? W\LD SACRIFICE DUR+ !SE EXCIT+ YE>S ( HIS LIFE HIS FRE$OM TO EXPLORE & TAKE HIS *ANCES4 ,BUT ! PRESSURE ( P>5TAL ECONOMIC ANXIETY HAS LONG S9CE CREAT$ 9 ! *ILD'S M9D ! FEEL+ ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO MAKE A LIV+2 ! Y\NG MAN1 BULLI$ & BEAT5 AT HOME1 SECRETLY BELIEVES ?AT HE IS WOR?LESS & C\LD NEV] MAKE A GO ( IT4 ,FUR!R1 HE IS SECRETLY AFRAID TO BE ECONOMICALLY 9DEP5D5T1 = SU* 9DEP5D5CE IMPLIES ALSO SEXUAL 9DEP5D5CE & P]HAPS M>RIAGE1 BUT LONG DEPRIVATION & CO]CIVE TABOOS HAVE 9VE/$ ?IS IDEA ) T]RIBLE ANXIETY & GUILT4 ,FUNDAM5TALLY1 TO GO IT ALONE MEANS TO D>E TO TAKE FA!R'S PLACE & EV5 P]HAPS TO BECOME A FA!R2 BUT ! *ILD HAS LONG OBS]V$ ?AT FA!R HIMSELF C\LD NOT FULFILL ! RESPONSIBILITY 9 \R SOCIETY2 H[ MU* ! LESS CAN HE1 :OM FA!R HAS SO (T5 BANG$ D[N & CALL$ A FOOL8 ,FUR!RMORE1 YE>S ( MIS-$UCATION HAVE BY N[ /IFL$ EV]Y IMPULSE ( CURIOSITY1 CULTURAL 9T]E/1 & CREATIVE AMBITION ?AT NORMALLY >ISES 9 GR[+ BOYS2 9 HIS S*OOL+ NO NATURAL B5T HAS BE5 5C\RAG$2 N[1 CONSEQU5TLY1 EV]Y HUMAN ACTIVITY SEEMS IMP5ETRABLY MY/]I\S--! Y\? IS SURE ?AT :]EV] HE TURNS HE WILL MAKE A FOOL ( HIMSELF2 HIS EGO RESI/S ! *ALL5GE ) ALL ITS MI<T4 

,BUT BEHOLD6 ! ,>MY SOLVES ALL PROBLEMS4 ,IT IMPOSES 9 AN EV5 /RICT] =M ! P>5TAL DISCIPL9E & PUNI%M5T ?AT ! S\L CRAVES2 & 9 A BETT] =M1 = !RE IS AT LEA/ NO ADMIXTURE ( LOVE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME IT RELEASES ONE FROM ALL RESPONSIBILITY2 ! ,>MY PROVIDES EV]Y SAFETY AS IT PREP>ES ITS MEMB]S = ! MOM5T ( EXTREME/ DANG]4 ,9 ! ,>MY ! Y\NG MAN HAS A DISCIPL9$ IRRESPONSIBILITY4 ,9 ! 5DLESS HI]>*Y ( ! ,>MY IT WILL EV5 BE POSSIBLE = ! Y\NG MAN TO BULLY SOMEONE 9 TURN1 = !RE IS ALWAYS A NEWCOM] ) ONE LESS /RIPE4 

7C7 ,& TO GET AWAY FROM HOME6 ,REALLY AWAY & F> AWAY6 ,?IS ALSO ! ,>MY PROVIDES4 ,BUT AP>T FROM ! ,>MY1 AS ?+S >E 9 \R SOCIETY1 EV5 IF ! Y\NG MAN F9DS A JOB HE WILL /ILL HAVE TO REMA9 = SEV]AL YE>S )9 ! ACCURS$ P>5TAL WALLS1 HIS NEW CONTRIBUTION M]ELY CREAT+ A NEW FRICTION4 ,IF HIS FAMILY IS :AT WE CAN OBS]VE N9E \T ( T5 FAMILIES TO BE1 IT WILL =EV] BE IMPOSSIBLE = ! *ILDR5 TO GR[ UP TO REG>D !IR P>5TS AS EQUAL HUMAN BE+S = :OM ONE HAS A SPECIAL AFFECTION4 ,! RELATIONS HAVE BECOME /RA9$4 ,IT IS =EV] IMPOSSIBLE = ! Y\? TO EXPRESS ! LOVE ?AT IS AT ! BOTTOM ( HIS HE>T2 IT IS EQUALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO EXPRESS ! RAGE ?AT IS BOIL+ UP FROM ! BOTTOM TO ! TOP1 & KNOCK ! OLD MAN D[N4 ,!RE=E ! BE/ ?+ IS TO GET AWAY QUICK1 BECAUSE ! NEXT BATTLE WILL BE WORSE ?AN ! LA/ ONE--BUT 9 ! ,>MY ONE CAN FI<T GUILTLESSLY AGA9/ =EIGN]S & AN>*I/S4 

,!SE >E1 ,I ?9K1 ! MA9 REASONS ?AT LEAD ! Y\NG M5 TO VOLUNTE]4 ,( C\RSE !RE >E MANY COROLL>IES ?AT SPR+ FROM ONE OR ANO!R ( !M2 ! PRIDE ( UNI=M1 ! CAM>AD]IE ( ! O!R FELL[S 9 ! SAME BOAT1 TRAVEL1 ! FEV]I% FANTASY ( SEXUAL LIC5SE 9 /RANGE T[NS ETC41 ETC4 ,I %\LD BE MU* SURPRIS$1 H[EV]1 IF AMONG !SE MOTIVES !RE (T5 OCCURR$ A FALSE S5TIM5T ( PATRIOTISM4 ,! ,AM]ICANS >E NOT YET SO CO-ORD9AT$ AS TO IMAG9E ?AT !RE IS A NE$ = ?IS ,>MY4 

,:AT !N8 ,I HOPE ,I HAVE FILL$ \T ! CASE ( ! ,>MY CIRCUL> SO AS TO PRES5T !IR (F] 9 ITS FULL ATTRACTIV5ESS4 ,I HOPE ?AT A FEW Y\NG M5 :O MI<T SEE ?IS WILL HAVE A SMALL FEEL+ ( %AME AT !IR PLI<T1 & !N A GREAT BUR/ ( LAU<T]4 

,Y\NG M56 Y\ >E 9DE$ AT ! CROSSROADS--! CIRCUL> IS RI<T4 ,ON ! ONE H& >E ! SPECI\S & LY+ & NOT UN*ANGEABLE 0FACTS0 ?AT !Y TELL Y\ & ?AT Y\ P]HAPS 9W>DLY FE>4 ,ON ! O!R H& IS ! SIMPLE TRU?3 ?AT Y\ >E NOT WOR?LESS1 Y\ HAVE GREAT P[]S 9 Y\2 ! WORLD IS FULL ( 9T]E/+ POSSIBILITIES1 CREATIVE JOBS1 CRAFTS1 >TS1 & SCI5CES ?AT >E NOT IMP5ETRABLE MY/]IES2 WE NE$ EA* O!R'S MUTUAL AID & NO ONE IS UNAPPRECIAT$ OR ISOLAT$2 SEXUAL LOVE IS GUILTLESS & !RE=E NOT F> TO SEEK4 ,Y\ NE$ MONEY 5\< = HEAL? & HAPP9ESS1 NOT TO BUY :AT IS PICTUR$ 9 ADV]TISEM5TS & ! MOVIES1 & IF ON \R RI* E>? Y\ CAN'T GET ?IS MU* )\T GO+ 9TO ! ,>MY1 Y\ \<T DAMN WELL SEEK \T :O'S /OPP+ Y\4 

,! 9DUCEM5TS ( ! ,>MY >E NOT V]Y DIFF]5T ?AN EXTORTION4 ,HELP US TO *ANGE ! 0FACTS10 TO FREE Y\RSELVES & SET EA* O!R FREE6 

,PAUL ,GOODMAN1 

,APRIL #aidf 

0,DE> ,GRADUATE0 WAS ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ! AN>*I/ MAGAZ9E1 ,:Y81 :I* WAS LAT] R5AM$ ,RESI/ANCE1 A J\RNAL :I* GAVE EXPRESSION TO ! NEW DIRECTIONS 9 AN>*I/ !ORY BE+ TAK5 BY AN>*I/S 9 RESPONSE TO ! SOCIAL *ANGES ?AT FOLL[$ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 ,9 ,VOLUME ,TWO ( ,AN>*ISM1 ,I 9CLUD$ TWO O!R CONTRIBUTIONS TO ,RESI/ANCE1 A #aiec >TICLE BY ,DAVID ,?OREAU ,WIECK 9 :I* HE DISCUSSES1 YE>S BE=E ! SITUATIONI/S1 H[ TO RESI/ A SOCIETY 9 :I* 0A SMALL NUMB] ( PEOPLE1 MORE OR LESS TAL5T$1 %ALL MAKE444 UND] ! USUAL CONSUMPTION-ORI5T$ CONDITIONS ( ! M>KET1 \R 'WORKS ( >T1' \R '5T]TA9M5T1' :ILE ! RE/ ( US >E SPECTATORS0 7,SELECTION #c#i71 & A #ai$ >TICLE BY ,DAVID ,DELL+] ON SMALL GR\P COMMUNAL LIV+1 SOME?+ ?AT BECAME POPUL> AMONG DISAFFECT$ Y\? 9 ! #a#i#fS & #gS 7,SELECTION #d74 

,DAVID ,?OREAU ,WIECK 7#a#i#b#a-#a#i#i#g7 

,DAVID ,?OREAU ,WIECK 7#a#i#b#a-#a#i#i#g7 WAS P>T ( ! NEW G5]ATION ( AN>*I/S TO EM]GE AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 HELP+ TO SP>K ! RESURG5CE ( AN>*I/ IDEAS & MOVEM5TS ( ! #a#i#fS4 ,HE CAME TO AN>*ISM DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION & ,CIVIL ,W> 7#a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i71 :ILE HE WAS /ILL A TE5AG]4 ,DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> HE SP5T #cd MON?S 9 PRISON AS A W> RESI/] & WAS 9VOLV$ !RE 9 PROTE/S AGA9/ RACIAL SEGREGATION4 ,AFT] HIS RELEASE1 HE BECAME 9VOLV$ ) ! AN>*I/ PAP]1 ,:Y81 LAT] R5AM$ ,RESI/ANCE1 :I* HE WROTE = & $IT$ DUR+ ! #a#i#eS4 ,I 9CLUD$ ONE ( HIS PIECES FROM ,RESI/ANCE 9 ,VOLUME ,TWO ( ,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,DOCUM5T>Y ,HI/ORY ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,IDEAS4 ,! FOLL[+ PIECE1 9 :I* ,WIECK DISCUSSES ! IMPORTANCE1 & ! LIMITS1 ( ! 0MILITANT PACIFI/0 MOVEM5TS :I* BEGAN US+ CIVIL DISOB$I5CE TO PROTE/ W> & RACIAL DISCRIM9ATION 9 ! ,U4,S4 9 ! #a#i#eS1 WAS ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,RESI/ANCE1 ,VOLUME ,X,I,I1 ,NO4 #a1 9 ,APRIL #a#i#e#d4 ,O!R NOTEWOR?Y ESSAYS BY ,WIECK 9CLUDE 0,! ,NEGATIVITY ( ,AN>*ISM0 & 0,AN>*I/ ,JU/ICE0 7#a#i#g#h74 

,FROM ,POLITICS TO ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION 

,IT IS N[ NE>LY A DECADE S9CE ! 5D ( ! W>1 & NO?+ 9 ?IS BREA?+-SPACE--LET US BE PLA9--GIVES EV5 MODE/ HOPE OR SATISFACTION TO PEOPLE :O DESIRE PEACE1 ECONOMIC JU/ICE1 FRE$OM4 ,\R SOCIAL CONDITION CALLS = A RADICAL /EP1 ! EX]CISE ( \R HI<E/ P[]S1 UNCALCULAT$ RISKS--TO KN[ ?IS REQUIRES ONLY A LOOK AT \R WORLD ( P]MAN5T W>1 ( CLA%+ EMPIRE ,/ATES1 ( ,GOV]NM5T & ,BUS9ESS BUREAUCRACY1 ( ! CURR5T 9QUISITION4 ,HI/ORY1 ! BL9D MOM5TUM ( A BL9D PA/1 IS NOT RESCU+ US2 EV5 ON ! R>E OCCASIONS :5 ONE CAN TAKE A S5SIBLE ACTION 9 RELATION TO ! BIG ,NATIONAL ,QUE/IONS1 IT CAN H>DLY BE ) ILLUSIONS ?AT ! BE/ \TCOME WILL BR+ US S5SIBLY NE>] A GOOD SOCIETY2 ! ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T IS NOT RESURG5T1 & ! PEOPLE GIVE NO E> TO APPEALS TO RISE UP & *ANGE IT ALL4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO 9V5T SOME?+ ELSE TO DO1 & TAK5 AS A :OLE RADICALS HAVE NOT BE5 TOO 9V5TIVE4 

,N[ TO 9V5T 0SOME?+ ELSE TO DO0 IS NOT AT ALL EASY--ESPECIALLY ONE DOES NOT TELL SOMEONE ELSE :AT TO 9V5T6 ,IT IS POSSIBLE1 H[EV]1 TO GIVE A R\< DESCRIPTION ( :AT IS NE$$4 ,IT IS ! MORE NECESS>Y TO DO SO1 S9CE IT IS WIDELY BELIEV$ ?AT WE NE$ 0NEW DIRECTIONS40 ,IT HAPP5S ?AT ! RI<T DIRECTIONS >E REALLY QUITE OLD1 & ALMO/ OBVI\S1 & SO ?OR\<LY IGNOR$6 ,SO ONE CANNOT GO AMISS TO SPEAK ( !M4 

,MILITANT ,PACIFISM 

,! ONE /RIK+ 9NOVATION ON ! ,AM]ICAN RADICAL SC5E IS ! CAMPAIGN ( CIVIL DISOB$I5CE WAG$ BY ! MILITANT PACIFI/S1 9SPIR$ DIRECTLY BY ,G&HI & D]IVATIVELY BY ,?OREAU4 ,I WANT TO DISCUSS ?IS MOVEM5T A LITTLE--TO GIVE IT ! PRAISE ?AT IS DUE IT1 & TO USE ITS LIMITATIONS TO %[ CRUCIAL NEGLECT$ DIRECTIONS 9 ! ?9K+ ( ,AM]ICAN RADICALS4 

,TODAY BE+ ,M>* #ae ! MAIL C>RIES NEWS ?AT #dc 9DIVIDUALS HAVE REFUS$ TO PAY 9COME-TAX ?IS YE>4 ,OV] ! LA/ FEW YE>S A C]TA9 NUMB] HAVE BE5 IMPRISON$ = DRAFT RESI/ANCE2 UNTIL SIL5C$ BY ! ,GOV]NM5T'S PO/-(FICE REGULATIONS1 ! PAP] ,ALT]NATIVE C>RI$ ON VIGOR\S AGITATION ALONG !SE L9ES1 AS = A TIME DID ! ,CA?OLIC ,WORK]4 ,REC5TLY MANY ( ! SAME PEOPLE1 MO/ ( !M ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,PEACEMAK]S MOVEM5T1 HAVE ISSU$ A DECL>ATION ( NON-COOP]ATION ) ,CONGRESSIONAL 9QUISITION & AFFIRMATION ( 9T5TION TO EX]CISE FREE SPEE*4 

,= REASONS WE COME TO LAT]1 AN>*I/S HAVE CRITICIZ$ ?IS PROGRAM1 NO D\BT UNDULY H>%LY4 ,( ALL RADICAL MOVEM5TS PACIFISM IS ! WEAKE/ !ORETICALLY1 IT IS A SITT+ DUCK4 ,BUT ! FACT REMA9S ?AT !SE P]SONS1 AT SACRIFICE OR AT LEA/ RISK1 HAVE MADE A SYMBOLIC GE/URE ( PROTE/4 ,NOT EV]YONE ELSE HAS DONE SOME?+ & !IRS IS AN ADMIRABLE 0PROPAG&A ( ! DE$10 DES]V+ HONOR4 

,BUT ,MILITANT ,PACIFISM IS NOT A G5]AL ME?OD ( SOCIAL ACTION1 & ITS *IEF ]ROR IS PRECISELY 9 NOT SEE+ ?IS4 ,IT IS A TE*NIQUE4 ,IT IS :AT SOME PEOPLE HAVE TO DO1 AS A MATT] ( 9TEGRITY4 ,IT IS A PRACTICAL WEAPON ( SOME IMPORTANCE4 ,BUT AS A MATT] ( DEMON/RABLE FACT1 IT IS NOT A ME?OD ( *ANG+ SOCIETY4 

,! HI/ORY ( CIVIL DISOB$I5CE ILLU/RATES \R PO9T4 ,?OREAU WAS PROTE/+ AGA9/ A P>TICUL> LAW1 ! ,FUGITIVE ,SLAVE ,LAW1 A LAW ?AT WIDESPREAD DISOB$I5CE C\LD HAVE PUT \T ( COMMISSION )\T MORE ADO4 ,MORE G5]ALLY HE SAW CIVIL DISOB$I5CE AS A WAY = CITIZ5S TO EX]CISE A CONT9U+ VIGILANCE & P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY T[>D LAW & GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT SUPPOSE ! GOV]NM5T IS NOT FUNDAM5TALLY A S5SIBLE ONE1 SUPPOSE IT HAS BE5 BUILT UP BY A PAT*WORK REM$Y+ ( EVILS BY LESS] EVILS--:AT SORT ( WAY ( LIFE WILL ?IS BE1 ) ! CONSCI5TI\S CITIZ5S SP5D+ MO/ ( !IR TIME 9 JAIL8 7,IT IS A NICE ?+ TO SAY1 ?AT 9 C]TA9 SOCIETIES A FREE MAN 0BELONGS0 9 PRISON2 BUT EXCEPT AS A REVOLUTION>Y SLOGAN IT IS A MI<TY UNPLEASANT SUGGE/ION74 ,OR SUPPOSE ! EVILS--9 \R CASE1 ! W>S & >MIES & ! RE/-->E NOT A FOOLI% EXCRESC5CE ON A HEAL?Y BODY SOCIAL1 BUT P>T ( ! V]Y FABRIC ( SOCIETY--H[ CAN ! GOV]NM5T RETRACT & REM$Y IT8 

,?IS IS :Y A SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS NE$$1 & :Y 5]GIES %\LD NOT GO TO 9FLU5C+ ! GOV]NM5T1 BUT TO *ANG+ ! TOTAL SY/EM4 

,! SCOPE ( ! PROBLEM TO :I* CIVIL DISOB$I5CE WAS APPLI$ 9 ,9DIA WAS ALSO V]Y N>R[1 A FACT OBSCUR$ BY ! SIZE ( ! NATION4 ,! S+LE PO9T 9 QUE/ION WAS1 W\LD ! GOV]NM5T ( ,9DIA BE ,BRITI% OR ,9DIAN8 ,ECONOMIC1 COMMUNAL & O!R RELATIONS REMA9$ ! SAME1 ! ,BRITI% RUL]S HAD ONLY TO GET 5\< ( H>ASS+ & %AM+ & F9ALLY TO DEVISE A REASONABLY GRACEFUL WAY TO GET \T4 7,9CID5TALLY1 IT WAS PROBABLY ! FAILURE ( ,G&HISM ?AT IT DISSOCIAT$ ! 9DEP5D5CE & SOCIAL QUE/IONS74 

,\R PROBLEM 9 ,AM]ICA1 TO REPEAT1 IS ! DIFF]5T ONE ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 0,W>S WILL CEASE :5 M5 REFUSE TO FI<T0--ONLY IF !Y RE-ORD] ! SOCIETY SO AS TO ELIM9ATE ! DRIVES TO W>1 ! NECESSITY = W>4 

,N[ !RE >E TWO WAYS1 JU/ TWO1 ( CONCEIV+ A SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ( SOLV+ ! PROBLEM ?AT PACIFISM ATTEMPTS TO IGNORE4 ,! ONE IS BY MEANS ( GOV]NM5T3 SOCIALI/2 & ! O!R IS \TSIDE ( GOV]NM5T1 & ABOLI%+ IT3 AN>*I/4 ,OR TO PUT IT P]HAPS MORE MEAN+FULLY3 9 ! SOCIALI/ CASE ! REVOLUTIONI/S OBTA9 POLITICAL P[]1 & MANAGE & COORD9ATE SOCIAL *ANGES FROM ! HEI<TS ( P[]4 ,9 ! AN>*I/ CASE GOV]NM5T IS TREAT$ AS BY NATURE OB/RUCTIVE & OPPRESSIVE & NONCREATIVE1 ! REVOLUTION IS C>RI$ \T BY ECONOMIC EXPROPRIATION & RE-ORGANIZATION1 BY ! =MATION ( 9DEP5D5T COMMUNAL ORGANIZATIONS1 BY CREAT+ A NEW WAY ( LIFE 9 $UCATION1 CRIM9OLOGY & ! RE/2 ! ,/ATE DOES NOT 0WI!R AWAY10 NOR IS IT EV5 0OV]?R[N20 IT DIES ON ! SPOT4 

,9 EI!R CASE CIVIL DISOB$I5CE MAY PLAY SOME ROLE1 & 9 ! AN>*I/ CASE IT IS CIVIL DISOB$I5CE--OR TO DESCRIBE IT MORE ACCURATELY1 TOTAL IGNOR+--?AT ABOLI%ES GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT :AT IS DONE AB\T1 & 9 RELATION TO1 GOV]NM5T DOES NOT MATT] EXCEPT = ITS EFFECT ON ! TOTAL SOCIETY4 

,A MOM5T'S REFLECTION WILL %[ ?AT ! PROBLEM IS NOT FUTURI/IC4 ,IF ! SOCIALI/ ME?OD ( GOV]NM5TALISM IS FOLL[$--AS WE HOPE NOT--!N A =?RI<T PREP>ATION1 IDEOLOGICALLY & TACTICALLY1 %\LD BEG9 N[4 ,IF ! AN>*I/ ME?OD1 !N ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION %\LD BEG9 N[ 7H[1 WE WILL SPEAK ( LAT]74 ,A MOVEM5T :I* REPUDIATES !SE QUE/IONS CAN BE A V]Y VALUABLE 0TR\BLEMAK]0--!RE IS NE$ = TR\BLEMAK]S--BUT NOT A 0PEACEMAK]40 

,ONE MAY MAKE A V]Y 9T]E/+ P>ALLEL ) 0PURE0 SYNDICALISM1 :I* TOO ATTEMPT$ TO BE A ?+ SUFFICI5T 9 ITSELF1 NEI!R SOCIALI/ NOR AN>*I/1 & BECAME A DEAD5D EXCEPT AS IT BECAME AN APP5DAGE ( SOCIALI/ P>TIES OR A RA!R CONFUS$ ASSOCIATE ( AN>*ISM4 ,!RE IS ANO!R ANALOGY :I* IS EV5 MORE /RIK+1 H[EV]4 ,9 ! #a#i? C5TURY1 GRADUALLY DY+ \T S9CE1 !RE WAS 9 SOME QU>T]S1 9CLUD+ SOME AN>*I/ ONES1 A RETROSPECTIVELY V]Y NAIVE FAI? 9 VIOL5CE-9-ITSELF--! MAGIC ( SPORADIC ACTS ( VIOL5CE CULM9AT+ 9 B>RICADES4 7,!RE WAS EV5 A PHILOSOPH] ( P]MAN5T VIOL5CE1 ,SOREL47 ,\R 0NONVIOL5T0 FRI5DS HAVE REALLY TURN$ ?IS MY? 9SIDE \T--AS ?\< ! %$D+ ( BLOOD WAS ITS UNIQUE MISCALCULATION4 ,IF ?+S W]E ONLY SO SIMPLE & VIOL5CE ALONE TO BLAME6 ,BUT A REVOLUTION IS A POSITIVE ?+1 IT IS VA/LY MORE ?AN EI!R VIOL5CE OR NONVIOL5CE4 ,CIVIL DISOB$I5CE CAN BE A P[]FUL PROPAG&A ( ! DE$1 & A P[]FUL SPECIFIC WEAPON1 BUT ?AT IS ALL IT IS4 

,?IRD ,CAMP & ,DEMOCRATIC ,ILLUSION 

,! 9ADEQUACY ( CIVIL DISOB$I5CE IS NOT REM$I$--QUITE ! CONTR>Y--BY RESUSCITAT+ ! ANCI5T RADICAL ILLUSION ( ! DEF5SIVE UNIT$ FRONT4 ,9 ?IS CASE ! UNIT$ FRONT--( ! ,?IRD ,CAMP--M>*ES RI<T UP TO ! PROBLEM ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 COMES \T F\R-SQU>E = A GOOD SOCIETY1 & PROCE$S TO E/ABLI% ITS COMPROMISE *>ACT] AS A DEF5SIVE1 OPPOS+1 PROTE/+ MOVEM5T4 ,BUT !SE 9/ITUTIONS & !SE W>S DO NOT VANI% UND] A GOOD L\D PROTE/4 

,EXCEPT AS ! POLITICAL ELEM5TS GA9 ! UPP] H&1 OR AS ! PACIFI/S DRAW AN>*I/ CONCLUSIONS1 ! ,?IRD ,CAMP REMA9S 9 ! PACIFI/ DILEMMA--:I* IT HAS MANAG$ TO MAKE WORSE4 ,:AT IS VALUABLE 9 ,MILITANT ,PACIFISM1 ITS EMPHASIS ON 9DIVIDUAL ACTION1 9DIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY & 9ITIATIVE1 EM]GES FROM COMPROMISE AS ! VIEWPO9T ( A FACTION1 NOT TO *>ACT]IZE ! MOVEM5T4 ,9T]E/ & 5]GY IS NECESS>ILY %IFT$ !N TO A HYPO!TICAL MASS MOVEM5T--:I* HAS ! MIS=TUNE NOT TO EXI/1 NOR IS ! GR\ND PREP>$ = IT1 NOR /EPS TO PREP>E ! GR\ND TAK54 

,BUT ! HYPO!TICAL NATURE ( ! MASS MOVEM5T DOES NOT SAVE ! UNIT$ FRONT FROM ! CONSEQU5CES ( MASS MOVEM5TS4 ,9 ! DAY-BY-DAY ( A LIB]ATION MOVEM5T ALSO !RE IS A SOCIALI/ WAY & AN AN>*I/ WAY--! WAY ( ,DEMOCRACY & ! WAY ( ,FRE$OM4 ,IPSO FACTO ! CREATION ( A UNIFI$ ?IRD PRESSURE =CE MAKES ! *OICE ( ,DEMOCRACY & IGNORES A C5TURY ( HI/ORY4 

,A C5TURY ( HI/ORY6 ,( LABOR UNIONS ?AT BECAME BUREAUCRACIES & DICTATOR%IPS1 ( REVOLUTION>Y POLITICAL P>TIES ?AT BECAME EXACTLY ! SAME ?+ ON A MORE T]RIBLE SCALE4 ,9 ,AM]ICA WE HAVE HAD A C5TURY & A HALF ( EXP]I5CE 9 DEMOCRACY1 9 EV]Y TYPE ( ORGANIZATION FROM GOV]NM5T D[N TO LOCAL UNION1 LODGE & P>TY4 ,/ILL ! ILLUSION P]SI/S ?AT ! MEMB]%IP CAN CONTROL ! C5TRALLY-DIRECT$ ACTIVITIES ( ! ORGANIZATION BY VOT+1 GO+ TO MEET+S1 ETC4 ,ALMO/ ANY ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS1 IF IT IS MORE ?AN A FEW MON?S OLD1 MAY BE TAK5 AS A MODEL ( ! DEVOLUTION ( DEMOCRACY4 ,IT IS A LESSON EA* P]SON CAN V]IFY FROM HIS [N EXP]I5CES1 & ! FIR/ LESSON = A #b? C5TURY RADICAL TO LE>N3 ?AT ! COLORATION ( EV]Y ORGANIZATION IS DET]M9$ ULTIMATELY BY :O MAKES ! DECISIONS1 & V]Y LITTLE BY :O VOTES = ! DECISION-MAK]S1 OR :O VOTES TO RATIFY !IR DECISIONS 9 PRE-FABRICAT$ CONV5TIONS4 

,UN=TUNATELY ! AN>*I/ APPRECIATION ( ! PROBLEM ( ORGANIZATION IS NOT UND]/OOD1 & WIDELY C>ICATUR$4 ,ORGANIZATION 9 ITSELF IS NOT EVIL3 ! EVIL IS P[]1 & ! REM$Y = ! EVIL ( P[] IS1 NOT ! HALF-/EP ( ,DEMOCRACY1 BUT ! :OLE /EP ( ,FRE$OM4 0,! CURE = ! ILLS ( DEMOCRACY IS MORE DEMOCRACY0 IS ALMO/ TRUE3 BUT ! CON/ITUTIONAL SAFEGU>DS >E CIRCUMV5T$1 ! OTIOSE MEMB]%IP SLUMB]S ON1 & NO?+ *ANGES4 ,TO DEF9E ! AB/RACT WORD 9 ! CONTEXT1 FRE$OM MEANS 9DIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY & 9ITIATIVE1 GR\P DISCUSSION & DECISIONS1 & DELEGATION ONLY ( SPECIFIC1 ESPECIALLY ME*ANICAL1 FUNCTIONS :I* CANNOT BE DONE BY 9DIVIDUALS & FACE-TO-FACE GR\PS4 ,! COROLL>Y ( ?IS PR9CIPLE IS ?AT AN OBJECTIVE A*IEVABLE ONLY BY A FRE$OM-DEFEAT+ C5TRALIZ+ ORGANIZATION %\LD BE AB&ON$ UNTIL A NEW WAY IS F\ND4 

,AS RESPONSIBILITY & 9ITIATIVE & /RONG PRIM>Y GR\PS BECOME MORE COMMON1 MORE ELABORATE ORGANIZATION BECOMES POSSIBLE3 F9ALLY A FREE SOCIETY4 ,BUT WE DO NOT HAVE SU* PEOPLE TO WORK )1 WE >E NOT SU* PEOPLE4 

,:O IS TO UNIFY ! PRESSURE =CE ( ! UNIT$ FRONT8 ,:O IS TO MAKE ! DECISIONS8 WRITE ! PROGRAMS8 CO9 ! SLOGANS8 IF NOT ! LEAD]%IP CADRES :O HAVE H&$ D[N ! L9E AT EV]Y POLITICAL CONF]5CE & 9 EV]Y POLITICAL MOVEM5T ( PA/ & PRES5T--! AN>*I/1 :]E AN>*I/S HAVE TRI$ IT1 AS MU* AS ANY O!R4 ,SO ?AT ! *OICE IS BETWE5 MAK+ \R REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS AN ACTIVITY ( 9DIVIDUALS & FACE TO FACE GR\PS1 JO9+ TOGE!R MORE WIDELY = SPECIFIC PURPOSES2 OR ! MOBILIZATION ( A MASS MOVEM5T :I* WILL TAKE ON1 EV5 IF UNSUCCESSFUL1 ! ORGANIZATIONAL TONE ( ! SOCIETY-AT-L>GE4 

,9 ! SECOND CASE ! S9C]E RADICALS MAY F9D !MSELVES1 RA!R TOO LATE1 9 LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T ( ! MICROCOSMIC SOCIETY :I* WAS TO BE ! 9/RUM5T ( LIB]ATION4 

,TO FOLL[ ! AN>*I/ WAY MEANS TO GIVE UP A LOT ( ROMANTIC IMAGES ( ! MASSES & G5]AL /RIKES & REVOLUTIONS4 ,BUT IT ALSO MEANS TO CREATE SOME?+ ?AT ACTUALLY T5DS TO A*IEVE ! SAME GOOD ULTIMATE GOALS1 A NON-ROMANTIC REVOLUTION4 ,ANYONE CAN SEE ?AT PEOPLE :O BECOME %EEP :5 !Y HAVE A %EPH]D >E1 )\T ONE1 MORE LIKELY TO ACT LIKE LO/ %EEP ?AN LIKE 9V5TIVE M54 ,IT IS1 H[EV]1 9 ! MOVEM5T ( LIB]ATION1 IF ANY:]E1 ?AT ! E?ICS & DYNAMICS ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY >E GIV5 BIR?1 & M5 & WOM5 CAN BEG9 TO REALIZE !IR P[]S4 

,! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION 

,/&+ ON AN EXTREME PEAK ( IDEALISM AN>*I/S HAVE ALL ! TOOLS = TE>+ EV]YBODY TO PIECES4 ,& ?IS IS RI<TLY IRK+1 IF ! AN>*I/S CANNOT GO ON OR REFUSE TO GO ON4 

,WE CAN PROCE$ ) TWO /ATEM5TS3 7#a7 ,! 9DIVIDUAL IS P[]FUL4 7#b7 ,! FUTURE SOCIETY DOES NOT YET EXI/1 NOR CAN IT BE IMPOS$ BY =CE4 

,TO TAKE ! SECOND FIR/4 ,AN>*I/S & REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY AGRE$ ?AT ! FUTURE SOCIETY ALREADY EXI/$3 ?AT !RE WAS M]ELY A CLASS ( RUL]S1 [N]S & PRIE/S TO CLE> \T & DISP]SE1 ! GOV]NM5T TO NULLIFY--EV5 ,M>XISM !ORIZ$ ?IS-- & ! REVOLUTION WAS MADE4 ,REVOLUTIONI/S S\<T TO /IR PEOPLE TO RESI/ & RISE UP1 !Y /ROVE TO RELEASE ! UND]LY+1 SUPPRESS$--BUT NOT 9 ! PSY*OLOGICAL S5SE REPRESS$--SOLID>ITY4 

,N[1 ! CASE IS1 ! MASSES >E FRAGM5T$1 DESOLID>IZ$2 GOV]NM5T 9T]V5TION1 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC BUREAUCRACY >E DEEPLY IMPLICAT$ 9 EV]YDAY LIFE1 !Y MAKE ! W>S & ! ANIMAT+ ECONOMIC POLICIES2 PRIM>Y COMMUNITY1 ! OLD UND]LY+ HEAL?1 IS GONE1 ! 9/9CTS ( COOP]ATION >E B>ELY VISIBLE4 ,! FUTURE SOCIETY DOES NOT YET EXI/--& H[ ?IS NEW FACT IS MET IS CRUCIAL4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S ATTEMPT TO MEET ! NEW SITUATION BY IMPOS+ ! FUTURE SOCIETY ?R\< MANIPULATIVE VANGU>DI/ MOVEM5TS4 ,:ATEV] !IR !ORIZ+ AB\T P>TY DICTATOR%IP1 !Y CREATE V>IATIONS ON ! S+LE !ME ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION1 NOT ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE OR #a#h#d#h4 7,WE >E NOT REF]R+ TO ?OSE CONS]VATIVE SOCIALI/S :O SIMPLY WANT TO EXT5D ! 0SOCIALIZ+0 T5D5CIES ( CAPITALISM1 BY ,LABORISM47 

,BUT IF #a#i? C5TURY SOCIALISM1 BY 9SI/+ ON RETA9+ ! ,/ATE = A C]TA9 TIME1 !REBY AUTOMATICALLY H9D]$ REVOLUTION>Y CREATIVITY1 ! MOD]N REVOLUTION-BY-!-,/ATE1 :ILE FULL ( 0CRITICISMS0 ( #a#i#a#g1 ?REAT5S TO MULTIPLY ! P[] & M5ACE ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! EXI/+ ,SOCIETY IS NO LONG] ! FRI5D ( ! REVOLUTION1 IT IS ! BODY UPON :I* ! REVOLUTION>Y ,/ATE IS TO P]=M ITS SURG]Y4 

,/ATE-VIOL5CE1 H[EV] RATIONALIZ$1 CANNOT CURE ! DISEASE ( ! SOCIETY2 A TIMID GOV]NM5TALISM CANNOT *ANGE ! SOCIETY1 & A BOLD ONE IS ! EQUIVAL5T ( ,BOL%EVISM4 ,! REVOLUTION--?IS IS ! NEGATIVE LESSON--ABSOLUTELY MU/ BE ABLE TO ABOLI% GOV]NM5T1 ! 9/ITUTION CAN BE REG>D$ ) NO TOL]ANCE1 ! 9/ITUTION HAS TOO DANG]\S A ROLE TO P]MIT EQUIVOCATION4 

,BUT IF ! FUTURE SOCIETY DOES NOT EXI/--& IF GOV]NM5T CANNOT LEGISLATE IT--! SOCIAL REVOLUTION MU/ BEG9 N[1 WE MU/ BEG9 CREAT+ ! CONDITIONS ( LIB]TY4 ,?IS SOCIAL REVOLUTION CONSI/S 9 PRES5T ACTS ( LIB]ATION1 PRES5T RELEASE & REVIVAL ( VITALITY1 :I* CAN BEG9--TODAY WE CAN B>ELY BEG96--TO PREP>E \R SOCIETY = REVOLUTION4 

,IT IS =TUNATE ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL IS P[]FUL6 

,! SOCIAL REVOLUTION MU/ BEG9 N[4 ,H>DLY A PHRASE IS MORE FACILE1 AN IDEA H>D] TO EXPRESS CONCRETELY1 AN IDEA H>D] TO IMPLEM5T1 OR AN >EA ( ACTION MORE ESS5TIAL TO A REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM4 

,LET US SPELL \T >EAS = ACTION 7! 9/ANCES >E NOT MEANT TO BE EXHAU/IVE73 

,ECONOMICS4 ,! CREATION ( DIRECT SOLID>ITY 9 ! WORK+-PLACE--:I* MEANS RECOGNITION ?AT ! PRES5T LABOR MOVEM5T IS EXACTLY NOT SOCIALITY-9-ACTION2 IT MEANS ! PRACTICE ( MUTUAL AID & EQUALITY4 ,! CREATION ( WORK]S' COOP]ATIVES4 ,! REJECTION ( DEBAS+ WORK--& ( ITS PRODUCTS4 ,! REVIVAL ( ! 9/9CT ( WORKMAN%IP1 ( CRAFTSMAN%IP & QUALITY4 

,POLITICS4 ,! ASSOCIATION ( LIB]T>IANS 9 CLOSE FACE-TO-FACE GR\PS1 W>M COMMUNITIES ( FREE M51 :O DEMON/RATE FRE$OM & >E /R5G!N$ BY IT4 

,COMMUNITY4 ,! CREATION ( SMALL COMMUNITIES--P>TICUL>LY ( COMMUNITIES :I* DO NOT ISOLATE !MSELVES FROM ! WORLD & DRAW ! SURR\ND+ >EA 9TO SOME P>T ( !IR WAY ( LIFE4 

,$UCATION4 ,! CREATION ( SMALL S*OOLS & COLLEGES :I* $UCATE = 9DIVIDUALITY1 ?\<T1 CREATIVE ACTIVITY4 ,OR ! VITAL ACTIVITY ( A S+LE TEA*] :O PUTS 9TO ! CONV5TIONAL S*OOL :AT WAS NOT 9T5D$ TO BE !RE4 ,OR EV5 MORE RADICAL EXP]IM5TS )9 A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNITY4 

,FAMILY4 ,! PRACTICE ( FRE$OM & RESPONSIBILITY BETWE5 MAN & WOMAN1 ! EXCLUSION ( LAW & CONV5TIONAL MORALITY FROM ! PRIVATE RELATIONS ( PEOPLE2 & ! AF=D+ TO *ILDR5 ( ! RI<T & POSSIBILITY ( 9DIVIDUALITY & A CREATIVE RELATION%IP TO !IR 5VIRONM5T4 

,>TS & ,SCI5CES4 ,! REVIVAL ( S9C]ITY 9 >T1 & ! AB&ONM5T ( /&>DS ( COMM]CIALISM & SUCCESS4 ,! REFUSAL ( SCI5TI/S TO WORK )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( GOV]NM5T & CORPORATION SPONSOR%IP--NOT TO M5TION ! W>-CONTRIBUT+ PROJECTS6--& ! SE>* = NEW WAYS TO C>RY ON !IR WORK4 

,)9 ?IS SAME FRAMEWORK WE CAN BEG9 TO IMAG9E BO? ! *>ACT] ( A G5]AL SOCIAL TRANS=MATION1 & ! VITAL >EAS WE CAN WORK 9 TODAY4 ,! TRU? IS ?AT V]Y FEW PEOPLE >E DO+ SO4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO ! TRU? ?AT V]Y FEW RADICALS & REVOLUTIONI/S HAVE UND]/OOD ! AN>*I/ IDEA ( SOCIAL *ANGE1 & /ILL WE WAT* ! 5]GY P\R$ 9TO POLITICALIZ+ MOVEM5TS4 

,UND]LY+ :AT PREC$ES IS ! ASSUMPTION1 ! 9DIVIDUAL IS P[]FUL4 ,WE >E COMP>+ HIM ) ! MASS4 ,WE MU/ /ATE :AT WE MEAN1 S9CE ANY FOOL CAN SEE ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL IS WEAK & P[]LESS4 

,! 9DIVIDUAL IS P[]FUL :5 HE IS FREE1 & MORE P[]FUL :5 HE IS NOT ALONE2 BUT HE IS WEAK :5 HE IS 9 A MASS4 

,)\T ! IDEA ( ! FREE MAN1 ! AN>*I/ IDEA FALLS TO ! GR\ND3 BECAUSE ! FUTURE SOCIETY CANNOT EXI/1 OR ITS BEG9N+S BE NURTUR$1 )\T HIM4 ,?IS IS ! MAN :O ?9KS1 :O ACTS = HIMSELF1 :O IS RESPONSIBLE = HIS ACTIONS1 :O 9ITIATES & 9V5TS4 ,HE ALONE HAS ! POT5TIAL ( COOP]ATION1 ( COMMUNITY4 ,HE IS NOT 0CREAT$0 BY A DEMAGOGIC PROPAG&A1 HE DOES NOT ACT BY IMM$IATE 09T]E/40 ,HE LIVES TODAY AS IF HE W]E 9 A S5SIBLE SOCIETY--AS F> AS ONE CAN-- & 9 ACT+ = ! SOCIAL GOOD HE DOES NOT FAIL TO ACT TO REALIZE HIMSELF4 

,)\T ! IDEA ( ! FREE MAN1 ! AN>*I/ IDEA FAILS4 ,BUT ALSO IT IS AN IDEA PECULI> TO AN>*ISM3 = MAN IS NOT VIEW$ AS A UNIT 9 AN >MY :EEL$ TO ACTION AGA9/ ! RAMP>TS ( CAPITALISM4 ,NOR IS HE VIEW$ AS A MAN :O SP5DS HIS TIME DISOBEY+ & RESI/+ ! ,/ATE4 ,:]E DOES ?IS LEAVE ! WORK ( 0OPPOS+ ! W>0 & 0OPPOS+ ! REPRESSION08 ! ACTS ( CIVIL DISOB$I5CE8 ,IS IT TO BE SUPPOS$ ?AT !SE M5 CANNOT GET TOGE!R TO /AGE A PUBLIC PROTE/8 ,IF !Y CANNOT1 MAYBE !RE IS SOME?+ WRONG ) ! P>TICUL> ACTION8 ,IS IT TO BE SUPPOS$ ?AT SU* A MAN WILL SIGN A LOYALTY OA?8 ,OR ?AT HE WILL BE AN 9=M]8 7?\< HE MAY *OOSE TO KEEP HIS ADDRESS TO HIMSELF1 ?\< HE MAY *OOSE TO RESI/ ! W> 9 HIS [N WAY1 ?\< HE MAY IMAG9E ?AT !RE IS A TIME = 0/AY+ \T FROM UND] ! :EELS10 & ANO!R = NOT BUDG+ 9 HIS TRACKS1 ALL ON HIS [N T]MS74 

,9 TIMES AS REACTION>Y AS \RS1 A PROGRAM ( ACTION1 & ESPECIALLY GOALS = ACTION1 >E 9 A FANTA/IC DISPROPORTION TO ! DO+S ( BUSY ,HI/ORY1 :5 IT IS RA9+ A T]RIBLE FIRE ON ! ,PACIFIC ,OCEAN1 & A SMALL /UPIDITY 9 ,WA%+TON OR ,MOSC[ OR ,TEHRAN MI<T CONCEIVABLY LEAVE \R E>? 9 RU9S4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO NOTICE ?IS DISPROPORTION1 BUT NEI!R TO BE R$UC$ BY IT TO APA?Y1 OR S$UC$ BY IT 9TO ! 0CRACKPOT REALISM40 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO GO QUIETLY AHEAD4 

,DANIEL ,GU]9 7#a#i#d-#a#i#h#h7 

,DANIEL ,GU]9 7#a#i#d-#a#i#h#h7 WAS A ,FR5* LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ :O HELP$ SP>K R5EW$ 9T]E/ 9 AN>*ISM 9 ! #a#i#fS1 FIR/ ?R\< HIS BOOK1 ,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY TO ,PRACTICE 7#a#i#f#e71 & !N ?R\< HIS AN?OLOGY ( AN>*I/ WRIT+S1 ,NEI!R ,GOD ,NOR ,MA/] 7#a#i#f#i2 ,5GLI% TRANSLATION PUBLI%$ 9 #aiih BY ,A,K ,PRESS UND] ! TITLE1 ,NO ,GODS ,NO ,MA/]S74 ,I 9CLUD$ EXC]PTS FROM HIS #aife ESSAY1 0,TW9 ,BRO!RS1 ,5EMY ,BRO!RS10 9 :I* ,GU]9 DISCUSSES ! CONT9U+ RELEVANCE ( AN>*ISM1 9 ,VOLUME ,TWO ( ,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,DOCUM5T>Y ,HI/ORY ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,IDEAS1 TOGE!R ) A SELECTION ( HIS WRIT+S ON HOMOSEXUALITY & SOCIAL REVOLUTION 7,SELECTIONS #di @& #g#f71 & ,NOAM ,*OMSKY'S ,9TRODUCTION TO ! #aig ,5GLI% $ITION ( ,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY TO ,PRACTICE4 ,! FOLL[+ EXC]PTS1 TRANSLAT$ BY ,PAUL ,%>KEY1 >E FROM ,GU]9'S #aieh ESSAY1 0,?REE ,PROBLEMS ( ! ,REVOLUTION10 REPR9T$ 9 HIS COLLECTION ( ESSAYS1 ,9 ,SE>* ( A ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM 7,P>IS3 ,CAHI]S ,M5SUELS ,SP>TACUS1 #a#i#h#d74 

,?REE ,PROBLEMS ( ! ,REVOLUTION 

,VOL9E1 LIB]T>IAN *RONICL] ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 AFT] HAV+ BE5 AN ACTOR 9 & AN EYE-WITNESS TO IT1 WRITES3 

0,WE HAVE BE5 BEQUEA!D A FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM BY PREC$+ REVOLUTIONS3 ,I AM ?9K+ ( ! ONE 9 #a<i & ! ONE 9 #aiag ESPECIALLY3 L>GELY M\NT$ AGA9/ OPPRESSION1 ANIMAT$ BY A MI<TY BREA? ( FRE$OM & PROCLAIM+ FRE$OM AS !IR ESS5TIAL OBJECTIVE1 H[ COME !SE REVOLUTIONS SLID 9TO A NEW DICTATOR%IP WIELD$ BY O!R RUL+1 PRIVILEG$ /RATA1 9TO FRE% SLAV]Y = ! POPUL> MASSES8 ,:AT MI<T ! CONDITIONS BE ?AT W\LD 5ABLE A REVOLUTION TO AVOID ?AT DISMAL FATE8 ,MI<T ?AT FATE BE DUE TO EPHEM]AL FACTORS & EV5 QUITE SIMPLY TO MI/AKES & %ORTCOM+S :I* MI<T FROM N[ ON BE AV]T$8 ,& 9 ! LATT] CASE1 :AT MI<T ! MEANS BE ( ]ADICAT+ ! DANG] ?REAT5+ REVOLUTIONS YET TO COME80 

,LIKE ,VOL9E1 ,I ?9K ?AT ! TWO GREAT HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES ( ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION & ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION >E 9DISSOLUBLY L9K$4 ,DESPITE ! TIME DIFF]5CES1 ! DIFF]5CES 9 !IR CONTEXTS1 & !IR DIFF]+ 0CLASS CONT5T01 ! ISSUES !Y RAISE & ! PITFALLS !Y 5C\NT]$ >E ESS5TIALLY ! SAME4 ,AT BE/ ! FIR/ REVOLUTION DISPLAYS !M 9 A MORE EMBRYONIC /ATE ?AN ! SECOND4 ,ALSO1 M5 TODAY CANNOT HOPE TO DISCOV] ! PA? LEAD+ TO !IR DEF9ITIVE EMANCIPATION UNLESS !Y CAN DI/+UI% 9 !SE TWO EXP]I5CES :AT WAS PROGRESS & :AT WAS BACKSLID+1 SO ?AT !Y CAN DRAW LESSONS = ! FUTURE4 

,! ESS5TIAL CAUSE ( ! RELATIVE FAILURE ( HI/ORY'S TWO GREATE/ REVOLUTIONS DOES NOT RESIDE1 AS ,I SEE IT1 TO BORR[ ,VOL9E'S WORDS1 EI!R 9 0HI/ORICAL 9EVITABILITY0 NOR 9 M]E SUBJECTIVE 0]RORS0 BY ! REVOLUTION>Y PROTAGONI/S4 ,! ,REVOLUTION C>RIES )9 ITSELF A GRAVE CONTRADICTION 7A CONTRADICTION :I*1 HAPPILY1 LET IT BE SAID AGA91 IS NOT BEYOND REM$Y & LESS5S ) ! PASSAGE ( TIME73 IT CAN ONLY >ISE & IT CAN ONLY W9 IF IT SPR+S FROM ! DEP?S ( ! POPUL> MASSES & !IR IRRESI/IBLE SPONTANE\S UPRIS+4 

,BUT1 ?\< CLASS 9/9CT IMPELS !M TO BREAK !IR *A9S1 ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE LACK $UCATION & CONSCI\SNESS4 ,& AS !Y SURGE ) R$\BTABLE 5]GY1 BUT CLUMSILY & BL9DLY1 T[>DS FRE$OM1 BUMP+ 9TO PRIVILEG$1 A/UTE1 EXP]T1 ORGANIZ$ & EXP]I5C$ SOCIAL CLASSES1 !Y CAN ONLY TRIUMPH OV] ! RESI/ANCE !Y 5C\NT] IF !Y SUCCESSFULLY ACQUIRE1 9 ! HEAT ( BATTLE1 ! CONSCI\SNESS1 EXP]TIZE1 ORGANIZATION & EXP]I5CE 9 :I* !Y >E DEFICI5T4 ,BUT ! V]Y ACT ( =G+ ! WEAPONS JU/ LI/$1 :I* >E ! ONLY ONES ?AT CAN 5SURE ?AT !Y GET ! BETT] ( !IR ADV]S>Y1 C>RIES ) IT AN 5ORM\S DANG]3 ?AT IT MI<T KILL ! SPONTANEITY :I* IS ! HE>T ( ! REVOLUTION1 ?AT IT MI<T COMPROMISE FRE$OM 9SIDE ! ORGANIZATION1 OR ALL[ ! MOVEM5T TO BE TAK5 OV] BY A M9ORITY ELITE ( MORE EXP]T1 MORE AW>E1 MORE EXP]I5C$ MILITANTS :O1 TO />T ) PUT !MSELVES =W>D AS GUIDES1 ONLY TO 5D UP IMPOS+ !MSELVES AS LEAD]S & SUBJECT+ ! MASSES TO SOME NEW =M ( MAN'S EXPLOITATION ( HIS FELL[ M54 

,EV] S9CE SOCIALISM EV] CONSID]$ ?IS PROBLEM & EV] S9CE IT CLE>LY P]CEIV$ ?IS CONTRADICTION1 :I* IS TO SAY1 S9CE1 R\<LY1 ! MID-#a#i? C5TURY1 IT HAS NOT CEAS$ WEI<+ UP ! ODDS & HOV]+ BETWE5 ! TWO EXTREME POLES ( FRE$OM & ORD]4 ,EV]Y ONE ( ITS ?9K]S & ACTORS HAS /RIV5 LAB\RI\SLY & T5TATIVELY1 AMID ALL SORTS ( HESITATION & CONTRADICTIONS1 TO RESOLVE ?IS FUNDAM5TAL DILEMMA ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,9 HIS CELEBRAT$ ,MEMOIR ON ,PROP]TY 7#a#h#d71 ,PR\DHON FIGUR$ ?AT HE HAD WORK$ \T A SYN!SIS :5 HE OPTIMI/ICALLY WROTE3 0,! HI<E/ P]FECTION ( SOCIETY LIES 9 ! UNION ( ORD] ) AN>*Y04 ,BUT A QU>T] ( A C5TURY LAT]1 HE NOT$ GLUMLY3 0,!SE TWO IDEAS1 FRE$OM444 & ORD]1 >E BACK TO BACK444 ,!Y CANNOT BE SEP>AT$1 NOR CAN ! ONE ABSORB ! O!R3 WE MU/ RESIGN \RSELVES TO LIV+ ) !M BO? & /RIK+ A BALANCE BETWE5 !M444 ,NO POLITICAL =CE HAS YET COME UP ) A TRUE SOLUTION 9 ! RECONCIL+ ( FRE$OM & ORD]40 

,TODAY A VA/ EMPIRE BUILT UND] ! EGIS ( 0SOCIALISM0 IS SEEK+ TIRESOMELY & EMPIRICALLY & SOMETIMES CONVULSIVELY TO ESCAPE FROM ! IRON YOKE ( AN 0ORD]0 F\ND$ UPON CON/RA9T & R$ISCOV] ! ROAD TO ! FRE$OM TO :I* ITS MILLIONS ( SUBJECTS1 GR[+ CO>S] & MORE ALIVE TO ! FACT1 ASPIRE4 

,! PROBLEM ?US REMA9S POS$ ACUTELY1 & WE HAVE NOT YET HE>D ! LA/ ( IT4 

,IF WE EXAM9E IT MORE CLOSELY1 ?IS PROBLEM BOA/S ?REE RELATIVELY DI/9CT BUT CLOSELY CONNECT$ FACETS3 

#a4 ,9 ! P]IOD ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE1 :AT %\LD ! PROP] RATIO BE BETWE5 SPONTANEITY & CONSCI\SNESS1 BETWE5 ! MASSES & ! LEAD]%IP8 

#b4 ,ONCE ! OLD OPPRESSIVE REGIME HAS BE5 OV]?R[N1 :AT =M ( POLITICAL OR ADM9I/RATIVE ORGANIZATION %\LD REPLACE ! ONE OV]?R[N8 

#c4 ,F9ALLY1 BY :OM & H[ %\LD ! ECONOMY BE ADM9I/]$ FOLL[+ ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 7A PROBLEM POS$ 9 FULL MEASURE AS F> AS ! PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATION IS CONC]N$ BUT :I* ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION FAC$ ONLY 9 EMBRYONIC =M78 

,ON EA* ( !SE C\NTS1 ! #a#i? C5TURY SOCIALI/S HESITAT$ & DI!R$1 CONTRADICT$ ONE ANO!R & CLA%$ ) ONE ANO!R4 ,:AT SOCIALI/S8 

,BROADLY1 WE CAN ID5TIFY ?REE MA9 CURR5TS AMONG !M3 

A4 ! ONES :OM ,I W\LD T]M ! AU?ORIT>IANS1 ! /ATI/S1 ! C5TRALI/S1 ! HEIRS--SOME ( !M TO ! ,JACOB9 & ,BLANQUI/ TRADITION ( ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION--& O!RS TO ! ,G]MAN 7OR1 TO BE MORE PRECISE1 ,PRUSSIAN7 TRADITION ( MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E & ! ,/ATE ) A CAPITAL ',S'4 

B4 ! ONES ,I W\LD T]M ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS1 ! LIB]T>IANS1 HEIRS1 ON ! ONE H&1 TO ! DIRECT DEMOCRACY ( #agic & ! COMMUNALI/1 F$]ALI/ IDEA3 &1 ON ! O!R1 TO ,SA9T-,SIMONIAN APOLITICALISM AIM+ TO REPLACE POLITICAL GOV]NANCE ) ! 0ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S04 

C4 F9ALLY1 ! SO-CALL$ SCI5TIFIC SOCIALI/S 7,M>X & ,5GELS71 /RIV+ LAB\RI\SLY & NOT ALWAYS SUCCESSFULLY OR 9 A COH]5T WAY1 & (T5 = M]ELY TACTICAL REASONS 7= !Y HAD TO MAKE CONCESSIONS TO ! AU?ORIT>IAN & LIB]T>IAN W+S ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T ALIKE71 TO RECONCILE ! TWO A=EM5TION$ CURR5TS & COME UP ) SOME COMPROMISE BETWE5 ! AU?ORIT>IAN IDEA & ! LIB]T>IAN ONE4 

,LET US ATTEMPT TO SUMM>IZE BRIEFLY ! ATTEMPTS MADE BY !SE ?REE CURR5TS ( SOCIALI/ ?9K+ TO RESOLVE ! ?REE FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 

#a4 ,SPONTANEITY & CONSCI\SNESS 

,AU?ORIT>IANS HAVE NO CONFID5CE 9 ! MASSES' ABILITY TO ATTA9 CONSCI\SNESS UNAID$1 &1 EV5 :5 !Y CLAIM O!RWISE1 !Y HAVE A PANIC-/RICK5 T]ROR ( ! MASSES4 ,IF !Y >E TO BE CR$IT$1 ! MASSES >E /ILL BRUTALIZ$ BY C5TURIES ( OPPRESSION4 ,!Y >E 9 NE$ ( GUIDANCE & DIRECTION4 ,A T9Y ELITE ( LEAD]S HAS TO /& 9 = !M1 TEA* !M A REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY & LEAD !M TO VICTORY4 ,LIB]T>IANS1 ON ! O!R H&1 CONT5D ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION HAS TO BE ! DO+ ( ! MASSES !MSELVES1 ( !IR SPONTANEITY & FREE 9ITIATIVE1 !IR CREATIVE POT5TIAL1 AS UNSUSPECT$ AS IT IS =MIDABLE4 ,!Y CAUTION AGA9/ LEAD]S :O1 9 ! NAME ( HI<] CONSCI\SNESS1 SEEK TO OV]RULE ! MASSES SO AS TO D5Y !M ! FRUITS ( !IR VICTORY LAT] ON4 

,AS = ,M>X & ,5GELS1 SOMETIMES !Y PLACE ! ACC5T ON SPONTANEITY & SOMETIMES ON CONSCI\SNESS4 ,BUT !IR SYN!SIS REMA9S LAME1 UNSURE1 CONTRADICTORY4 ,MOREOV] IT \<T TO BE PO9T$ \T ?AT ! LIB]T>IANS TOO W]E NOT ALWAYS FREE ( ! SAME AFFLICTIONS4 ,9 ,PR\DHON1 ALONGSIDE AN OPTIMI/IC PEAN TO ! 0POLITICAL CAPACITY ( ! WORK+ CLASSES01 ONE CAN F9D PESSIMI/IC /RA9S CA/+ D\BT UPON ?AT CAPACITY & L9+ UP ) ! AU?ORIT>IANS 9 !IR SUGGE/ION ?AT ! MASSES \<T TO BE DIRECT$ FROM ABOVE4 ,LIKEWISE1 ,BAKUN9 NEV] QUITE MANAG$ TO %AKE (F ! 0#d#h]0 CONSPIRATORIALISM ( HIS Y\NG] DAYS &1 RI<T AFT] HE HAS HON$ 9 ON ! MASSES' IRRESI/IBLE PRIMAL 9/9CT1 WE F9D HIM ADVOCAT+ COV]T 0P5ETRATION0 ( ! LATT] BY CONSCI\S LEAD]S ORGANIZ$ 9 SECRET SOCIETIES4 ,H5CE ?IS QUE] CRISS-CROSS+3 ! PEOPLE :OM HE B]AT$1 NOT )\T GOOD GR\NDS P]HAPS1 = !IR AU?ORIT>IANISM CAT* HIM R$-H&$ 9 AN ACT ( AU?ORIT>IAN ,MAC*IAVELLIANISM4 

,! TWO COMPET+ T5D5CIES )9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL TOOK EA* O!R TO TASK1 EA* ) GOOD REASON1 = SUBT]RANEAN MANEUV]S DESIGN$ TO CAPTURE CONTROL ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,AS WE %ALL SEE1 WE W\LD HAVE TO WAIT = ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG BE=E A FAIRLY VIABLE MODUS VIV5DI BETWE5 SPONTANEITY & CONSCI\SNESS W\LD BE ADVANC$4 ,BUT ,TROTSKY COMPROMIS$ ?IS PA9/AK+LY /RUCK EQUILIBRIUM 9 ORD] TO TAKE ! CONTRADICTION TO ITS EXTREME3 9 SOME RESPECTS HE WAS 0,LUXEMBURGI/03 AS HIS #aie & ,HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION P>TICUL>LY TE/IFY1 HE HAD A FEEL & AN 9/9CT = REVOLUTION FROM BEL[3 HE PLAC$ ! ACC5T UPON ! AUTONOM\S ACTION ( ! MASSES2 BUT HE COMES >\ND 9 ! 5D--AFT] HAV+ >GU$ BRILLIANTLY AGA9/ !M--TO ,L59'S ,BLANQUI/ NOTIONS ( ORGANIZATION &1 ONCE 9 P[]1 HE CAME TO BEHAVE 9 A MANN] EV5 MORE AU?ORIT>IAN ?AN HIS P>TY LEAD]4 ,F9ALLY1 9 ! T\< /RUGGLE FROM EXILE1 HE WAS TO %ELT] BEH9D A ,L59 :O HAD BECOME UNASSAILABLE 9 ORD] TO BR+ HIS 9DICTM5T AGA9/ ,/AL93 & ?IS ID5TIFICATION ) ,L59 WAS TO D5Y HIM1 UNTIL HIS DY+ DAY1 ! OPPORTUNITY TO GIVE FREE RE9 TO ! ,LUXEMBURGI/ ELEM5T )9 HIM4 

#b4 ,! ,PROBLEM ( ,P[] 

,AU?ORIT>IANS MA9TA9 ?AT ! POPUL> MASSES1 UND] ! DIRECTION ( !IR LEAD]S1 MU/ REPLACE ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE ) !IR [N ,/ATE DECK$ \T ) ! DESCRIPTION 0PROLET>IAN0 & ?AT 9 ORD] TO 5SURE ! SURVIVAL ( ! LATT]1 !Y MU/ TAKE ! CO]CIVE ME?ODS EMPLOY$ BY ! =M] 7C5TRALIZATION1 DISCIPL9E1 HI]>*Y1 POLICE7 TO !IR EXTREMES4 ,?IS PROSPECT DREW CRIES ( FE> & HORROR FROM LIB]T>IANS--A C5TURY & MORE AGO4 ,:AT1 !Y ASK$1 WAS ! USE ( A ,REVOLUTION ?AT W\LD MAKE DO ) REPLAC+ ONE APP>ATUS ( OPPRESSION ) ANO!R8 ,IMPLACABLE FOES ( ! ,/ATE1 ANY =M ( ,/ATE1 !Y LOOK$ TO ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION = ! UTT] & F9AL ABOLITION ( /ATI/ CON/RA9TS4 ,!Y AIM$ TO REPLACE ! OLD OPPRESSIVE ,/ATE ) ! FREE F$]ATION ( COMB9$ COMMUNES1 DIRECT DEMOCRACY FROM ! GR\ND UP4 

,M>X & ,5GELS S\<T A PA? BETWE5 !SE TWO EXTREMES4 ,JACOB9ISM HAD LEFT ITS M>K ON !M1 BUT CONTACT ) ,PR\DHON >\ND #ahdd ON ! ONE H&1 & ! 9FLU5CE ( ,MOSES ,HESS ON ! O!R1 ! CRITIQUE ( ,HEGELIANISM1 ! DISCOV]Y ( 0ALI5ATION0 HAD LEFT !M A T\* MORE LIB]T>IAN4 ,!Y REPUDIAT$ ! AU?ORIT>IAN /ATISM ( ! ,FR5*MAN ,L\IS ,BLANC & ?AT ( ! ,G]MAN ,LASSALLE1 DECL>+ !IR SUPPORT = ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,BUT 9 GOOD TIME4 ,! ,/ATE1 ?AT 0GOV]NM5TAL HOT*POT*01 IS TO 5DURE AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION1 BUT = A TIME ONLY4 ,AS SOON AS ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS MAK+ IT DISP5SABLE HAVE BE5 A*IEV$1 IT IS TO 0WI!R AWAY04 ,&1 9 ! 9T]IM1 /EPS MU/ BE TAK5 TO 0LESS5 ITS MORE VEXATI\S EFFECTS AS MU* AS POSSIBLE04 ,?IS %ORT T]M PROSPECT RI<TLY WORRIES LIB]T>IANS4 ,SURVIVAL ( ! ,/ATE1 EV5 0TEMPOR>Y0 SURVIVAL1 HAS NO VALIDITY 9 !IR EYES & !Y PROPHETICALLY ANN\NC$ ?AT1 ONCE RE9/ALL$1 ?IS ,LEVIA?AN WILL DOGG$LY REFUSE TO GO QUIETLY4 ,! LIB]T>IANS' UNREMITT+ CRITICISM LEFT ,M>X & ,5GELS 9 A BIT ( A PICKLE & !Y EV5TUALLY MADE SU* CONCESSIONS TO !SE DISS5T]S ?AT AT ONE PO9T ! QU>REL AMONG SOCIALI/S OV] ! ,/ATE SEEM$ TO H+E UPON NO?+ MORE & 9DE$ TO AM\NT TO NO?+ MORE ?AN QUIBBL+ OV] WORDS4 ,?IS BLI! AGREEM5T LA/$ NO LONG] ?AN A MORN+4 

,BUT #b? C5TURY ,BOL%EVISM REVEAL$ ?AT IT WAS NOT SIMPLY A MATT] ( SEMANTICS4 ,M>X'S & ,5GELS'S TRANSITIONAL ,/ATE1 BECAME1 9 EMBRYO UND] ,L59 & MU* MORE UND] ,L59'S PO/]ITY1 A MANY-HEAD$ HYDRA BLUNTLY REFUS+ TO WI!R AWAY4 

#c4 ,MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY 

,F9ALLY1 :AT =M ( [N]%IP IS TO TAKE ! PLACE ( PRIVATE CAPITALISM8 

,! AU?ORIT>IANS HAVE A READY ANSW] TO ?AT4 ,AS !IR *IEF %ORTCOM+ IS A LACK ( IMAG9ATION & AS !Y HAVE A FE> ( ! UNKN[N1 !Y RELY UPON =MS ( ADM9I/RATION & MANAGEM5T BORR[$ FROM ! PA/4 ,! ,/ATE IS TO ?R[ ITS HUGE NET >\ND ! :OLE ( PRODUCTION1 ALL ( EX*ANGE1 & ALL ( F9ANCE4 0,/ATE CAPITALISM0 IS TO SURVIVE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! BUREAUCRACY1 ALREADY 5ORM\S UND] ,NAPOLEON1 ! K+ ( ,PRUSSIA OR ! ,CZ>1 WILL1 UND] SOCIALISM1 NO LONG] MAKE DO ) COLLECT+ TAXES1 RAIS+ >MIES & 9CREAS+ ITS POLICE3 ITS T5TACLES WILL N[ EXT5D 9TO ! FACTORIES1 ! M9ES1 ! BANKS & ! MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION4 ,LIB]T>IANS %RIEK$ ) HORROR4 ,?IS EXTRAVAGANT EXT5SION ( ! ,/ATE'S P[]S /RUCK !M AS ! DEA? KNELL = SOCIALISM4 ,MAX ,/IRN] WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ TO REBEL AGA9/ ! /ATISM ( COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,NOT ?AT ,PR\DHON WAS ANY LESS VOCAL1 & ,BAKUN9 FOLL[$ SUIT3 0,I DESPISE COMMUNISM01 HE DECL>$ 9 ONE SPEE*1 0BECAUSE IT NECESS>ILY RESULTS 9 ! C5TRALIZATION ( [N]%IP 9 ,/ATE H&S1 :]EAS ,I444 WANT TO SEE SOCIETY ORGANIZ$ & PROP]TY HELD COLLECTIVELY OR SOCIALLY FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 ?R\< FREE ASSOCIATION1 & NOT FROM ! TOP D[N ?R\< ANY SORT ( AU?ORITY40 

,BUT ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS W]E NOT UNANIM\S 9 =MULAT+ !IR C\NT]-PROPOSALS4 ,/IRN] SUGGE/$ A 0FREE ASSOCIATION0 ( 0EGOI/S01 :I* WAS TOO PHILOSOPHICAL 9 ITS =MULATION & TOO UN/ABLE AS WELL4 ,! MORE D[N TO E>? ,PR\DHON SUGGE/$ A SOME:AT BACKW>D-LOOK+ PETIT B\RGEOIS COMB9ATION APPROPRIATE TO ! \TMOD$-/AGE ( SMALL 9DU/RY1 PETTY COMM]CE & >TISAN PRODUCTION3 PRIVATE-[N]%IP W\LD BE SAFEGU>D$2 ! SMALL PRODUC]S1 RETA9+ !IR 9DEP5D5CE1 W\LD FAVOR MUTUAL AID2 AT BE/ HE W\LD AGREE TO COLLECTIVE [N]%IP 9 A NUMB] ( SECTORS1 REG>D+ :I* HE CONC$$ ?AT L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY HAD ALREADY TAK5 !M OV]3 TRANSPORT1 M9+1 ETC4 ,BUT ,/IRN] LIKE ,PR\DHON1 EA* AFT] HIS FA%ION1 WAS LEAV+ HIMSELF WIDE OP5 TO ! S\ND BIR*+ :I* ,M>XISM WAS AB\T TO 9FLICT UPON !M1 ALBEIT SOME:AT UNFAIRLY4 

,BAKUN9 MADE A PO9T ( P>T+ COMPANY FROM ,PR\DHON4 ,= A TIME1 HE MADE COMMON CAUSE ) ,M>X 9SIDE ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL AGA9/ HIS M5TOR4 ,HE REPUDIAT$ PO/- ,PR\DHONIAN 9DIVIDUALISM & TOOK NOTICE ( ! CONSEQU5CES ( 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,HE :OLE-HE>T$LY ADVOCAT$ COLLECTIVE [N]%IP4 ,HE PRES5T$ HIMSELF AS BE+ NEI!R COMMUNI/1 NOR MUTUALI/1 NOR COLLECTIVI/4 ,PRODUCTION HAD TO BE RUN AT ONE & ! SAME TIME LOCALLY1 ?R\< A 0SOLID>IZATION ( COMMUNES01 & 9 TRADE T]MS BY ! WORK]S' COMPANIES 7OR ASSOCIATIONS74 ,UND] ! ,BAKUN9I/S' 9FLU5CE1 ! ,BASLE CONGRESS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #ahfi DECID$ ?AT 9 ! SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE1 0GOV]NM5T WILL BE REPLAC$ BY ! C\NCILS ( ! TRADES BODIES04 ,M>X & ,5GELS %UTTL$ & HOV]$ BETWE5 ! TWO EXTREMES4 ,9 ! #ahdh ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O 9SPIR$ BY ,L\IS ,BLANC1 !Y HAD OPT$ = ! ALL TOO CONV5I5T PAN-,/ATI/ SOLUTION4 ,BUT LAT]1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! #ahga ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & PRESSURE FROM ! AN>*I/S1 !Y W]E TO TEMP] ?IS /ATISM & SPOKE ( ! 0SELF-GOV]NM5T ( PRODUC]S04 ,BUT SU* LIB]T>IAN NUANCES W]E %ORT-LIV$4 ,ALMO/ IMM$IATELY1 9 ! /RUGGLE TO ! DEA? :I* !Y WAG$ AGA9/ ,BAKUN9 & HIS DISCIPLES1 !Y REV]T$ TO A MORE AU?ORIT>IAN & /ATI/ VOCABUL>Y4 

,SO IT WAS NOT 5TIRELY )\T REASON 7AL?\< NOT ALWAYS 9 COMPLETE GOOD FAI? EI!R7 ?AT ,BAKUN9 *>G$ ! ,M>XI/S ) DREAM+ ( CONC5TRAT+ ! :OLE ( 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 9 ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE4 ,9 ,L59'S CASE1 /ATI/ & AU?ORIT>IAN TR5DS1 OV]RID+ AN AN>*ISM :I* !Y CONTRADICT$ & EXT+UI%$1 W]E PRES5T 9 G]M1 & UND] ,/AL91 AS 0QUANTITY0 BECAME 0QUALITY01 !Y DEG5]AT$ 9TO AN OPPRESSIVE ,/ATE CAPITALISM :I* ,BAKUN9 APPE>S TO HAVE ANTICIPAT$ 9 HIS OCCASIONALLY UNFAIR CRITICISMS ( ,M>X4 

,?IS BRIEF HI/ORICAL REVIEW IS ( NO 9T]E/ O!R ?AN ! EXT5T TO :I* IT CAN HELP US TO F9D \R BE>+S 9 ! PRES5T4 ,! LESSONS WE DRAW FROM IT MAKE US UND]/&1 />TL+LY & DRAMATICALLY1 ?AT1 DESPITE MANY NOTIONS :I* TODAY APPE> >*AIC & 9FANTILE & :I* EXP]I5CE HAS REFUT$ 7!IR 0APOLITICISM01 SAY71 ! LIB]T>IANS W]E 9 ESS5CE MORE CORRECT ?AN ! AU?ORIT>IANS4 ,! LATT] %[]$ 9SULTS UPON ! =M]1 DISMISS+ !IR PROGRAM AS A 0COLLECTION ( IDEAS FROM BEYOND ! GRAVE01 OR AS REACTION>Y1 OBSOLETE1 MORIBUND UTOPIAS4 ,BUT TODAY IT TURNS \T ?AT1 AS ,VOL9E EMPHATICALLY UND]SCORES1 IT IS ! AU?ORIT>IAN IDEA :I*1 F> FROM BELONG+ TO ! FUTURE1 IS M]ELY A HANGOV] FROM ! OLD1 WORN-\T1 MORIBUND B\RGEOIS WORLD4 ,IF !RE IS A UTOPIA 9VOLV$ H]E1 IT IS 9 FACT ! UTOPIA ( SO-CALL$ ,/ATE 0COMMUNISM01 ! FAILURE ( :I* IS SO PAT5TLY OBVI\S ?AT ITS [N B5EFICI>IES 7CONC]N$ ABOVE ALL ELSE ) SALVAG+ !IR 9T]E/S AS A PRIVILEG$ CA/E7 >E PRES5TLY BUSILY & BL9DLY ON ! LOOK \T = SOME MEANS TO AM5D & BREAK FREE FROM IT4 

,! FUTURE BELONGS NEI!R TO CLASSICAL CAPITALISM1 NOR1 DESPITE :AT ! LATE ,M]LEAU-,PONTY W\LD HAVE HAD US BELIEVE1 TO A CAPITALISM OV]HAUL$ & CORRECT$ BY 0NEO-LIB]ALISM0 OR BY SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC RE=MISM4 ,! FAILURE ( BO? ( ?OSE IS EV]Y :IT AS RES\ND+ AS ?AT ( ,/ATE COMMUNISM4 ,! FUTURE BELONGS /ILL1 & MORE ?AN EV]1 TO SOCIALISM1 & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM AT ?AT4 ,AS ,KROPOTK9 PROPHETICALLY ANN\NC$ 9 #a#h#i#f1 \R AGE 0WILL BE> ! IMPR9T ( ! AWAK5+ ( LIB]T>IAN IDEAS444 ,! NEXT REVOLUTION IS NOT GO+ TO BE ! ,JACOB9 REVOLUTION ANYMORE04 

,! ?REE FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS ( REVOLUTION :I* WE SKET*$ E>LI] %\LD & CAN BE RESOLV$ AT LA/4 ,NO MORE ! DI!R+ & GROP+ ( #a#i? C5TURY SOCIALI/ ?9K+4 ,! PROBLEMS >E N[ NOT POS$ 9 AB/RACT T]MS1 BUT 9 CONCRETE ONES4 ,TODAY WE CAN CALL UPON AN AMPLE CROP ( PRACTICAL EXP]I5CES4 ,! TE*NIQUE ( REVOLUTION HAS BE5 5RI*$ BEYOND MEASURE4 ,! LIB]T>IAN IDEA IS NO LONG] ET*$ ON ! CL\DS BUT D]IVES FROM ! FACTS !MSELVES1 FROM ! 7EV5 :5 REPRESS$7 DEEPE/ & MO/ AU!NTIC ASPIRATIONS ( ! POPUL> MASSES4 

,! PROBLEM ( SPONTANEITY & CONSCI\SNESS IS MU* MORE EASILY RESOLV$ TODAY ?AN A C5TURY AGO4 ,! MASSES1 ?\< !Y >E1 AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! V]Y OPPRESSION UND] :I* BURD5 !Y >E B5T1 SOME:AT \T ( T\* AS F> AS ! BANKRUPTCY ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM IS CONC]N$1 & /ILL LACK+ 9 $UCATION & POLITICAL CLE>-SI<T$NESS1 HAVE REGA9$ MU* ( ! GR\ND BY :I* !Y LAGG$ HI/ORICALLY4 ,?R\<\T ! ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 AS WELL AS 9 ! DEVELOP+ C\NTRIES & ?OSE SUBJECT TO SO-CALL$ ,/ATE 0COMMUNISM01 !Y HAVE MADE A PRODIGI\S LEAP =W>D4 ,!Y >E A LOT LESS EASY TO DUPE4 ,!Y KN[ ! EXT5T ( !IR RI<TS4 ,!IR GRASP ( ! WORLD & ( !IR [N FATE HAS 9CREAS$ CONSID]ABLY4 ,:ILE ! DEFICI5CIES ( ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT BE=E #a#h#d1 9 T]MS ( ITS LACK ( EXP]I5CE & ITS NUM]ICAL SLI<TNESS1 GAVE RISE TO ,BLANQUISM1 ?OSE ( ! PRE-#a#i#a#g ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT TO ,L59ISM1 & ?OSE ( ! NEW PROLET>IAT EXHAU/$ & 9 DIS>RAY AFT] ! CIVIL W> ( #a#i#a#h--#a#i#b1 OR REC5TLY UPROOT$ FROM ! C\NTRYSIDE1 5G5D]$ ,/AL9ISM1 TODAY ! TOIL+ MASSES HAVE MU* LESS NE$ TO VE/ !IR P[]S 9 AU?ORIT>IAN & SUPPOS$LY 9FALLIBLE TUTORS4 

,!N AGA91 ?ANKS ESPECIALLY TO ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 SOCIALI/ ?9K+ HAS BE5 P5ETRAT$ BY ! IDEA ?AT EV5 IF ! MASSES >E NOT YET QUITE RIPE1 & EV5 IF ! FUSION ( SCI5CE & ! WORK+ CLASS 5VISION$ BY ,LASSALLE HAS NOT YET BE5 FULLY REALIZ$1 ! ONLY WAY TO COMBAT ?IS BACKW>DNESS & REM$Y ?IS %ORTCOM+ IS TO HELP ! MASSES $UCATE !MSELVES 9 DIRECT DEMOCRACY DIRECT$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP3 TO IMBUE !M ) A FEEL+ = !IR RESPONSIBILITIES--9/EAD ( MA9TA9+ 9 !M1 AS ,/ATE COMMUNISM DOES 7:E!R IT BE 9 P[] OR 9 OPPOSITION71 ! AGE-OLD HABITS ( PASSIVITY1 SUBMISSION & ! 9F]IORITY COMPLEX BEQUEA!D TO !M BY A PA/ ( OPPRESSION4 ,EV5 ?\< SU* AN APPR5TICE%IP MAY SOMETIMES PROVE LAB\RI\S1 EV5 IF ! RATE ( PROGRESS IS SOMETIMES SL[1 EV5 IF IT PUTS ADDITIONAL /RA9 UPON SOCIETY1 EV5 IF IT CAN ONLY PROCE$ AT ! CO/ ( A DEGREE ( 0DISORD]01 !SE DIFFICULTIES1 !SE DELAYS1 !SE ADD$ /RA9S1 !SE GR[+ PA9S >E 9F9ITELY LESS H>MFUL ?AN ! PHONY ORD]1 PHONY DYNAMISM1 PHONY 0EFFICI5CY0 ( ,/ATE COMMUNISM1 :I* R$UCES MAN TO A CIPH]1 MURD]S POPUL> 9ITIATIVE & ULTIMATELY BR+S ! V]Y IDEA ( SOCIALISM 9TO DISREPUTE4 

,AS F> AS ! PROBLEM ( ! ,/ATE GOES1 ! LESSON ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION IS WRITT5 ON ! WALL = ALL TO SEE4 ,TO ]ADICATE ! MASSES' P[] RI<T AFT] ! SUCCESS ( ! REVOLUTION1 AS WAS DONE1 REBUILD+ ON ! RU9S ( ! OLD /ATE MA*9]Y A NEW MA*9]Y ( OPPRESSION EV5 MORE REF9$ ?AN ITS PR$ECESSOR1 & TO PASS ?IS (F FRAUDUL5TLY AS ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT01 &1 9 MANY 9/ANCES1 ABSORB+ 9TO ! NEW SY/EM 0EXP]TIZE0 FROM ! LATE REGIME 7& /ILL IMBU$ ) ! OLD ,FUHR]PR9ZIP7 LEADS GRADUALLY TO ! EM]G5CE ( A NEW PRIVILEG$ CLASS ?AT T5DS TO REG>D ITS [N SURVIVAL AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF & TO P]PETUATE ! ,/ATE :I* ASSURES ?AT SURVIVAL--SU* IS ! MODEL IT N[ BEHOOVES US NOT TO IMITATE4 ,MOREOV]1 IF WE TAKE LIT]ALLY ! ,M>XI/ !ORY ( ! 0WI!R+ AWAY0 ( ! ,/ATE1 ?OSE MAT]IAL CIRCUM/ANCES :I* HAD GIV5 RISE TO & 7ACCORD+ TO ,M>XI/S7 LEGITIMIZ$ ! RECON/RUCTION ( A /ATE APP>ATUS \<T TO ALL[ US TODAY 9CREAS+LY TO DISP5SE ) ! /ATE1 :I* IS A M$DLESOME G5D>ME GRE$Y = SURVIVAL4 

,9DU/RIALIZATION IS PROCE$+ BY LEAPS & B\NDS ! WORLD OV]1 ALBEIT AT DIFF]5T RATES 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES4 ,! DISCOV]Y ( NEW1 9EXHAU/IBLE S\RCES ( 5]GY IS ACCEL]AT+ ?IS PROCESS PRODIGI\SLY4 ,! TOTALIT>IAN /ATE 5G5D]$ BY POV]TY & D]IV+ ITS JU/IFICATION FROM ?AT IS GR[+ DAILY A LITTLE MORE SUP]FLU\S4 ,AS F> AS ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY GOES1 ALL EXP]I5CE1 BO? 9 QU9TESS5TIALLY CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES LIKE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & 9 ! C\NTRIES 9 ?RALL TO 0,/ATE COMMUNISM01 DEMON/RATES ?AT1 AS F> AS BROAD SEGM5TS ( ! ECONOMY AT LEA/ >E CONC]N$1 ! FUTURE NO LONG] LIES ) GIANT PRODUCTION UNITS4 ,! GIGANTISM ?AT ONCE B$AZZL$ BO? ! LATE ,YANKEE CAPTA9S ( 9DU/RY & ! COMMUNI/ ,L59 IS N[ A ?+ ( ! PA/3 ,TOO ,BIG IS ! TITLE ( AN ,AM]ICAN /UDY ( ! DAMAGE :I* ?IS BLI<T HAS DONE TO ! ,U,S ECONOMY4 ,= HIS P>T1 ,KHRU%*EV1 WILY OLD BOOR1 EV5TUALLY REALIZ$1 ALBEIT BELAT$LY & FALT]+LY1 ! NE$ = 9DU/RIAL DEC5TRALIZATION4 ,= A LONG TIME IT WAS BELIEV$ ?AT ! SACROSANCT IMP]ATIVES ( PLANN+ REQUIR$ ,/ATE MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY4 ,TODAY WE CAN SEE ?AT PLANN+ FROM ABOVE1 BUREAUCRATIC PLANN+1 IS A FRI<TFUL S\RCE ( DISORD] & WA/E & ?AT1 AS ,M]LEAU-,PONTY SAYS1 0PLAN IT DOES NOT40 ,*>LES ,BETTELHEIM HAS %[N US1 9 A BOOK :I* WAS UNDULY CON=MI/ AT ! TIME :5 IT WAS WRITT51 ?AT IT C\LD OP]ATE EFFICI5TLY ONLY IF DIRECT$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP & NOT FROM ! TOP D[N1 ONLY IF DIRECTIONS EMANAT$ FROM ! L[] E*ELONS ( PRODUCTION & W]E CONT9UALLY MONITOR$ BY !M--:]EAS 9 ! ,U,S,S,R ?IS SUP]VISION BY ! MASSES IS />TL+LY ABS5T4 ,)\T ANY D\BT1 ! FUTURE BELONGS TO AUTONOM\S MANAGEM5T ( UND]TAK+S BY WORK]S ASSOCIATIONS4 ,:AT HAS YET TO BE CL>IFI$ IS ! ASSUR$LY DELICATE ME*ANISM BY :I* !SE F$]ATE & ! V>I\S 9T]E/S >E RECONCIL$ 9 AN ORD] :I* IS FREE4 ,9 ! LI<T ( :I*1 ! ATTEMPT BY ! ,BELGIAN ,CES> DE ,PAEPE1 :O IS TODAY UNJU/LY =GOTT51 TO WORK \T A MODUS VIV5DI BETWE5 AN>*ISM & /ATISM1 DES]VES TO BE EXHUM$4 

,ELSE:]E1 ! V]Y EVOLUTION ( TE*NOLOGY & ( LABOR ORGANIZATION IS OP5+ UP A R\TE TO SOCIALISM FROM BEL[4 ,! MO/ REC5T RESE>* 9TO ! PSY*OLOGY ( WORK HAS PO9T$ TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT PRODUCTION IS ONLY TRULY 0EFFICI5T0 PROVID$ ?AT IT DOES NOT CRU% MAN & ?AT IT WORKS ) HIM 9/EAD ( ALI5AT+ HIM1 & RELIES UPON HIS 9ITIATIVE & :OLE-HE>T$ COOP]ATION1 TURN+ HIS TOIL FROM OBLIGATION 9TO JOY1 SOME?+ :I* CANNOT BE FULLY A*IEV$ EI!R 9 ! 9DU/RIAL B>RACKS ( PRIVATE CAPITALISM OR ?OSE ( ,/ATE CAPITALISM4 ,MOREOV]1 ! ACCEL]ATION ( TRANSPORT IS A S+UL> BOON TO ! OP]ATION ( A DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,TO TAKE BUT ONE EXAMPLE3 ?ANKS TO ! AIRPLANE1 9 A FEW H\RS ! DELEGATES FROM LOCAL BRAN*ES ( ! MO/ MOD]N ( ! ,AM]ICAN LABOR UNIONS 7LET US SAY1 ! AUTOMOBILE WORK]S' UNION7 CAN READILY BE BR\<T TOGE!R4 

,BUT IF WE WI% TO REG5]ATE A SOCIALISM :I* HAS BE5 /OOD ON ITS HEAD BY ! AU?ORIT>IANS1 & GET IT ! RI<T WAY UP AGA91 WE HAVE TO ACT QUICKLY4 ,BACK 9 #a#h#i#f1 ,KROPOTK9 WAS =CEFULLY /RESS+ ?AT AS LONG AS SOCIALISM PRES5T$ AN AU?ORIT>IAN & /ATI/ FACE1 IT W\LD 9SPIRE A MEASURE ( DI/RU/ 9 ! WORK]S & W\LD1 AS A RESULT1 F9D ITS EF=TS COMPROMIS$ & ITS FUR!R DEVELOPM5T FRU/RAT$4 

,PRIVATE CAPITALISM1 CONDEMN$ BY HI/ORY1 ONLY SURVIVES TODAY ?ANKS TO ! >MS RACE ON ! ONE H&1 & ! COMP>ATIVE FAILURE ( ,/ATE COMMUNISM ON ! O!R4 ,WE CANNOT IDEOLOGICALLY R\T ,BIG ,BUS9ESS & ITS SUPPOS$ 0FREE 5T]PRISE01 BEH9D :I* LURKS ! RULE ( A H&FUL ( MONOPOLIES1 & WE CANNOT DISPAT* BACK TO ! PROP ROOM ! NATIONALISM & FASCISM :I* >E EV] READY TO RISE AGA9 FROM !IR A%ES1 UNLESS WE CAN 9 FACT (F] A H>D & FA/ SUB/ITUTE = ,/ATE PSEUDO-COMMUNISM4 ,AS = ! SOCIALI/ C\NTRIES 7SO-CALL$71 !Y WILL NOT EM]GE FROM !IR CURR5T IMPASSE UNLESS WE HELP !M1 NOT TO LIQUIDATE1 BUT RA!R TO REBUILD !IR SOCIALISM FROM ! F\NDATIONS UP4 

,KHRU%*EV F9ALLY CAME TO GRIEF = HAV+ DI!R$ SO LONG BETWE5 PA/ & FUTURE4 ,= ALL !IR GOOD 9T5TIONS & ESSAYS 9 DE-,/AL9IZATION OR LOOS5+ /ATE CONTROLS1 ! ,GOMULKAS1 ,TITOS & ,DUBCEKS RUN ! RISK ( /&+ /ILL OR SLIPP+ FROM ! TI<TROPE :]E !Y BALANCE UN/EADILY1 &1 9 ! LONG RUN1 RISK RU9ATION1 UNLESS !Y ACQUIRE ! D>+ & F>-SI<T$NESS ?AT W\LD 5ABLE !M TO ID5TIFY ! ESS5TIAL FEATURES ( A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM4 

,ALEX ,COM=T 7#a#i#b-#b7 

,9 ,VOLUME ,TWO ( ,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,DOCUM5T>Y ,HI/ORY ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,IDEAS1 ,I 9CLUD$ SELECTIONS BY ! ,5GLI% AU?OR1 AN>*I/ & ANTI-MILIT>I/1 ,ALEX ,COM=T 7#a#i#b-#b71 9CLUD+ MAT]IAL FROM ,PEACE & ,DISOB$I5CE 7#a#i#d#f71 ,>T & ,SOCIAL ,RESPONSIBILITY 7#a#i#d#f7 & HIS CLASSIC CRITIQUE ( ! CRIM9OLOGY ( P[]1 ,AU?ORITY & ,DEL9QU5CY 9 ! ,MOD]N ,/ATE 7#a#i#e74 ,COM=T BECAME FAM\S 9 ! #a#i#gS = HIS G\RMET SEX GUIDE1 ,! ,JOY ( ,SEX4 ,FEW ( HIS READ]S REALIZ$ ?AT HE WAS AN AN>*I/ :O >GU$ ?AT SEXUAL HEAL? & LIB]ATION C\LD ONLY BE FULLY A*IEV$ ?R\< ! CREATION ( AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY BY 9DIVIDUAL & MASS DISOB$I5CE & RESI/ANCE TO EXI/+ P[] /RUCTURES4 ,COM=T MORE EXPLICITLY DRAWS \T !SE CONNECTIONS 9 ! FOLL[+ EXC]PTS FROM HIS #aidh ,FRE$OM ,PRESS PAMPHLET1 ,B>B>ISM & ,SEXUAL ,FRE$OM3 ,LECTURES ON ! SOCIOLOGY ( SEX FROM ! /&PO9T ( AN>*ISM4 

,B>B>ISM & ,SEXUAL ,FRE$OM 

,! IMPORTANCE ( SEXUAL NORMALITY 9 PSY*ICAL & SOCIAL HEAL? HAS BE5 9CREAS+LY RECOGNIZ$ BY PSY*OLOGI/S1 BO? AS CAUSE & AS EFFECT1 BUT LIKE MO/ O!R WORK]S 9 M$ICAL FIELDS !Y >E 9CL9$ TO REG>D SOCIOLOGY :I* SPEAKS 9 T]MS ( POLITICS ) SUSPICION--!RE IS A T5D5CY = PSY*OLOGICAL /UDIES TO 9DUCE A K9D ( M$ICAL FATALISM :I* EQUATES ! REVOLUTION>Y & ! MALCONT5T ) ! PSY*ICAL 9VALID1 & REG>DS 0ADAPTATION0 & 0MORALE0 AS GODS TO BE B[$ D[N BE=E4 ,BUT TO ! SOCIOLOGI/ AT LEA/ 0ADAPTATION0 IS TO BE REG>D$ 9 ! LI<T ( ! SPECIFIC VALUE ( ! 5VIRONM5T TO :I* ! SUBJECT IS ADAPT$--0ADAPTATION0 TO W>1 FASCISM OR /]ILITY1 = EXAMPLE1 IS A =M ( ACQUIESC5CE :I* CANNOT BE REG>D$ AS A SIGN ( HEAL?4 

,NOBODY 9 M$ICAL PRACTICE :O USES HIS FACULTIES CAN FAIL TO BE AW>E ?AT IT IS L>GELY ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & 5VIRONM5T :I* TODAY IS 0PSY*OPA?IC10 RA!R ?AN ITS 9DIVIDUAL COMPON5TS1 & IF ! IDEA ?AT 9/ITUTIONS CAN BE REG>D$ PSY*ICALLY AS IF !Y W]E 9DIVIDUALS1 OR CAN BEHAVE LIKE D]ANG$ 9DIVIDUALS1 IS ODD OR HET]ODOX TO ?OSE :O TREAT 9DIVIDUALS1 IT IS NOT NEW 9 SOCIOLOGY4 ,! PUBLIC CONDUCT ( 9DIVIDUALS1 FROM :I* SOCIAL ME*ANISMS >E COMPOS$1 IS A WORLD 9CREAS+LY F5C$-(F FROM1 ?\< GOV]N$ BY ! SAME PROCESSES AS1 P]SONAL PSY*OLOGY1 & F> AS CONCEPTIONS ( ! GR\P UNCONSCI\S HAVE GONE1 !Y MU/ GO FUR!R /ILL1 ASSI/$ BY !ORIES D]IV$ NOT ONLY FROM PSY*OLOGY BUT FROM HI/ORY & ZOOLOGY1 & =MULAT$ BY SU* SOCIAL-BIOLOGI/S AS ,KROPOTK94 

,I WRITE AS AN AN>*I/1 ?AT IS1 AS ONE :O REJECTS ! CONCEPTION ( P[] 9 SOCIETY AS A =CE :I* IS BO? ANTI-SOCIAL & UNS\ND 9 T]MS ( G5]AL BIOLOGICAL PR9CIPLE4 ,IF ,I HAVE ANY METAPHYSICAL & E?ICAL RULE ON :I* TO BASE MY IDEAS1 IT IS ?AT ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY & MUTUAL AID AGA9/ A HO/ILE 5VIRONM5T1 ! PSY*ICAL & MORAL C\NT]P>T ( ! BIOLOGICAL =CES ( ADAPTATION :I* LEAD TO PHYLOG5ETIC *ANGE4 ,IT IS 9 T]MS ( !SE =CES ?AT HUMAN 9DIVIDUALS1 & HUMAN SOCIETIES1 EXI/ OR SUCCUMB1 & ! SEXUAL IMPULSE1 :E!R WE REG>D IT AS ! ,]OS ( ,FREUD OR AS A =CE ( PURELY BIO*EMICAL /ATUS 7!Y >E NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE71 IS 9 ITSELF SO ESS5TIAL A MANIFE/ATION ( ?IS SPECIES-SOLID>ITY1 & ( ! ATTEMPT & WILL TO SURVIVE1 ?AT ITS SUBM]G5CE OR DIV]SION IS A DANG]-SIGNAL 9 ANY SOCIETY4 ,A SOCIETY :I* ORI5TATES ITSELF T[>D LIFE & HUMAN SOLID>ITY IS A CIVILIZATION--ONE :I* ORI5TATES ITSELF EXCLUSIVELY T[>DS DEA? & ALLIES ITSELF ) ! PURELY ANTI-HUMAN /ATUS ( NONEXI/5CE1 NON-LIV+1 ASOCIALITY1 IS B>B>ISM4 ,EV]Y 9DICATION PO9TS TO ! /EADY MOVEM5T ( ,WE/]N CULTURES AWAY FROM ! FIR/1 & T[>DS ! SECOND4 

,S9CE ,I AM CONC]N$444 MA9LY TO DISCUSS SEXUAL E?ICS 9 A NON-M$ICAL CONTEXT1 ,I HAVE SAID LESS ?AN ,I W\LD WI% AB\T ! REV]SE ASPECT ( SEXUALITY & PSY*OLOGY1 ! EFFECT ( 9DIVIDUAL MALADAPTATIONS ON ! SOCIAL PATT]N4 ,SOCIETIES CANNOT MANUFACTURE NEW EVILS1 ?\< !Y CAN AGGRAVATE EXI/+ ONES4 ,AFT] A C]TA9 PO9T ! PROCESS ( SOCIAL IMBALANCE & PRIVATE NEUROSIS BECOMES A VICI\S CIRCLE--EA* G5]ATION RE9=CES ! ]RORS ( ! LA/1 UNTIL NEW FACTORS 5T] TO ALT] ! PATT]N4 ,IT IS NOT EASY = ! PHYSIOLOGI/ TO MOLD ! ,FREUDIAN ,]OS & ,?ANATOS TO HIS [N RA!R DIFF]5T CONCEPTION ( 9/9CTS1 BUT !Y EXI/ AT ! PHYSIOLOGICAL LEVEL1 IF ONLY AS FACILITATION-PATT]NS1 :I* HI<] CORTICAL PROCESSES CAN TAKE OV] & EMPLOY 9 ! MORE COMPLEX PATT]NS ( SOCIAL CONDUCT--?US SADISM IS UNQUE/IONABLY 9 P>T AN EXAGG]ATION ( A COMPON5T 9 NORMAL MAT+-BEHAVIOR1 BUT IT IS ALSO A PROCESS :I* CAN BE TAK5 OV] & ASSIMILAT$ BY AGGRESSIV5ESS1 CONDITION$ AS A S\RCE ( SEXUAL PLEASURE BY EXP]I5CE1 & SUB/ITUT$ = NORMAL1 SEXUALITY BY DEPRIVATION--! M9D IS SOME:AT LIKE AN 9/RUM5T :I* CAN PLAY 9NUM]ABLE TUNES ON A LIMIT$ NUMB] ( *ORDS1 & 9 :I* ANY NOTE ONCE /RUCK EVOKES OV]TONES AT BO? HI<] & L[] LEVELS ( C]EBRAL ACTIVITY4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( ! PHYSIOLOGICAL CONCEPTION IS ?AT ?IS IMPULSE1 TOGE!R ) AGGRESSION & MASO*ISM1 IS BO? A COMPON5T ( ! DESIRE TO GOV]N & A MEANS CONSCI\SLY EMPLOY$ BY GOV]NM5T--ONE CAN DELIB]ATELY MANUFACTURE SADI/S BY CONDITION+ & IT IS A FEATURE ( B>B>ISM ?AT IT DOES SO--ONE CAN ALSO MAKE !M BY ! DE/RUCTION ( CREATIVE FRE$OM3 

0,! 9DIVIDUAL MU/ BE V\*SAF$ ! OPPORTUNITY TO GRATIFY ! LIFE-9/9CT ( PROVID+ FOOD1 %ELT]1 & ! RELEASE ( ! SEXUAL URGE 9 SOCIALLY ACCEPT$ WAYS--O!RWISE FRU/RATION ) ITS TRA9 ( NEUROTIC MANIFE/ATIONS MAY =TIFY ! DEA? 9/9CT444 ,SUICIDE & ALL MANIFE/ATIONS ( MASO*ISM D]IVE FROM ! DEA?-9/9CT4 ,SO DO HOMICIDE1 W>1 & ?AT COMPLEX ( AGGRESSIONS KN[N AS ! SADI/IC IMPULSE4 ,LOVE 9 ALL ITS SEXUAL CONNOTATIONS SPR+S FROM ! LIFE-9/9CT444 ,! ASC5DANCY ( EI!R ONE SPELLS LIFE OR DEA? = ! 9DIVIDUAL0 7,A4,J4 ,LEV9E74 

,ONE MI<T ADD ?AT IT SPELLS LIFE OR DEA? = ! SOCIETY ( :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL =MS A P>T4 ,AP>T FROM SOCIOLOGY !RE CAN BE NO COH]5T PSY*OLOGY1 ANY MORE ?AN ONE CAN COMPREH5D ! BIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR ( ANTS BY REF]5CE TO ONE 9DIVIDUAL4 ,& AP>T FROM 9DIVIDUAL REALIZATION & ACTION HI/ORY IS ONLY TOO (T5 A CATALOG ( FUTILITY & FOLLY :I* W\LD TURN ! /OMA* ( ANY MASO*I/4 ,! FACTUAL HI/ORY ( P[] 9 SOCIETY BE>S ! SAME RELATION%IP TO COMMUNAL HEAL? AS ! WORKS ( DE ,SADE BE> TO 9DIVIDUAL NORMALITY1 SAVE ?AT IT IS REAL1 NOT FANTA/IC4 

,EI!R IT IS TRUE ?AT HUMANITY BY 9TELLIG5CE & BY ! PRACTICE ( MUTUAL AID & DIRECT ACTION CAN REV]SE PROCESSES :I* APPE> SOCIALLY 9EVITABLE1 OR HUMANITY WILL BECOME EXT9CT BY SIMPLE MALADAPTATION444 ,I BELIEVE IT TO BE ! DUTY ( PSY*OLOGY & M$IC9E1 = :I* !Y >E P>TICUL>LY SUIT$1 TO 9ITIATE ! PROCESS ( SOCIOLOGICAL *ANGE BY PRESCRIB+ CONSCI5TI\S1 9TELLIG5T & RESPONSIBLE DISOB$I5CE & RESI/ANCE BY 9DIVIDUALS T[>DS IRRESPONSIBLE P[]-9/ITUTIONS SU* AS W>1 MILIT>Y S]VICE1 & O!R =MS ( CO]CION--NOT AS A SUB-9TELLIG5T REVOLT ( PSY*OPA?S BUT AS A FULLY CONSCI\S & DELIB]ATE RE-ADOPTION ( HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY4 ,?AT A MAN %\LD RECOGNIZE & FI<T AGA9/ HIS TRADITIONAL 5EMIES1 ,DEA?1 ,P[]1 & ,FE>1 IS ! FIR/ /EP T[>DS NORMALITY & FRE$OM2 & ) ?IS CAUSE ! PSY*OLOGI/ MU/ BE PREP>$ TO ALLY HIMSELF IF HE IS NOT WILL+ TO BECOME A TRAITOR TO HIS VOCATION & TO HIS SPECIES444 

,PHYSICIANS1 MORE ?AN ANY O!RS1 >E APT TO ACCEPT RE=MI/ ME?ODS BECAUSE !Y >E OBLIG$ 9 CONSCI5CE TO PALLIATE1 :5 !Y CANNOT CURE4 ,! 0CAUSE0 ( GONORRHEA IS NOT ! GONOCOCCUS2 IT IS AT PRES5T JU/1 AS MU* 0CAUS$0 BY ,HITL]1 HIS OPPON5TS1 ,LONDON1 ,B]L91 ,GLASG[1 UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,WE CAN KILL OR SEGREGATE ! ORGANISMS1 BUT IT IS NOT ALWAYS POSSIBLE TO DEAL ) ! O!R CAUSES BY SIMIL>LY IMM$IATE MEASURES4 ,RE=MI/ ACTIVITY1 9 SEXUAL MATT]S1 AS 9 O!R BRAN*ES ( M$IC9E1 HAS A*IEV$ A C]TA9 AM\NT1 )9 ITS SOME:AT N>R[ LIMITATIONS4 ,IT HAS AT LEA/ BR\<T MATT]S 9TO A /ATE :]E !Y CAN BE OP5LY DISCUSS$4 ,BUT = ! 9VE/IGATOR FAC$ ) ! SOCIAL PROBLEM ( V5]EAL 9FECTION1 RE=M HAS REA*$ ITS LIMITS4 ,)\T ! REMOVAL ( W>1 NO FUR!R PROGRESS IS POSSIBLE1 & ! ROOTS ( W> LIE 9 ! /RUCTURE ( P[]--REGULAT$ SOCIETIES4 

,! IMPACT ( POLITICAL & SOCIOLOGICAL !ORY & ACTION ON M$IC9E >E NO:]E SO M>K$ AS 9 ! FIELD ( SEXUAL HYGI5E--! PHYSICIAN TO :OM PUBLIC HEAL? IS SOME?+ MORE ?AN ! PASSIVE ACCEPTANCE ( PUBLIC DISEASE HAS REA*$ ! LIMIT ( HIS RES\RCES1 & BEH9D ! PSY*ICAL ILLNESSES & ! SYPHILIS LIE TUB]CULOSIS1 MALNUTRITION1 OCCUPATIONAL TRAUMA1 PREMATURE S5ILITY1 & A HO/ ( CONDITIONS1 ALL MANIFE/LY & GROSSLY CONDITION$ BY SOCIAL =CES1 :I* LEGIONS ( SOCIAL-WORK]S1 MILLIONS ( P\NDS & EXCELL5T 9T5TIONS >E :OLLY IMPOT5T TO TACKLE4 ,!RE IS ! PROBLEM1 & !RE >E ITS CAUSES--! LOGIC ( M$IC9E IS1 OR \<T TO BE1 CAPABLE ( ! DECISION 9VOLV$4 ,& YET ! NATURAL RECALCITRANCE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL %[S SIGNS ( \TPAC+ ! SCI5TIFIC OBS]V]--IT DOES NOT NE$ .<,LEWIS.> ,MUM=D & .<,PATRICK.> ,G$DES TO TELL ! CITY-DWELL] ?AT HIS LIFE IS UNHEAL?Y1 UNECONOMIC & DIRECT$ T[>DS DEA? & NULLITY1 OR .<,C>L.> ,JUNG TO TELL HIM ?AT HIS FAMILY RELATION%IPS >E DI/ORT$ \T ( ALL RECOGNITION1 OR ,BOYD ,ORR & ,MC,CANCE TO TELL ! PEASANTS & WORK]S ( HUGE >EAS ( ! WORLD ?AT !Y >E />V+4 ,! SOCIAL CONDITION+ ( V5]EAL DISEASE & PRO/ITUTION1 LIKE ?AT ( W> & P[]1 IS 9CREAS+LY OBVI\S1 & ! REM$Y LIES JO9TLY 9 ! H&S ( ! SCI5TIFIC WORK] & ! PUBLIC--IT IS ) ! 9DIVIDUAL ?AT ! ULTIMATE P[] ( ACTION1 IF ONLY BY AN UNCON/RUCTIVE BUT EFFECTIVE RECALCITRANCE TO BAD 9/ITUTIONS1 RE/S4 ,)\T ?IS1 ! 5ORM\S RES\RCES ( EXP]IM5TAL SCI5CE >E B\ND TO BE 9 A GREAT MEASURE NULLIFI$ & WA/$4 

,SOME ,CONCLUSIONS 

,CO]CIVE MORALITY1 LIKE CO]CIVE SOCIETY1 IS BREAK+ D[N4 ,IT CANNOT BE RE=M$1 ONLY REPLAC$ BY FRE$OM OR BY A REPETITION ( PA/ ]RORS4 ,& :ILE TO A C]TA9 EXT5T ! 9DIVIDUAL CAN RE=M HIS [N SEXUAL LIFE1 & PRACTICE ! FRE$OM :I* ,I HAVE DESCRIB$1 WE HAVE TO FACE ! FACT ?AT UNTIL CO]CIVE SOCIETIES >E DE/ROY$ WE CANNOT ATTA9 ANY G5]AL MEASURE ( BIOLOGICAL NORMALITY4 ,SO LONG AS IT HAS MEGALOPOLITANISM & W> TO CONT5D )1 SEXUALITY CANNOT BE 9 ANY S5SE NORMAL4 ,HE :O WANTS TO EAT MU/ WORK-- HE :O WANTS TO ATTA9 A NORMAL & SATISFY+ SEXUAL RELATION%IP1 BAS$ ON LOVE1 FRE$OM1 & RESPONSIBILITY = HIMSELF & HIS *ILDR5 MU/ BE PREP>$ TO FI<T = IT BY DISOB$I5CE4 ,SEXUAL FRE$OM & POLITICAL TYRANNY CANNOT CO-EXI/1 & IT IS TO BE HOP$ & EXPECT$ ?AT HUMANITY1 DRIV5 & 9SPIR$ BY ! URG5CY ) :I* ITS NATURE DEM&S ! FIR/1 WILL DE/ROY ! SECOND4 

,IT IS BECAUSE ! :OLE EMPHASIS ( AN>*I/ ?\<T IS UPON ! REMOVAL ( P[] & ! REFUSAL TO EMPLOY P[]-9/ITUTIONS AS A VEHICLE = RE=MI/ MEASURES ?AT IT SEEMS TO ME TO EMBODY ! MO/ COMPREH5SIVE & SCI5TIFICALLY LEGITIMATE APPROA* TO SEXUAL E?ICS4 ,I ?9K ,I HAVE MADE IT CLE> ?AT ! CLOS5ESS ( ! RELATION BETWE5 ?IS BRAN* ( HUMAN CONDUCT & SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS 9 G5]AL MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE TO MODIFY EI!R EXCEPT BY WAY ( ! O!R4 ,A G5]AL \TBREAK ( PUBLIC RESI/ANCE TO MILIT>ISM W\LD CONTRIBUTE MORE TO ! REMOVAL ( SEXUAL IMBALANCE ?AN ANY ACTION ?R\< ! *ANNELS :I* WE HAVE COME TO REG>D AS POLITICAL4 ,! PROBLEM IS ?AT ( HUMAN FRE$OM1 & HUMAN FRE$OM HAS LITTLE TO DO ) 9/ITUTIONS OR ! RE=M ( 9/ITUTIONS4 ,YET !RE IS A /RONG] CASE = RE=MI/ ACTION AS A /OP-GAP TREATM5T 9 ?IS FIELD ?AN 9 ANY O!R4 ,:ILE WE CANNOT EXCISE ! PROBLEM RADICALLY UNTIL MEGALOPOLITANISM DE/ROYS ITSELF OR IS SUP]S$$ ?R\< ! DIRECT ACTION ( PEOPLES1 ?AT DOES NOT MEAN ?AT WE CAN AF=D TO )HOLD FIR/-AID MEASURES4 

,SCI5TIFIC RESE>* TO DEVISE A G5U9ELY RELIABLE CONTRACEPTIVE IS ( MU* IMPORTANCE4 ,! CONT9UANCE ( PUBLIC PRESSURE ?R\< ! MA*9]Y ( P[]1 AS WELL AS AGA9/ IT1 SEEMS TO ME WELL WOR?:ILE4 ,!RE >E C]TA9 LIMIT$ OBJECTIVES1 ! 5D ( CONSCRIPTION1 ! ABOLITION ( LIT]>Y C5SOR%IP1 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! M$IEVAL ELEM5TS 9 SEXUAL LAW1 & A WIDE DISSEM9ATION ( ]OTIC KN[L$GE & TE*NIQUE1 ALL ( !M REASONABLY ACCESSIBLE TO DIRECT PUBLIC PRESSURE )9 ! EXI/+ FRAMEWORK ( SOCIETY1 9 :I* MANY PEOPLE :O DO NOT ACCEPT ! IDEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS ( MU* ?AT ,I HAVE SAID W\LD BE ABLE TO CO-OP]ATE4 ,CON/RUCTIVE EXP]IM5TS 9 COMMUNAL HEAL? SU* AS ! ,PECKHAM ,EXP]IM5T .<SEE ,COL9 ,W>D1 ,AN>*Y 9 ,ACTION.> CONTRIBUTE MORE TO M5TAL & PHYSICAL HYGI5E ?AN OCEANS ( WELF>E S]VICES & GOOD 9T5TIONS4 ,RE=M ( ! P5AL TREATM5T ( SEXUAL (F5D]S1 REPEAL ( LAWS SU* AS ?OSE RELAT+ TO NUDITY & TO 9DEC5T LIT]ATURE1 & O!R MEASURES SU* AS ! EXT5SION ( *ILD1 ADOLESC5T1 & ADULT SEX $UCATION HAVE IMPRESSIVE SUPPORT4 ,:ILE !Y >E 9 NO S5SE A SUB/ITUTE = A FREE SOCIETY !Y >E A MEANS T[>D IT1 & 9S(> AS ANY VICTORY = REASONABLE & BIOLOGICALLY-F\ND$ PR9CIPLE OV] FE> & IRRATIONALISM IS A VICTORY = MAN1 SU* ADVANCES1 H[EV] OBTA9$1 >E 9 FACT ! MEANS ( A WID] & MORE FUNDAM5TAL REVOLUTION 9 ! /RUCTURE ( LIV+4 

,! 9ITIAL MILIEU ( ALL SU* $UCATION IS ! FAMILY1 & IT IS TO ! EXT5SION ( KN[L$GE ?R\< P>5TAL TEA*+ & EXAMPLE ?AT ,I FEEL SCI5CE MU/ ATTEMPT TO DIRECT ITSELF4 ,! 9FLU5CE ( HEAL? 9/RUCTION ?R\< GUIDANCE & *ILD WELF>E CL9ICS IS ALREADY APP>5T 9 AN 9CREAS$ RATIONALITY 9 P>5TAL ATTITUDES T[>DS MA/URBATION & ADULT ATTITUDES T[>DS TABOO MANIFE/ATIONS ( SEXUALITY4 ,A WID] & MORE C\RAGE\S 5C\RAGEM5T & TOL]ATION ( PRE-ADULT SEXUAL PLAY AMONG ADOLESC5TS & AN EXT5SION ( ! TEA*+ ( ]OTICS TO ADULTS >E BO? DESIRABLE ON ! EVID5CE AT \R DISPOSAL4 ,BY SU* MEANS ! EXT5SION ( ! RATIONAL ATTITUDE1 ( ! MOTTO ( ,RABELAIS' ,ABBEY ( ,!LEMA1 0,DO :AT Y\ WILL10 ) ! ADD$ CLAUSE1 0PROVID$ IT H>MS NO-ONE10 MAY BE BR\<T AB\T4 ,IF !RE IS A S+LE PHRASE TO WRITE OV] ! DOOR ( ! M>RIAGE GUIDANCE CL9IC1 IT IS 0,!RE IS NO?+ TO FE>40 

,BUT ADVANCES 9 ?IS FIELD JO9 H&S AT EV]Y PO9T ) ! NE$ = ADVANCES 9 $UCATION1 9 SOCIAL LIV+1 & 9 ! =GOTT5 >T ( BE+ HUMAN4 ,AT PRES5T !RE IS EVID5CE ?AT ! MO/ $UCAT$ GR\PS1 BY LONG /UDY & /RUGGLE1 >E REGA9+ ! K9D ( NORMALITY :I* IS G5]AL 9 ! BEHAVIOR ( L[] ANIMALS4 ,LIKE ALL =MS ( SOCIOLOGICAL 9VE/IGATION1 SEXUAL KN[L$GE F9DS ?AT IT CAN MAKE LITTLE EFFECTIVE PROGRESS )\T ! TOTAL REORI5TATION ( SOCIETY T[>D ! CONCEPTS ( FRE$OM & 9DIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY :I* RECUR ?R\<\T MOD]N WORK1 BUT TIME IS %ORT1 & ! T5D5CY ( EV5TS IS RUNN+ /RONGLY 9 ! DIRECTION ( 9CREAS$ CO]CION4 ,9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 :ILE /UDY & 9VE/IGATION >E ESS5TIAL1 IT IS ) ! ACTIVE RESI/ANCE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO !SE TR5DS1 BY ! P[] ( DISOB$I5CE1 ( NON-ADAPTATION TO DEA?1 ?AT ! FUTURE ( SOCIAL PROGRESS RE/S4 ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ P[] IS ! CONC]N ( PSY*OLOGY & M$IC9E1 AS ( EV]Y O!R SCI5CE1 BECAUSE IT IS ! CONC]N ( MAN4 

,NOIR ET ,R\GE 

,9 ,VOLUME #b ( ,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,DOCUM5T>Y ,HI/ORY ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,IDEAS1 ,I 9CLUD$ SEV]AL SELECTIONS FROM ! ,FR5* AN>*I/ J\RNAL ,NOIR ET ,R\GE 7#a#i#e#f-#a#i#g71 9CLUD+ MAT]IAL ON NATIONAL LIB]ATION & ANTI-COLONIALISM1 DRAFT RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ! ,FR5* W> AGA9/ ,ALG]IAN 9DEP5D5CE 7,SELECTION #c#a71 & NEW DIRECTIONS 9 AN>*I/ !ORY 7,SELECTION #d#g74 ,NOIR ET ,R\GE 7,BLACK & ,R$1 ! TRADITIONAL COLORS ( CLASS /RUGGLE AN>*ISM7 WAS PUBLI%$ BY ! ,GR\PES ,AN>*I/ES D',ACTION ,REVOLUTIONAIRE 7,REVOLUTION>Y ,ACTION ,AN>*I/ ,GR\PS71 ONE ( ! MANY ,FR5* AN>*I/ GR\PS ?AT EM]G$ FOLL[+ ! SPLIT 9 ! ,FR5* AN>*I/ MOVEM5T BETWE5 ,GEORGES ,FONT5IS & ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNI/ ,F$]ATION1 :I* TRI$ TO UNITE AN>*I/S & O!R ULTRA-LEFTI/S 9TO A MORE CONV5TIONAL REVOLUTION>Y P>TY1 & ?OSE AN>*I/S :O FELT ! ,FONT5IS APPROA* WAS DOGMATIC & AU?ORIT>IAN 7SEE ! PO/ FROM ,GIOVANNA ,B]N]I74 ,9 ! FOLL[+ EXC]PTS FROM ,NOIR ET ,R\GE1 TRANSLAT$ BY ,PAUL ,%>KEY1 ! ,G,A,> SETS =? ITS POSITION ON ! DEBATE REG>D+ MAJORITY RULE1 DEF5D+ ! RI<T ( ! M9ORITY TO FOLL[ ITS [N PA?4 ,NOIR ET ,R\GE1 ) ITS MORE FLUID CONCEPTION ( AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION1 9FLU5C$ ! /UD5T REVOLUTION>IES ( ,MAY #aifh 9 ,FRANCE4 

,MAJORITY & ,M9ORITY 

,CAN A MAJORITY CLAIM TO SPEAK = ON ORGANIZATION8 ,>E ITS DECISIONS B9D+ UPON ! ORGANIZATION8 ,H[ IS ! M9ORITY TREAT$ 9 T]MS ( ITS EXPRESSION1 ITS CONDUCT1 ITS V]Y EXI/5CE )9 ! RANKS ( ?AT ORGANIZATION8 

,AT FIR/ GLANCE1 ALL !SE QUE/IONS APPE> TO BE ( SECOND>Y 9T]E/1 BUT 9 FACT !Y >E ( CONSID]ABLE SIGNIFICANCE :5 ONE WI%ES TO LIVE 9SIDE AN ORGANIZATION & WANTS ?AT ORGANIZATION TO LIVE4 ,& !RE CAN BE NO 0LAISSEZ-FAIRE1 TIME WILL TELL1 EV]Y CASE IS A CASE AP>T1 ) A LITTLE GOOD WILL4440 APPROA*1 = (T5 EXP]I5CE IS V]Y CONV9C+ BUT BY ! TIME IT IS NOTIC$ IT IS TOO LATE TO *ANGE ANY?+ & EV]Y?+ HAS TO BE EMBRAC$ OR ALL[$ TO FALL BY ! WAYSIDE4 ,RI<T FROM ! V]Y FIR/ /EPS TAK5 TOGE!R1 WE MU/ DEVISE A !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL L9E ( POLICY ACCEPTABLE TO ALL &1 9 ?IS CONTEXT1 ! M9ORITY-MAJORITY ISSUE CAN TILT ! BALANCE 9 ONE DIRECTION OR ! O!R4 

,AS WE SEE IT1 ! OP]ATION ( A F$]ALI/ ORGANIZATION IS 9COMPATIBLE ) RET5TION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( MAJORITY RULE4 ,!RE IS A REAL MAJORITY 9 ! =M ( A FREELY CONCEIV$1 FREELY ACCEPT$ UNANIMITY4 ,ANY O!R MAJORITY1 BE IT A TWO ?IRDS MAJORITY1 AN ABSOLUTE OR SIMPLE MAJORITY1 ) ALL MANN] ( IMPLICATIONS1 CON/ITUTES A MAJORITY ONLY AS F> AS ?OSE :O ACCEPT IT >E CONC]N$2 AS F> AS O!RS >E CONC]N$1 IT IS WOR?LESS & CANNOT BE CONSID]$ B9D+4 

,EV]Y TIME AN ATTEMPT IS MADE TO FOI/ A POLICY UPON O!RS1 ON ONE GR\ND OR ANO!R1 ONE >RIVES AT A CONTRIV$1 FRAGILE1 UN/ABLE UNITY4 ,( C\RSE1 9 EV]Y CASE ONE F9DS & IS GO+ TO F9D 0SPECIAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 HI/ORICAL NECESSITIES0--BUT !N1 :AT MOM5T 9 HUMANITY'S M>* T[>DS ITS HAPP9ESS IS NOT HI/ORICAL8 ,& IT IS NOT H>D = ?OSE 9 NE$ ( ?AT MAJORITY TO PRATE ON AB\T SPECIAL CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,BUT444 0)\T A MAJORITY1 NO DECISION CAN BE >RIV$ AT & 9 ! ABS5CE ( DECISIONS1 AN ORGANIZATION IS WOR?LESS1 A %AMBLES40 ,?IS IS ! *IEF *>GE LEVEL$ AT LIB]T>IANS BY AU?ORITY LOV]S &1 IT HAS TO BE SAID1 BY C]TA9 LIB]T>IANS4 ,BUT EXP]I5CE FLIES 9 ! FACE ( SU* REASON+4 ,NOT ONLY >E !RE ORGANIZATIONS 9 EXI/5CE ?AT >E BUILT ON ?IS F\NDATION1 BUT !RE HAVE BE5 9/ANCES :]E1 )\T ANY VOTES BE+ C\NT$1 !RE WAS A REAL MAJORITY444 #ai ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 ! ,MAY EV5TS 9 ,B>CELONA 9 #a#i#c#g444 BUT !RE WAS NO MAJORITY :5 ! AN>*I/S W]E 0OBLIG$0 TO COLLABORATE ) ! GOV]NM5T1 AT :I* PO9T \R ADV]S>IES />T$ TO ROIL AB\T ! EXI/5CE ( AN OPPOSITION & A M9ORITY & TO C>P AB\T ! AN>*I/S' WEAKNESS & LACK ( DISCIPL9E4 ,YET IT WAS ! EXI/5CE ( ?AT V]Y M9ORITY ?AT SALVAG$ ! MOVEM5T'S HONOR1 9CLUD+ ! HONOR ( ?OSE :O HAD CONS5T$ TO COMPROMISE4 

,! MAJORITY PR9CIPLE D]IVES FROM ! PRACTICE ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 FROM UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 FROM P>LIAM5T>IANISM4 ,!RE1 IT IS NECESS>Y1 NAY1 ! ONLY 9DISP5SABLE FACTOR 9 ! SMOO? RUNN+ ( ! SY/EM4 ,! /RUGGLE TO W9 A MAJORITY HAS NEV] BE5 & NEV] WILL BE OP5 & HONE/4 ,9 ORD] TO W9 VOTES1 NO ONE %[S HIS TRUE FACE1 ! ME*ANISMS ( HIS GAME OR ! REAL AIMS HE HAS 9 M9D4 ,! MO/ REVOLUTION>Y APPEALS >E M]ELY VAGUE PROPOSITIONS LIKELY TO ATTRACT A BROAD SWA! ( 9DIVIDUALS3 ! MO/ "9"9 PO-FAC$ S]MONS >E ONLY ! RAV+S ( RABBLE-R\S]S TRY+ TO /IR ! BASE/ S5TIM5TS ( ! MOB1 BE IT SELFI% OR %AM-HUMANIT>IAN4 ,?IS GR& P>ADE ( F9E TALK]S IS WELL OR*E/RAT$ FROM BEH9D ! SC5ES ?R\< ! USE ( 9TIMIDATION1 ECONOMIC & O!R ?REATS1 AS WELL AS PROMISES & SPECIAL ADVANTAGES4 ,9 AU?ORIT>IAN REGIMES1 ?IS BACK/AGE ACTIVITY IS EV5 MORE TRANSP>5T & ! REAL AG5TS ( ! MAJORITY 7! (FICIAL & POLITICAL POLICE1 DIRECT OR 9DIRECT OPPRESSION7 TREAD ! BO>DS1 FL\RI%+ !IR 0>GUM5TS02 !Y DO NOT EV5 TR\BLE TO M\NT A FEW M9OR DISPLAYS AGA9/ ! RECALCITRANT SO AS TO MAKE AN EXAMPLE = ! RE/1 & TO >RIVE AT ! IDEAL MAJORITY444 #i#i4#i#i.04 ,BUT ?AT DANG] LURKS EV5 )9 NON-AU?ORIT>IAN1 DEMOCRATIC1 9DE$1 LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS1 :5 ! PR9CIPLE ( MAJORITY RULE IS EMBRAC$ ALONG ) ! COMPETITION TO W9 A MAJORITY4 ,WE HAVE SE5 SUPPOS$LY LIB]T>IAN CONGRESSES HAT*$ BEH9D ! SC5ES1 ) ! P>TS & ! SPEE*ES ALLOCAT$ 9 ADVANCE & EV5 PROPAG&A TAILOR-MADE = EA* DELEGATE1 & WE HAVE ALSO WITNESS$ ! \TCOME4 

,?IS 0,FONT5IS-/YLE0 PH5OM5ON \<T NOT TO BE REPEAT$4 

,BUT !RE WILL ALWAYS BE SOME :O >E NOT CONV9C$1 SOME :O HOLD BACK1 EV5 IF ONLY = /RICTLY P]SONAL REASONS3 WE KN[ AB\T ! UNCONFESS$ ROLE ?AT HAS BE5 PLAY$ BY P]SONAL RELATIONS1 EV5 9 /RICTLY POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC OR IDEOLOGICAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,WE CANNOT MAKE IT A REQUIREM5T ?AT EV]YONE HITS IT (F ) EV]YBODY ELSE4 ,SO WE WILL RUN 9TO NONS5SICAL1 UNSOLICIT$ OB/RUCTION :I* CAN P>ALYZE & /YMIE ! ORGANIZATION JU/ :5 IT \<T TO BE ACT+ ) ! GREATE/ SPE$--& :AT1 !N1 >E WE TO DO8 ,IT HAPP5S4 

,BUT ?IS >GUM5T IS F\ND$ UPON TWO MI/AKES3 ! NOTION ( A HOMOG5E\S SPECIFIC ORGANIZATION & ! NOTION ( AN>*I/ MORALITY4 

,:5 ! MEMB]S ( AN ORGANIZATION >E B\ND TOGE!R NOT ONLY BY REASONABLY FRI5DLY P]SONAL RELATIONS1 BUT ALSO & PRIM>ILY BY A GIV5 NUMB] ( IDEOLOGICAL & TACTICAL PR9CIPLES--5\< COMMON GR\ND TO JU/IFY ! CLAIM ?AT ORGANIZATION IS HOMOG5E\S--! DANG]S ( SIGNIFICANT DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION >E M9IMAL4 ,?IS IS ONE ( ! REASONS :Y WE /ICK TO ! VIEWS & PRACTICE ( A 0SPECIFIC AN>*I/ GR\P0 :I* WE REFUSE TO DILUTE OR SEE DILUT$ = US4 ,JU/ LET A NEW PRACTICE BE ADOPT$--0COME ALL YE :O >E = FRE$OM0 OR 0AGA9/ ! ,/ATE10 OR EV5 0AN>*ISM G5]ALLY0--& ! NEXT DAY1 FRICTION ON SOME ISSUE WILL BE 9EVITABLE4 ,HET]OG5EITY C>RIES ANO!R CONSEQU5CE3 ! EXI/5CE ( GR\PS ( 09ITIATES0 7) A FOOT 9 SEV]AL GR\PS AT ONCE1 MAYBE7 :I* >E1 MO/ ( ! TIME1 SECRET OR SEMISECRET3 & EV]Y ONE ( !M AIMS TO MAKE ! RUNN+7 !IR CONSCI5CES CLE> ?AT !Y >E 0LEAD+ O!RS ALONG ! RI<TE\S PA?0444 :I* WILL V]Y QUICKLY DEG5]ATE 9TO 9T]NEC9E SQUABBL+1 9TO AN ,O,P,B1 "9 9TO LEAD]S & MASSES4 ,?US !RE >E NOT JU/ A MAJORITY & A M9ORITY BUT A NUMB] ( CONC5TRIC CIRCLES1 MO/ (T5 REVOLV+ >\ND SOME 0MA/]-M9D0 7:I* RELEASES ! O!RS FROM ANY REQUIREM5T TO ?9K71 EA* SUSPICI\S ( ! O!R1 EA* ( !M PURSU+ HIS [N LITTLE S*EMES BEH9D ! SC5ES OR 9 ! OP51 TRY+ TO W9 O!RS OV] TO HIS FACTION1 & ALL ( ?IS OV]LAID ) A BLI! SEMBLANCE ( UNITY4 ,?IS IS AN UN:OLESOME CLIMATE ?AT NEI!R $UCATES NOR BUILDS UPRI<T1 HONE/ 9DIVIDUALS4 ,IT IS A 0D5 ( P>LIAM5T>IANISM0 9 M9IATURE4 

,EV5 SO1 ?\<1 & 9 SPITE ( ! V>IETY ( ! VIEWS1 DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION & DEBATES ?AT MAY EM]GE1 WE %\LD NOT BE OV]LY-/>RY-EY$4 ,IDEAS !MSELVES >E NOT SET 9 /ONE & >E LIABLE TO EVOLVE4 ,SO IF ! DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION >E ( A SIGNIFICANTLY !ORETICAL ORD]1 IT W\LD BE BETT] = ! ORGANIZATION IF IT W]E TO FALL AP>T & = !RE TO BE TWO OR SEV]AL NEW MORE OR LESS HOMOG5E\S ORGANIZATIONS1 ?AN = ONE HET]OG5E\S ORGANIZATION TO BE RETA9$4 ,?IS IS 9EVITABLE1 & IF ANY ATTEMPT IS MADE TO /EM ?IS TR5D1 IT IS AT ?AT PO9T ?AT !RE IS A RISK ( EV]Y?+ COM+ TO A HALT & GR9D+ TO A /&/ILL1 ?R\< ! QUE/ = ANODYNE COMPROMISES ?AT =E/ALL DIS9TEGRATION BUT ALSO PREV5T MOVEM5T 9 ANY DIRECTION AT ALL4 

,! O!R FACTOR M5TION$ E>LI]--AN>*I/ MORALITY--IF PROP]LY UND]/OOD & IMPLEM5T$ 9 LIFE WILL HELP GREATLY TO SMOO? OV] M9OR FRICTIONS1 & ALSO ! DIS9TEGRATION ( ! ORGANIZATION %\LD IT COME--?R\< ACCEPTANCE ( AN OP9ION ?AT DIFF]S FROM ONE'S [N1 )\T WRIT+ IT (F AS ! OP9ION ( AN 5EMY OR TAK+ UP >MS AGA9/ IT4 ,PROVID$1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT WE >E NOT DEAL+ ) A VIEW COMPLETELY \TSIDE ! P>AMET]S ( AN>*ISM4 ,! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM HAS HAD ONLY A FEW SPECIFIC 9/ANCES ( ?IS SORT TO %[ & ?IS LATT] LIKELIHOOD CAN VIRTUALLY BE DISC\NT$4 

,!RE IS A CONSID]ABLE P>T TO BE PLAY$ 9 AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS BY AN 9T]NAL BULLET9 :]E9 !RE CAN BE AN OP5 =UM = ALL MATT]S ( CONC]N TO ! ORGANIZATION1 9CLUD+ DISS5T+ VIEWPO9TS4 

,!RE IS A FUR!R FACTOR TI$ TO ! ORGANIZATION3 COMRADES JO9+ ?IS ORGANIZATION MU/ FREELY EMBRACE ITS NECESSITY & ITS ROLE4 ,?AT MU* IS SELF-EVID5T4 ,ANYBODY :O CANNOT SEE BEYOND ! N>R[ CONF9ES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 :O CANNOT IMAG9E SOCIAL /RUCTURES BEYOND SCATT]$1 ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUALS1 WILL BE BETT] ADVIS$ TO /AY ISOLAT$1 HELP+ O!RS AS & :5 HE SEES FIT1 BUT NOT HAMP]+ ! ORGANIZATION ?R\< UNCOMPROMIS+1 MAV]ICK PRACTICES4 ,SOME O!R DESIGNATION WILL HAVE TO BE DEVIS$ = COMRADES ( ?IS SORT1 :O >E (T5 V]Y GOOD COMRADES 9 FACT1 & !Y WILL HAVE TO BE ACCEPT$ = :AT !Y >E4 

,A G5U9ELY DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION CAN BE ID5TIFI$ ON ! BASIS ( ITS BEHAVIOR VIS-A-VIS ITS [N OPPOSITION4 ,?IS IS ALL ! MORE TRUE ( A LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION :I* AIMS TO LAY ! GR\NDWORK = ! SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE4 ,EV]Y TIME ?AT A MAJORITY DISCUSSES & 5=CES ! MAJORITY-PRESCRIB$ P>AMET]S )9 :I* ! OPPOSITION HAS TO OP]ATE1 !RE CAN BE TWO REASONS = ?IS3 EI!R ! MEMB]%IP WAS V]Y WIDELY BAS$1 OR1 9SIDE ?AT ORGANIZATION1 !RE >E P]SONS IT*+ TO PLAY ! P>TS ( LEAD]S4 ,!SE TWO POSSIBILITIES >E NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE3 SU* & SU* A MEMB] KE5 TO TAKE *>GE ( ! ORGANIZATION WILL DRAFT 9 NEW MEMB]S 9 ORD] TO BOO/ HIS *ANCES ( W9N+ MAJORITY SUPPORT4 

,\TSIDE \R [N ORGANIZATIONS1 CAN WE REQUIRE & PRACTICE REJECTION ( MAJORITY RULE8 ,?IS IS A ?ORNI] ISSUE1 = CIRCUM/ANCES DIFF]1 & ! AIM IS PRIM>ILY TO PROMOTE \R IDEAS )\T BETRAY+ !M4 ,BUT H]E TOO1 WE MU/ 5SURE ?AT EV5 ! VICTORI\S MAJORITY DOES NOT CRU% ! SPIRIT ( ! M9ORITY1 NOT JU/ BECAUSE ( ! DANG] ( F9D+ \RSELVES 9 ! SAME POSITION SOM$AY 7REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS BE+ MO/ (T5 M9ORITY MOVEM5TS7 BUT ALSO BECAUSE ( \R ANTI-TOTALIT>IAN \TLOOK & TOL]ANCE4 ,EV]Y TIME ?AT A LEAD] OR PANEL ( LEAD]S />TS TO CLAIM ABSOLUTE MA/]Y1 !Y 5D UP TURN+ ON ONE ANO!R & WILL >RIVE AT A DICTATOR%IP1 CAM\FLAG$ OR BRAZ54 ,! FIR/ SIGN ( A FUTURE 0HEAD ( ,/ATE0 OR 0PEOPLE'S LEAD]' IS ! HATR$ HE BE>S HIS [N COMRADES :O CANNOT /& HIM 9 ?AT ROLE4 ,AFT] :I* !RE IS NO /OPP+ HIS APPETITE = AU?ORITY1 ! P>AMET]S ( :I* BECOME 9CREAS+LY BROAD5$ & B\NDLESS4 

,EV]Y ORGANIZATION1 NO MATT] :AT IT MAY BE1 IS A COMPROMISE BETWE5 ONE P]SON & ! RE/ VIS-A-VIS ! IMP]ATIVES ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,MEAN+ ?AT EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL MU/ 9EVITABLY R5\NCE C]TA9 T5D5CIES OR HABITS :I* >E UNACCEPTABLE OR H>MFUL TO SOCIETY4 ,& AS A RESULT1 9SIDE EV]Y ORGANIZATION1 !RE IS A RISK ( ! SACRIFICES REQUIR$ ( 9DIVIDUALS = SOCIETY'S SAKE GO+ BEYOND ! NE$S ( SOCIETY P] SE & TURN+ AN AB/RACTION LIKE ! ,/ATE1 ! BUREAUCRACY1 ! LEAD]1 HI/ORICAL NECESSITY1 ETC444 ,ONE B>RI] AGA9/ ?IS ?REAT IS = ! 9DIVIDUAL TO HAVE ! OPTION TO DISS5T FROM C]TA9 ?+S OR C]TA9 T5D5CIES :I* HE DEEMS 9APPROPRIATE & ( NO SOCIAL UTILITY1 ! *ANCE ( SWIT*+ ACROSS TO ! OPPOSITION1 :I* IS TO SAY1 ! M9ORITY4 ,!RE >E O!R B>RI]S AS WELL3 F$]ALI/ ORGANIZATION P] SE1 DIRECT & LIMIT$ ELECTION ( (FIC]S1 G5U9E P>TICIPATION BY ORD9>Y MEMB]S ( ! ORGANIZATION1 ! /RUGGLE BE+ ECONOMIC RA!R ?AN POLITICAL1 ETC444 

,ORGANIZATION ,P5SEE ,BATAILLE 

,NOIR ET ,R\GE1 ,NO4 #a1 ,JUNE #aieh 

,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK 

,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK 7#a#i#a#b-#a#i#i#e7 IS P]HAPS BE/ KN[N = HIS #aifb PUBLICATION1 ,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,IDEAS & ,MOVEM5TS1 AN ELOQU5T & CAPTIVAT+1 BUT ULTIMATELY PESSIMI/IC1 HI/ORY ( AN>*I/ IDEAS & MOVEM5TS1 9 :I* HE CONCLUD$ ?AT AN>*ISM WAS ONE ( ! 0GREAT LO/ CAUSES0 ( HI/ORY4 

,9 ! MID-#a#i#eS1 ,WOODCOCK TOOK A MU* MORE OPTIMI/IC APPROA*1 DESPITE ! ,COLD ,W> BETWE5 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ?AT ?REAT5$ ! 5TIRE WORLD ) NUCLE> ANNIHILATION4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ EXC]PTS FROM ,WOODCOCK'S REVIEW ( ! #aiec REISSUE ( ,DWI<T ,MACDONALD'S ,! ,ROOT IS ,MAN1 ,WOODCOCK TAKES ,MACDONALD TO TASK = >GU+ 9 FAVOR ( 0CRITICAL0 SUPPORT = ! ,WE/ 9 OPPOSITION TO ,SOVIET TOTALIT>IANISM1 REJECT+ ,MACDONALD'S PESSIMISM 9 ! HOPE ?AT MOVEM5TS AGA9/ W> & /ATE P[] W\LD EV5TUALLY EM]GE4 ,IRONICALLY1 :5 SU* MOVEM5TS DID BEG9 TO EM]GE 9 ! LATE #a#i#eS & E>LY #a#i#fS 9 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA1 ,WOODCOCK HAD CEAS$ TO ID5TIFY HIMSELF AS AN AN>*I/1 & APPE>$ TO BE SLIPP+ 9TO ! SAME PESSIMISM AS ,MACDONALD4 ,H[EV]1 BO? W]E 9SPIR$ BY ! RESURG5CE ( AN>*ISM 9 ! #a#i#fS1 AL?\< ,WOODCOCK 9SI/$ ?AT :AT EM]G$ 9 ! #a#i#fS WAS A 0NEW0 AN>*ISM QUITE DI/9CT FROM ! CLASS-/RUGGLE AN>*ISM ( ! PA/1 FROM :I* HE WAS ALREADY DI/ANC+ HIMSELF 9 ! MID-#a#i#eS1 AS HIS REM>KS BEL[ MAKE CLE>4 

,I 9CLUD$ EXC]PTS FROM ,WOODCOCK'S #aidd CRITIQUE ( TE*NOLOGY & ORGANIZATION1 0,! ,TYRANNY ( ! ,CLOCK10 ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,MACDONALD'S ,POLITICS MAGAZ9E1 AS WELL AS EXC]PTS FROM ! ORIG9AL #aidf $ITION ( ,MACDONALD'S ,! ,ROOT IS ,MAN1 9 ,VOLUME ,TWO ( ,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,DOCUM5T>Y ,HI/ORY ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,IDEAS4 

,LIB]T>IANS & ! ,W> 

,I BELIEVE ?AT !RE IS ALWAYS NE$ = A P]PETUAL RE-CONSID]ATION ( ! VALIDITY ( EV]Y ASPECT ( \R VIEWPO9TS4 ,9 LEFT-W+ CIRCLES1 & P>TICUL>LY AMONG ,M>XI/S1 ! WORD 0REVISIONISM0 HAS (T5 A PEJORATIVE S\ND2 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! ATTITUDE :I* ?IS DISPLAYS M]ELY %[S A RESI/ANCE TO GR[? AMONG ! PEOPLE :O HOLD IT4 ,& ,I AM DEF9ITELY \T ( SYMPA?Y ) ! ROMANTICISM ( ?OSE LA/-DIT*]S :O HOLD !IR POSITIONS \T ( AN ILLUSION ( LOYALTY & A HORROR ( SELF-CONTRADICTION4 ,EV]Y MAN :OSE IDEAS >E LIV+ & GR[+ MU/ CONTRADICT HIMSELF MANY TIMES DUR+ HIS LIFE1 & ,I AM ) ,:ITMAN & ,PR\DHON 9 F9D+ NO REASON = %AME 9 ?IS4 ,BUT ,I DO SEE REASON = %AME 9 HOLD+ ON TO A POSITION UNLESS ,I BELIEVE ?AT1 ALL ?+S CONSID]$1 IT /ILL REMA9S ! BE/ & MO/ REASONABLE4 

,DWI<T ,MACDONALD 

,!RE=E ,I ACKN[L$GE & RESPECT ,MACDONALD'S *ANGE 9 HIS POSITION ON W>1 & ,I ?9K WE %\LD CONSID] C>EFULLY :AT HE HAS TO SAY 9 HIS [N JU/IFICATION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ,I MU/ SAY ?AT ,I HAVE F\ND HIS >GUM5TS = RADICALS TO 5ROLL !MSELVES 9 ! CAUSE ( ! ,WE/]N /ATES :OLLY UNCONV9C+4 

,TO BEG91 ,MACDONALD QUOTES ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T'S ,WORLD ,W> ,I DICTUM1 0,! MA9 5EMY IS AT HOME60 ,HE DECL>ES ?AT ?IS CLASSIC EXPRESSION ( ! ANTI-MILIT>I/ 7?\< NOT NECESS>ILY PACIFI/7 POSITION DOES NOT HOLD GOOD1 & SAYS3 0,?OSE :O /ILL BELIEVE IT ,I MU/ REG>D AS EI!R UN9=M$1 S5TIM5TAL1 OR ! DUPES ( ,SOVIET PROPAG&A 7OR1 ( C\RSE1 ALL ?REE TOGE!R740 

,LET US BEG9 FROM !RE4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT SOME PACIFI/S >E UN9=M$ ON ,RUSSIA1 & ?AT A FEW ( !M--P>TICUL>LY AMONG ! ,QUAK]S--T5D TO BECOME ! DUPES ( ,SOVIET PROPAG&A AB\T ,RUSSIA BE+ ! REPRES5TATIVE ( WORLD PEACE4 ,H[EV]1 ,I ?9K ?AT ! PROPORTION ( OPPON5TS ( W> PREP>ATIONS :O >E 9 EI!R ( !SE POSITIONS IS MU* SMALL] ?AN ,MACDONALD BELIEVES1 & ,I KN[ ?AT IT IS NOT TRUE ( ANY ( ! AN>*I/S1 TO :ATEV] BRAN* ( \R V]Y ELA/IC MOVEM5T !Y MAY BELONG4 ,= MORE ?AN ?IRTY YE>S WE & \R PR$ECESSORS HAVE BE5 9SI/+ ON ! REACTION>Y *>ACT] ( ,RUSSIAN COMMUNISM1 & :5 IT WAS CONSID]$ UNPATRIOTIC 9 ,BRITA9 & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TO D5\NCE ,/AL9 AS A DICTATOR NO BETT] ?AN ,HITL]1 WE W]E AMONG ! FEW :O CONT9U$ TO DO SO4 ,WE >E ! LA/ EV] TO HAVE BE5 ! DUPES ( ,SOVIET PROPAG&A4 

,SO1 S9CE ,I AM SURE ?AT ,MACDONALD W\LD H>DLY P]SI/ 9 BR++ !SE TWO ACCUSATIONS AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S AT LEA/1 ,I WILL CONC5TRATE ON ! ?IRD ACCUSATION1 ?AT WE >E 0S5TIM5TAL04 ,MY CONT5TION IS ?AT WE >E 9 FACT MORE REALI/IC BY F> ?AN ?OSE RADICALS OR EX-RADICALS :O HAVE %\LD]$ !IR H>PS ( PEACE &1 LIKE ! M9/REL BOY ( ! BALLAD1 >E N[ TO BE F\ND 9 ! RANKS ( W>4 

,TO BEG91 LET ME SAY ?AT ,I DO NOT 9 ! LEA/ DISAGREE ) ,MACDONALD 9 PREF]R+ ! ,WE/ TO ! ,EA/ AS A PLACE TO LIVE 94 ,NOBODY BUT ! MO/ IDIOTIC & />RY-EY$ FELL[-TRAVEL] W\LD ?9K IT BETT] TO LIVE 9 ,MOSC[ ?AN 9 ,LONDON OR ,SAN ,FRANCISCO OR ,MONTREAL OR ,P>IS4 ,!RE IS NO COMP>ISON BETWE5 ! NATURE ( LIFE 9 A CAPITALI/ DEMOCRACY AT ! PRES5T MOM5T1 DESPITE ITS MANIFOLD 9JU/ICES & DISCOM=TS1 & ! NATURE ( LIFE 9 ,RUSSIA OR ,EA/ ,G]MANY4 ,& ,I W\LD AGREE ) ,DWI<T ,MACDONALD ?AT1 AGA9 AT ?IS MOM5T1 ,SOVIET COMMUNISM IS 0F> MORE 9HUMANE & B>B>\S AS A SOCIAL SY/EM ?AN \R [N40 

,BUT TO AGREE TO !SE PO9TS IS NOT TO AGREE ?AT ! POLITICAL AIMS ( ! RUL]S ( ! ,WE/]N /ATES >E GOOD1 OR ?AT ! SUP]IORITY ( ,WE/]N CULTURE IS A LOGICAL EXCUSE = W>1 OR ?AT ?IS SUP]IORITY WILL NECESS>ILY LA/ =EV]--?AT IT WILL LA/1 = 9/ANCE1 MORE ?AN A FEW WEEKS 9 ! EV5T ( AN ATOMIC W>4 

,IT SEEMS TO ME1 9DE$1 ?AT F> FROM MA9TA9+ ?OSE QUALITIES 9 :I* ,WE/]N C\NTRIES >E MORE ADVANC$ ?AN ,RUSSIA1 ! K9D ( W> ?AT IS LIKELY TO 5SUE UND] ! PRET5SE ( DEF5D+ DEMOCRACY WILL BE ! SURE/ WAY ( ALL1 NOT ( R$UC+ OR C\NT]-ACT+ 9HUMANITY & B>B>ITY1 BUT ( UNIV]SALIZ+ !M4 ,ATOMIC W>1 ,I MA9TA91 IS A MORE C]TA9 WAY ( BR++ AB\T ! COLLAPSE ( :AT WE REG>D AS CIVILIZ$ VALUES ?AN ANY AM\NT ( ,SOVIET AGGRESSION4 ,& = ?IS REASON ,I CONSID] ANY /ATE ?AT 9CLUDES 9 ITS POLITICAL & MILIT>Y MANEUV]S ! ?REAT ( ATOMIC W> TO BE AS MU* AN 05EMY0 ( MANK9D 9 G5]AL AS ANY O!R SIMIL> /ATE4 

,EV5 )\T AN ATOMIC W>1 ! GULF BETWE5 ,AM]ICAN & ,RUSSIAN POLITICAL LIFE SEEMS TO CONTRACT ) ! YE>S4 ,9 A LITTLE PROPHETIC FANTASY :I* HE WROTE = ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL 5VISAG$ A FUTURE 9 :I* ! ATOMIC W> W\LD BE AV]T$ BECAUSE ,S5ATOR ,MC,C>?Y W\LD HAVE BECOME ,PRESID5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & W\LD HAVE DISCOV]$ SO LITTLE REAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! \TLOOK ( HIS ADM9I/RATION & ?AT ( ,COMRADE ,MAL5KOV ?AT AGREEM5T ON SPH]ES ( 9FLU5CE W\LD BECOME EASY4 ,?IS MAY S\ND F>-FET*$ 9 FACT1 BUT ,I ?9K ?AT 9 SPIRIT IT IS NOT SO1 S9CE ,MC,C>?Y'S ACTIVITIES HAVE BE5 CONSI/5TLY DIRECT$ T[>DS PREP>+ 9 ,AM]ICA A TOTALIT>IAN ATMOSPH]E :I* A ,COMMUNI/ RUL] W\LD F9D CONG5IAL4 

,BUT ,I DO NOT ?9K ?AT ,MC,C>?Y HIMSELF IS ! ONLY S9I/] PORT5T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TODAY4 ,HE IS ONLY AN EXTREME EXAMPLE ( A G5]AL TR5D AMONG ! RUL+ ELITE1 & EV5 ! ,REPUBLICANS :O OPPOSE HIM DO SO BECAUSE !Y CONSID] HIM TOO 9EFFICI5T & TOO TACTLESS 9 HIS JOB4 ,BEH9D ! LURID FACADE ( ! ,CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES ! WORK ( SUPPRESS+ ! M9ORITY OP9ION GOES ON QUITE HAPPILY 9 ! H&S ( ! ADM9I/RATION2 EV5 ! ,>MY USES ITS PRES5T B\T ( %AD[ BOX+ ) ,MC,C>?Y AS A FRONT TO COV] A ?OR\<-GO+ PLAN ( DISCRIM9AT+1 NOT ONLY AGA9/ KN[N ,COMMUNI/S1 BUT ALSO AGA9/ ?OSE )9 ITS RANKS :O >E M]ELY SUSPECT$ ( LEFT-W+ SYMPA?IES4 ,READ]S ( ,HANNAH ,>5DT'S BOOK1 ,! ,ORIG9S ( ,TOTALIT>IANISM1 :I* HAS DONE SO MU* TO MOLD ,DWI<T ,MACDONALD'S REC5T ?\<T1 WILL REMEMB] ?AT %E PO9T$ \T ?AT ONE ( ! MO/ SALI5T *>ACT]I/ICS ( A TOTALIT>IAN REGIME WAS ! CREATION ( A P]PETUAL & P]SECUT$ M9ORITY4 ,REC5T ,AM]ICAN GOV]NM5T PROPOSALS TO TURN ,COMMUNI/S OR SUSPECT$ ,COMMUNI/S 9TO SECOND-CLASS ,AM]ICANS BY DEPRIV+ !M ( CITIZ5%IP >E A SIGNIFICANT /EP T[>DS ! SAME PROCESS ( CREAT+ A SCAPEGOAT M9ORITY1 A M9ORITY ( OP9ION RA!R ?AN RACE4 ,MACDONALD ASS]TS ?AT 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! REACTION IS C>RI$ ON 0FURTIVELY & APOLOGETICALLY02 9 REC5T MON?S IT HAS NOT BE5 ,MC,C>?Y OR ANY ( ! PROTAGONI/S ( REPRESSIVE LEGISLATION ?AT HAS BE5 0FURTIVE OR APOLOGETIC01 BUT RA!R ?OSE SO-CALL$ LIB]ALS :O C\LD ONLY MU/] ONE VOTE 9 ! ,S5ATE AGA9/ GIV+ ,MC,C>?Y ! FUNDS TO C>RY ON HIS WORK ( WIT*-HUNT+4 ,H]E IS A SITUATION ( LIB]AL SP9ELESSNESS BE=E REACTION>Y AGGRESSIV5ESS :I* REM9DS ONE =CIBLY ( ! SITUATION 9 ,ITALY BE=E ! ,M>* ON ,ROME & 9 ! ,WEIM> ,REPUBLIC 9 ! DAYS ( ,HITL]'S RISE TO P[] DUR+ ! #a#i#cS4 ,IT ALSO REM9DS ONE ( ,TROTSKY 9 ,RUSSIA CREAT+ ! MEANS ( HIS [N DE/RUCTION BY CONNIV+ AT ! P]SECUTION ( O!R M9ORITIES 9 ! DAYS BE=E HIS FALL FROM P[]4 

,TO RETURN TO ,MACDONALD'S >GUM5TS1 HE ACCUSES ! W>-RESI/]S ( BELIEV+ ?AT 0! WORLD'S MO/ *AUV9I/ & MILIT>I/IC GOV]NM5T .<! ,RUSSIAN.> IS444 /RIV+ = WORLD PEACE AGA9/ ! EVIL MA*9ATIONS ( ! ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T & ! ,BRITI% ,=EIGN ,(FICE04 ,?IS1 AGA91 ! AN>*I/S DEF9ITELY DO NOT BELIEVE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,I ?9K ,I SPEAK = MANY AN>*I/S :5 ,I SAY ?AT !Y DO NOT ALL[ A BELIEF 9 ! AGGRESSIVE MILIT>ISM ( ,RUSSIA TO CONV9CE !M ?AT IT IS ANY GREAT] A ?REAT TO WORLD PEACE ?AN ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,REC5T MON?S HAVE UND\BT$LY %[N AN 9CREASE 9 ,AM]ICAN SAB]-RATTL+ :I* HAS >\S$ MISGIV+1 NOT ONLY AMONG W>-RESI/]S1 BUT ALSO AMONG ,BRITI% ,CONS]VATIVES & !IR ,FR5* EQUIVAL5TS4 ,IT IS JU/ AS POSSIBLE ?AT W> MAY COME ?R\< ! BLUND]+ BLU/]S ( ,DULLES AS ?R\< ! MA*9ATIONS ( ,MAL5KOV2 9 ?IS P>TICUL> MOM5T1 IT SEEMS C]TA9 ?AT1 = PURELY PRACTICAL REASONS1 ,RUSSIA IS EV5 LESS ANXI\S ?AN ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES = A W>1 BUT ! GREAT DANG] REMA9S ! UNPLANN$ ONE--?AT ! P]IL\S GAME ( BLUFF & C\NT]-BLUFF WILL ACTUALLY ONE DAY SP>K (F A G5U9E W>4 

,& ?AT W> MAY MEAN ! 5D ( MO/ ?AT WE TREASURE 9 ,WE/]N CULTURE--& ( MU* ( ! GOOD ?AT REMA9S 9 ,RUSSIA AS WELL4 ,MACDONALD SEES ! PRES5T SITUATION AS A 0FI<T TO ! DEA? BETWE5 RADICALLY DIFF]5T CULTURES04 ,I P]SONALLY DO NOT ?9K ! CONTE/S ( /ATES & POLITICIANS CAN HAVE ANY?+ TO DO ) CULTURES 7EXCEPT1 ( C\RSE1 TO H>M OR DE/ROY !M74 ,CULTURE IS A PRODUCT ( ! TAL5TS & ?\<TS & SPIRITUAL IMPULSES ( 9DIVIDUALS & PEOPLES1 IT ?RIVES ON PEACE1 & LIVES BY O!R MEANS ?AN ! POLITICAL4 ,C]TA9LY ! NEXT W> WILL DE/ROY A VA/ P>T ( ! MAT]IAL CAPITAL ( TW5TY-FIVE C5TURIES ( WORLD CULTURE2 :AT IS WORSE1 IT WILL PROBABLY 5C\RAGE ! SPREAD ( CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT WILL 9HIBIT R5EWAL4 ,ALREADY1 ! V]Y %AD[ ( ! ,BOMB SEEMS TO BE CAUS+ A DRY+ UP ( ! SPONTANEITY ( >T ?AT IS BE+ FELT ALL OV] ! WORLD2 9 ,5GL& & ,FRANCE ALIKE1 = ! FIR/ TIME S9CE ! MIDDLE ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 !RE >E NO REAL AVANT G>DES 9 LIT]ATURE & ! >TS1 & ALL OV] ! WORLD WE >E DISMALLY LACK+ 9 ?OSE A*IEVEM5TS ( R5AISSANCE :I* FOLL[$ ! PEACE ( #a#i#a#h4 

,MACDONALD SEEMS TO F9D SOME COM=T 9 ! FACT ?AT ?+S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES >E NOT SO BAD AS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,HE IS NOT :OLLY UNJU/IFI$4 ,AT ! V]Y LEA/ IT MEANS ?AT 9DIVIDUALS LIV+ 9 ,WE/]N C\NTRIES HAVE A FEW YE>S MORE ( COMP>ATIVELY SPACI\S LIV+ ?AN !IR UN=TUNATE FELL[ M5 ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! V>I\S CURTA9S 7?\< IT MU/ NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT SOME C\NTRIES )9 ! WE/]N ORBIT1 E4G4 ,SPA9 & ,JUGOSLAVIA1 >E NOT F> BEH9D ,RUSSIA 9 ! DEGREE ( !IR TOTALIT>IANISM74 0,BE+ ON ! SAME ROAD IS NOT ! SAME ?+ AS BE+ !RE ALREADY01 ,MACDONALD RI<TLY REM>KS1 & IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT 0?IS MALIGN TR5D .<T[>DS TOTALIT>IANISM.> CAN TO SOME EXT5T BE RESI/$04 ,BUT1 TO MY M9D1 IT CAN ONLY BE RESI/$ BY ?OSE :O >E WILL+ TO GO ! :OLE HOG & PO9T \T ?AT ALL & ANY /ATES >E ! SE$B$S ( TYRANNY & W>4 ,! FOLLY IS 9 ?OSE :O TRY TO PICK & *OOSE1 :O SAY1 LIKE ,MACDONALD1 ?AT !Y WI% TO SUPPORT ! ,WE/]N /ATES BUT TO DECL>E OBJECTION TO C]TA9 ASPECTS1 E4G4 0! ,SMI? & ,MC,C>RAN ,ACTS1 ,FR5* POLICY 9 ,9DO-,*9A1 ETC40 ,9 FACT1 AS EV5TS HAVE %[N 9 ! LA/ FEW MON?S1 ALL !SE ?+S >E 9TEGRAL ASPECTS ( ,AM]ICAN POLICY :I* CANNOT BE DIVID$ FROM ! :OLE4 ,!Y >E P>T ( ! 9TOL]ANCE & AGGRESSIV5ESS :I* ANY EXPANSIVE /ATE HAS TO MA9TA9 9 ORD] TO KEEP ITS 9ITIATIVE4 

,BUT1 ! SITUATION BE+ AS IT IS1 :AT IS TO BE DONE8 ,MACDONALD1 IT IS EVID5T1 IS EXTREMELY UNEASY 9 HIS NEW F\ND SITUATION ( AN UNWILL+ SUPPORT] ( W> AGA9/ ,RUSSIA AS AN EV5TUAL POSSIBILITY1 & HE ADMITS ?AT IT PROVIDES NO COMPLETE SOLUTION = ! DILEMMA4 ,BUT HAS HE 9 FACT EXAM9$ ALL O!R ALT]NATIVES8 ,!RE IS ONE SIGNIFICANT PASSAGE AT ! 5D ( HIS ,APP5DICES TO ,! ,ROOT IS ,MAN4 ,HE SAYS3 0,! ONLY HI/ORICALLY REAL ALT]NATIVES 9 #aici W]E TO BACK ,HITL]'S >MIES1 TO BACK ! ,ALLIES' >MIES1 OR TO DO NO?+4 ,BUT NONE ( !SE ALT]NATIVES PROMIS$ ANY GREAT B5EFIT = MANK9D1 & ! ONE ?AT F9ALLY TRIUMPH$ HAS L$ SIMPLY TO ! REPLAC+ ( ! ,NAZI BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ?REAT1 ) ! :OLE <A/LY NEWSREEL FLICK]+ ?R\< ONCE MORE 9 A SECOND %[+40 ,& IF ! ,COMMUNI/ ?REAT FOLL[$ ! DEFEAT ( ! ,NAZI ?REAT1 :AT1 ONE MI<T ASK1 IS LIKELY TO FOLL[ ! DEFEAT ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ?REAT8 ,IS ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I,I ANY MORE LIKELY TO PRODUCE A PEACEFUL & CIVILIZ$ WORLD ?AN ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I & ,WORLD ,W> ,I DID8 ,( C\RSE NOT1 UNLESS !RE IS A COMPLETE REV]SAL ( ! ATTITUDE ( ! COMMON PEOPLE ON ! QUE/ION ( W>4 ,& S9CE ?AT REV]SAL MU/ APPE> SOME:]E & AT SOME TIME1 IF IT IS TO APPE> AT ALL1 !RE IS NO REASON :Y WE %\LD NOT SEEK = IT N[ JU/ AS WELL AS AFT] ANO!R DE/RUCTIVE W>4 

,:5 ,MACDONALD SAYS ?AT ! ?IRD ALT]NATIVE 9 #aici WAS 0DO+ NO?+01 HE IS REALLY DIRECT+ A SNE] AT ! PROTAGONI/S ( ! POLICY ( W> RESI/ANCE4 ,HE BELIEVES ?AT NON-MILIT>I/IC RESI/ANCE WILL CUT NO ICE ) ! ,COMMUNI/S & ?AT ! TRIUMPH :I* ,G&HI WON OV] ! ,BRITI% 9 ,9DIA W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE IF HE HAD BE5 FAC$ BY ! T\<] M9D$ ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/S4 ,9DE$1 IT IS EVID5T ?R\<\T ,MACDONALD'S >GUM5TS ?AT HE HAS :AT SEEMS TO ME AN EXAGG]AT$ IDEA ( ! ME*ANICAL P]FECTION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ MA*9E4 ,BUT NO SOCIETY IS 9 FACT1 AS HE W\LD CONT5D1 0P]FECTLY DEAD & CLOS$04 ,?IS IS AN AB/RACTION1 & LIKE ALL AB/RACTIONS IT IS RIDDL$ ) ! 9T]/ICES ( CONTRADICTION ?AT >E OP5$ BY ! FACTS ( REAL LIFE4 ,!RE >E 9 REALITY WELL-E/ABLI%$ 9/ANCES 9 :I* TOTALIT>IAN GOV]NM5TS RETREAT$ BE=E MOVEM5TS ( NONVIOL5T RESI/ANCE2 ! REC5T /RIKES 9 ,SPA91 ! /RIKES 9 ,COP5HAG5 DUR+ ! ,NAZI OCCUPATION1 ! DEMON/RATIONS LA/ SUMM] 9 ,B]L9 & ?R\<\T ,EA/ ,G]MANY--ALL ( !SE HAD A PR(\NDLY DI/URB+ EFFECT ON ! REGIMES AGA9/ :I* !Y W]E DIRECT$1 & IT WAS F\ND1 9 ,G]MANY AT LEA/1 ?AT EV5 ! TRA9$ POLICEM5 ( ! TOTALIT>IAN ORD] W]E F> FROM IMP]VI\S TO ! EXAMPLE ( ! RESI/+ PEOPLE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 REC5T EV5TS 9 ,RUSSIA HAVE %[N ?AT EV5 9 ! HE>TL& ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ORD] ! RUL]S HAVE F\ND ?AT !RE CAN BE A LIMIT1 EV5 AMONG WORK]S ) NO CIVIL RI<TS :ATEV]1 TO ! EXT5T TO :I* SACRIFICES WILL BE ACCEPT$4 ,BEYOND ?AT LIMIT !RE BEG9S TO APPE> AT LEA/ A ,S*WEIKIAN K9D ( RESI/ANCE1 & CONCESSIONS >E NE$$2 TAK5 TOGE!R1 ! REC5T CONCESSIONS ( ! NEW ,RUSSIAN RUL]S--)DRAWAL FROM COLLECTIVITY 9 AGRICULTURE1 EXPANSION ( ! SUPPLY ( CONSUM] GOODS1 S(T5+ ( CULTURAL CONTROLS1 & LESS5+ ( ,M,V,D P[]S--REPRES5T A RADICAL MODIFICATION ( ,RUSSIAN POLICY :I* ONLY A CONSCI\SNESS ( DEEP-SEAT$ DISCONT5T C\LD HAVE 9DUC$4 ,ADD$ TO SU* FACTS AS !SE1 !RE IS ALWAYS ! PROCESS ( S(T5+ :I* ALL EMPIRES 9 HI/ORY HAVE EXP]I5C$ :5 !Y HAVE SPREAD TOO F>4 ,9DE$1 IT SEEMS PROBABLE ?AT IT HAS BE5 LESS ! ?REAT ( ,AM]ICAN GUNS ?AN ! DIFFICULTY ( ASSIMILAT+ RADICALLY DIFF]5T CULTURES 9 ,EA/]N ,G]MANY & ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA ?AT HAS KEPT ! ,RUSSIANS BACK 9 ,EUROPE2 !Y PROBABLY REALIZE ?AT EV5 MANY PR(ESS$ ,COMMUNI/S 9 ,FRANCE & ,ITALY W\LD BE P>T ( A GREAT MOVEM5T ( NON-COOP]ATION IF ! ,RUSSIAN >MIES DID M>* FUR!R ,WE/1 A MOVEM5T SO CORRUPT+ ?AT ! ,R$ SOLDI]S W\LD BE NO MORE PRO( AGA9/ IT ?AN !Y W]E AGA9/ ! GLAM\R ( A HI<] /&>D ( LIV+ 9 ,G]MANY & ,AU/RIA 9 ! FIR/ MON?S ( ! OCCUPATION ( #a#i#d#d4 

,ONE ( ! REASONS :Y A CONSCI\S & CLOSELY L9K$--IF NOT =MALLY ORGANIZ$--LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T %\LD BE ACTIVE AGA9/ W> 9 ALL ! C\NTRIES :]E IT CAN WORK IS ! FACT ?AT IT WILL BE ABLE TO PROVIDE ! NUCLEUS = MOVEM5TS ( RESI/ANCE 9 ! CASE ( ! IMPOSITION ( =EIGN--OR HOMEGR[N--TOTALIT>IANISMS4 ,BUT ,I ?9K ?AT IT IS ALSO JU/ POSSIBLE ?AT SU* A MOVEM5T MI<T PLAY A VITAL P>T EV5 9 ! EV5T ( ATOMIC W>4 ,P]HAPS1 :5 WE TALK ( ! 5TIRE DE/RUCTION ( CIVILIZATION BY ! ,BOMB1 ?IS IS A LITTLE ON ! RHETORICAL SIDE4 ,C]TA9LY ! BIG C5T]S WILL GO 9 ! EV5T ( AN ATOMIC W>1 & MO/ ( ! POPULATION AS WELL1 BUT IT IS JU/ POSSIBLE ?AT ! RURAL DI/RICTS & ! SMALL T[NS WILL REMA91 & ?AT A NEW1 DEC5TRALIZ$ =M ( SOCIETY WILL P]=CE HAVE TO EM]GE ON ! RU9S ( ! OLD4 ,IF ?IS %\LD HAPP51 !N ANY MAN :O HAS *OS5 A CON/RUCTIVE RA!R ?AN A DE/RUCTIVE ATTITUDE WILL F9D HIS P>T TO PLAY 9 PREV5T+ ! REBUILD+ ( ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATES :I* WILL HAVE BR\<T ON !IR [N DE/RUCTION1 & 9 NURTUR+ ! APPE>ANCE ( FREE & AUTONOM\S LOCAL SOCIETIES4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ! W> IS NOT YET UPON US1 & EV]Y DAY ?AT IT IS DELAY$ %\LD BE A DAY ( HOPE1 NOT A DAY ( DESPAIR4 ,= ,I DO NOT AGREE ) ,MACDONALD ?AT A ?IRD FRONT ( ! PEOPLE AGA9/ ALL ! MILIT>I/S IS \T ( ! REALM ( HI/ORICAL POSSIBILITY4 ,TO LAT] OBS]V]S IT IS ONLY ! MOVEM5TS :I* HAVE SUCCE$$ ?AT SEEM TO HAVE BE5 HI/ORICALLY POSSIBLE1 BUT IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$ ?AT EV5 !SE MOVEM5TS1 9 !IR V]Y BEG9N+S1 MU/ HAVE SEEM$ ,QUIXOTIC HOPES TO ! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE :O SAW !M4 ,UP TO #a#i#a#g1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E A T9Y M9ORITY GR\P ( EXIL$ PLOTT]S & UND]GR\ND LABOR AGITATORS1 & !IR ASC5SION TO P[] )9 A FEW MON?S MU/ HAVE SEEM$ EXTREMELY UNLIKELY4 ,! ,CONGRESS MOVEM5T ( ,G&HI />T$ \T ( M9UTE BEG9N+S1 & NO?+ C\LD HAVE BE5 MORE PITIFULLY 9AUSPICI\S ?AN ! GR\P ( SEV5 FANATICS :O GA!R$ TO =M ! ,NATIONALI/ ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 9 ! DIM BEG9N+S ( ,HITL]'S RISE TO P[]4 ,:AT NEGATIVE MOVEM5TS LIKE ,COMMUNISM & ,NAZISM HAVE A*IEV$ FROM 9F9ITESIMAL BEG9N+S IS SURELY NOT BEYOND ! P[] ( POSITIVE MOVEM5TS4 ,& !RE=E ,I /ILL MA9TA9 ?AT A MOVEM5T ( ! PEOPLE ?AT WILL C>RY ?R\< A =MIDABLE RESI/ANCE TO ! ?REAT ( W>1 ?AT WILL P]COLATE ?R\< ! WEAK PO9TS ( ! IRON CURTA9--,EA/ ,G]MANY1 ,POL&1 ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA--WILL ONLY BECOME IMPOSSIBLE IF !RE >E NO M5 TO TAKE ! 9ITIATIVE1 IF !RE >E NO M5 ) ! IMAG9ATION TO CONCEIVE ! RI<T WAY TO /RIKE ! ?\<TS & HE>TS ( ! WORLD4 ,!RE >E ?OSE PESSIMI/S :O CONT5D ?AT SU* A HOPE IS ,QUIXOTIC & ?AT ! DAY ( MOVEM5TS ( 5?USIASM & FAI? IS PA/4 ,I W\LD CLAIM ?AT 9 SU* TIMES ( CRISIS AS \R [N WE LE>N ?AT ! UNCOMPROMIS+ REJECTION ( NEGATIVE =CES--:I* \R CRITICS CALL ,QUIXOTICISM--IS 9 FACT ! ONLY REALI/IC HOPE ( SAV+ \RSELVES & \R CULTURE4 ,& ,I W\LD ALSO SUGGE/ ?AT !RE >E PL5TY ( SIGNS TO %[ ?AT A TIME ( ?IS K9D PROVIDES ! V]Y CONDITIONS 9 :I* A MOVEM5T ( FAI? & 5?USIASM CAN TAKE ROOT4 ,ALREADY !RE >E SOME SU* MOVEM5TS :I* HAVE HAD AN AMAZ+ AM\NT ( LIMIT$ SUCCESS2 ,BHAVE'S CRUSADE = VOLUNT>Y L& R$I/RIBUTION 9 ,9DIA IS ONE EXAMPLE4 ,A DYNAMIC ELEV5?-H\R ANTI-MILIT>I/ MOVEM5T ?AT /RUCK ! IMAG9ATIONS ( ! WORLD'S PEOPLES W\LD BE ?OR\<LY COMPATIBLE ) ! HI/ORICAL NE$S ( \R TIME1 & IT MI<T RUN ?R\< ! *ANNELS ( \R DECAY+ CIVILIZATION AS ! =CES ( E>LY ,*RI/IANITY BUR/ \T FROM ! CATACOMBS 9TO ! SIMIL>LY MORIBUND /RUCTURE ( IMP]IAL ,ROME4 ,MORE ?AN EV] BE=E1 SU* A MOVEM5T C\LD *ANGE ! :OLE *>ACT] ( HUMAN SOCIAL EXI/5CE4 

-- ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK 

,RESI/ANCE1 ,VOL4 ,X,I,I1 ,NO4 #b1 ,JUNE #ai$ 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aifi 3 ,! ,EM]G5CE ( ! ,NEW ,AN>*ISM -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#h1 #bb 3 ,! ,EM]G5CE ( ! ,NEW ,AN>*ISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,! ,EM]G5CE ( ! ,NEW ,AN>*ISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

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