,*APT] #d 
,SOCIALI/-,COLLECTIVISM & ,AN>*I/-,COMMUNISM 

#aibeaibe 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LUIGI ,GALLEANI 

,TEXT 3 

,?IS NEW *>ACT]I/IC HAS NOT YET APPE>$ )9 ! ?\<T ( CLASSICAL DEMOCRACY1 :I*1 FOLL[+ 9 ! FOOT/EPS ( ,L$RU-,ROLL9 & ,MAZZ9I.<#b#i.>1 IS /ILL RAV+ AB\T ! ,UTOPIA ( AN IMPOSSIBLE ALLIANCE BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR1 AN IMPOSSIBLE H>MONY BETWE5 ! EXPLOIT$ & ! EXPLOIT]S4 ,SOCIALI/ PHILOSOPHY EXPRESS$ IT AS ! SOCIAL [N]%IP ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE4 

,SO1 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T REPRES5TS A PROGRESS OV] ! OLD DEMOCRATIC DOCTR9E1 :I* US$ TO LULL US TO SLEEP ) ITS OLD NURS]Y SONGS AB\T ALLIANCES & H>MONY4 

,SU* PROGRESS BECOMES MORE & MORE EVID5T AS ! HUGE PROLET>IAT ( ALL NATIONS1 CALL$ TO ACTION & 9SURRECTION BY ! NEW SOCIAL !ORIES1 9SPIRES & HA/5S ! SELECTIVE PROCESSES )9 ! SOCIALI/ P>TY ITSELF4 

,BECAUSE1 EV5 IF !RE IS NO DISAGREEM5T1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 ON ! MA9 PO9T 7! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE71 NOR ON ! ULTIMATE AIM 7! SOCIAL [N]%IP ( SU* MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE71 EV5 IF !RE IS NO DISAGREEM5T1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 AB\T ! MEANS NECESS>Y = ACCOMPLI%+ ! GREAT TRANS=MATION1 EV5 IF IT IS G5]ALLY AGRE$ ?AT ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE MU/ BE ! RESULT ( ! WORK]S' [N EF=T & ?AT ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE CAN ONLY BE BR\<T AB\T0444 BY ! VIOL5T DE/RUCTION ( ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD]S02 YET DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION & FRICTIONS WILL EM]GE1 %>P & NUMB]LESS AT EV]Y /EP1 JU/ AS SOON AS ONE PASSES FROM !ORY TO PRACTICE & EXP]IM5T1 AS SOON AS A HYPO!SIS IS PUT =? CONC]N+ ! RELATIONS ?AT MI<T B9D TOGE!R ! DWELL]S ( ! HAPPY CITY ?AT ! REVOLUTION WILL ]ECT UPON ! RU9S ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4 

,SO1 AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S ,ASSOCIATION1 :5 ! PROBLEM >OSE ( H[ TO TRANSLATE ! G5]IC =MULA 'SOCIAL [N]%IP' ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE 9TO T]MS DESCRIB+ ) PRECISION :AT EV]YONE WANT$1 MANY SAID 'COLLECTIVISM'1 MANY O!RS 'COMMUNISM'1 SOME SAID ! 'SOCIALI/ /ATE' & O!RS WANT$ 'AN>*Y'2 SOME PREF]R$ 'CONQUE/ ( P[]' & SOME 'SOCIAL REVOLUTION'4 

,H5CE1 DISAGREEM5T OV] ! ECONOMIC & ! POLITICAL AIMS1 DISAGREEM5T AB\T ! MEANS ( PROPAG&A & ACTION4 ,& WE HAVE ALREADY PO9T$ \T ?AT ! 9ITIAL DISAGREEM5TS BECAME 9 TIME IRRECONCILABLE ANTAGONISMS4 

,! TWO MA9 OPPOS+ S*OOLS W]E 9 P]FECT AGREEM5T AB\T ! ILLEGITIMACY ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & 9 FAVOR ( SOCIALIZ+ ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE1 &1 TOGE!R1 !Y BR\<T 9TO ! /RUGGLES = ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION A NEW CONCEPT & BR\<T 9TO ! CONT9UUM ( EVOLUTION>Y PH5OM5A A MORE PROGRESSIVE PHASE4 ,N[ ! PROBLEM IS TO F9D \T IF & TO :AT EXT5T EA* ( ! TWO S*OOLS HAS REMA9$ FAI?FUL TO ?IS NOTION ( PROGRESS IMM$IATELY FOLL[+ ! P]IOD ( BROAD G5]ALIZATIONS2 IF1 9 !IR HURRY TO APPLY PR9CIPLES TO REALITY1 EA* HAS RETA9$ ANY1 & H[ MU*1 ( ! OLD SY/EMS CONDEMN$ BY HI/ORY1 CRITICISM & REASON2 H[ MU* DOES EA* ONE ( !M C>RY ALONG ?AT IS 9]T1 DEAD1 OR ,UTOPIAN2 &1 F9ALLY1 :I* ( !M IS 5TITL$ TO SPEAK 9 ! NAME ( LIFE & ( ! FUTURE4 

,N[ ?OSE :O SAID 'COLLECTIVISM'1 MEANT SOCIALIZATION LIMIT$ TO ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE4 0,WE DO NOT WANT TO ABOLI% 9 ANY MANN] ! PRIVATE APPROPRIATION ( ! PRODUCT ( LABOR444 :AT WE WANT TO ABOLI% IS ! WRET*$ WAY APPROPRIATION IS DONE1 :]EBY ! WORK] LIVES ONLY TO 9CREASE CAPITAL & LIVES ONLY SO LONG AS & BECAUSE ! 9T]E/ ( ! RUL+ CLASS DEM&S IT04 

,?IS SAME ?\<T WAS EXPRESS$ EV5 ) MORE PRECISION BY ,&REA ,CO/A1.<#c.> AFT] HIS CONV]SION TO P>LIAM5T>Y SOCIALISM4 ,AT ! ,ITALIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ,CONGRESS 9 ,MANTUA1 ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#f1 #a#h#h#f1 HE DEF9$ COLLECTIVISM AS 0444 COMMUNALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 RES]V+ = ! 9DIVIDUAL AS PRIVATE PROP]TY HIS WORK'S PRODUCTION1 ?US ASSUR+ ! RI<TS ( ! COMMUNITY1 ON ONE SIDE1 & ?OSE ( ! WORK]1 ON ! O!R40 

,9 HIS ,QU9TESS5CE ( ,SOCIALISM ,%AFFLE SAID ! SAME ?+ ) LESS CL>ITY BUT MORE EXPLICITLY3 0,SUB/ITUT+ COLLECTIVE = PRIVATE CAPITAL MEANS ?AT1 9/EAD ( ! SY/EM ( PRIVATE PRODUCTION1 !RE IS A SY/EM BAS$ ON ! COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,BESIDES OBTA9+ A MORE UNIFI$1 A MORE SOCIAL1 A MORE COLLECTIVE ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 ?IS SY/EM ( PRODUCTION W\LD ELIM9ATE DAY-TO-DAY COMPETITION2 IT W\LD PLACE ?AT P>T ( PRODUCTION :I* IS SUSCEPTIBLE TO COLLECTIVE OP]ATION UND] ! DIRECTION ( PR(ESSIONAL 5TITIES & CORPORATIONS1 & W\LD ALSO DIRECT ! DIVISION OR DI/RIBUTION ( ! COLLECTIVE PRODUCTS ACCORD+ TO ! SOCIAL VALUE ( EA* WORK]'S LABOR40.<#c#a.> 

,!N1 IT IS CLE> ?AT 9 COLLECTIVISM1 ! SOCIALIZATION ( PROP]TY -- ! NEW TRAIT ?AT ELEVATES SOCIALI/ ?\<T & MOVEM5T TO A LEVEL ( PROGRESS UNKN[N TO ALL PREC$+ !ORIES & S*OOLS -- IS LIMIT$ TO ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 :ILE IT RES]VES = ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK] ALL RI<TS TO ! FRUITS ( HIS WORK4 

,! COLLECTIVI/ PREMISE ( SOCIALIZ+ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION IS REVOLUTION>Y 9S(> AS IT DISPLACES ALL ! OLD RELATIONS1 ALL ! OLD =MS &1 9 SO DO+1 C\NT]S PRIVATE PROP]TY ) COLLECTIVE SOCIAL [N]%IP ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT IT REMA9S ! CONS]VATOR ( ! OLD ABSURD IRRATIONAL B\RGEOIS CRIT]ION ( COMP5SATION1 9SOMU* AS IT REGULATES EV]YONE'S %>E ( ! PRODUCTS ( COMMON WORK1 EV5 IF SU* COMP5SATION %\LD BE EXT5D$ TO ! F9AL PRODUCT ( EA* ONE'S WORK4 

,( C\RSE1 ! CONCLUSION ?AT SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM D]IVES FROM ITS REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALIZATION ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION IS IRRATIONAL1 ABSURD & ,UTOPIAN1 BECAUSE IT DOES NOT RESOLVE ! POLITICAL PROBLEM ( EQUALITY & FRE$OM2 BECAUSE IT CONFIRMS1 RA!R ?AN REMOVES1 ! HYPO!SIS ( ! ,/ATE1 AGA9/ :I* ! SOCIALI/ CRITIQUE HAS /RUGGL$ = HALF A C5TURY2 BECAUSE IT IS NOT SUPPORT$ BY A LOGICAL & POSITIVE CRIT]ION2 BECAUSE IT WILL NEV] F9D PRACTICAL MEANS ( EXPLANATION1 UNLESS !Y >E BAS$ ON GROSS 9IQUITY1 /UPID PRIVILEGES1 /RID5T 9EQUALITIES & CONTRADICTIONS4 

,! DEMON/RATION IS IMPLICIT 9 ! V]Y =M ?AT COLLECTIVISM ASSUMES4 ,IT PROPOSES A SOCIETY BAS$ ON ! COMMON [N]%IP ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE & ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ONE'S [N WORK1 A =MULA :I* CREATES AN 9ITIAL 9EQUALITY ?AT W\LD TURN \T TO BE A ,P&ORA'S BOX1 \T ( :I* W\LD COME ALL K9DS ( RIVALRIES1 HATR$S1 & COMPETITIONS1 WORSE & DEADLI] ?AN ! SOCIAL 9EQUALITIES EXI/+ 9 \R TIMES4 

,! SOCIALI/S SAY ?AT EA* WILL RECEIVE ! VALUE ( EA* ONE'S WORK FROM ! PRODUCT ( ! COLLECTIVE WORK4 ,BUT WE KN[1 EV5 N[1 ?AT 9TELLIG5CE1 /R5G?1 ACTIVITY1 APTITUDE & PHYSICAL CAPABILITY V>Y FROM P]SON TO P]SON1 SO ?AT ! QUANTITY & QUALITY ( !IR PRODUCTION IS B\ND TO V>Y FROM P]SON TO P]SON1 & EA* WORK] WILL BE 5TITL$ TO RECEIVE A DIFF]5T QUOTA ( ! PRODUCT4 ,?US1 IT HAS TO BE ADMITT$ ?AT ! CITIZ5S ( ! COLLECTIVI/ CITY WILL SATISFY !IR NE$S 9 AN UNEQUAL MEASURE1 S9CE IT APPE>S OBVI\S ?AT ?OSE :O PRODUCE MORE & BETT] WILL BE 5TITL$ TO RECEIVE MORE ( ! PRODUCT ( ! SOCIAL WORK ?AN ! UNLUCKY ONES :O1 BE+ LESS /RONG & LESS CAPABLE1 WILL PRODUCE LESS OR ) MORE /R5U\S EF=T4 

,& ONE WILL HAVE TO ADMIT1 WILL+LY OR NOT1 ?AT ?IS IS ! FIR/ ABSURDITY1 ! FIR/ 9EQUALITY & ! FIR/ 9JU/ICE4 

,AN ABSURDITY1 BECAUSE NO LABOR UNION1 W]E IT ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T & BOLD )9 9T]NATIONAL COLLECTIVISM1 WILL EV] F9D ! /&>D ) :I* TO EVALUATE ! EF=T & ! /RA9 :I* ITS MEMB]S -- V>Y+ & DIFF]5TLY DEVELOP$ -- >E =C$ TO EX]T 9 ORD] TO GIVE !IR NECESS>Y CONTRIBUTION TO ! COLLECTIVE PRODUCTION4 ,NOR WILL IT F9D ! MEANS TO EVALUATE ! RAW MANUAL LABOR REQUIR+ A M9IMAL EF=T FROM A /RONG1 9TELLIG5T Y\NG MAN1 BUT CAUS+ GREAT PA9 = A WEAK1 LESS 9TELLIG5T1 & AWKW>D P]SON :O1 NEV]!LESS1 WILL BE CALL$ TO %[ ! TOTAL ( HIS WORK DONE BE=E HE OP5S ! ACC\NT ( HIS NE$S4 ,BEYOND %E] MANUAL LABOR1 IT WILL BE EV5 H>D] TO DET]M9E ! VALUE ( ! WAGES DUE = WORK LESS MEASURABLE 9 ITS NATURE & 9 ITS PROCESSES1 BUT NO LESS USEFUL 9 ITS RESULTS -- :51 = 9/ANCE1 ONE MU/ DET]M9E ! USE VALUE ( ,PASCAL'S !OREM1 OR ( ,NEWTON'S LAW ( GRAVITATION1 OR ( ,M>CONI'S WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY4.<#c#b.>  
  

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,EV5 IF ?IS IMPOSSIBLE EVALUATION CRIT]ION W]E F\ND1 ! 9JU/ICE W\LD NOT BE LESS EVID5T & REAL4 ,?OSE :O BY NATURE OR A =TUNATE 5VIRONM5T HAVE BE5 5D[$ ) A P[]FUL BODY1 OR A %>P M9D1 OR ) A MORE PRON\NC$ DISPOSITION TO UND]TAKE ANY DIFFICULT 5DEAVOR1 WILL BE ABLE TO PRODUCE ABUNDANTLY )\T EF=T1 )\T PA91 :ILE HE :O HAS RECEIV$ FROM AN UNJU/ NATURE OR A LESS =TUNATE 5VIRONM5T A FEEBL] BODY1 A LESS] M9D1 OR LESS V>I$ APTITUDES1 WILL PRODUCE ) PA9 & 9 SMALL] QUANTITIES4 

,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT1 IF !RE HAS TO BE SOME CONSID]ATION1 ?IS %\LD BE 9 FAVOR ( ?OSE :O >C BEL[ AV]AGE1 BECAUSE !IR NE$S >E MORE NUM]\S & MORE URG5T1 NE$S ?AT >E LESS NUM]\S & LESS PRESS+ 9 HEAL?Y & NORMAL PEOPLE1 :O F9D PLEASURE & SATISFACTION 9 !IR WORK4 

,CONTR>IWISE1 ) A ,MAL?USIANISM ?AT C\LDN'T BE MORE IDIOTIC OR F]OCI\S1 COLLECTIVISM RES]VES = ! LESS-5D[$ ALL ! PA9S ( A SOCIAL HELL2 & IT ASSURES ?OSE :O HAD FROM NATURE ALL ! BLESS+S ( 9TELLIG5CE & ! ABILITY TO P]=M A GREAT V>IETY ( WORK1 ALL ! JOYS ( LIFE FROM ! BEG9N+4 

,?US1 FROM ! M>RIAGE ( ! ABSURD ) 9JU/ICE1 WE HAVE SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM RECONSECRAT+ ! DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9 TWO CLASSES3 ! CLASS ( ! /RONG1 ( ! QUICK1 ( ! =TUNATE TO :OM ALL SATISFACTIONS >E GU>ANTE$2 & ! CLASS ( ! FEEBLE1 ! SL[1 ! 9EPT :OSE P]PETUAL 9H]ITANCE WILL BE DEPRIVATIONS1 DISGRACE & POV]TY4 

,HATR$1 RIVALRY & UNHEAL?Y JEAL\SY WILL SPR+ FROM ! UNEQUAL PRIVATE [N]%IP ( LABOR'S PRODUCT 9 A MORE FURI\S WAY ?AN ?OSE 9EQUALITIES ?AT >E FOM5T$ 9 \R TIMES BY ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE4 

,EV5 N[1 SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM =SEES SU* 9EQUALITY & ! CONSEQU5T DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO TWO 5EMY CLASSES2 & IT TRIES TO AVOID IT BY MEANS ( A /ATE ADM9I/RATION1 CREAT$ TO SUP]VISE PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION & TO REE/ABLI%1 :]E NECESS>Y1 ! SOCIAL EQUILIBRIUM :]E IMP]IL$ OR DI/URB$ BY ! SOCIAL 9EQUALITIES4 

,TRUE1 ! COLLECTIVI/S HA/5 TO ADD ?AT ! NEW ,/ATE W\LD HAVE M]E ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS & ?AT1 KEEP+ AN EYE ON ?+S1 IT W\LD SCRUPUL\SLY AB/A9 FROM BE+ A RUL] ( M54 ,BUT ! MORE OR?ODOX EXPON5TS ( SOCIALI/ COLLECTIVISM1 LIKE ,MORG>I1 >E >IS+ AGA9/ ?IS OBLIQUE SOPHISM4 ,HE WRITES1 0,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO UND]/& :AT ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 GOV]NM5T ( PEOPLE & MANAGEM5T ( ?+S C\LD MEAN 9 PRACTICE4 ,9 \R TIMES ! ,/ATE DOES BO?3 IT GOV]NS ! CITIZ5S & MANAGES DIRECTLY ONE-FIF? ( ! C\NTRY'S WEAL?4 ,EQUALLY1 UND] SOCIALISM1 WE W\LD HAVE ! MANAGEM5T ( ?+S & ! GOV]NM5T ( ! PEOPLE1 & !SE W\LD BE B\ND BY LAW TO EV5 MORE SOCIAL DUTIES1 BO? 9 NUMB] & 9 DEP?1 ?AN !RE >E TODAY04.<#c#c.> 

,AS OPPOS$ TO A B\RGEOIS REGIME1 :I*1 9 SPITE ( ITS CON/ITUTIONAL LIES1 IS ! RULE ( A M9ORITY OV] ! MAJORITY1 SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM MAY BE ! RULE ( ! MAJORITY OV] ! M9ORITY1 &1 EV5 SUPPOS+ ?AT IT MI<T BE A MITIGAT$ =M ( TYRANNY1 IT W\LD /ILL REPRES5T A D5IAL ( FRE$OM1 SO MU* SO1 ?AT ! SAME ,MORG>I1 :O =ESEES MAN >M$ ) $UCATION & ! VOTE1 BUT CONTROLL$ BY SOCIAL COV5ANTS2 IE LAWS ?AT ! MAJORITY WILL APPROVE FROM TIME TO TIME1 IS =C$ TO ADMIT ?AT COLLECTIVISM WILL1 ( NECESSITY1 MA9TA9444 ! AU?ORIT>IAN PR9CIPLE2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! CO]CIVE MEANS REGULAT+ LABOR & O!R SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 & ?AT !RE=E COLLECTIVISM IS A L[] /AGE ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION COMP>$ TO AN>*ISM4 

,IT HAD TO BE JU/ \R GOOD OLD ,M]L9O TO V9DICATE ! *>M ( SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM AMONG ! WOOLLY-M9D$ & TO REHABILITATE ITS REPUTATION AMONG ! MASSES AS ! ULTIMATE /AGE ( ! SOCIAL PROGRESS 9 COMP>ISON TO1 & MU* TO ! CONFUSION & MORTIFICATION (1 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4  
  

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,MEAN:ILE1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! TORTU\S & CONTRADICTORY PREMISE ( COMMON [N]%IP ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE -- TEMP]$ BY ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! PRODUCT ( ONE'S [N LABOR -- ?AT IS WAV$ AB\T BY SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM1 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM BEG9S ) TWO LOGICAL T]MS MU* MORE CORRELATIVE & POSITIVE3 ! COMMON [N]%IP ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE1 & ! EQUAL RI<T ( ALL TO RECEIVE FROM ! TOTAL PRODUCTION ( COLLECTIVE WORK ACCORD+ TO HIS OR H] NE$S4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT FROM A REVOLUTION>Y PREMISE 7SOCIALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION7 COLLECTIVISM DRAWS A REACTION>Y CONCLUSION 7COMP5SATION ACCORD+ TO ONE'S WORK RA!R ?AN ACCORD+ TO ONE'S NE$S7 & REE/ABLI%ES )9 ! COLLECTIVI/ CITY ! SAME ECONOMIC & POLITICAL 9EQUALITIES1 ALL ! OLD & DISCR$IT$ LEGAL & MORAL RELATIONS4 ,9/EAD1 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM FROM A REVOLUTION>Y PREMISE 7COMMON [N]%IP ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE7 DRAWS A CONCLUSION EQUALLY REVOLUTION>Y3 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS OR H] NE$S1 :I* %IFTS1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! AXIS ( ALL ! OLD RELATION%IPS1 LEGAL1 POLITICAL & MORAL1 &1 9 SO DO+1 PROCLAIMS A NEW IDEA1 REVEAL+ ALSO 9 ! E?ICAL & ! POLITICAL FIELD1 ! NEW TRAIT1 ! PLUS MISS+ UNTIL MO/ REC5TLY1 :I* WILL BE ! EMBRYO ( ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD ?AT WILL ASS]T ! UNGOV]NABILITY ( MAN1 AUTONOMY & AN>*Y4 

,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 9 %UNN+ ! ABSURD & >BITR>Y NOTION ( COMP5SATION 7:I*1 TOGE!R ) ITS OPPOSITE POLES1 REW>D & PUNI%M5T1 REPRODUCES 9 ! COLLECTIVI/ WORLD ! CA?OLIC CONTRA/ BETWE5 VISE & VIRTUE1 ! CA?OLIC PR$E/9ATION TO HEAV5 OR HELL1 ACCORD+ TO :E!R ITS FUTURE CITIZ5S REVEAL !MSELVES GOOD OR BAD AT ! NECESS>Y TASK ( PRODUCTION71 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM REJECTS ! ,UTOPIA1 ! 9COH]5CE1 & ! 9JU/ICE IMPLICIT 9 ! COLLECTIVI/ PRET5SE ( MEASUR+ ! EF=T & ! 5]GY ( EA* WORK] 9 ORD] TO COMP5SATE HIM OR H] ACCORD+ TO ! USE-VALUE ( HIS OR H] LABOR1 &1 9 SO DO+1 IT RESOLVES ! PROBLEM ( EA* & EV]YONE'S %>+ ! PRODUCT ( ! COLLECTIVE WORK1 )\T >BITR>Y LIMITATIONS1 )\T ODI\S CONTROLS1 )\T (F5SE TO JU/ICE OR LIB]TY4 

,LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM DOES NOT FEEL ?AT ! RI<TS & LIMITS ( SU* P>TICIPATION %\LD BE DICTAT$ BY M]IT OR DEM]IT1 BY ! GREAT] OR LESS] APTITUDE & PRODUCTIVITY ( ! S+LE WORK]4 ,IT %\LD BE 9SPIR$ BY ! UNSUPPRESSIBLE RI<T ( EA* ORGANISM TO GO ALL ! WAY & UND] ! BE/ POSSIBLE CONDITIONS 9 ITS ASC5T FROM ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y TO SUP]IOR & MORE COMPLEX =MS2 IT %\LD BE ! UNSUPPRESSIBLE RI<T ( EV]Y P]SON TO GR[1 TO DEVELOP HIS FACULTIES 9 EV]Y WAY1 TO A*IEVE HIS FULL & 9TEGRAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,N[1 ?IS ASC5T ( ! ORGANISM FROM A RUDIM5T>Y TO A FULLY DEVELOP$ /ATE IS M>K$ BY A S]IES ( EV]-MORE1 GR[+ & V>I$ NE$S CLAIM+ SATISFACTION1 & ITS PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T RESULTS FROM ! MORE OR LESS COMPLETE SATISFACTION ( ?OSE NUMB]LESS & 9F9ITELY DIV]SE NE$S4 

,! NEWBORN BABY1 :O AT HIS FIR/ CONTACT ) AIR & LI<T PROTE/S ) HIS FIR/ CRY1 W>NS US ?AT ! *ANGE ( TEMP]ATURE IS TOO SUDD5 & ?AT HE CANNOT ADAPT HIMSELF TO ! NEW 5VIRONM5T )\T DANG]1 )\T PA91 & )\T MANY PRECAUTIONS4 ,! NEWLY-DELIV]$ MO!R1 :O EV5 9 ! L[] /AGES ( ! ANIMAL K+DOM HAS =ESE5 !SE DANG]S1 HAS S(T5$ ! NE/ ) ! F9E/ FEA!RS OR HAIR1 PULL$ TUFT AFT] TUFT FROM H] [N A*+ BOSOM1 & WILL COV] H] (FSPR+ ) H] W>M BODY AS SOON AS IT HAS BE5 BORN 9 ORD] TO PROTECT IT FROM ! RUDE FONDL+S ( ! W9D & ( ! SUN4 

,IT IS ! FIR/ /EP1 SIGNAL$ BY ! URG5CY ( PURELY ANIMAL1 PURELY PHYSIOLOGICAL NE$S4 ,BUT1 ONCE \T ( ! NE/1 ONCE \T ( ! CRADLE1 ! NEW CITIZ5 /UMBLES UPON A :OLE *A9 ( EXP]I5CES1 EA* ONE MORE *ALL5G+ ?AN ! LA/1 CALL+ ON NEW ORGANS ?AT HAVE NOT BE5 US$ BE=E OR HAVE BE5 NEGLECT$1 TO MOVE & TO FUNCTION 9 ORD] TO GA9 SUCCESSES & VICTORIES1 TO W>D (F DANG]S1 TO S5SE SATISFACTIONS1 & TO ATTA9 ! 5JOYM5T !Y PROMISE4 

,IT IS A :OLE S]IES ( PSY*OLOGICAL NE$S ?AT DEM& SATISFACTION ?R\< ?IS /ORM-LIKE ACTIVITY2 IT IS AN 5DLESS S]IES ( :YS81 P]SI/5TLY CURI\S & =TUNATELY 9EXHAU/IBLE1 ) :I* *ILDR5 EXASP]ATE US4 ,9 SO DO+ !Y LET US KN[ !IR NE$ TO UND]/&1 TO KN[1 TO LE>N1 & WE TRY TO SATISFY ?AT NE$ ) \R P]SONAL KN[L$GE1 ) S*OOLS & BOOKS1 ) ! $UCATIONAL WORK :I* REFLECTS & EPITOMIZES ! H]ITAGE ( EXP]I5CE >DU\SLY ACCUMULAT$ DUR+ C5TURIES ( SUFF]+S & MI/AKES4 

,ANO!R /EP4 ,O!RS WILL FOLL[ LAT]4 ,BUT ! MORE WE ADVANCE1 ! MORE COMPLICAT$ & EXT5SIVE BECOMES ! S]IES ( NE$S1 :I* IS ! 9DEX ( ! PROGRESS REALIZ$ BY ! 9DIVIDUAL AS WELL AS ! COMMUNITY4 ,A F>M] :O LIVES 9 AN ,ALP9E VALLEY1 9 ! PRES5T CONDITIONS ( HIS DEVELOPM5T1 MAY HAVE SATISFI$ ALL HIS NE$S--EAT51 DRUNK1 & RE/$ TO HIS HE>T'S CONT5T2 :ILE A WORK] :O LIVES 9 ,LONDON1 9 ,P>IS1 OR 9 ,B]L91 MAY WILL+LY GIVE UP A QU>T] ( HIS SAL>Y & SEV]AL H\RS ( HIS RE/1 9 ORD] TO SATISFY A :OLE CATEGORY ( NE$S TOTALLY UNKN[N TO ! F>M] /R&$ AMONG ! GORGES ( ! ,ALPS OR ! PEAKS ( ! ,AP5N9E M\NTA9S -- TO SP5D AN H\R ( 9T5SE & MOV+ LIFE AT ! !AT]1 AT ! MUSEUM OR AT ! LIBR>Y1 TO BUY A REC5TLY PUBLI%$ BOOK OR ! LATE/ ISSUE ( A NEWSPAP]1 TO 5JOY A P]=MANCE ( ,WAGN] OR A LECTURE AT ! ,SORBONNE4 

,S9CE !SE NE$S V>Y1 NOT ONLY ACCORD+ TO TIME & PLACE1 BUT ALSO ACCORD+ TO ! TEMP]AM5T1 DISPOSITION & DEVELOPM5T ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ONLY HE OR %E :O EXP]I5CES & FEELS !M IS 9 A POSITION TO APPRECIATE !M & TO MEASURE ADEQUATELY ! SATISFACTION !Y MAY GIVE4 

,!RE=E1 9 DRAW+ ! MEASURE ( EA* P]SON'S %>E 9 ! TOTAL SOCIAL PRODUCTION FROM NE$1 FROM ! COMPLEX & 9F9ITE NE$S ( EA* ORGANISM1 RA!R ?AN FROM ! SOCIAL USE-VALUE ( EA* ONE'S LABOR1 AN>*I/-COMMUNISM IS 9SPIR$ NOT ONLY BY A LOGICAL MOTIVE1 BUT ALSO BY AN EM95TLY PRACTICAL CRIT]ION ( EQUALITY & JU/ICE4 

,! V]Y B\RGEOIS OBJECTION ?AT ! TOTAL PRODUCTION IS 9SUFFICI5T = ! FULL SATISFACTION ( EV]YBODY'S NE$S BELONGS TO ?OSE OBJECTIONS :I* HAVE BE5 TRIUMPHANTLY DEFEAT$ BY ! SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVI/S AS WELL AS BY ! AN>*I/-COMMUNI/S4 ,FUR!RMORE1 !Y >E EV5 N[ EASILY DEFEAT$1 DAILY1 ON ! BASIS ( UND5IABLE FACTS ALIGN$ 9 OPPOSITION TO ALL LAUDATORES TEMPORIS NO/RI1.<?OSE :O PRAISE \R TIMES 7IE ! 'GOOD OLD DAYS'7.>4 

,!RE IS NO REASON1 !RE=E1 TO REPEAT H]E = ! ?\S&? LIME ! SAME REFUTATION4 .<,L4 ,GALLEANI2 :O GREATLY ADMIR$ ,KROPOTK91 WAS PROBABLY REF]R+ TO HIS MANY WRIT+S ON ?IS TOPIC2 EG ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD1 ,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM1 ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS.>4 

,AS ! WAYS & MEASURE ( ! SATISFACTION ( NE$S V>Y FROM P]SON TO P]SON1 ACCORD+ TO !IR DEVELOPM5T & TO ! P>TICUL> 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* !Y LIVE1 :ILE ! RI<T TO SATISFY !M 9 ! MANN] :I* EA* P]SON1 ! SOLE JUDGE1 DEEMS CONV5I5T1 REMA9S EQUAL = ALL2EQUALITY & JU/ICE C\LD NOT RECEIVE A MORE REAL & S9C]E SANCTION ?AN ?AT :I* IS GIV5 BY ! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY4 ,ALL HAVE AN EQUAL RI<T TO LIVE A FULL LIFE -- ! /RONG & ! WEAK1 ! 9TELLIG5T & ! DULL1 ! CAPABLE & ! 9EPT2 &1 )\T REG>D TO ! CONTRIBUTION EA* ONE MAY HAVE GIV5 TO ! TOTAL PRODUCTION ( SOCIETY1 !Y ALL HAVE ! SAME RI<T TO SATISFY !IR NE$S & TO REA* ! SUP]IOR =MS ( HI<] DEVELOPM5T4 

0,BUT DOES ?IS AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ PREMISE TO FRE$OM1 TO 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY1 GIVE AN EQUALLY LOGICAL & TRU/WOR?Y W>RANTY8 ,SUPPOSE AMONG ! DWELL]S ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY !RE W]E SOME :O LIK$ TO DISSIPATE & REFUS$ TO DO ANY K9D ( WORK8 ,W\LDN'T Y\1 \T ( NECESSITY1 BE 9DUC$ TO COMPEL !M TO DO SOME?+8 ,W\LDN'T ?AT MEAN ! RETURN ( AU?ORITY ) ITS SAVAGE RET9UE ( CO]CIVE 9/ITUTIONS80 

,?IS OBJECTION IS LESS S]I\S ?AN IT MAY APPE> AT FIR/ SI<T4 ,FROM ! ECONOMIC RELATION%IPS RUL+ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY WE CAN D$UCE ! CAUSES = :I* SOME REFUSE TO WORK AT C]TA9 K9DS ( LABOR & = :I* A FEW REFUSE TO DO ANY WORK AT ALL4 

,AT PRES5T1 WORK HAS A S]VILE *>ACT]2 IT IS NOT *OS5 FREELY ACCORD+ TO ONE'S APTITUDES2 IT DOES NOT GIVE ANY SATISFACTION :ATEV]1 MAT]IAL OR MORAL2 IT (F]S ONLY RISKS1 DEPRIVATIONS1 HUMILIATIONS2 IT IS UNC]TA91 PA9FUL1 EXCESSIVE1 PAID 9 9V]SE PROPORTION TO ITS DURATION- IT IS S\<T RELUCTANTLY1 EXECUT$ ) DISGU/2 IT IS 5DUR$1 9 %ORT1 AS A PUNI%M5T1 AS A CURSE4 ,! AV]SIONS IT >\SES AT ! PRES5T TIME >E UND]/&ABLE AS IS UND]/&ABLE ! HORROR ) :I* WORK1 ?IS 9EVITABLE CONDITION ( LIFE1 IS LOOK$ AT BY ! UN=TUNATES :O BE> ON !IR FACES1 ON !IR EYES1 ON !IR TORTUR$ FLE%1 ! /IGMA ( ALL ! AB]RATIONS & DEG5]ATIONS CAUS$ BY C5TURIES ( SLAV]Y1 ( DEPRIVATIONS1 ( POV]TY1 ( GRIEF1 ( BRUTALITY -- ALL COMPRESS$ 9TO A /ATE ( >RE/$ DEVELOPM5T1 :I* MAKES !M 9CAPABLE ( ANY F]TILE FUNCTION OR ( ANY ORIG9AL ACTION4 

,H[EV]1 TRANSPLANT ?AT RICKETY PROG5Y ( SCL]OTICS1 DRUNK>DS1 >?RITICS & PRO/ITUTES TO A HEAL?I] SOCIAL CLIMATE1 TO A WORLD ( EQUALS :]E PRODUCTION IS RUL$ BY COLLECTIVE 9T]E/1 NOT BY :IM & SPECULATION2 :]E IT IS LIMIT$ TO :AT IS NECESS>Y & PLEASANT1 EXCLUD+ ALL ?AT IS /UPID1 USELESS1 OR H>MFUL1 FROM MIS]'S SAFES TO MON/R\S BATTLE%IPS2 MAKE ROOM )9 ! RANKS ( R$EEM+ LABOR = ALL ! 5]GIES ?AT N[ LIE /AGNANT1 TRICK$ BY ALL K9DS ( LIES & FRAUDS1 BY ALL ! EVIL DO+S ( USURY1 9QUISITION & MURD] -- 9 MONA/]IES1 B>RACKS1 JAILS1 9 ! 5DLESS CIRCLES ( BUREAUCRACY2 LOOK AT ! PROGRESS ( ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S1 & CALCULATE ! PROGRESS ?AT IS B\ND TO TAKE PLACE DUR+ ! NEXT FIFTY YE>S ?R\< ! APPLICATION ( SCI5CE TO 9DU/RY2 OP5 TO EV]YONE ! !AT]S & ! S*OOLS1 ! GYMNASIUMS & ! ACADEMIES2 LET !RE BE AIR & BREAD = EV]YONE1 SUN & JOY1 LIFE & LOVE -- & !N TELL US IF WORK1 %ORT 9 H\RS1 V>I$ 9 K9D1 FREELY *OS5 BY EV]Y WORK] ACCORD+ TO HIS [N PREF]5CE1 9 :OM SECURITY ( 9TELLECTUAL & PHYSICAL LIFE WILL HAVE ACCUMULAT$ & KEPT ALIVE ALL K9DS ( 5]GY2 TELL US !N1 IF ANY ONE WILL REFUSE TO P>TICIPATE 9 A WORK :I* HAS BECOME A S\RCE ( JOY TO ! SPIRIT1 A PHYSIOLOGICAL NECESSITY & A UNIV]SALLY ACKN[L$G$ CONDITION ( LIFE & ( UNIV]SAL PROGRESS4 

,EV]YONE WILL WORK ACCORD+ TO ONE'S APTITUDES & 5]GIES4 

0,ANO!R IF1 AS USUAL0 -- :ISP]S A /UBBORN DISS5T]444 )\T ?9K+ ?AT HIS OBJECTION 7?AT !RE WILL ALWAYS BE SOMEBODY1 9 ! NEW SOCIETY1 UNWILL+ TO WORK7 IS1 AGA91 A SUPPOSITION -- ) ?IS DIFF]5CE2 H[EV]1 IT LACKS ! POSITIVE & SCI5TIFIC BASIS :I* SUPPORTS ! AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ PR$ICTION4 

,LET US MAKE S5SE4 ,9]TIA IS ! PROP]TY :]EBY AN OBJECT P]SI/S 9 ! /ATE 9 :I* IT F9DS ITSELF UNLESS & UNTIL AN \TSIDE CAUSE OP]ATES ON IT1 BUT NOBODY HAS EV] ?\<T TO DEF9E IT OR IMAG9E IT AS A CESSATION ( ACTIVITY 9 MATT]4 ,IT W\LD BE NONS5SE4 

,?US1 IT W\LD BE NONS5SE TO SUPPOSE ?AT BLOOD REFUSES TO CIRCULATE1 ! HE>T REFUSES TO BEAT1 ! BRA9 TO FEEL & REFLECT1 ?AT ALL ! BODY ORGANS COLLECTIVELY REVOLT AGA9/ !IR RESPECTIVE FUNCTIONS4 ,IT W\LD BE DEA?4 

,BUT SO LONG AS ! CON/ANT PROCESSES ( ASSIMILATION1 ( ELIM9ATION1 ( N\RI%M5T ( REPLACEM5T1 ( DEVELOPM5T1 ( REPRODUCTION1 ( DECREASE -- :I* >E ! CONDITION & *>ACT] ( \R LIFE -- TAKE PLACE 9 \R BODY1 ALL \R VITAL 5]GIES WILL BE ACTIVE4 

,\R OPPON5TS >E OBSESS$ BY ! MANY & PR(\ND P]V]SIONS ) :I* ! REGIME ( AU?ORITY & PRIVATE PROP]TY -- ! REGIME ( EXPLOITATION ( M5 BY O!R M5 -- HAS CORRUPT$ EV]Y E?ICAL HUMAN RELATION & S5TIM5T4 ,&1 =GETT+ OR NEGLECT+ ! FACT ?AT MAN1 HIS PROGRESS1 HIS 9TELLIG5CE & HIS MORALITY >E 9TIMATELY RELAT$ TO ! 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* HE LIVES1 !Y MAY FE> ?AT MANY ( ! CITIZ5S ( ! FUTURE CITY WILL FEEL ! /RONGE/ AV]SION = C]TA9 K9DS ( WORK1 & ?AT1 5C\RAG$ BY ! LACK ( ANY CO]CIVE =CE1 MAY REVOLT AGA9/ IT4 ,BUT ?IS IS AN OBJECTION ?AT RESOLVES ITSELF ?R\< EV]YBODY'S FRE$OM TO *OOSE ! JOB OR ! PR(ESSION1 ! OCCUPATION MO/ SUITABLE TO ONE'S [N CAPACITY OR 9CL9ATION4 

,IT CANNOT BE S]I\SLY >GU$ ?AT ! UNRULY P]SONS :O >E UNWILL+ TO WORK AT C]TA9 OCCUPATIONS WILL REFUSE TO WORK AT ANY JOB & WILL LET !MSELVES GO ADRIFT LIKE BRUTALIZ$ OPIUM SMOK]S1 OR LIKE ! BLESS$ ( ! BUDDHI/ ,NIRVANA1 ELIM9AT+ ANY & ALL ACTIVITIES BY ! TOTAL ANNIHILATION ( !IR [N SELVES4 

,TO SATISFY \R NE$S1 TO N\RI% \RSELVES PHYSICALLY & 9TELLECTUALLY1 MEANS ?AT WE MU/ ACCUMULATE A TREASURE ( /R5G?1 B5D ! >C ( \R 5]GY1 %>P5 ! SPUR ( \R WILL1 COMPEL \R VITAL EXUB]ANCE TO SEEK 9 ACTION1 ANY ACTION1 ITS \TLET1 ITS EXHAU/ VALVE4 ,! Y\NG ONES :O1 REG>DLESS ( FATIGUE & DANG]S1 EXPOSE !IR Y\? EV]Y DAY TO ALL K9DS ( RISKS1 >E ! TRUE 9DEX ( ?AT EXUB]ANCE1 ( ?AT SELFLESS IMPETU\SNESS :I* IS NO?+ BUT ! RESULT ( ! EASY & CON/ANT PROCESS ( ASSIMILATION1 A PROCESS :I* 9 OLD PEOPLE -- :OSE BODY1 HAV+ REA*$ ITS MAXIMUM DEVELOPM5T1 BEG9S TO DECL9E -- BECOMES SL[1 PA9FUL1 FAULT+1 B>ELY SUFFICI5T TO CONS]VE ! FAIL+ 5]GY1 ! /IFF5+ ACTIVITY1 ! SLIPP+ LIFE4 ,IT IS ! /RUGGLE ( EXUB]ANCE AGA9/ DET]IORATION3 ! =M] IS ALTRUISM1 FE>LESSNESS1 SELFLESSNESS1 G5]OSITY2 ! LATT] IS EGOISM1 MEANNESS1 CALCULATION1 FE>1 CONS]VATIVE DI/RU/4 

,9 ORD] TO BELIEVE 9 ! POSSIBILITY1 9 ! REALIZATION ( A SOCIETY )\T PRIVATE PROP]TY & )\T GOV]NM5T1 IT IS NOT NECESS>Y ?AT M5 BE ANGELS4 ,IT WILL BE 5\< ?AT ?IS SOCIETY BE CAPABLE ( SATISFY+ ! NE$S ( ALL ITS MEMB]S ON ! L& :I* HAS BECOME AGA9 ! GREAT MO!R ( US ALL1 MADE F]TILE BY HUMAN LABOR1 R$EEM$ FROM ALL HUMILIATIONS & YOKES4 ,! B\RGEOIS1 :O >E 9 A POSITION TO SATISFY !SE NE$S 9 L>GE MEASURE >E ! BE/ WITNESSES TO ! FACT ?AT IF 5]GY CAN BE DIV]T$1 IT CANNOT BE CON/RA9$1 SO ?AT \R OPPON5TS FE>S ( 9]TIA & VAGRANCY >E PLA9LY ABSURD3 F5C+1 HORSEMAN%IP1 BOAT+1 MOTOR+1 M\NTA9-CLIMB+1 OCEANIC CRUIS+1 POLITICS1 DIPLOMACY1 PHILAN?ROPY1 TROPICAL & POL> EXP$ITIONS >E NO?+ BUT ! DIFF]5T ASPECTS1 PHYSICAL OR 9TELLECTUAL1 FRIVOL\S OR NOBLE1 ( ! 5]GY & VITAL EXUB]ANCE :I* BUR/ =? FROM ! FULL SATISFACTION ( NE$S 5JOY$ BY ! RUL+ CLASSES 

,:5 EV]YONE'S PHYSICAL1 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL NE$S >C FULLY SATISFI$1 WE %ALL HAVE 9 EV]Y HUMAN BE+ ! EXUB]ANCE ( 5]GY ?AT IS AT PRES5T ! EXCLUSIVE PRIVILEGE ( ! RUL+ CLASSES4 

,ONCE ! FIELD ( $UCATION1 ( SCI5CE & ( ! >TS -- N[ B>R$ TO ! MAJORITY ( MANK9D -- IS OP5$1 IT WILL BE FILL$ BY AN IMM5SE TORR5T ( GU%+ 5]GY1 SEEK+ \T ITS MO/ USEFUL FUNCTION1 ITS HI<E/ AIMS4 ,) ! FALL ( ! B>RI]S DIVID+ HUMANITY 9 CLASSES & ) ! JO9+ ( ALL HUMAN 9T]E/S 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! =CES ( NATURE & EXT]NAL ?REATS1 ! ASSOCIATION = /RUGGLE WILL BE A MU* MORE EFFECTIVE SUPPORT = CIVILIZATION1 PROGRESS1 & EVOLUTION ?AN IS ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE ) ITS SAVAGE DAILY COMPETITIONS4 

,?IS IS A LOGICAL D$UCTION1 SUPPORT$ BY 9CONTROV]TIBLE PRO(S1 & TO D5Y IT1 \R ADV]S>IES TAKE REFUGE BEH9D ! IRONIC PRESUMPTION ?AT1 9 ORD] TO LIVE )\T GOV]NM5T1 )\T PRIVATE PROP]TY & )\T MA/]S1 M5 WILL SUDD5LY HAVE TO HAVE W+S1 HALOS & ! S]APHIC GOODNESS ( MY?ICAL ANGELS4 

,BUT ! IDEAL IS HUMAN & M5 >E SUFFICI5T TO REALIZE IT4 

,AGA9/ ?IS UN%AKABLE BELIEF ( \RS 9 ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION & POLITICAL AUTONOMY1 \R ADV]S>IES MI<T OPPOSE ONLY ONE >GUM5T3 ?AT M5 DO NOT *ANGE1 ?AT 9 SPITE ( ANY PROGRESS1 ( ANY NOTICEABLE IMPROVEM5T ( 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL LIFE1 WORK]S WILL P]SI/ 9 BE+ SLAVES )\T DIGNITY1 F]OCI\S B>B>IANS1 DEG5]ATES DEPRIV$ ( CONSCI5CE1 9DEC5T IDL]S :O1 ?R\< ?\S&S ( YE>S ( PRIVILEGE & TYRANNY1 IGNORANCE & SUP]/ITION1 HAVE BE5 LOV+LY RAIS$ BY ! RUL+ OLIG>*IES4 

,BUT1 9 ?AT CASE1 \R ADV]S>IES W\LD BE ! ,UTOPIANS1 ! APO/LES & H]ALDS ( AN IMPOSSIBLE /ASIS1 9/EAD ( :I*1 WE1 )\T BE+ ,UTOPIANS1 )\T ACCEPT+ ! LEG5D ( ANGELS & DEMIGODS1 BELIEVE 9 ! UNCEAS+ EVOLUTION & ! CON/ANT PROGRESS ( PEOPLES & SOCIETY4 

,WE HAVE ELIM9AT$ ! VULG> OBJECTION ?AT ONCE \T ( ! 9F]NO ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY -- :]E WORK IS NOT FREELY ELECT$ ACCORD+ TO ! WORK]'S 9CL9ATIONS1 BUT IS IMPOS$ BY ! PRIVILEG$ 9T]E/S ( ! RUL+ CLASSES1 :]E NO SATISFACTION ( HIS MAT]IAL & MORAL NE$S IS ASSUR$ -- ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ONCE HAV+ ATTA9$1 ?R\< ! EPIC EV5TS ( ! EQUALIZ+ REVOLUTION1 ! FREE SOCIETY :]E HE CAN WORK1 ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITY1 AT ! TRADE HE HAS FREELY SELECT$1 UND] ! SOLE 9FLU5CE ( A CLE> CONSCI5CE ( HIS TASK1 & ) ! KN[L$GE ( ! G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ NECESSITY ( CONTRIBUT+ TO ! SECURITY & TO ! FULLNESS ( SOCIAL LIFE 9 :I* LIES ! GREATE/1 ! ONLY W>RANTY ( EV]YBODY'S SECURITY & FRE$OM71 & ONCE HAV+ RECEIV$ ! C]TA9TY ?AT ALL ( HIS PHYSICAL & 9TELLECTUAL NE$S WILL BE ADEQUATELY SATISFI$1 ?IS 9DIVIDUAL1 EV5 9 SPITE ( ! IRRESI/IBLE /IMULATIONS ( HIS PHYSIOLOGICAL EXUB]ANCE1 WILL DELIB]ATELY REFUSE TO WORK & BE TOTALLY USELESS4 ,WE HAVE REJECT$ ?IS VULG> OBJECTION & WE BELIEVE WE HAVE A*IEV$ ! MO/ 9T]E/+1 IF NOT ! MO/ DECISIVE1 P>T ( \R DEMON/RATION4 

,WE HAVE DEMON/RAT$ -- & WE BELIEVE ) SUCCESS -- TO \R SNE]+ ADV]S>IES1 AS WELL AS TO \R TIMID1 UNC]TA9 ALLIES1 ?AT ONCE ! FULL SATISFACTION ( EV]Y NE$ IS ASSUR$ TO EV]YONE1 ! HYPO!SIS ?AT EA* P]SON WILL SPONTANE\SLY *OOSE & EXECUTE HIS TASK ACCORD+ TO ! COLLECTIVE WELF>E & HIS [N ABILITY IS NOT ABSURD2 & ?AT1 !RE=E1 ! ASPIRATION TO A SOCIETY )\T MA/]S & )\T GOV]NM5T IS NEI!R ABSURD NOR ,UTOPIAN4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,AS PROPON5TS ( ! BROADE/ 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY1 WE HAVE %[N ?AT ?IS ABSOLUTE 9DEP5D5CE FROM ANY DOM9ATION BY EI!R A MAJORITY OR A M9ORITY1 FROM ANY HUMAN OPPRESSION1 CANNOT F9D A BETT] OR MORE VIGILANT SECURITY ?AN 9 AN>*I/-COMMUNISM3 UNLIMIT$ FRE$OM 9 ! SATISFACTION ( NE$S2 UNLIMIT$ FRE$OM 9 ! *OICE ( WORK4 

,EXCEPTIONAL CONDITIONS ( ! MOM5T OR ( ! SITUATION MI<T REQUIRE ?AT WE LIMIT \R 9CL9ATIONS AS WELL AS 9CREASE \R WORK4 ,9 ! FUTURE1 AS IT HAPP5S AT PRES5T1 MI<T WE NOT1 WE :O >E 9 GOOD HEAL?1 TI<T5 \R BELT A LITTLE 9 ORD] TO HELP PEOPLE AFFLICT$ BY AN EPIDEMIC ) FOOD & M$IC9E8 ,DO WE NOT1 EV5 N[1 IF A SUDD5 FIRE DEVELOPS ACT AS FIREM58444 ,AS NURSES1 IF AN EPIDEMIC OCCURS8444 ,AS DIGG]S 9 CASES ( FLOOD OR L&SLIDE8 ,& DOESN'T ?IS HAPP5 )\T COMM& OR CO]CION8444 ,)\T REG>D TO 9DIVIDUAL 9CL9ATIONS OR UNUSUAL RISKS8444 ,ALL ?IS IS ONLY 9 OB$I5CE TO ! VOICE SURG+ FROM ! DEP? ( EV]Y CONSCI5CE1 CALL+ 9 ! NAME ( LIFE1 ( PRES]VATION & SOLID>ITY ) ! SPECIES4 ,& IS NOT ?AT VOICE ! AUTOMATIC & IRRESI/IBLE /IMULUS TO ! HI<E/ & NOBLE/ ( \R ACTIONS8 

,& IS NOT ?AT CALL VALID8 ,IS IT NOT RECEIV$ ) AN \TBUR/ ( LOVE & CONC]N SU* AS HAS NEV] GREET$ A COMM&M5T ( GOD1 AN $ICT ( A K+1 A LAW ( P>LIAM5T8 

,LET !M CALL US ,UTOPIANS AS MU* AS !Y WANT -- ?OSE :O REMEMB] ONLY ONE PHRASE ( ,D>W9'S DOCTR9E & REVIVE1 UND] ! %9+ SUN ( ?IS TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ! MAXIM HOMO HOM9I LUPUS.<MAN IS WOLF TO MAN.>4 ,AS = US -- EV5 9 A SOCIETY :]E ! 9T]E/S ( ! SPECIES MI<T BE JO9$ TOGE!R = ! NOBLE/ /RUGGLE ( ALL1 ! ONE AGA9/ NATURE & ! 5VIRONM5T L& ?IS 'ASSOCIATION = ! /RUGGLE' WILL BE ! MA9 FACTOR ( FUTURE EVOLUTION7 -- WE CANNOT ACCEPT EV5 H]E ! DOM9ATION ( 9TELLECTUAL >I/OCRACY4 

,WE F9D ?IS DOM9ANCE 9 OLD AS WELL AS 9 CONTEMPOR>Y CIVILIZATIONS4 ,BAS$ ON PRIVILEGE & PROMPT$ BY ! WILDE/ COMPETITION1 IT TRIUMPHS & DELI<TS 9 IGNORANCE & 9 ! RESIGNATION1 FE> & UNIV]SAL SUBJECTION ?AT FOLL[4 ,9 ?IS CLIMATE ( PRIVILEGE1 ,MOSES & ,MOHAMM$ CAN LURE MILLIONS ( PEOPLE TO ANY ADORATION & SACRIFICE4 ,&1 JU/ AS EASILY1 ,GALILEO & ,BRUNO CAN BECOME ! VICTIMS ( !IR WRA?1 ( !IR CURSES & CONTEMPT4.<#c#d.> ,9 ?IS CLIMATE ( COMPETITION1 ,NOBEL & ,KRUPP.<#c#e.> CAN ASC5D ?R\< GOLD5 >*ES & CL\DS ( 9C5SE 9TO ! ,OLYMPUS ( NATIONAL H]OES1 :ILE ,GOR9I1 ,BOVIO & ,RECLUS CAN DIE ( />VATION.<#c#f.>4 

,!RE >E1 ON ONE H&1 A =TUNATE FEW DE/9$ BY *ANCE TO 5JOY EV]Y?+2 ON ! O!R1 A MULTITUDE ( \TCA/S CONDEMN$ BY ?OSE FEW TO EXP]I5CE NO?+4 ,BUT DE/ROY ! EXI/+ ECONOMIC 9EQUALITIES1 RECOMPOSE A N[-DIVID$ HUMANITY UPON A RECLAIM$ ,E>?1 & ! LA/ TRACES ( HIDE\S 9EQUALITY WILL DISAPPE>1 TOGE!R ) ! HI]>*IES ?AT TODAY P]PETUATE !M4 ,! F>M] & ! AGRONOMI/1 :O >E N[ SEP>AT$ BY A *ASM1 WILL BE RECONCIL$ AS EQUALS BECAUSE !IR RESPECTIVE FUNCTIONS WILL BE EQUALLY VALU$4 ,BECAUSE1 9 ! FUTURE :ILE IT MAY BE ! AGRONOMI/ :O DISCOV]S A NEW ME?OD ( CULTIVATION1 IT IS ! F>M] :O WILL MAKE IT WORK WELL 9 PRACTICE4 ,& ?IS1 9 A SOCIETY NOT BAS$ ON PRIVILEGE & COMPETITION1 MEANS ?AT 9 ! DIFF]5T >EAS ( !IR SKILLS & 9 ! DIFF]5T APPLICATION ( !IR 5]GIES1 !Y >E BO? EQUALLY NECESS>Y TO NEW =MS ( PRODUCTION4 ,ONE EQUALS ! O!R2 BO? >E EQUALLY 9DISP5SABLE TO A NECESS>Y COOP]ATION1 :I* HAS NO PLACE = SAVAGE COMPETITIONS NOR = ABSURD & WICK$ PRIVILEGES4 

,WE HAVE GIV5 SUFFICI5T ELEM5TS = ! LUNATICS ( ! ,/ATE TO >RIVE1 ON !IR [N1 AT ! CONCLUSION ?AT1 IF GOV]NM5T IS NECESS>Y OR1 RA!R1 A 'CONDITION S9E QUA NON' .<A NECESSITY.> = ! EXI/5CE ( A REGIME :I* IS D$ICAT$1 LIKE A B\RGEOIS REGIME1 TO ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY & ! POLITICAL SUBJECTION ( ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE CON/ITUT+ ! SO-CALL$ SOCIETY2 GOV]NM5T HAS NO JU/IFICATION :ATEV] &1 !RE=E1 NO REASON TO EXI/ 9 A REAL & TRUE SOCIETY :]E ! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( ALL ITS COMPON5TS >E UNIT$ & MUTUAL4 ,DISAGREEM5T & FRICTION WILL ALWAYS EXI/4 ,9 FACT !Y >E AN ESS5TIAL CONDITION ( UNLIMIT$ PROGRESS4 ,BUT ONCE ! BLOODY >5A ( %E] ANIMAL COMPETITION -- ! /RUGGLE = FOOD -- HAS BE5 ELIM9AT$1 PROBLEMS ( DISAGREEM5T C\LD BE SOLV$ )\T ! SLI<TE/ ?REAT TO ! SOCIAL ORD] & 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY4 

,M]L9O KN[S & TEA*ES US ?AT ! ,/ATE 7:I* IS A BANKRUPT & P]PETUAL FAILURE AS ADM9I/RATOR7 HAS A PRECISE & ESS5TIAL POLITICAL FUNCTION3 ! PRES]VATION ( ! ECONOMIC '/ATUS QUO'1 ! PROTECTION ( ! ECONOMIC PRIVILEGES ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 :OSE AG5T & G5D>ME IT IS & >\ND :I* IT HAS CREAT$ A ?REEFOLD B>RI] -- ! POLITICAL1 ! JUDICIAL & ! MILIT>Y4 ,!SE B>RI]S1 ) !IR DIV]SIFI$ FUNCTIONS1 PURSUE ONE S+LE AIM3 TO REASSURE ! =TUNATE WEAL?Y ?AT NO ONE WILL SPR+ =? FROM ! IMM5SE1 ANGRY CR[D ( ! DIS9H]IT$ TO CURSE1 ?REAT51 OR DE/ROY !IR V9EY>D OR !IR COM=T4 ,P>LIAM5T & ! POLICE HAVE EXPECT$ ALL K9DS ( ?REATS & CURSES1 & !Y HAVE SCRUPUL\SLY CATALOG$ EV]YONE ( !M4 ,$UCATIONAL & CULTURAL 9/ITUTIONS1 FROM K9D]G>T5 TO UNIV]SITY2 ! JUDICIAL SY/EM1 FROM MAGI/RATES TO ! SUPREME C\RTS1 >E ALL !RE TO AV]T DEVA/ATION4 ,&1 IF & :51 DUR+ TIMES ( UPHEAVAL1 !IR MEASURES %\LD APPE> 9SUFFICI5T OR BELAT$1 ! MILIT>Y 9/ITUTIONS1 RU?LESS GU>DIANS ( ORD] AT ANY CO/1 WILL 9T]V5E ) !IR LAWS ( W>1 !IR M>TIAL C\RTS & MASS EXECUTIONS4 ,?+S MU/ REMA9 AS !Y >E2 SOCIAL RELATIONS CANNOT BE DI/URB$2 ! RUL+ M9ORITY MU/ LUXURIATE 9 WEAL? & IDL5ESS1 :ILE RU?LESSLY GOV]N+ ! IMM5SE MAJORITY1 :O HAVE ONLY ONE DUTY TO TOIL )\T RELIEF 9 A /ATE ( S]VITUDE1 TO REMA91 ALT] HAV+ PRODUC$ WEAL?1 9 A /ATE ( BL9D IGNORANCE & SQUALID POV]TY = AS LONG AS !Y LIVE4 

,:AT IS !RE = SU* AN 9/ITUTION AS ! ,/ATE TO DO 9 A SOCIETY :]E ALL CLASS PRIVILEGES HAVE DISAPPE>$1 :]E CLASS DI/9CTIONS >E ELIM9AT$2 :]E HATR$1 REV5GE1 & >M$ REBELLION HAVE VANI%$ UND] ! SUN ( ABSOLUTE ECONOMIC EQUALITY8 

,C\LD IT DIRECT SOCIAL RELATIONS OR PROTECT PUBLIC ORD]8 ,BUT ISN'T IT COMMON KN[L$GE1 EV5 N[1 ?AT ! ,/ATE'S 9TRUSION 9TO ! PRIVATE RELATIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS IS NOT ONLY 9EFFECTIVE1 BUT UTT]LY DISA/R\S = ! RELATIONS & 9ITIATIVES IT PRET5DS TO MANAGE8 ,CONC]NS CONDUCT$ BY PRIVATE 9ITIATIVE (F] A SECURITY1 AN 9COME1 & AN EFFICI5CY ?AT CANNOT BE EXPECT$ FROM ! S]VICES ?AT HAVE BE5 ASSUM$ BY ! ,/ATE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 EV5 ?OSE :O AVAIL !MSELVES ( ! S]VICES ( ! ,/ATE1 ADMIT ?AT1 9 ITS FUNCTION AS PROTECTOR ( ORD] & ! SECURITY ( ITS CITIZ5S1 ! ,/ATE >RIVES TOO LATE TO =E/ALL ! CONSEQU5CES ( DI/URBANCES & 9JURIES ?AT HAVE ALREADY HAPP5$ DESPITE ITS VIGILANCE4 ,IS IT POSSIBLE TO WI%1 9 SOCIAL RELATIONS1 = A MORE AL]T1A MORE COMPET5T1 A MORE EV5-M9D$ & RELIABLE REGULATOR ?AN ! CONC]N ( ! 9T]E/$ P>TIES8 

,! REC5T SC&ALS CONC]N+ ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! MONEY COLLECT$ = ! E>?QUAKE VICTIMS 9 ,CALABRIA .<L#i#h.> TE/IFY ?AT1 :ILE MILLIONS ( DOLL>S C\LD BE COLLECT$ 9 JU/ A FEW H\RS AMONG ?\S&S ( CITIZ5S1 MOV$ BY A SPONTANE\S1 NOBLE IMPULSE ( SOLID>ITY1 ! ,/ATE1 5TANGL$ BY ITS RICKETY BUREAUCRACY1 DOES NOT KN[ H[ TO DI/RIBUTE !M1 & :5 IT DOES DO SO 7TWO OR ?REE YE>S AFT] ! CATA/ROPHE71 IT GIVES !M \T ! WRONG WAY4 

,& !N1 :AT ?REATS TO PUBLIC ORD] CAN BE FE>$ 9 A SOCIETY :]E ! FUNDAM5TAL CAUSES ( ANY PUBLIC DI/URBANCE HAVE BE5 ELIM9AT$ BY ! RECONCILIATION ( ! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL ) ! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( ! :OLE COMMUNITY8 

,NON SOLO PANE VIVIT HOMO .<MAN DOES NOT LIVE BY BREAD ALONE.>1 OBJECT \R ADV]S>IES4 ,AFT] FOOD IS ASSUR$1 M5 WILL FI<T OV] SOME?+ ELSE4 ,HAVE Y\ =GOTT5 ! RELIGI\S W>S1 ! NATIONAL /RUGGLES1 ! HOPELESS & BLOODY /RUGGLES = ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL FRE$OM8 

,WE HAV5'T =GOTT5 ANY?+1 & WE >E V]Y F> FROM BELIEV+ ?AT1 AFT] HAV+ REA*$ EQUALITY1 ! 9HABITANTS ( ! FUTURE CITY WILL GIVE UP ANY ASS]TION ( 9DIVIDUAL 5]GY1 ( EV]Y 9DEP5D5T ACTION & EV]Y COMPETITIVE ACTIVITY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y4 

,BUT WE ALSO KN[ 7& ?IS IS A TRU? ?AT IS L>GELY SUPPORT$ BY ! WORLD ( SCI5CE7 ?AT !RE >E TWO BASIC NE$S1 FOOD & REPRODUCTION1 TO :I* ALL LIV+ CREATURES >E SUBJECT4 ,! FIR/ PU%ES !M TO F]OCI\S /RUGGLES1 EV5 TO MUTUAL DE/RUCTION1 :ILE ! SECOND DRAWS !M TOGE!R & T5DS TO UNIFY !M4 

,IF ! NE$ ?AT LEADS TO F]OCITY & MUTUAL DE/RUCTION HAS BE5 SATISFI$1 O!R =MS ( COMPETITION CAN BE DEVELOP$ )\T VIOL5T COLLISIONS ?AT WILL ?REAT5 PUBLIC ORD] OR 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM1 BECAUSE1 9 C]TA9 FIELDS & COMPETITIONS1 BRUTAL VIOL5CE & MAJORITY PRESSURE >E FUNDAM5TALLY 9EFFECTIVE4 ,= 9/ANCE1 !RE IS A PR(\ND DISAGREEM5T CONC]N+ ! PREV5TION ( SMALLPOX 9 ! FIELD ( SANITATION4 ,SOME BELIEVE ! SMALLPOX 9OCULATION IS ABSOLUTELY USELESS IF NOT \TRI<T DANG]\S2 O!RS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 CONSID] IT A REAL SALVATION4 ,?IS CONFLICT ( OP9ION HAS BE5 GO+ ON = MANY YE>S )\T A BAD WORD FROM EI!R SIDE TO AL>M ! GU>DIANS ( PUBLIC ORD]4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 SO MANY FACTS HAVE BE5 C]TIFI$1 SO MANY OBS]VATIONS1 EXP]I5CES & RESULTS HAVE BE5 GA!R$1 ?AT CONF] ! *>ACT] ( A REAL BLESS+ UPON !SE !ORETICAL DISAGREEM5TS1 !SE CIVILIZ$ =MS ( COMPETITION4 

,AS ! AV]AGE 9TELLECTUAL LEVEL RISES1 MANY DIV]SE 5]GIES WILL P>TICIPATE 9 DEBATES ( ?IS K9D1 & WE CAN READILY ASSUME ?AT ! NEW SOCIETY WILL BE ! MO/ ACTIVE1 ! MO/ D>+1 ! MO/ P]SEV]+ IMAG9ABLE 9 ! FIELD ( RESE>*1 )\T HAV+ TO CONCLUDE ?AT !SE DISCUSSIONS1 !SE !ORETICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL DISAGREEM5TS MU/ 5D 9 TRAG$Y4 

,?OSE :O RECALL ! RELIGI\S W>S1 ! W>S = NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE OR = POLITICAL FRE$OM1 IGNORE OR =GET ?AT ?OSE W]E REBELLIONS AGA9/ TYRANNY1 A CAUSE ?AT W\LD HAVE NO REASON TO EXI/ 9 A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY & ?AT1 B5EA? ! !OLOGICAL1 NATIONALI/ OR POLITICAL SURFACES1 EXI/+ ECONOMIC 9T]E/S W]E BE+ ?REAT5$ BY NEW ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 /RUGGL+ TO ASS]T !MSELVES 9 A CONVULS$ WORLD4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,AT ?IS PO9T1 WE CAN SUM UP & REPLY TO ! FIR/ QUE/ION WE HAVE POS$3 0,( ! TWO TR5DS1 BO? D5Y+ ! LEGITIMACY ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & BO? PROMOT+ ! SOCIALIZATION ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE 9 ! /RUGGLE = ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION1 :I* ONE HAS VOIC$ ! NEW IDEA ?AT M>KS ! 9CEPTION ( A MORE ADVANC$ PHASE 9 ! S]IES ( EVOLUTION>Y PH5OM5A1 :I* ONE HAS REMA9$ RIGOR\SLY FAI?FUL TO ! CRIT]ION ( PROGRESS804 

,9 FUR!R+ ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE1 SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM SEEKS1 ON ONE H&1 TO GU>ANTEE ! RI<TS ( ! COMMUNITY1 :ILE RECOGNIZ+1 ON ! O!R1 ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( EA* WORK]'S PRODUCTION4 ,IT B>ELY :ISP]S -- & IMM$IATELY REP5TS DO+ IT -- ! NEW IDEA :I*1 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ! ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS SAYS3 ABOLI% PRIVATE PROP]TY & MEANS3 EV]Y?+ BELONGS TO EV]YBODY6 ,& ?IS 9ITIAL CONTRADICTION1 /RET*+ \T FROM ! ECONOMIC TO POLITICAL & MORAL >EAS1 PREV5TS SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM FROM ASS]T+ ! NEW IDEA ( EQUALITY1 ( JU/ICE1 ( FRE$OM1 :I* C\LD OP5 AN ]A ( A NEW CIVILIZATION & BEG9 A NEW PHASE 9 ! S]IES ( EVOLUTION>Y PH5OM5A ?AT REPRODUCES ALL ITS PREC$+ TRAITS & ADDS ! PLUS ?AT WAS NOT YET 9 ! PREC$+ PHASE1 :I* WILL BECOME ! G]M ( A NEW TRAIT 9 ! FOLL[+ PHASE1 & IS1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ACCORD+ TO ,MET*NIK(F1 ! CONDITION ( EV]Y PROGRESSIVE /EP4 

,N[1 IF 9 COMP>+ LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM ) SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM1 WE HAVE PROV5 SUCCESSFULLY ?AT BY TAK+ ! F9I%$ PRODUCT ( EA* WORK] AS ! BASIS ( ALL ECONOMIC RELATIONS1 ! EQUALITY PROCLAIM$ AT FIR/ BY SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM IS UPSET AS SOON AS ME?ODS & MEASURES TO EVALUATE EA* WORK]'S %>E 9 ! TOTAL PRODUCTION >E CONSID]$1 BECAUSE !SE MEASURES >E UNEQUALLY DEP5D5T UPON & RELAT$ TO EA* WORK]'S EF=T2 IT BECOMES EVID5T ?AT SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM IS ACTUALLY PROMOT+ A FLAGRANT ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY 9 DEFIANCE ( ITS [N PREMISES4 

,WE HAVE PROV5 ALSO ?AT SOCIAL 9JU/ICE & AU?ORITY WILL BE GRAFT$ ONTO ?IS FUNDAM5TAL ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY1 BECAUSE !Y >E CONSEQU5CES ( ! SAME CAUSE1 ! SC\RGE ( ! B\RGEOIS SOCIETY AGA9/ :I* SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM REVOLT$ ) ! BE/ ( 9T5TIONS4 ,& WE HAVE ALSO PO9T$ \T AN ELEM5T ?AT HAS ITS [N VALUE -- H[ ! COLLECTIVI/ PRET5SE1 TO GAUGE EA* WORK]'S RI<T TO SATISFY HIS NE$S ACCORD+ TO ! PRODUCTION ( HIS [N LABOR1 W\LD NOT ONLY BE UNJU/1 UNEQUAL & AU?ORIT>IAN1 BUT W\LD BE ,UTOPIAN & ABSURD1 BECAUSE IT IS PRACTICALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO F9D A SCALE CAPABLE ( WEI<+ ! EF=T & MEASUR+ ! 9DIVIDUAL 5]GY US$ 9 ! PRODUCTION PROCESS -- ! L5G? ( WORK1 ! IMPORTANCE ( ! PRODUCT1 ITS USE & EX*ANGE VALUE1 REPRES5T CRIT]IA NOT ONLY 9SUFFICI5T = SU* EVALUATION1 BUT ABSOLUTELY >BITR>Y1 S9CE !Y CANNOT HAVE ANY RELATION ) ! PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 NOR ) ! ME*ANICAL EF=T REQUIR$ FROM HIM1 NOR ) ! PHYSIOLOGICAL NE$S ?AT PRESS HIM1 ! SATISFACTION ( :I* IS CONDITION$ BY ! PRES]VATION & DEVELOPM5T ( HIS [N P]SONALITY4 

,) ITS CONCEPTION ( A NEW SOCIETY & ( ITS CITIZ5S' RELATIONS ) EA* O!R1 SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM LESS5S ! CONSEQU5CES1 BUT DOES NOT ELIM9ATE ! CAUSES ( ! 9EQUALITY1 ( ! 9JU/ICE1 ( ! OPPRESSION ?AT IT DEPLORES & FI<TS 9 ! EXI/+ B\RGEOIS REGIME1 &1 9 SO DO+1 IT C>RIES ALONG TOO MANY ( ! 9H]IT$ RELICS1 TOO MU* BALLA/ ( IMMOBILITY1 ( SUP]/ITION1 ( ! ABSURD1 TO BE QUALIFI$ TO SPEAK 9 ! NAME ( PROGRESS & ( ! FUTURE4 

,&1 IF IT IS P]MITT$ TO DRAW AN OM5 FROM ! E?ICAL CONT5T ( A DOCTR9E ON ! BASIS ( EVOLUTION>Y LESSONS & EXP]I5CES1 IT IS NOT FOOLH>DY TO =ESEE ?AT1 PASS+ FROM CONCESSION TO CONCESSION1 SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM WILL 5D BY M+L+ ) ! DEMOCRATIC RADICALISM ( ! MORE ADVANC$ FACTIONS ( ! B\RGEOISIE -- & WILL NEV] F9D ! TIME & SEASON = ! REALIZATION ( ITS DREAMS4 

,! IMM$IATE RESPONSIBILITIES HAVE T]RIFI$ IT2 ! HA/E TO >RIVE & TO ACCOMPLI%1 ! OBSESSION TO BE PRACTICAL1 HAVE PU%$ IT BACK T[>DS ! \TDAT$ =MS ( ! OLD POLITICAL DEMOCRACY IT HAD ONCE VIOL5TLY DIVORC$2 & SO ITS TASK IS F9I%$6 

,JU/ ! OPPOSITE IS TRUE = AN>*I/-COMMUNISM4 ,IT REMA9S FAI?FUL TO ITS ORIG9AL TRADITION & TO ITS UND]/&+ ( ! MEAN+ ( PROGRESS1 ( :I* IT IS1 )\T A D\BT1 9 ! ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & MORAL FIELD1 ! F9AL & MO/ =MIDABLE EXPRESSION4 

,WE HAVE SE51 9 ! ECONOMIC FIELD1 H[ IT D5IES ?AT ! CONQUE/ ( OBS]VATION1 RESE>* & COLLECTIVE LABOR MAY BE PRIVATELY APPROPRIAT$4 ,EV]Y?+ ?AT HAS BE5 PRODUC$1 IS BE+ PRODUC$1 & WILL BE PRODUC$ BY EV]YBODY'S ?\<T & LABOR1 BELONGS TO EV]YBODY4 ,&1 ( ALL ?AT HAS BE5 ACCUMULAT$ DUR+ ! C5TURIES & G5]ATIONS TO 5ABLE HUMANITY TO SURVIVE 9 ITS P]5NIAL /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ADV]SE =CES ( NATURE1 AN>*I/-COMMUNISM WANTS TO DE/ROY ONLY ?OSE B>RI]S ?AT PREV5T ! GREAT MAJORITY ( PEOPLE1 :O >E ALSO ! MO/ DES]V+1 FROM 5JOY+ IT FREELY3 ,ALL ?AT EV]YBODY'S G5IUS & LABOR HAVE CREAT$ 9 PA9 MU/ BE ! S\RCE & ! MEANS ( EXI/5CE & 5JOYM5T = EV]YBODY4 

,?US1 HAV+ E/ABLI%$ ?AT PRIVATE PROP]TY IS ! MA9 CAUSE ( ECONOMIC DEP5D5CE & ( ! POLITICAL & MORAL SUBMISSION ( ! GREAT MAJORITY TO ! LITTLE BUT FRAUDUL5T M9ORITY ( HO>D]S1 &1 HAV+ E/ABLI%$ ?AT COMMON [N]%IP ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE IS ! MA9 CONDITION = ! RETURN ( MANK9D TO JU/ICE1 TO BRO!RHOOD & LIB]TY1 ALL ( :I* HAD BE5 BANI%$ BY ! F]OCI\S RIVALRIES ( CLASS 9T]E/S2 AN>*I/ CRITICISM BOLDLY FACES ! POLITICAL & MORAL PROBLEMS ?AT HAVE PLAGU$ & FRU/RAT$ S*OL>S & PHILOSOPH]S UP TO ! FIR/ HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY3 0,ACCORD+ TO :AT PR9CIPLES WILL IT BE POSSIBLE1 )\T (F5SE TO EQUALITY1 JU/ICE & LIB]TY1 TO REGULATE ! P>TICIPATION ( EV]YONE 9 ! 9DISP5SABLE TASK ( PRODUCTION803 0,ACCORD+ TO :AT PR9CIPLES WILL IT BE POSSIBLE1 )\T (F5SE TO EQUALITY1 JU/ICE & LIB]TY1 TO REGULATE ! P>TICIPATION ( EV]YONE 9 ! SATISFACTION ( NE$S804 

,AN>*ISM REJECTS ! >ROGANT CLAIM ( CAPITAL 7:I* IS1 9 ITSELF1 UNPRODUCTIVE7 TO GA91 R5T & PR(IT1 & DISAPPROVES ( ! NAIVE RELIANCE ( LABOR 7:I* IS AN UNAVOIDABLE NECESSITY & 9DISP5SABLE CONDITION = ! PRES]VATION & DEVELOPM5T ( LIFE7 ON REMUN]ATION & WAGES4 ,&1 CONSID]+ ?IS DIFFICULT PH5OM5ON ?AT IS LIFE1 IT HAS DEVELOP$ ! NOTION ?AT ! RI<TS ( BO? ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! COMMUNITY F9D !IR CONSECRATION & !IR MO/ SECURE PROTECTION 9 ! FULL TRIUMPH ( EQUALITY1 JU/ICE & ( FRE$OM4 

,! ORGANISM :I* LIVES CAN HAVE BUT ONE ASPIRATION3 TO ATTA9 ITS FULL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! MO/ FAVORABLE 5VIRONM5T POSSIBLE 7& ! ECONOMIC-LEVEL+ REVOLUTION WILL HAVE OP5$ IT = HIM74 ,IT HAS ALSO ONLY ONE FUNCTION3 TO TRANS=M 9TO ACTIVE 5]GIES1 USEFUL TO IT AS WELL AS TO O!RS1 ! /R5G? ?AT ITS [N WORK & ! WORK ( COOP]AT+ O!RS WILL HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO ITS RIS+ FROM ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y =MS TO ! HI<E/ =MS4 ,H5CE3 ! SPONTANE\S P>TICIPATION ( EV]YONE 9 ! TASK ( PRODUCTION ACCORD+ TO !IR 5]GY & ABILITIES2 ! FREE & UNLIMIT$ %>+ ( EV]YONE 9 SATISFACTIONS & PLEASURES2 ! 9DISPUTABLE SOLID>ITY ( 9T]E/S AMONG ! 9HABITANTS ( ! R$EEM$ CITY2 ! ABSOLUTE USELESSNESS ( CO]CIVE P[]2 ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( PRIVILEGE & EXPLOITATION2 ! 5D ( SLAV]Y & AU?ORITY2 ! AUTONOMY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL )9 FREE SOCIAL GR\P+S6 ,?IS WILL BE AN>*Y6 

,H]E1 9 %ORT1 IS ! PROGRESSIVE S]IES4 ,IT REPRODUCES EV]Y TRAIT ( ITS PREC$+ P]IOD1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME IT C>RIES 9 ITS WOMB ! PLUS -- ! ECONOMIC & MORAL RELATIONS ( ! NEW SOCIETY1 :I*1 FROM ! SUCCESSFUL EV5TS ( ITS 9ITIAL LIB]ATION1 WILL G5]ATE MORE ADVANC$ & CIVILIZ$ =MS ( ! FRE$OM IT HAS WON4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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