,! ,5D ( ,AN>*ISM8 

#aibe 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LUIGI ,GALLEANI 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,9TRODUCTION 

      #b1#h#b#b ,WORDS2 #a#h1#a#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,9T]VIEW ) ,M]L9O 

      #b1#a#b ,WORDS2 #a#c1#f#g#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,AN>*ISM ( ,M]L9O 

      #a1#d#c ,WORDS2 #i1#c#a#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,! ,*>ACT]I/ICS ( ,AN>*ISM 

      #c1#c#b#h ,WORDS2 #b#a1#f#h#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,SOCIALI/-,COLLECTIVISM & ,AN>*I/-,COMMUNISM 

      #h1#b#e ,WORDS2 #e#b1#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,AN>*I/-,COMMUNISM & ,9DIVIDUALISM 

      #f1#c#i ,WORDS2 #c#i1#d#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,WORK]S' ,ORGANIZATION 

      #a1#h#c#b ,WORDS2 #a#a1#c#e#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,PROPAG&A ( ! ,DE$ 

      #f1#g#b ,WORDS2 #d#b1#a#g#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,AN>*Y ,WILL ,BE6 

      #c1#g#a#d ,WORDS2 #b#c1#h#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,NOTES 

      #d1#g#a#a ,WORDS2 #c#c1#c#i ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,9TRODUCTION 

,! FIR/ DECADE ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY SEEM$ TO BE QUITE PROMIS+4 ,WE W]E BE+ TOLD AT S*OOL & ON ! /REETS ?AT A NEW ]A ( DEMOCRATIC FRE$OM & SOCIAL JU/ICE HAD OP5$4 ,CRITICISM ( ! OLD 9/ITUTIONS WAS 5C\RAG$ BY POLITICIANS1 & ! HOPES ( WORK+ PEOPLE W]E RAIS$ BY ! LABOR UNIONS' PROMISES ( PROTECTION4 ,! VANGU>DS ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL ?\<T W]E SPREAD+ ! SE$S ( NEW IDEAS AMONG ! WORK]S ( ! WORLD AB\T WAYS & MEANS TO BR+ AB\T A ?OR\< EMANCIPATION FROM ! OPPRESSION ( POLITICAL P[] & FROM ! EXPLOITATION ( L& & CAPITAL BY PRIVATE [N]%IP4 

,RUL]S & EMPLOY]S HAD NOT *ANG$1 ( C\RSE1 & US$ VIOL5CE & T]ROR FROM TIME TO TIME4 ,BUT !IR BRUTALITY WAS BEG9N+ TO PROVOKE T5TATIVE EF=TS AT RESI/ANCE4 ,9 ! 9DU/RIAL C5T]S1 ! M9+ FIELDS1 & AGR>IAN COMMUNITIES1 SPORADIC EXPLOSIONS ( REBELLION W]E REGI/]$4 ,9 ,RUSSIA A S]I\S REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T %OOK ! OLD ORD] ( ?+S DUR+ ! YE>S #a#i#e-#a#i#f4 ,! MOVEM5T WAS F9ALLY DEFEAT$1 BUT IT HAD BADLY DE/ROY$ ! MY? ( ! ,CZ>'S ABSOLUTE AU?ORITY1 &1 EV5 MORE IMPORTANT1 IT HAD DEEPLY HURT ! OLD REGIME AT ITS ROOTS1 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 

,9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE WORK+ PEOPLE W]E 9 MOTION4 ,! CLASS /RUGGLE WAS 9 FULL DEVELOPM5T1 & NO POLICE OR MILIT>Y BLOOD%$ SEEM$ ABLE TO /OP IT4 ,GOV]NM5TS USE JAILS & GUNS AGA9/ DISS5T1 BUT !RE >E NOT 5\< JAILS & GUNS TO SIL5CE ALL DISS5T]S :5 !Y >E DET]M9$ TO SPEAK \T & FI<T = !IR RI<TS4 ,EV]Y:]E DISS5T HAD F\ND WAYS TO EXPRESS ITSELF4 ,9 ,ITALY ALONE1 MORE ?AN EI<TY AN>*I/ P]IODICALS W]E PUBLI%$ -- ) V>Y+ SUCCESS -- DUR+ ! FIR/ SEV5 YE>S ( ! C5TURY4 ,& MANY1 MANY MORE W]E1 ( C\RSE1 BE+ PUBLI%$ ELSE:]E1 9 ,EUROPE & ! ,AM]ICAS4 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! YE>1 #a#i#g1 SOME ,BELGIAN & ,DUT* COMRADES PROPOS$ AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS TO BE HELD SOME TIME 9 ! FOLL[+ ,SUMM]4 ,IT WAS CONSID]$ ! FIR/ TRULY 9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS1 & IT TOOK PLACE 9 ,AM/]DAM FROM ! #b#cRD TO ! #c#a/ DAY ( ,OCTOB] #a#i#g4 

,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 ONE ( ! MO/ ABSORB+ DEBATES AMONG ! AN>*I/S WAS AB\T ! ATTITUDE !Y W\LD TAKE ON ! SUBJECT ( SYNDICALISM4 .<#a.> ,BORN 9 ,FRANCE1 SYNDICALISM WAS SUB/ANTIALLY A REBELLION AGA9/ ! SUBMISSIVE *>ACT] ! TRADE UNIONS & SIMIL> LABOR ORGANIZATIONS HAD ASSUM$ UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! LEGALI/ SOCIALI/S4 ,REGIONAL & NATIONAL CONV5TIONS W]E PROMOT$ 9 ALL C\NTRIES4 ,9 ,ITALY1 ONE SU* CONGRESS WAS HELD 9 ,ROME FROM ! #a#f? TO ! #b? DAY ( ,JUNE #a#i#g1 ) ! P>TICIPATION ( MORE ?AN ONE HUNDR$ MILITANTS FROM ALL P>TS ( ,ITALY4 

,IT WAS ! FIR/ PUBLIC GA!R+ ( AN>*I/S 9 ,ITALY S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY1 & ! CONS]VATIVE CIRCLES1 ! FA9!>T$ & ! FANATICS1 9=M$ BY AN AL>MI/ PRESS1 C\LD NOT HELP NOTIC+ IT & BROOD+ OV] IT4 ,H[ GREAT & H[ IMM95T C\LD ! DANG] ( SU* 'SUBV]SIVE' ACTIVITIES BE8 ,MR4 ,CES>E ,SOBR]O1 ! ,ROMAN CORRESPOND5T ( A ,TUR9 DAILY NEWSPAP]1 ,LA ,/AMPA1 REMEMB]$ ?AT A ,ROMAN LAWY]1 ,FRANCESCO ,SAV]IO ,M]L9O1 .<#b.> :O HAD BE5 = MANY YE>S A CAPABLE & LE>N$ AN>*I/ MILITANT & A COMPET5T WRIT] ON SOCIAL MATT]S1 MI<T BE ( EXCEPTIONAL HELP 9 SE>*+ = AN ANSW] TO !SE QUE/IONS4 

,M]L9O CONS5T$ TO BE 9T]VIEW$1 & ! RESULT WAS PUBLI%$ BY ,LA ,/AMPA ON #ah ,JUNE UND] ! S5SATIONAL TITLE1 ',LA ,F9E ,DELL ,AN>*ISMO' 7,! ,5D ( ,AN>*ISM74 ,O!R OR?ODOX NEWSPAP]S1 SU* AS ,L',ORA 9 ,PAL]MO & ,L',UNIONE 9 ,TUNIS REPR9T$ IT V]BATIM = ! B5EFIT ( !IR MIDDLE-CLASS READ]S4 

,OBVI\SLY1 ! MORE ?AN ONE HUNDR$ AN>*I/S GA!R$ 9 ,ROME -- AS WELL AS !IR COMRADES SCATT]$ ?R\<\T ALL P>TS ( ,ITALY & ! WORLD -- FELT ?AT ! (F5SIVE /ATEM5T WAS UNW>RANT$1 ?AT AN>*ISM WAS V]Y MU* ALIVE 9 !IR HE>TS1 9 !IR M9DS1 & ABOVE ALL1 9 !IR WORDS & DE$S4 

,LUIGI ,FABBRI1.<#c.> :O WAS !N CO$ITOR ) ,PIETRO ,GORI .<#d.> ( ! =TNI<TLY REVIEW ,IL ,P5SI]O 7,?\<T7 & A P]SONAL FRI5D ( ,M]L9O1 C\LDN'T BELIEVE HIS EYES4 ,HE WROTE TO ,M]L9O1 ASK+ IF ! '/RANGE' PUBLI%$ TEXT ( ! 9T]VIEW WAS REALLY A FAI?FUL PRES5TATION ( HIS OP9IONS4 ,A REPLY CAME TO HIM PROMPTLY1 SAY+ ?AT EV]Y?+ 9 ! PUBLI%$ 9T]VIEW1 EXCEPT = ! TITLE1 REFLECT$ HIS OP9IONS ON AN>*ISM4 ,BO? ,M]L9O'S LETT] & ,FABBRI'S COMM5T>Y W]E LAT] PUBLI%$ 9 ,IL ,P5SI]O 9 ,ROME & 9 ,CRONACA ,SOVV]SIVA1 ! ,ITALIAN LANGUAGE WEEKLY ,LUIGI ,GALLEANI HAD BE5 PUBLI%+ 9 ,B>RE1 ,V]MONT1 S9CE #a#i#c4 

,LUIGI ,GALLEANI HAD BE51 LIKE ,M]L9O1 A WELL KN[N MILITANT 9 ! ,ITALIAN MOVEM5T S9CE ! EI<TE5-EI<TIES4 ,BO? W]E !N PASSIONATE FI<T]S = FRE$OM & SOCIAL JU/ICE AGA9/ ! BRUTAL REPRESSIONS ( ! ,ITALIAN ,GOV]NM5T4 ,9 #ahhd ,M]L9O WAS TRI$ = 'CONSPIRACY' & S5T5C$ BY A ,ROMAN TRIBUNAL TO F\R YE>S 9 PRISON4 ,ON APPEAL1 ! S5T5CE WAS R$UC$ TO ?REE YE>S1 BUT BY !N ,M]L9O HAD GONE ABROAD4 ,= T5 YE>S HE TRAVEL$ ?R\< ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 SPREAD+ EV]Y:]E1 BY WORD ( M\?1 BY BOOKS1 >TICLES & ESSAYS1 HIS COMPET5T CRITICISMS ( ! EXI/+ ORD] ( ?+S4 ,9 #a#h#i#b1 :ILE 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY1 HE1 ) O!R ,ITALIAN COMRADES1 F\ND$ ! J\RNAL1 ,IL ,GRIDO DEGLI ,OPPRESSI1 7,! ,CRY ( ! ,OPPRESS$71 :I* EXI/$ UNTIL ,NOVEMB] #a#h#i#d4 ,BUT1 BY ?AT TIME1 ,M]L9O HAD RETURN$ TO ,ITALY :]E HE WAS >RE/$ 9 ,NAPLES & IMPRISON$ TO S]VE HIS OLD S5T5CE4 

,GALLEANI WAS ALSO 9 PRISON1 HAV+ BE5 >RE/$ 9 ,G5OA AT ! 5D ( #a#h#i#c1 TRI$ = CONSPIRACY ) #ce O!R COMRADES & S5T5C$ TO ?REE YE>S 9 PRISON4 

,BUT1 AT ! 5D ( ?AT P]IOD1 :ILE ,GALLEANI1 WAS MORE RESOLUTE ?AN EV] 9 HIS CONVICTIONS1 WAS =C$ TO TAKE UP RESID5CE ON AN ISL& UND] POLICE SUP]VISION 7DOMICILIO COATTO71 ,M]L9O WAS SET COMPLETELY FREE AT ! 5D ( HIS T]M4 ,& AT ! BEG9N+ ( #a#h#i#g1 HAV+ E/ABLI%$ HIMSELF 9 ,ROME1 HE S5T A LETT] TO ! CONS]VATIVE NEWSPAP]1 ,IL ,MESSAGG]O DECL>+ ?AT HIS OP9IONS HAD *ANG$4 ,?IS PROVOK$ A DEBATE ) ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1.<#e.> A DEBATE ?AT CONT9U$ UNTIL #a#h#i#h1 :5 ,MALATE/A WAS >RE/$4 ,9 CONCLUSION1 ,M]L9O /AT$ ?AT HE NO LONG] CONSID]$ HIMSELF AN AN>*I/1 BUT ?AT HE W\LD RA!R DEF9E HIMSELF A 'LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/'4 ,FUR!RMORE1 HE N[ APPROV$ ( P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION1 SO MU* SO1 ?AT1 9 AGREEM5T ) O!R FRI5DS1 HE PROPOS$ TO PRES5T ,GALLEANI 7:O WAS !N CONF9$ TO ! ISL& ( ,PANTELL]IA1 SITUAT$ BETWE5 ,SICILY & ,TUNISIA7 AS A C&IDATE = ,P>LIAM5T ON ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY TICKET AS A PROTE/ AGA9/ POLITICAL DET5TION & AS A MEANS TO SET HIM FREE BY POPUL> REQUE/4 

,GALLEANI REFUS$ ! (F]1 PUBLICLY & MO/ EMPHATICALLY1 & S5T TO ! AN>*I/ PAP] ,L',AGITAZIONE 7( ,ANCONA7 A SIGN$ /ATEM5T TO ?AT EFFECT4 ,AFT] ?IS1 A COLLECTIVE PROPOSAL FROM ! AN>*I/ PRISON]S ON ,PANTELL]IA WAS S5T TO ALL O!R AN>*I/ PRISON]S1 EI!R 9 ,ITALIAN JAILS OR 9 DOMICILIO COATTO4 ,IT WAS AN APPEAL TO PUBLI% A SPECIAL PAP]1 $IT$ & PAID = BY !MSELVES1 = ! PURPOSE ( ASS]T+ ONCE & = ALL !IR FIRM REFUSAL TO COMPROMISE1 OR 9 ANY WAY DI/ORT1 !IR OPPOSITION TO ! ,/ATE -- A FUNDAM5TAL T5ET ( !IR CONVICTIONS AS AN>*I/S 

,!IR PROPOSAL WAS ACCEPT$ BY ALL4 ,! COMRADES FROM ,ANCONA AGRE$ TO PUBLI% ! PRISON]S' DECL>ATIONS1 & A F\R-PAGE NEWSPAP] APPE>$ ON ! SECOND DAY ( ,NOVEMB] #ahii UND] ! TITLE1 ,I ,MORTI 7,! ,DECEAS$74 ,IT C>RI$ ! BYL9E1 0,$IT$ & PUBLI%$ BY ! POLITICAL PRISON]S04 ,>TICLES & /ATEM5TS W]E SIGN$ 9DIVIDUALLY OR COLLECTIVELY BY ! DETA9$ AN>*I/S4 ,! FRONT PAGE C>RI$ AN $ITORIAL BY ,GALLEANI 5TITL$1 ,MANET ,IMMOTA ,FIDES 7,! FAI? REMA9S UN%AK571 /AT+ ?AT ! HO/AGES ( REACTION W]E V]Y MU* ALIVE & DET]M9$ TO SAVE ! DIGNITY ( !IR PR9CIPLES4 ,!Y W\LD RA!R REMA9 9 ! SQUALOR ( !IR JAILS OR !IR ISL&S ( CONF9EM5T1 AT PEACE ) !MSELVES1 ?AN RETURN TO ! SO-CALL$ FREE WORLD BY B[+ TO !IR JAIL]S -- :OM !Y DESPIS$ -- ) CONCESSIONS !Y KNEW TO BE FALSE & %AMEFUL4 

,! PAP] WAS CONFISCAT$ BY ! POLICE1 BUT 5\< COPIES W]E SAV$ & CIRCULAT$ ALL OV] ,ITALY & ABROAD TO SECURE IT AN 5DUR+ PLACE 9 ! HE>TS & MEMORIES ( MILITANTS & CONC]N$ PEOPLE4 

,%ORTLY AFT] ?IS1 ,GALLEANI ESCAP$ FROM ! ISL& ( ,PANTELL]IA4 ,HE L&$ 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA & TRI$ TO SETTLE 9 ,EGYPT1 BUT )\T SUCCESS4 ,9 FACT1 HE F\ND HIMSELF FAC+ ! DANG] ( EXTRADITION TO ,ITALY4 ,SO HE MOV$ TO ,LONDON ) HIS FAMILY & FROM !RE EMB>K$ = ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :]E HE HAD BE5 (F]$ $ITORIAL RESPONSIBILITY = ,LA ,QUE/IONE ,SOCIALE1 AN ,ITALIAN LANGUAGE WEEKLY :I* HAD BE5 PUBLI%$ 9 ,PAT]SON1 ,N,J S9CE #a#h#i#e4 

,>RIV+ 9 ,PAT]SON 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a1 HE F\ND ?\S&S ( WEAV]S & DY]S ( ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY 9 TURMOIL AGA9/ !IR EMPLOY]S & EXPLOIT]S4 ,( C\RSE1 HE WAS SOON 9VOLV$ 9 !IR /RUGGLE & HE CONTRIBUT$ UNSP>+LY1 NOT ONLY ) ! SPOK5 & WRITT5 WORD1 BUT ALSO ) HIS P]SONAL SOLID>ITY4 ,SO MU* SO1 ?AT ON #ah ,JUNE #a#i#b1 ON ! OCCASION ( A %>P CLA%1 HE WAS W\ND$ 9 ! %OOT+4 ,HE SAV$ HIMSELF FROM >RE/ BY CROSS+ ! ,SLATE L9E4 ,COMRADES ,WILLIAM ,MC,QUE5 & ,RUDOLF ,GROSSMAN 7,PI]RE ,RAMUS71.<#f.> AL?\< NOT 9VOLV$ 9 ! CLA%1 W]E >RE/$1 TRI$1 & S5T5C$ TO LIVE YE>S 9 PRISON4 ,GALLEANI F\ND REFUGE 9 ! ,/ATE ( ,V]MONT1 :]E UND] ! NAME ( ,LUIGI ,PIMP9O HE />T$ ) ! HELP ( ! LOCAL AN>*I/ GR\P ! WEEKLY ,CRONACA ,SOVV]SIVA1 :I* CONT9U$ UNTIL ! YE> #aiah :5 IT WAS SUPPRESS$ BY ! ,U,S ,F$]AL ,GOV]NM5T = ITS /& AGA9/ ! W>4 

,M]L9O'S 9T]VIEW WAS DULY NOT$ 9 ,CRONACA ,SOVV]SIVA1 AS WAS ! TEXT ( ,M]L9O'S LETT] TO ,FABBRI4 ,ONCE ! AU!NTICITY ( ! 9T]VIEW HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$1 ,GALLEANI FELT ?AT SOME?+ ELSE HAD TO BE SAID4 ,& HE SAID IT 9 A V]Y 9T]E/+ WAY4 

,UND] ! HEADL9E ',LA ,F9E DEL',AN>*ISMO8' -- ,GALLEANI TURN$ ! TITLE ( ,M]L9O'S 9T]VIEW 9TO A QUE/ION -- A S]IES ( T5 >TICLES WAS PUBLI%$ FROM #ag ,AUGU/ #aig TO #be ,JANU>Y #a#i#h4 ,!N ! S]IES /OPP$ NEV] TO REAPPE> ON ! PAGES ( ,CRONACA ,SOVV]SIVA4 

,TO BE SURE1 ,GALLEANI NEV] RESIGN$ HIMSELF TO LEAVE ! ESSAY ON AN>*ISM UNF9I%$1 BUT ?+S W]E HAPP5+ 9 ! WORLD :I* ATTRACT$ HIS IMM$IATE ATT5TION4 ,HE WAS A FI<T]1 AN AGITATOR1 IF Y\ PREF]1 & HE CONCEIV$ ( AN>*ISM AS A WAY ( LIFE1 A ME?OD 9T5D$ TO OP5 & EXP& A COH]5T WAY TO ! EV5TUAL EMANCIPATION ( MANK9D4 ,HE FELT ?AT HIS TIME & 5]GIES %\LD BE D$ICAT$ TO ! IMM$IATE TASKS & PROBLEMS ( ! DAILY /RUGGLE ?AT >E NECESS>Y TO ASS]T ! VITALITY ( AN>*ISM & PAVE ! WAY TO ! FUTURE4 

,?OSE1 ! PRE-,WORLD ,W> ,ONE YE>S1 W]E DYNAMIC TIMES4 ,!RE WAS ! WORLD-WIDE AWAK5+ ( ! TOIL+ MASSES TO ! CONSCI\SNESS ( !IR PLACE 9 SOCIETY & TO !IR RI<T TO BE FREE FROM CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION & POLITICAL OPPRESSION4 ,!RE W]E /RIKES ON AN UNPREC$5T$ SCALE & VIOL5T REPRESSIONS2 MILIT>Y CONQUE/S1 W>MONG]+ & 9TRIGUES AMONG CAPITALI/S & RUL]S4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IT WAS ! TIME ( ! TRUCUL5T ,T4 ,ROOSEVELT REGIME ?AT1 9 ! NAME ( FRE$OM1 CONQU]$ ALI5 T]RITORIES 9 ! ,C>IBBEAN ,SEA & 9 ! ,PACIFIC ,OCEAN1 & 9TRODUC$ AT HOME ! 9QUISITORIAL CRUSADE AGA9/ AN>*ISM4 ,!N CAME ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 ,CRONACA ,SOVV]SIVA WAS SUPPRESS$ -- AS W]E HUNDR$S ( O!R MORE OR LESS RADICAL NEWSPAP]S & REVIEWS1 ACCUS$ ( H]ESY OR TREASON2 ,GALLEANI WAS DEPORT$ TO ,ITALY -- AS W]E HUNDR$S ( O!RS DEPORT$ TO !IR RESPECTIVE NATIVE L&S1 M>K$ AS UNDESIRABLE = !IR UNOR?ODOX OP9IONS4.<#g.> 

,SU* W]E ! REASONS ?AT COMPELL$ HIM TO GIVE PRIORITY TO ! DAILY /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! IMM$IATE EVILS4 ,:51 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! YE> #a#i#b#d1 HE WAS RELEAS$ FROM A ,TUR9 PRISON 7HE HAD SP5T A F\RTE5 MON? S5T5CE IMPOS$ ON HIM BY ! LOCAL CRIM9AL C\RT = SOME ANTI-MILIT>I/IC >TICLES71 HE F\ND HIMSELF ALONE1 OLD1 ILL & UND] ! CON/ANT POLICE SURVEILLANCE ( ! FASCI/ REGIME4 ,HIS M9D RETURN$ TO HIS UNF9I%$ WORKS4 ,ONE WAS ! TRANSLATION ( ! LA/ *APT]S ( ,CLEM5T ,DUVAL'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY4.<#h.> ,! ESSAY ON AN>*ISM WAS ! O!R4 ,BO? W]E PUBLI%$ BY ,L',ADUNATA DEI ,REFRATT>I ,! ,CALL ( ! ,REFRACTAIRES7 ! ,ITALIAN LANGUAGE WEEKLY ?AT HAD />T$ ITS PUBLICATION 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY1 #ae ,APRIL #a#i#b#b4 

',LA ,F9E DELL',AN>*ISMO8' APPE>$ 9 ITS 5TIRETY = ! FIR/ TIME 9 TW5TY-F\R 9/ALLM5TS FROM #aa ,OCTOB] #a#i#b#d1 TO #aa ,APRIL #a#i#b#e4 ,LAT]1 9 ! SAME YE>1 ! :OLE S]IES WAS ISSU$ 9 BOOK =M BY ! $ITORS ( ,L',ADUNATA2 A BOOK ( ONE HUNDR$ & ?IRTY PAGES1 FIFTY-TWO ( :I* COV] ! TEXT WRITT5 & FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 #aig & ! REMA9+ SEV5TY-EI<T PAGES1 ! SECTION :I* WAS WRITT5 9 ITS DEF9ITIVE =M 9 #a#i#b#d4 

,! TEXT WAS PREC$$ BY A SIX-L9E 9SCRIPTION1 H&WRITT5 & SIGN$ BY ,LUIGI ,GALLEANI4 ,IT WAS D$ICAT$ TO HIS OLD COMRADES1 LIV+ 9 ,AM]ICA1 9 MEMORY ( ! MANY YE>S !Y HAD SP5T SIDE BY SIDE1 WORK+1 HOP+ & /RUGGL+ = !IR MUTUAL CAUSE ( FRE$OM & JU/ICE4 ,?IS WAS FOLL[$ BY A PREFACE1 WRITT5 BY ! FIR/ $ITOR ( ,L',ADUNATA1 ,CO/ANT9O ,ZON*ELLO4.<#i.> ,9 ! SECOND $ITION !SE TWO ITEMS DO NOT APPE>4 ,9 !IR PLACE1 9/EAD1 WAS A 'PRES5TATION' BY ,G ,ROSE4.<#a.> :O ADD$ A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( FOOTNOTES TO ! ESSAY1 MANY ( :I* >E TRANSLAT$ = ! PRES5T $ITION4 

,! BOOK WAS WELL RECEIV$ BY ! MOVEM5T ON BO? SIDES ( ! ,ATLANTIC ,OCEAN4 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 :O RECEIV$ ONE ( ! FEW COPIES ?AT PASS$ ?R\< ! ?ICK WALL ( FASCI/ C5SOR%IP1 WROTE FAVORABLY AB\T IT 9 ,P5SI]O E ,VOLONTA 7! REVIEW HE WAS PUBLI%+ 9 ,ROME7 -- SAY+ ?AT IT WAS NOT ONLY1 0,A CLE> PRES5TATION ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM01 IT WAS ALSO 0,A LUCID /ATEM5T ( ! EV]-PRES5T PROBLEMS ( AN>*ISM 9 RELATION TO ! W\LD-BE REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS04 ,HE DEPLOR$ ! FACT ?AT V]Y FEW ,ITALIANS HAD ! OPPORTUNITY TO READ IT4.<#a#a.> 

,?AT AN>*ISM IS NEI!R DEAD NOR DY+ IS -- 9 !SE F9AL DECADES ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY -- BETT] PROV$ BY FACTS ?AN WORDS4 ,! *RONICLES ( ! ,RUSSIAN & ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTIONS HAVE DOCUM5T$ BEYOND ANY REASONABLE D\BT ! GREAT IMPORTANCE ( ! AN>*I/ IDEAS & ACTIVITIES 9 ! /RUGGLE = ! OV]?R[+ ( ! OLD FEUDAL & MILIT>I/IC REGIMES4 ,NO LESS IMPORTANT HAVE BE5 ! AN>*I/S' EXP]IM5TATIONS ) NEW =MS ( SOCIAL EXI/5CE1 PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION4 

,EQUALLY IMPRESSIVE IS ! FACT ?AT1 EV5 :]E ! SELF-/YL$ SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION>IES HAVE MANAG$ TO IMPOSE !IR P>TY'S RULE1 !Y HAVE FAIL$ TO LIVE UP TO !IR ORIG9AL PROMISES ( FRE$OM & JU/ICE = ALL !IR SUBJECTS4 ,:]E !Y RULE ALONE1 !Y 9FLICT ON !IR PEOPLES ! YOKE ( A POLITICAL & ECONOMIC TYRANNY ?AT HAS NO EQUAL EXCEPT 9 FASCI/ DICTATOR%IPS4 ,& :]E !Y HAVE 5T]$ 9TO A P>TN]%IP ) ! OLD POLITICIANS ( CAPITALISM & ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 !Y FUNCTION MORE AS CU/ODIANS & GU>DIANS ( ! COMMON PEOPLE :O VOTE = !M1 ?AN AS DEF5D]S ( !IR RI<TS & FRE$OM4 

,9 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 M5 & WOM51 5D[$ ) HE>T & BRA9S1 CONC]N$ AB\T ! FUTURE ( MANK9D1 FEEL !Y HAVE NO:]E TO TURN = HOPE & 9SPIRATION EXCEPT TO ! IDEAS1 EXP]I5CE1 & HI/ORY ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,& ?AT IS :]E ,GALLEANI'S LITTLE BOOK WILL BE ( GREAT HELP TODAY1 TOMORR[ & =EV]1 UNTIL ! TOTAL EMANCIPATION ( MANK9D FROM ! SC\RGES ( OPPRESSION1 EXPLOITATION & IGNORANCE >E ]AS$ FROM ! FACE ( ! E>?4 

,IT IS1 ( C\RSE1 ONE MAN'S CONCEPTION ( AN>*ISM1 ITS MEAN+1 ITS HI/ORY & ITS HOPES = ! FUTURE4 ,BUT ?AT MAN HAS KN[L$GE1 EXP]I5CE1 9TEGRITY & A :OLE LIFE ( /RUGGLE1 SUFF]+ & C\RAGE' ,IT IS WOR? SEE+ :AT HE HAS TO SAY4 

,GALLEANI'S BOOK WAS WELL-RECEIV$ BY HIS FRI5DS & COMRADES1 BUT1 AS A RESULT1 HE WAS 9CREAS+LY P]SECUT$ BY HIS 5EMIES4 ,IMM$IATELY AFT] ! PUBLICATION ( ,LA ,F9E DELL',AN>*ISMO81 9 ,AM]ICA ! ,ITALIAN POLICE BEGAN TO 9T5SIFY !IR H>ASSM5TS ) MORE FREQU5T 9VASIONS ( HIS H\SE1 ) >RE/S & IMPRISONM5TS = RECEIV+ 'DANG]\S' NEWSPAP]S FROM ABROAD4 ,BE=E ! 5D ( ! YE> #a#i#b#g1 HE WAS F9ALLY >RE/$ & S5T BACK TO CONF9O 9 ! ,TYRRH5IAN ,>*IPELAGO ( ,LIP>I1 (F ! NOR!RN COA/ ( ,SICILY1 :]E HE REMA9$ UNTIL #bh ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c4 ,EV5 !RE HE WAS >RE/$ AGA9 & S5T TO ,MESS9A1 :]E HE WAS =MALLY TRI$ -- & S5T5C$ TO SIX MON?S & SIX DAYS 9 PRISON ON A TRUMP$-UP *>GE ( HAV+ 9SULT$444 ,MUSSOL9I4 ,9 A SMALL M\NTA9 VILLAGE1 /ILL UND] POLICE SURVEILLANCE1 HE DI$ ON #d ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#a1 AT ! AGE ( SEV5TY4  
  

,M4,S4 ,NOVEMB] #aiha 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,9T]VIEW ) ,M]L9O 

,LET US BEG9 BY GIV+ ! COMPLETE TEXT ( ! 9T]VIEW4 ,\R [N MODE/ CONSID]ATIONS WILL FOLL[4  
  

,! ,CONGRESS HELD 9 ,ROME & ATT5D$ BY #cg GR\PS FROM ! MORE IMPORTANT C5T]S 9 ,ITALY1 HAS L$ ME TO UND]TAKE AN 9VE/IGATION ?AT ,I CONSID] ( 9T]E/2 ?AT IS1 TO GET ACQUA9T$ ) ! AN>*I/ P>TY ( TODAY & TO TRY TO =ESEE ITS PROBABLE FUTURE4 

,= ?IS PURPOSE ,I HAVE TURN$ TO ! WISE/ M9D ! AN>*I/ P>TY HAD 9 ,ITALY UP TO A FEW YE>S AGO1 ,SAV]IO ,M]L9O1 ! LAWY] :O DEF5D$ ,BRESCI.<#a#b.> AT HIS TRIAL 9 ,MILAN4 

,! NAME ( ,M]L9O EVOKES A :OLE PA/ ( /RUGGLE &1 LET US SAY IT1 ( P]SECUTION4 ,SAV]IO ,M]L9O WAS1 = A C]TA9 P]IOD ( TIME1 AMONG ! MO/ ACTIVE 9T]NATIONALI/S 9 ,ITALY AT A TIME :5 ?IS C\LD MEAN >RE/1 JAIL1 EXILE1 'DOMICILIO COATTO' .<5=C$ RESID5CE.>4 

,9 #ahhd HE WAS A MEMB] ( ! FAM\S >M$ REBELS ( ,B5EV5TO & EV]YBODY REMEMB]S HIS S5SATIONAL >RE/1 :5 HE WAS DISCOV]$ 9 ! ROBES ( A PRIE/1 :ILE HE WAS TRY+ TO SAVE HIMSELF FROM S]V+ A ?REE-YE> S5T5CE 9 JAIL = POLITICAL CRIMES4.<#a#c.> 

,LAT]1 ! COMBATIVE SPIRIT ( ,SAV]IO ,M]L9O TURN$ TO WRIT+1 &1 AS ! SOCIALI/ /> WAS RIS+ ON ! HORIZON ( ,ITALIAN POLITICS1 HE1 ! AN>*I/ NO LONG] MILITANT1 PUBLI%$ TWO BOOKS :I* HAVE TAK5 A DURABLE PLACE 9 ! LIT]ATURE ( ITS K9D4 ,SOCIALISM3 ,PRO & ,CON & ,! ,UTOPIA ( ,COLLECTIVISM4.<#a#d.> 

,SAV]IO ,M]L9O SEP>AT$ FROM ! AN>*I/S :5 !IR ACTIVITY TURN$ MORE T[>DS 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,HE !N JO9$ ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 BUT1 S9CE ! REC5T DIVISION ( ?AT P>TY1 HE HAS KEPT TO HIMSELF4 ,HE HAS REMA9$1 H[EV]1 A S*OL>1 AN OBS]V]1 & HE HAS ESPECIALLY D$ICAT$ HIMSELF TO ! LEGAL PR(ESSION 7HE COMES FROM A FAMILY ( LAWY]S7 :I* HE PRACTICES ) GREAT SUCCESS4 

,I F\ND HIM 9 HIS WELL-LIT /UDY ON A /EEP ,ROMAN /REET1 AU SAUT DU LIT1 AMID A M\NTA9 ( LEGAL PAP]S4 ,HIS FACE1 :I* EXUDES 9TELLIG5CE & HAS ! EXPRESSIV5ESS ( ! S\!RN ,ITALIANS1 APPE>$ A LITTLE TR\BL$ :5 ,I ASK$ HIM = AN 9T]VIEW4 ,SAV]IO ,M]L9O SEEM$ HESITANT TO EXPRESS AN OP9ION AB\T A P>TY ( :I* HE HAD BE5 A MEMB] -- AN OP9ION :I*1 AS ! READ] WILL SEE1 IS NOT AT ALL OPTIMI/IC4 ,BUT HE WAS K9D 5\< TO CONS5T TO ANSW] MY QUE/IONS1:I* W]E AT TIMES QUITE PROVOCATIVE4 

0,:AT DO Y\ ?9K ( ! PRES5T CONDITIONS ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T80 

0,= ME1 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAS NO IMPORTANCE TODAY40 

0,:Y80 

0,BECAUSE ?OSE AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES :I* HAD P]MAN5T VALUE HAVE BE5 ADOPT$ & >E BE+ DIFFUS$ BY SOCIALISM1 :ILE ! ,UTOPIAN P>T HAS BE5 RECOGNIZ$ AS SU* & HAS BE5 DROPP$ AS USELESS4 ,!RE HAS BE5 A PROCESS ( ABSORPTION 9 FAVOR ( SOCIALISM40 

0,:AT IS Y\R OP9ION AB\T AN>*I/ CONGRESSES 9 G5]AL1 &1 9 P>TICUL>1 AB\T ! COM+ ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS TO BE HELD 9 ,LUXEMBURG80 

0,9 MY OP9ION01 REPLI$ ,M]L9O4 0! 9T]NATIONAL1 AS WELL AS LOCAL CONGRESSES1 >E M]E ATTEMPTS TO GIVE LIFE TO A DEAD BODY4 ,AS ,I HAVE SAID1 SOCIALISM HAS ABSORB$ :AT WAS ESS5TIAL 9 ! AN>*I/ PROGRAM1 & SO TODAY1 AN>*ISM IS ONLY ONE ( ! ASPECTS ?R\< :I* SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A PRES5TS ITSELF4 ,!RE=E ! AN>*I/ P>TY NO LONG] HAS A MEAN+FUL POLITICAL FUNCTION40 

0,BUT01 ,I REM>K$1 0HASN'T ! AN>*I/ P>TY /ILL AN ORGANIZATION AT ITS DISPOSAL80 

0,YES1 !RE DO EXI/ AN>*I/ F$]ATIONS & GR\PS1 & P>TY NEWSPAP]S AS WELL4 ,ACTUALLY1 9 SOME REGIONS ( ,ITALY1 ONE CAN /ILL F9D REMNANTS ( ! OLD AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS1 = IT %\LD NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT SOCIALISM WAS BORN AN>*I/ 9 ,ITALY4 ,BUT1 9 ITS PRES5T CONDITION1 ! AN>*I/ P>TY IS DIVID$ BY ! P>TISANS ( TWO DIFF]5T T5D5CIES2 ?AT IS1 BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUALI/S & ! ORGANIZATIONALI/S04 

0,! ORGANIZATIONALI/S >E UNABLE TO F9D A =M ( ORGANIZATION COMPATIBLE ) !IR AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES4 ,! 9DIVIDUALI/S1 :O >E OPPOS$ TO ORGANIZATION 9 ANY =M1 CAN'T F9D A CLE> WAY TO ACTION40 

0,ONE MU/ REMEMB]01 ADD$ ,M]L9O1 0! /RANGE POSITION ! 9DIVIDUALI/S F9D !MSELVES 94 ,!Y >OSE \T ( ! !ORY ( PROPAG&A BY DE$1 & SO1 VIOL5T ACTION WAS A NECESSITY = !M4 ,BUT :5 ! IDEA ( REPRISAL -- :I* WAS AT FIR/ ! ROOT ( AN>*I/ ACTION AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ CLASS -- FAIL$1 EV5 ! 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*I/S FELT ?AT !IR SURVIVAL DEP5D$ UPON ORGANIZATION1 :I* !Y HAD BE5 /RIV+ TO REJECT40 

0,W\LD Y\ TELL ME N[ :AT >E1 9 Y\R OP9ION1 ! PRES5T CONDITIONS ( AN>*ISM 9 ,ITALY80 

0,9 ,ITALY01 SAID ,SAV]IO ,M]L9O1 0WE HAVE N[ ! REMNANTS ( ! OLD 9T]NATIONALI/ P>TY1 A P>TY :I* WAS AN>*I/ 9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO /ATE SOCIALISM4 ,IT SURVIVES BECAUSE \R WORK+ CLASS IS RELUCTANT TO P>TICIPATE 9 ANY K9D ( DISCIPL9$ P>TY ACTIVITY & IS AGA9/ ANY K9D ( P>LIAM5T>Y LIFE1 SO MU* SO1 ?AT EV5 ! SOCIALI/ P>TY ITSELF HAS AN ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y FACTION -- ! SYNDICALI/ FACTION4 ,?US1 AN>*ISM 9 ,ITALY IS R$UC$ TO !SE SPL9T]S ( ! 9T]NATIONALI/ P>TY04 

,AT ?IS PO9T1 T\*+ UPON A S5SITIVE ISSUE1 ,I ASK$3 0,:AT PLACE DO Y\ SEE = ! AN>*I/ P>TY 9 ! FUTURE80 0,I BELIEVE01 HE REPLI$ 9 ALL S9C]ITY & NOT )\T A LITTLE BITT]NESS1 0,I BELIEVE ?AT ! AN>*I/ P>TY IS B\ND TO 5D4 ,IT IS MY P]SONAL IMPRESSION ?AT ! AN>*I/ P>TY HASN'T ANY MORE M5 ( HI< CALIB]4 ,RECLUS & ,KROPOTK9.<#a#e.> W]E ! LA/4 ,FUR!RMORE ! AN>*I/ P>TY IS NO LONG] 9TELLECTUALLY PRODUCTIVE2 NO SCI5TIFIC OR POLITICAL WORK ( NOTABLE VALUE HAS COME FROM ! AN>*I/ P>TY4 ,9 FACT1 IT HAS NOT EV5 PROLIF]AT$4 ,AT ! TIME :5 ! AN>*I/ M9D WAS 9SPIR+ VIGOR\S MANIFE/ATIONS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9 ,G]MANY1 EV5 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA91 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T SEEM$ ON ITS WAY TO PREVAIL4 ,N[ NOT ONLY HAS IT /OPP$1 IT IS F9I%$04 

0,!N Y\ >E SKEPTICAL AB\T ! RESULTS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS 9 ,LUXEMBURG80 

0,IT WILL LEAVE ?+S AS !Y >E4 ,AFT] ALL1 IT WILL NOT BE ! FIR/ CONGRESS ?AT ?IS HAPP5S TO4 ,! IMPORTANCE ASSUM$ BY ! FIR/ CONGRESSES ( ! 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T WAS EXCEPTIONAL1 AS WAS ! IMPORTANCE ATTA9$ BY SOME ( ! F>MWORK]S' CONGRESSES4 ,AFT] ALL :AT IS TO BE EXPECT$1 AS A G5]AL RULE1 FROM A CONGRESS80 

0,!N :AT DO Y\ ?9K ( ! PRES5T ,CONGRESS 9 ,ROME80 

0,?IS ,CONGRESS IS DEBAT+1 AS USUAL1 ! QUE/ION ( ORGANIZATION & 9DIVIDUALISM1 A QUE/ION :I*1 ,I D>E SAY1 IS ! SC&AL ( ! P>TY40 

0,>E ! ,PAT]SON GR\PS /ILL ALIVE80 

0,YES1 ! ,PAT]SON GR\PS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES >E /ILL 9 EXI/5CE4 ,!Y >E MADE UP ( IMMIGRANTS 9 TRANSIT1 MO/LY ,ITALIANS & ,G]MANS4 ,!Y ALSO PUBLI% PAP]S4 ,BUT !Y >E >TIFICIAL 5TITIES1 !Y >E NOT SPONTANE\S4 ,?ANKS TO ! EMPHASIS ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 !SE & O!R AN>*I/ GR\PS CONT9UE TO LIVE -- 9 P>T BECAUSE ( TRADITION & 9 P>T ?R\< 9]TIA -- BUT !Y AM\NT TO NO?+ REALLY VITAL4440.<#a#f.> 

,I WANT$ TO CLOSE ! 9T]VIEW ) ! QUE/ION ?AT ,I WAS MO/ CURI\S AB\T1 & SO ,I ASK$ ,M]L9O3 

0,H[ DO Y\ EXPLA9 ! OBVI\S & COM=T+ DECREASE ( AN>*I/ ATTEMPTS80 

0,! REASONS = SU* AN UND5IABLE DECREASE >E COMPLEX4 

0,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ONE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT MANY AN>*I/ ATTEMPTS ( ! PA/ HAD !IR S\RCE 9 ! OPPRESSIVE POLICIES FOLL[$ BY C]TA9 GOV]NM5TS4 ,EV]YBODY KN[S BY N[ ?AT ! GOV]NM5TS UND]/OOD NO?+ AB\T ! 9T]NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,!Y SAW ! AN>*I/S AS F]OCI\S ANIMALS & P]SECUT$ !M M]CILESSLY4 ,! AN>*I/S1 TO PROTECT !MSELVES FROM ! P]SECUTIONS ( !IR NATIONAL POLICE1 S\<T REFUGE ABROAD1 :]E1 EMBITT]$ BY ! VIOL5CE !Y HAD SUFF]$1 !Y W\LD ORGANIZE GR\PS 7LIKE1 = 9/ANCE1 ! ,ITALIAN GR\P 9 ,PAT]SON1 ,NEW ,J]SEY71 FROM :I* ! AN>*I/ PO9T ( VIEW W\LD BE PROPAGAT$ ) R5EW$ 9T5SITY4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,EUROPEAN GOV]NM5TS1 AFT] ! 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESSES HELD BY ! REPRES5TATIVES ( !IR POLICE =CES1 CAME TO UND]/& ! USELESSNESS ( P]SECUTIONS4 ,!Y S]V$ NO PURPOSE AT ALL1 BECAUSE NO ONE CAN =ESEE OR PREV5T ! 9DIVIDUAL ACT ( A POSSESS$ M9D4 ,MOREOV]1 ! POLICE HAVE ALMO/ ALWAYS >RIV$ TOO LATE1 EV5 :5 !Y HAVE HAD ! OPPORTUNITY TO DO SOME?+4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! ILLUSION ?AT ! AN>*I/ ATTEMPTS1 :I* ORIG9ATE FROM ! IMPULSE ( A SOLIT>Y P]SON1 C\LD BE PREV5T$ HAS VANI%$4 ,& SO1 ! AN>*I/ ATT5TAT IS N[ CONSID]$ LIKE ANY O!R ACT COMMITT$ BY ! 9DIVIDUAL WILL & EV51 AT TIMES1 PROVOK$ BY CAUSES O!R ?AN POLITICAL4 ,N[1 = 9/ANCE1 IT IS REVEAL$ ?AT ,MORAL1.<#a#g.> AFT] A DISAPPO9TM5T 9 LOVE1 MAY HAVE *OS5 HIS ATTEMPT TO KILL ! K+ ( ,SPA9 AS A MEANS TO 5D HIS [N LIFE444 ,AS ,I WAS SAY+1 ONCE ! POLICE P]SECUTIONS 9 !IR MORE SEV]E =MS HAD CEAS$ & ! OPPRESSIVE MEASURES1 AT FIR/ ADOPT$ BY GOV]NM5TS AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S1 HAD ABAT$1 A DECREASE 9 ATTACKS LOGICALLY FOLL[$4440 

,AT ?IS PO9T IT APPE>$ TO ME ?AT MY 9QUIRIES CONC]N+ CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*ISM HAD BE5 EXHAU/$ & ,I CLOS$ ! 9T]VIEW :I* CONTA9$ ! REM>KABLE /ATEM5T ?AT ! AN>*I/ P>TY IS F9I%$4 

,CES>E ,SOBR]O  
  

,SO6 ,M]L9O SAYS ?AT1 0,! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAS NO LONG] ANY IMPORTANCE1 BECAUSE ?AT PORTION ( AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES :I* IS LA/+ HAS PASS$ 9TO SOCIALISM & IS BE+ PROPAGAT$ BY IT1 :ILE ! ,UTOPIAN P>T HAS BE5 RECOGNIZ$ AS SU* & NO LONG] HAS ANY VALUE4 

0,AS ! ESS5TIAL P>T HAS BE5 ABSORB$ BY ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 AN>*ISM IS NO?+ MORE ?AN ONE ( ! MANY ASPECTS ?R\< :I* ! MORE =CEFUL SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A PRES5TS ITSELF40 

,CONCLUSION3 0,AN>*I/S NO LONG] HAVE A SPECIFIC POLITICAL FUNCTION TO FULFILL04 

,DE PR(UNDIS444 0,NOT ONLY HAS ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T /OPP$1 IT IS F9I%$04 

,HIS EVID5CE8 ,H]E IT IS3 0,! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T NO LONG] HAS M5 ( PRIME IMPORTANCE2 ! LA/ W]E ,ELISEE ,RECLUS & ,PET] ,KROPOTK92 FROM ITS WOMB1 ONCE SO F]TILE1 NO WORKS ( NOTABLE SCI5TIFIC OR POLITICAL VALUE >E ISSU+ =?2 NO NEW (FSPR+ COM+ 9TO ! WORLD04 

,FUR!RMORE3 0,! MOVEM5T IS DIVID$ BY ! 9T]NAL /RUGGLES BETWE5 9DIVIDUALI/S & ORGANIZATIONALI/S3 ! LATT] CANNOT F9D AN ORGANIZATION ?AT IS COMPATIBLE ) AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES2 ! =M]1 AFT] ! IDEA ( REPRISAL1 :I* HAD BE5 ! S\L ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITY1 CEAS$ TO EXI/1 CANNOT F9D A MANN] ( ACT+ & CANNOT EXI/ )\T ! ORGANIZATION !Y /RIVE TO REJECT04 ,?IS1 9 %ORT -- ?\< ) /RICT ADH]5CE TO HIS MEAN+ -- IS ! >GUM5T ( ,FRANCESCO ,SAV]IO ,M]L9O4 

,BUT IF WE C\LD PROVE ?AT ! 5DUR+ PORTION ( AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES HAS NEV] BE5 ABSORB$ BY SOCIALISM3 

-- ,?AT ! PORTION :I* HAS BE5 RECOGNIZ$ AS ,UTOPIAN & WOR?LESS1 F> FROM BE+ ! ESS5CE ( ! AN>*I/ PHILOSOPHY1 IS ONLY ! RESIDUE ( ANCI5T ,JACOB9ISM1 & ?AT1 ?R\< ! SELECTIVE PROCESS1 AN>*I/ IDEAS HAVE ASS]T$ !MSELVES BETT] & ) GREAT] PRECISION ?AN ALL O!R SOCIALI/ TR5DS2 

-- ,?AT1 9 ?IS ANTI!SIS ( 5DS & MEANS1 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 COMP>$ TO ALL O!R TR5DS ( SOCIALISM1 IS ! SL[ BUT P]SI/5T =]UNN] ( A DIFF]5T & MORE ADVANC$ SOCIETY ?AN HAS BE5 CONCEIV$ BY ANY O!R DOCTR9E & BY ANY O!R POLITICAL P>TY1 & HAS ITS [N GOOD REASON TO EXI/1 ITS [N SPECIFIC FUNCTION TO P]=M2 

-- ,?AT ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAS ALWAYS CONTA9$ M5 ( ! FIR/ RANK2 ?AT1 9 !SE LA/ YE>S1 IT HAS NOT ONLY PRODUC$ WORKS ( 9E/IMABLE VALUE 9 SCI5CE & 9 POLITICS1 BUT IT HAS ALSO PUT ITS M>K UPON ! :OLE 9TELLECTUAL MOVEM5T ( MOD]N TIMES2 

-- ,?AT1 F> FROM BE+ AS /]ILE1 AS ,M]L9O COMPLA9S1 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAS NO?+ TO DEPLORE BUT444 AN EXCESSIVE PROLIF]ATION2 

-- ,?AT DEPLOR$ 9T]NAL /RUGGLES BETWE5 9DIVIDUALI/S & ORGANIZATIONALI/S >E AN 9EVITABLE CRISIS ( DEVELOPM5T1 AN 9EVITABLE PROCESS ( SELECTION3 !Y >E EVID5CE ( VITALITY1 ( 5]GY & PROGRESS RA!R ?AN SYMPTOMS ( EXHAU/ION & ANGUI%2 

,:AT W\LD REMA9 ( ! S9I/] SOPHISMS1 ! D>K PROPHECIES1 & ! DI/RESS+ LAM5TATIONS ( ,J]EMIAH444 ,M]L9O8 

,UPON ! RU9S ( HIS UN=TUNATE !SIS W\LD REMA9 ?IS VICTORI\S CONCLUSION3 ?AT AN>*ISM1 AS A DOCTR9E & AS A MOVEM5T1 HAS NEV] HAD MORE ?AN TODAY ITS [N GOOD REASON TO EXI/1 & IT NEV] HAS ASS]T$ ITSELF MORE ?AN AT PRES5T ) SU* 9T5SITY & SU* DIM5SION2 ?AT F> FROM BE+ MORIBUND1 IT LIVES1 IT DEVELOPS & IT GOES =W>D4 

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,AN>*ISM ( ,M]L9O 

,WE BELIEVE ?AT SU* A DEMON/RATION IS EASY1 EV5 FACE TO FACE ) ,FRANCESCO ,SAV]IO ,M]L9O1 :O IS A =MIDABLE DEBAT]1 WISE1 V]S$ 9 DIALECTICS1 LE>N$ -- PROVID$ ?AT TWO ESS5TIAL T]MS ( ! DEBATE >E DEF9$ ) PRECISION4 

,IF WE AGREE -- & ,I AM ALMO/ C]TA9 ?AT WE DO -- ON ! NOTION ( PROGRESS & IF WE AGREE ON ! FUNDAM5TAL & *>ACT]I/IC MEAN+ ( AN>*ISM1 !N WE HAVE ONLY TO TE/ ! CONT5T ( AN>*ISM AS A DOCTR9E1 ! MULTIPLE ASPECTS & SCOPE ( ITS MANIFE/ATIONS AS A MOVEM5T1 ON ! T\*/ONE ( \R MUTUAL NOTION ( PROGRESS 9 ORD] TO D$UCE -- P]HAPS AGA9 9 AGREEM5T -- :E!R IT /ILL CONTA9S ! BASIS ( A POSITIVE PROGRESSIVE ASPIRATION 7EV5 IF IT LIES 9 ! DI/ANT FUTURE71 :E!R IT C>RIES ! VIGOR\S ?ROBS ( EXUB]ANT VITALITY1 OR ! 9COH]5T CONVULSIONS ( DI/RESS & AGONY4 

,HOP+ TO REA* ! DESIR$ & NECESS>Y H>MONY ( !SE PREMISES1 WE WILL REF] = ! NOTION ( PROGRESS TO ,LEON ,MET*NIK(F1.<#a#h.> A PHILOSOPH] AS GREAT AS HE IS UNKN[N1 9 :OM ,M]L9O HAS UND\BT$LY ! GREATE/ REG>D & CONFID5CE4 ,WE F9D HIS DEF9ITION ( PROGRESS MO/ POSITIVE & CLE>4 ,= ! NOTION ( AN>*ISM WE %ALL REF] TO A MAN ( :OSE COMPET5CE ,M]L9O HAS ! HI<E/ OP9ION1 = ?AT MAN IS444 ,F4 ,S4 ,M]L9O HIMSELF4 ,9 ! NOT$ PAMPHLET ,P]*E SIAMO AN>*ICI8 .<,:Y >E WE AN>*I/S8.> & 9 ! 9CISIVE PRES5TATION ( \R PR9CIPLES1 WRITT5 BY HIM MANY YE>S AGO = ! POND]\S ,J\RNAL DES ,ECONOMI/ES1 HE \TL9ES ) BRIEF BUT SIMPLE CL>ITY ! NATURE & *>ACT] ( \R ASPIRATIONS4.<#a#i.> 

,9 HIS SPL5DID /UDY ( ,LA ,CIVILIZATION EL ,LES ,GR&S ,FLEUVES ,HI/ORIQUES1 .<,CIVILIZATION & ! ,GREAT ,RIV]S ( ,HI/ORY.> ,LEON ,MET*NIK(F WRITES AB\T PROGRESS3 

0,9 ! FIELD ( PURE SCI5CE1 'PROGRESS' IS UND]/OOD AS ! SEQU5CE ( NATURAL PH5OM5A :]E91 AT EA* /AGE ( EVOLUTION1 5]GY MANIFE/S ITSELF ) A GR[+ V>IETY & 9T5SITY4 ,! S]IES IS CALL$ 'PROGRESSIVE' :5 EA* ONE ( ITS /AGES REPRODUCES ! PREC$+ ONES PLUS SOME NEW TRAIT ?AT DID NOT EXI/ 9 ! PREC$+ PHASE1 &1 9 ITS TURN1 IT BECOMES ! EMBRYO ( A NEW PLUS 9 ! FOLL[+ /AGE4 ,A PLANT M>KS A 'PROGRESS' OV] ! M9]AL WORLD2 IT REPRES5TS ! PROCESS ( NON-ORGANIZ$ NATURE PLUS ! SPECIFIC PECULI>ITIES ( NUTRITION1 GR[?1 REPRODUCTION4 ,! ANIMAL1 9 ITS TURN1 %[S A PROGRESS BEYOND VEGETABLE LIFE1 BECAUSE IT ADDS ITS PECULI> FACULTIES ( MOVEM5T & S5SITIVITY TO ! ACQUISITIONS ( ! PLANT4 ,MAN IS A PROGRESS OV] ALL O!R V]TEBRATES BECAUSE HIS S5SITIVE & 9TELLECTUAL LIFE MAKE HIM CAPABLE ( 5JOY+ A WEAL? UNKN[N TO HIS PR$ECESSORS40 

,( AN>*ISM AS AN ASPIRATION & PHILOSOPHY1 ,M]L9O WRITES3 0,! ESS5CE ( AN>*ISM )9 ! EVOLUTION ( ?\<T & SOCIETY IS ! TOTAL IMAGE ( MAN1 HIS 9TEGRATION1 HIS NE$S1 HIS UNEXPLOR$ 5]GIES1 HIS 9F9ITE CAPACITY = DEVELOPM5T1 HIS SOCIABILITY1 HIS MANY RELATIONS ) HIS FELL[ MAN & ) ! \T] WORLD40 ,!RE=E1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ! AIMS ( AN>*ISM >E3  

0,! ECONOMIC 9TEGRATION ( MAN1 :O IS AT PRES5T FRAGM5T>Y OR 9COMPLETE1 EI!R MA/] OR SLAVE1 M9D OR MUSCLE1 BY COMB9+ ! QUALITIES ( BO? PRODUC] & CONSUM] 9 EV]Y S+LE P]SON1 BY MAK+ ! TOOLS & MEANS ( PRODUCTION AVAILABLE TO ALL ! WORK]S40  

0,! 9TELLECTUAL 9TEGRATION ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE BY UNIT+ MAT]IAL & 9TELLECTUAL1 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL WORK BY MEANS ( A V>IETY ( OCCUPATIONS1 SO ?AT ALL ! HUMAN FACULTIES MAY BE ACTIVAT$ 79T5SIVE CULTIVATION ( ! HUMAN BE+740  

0,! MORAL 9TEGRATION ( MAN2 SATISFACTION ( ALL HIS MORAL & MAT]IAL NE$S2 LIB]TY & LACK ( CO]CION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL2 SECURITY ( LIFE2 COMPLETE DEVELOPM5T ( LIFE = ALL HUMAN BE+S40  
  

,BUT1 9 ?IS SOCIETY1 :I* WANTS TO MAKE AVAILABLE TO ALL WORK]S ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & WANTS TO ASSURE EV]YONE ( ITS MEMB]S ! SATISFACTION ( ALL MAT]IAL & MORAL NE$S1 LIB]TY1 LACK ( CO]CION & 9TEGRAL DEVELOPM5T ( EA* P]SON --  

,:O WILL ORGANIZE WORK & ALL ITS REQUIREM5TS8  

,ON :AT PR9CIPLES WILL ORGANIZATION BE BUILT8  

,H[ WILL ! P>TICIPATION ( EV]YONE 9 WORK & 9 LEISURE BE MANAG$8  
  

,M]L9O REPLIES3  

,EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 AUTONOM\S )9 A FREE GR\P1 WILL MANAGE HIS [N 9T]E/S4  

,! BASIS ( ! ORGANIZATION ( AN>*I/ SOCIETY WILL BE 9 ! SOLID>ITY ( ALL 9T]E/S & ! MUTUAL AGREEM5T AMONG ! WORK]S4  

,EV]YONE WILL P>TICIPATE 9 BO? PRODUCTION & 5JOYM5T1 ACCORD+ TO HIS OR H] ABILITY & NE$S4  
  

0,W\LD !RE BE NE$ = A GOV]NM5T1 A P>LIAM5T1 A CAB9ET1 A POLICE =CE1 A JUDICI>Y80 ,NO?+ ( ?IS K9D W\LD EXI/ 9 ! AN>*I/ SY/EM4 0,& H[ CAN ALL ?IS COME AB\T80 

,! FIR/ /EP T[>DS ! FUTURE SOCIETY WILL BE REVOLUTION1 9EVITABLE BECAUSE ! RUL+ CLASSES WILL YIELD ONLY TO =CE4 ,! WORK+ MAN MU/ MAKE HIS [N REVOLUTION1 TAKE BACK :AT HAS BE5 TAK5 FROM HIM1 REPOSSESS EV]Y?+ HE HAS PRODUC$ & O!RS HAVE SEIZ$1 9 %ORT3 EXPROPRIATE ! [N]S & ! CAPITALI/S4 

0,C\LD NOT SOME GOOD BE ACCOMPLI%$1 A FEW /EPS =W>D TAK51 BY P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! ELECTIONS ) =MAL C&IDATES80 

,NO4 ,WE KN[ = C]TA9 ?AT WORK]S >E DECEIV$ & *EAT$ 9 ELECTIONS1 ?AT !Y WILL NEV] BE ABLE TO S5D !IR COMRADES TO ,P>LIAM5T &444 ?AT EV5 IF ! MAJORITY 9 ,P>LIAM5T W]E WORK]S1 !Y W\LD BE UNABLE TO DO ANY?+4 

,9/EAD ( HELP+ ! WORK]S1 ELECTIONS DAMAGE !IR [N CAUSE4 ,ONCE ELECT$ TO (FICE1 EV5 ! MORE ACTIVE & 9TELLIG5T AMONG !IR COMRADES BECOME R5EGADES OR IDL]S4 ,! PEOPLE >E L$ TO BELIEVE ?AT SALVATION WILL COME FROM ABOVE1 FROM ! GOV]NM5T1 FROM ! ,P>LIAM5T1 & !Y CEASE TO FI<T4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,?IS IS AN>*ISM1 DOCTR9E & TACTIC1 ACCORD+ TO ,FRANCESCO ,SAV]IO ,M]L9O4 

,WE C\LD HAVE BE5 MORE CONCISE &4 AT PO9TS1 MORE EXPLICIT1 BY DRAW+ ! FUNDAM5TALS ( AN>*ISM FROM ,KROPOTK91 FROM ,MALATE/A4 ,GRAVE1 ,T*]KES(F OR ,FAURE4.<#b.> ,BUT1 AS WE SAID AT ! BEG9N+1 WE WANT$ TO AVOID ANY POSSIBLE MISUND]/&+1 :I* MI<T MISDIRECT ! DEBATE1 MAK+ IT WOR?LESS1 5DLESS1 OR 9CONCLUSIVE2 !RE=E1 WE HAVE RE/RICT$ \RSELVES TO ,M]L9O'S [N CONCEPTION4 

,AFT] ALL1 HIS CONCLUSIONS >E ! ONES G5]ALLY ACCEPT$3 AN>*ISM IS ! POLITICAL DOCTR9E ?AT AIMS TO A*IEVE A SOCIETY :]E9 ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 TRANS=MATION1 OR EX*ANGE BE+ COMMON PROP]TY1 :]E EA* MEMB] ( SOCIETY WILL F9D FULL SATISFACTION ( HIS 7OR H]7 MAT]IAL & MORAL NE$S & CAN SPONTANE\SLY GIVE HIS CONTRIBUTION ACCORD+ TO HIS 7OR H]7 CAPACITY & ABILITY4 ,! SECURITY ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL 9 A FREE SOCIETY LIES 9 ! UNIV]SAL SOLID>ITY ( HUMAN 9T]E/S & 9 ! FREE AGREEM5T ( ! 9T]E/$ PEOPLE2 ALL =MS ( COMPULSION1 ( AU?ORITY1 ( EXPLOITATION >E REJECT$3 !SE >E ! FUNDAM5TAL T5ETS ( ! SOCIAL ORD] CALL$ ,AN>*Y4 

,IT IS COMMON KN[L$GE ?AT ,M]L9O DIS[N$ !SE IDEAS T5 YE>S AGO .<#a#h#i#g.>4 ,BUT ?AT DOESN'T MEAN ?AT1 IF HE HAS TO SPEAK AB\T AN>*ISM AS ?\<T & ACTION1 HE DOES NOT REF] 9 A SPECIAL WAY TO ! IDEAS & ! ME?ODS ?AT HE HELD = SO MANY YE>S ) CONVICTION1 ACTION & UNEQUAL$ SELF-D5IAL4 ,! *>ACT]I/IC ASPIRATIONS ( AN>*ISM >E !N1 9 ! ECONOMIC FIELD1 COMMUNISM2 9 ! POLITICAL FIELD1 ! ELIM9ATION ( ALL =MS ( AU?ORITY & COMPULSION4 

,BUT ?IS TWO-FOLD ASPIRATION ( AN>*ISM MU/ BE UND]/OOD 9 A L>G] & MORE COMPLEX MANN] ?AN ?IS SUMM>Y MI<T 9DICATE AT FIR/ SI<T4 

,BESIDES D5OT+ COMMON [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE 7AN EXPRESSION ?AT IS G5]ALLY US$ BY ALL BRAN*ES ( SOCIALISM71 COMMUNISM IMPLIES N[ADAYS A :OLE S]IES ( RELATIONS2 IT IMPLIES ?AT ! MAT]IAL & MORAL NE$S ( EV]YONE BE SATISFI$ )\T ANY RE/RICTION O!R ?AN ?AT :I* IS IMPOS$ BY NATURE2 & IT FUR!R IMPLIES ?AT ! CONTRIBUTION TO ! NECESS>Y TASK ( PRODUCTION %\LD BE GIV5 VOLUNT>ILY BY EV]YONE1 ACCORD+ TO !IR CAPACITY & APTITUDE4 

,?US1 ! ABS5CE ( AU?ORITY & CO]CION NOT ONLY IMPLIES ! ABOLITION ( GOV]NM5T1 LAWS & CON/ITUT$ SOCIAL ORD]S2 IT IMPLIES ALSO -- & ABOVE ALL -- ! ABOLITION ( ALL =MS ( C5TRALIZATION ( FUNCTIONS1 EV5 IF M]ELY ADM9I/RATIVE4442 IT IMPLIES ! NONEXI/5CE ( AU?ORITY1 BE IT ( ! MAJORITY OR ( A M9ORITY2 IT MEANS ! FRE$OM ( ! AUTONOM\S 9DIVIDUAL -- ALL 9DIVIDUALS -- )9 ! FREE SOCIETY4 

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,! ,*>ACT]I/ICS ( ,AN>*ISM 

,!SE AIMS >E *>ACT]I/IC ( AN>*ISM1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE ! :OLE AN>*I/ DOCTR9E RE/S UPON !M AS A FUNDAM5TAL BASIS1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE AN>*ISM ALONE PROMOTES !M & PURSUES !IR REALIZATION &1 !RE=E1 !Y CON/ITUTE ! ESS5CE ?AT DI/+UI%ES AN>*ISM FROM ALL ! O!R S*OOLS ( SOCIALISM4 

,IF WE R$UCE ! ANTI!SES EXI/+ 9 ! V>I\S S*OOLS ( SOCIALISM TO ?OSE ?AT DI/+UI% AN>*I/-COMMUNI/S FROM SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVI/S 7!SE BE+1 AFT] ALL1 ! ONLY VITAL TR5DS ( POPUL> SOCIALISM1 ! ONLY ONES 9VOLV$ 9 ?IS CONTROV]SY1 BECAUSE1 ACCORD+ TO ,M]L9O1 :AT IS ESS5TIAL 9 AN>*ISM HAS BE5 ABSORB$ BY SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM7 ?IS WILL EXPOSE 9 A MU* CLE>] WAY ! EXACT T]MS ( !IR DIFF]5CES4 

,9 ! COLLECTIVI/ SOCIETY1 PROMOT$ 7ALMO/ )\T EXCEPTIONS7 BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 WORK & SATISFACTION ( NE$S WILL BE DIRECT$ BY ! WORK]S' COLLECTIVE BY MEANS ( REPRES5TATIVES1 ADM9I/RATORS1 FUNCTION>IES -- 9 %ORT1 BY :AT ! SOCIALI/S LIKE TO CALL ! 'ADM9I/RATION GOV]NM5T' -- BECAUSE1 AFT] ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! EXI/+ DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9 CLASSES1 ! POLITICAL FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T W\LD HAVE NO REASON TO EXI/1 & ! GOV]NM5T W\LD BE NO?+ BUT A C\NCIL *>G$ ) ! COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T ( ! SOCIAL E/ATE4 

,9 AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 ! FREE 9DIVIDUAL )9 ! FREE SOCIETY W\LD PROCE$ TO TAKE C>E ( HIS 9T]E/S P]SONALLY4 ,TO CONCEIVE ( A GOV]NM5T -- EV5 IF IT W]E A SIMPLE ADM9I/RATIVE GOV]NM5T -- ONE MU/ IMPLICITLY AGREE ?AT 0,ALL ! 9T]E/S ( ! :OLE PEOPLE BE CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! H&S ( A FEW2 ?AT A SMALL NUMB] ( PEOPLE ACT = ! :OLE NATION2 ?AT 9/EAD ( LETT+ ! S+LE 9DIVIDUAL ?9K = HIMSELF1 HE BE =C$ TO SUBMIT TO ! WILL ( ?OSE :O ?9K = ALL ! PEOPLE04 

,N[ ALL ?IS IS 9CONSI/5T ) ! FREE & EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY ( :I* WE >E TALK+4 

,! CONTRA/ IS EV5 MORE VIOL5T IF ! /&>DS ) :I* A COLLECTIVI/ SOCIETY >RANGES EA* P]SON'S P>TICIPATION 9 WORK & 9 PLEASURE >E COMP>$ TO ! /&>DS :I* W\LD PREVAIL 9 AN AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 

,! COLLECTIVI/-SOCIALI/S DEM& FROM EA* ONE1 ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITY1 REW>D+ EA* ABILITY 9 PROPORTION TO ITS WORK4 

,! COMMUNI/-AN>*I/S SAY 9/EAD ?AT ANYONE :O1 ( HIS FREE WILL1 TAKES P>T 9 ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS ACCORD+ TO HIS CAPACITY1 WILL RECEIVE ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S4 

,:ILE ! COLLECTIVI/-SOCIALI/S LIMIT !IR DEM&S TO ! F9I%$ PRODUCT ( !IR WORK1 ! AN>*I/S PROCLAIM ?AT REG>DLESS ( ! VALUE ( ! PRODUCT1 ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK] WILL BE 5TITL$ TO ! FULL SATISFACTION ( HIS NE$S4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,! ANTI!SIS ( ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL AIMS ( ! TWO S*OOLS PO9TS AGA9 TO A CONTRA/ ( MEANS4 

,:ILE ! SOCIALI/ P>TY PROMOTES 0,A /RUGGLE BY TRADES TO OBTA9 IMM$IATE IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! WORK+ CONDITIONS -- H\RS1 WAGES1 %OP RULES1 ETC 7RE=MS7 & A WID] /RUGGLE ?AT AIMS TO CONQU] POLITICAL P[]1 /ATE & LOCAL ADM9I/RATIONS1 *>ITABLE 9/ITUTIONS = ! PURPOSE ( TRANS=M+ !M FROM TOOLS ( OPPRESSION 9TO TOOLS CAPABLE ( EXPROPRIAT+ ! RUL+ CLASS 7POLITICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE ELECTORAL COMPETITION70.<#b#a.> -- ! AN>*I/S BELIEVE ?AT NO EFFECTIVE CONQUE/ 9 ! ECONOMIC FIELD IS POSSIBLE SO LONG AS ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION REMA9 ! P]SONAL PROP]TY ( ! CAPITALI/S4 ,RE=MS CAN APPE> TO BE B5EFICIAL = A %ORT TIME4 ,! WORK] :O US$ TO WORK T5 H\RS A DAY 9 ! PA/ & WORKS N[ ONLY EI<T H\RS1 ! WORK] :O US$ TO E>N ?REE LIRE A DAY & N[ E>NS F\R LIRE1 FEELS ?AT HE HAS GA9$ SOME?+ UNTIL HE REALIZES ?AT ! HI< CO/ ( LIV+ -- 9EVITABLE CONSEQU5CE ( ! R$UCTION ( WORK+ TIME & RAISE ( PAY -- HAS REE/ABLI%$ ! EQUILIBRIUM TO ! EXCLUSIVE ADVANTAGE ( !444 CAPITALI/4 ,BUT ! AN>*I/S BELIEVE ?AT TO SOLICIT !SE RE=MS IS NOT & CANNOT BE A FUNCTION P]TA9+ EI!R TO ! PROLET>IAT OR !MSELVES4 

,! AN>*I/S1 LIKE ! SOCIALI/S1 WANT & URGE ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 BUT !Y DO NOT HOPE AT ALL = ITS G5]OSITY NOR ITS PHILAN?ROPY & JU/ICE4 ,CONFRONT$ ) ! VIOL5T PRESSURE ( ! MASSES TRY+ TO OV]?R[ IT1 ! B\RGEOISIE ?R[S \T EA* DAY A LITTLE ( ITS BALLA/2 IT GIVES UP SOME ( ITS >ROGANCE OR IT MAKES SOME 9ANE CONCESSION -- PAID HOLIDAYS1 LAWS PROTECT+ WOM5 & WORK+ *ILDR51 /ATE M$IC9E1 ETC1 BUT ONLY = ! PURPOSE ( SAV+ ITS BANKRUPT PRIVILEGES4 

,?AT IS !IR BUS9ESS3 RE=MS REMA9 -- & %\LD REMA9 -- A CONC]N & A FUNCTION ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 NOT ( ! AN>*I/S1 NOR ( ! SOCIALI/S EI!R1 IF !Y >E S9C]ELY CONV9C$ ?AT ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! RUL+ CLASS IS AN 9EVITABLE CONDITION ( !IR ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 AN>*I/S BELIEVE ?AT RA!R ?AN %ORT-RANGE 9EFFECTUAL CONQUE/S1 TACTICS ( CORROSION & CONT9U\S ATTACK %\LD BE PREF]R$1 :I* DEM& FROM /RIKES ( AN OP5LY REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] MORE ?AN %ORT] H\RS OR PALTRY WAGE 9CREASES2 :I* DEM&1 9/EAD1 ! EXP]I5CE ( A MORE EXT5SIVE SOLID>ITY & AN EV] DEEP] AW>5ESS AS AN 9DISP5SABLE CONDITION = ! REALIZATION ( ! G5]AL ECONOMIC /RIKE ( A :OLE TRADE1 ( ALL ! TRADES1 9 ORD] TO OBTA91 ?R\< ! 9EVITABLE USE ( =CE & VIOL5CE1 ! UNCONDITIONAL SURR5D] ( ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,M]L9O1 HIMSELF1 KN[S ?AT !Y YIELD ONLY TO =CE4 ,?US1 9/EAD ( ! M]E PASSIVE & POLITE RESI/ANCE SO F]V5TLY RECOMM5D$ BY ! SOCIALI/S1 ! AN>*I/S PREF] BOYCOTT1 SABOTAGE1 &1 = ! SAKE ( /RUGGLE ITSELF1 IMM$IATE ATTEMPTS AT P>TIAL EXPROPRIATION1 9DIVIDUAL REBELLION & 9SURRECTION -- ACTIONS :I* USUALLY REAP SO MU* SOCIALI/ HORROR & CURS+1 BUT :I* EX]T ! MO/ SPIRIT$ 9FLU5CE OV] ! MASSES & RESOLVE !MSELVES 9 A MORAL ADVANTAGE ( ! HI<E/ ORD]4 

,! DIFF]5T /&>DS BY :I* SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S EVALUATE RE=MS LEAD TO A DIFF]5T & DIV]G5T POLITICAL ACTION4 

,! SOCIALI/S BELIEVE ?AT RE=MS >E AN 9DISP5SABLE & 9EVITABLE WAY TO ! GRADUAL ELEVATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & SO !Y DELUDE !MSELVES AB\T ! ADVANTAGES !Y MAY REALIZE4 ,!Y CONSID] ! W9N+ ( RE=MS AS A SPECIFIC FUNCTION ( !IR P>TY1 & = ?IS !Y HAVE GIV5 UP ! MO/ IMPORTANT & *>ACT]I/IC P>T ( !IR ECONOMIC AIMS4 ,UND]TAK+ A :OLE S]IES ( POLITICAL /RUGGLES & CONQUE/S1 !Y HAVE HAD TO RETREAT FROM ! C\RSE :I* !Y HAD SO C\RAGE\SLY TAK5 AT FIR/1 & !Y HAVE 5D$ BY CONFUS+ !MSELVES ) ! OLD RADICAL DEMOCRACY ?AT !Y HAD VIOL5TLY BROK5 AWAY FROM A SCORE ( YE>S BE=E4 

,!IR TRU/ 9 IMM$IATE IMPROVEM5TS1 9 GRADUAL GA9S1 & 9 LEGISLATIVE RE=MS1 WAS B\ND TO RECONCILE !M ) P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY1 S9CE !SE RE=MS C\LD BE 9ITIAT$1 APPROV$ & PROCLAIM$ ONLY AS LAWS ( ! ,/ATE4 ,?IS1 9 TURN1 HAD TO RECONCILE !M TO ! ,/ATE1 :I* W\LD BE 5TRU/$ ) ! APPLICATION & COMPLIANCE ( SU* RE=M LAWS4 ,& ?IS W\LD 9EVITABLY RECONCILE !M ) ! HAT$ B\RGEOISIE1 S9CE ONLY ) ! COOP]ATION ( ITS LESS BACKW>D SECTORS C\LD !Y HOPE TO ATTA9 ! P>LIAM5T>Y SANCTION = ! DESIR$ RE=MS4 

,NOT ONLY HAS ?IS DEVIATION L$ ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY TO DISAV[ MANY ( ITS ORIG9AL T5ETS1 BUT IT HAS PU%$ ! P>TY D[N ! SLOPE ( SY/EMATIC CONCESSIONS1 REJECT+ ! ACTION & ESS5CE ( SOCIALISM ITSELF4 

,= DIRECT PRESSURE PUT AGA9/ ! RUL+ CLASSES BY ! MASSES1 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY HAS SUB/ITUT$ REPRES5TATION & ! RIGID DISCIPL9E ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y SOCIALI/S1 :O HAVE ALWAYS SACRIFIC$ ! G5]AL 9T]E/ ( ! PROLET>IAT TO ! ADVANTAGE ( !IR [N POLITICAL & P>LIAM5T>IAN FUNCTION4 ,& 9/EAD ( FO/]+ ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 :I* WAS1 9 ! PA/1 ! *>ACT]I/IC M>K ( SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION & ACTIVITY2 IT HAS ADOPT$ CLASS COLLABORATION 9 ! LEGISLATIVE >5A1 )\T :I* ALL RE=MS W\LD REMA9 A VA9 HOPE4 ,?US1 ! NE$ TO GA9 ! TRU/ ( ! RUL+ CLASSES1 :OSE COLLABORATION WAS NECESS>Y = ?IS WORK ( RE=M1 & ( ! ,/ATE1 :I* WAS TO SUP]VISE ITS APPLICATION1 COMPELL$ ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY TO R5EGE ON ! ESS5TIAL AIMS ( SOCIALISM2 IE1 ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,!SE BECAME ON ! P>T ( 'SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM' ! FAVORITE T>GET = ! S>CA/IC LAU<T] & F]OCI\S IRONIES ( ITS BEM$AL$ PROPHETS4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,S9CE ! AN>*I/S VALUE RE=MS = :AT !Y >E -- ! BALLA/ ! B\RGEOISIE ?R[S OV]BO>D TO LI<T5 ITS OLD BOAT 9 ! HOPE ( SAV+ ! SAD C>GO ( ITS PRIVILEGES FROM S9K+ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y /ORM -- !Y HAVE NO P>TICUL> 9T]E/ 9 !M EXCEPT TO DISCR$IT !IR DANG]\S MIRAGE1 = !Y >E SURE ?AT SOCIAL RE=MS WILL COME ANYWAY1 FA/]1 MORE (T5 & MORE RADICALLY1 AS ATTACKS AGA9/ ! EXI/+ SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS BECOME MORE =CEFUL & VIOL5T4 

,H5CE1 !Y HAVE ALWAYS FIRMLY RESI/$ APPEALS ?AT FAVOR LEGAL ACTION1 ESPECIALLY ELECTORAL & P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION1 BECAUSE AN>*I/S >E CONV9C$ ?AT3 0,9 ! ELECTORAL PROCESS1 ! WORK+ PEOPLE WILL ALWAYS BE *EAT$ & DECEIV$2 ?AT !Y WILL NEV] SUCCE$ 9 S5D+ !IR [N COMRADES TO ,P>LIAM5T1 BUT EV5 IF !Y DID MANAGE TO S5D ONE1 OR T51 OR FIFTY ( !M !RE1 !Y W\LD BECOME SPOIL$ & P[]LESS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 EV5 IF ! MAJORITY ( ,P>LIAM5T W]E COMPOS$ ( WORK]S1 !Y C\LD DO NO?+4 ,NOT ONLY IS !RE ! S5ATE1 ! K+1 ! C\RT1 ! M9I/]S1 ! *IEFS ( ! >M$ =CES1 ! HEADS ( ! JUDICI>Y & ( ! POLICE1 :O W\LD BE AGA9/ ! P>LIAM5T>Y BILLS ADVANC$ BY SU* A *AMB] & :O W\LD REFUSE TO 5=CE LAWS FAVOR+ ! WORK]S 7IT HAS HAPP5$72 BUT FUR!RMORE LAWS >E NOT MIRACUL\S2 NO LAW CAN PREV5T ! CAPITALI/S FROM EXPLOIT+ ! WORK]S2 NO LAW CAN =CE ! [N]S TO KEEP !IR FACTORIES OP5 & EMPLOY WORK]S AT SU* & SU* CONDITIONS1 NOR =CE %OPKEEP]S TO SELL AT A C]TA9 PRICE1 & SO ON40.<#b#b.> 

,CONTR>Y TO ELECTORAL & P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION1 :I* REQUIRES DISCIPL9$ AU?ORIT>IAN ORGANIZATIONS1 AN>*I/S FAVOR DIRECT ACTION BY ! WORK]S & AB/5TION FROM POLITICAL ACTIVITY4 

,! AN>*I/S' ELECTORAL AB/5TIONISM IMPLIES NOT ONLY A CONCEPTION ?AT IS OPPOS$ TO ! PR9CIPLE ( REPRES5TATION 7:I* IS TOTALLY REJECT$ BY AN>*ISM71 IT IMPLIES ABOVE ALL AN ABSOLUTE LACK ( CONFID5CE 9 ! ,/ATE4 ,& ?IS DI/RU/1 :I* IS 9/9CTIVE 9 ! WORK+ MASSES1 IS = ! AN>*I/S ! RESULT ( !IR HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE ) ! ,/ATE & ITS FUNCTION1 :I* HAS1 AT ALL TIMES & 9 ALL PLACES1 RESULT$ 9 A SELFI% & EXCLUSIVE PROTECTION ( ! RUL+ CLASSES & !IR PRIVILEGES4 ,FUR!RMORE1 AN>*I/ AB/5TIONISM HAS CONSEQU5CES :I* >E MU* LESS SUP]FICIAL ?AN ! 9]T APA?Y ASCRIB$ TO IT BY ! SNE]+ C>E]I/S ( 'SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM'4 ,IT /RIPS ! ,/ATE ( ! CON/ITUTIONAL FRAUD ) :I* IT PRES5TS ITSELF TO ! GULLIBLE AS ! TRUE REPRES5TATIVE ( ! :OLE NATION1 &1 9 SO DO+1 EXPOSES ITS ESS5TIAL *>ACT] AS REPRES5TATIVE1 PROCUR] & POLICEMAN ( ! RUL+ CLASSES4 

,DI/RU/ ( RE=MS1 ( PUBLIC P[]S & ( DELEGAT$ AU?ORITY1 CAN LEAD TO DIRECT ACTION 9 ! /RUGGLES ( DEMOLITION & V9DICATION4 ,IT CAN DET]M9E ! REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ( ?IS TWO-FOLD ACTION2 &1 ACCORD+LY1 AN>*I/S REG>D IT AS ! BE/ AVAILABLE MEANS = PREP>+ ! MASSES TO MANAGE !IR [N P]SONAL & COLLECTIVE 9T]E/S2 &1 BESIDES1 AN>*I/S FEEL ?AT EV5 N[ ! WORK+ PEOPLE >E FULLY CAPABLE ( H&L+ !IR [N POLITICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE 9T]E/S1 &1 MADE CONSCI\S BY ! EXP]I5CE ( PA/ MI/AKES1 !Y >E ADVANC+ T[>DS ! ULTIMATE =MS ( LIB]ATION -- SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ECONOMIC COMMUNISM1 AN>*Y6 

,! ANTI!SIS BETWE5 SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S IS ALSO EVID5T 9 ! MEANS ( PROPAG&A & ACTION4 

,! SOCIALI/S NE$ AU?ORIT>IAN ORGANIZATIONS1 C5TRALIZ$ & DISCIPL9$1 = !IR LEGAL & P>LIAM5T>IAN ACTIVITIES4 ,!IR ACTION LIES 9 ! C$+ ( P[] BY ALL TO SOMEONE1 ! DELEGATE1 ! REPRES5TATIVE1 9DIVIDUAL OR GR\P1 & !IR ACTION IS !RE=E CONDEMN$ TO BE CIRCUMSCRIB$ )9 ! *OK+ CONF9ES ( ! EXI/+ LAWS4 

,AN>*ISM REJECTS AU?ORITY 9 ANY =M3 TO ! PR9CIPLE ( REPRES5TATION1 IT OPPOSES ! DIRECT & 9DEP5D5T ACTION ( 9DIVIDUALS & MASSES3 TO EGALIT>IAN & P>LIAM5T>IAN ACTION1 IT OPPOSES REBELLION1 9SURRECTION1 ! G5]AL /RIKE1 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,HAV+ ?US BRIEFLY DEF9$ ! TRAITS ?AT DI/+UI% AN>*I/ !ORY & ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T FROM ?OSE ( ! SOCIALI/S1 WE HAVE ONLY TO RELATE !M TO ! NOTION ( PROGRESS4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,MET*NIK(F -- & WE REF] TO HIM BECAUSE WE ?9K ?AT NOBODY ELSE HAS DEF9$ PROGRESS 9 A BETT] WAY -- PROGRESS MEANS A CONT9U\S SUCCESSION ( PH5OM5A 9 :I* 5]GY MANIFE/S ITSELF AT EA* /AGE ( EVOLUTION ) AN EV]-GR[+ V>IETY & 9T5SITY2 ! S]IES IS CALL$ 'PROGRESSIVE' :51 AT EA* ONE ( ITS /AGES1 IT REPRODUCES ALL ITS PREVI\S TRAITS PLUS A NEW ONE ?AT DID NOT EXI/ 9 ! PREC$+ PHASES1 & :I* BECOMES1 9 ITS TURN1 ! G]M ( A NEW PLUS 9 ! FOLL[+ /AGES4 

,N[1 9 ! SUCCESSION ( ?OSE SOCIAL PH5OM5A :I* M>K ! EVOLUTION>Y /EPS ( PROP]TY & ! ,/ATE1 ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL =MS1 :AT PLACE DO AN>*I/-COMMUNISM & SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM OCCUPY8 ,:I* ( !SE TWO DOCTR9ES & MOVEM5TS REPRODUCES ALL ! TRAITS ( ! PREC$+ PHASES1 ADD+ A NEW TRAIT NON-EXI/5T 9 PREC$+ PHASES1 & WILL BE ! EMBRYO ( A NEW TRAIT APPE>+ 9 ALL SUBSEQU5T /AGES8 

,BY SOLV+ ?IS FIR/ PO9T WE WILL >RIVE AT ! SOLUTION ( ! MA9 PROBLEM4 

,OBVI\SLY1 IF IT CAN BE PROV5 ?AT AN>*I/-COMMUNISM CON=MS TO ?IS DEF9ITION ( PROGRESS MU* MORE ?AN DOES SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM1 ONE C\LD NO LONG] SPEAK AB\T DECAD5T & MORIBUND AN>*ISM2 ONE W\LD CONCLUDE 9/EAD ?AT SOCIALISM IS DECAD5T & MORIBUND4 ,AS VITALITY1 5]GY1 & ! POSSIBILITY ( REALIZATION1 >E ! CONDITIONS ( PROGRESS1 SO 9]TIA1 /ILLNESS & DEA? >E ITS CONTRADICTION & D5IAL4 

,= US ?IS DEMON/RATION SEEMS TO BE EASY4 ,A M]E GLANCE AT ! HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION ( PROP]TY IS 5\< TO SEE ! PROGRESSIVE SUCCESSION ( ! /EPS M>K+ ! WAY FROM SLAV]Y TO ECONOMIC FRE$OM4 

,GRE$Y & AUTOCRATIC AT ITS ORIG9S1 :I* W]E FRAUD & VIOL5CE1 PROP]TY2 IE1 ! RI<T TO USE & MISUSE ONE'S [N ?+S )\T RE/RA9T 7& IT IS WELL TO REMEMB] ?AT AT ?AT TIME HUMAN BE+S W]E AMONG ! ?+S [N$71 KNEW NO OPPOSITION NOR LIMITATIONS1 NOT EV5 ! NE$ TO EXPLA9 OR JU/IFY IT4 ,IT WAS ! RI<T SANCTION$ BY ! WELL-KN[N APHORISM3 0,BLESS$ BE ! [N]S1 = ASK$ :Y !Y [N1 !Y CAN REPLY SIMPLY3 ',BECAUSE WE DO6'0 

,BUT 9SOL5T1 >ROGANT ABUSE >\SES ANG]1 9/IGATES PROTE/S1 IGNITES REBELLION1 & DISPELS ! CURSE FROM ! HE>TS ( ! RESIGN$ S]FS4 ,! GOSPELS1 ! HOLY FA!RS ( ! *UR* ! *RI/IAN DOCTR9E1 BR& WEAL? AS A CRIME1 ! RI* AS GOD'S 5EMIES1 ADMONI%+ ?AT A CAMEL CAN MORE EASILY PASS ?R\< ! EYE ( A NE$LE ?AN A RI* P]SON ?R\< ! GATES ( HEAV52 ,*RI/IANITY OPPOSES ! ABSOLUTE RI<T ( PROP]TY ) *>ITY1 AS A PRIZE = R5UNCIATION1 AS A TOK5 ( GRACE4 

,HUMAN RI<TS -- B>ELY DAWN+ ON ! HORIZON ( ,ROME -- WILL1 ?R\< ,HADRIAN & ,M>CUS ,AURELIUS1.<#b#c.> TAKE FROM PROP]TY AS A FIR/ CONQUE/1 ! RI<T ( LIFE & DEA? OV] SLAVES1 & !N1 REA*+ MATURITY1 WILL REQUIRE ?AT IT LIVE ) HONE/Y1 NOT (F5D ANYONE1 & GIVE EA* P]SON HIS [N DUE4 

,NOT)/&+ ! BLOODY REBELLION ( ! ,ANABAPTI/S1 PROP]TY WILL REMA9 PRIVILEG$1 FEUDAL1 LORDLY DUR+ ! MIDDLE AGES1 BUT IT WILL HUMBLE ITSELF & WILL SEEK TO JU/IFY ITSELF4 ,!RE=E1 ! FIEF IS ! DUE & FITT+ REW>D = BRAV]Y 9 W>1 OR = ! POLITICAL WISDOM ONE'S =EBE>S HAVE DISPLAY$ 9 ! S]VICE ( K+'S CAUSE1 OR ! *UR*1 OR ! C\NTRY4 ,IT IS1 ABOVE ALL1 ! REW>D = ! CONT9U$ LOYALTY & DEVOTION ( !IR DESC5DANTS4 

,AFT] ! RI<TS ( MAN & CITIZ51 ! EQUALITY ( RI<TS & OBLIGATIONS HAVE BE5 PROCLAIM$ UPON ! RU9S ( ! ,BA/ILLE1 A MU* MORE PR(\ND REVOLUTION ?AN ! ONE ?AT SPR\T$ FROM ! ,5CYCLOP$I/S BEG9S1 ONE ?AT IS BAS$ UPON ! SUB/ITUTION ( 9DIVIDUAL EF=T ) ME*ANICAL & COLLECTIVE MEANS4 ,& PROP]TY NO LONG] SEEKS ITS JU/IFICATIONS FROM 9VE/ITURE1 LEGAL GIFTS1 OR RI<TS1 BUT FROM G5IUS1 FROM SAV+S1 FROM ! 9DISP5SABLE COOP]ATION ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE & ! CAPITALI/S HAVE GIV5 TO ! REVOLUTION1 FROM ! 9DISPUTABLE IMPROVEM5T ( ! G5]AL CONDITION ( LIFE4 

,?\< 9 REAL LIFE ?+S HAVE REMA9$ UN*ANG$ 9 !IR ESS5CE1 :AT A DI/ANCE HAS BE5 TRAVEL$ 9 ! E?ICAL & JURIDICAL FIELD FROM ! OLD ,ROMAN CONCEPT ( PROP]TY1 :I* GAVE ! [N] ABSOLUTE RI<T ( LIFE & DEA? OV] HIS SLAVES1 TO ! LAWS N[ EXI/+ 9 ! MORE DEVELOP$ ( \R NATIONS1 :I*1 BY RECOGNIZ+ ! WORK]S' RI<T TO SECURITY & P5SIONS1 SANCTION ! SOCIAL FUNCTION ( PROP]TY6 

,! SOCIAL FUNCTION ( PROP]TY1 :I* IS AFT] ALL ! PURE & PLA9 NEGATION ( ! RI<T TO PRIVATE PROP]LY1 WAS P]CEIV$ BY ! ,JACQUES1 :O ROSE UND] ,CAILLET'S LEAD]%IP 9 ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 CRY+1 0,FIRE TO ! CA/LES602 BY ,?OMAS ,MU5TZ]'S ANABAPTI/S1 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 :O 9 !IR PROCLAMATION ( FAI? ADVOCAT$ 0,! P]FECT COMMUNITY ( PROP]TY1 R$EEM$ BY ! SPIRIT02.<#b#d.> BY ,BABEUF'S & ,BUON>ROTI'S EGALIT>IANS :O -- AFT] ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION HAD BE5 USURP$ ) IMPUNITY BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 0444 MA9LY BECAUSE IT HAD WANT$ TO IMPOSE ONE =M ( GOV]NM5T OV] ANO!R1 )\T C>+ AB\T ! CONDITIONS ( ?OSE = :OM ANY GOV]NM5T ?AT CONSID]S ITSELF LEGITIMATE IS SUPPOS$ TO LOOK AFT] & PROVIDE =0 -- PROCLAIM$ ?AT ! 0444 MA9 S\RCES ( ALL ! EVILS ?AT H>ASS MANK9D >E ! 9EQUALITY ( =TUNES & PRIVATE PROP]TY02.<#b#e.> & BY ! ,5GLI% ,LEVEL]S1 :O 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY MA9TA9$ ?AT 0,! L& [N]S >E ?IEVES & MURD]]S :O MU/ BE DE/ROY$ & PROCLAIM$ ?AT ALL L& IS ! COMMON PROP]TY ( MANK9D4.<#b#f.> 

,IT WAS ! TASK ( MOD]N SOCIALISM -- ! CLE> DIAGNOSIS & ! IMPLACABLE CRITICISM ( ,GODW9 & ,[51 ,SA9T-,SIMON & ,F\RI]1 ,PR\DHON1 ,M>X & ,BAKUN9.<#b#g.> -- TO PO9T \T ! HORRIBLE SYMPTOMS FROM :I* ALL K9DS ( MIS]IES & PA9S SPR+2 TO SE>* DEEPLY = !IR CAUSES2 TO ID5TIFY & DEF9E ! SOCIAL FUNCTION ( PROP]TY2 & TO DRAW FROM ?IS BOLD PREMISE ! UNBIAS$ CONCLUSION ?AT EV]Y?+ MU/ BELONG TO EV]YBODY & MU/ PRES5T ! HYPO!SIS ( A WORLD )\T GOD1 )\T K+1 )\T GOV]NM5T1 )\T MA/]S4 

,BUT ! T5D5CY TO BLUNT ! 9SOL5CE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 7A T5D5CY ?AT IS NO?+ BUT ! LONG+ ( ?OSE :O PRODUCE TO BE FREE FROM CAPITALI/ OPPRESSION7 IS NOT EXT+UI%$ NOR ABAT$ BY ! ,/ATE & ! LAW AGREE+ TO & ACCEPT+ SOME SYMBOLIC CONCESSIONS ?AT SAY PROP]TY MU/ HAVE A SOCIAL FUNCTION4 

,9DE$1 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 FROM ?IS CONCESSION1 /RICTLY !ORETICAL & =MAL1 BEG9S A SL[ & REL5TLESS 9VE/IGATION ( ! 9/ITUTION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 CONCLUD+ ) ITS UNAVOIDABLE CONDEMNATION4 ,PR\DHON IS ! MA9 UNREL5T+ 9VE/IGATOR1 &1 AL?\< HE HAS LAT] BE5 REPUDIAT$ BY HIS DISCIPLES 9 ALMO/ ALL ! BRAN*ES ( SOCIALISM1 ! PRO(S & ! ELEM5TS ( GUILT COLLECT$ BY HIM1 >ISE MOCK+LY EV]Y TIME ! CRITICISM ( PRIVATE PROP]TY RESUMES ITS DE/RUCTIVE TASK4.<#b#h.> ,FROM ,PR\DHON'S TRAGIC CONCLUSIONS1 ! IDEAL & ! MOVEM5T ( SOCIALISM W]E BORN TO PRES5T A NEW CONCEPT & TO BR+ TO ! S]IES ( PH5OM5A ?AT M>K ! PROGRESSIVE EVOLUTION FROM SLAV]Y TO FRE$OM 9 ! FIELD ( ECONOMY A NEW *>ACT]I/IC ?AT DID NOT EXI/ 9 ! PREC$+ PHASE & ?AT WILL BE ! G]M ( A NEW EVOLUTION>Y P]IOD 9 ! FOLL[+ PHASES4 

,! ,SOCIALI/ !ORY REA*$ ! CONCLUSION ?AT 0,BE+ ITSELF ! RESULT ( ! M9D & 5]GY ( M5 & WOM5 FROM ALL TIMES & ALL NATIONS1 CAPITAL1 A PROP]TY :I* R5EWS ITSELF P]PETUALLY ONLY BY VIRTUE ( ?IS UNIV]SAL ACTIVITY1 CANNOT BE A S\RCE ( P]SONAL P[] BUT %\LD BE A SOCIAL =CE ?AT !RE=E MU/ LOSE ITS CLASS *>ACT] & BECOME ! SOCIAL PROP]TY ( EV]Y HUMAN BE+40 

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,SOCIALI/-,COLLECTIVISM & ,AN>*I/-,COMMUNISM 

,?IS NEW *>ACT]I/IC HAS NOT YET APPE>$ )9 ! ?\<T ( CLASSICAL DEMOCRACY1 :I*1 FOLL[+ 9 ! FOOT/EPS ( ,L$RU-,ROLL9 & ,MAZZ9I.<#b#i.>1 IS /ILL RAV+ AB\T ! ,UTOPIA ( AN IMPOSSIBLE ALLIANCE BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR1 AN IMPOSSIBLE H>MONY BETWE5 ! EXPLOIT$ & ! EXPLOIT]S4 ,SOCIALI/ PHILOSOPHY EXPRESS$ IT AS ! SOCIAL [N]%IP ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE4 

,SO1 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T REPRES5TS A PROGRESS OV] ! OLD DEMOCRATIC DOCTR9E1 :I* US$ TO LULL US TO SLEEP ) ITS OLD NURS]Y SONGS AB\T ALLIANCES & H>MONY4 

,SU* PROGRESS BECOMES MORE & MORE EVID5T AS ! HUGE PROLET>IAT ( ALL NATIONS1 CALL$ TO ACTION & 9SURRECTION BY ! NEW SOCIAL !ORIES1 9SPIRES & HA/5S ! SELECTIVE PROCESSES )9 ! SOCIALI/ P>TY ITSELF4 

,BECAUSE1 EV5 IF !RE IS NO DISAGREEM5T1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 ON ! MA9 PO9T 7! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE71 NOR ON ! ULTIMATE AIM 7! SOCIAL [N]%IP ( SU* MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE71 EV5 IF !RE IS NO DISAGREEM5T1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 AB\T ! MEANS NECESS>Y = ACCOMPLI%+ ! GREAT TRANS=MATION1 EV5 IF IT IS G5]ALLY AGRE$ ?AT ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE MU/ BE ! RESULT ( ! WORK]S' [N EF=T & ?AT ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE CAN ONLY BE BR\<T AB\T0444 BY ! VIOL5T DE/RUCTION ( ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD]S02 YET DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION & FRICTIONS WILL EM]GE1 %>P & NUMB]LESS AT EV]Y /EP1 JU/ AS SOON AS ONE PASSES FROM !ORY TO PRACTICE & EXP]IM5T1 AS SOON AS A HYPO!SIS IS PUT =? CONC]N+ ! RELATIONS ?AT MI<T B9D TOGE!R ! DWELL]S ( ! HAPPY CITY ?AT ! REVOLUTION WILL ]ECT UPON ! RU9S ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4 

,SO1 AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S ,ASSOCIATION1 :5 ! PROBLEM >OSE ( H[ TO TRANSLATE ! G5]IC =MULA 'SOCIAL [N]%IP' ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE 9TO T]MS DESCRIB+ ) PRECISION :AT EV]YONE WANT$1 MANY SAID 'COLLECTIVISM'1 MANY O!RS 'COMMUNISM'1 SOME SAID ! 'SOCIALI/ /ATE' & O!RS WANT$ 'AN>*Y'2 SOME PREF]R$ 'CONQUE/ ( P[]' & SOME 'SOCIAL REVOLUTION'4 

,H5CE1 DISAGREEM5T OV] ! ECONOMIC & ! POLITICAL AIMS1 DISAGREEM5T AB\T ! MEANS ( PROPAG&A & ACTION4 ,& WE HAVE ALREADY PO9T$ \T ?AT ! 9ITIAL DISAGREEM5TS BECAME 9 TIME IRRECONCILABLE ANTAGONISMS4 

,! TWO MA9 OPPOS+ S*OOLS W]E 9 P]FECT AGREEM5T AB\T ! ILLEGITIMACY ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & 9 FAVOR ( SOCIALIZ+ ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE1 &1 TOGE!R1 !Y BR\<T 9TO ! /RUGGLES = ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION A NEW CONCEPT & BR\<T 9TO ! CONT9UUM ( EVOLUTION>Y PH5OM5A A MORE PROGRESSIVE PHASE4 ,N[ ! PROBLEM IS TO F9D \T IF & TO :AT EXT5T EA* ( ! TWO S*OOLS HAS REMA9$ FAI?FUL TO ?IS NOTION ( PROGRESS IMM$IATELY FOLL[+ ! P]IOD ( BROAD G5]ALIZATIONS2 IF1 9 !IR HURRY TO APPLY PR9CIPLES TO REALITY1 EA* HAS RETA9$ ANY1 & H[ MU*1 ( ! OLD SY/EMS CONDEMN$ BY HI/ORY1 CRITICISM & REASON2 H[ MU* DOES EA* ONE ( !M C>RY ALONG ?AT IS 9]T1 DEAD1 OR ,UTOPIAN2 &1 F9ALLY1 :I* ( !M IS 5TITL$ TO SPEAK 9 ! NAME ( LIFE & ( ! FUTURE4 

,N[ ?OSE :O SAID 'COLLECTIVISM'1 MEANT SOCIALIZATION LIMIT$ TO ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE4 0,WE DO NOT WANT TO ABOLI% 9 ANY MANN] ! PRIVATE APPROPRIATION ( ! PRODUCT ( LABOR444 :AT WE WANT TO ABOLI% IS ! WRET*$ WAY APPROPRIATION IS DONE1 :]EBY ! WORK] LIVES ONLY TO 9CREASE CAPITAL & LIVES ONLY SO LONG AS & BECAUSE ! 9T]E/ ( ! RUL+ CLASS DEM&S IT04 

,?IS SAME ?\<T WAS EXPRESS$ EV5 ) MORE PRECISION BY ,&REA ,CO/A1.<#c.> AFT] HIS CONV]SION TO P>LIAM5T>Y SOCIALISM4 ,AT ! ,ITALIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ,CONGRESS 9 ,MANTUA1 ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#f1 #a#h#h#f1 HE DEF9$ COLLECTIVISM AS 0444 COMMUNALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 RES]V+ = ! 9DIVIDUAL AS PRIVATE PROP]TY HIS WORK'S PRODUCTION1 ?US ASSUR+ ! RI<TS ( ! COMMUNITY1 ON ONE SIDE1 & ?OSE ( ! WORK]1 ON ! O!R40 

,9 HIS ,QU9TESS5CE ( ,SOCIALISM ,%AFFLE SAID ! SAME ?+ ) LESS CL>ITY BUT MORE EXPLICITLY3 0,SUB/ITUT+ COLLECTIVE = PRIVATE CAPITAL MEANS ?AT1 9/EAD ( ! SY/EM ( PRIVATE PRODUCTION1 !RE IS A SY/EM BAS$ ON ! COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,BESIDES OBTA9+ A MORE UNIFI$1 A MORE SOCIAL1 A MORE COLLECTIVE ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 ?IS SY/EM ( PRODUCTION W\LD ELIM9ATE DAY-TO-DAY COMPETITION2 IT W\LD PLACE ?AT P>T ( PRODUCTION :I* IS SUSCEPTIBLE TO COLLECTIVE OP]ATION UND] ! DIRECTION ( PR(ESSIONAL 5TITIES & CORPORATIONS1 & W\LD ALSO DIRECT ! DIVISION OR DI/RIBUTION ( ! COLLECTIVE PRODUCTS ACCORD+ TO ! SOCIAL VALUE ( EA* WORK]'S LABOR40.<#c#a.> 

,!N1 IT IS CLE> ?AT 9 COLLECTIVISM1 ! SOCIALIZATION ( PROP]TY -- ! NEW TRAIT ?AT ELEVATES SOCIALI/ ?\<T & MOVEM5T TO A LEVEL ( PROGRESS UNKN[N TO ALL PREC$+ !ORIES & S*OOLS -- IS LIMIT$ TO ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 :ILE IT RES]VES = ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK] ALL RI<TS TO ! FRUITS ( HIS WORK4 

,! COLLECTIVI/ PREMISE ( SOCIALIZ+ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION IS REVOLUTION>Y 9S(> AS IT DISPLACES ALL ! OLD RELATIONS1 ALL ! OLD =MS &1 9 SO DO+1 C\NT]S PRIVATE PROP]TY ) COLLECTIVE SOCIAL [N]%IP ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT IT REMA9S ! CONS]VATOR ( ! OLD ABSURD IRRATIONAL B\RGEOIS CRIT]ION ( COMP5SATION1 9SOMU* AS IT REGULATES EV]YONE'S %>E ( ! PRODUCTS ( COMMON WORK1 EV5 IF SU* COMP5SATION %\LD BE EXT5D$ TO ! F9AL PRODUCT ( EA* ONE'S WORK4 

,( C\RSE1 ! CONCLUSION ?AT SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM D]IVES FROM ITS REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALIZATION ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION IS IRRATIONAL1 ABSURD & ,UTOPIAN1 BECAUSE IT DOES NOT RESOLVE ! POLITICAL PROBLEM ( EQUALITY & FRE$OM2 BECAUSE IT CONFIRMS1 RA!R ?AN REMOVES1 ! HYPO!SIS ( ! ,/ATE1 AGA9/ :I* ! SOCIALI/ CRITIQUE HAS /RUGGL$ = HALF A C5TURY2 BECAUSE IT IS NOT SUPPORT$ BY A LOGICAL & POSITIVE CRIT]ION2 BECAUSE IT WILL NEV] F9D PRACTICAL MEANS ( EXPLANATION1 UNLESS !Y >E BAS$ ON GROSS 9IQUITY1 /UPID PRIVILEGES1 /RID5T 9EQUALITIES & CONTRADICTIONS4 

,! DEMON/RATION IS IMPLICIT 9 ! V]Y =M ?AT COLLECTIVISM ASSUMES4 ,IT PROPOSES A SOCIETY BAS$ ON ! COMMON [N]%IP ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE & ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ONE'S [N WORK1 A =MULA :I* CREATES AN 9ITIAL 9EQUALITY ?AT W\LD TURN \T TO BE A ,P&ORA'S BOX1 \T ( :I* W\LD COME ALL K9DS ( RIVALRIES1 HATR$S1 & COMPETITIONS1 WORSE & DEADLI] ?AN ! SOCIAL 9EQUALITIES EXI/+ 9 \R TIMES4 

,! SOCIALI/S SAY ?AT EA* WILL RECEIVE ! VALUE ( EA* ONE'S WORK FROM ! PRODUCT ( ! COLLECTIVE WORK4 ,BUT WE KN[1 EV5 N[1 ?AT 9TELLIG5CE1 /R5G?1 ACTIVITY1 APTITUDE & PHYSICAL CAPABILITY V>Y FROM P]SON TO P]SON1 SO ?AT ! QUANTITY & QUALITY ( !IR PRODUCTION IS B\ND TO V>Y FROM P]SON TO P]SON1 & EA* WORK] WILL BE 5TITL$ TO RECEIVE A DIFF]5T QUOTA ( ! PRODUCT4 ,?US1 IT HAS TO BE ADMITT$ ?AT ! CITIZ5S ( ! COLLECTIVI/ CITY WILL SATISFY !IR NE$S 9 AN UNEQUAL MEASURE1 S9CE IT APPE>S OBVI\S ?AT ?OSE :O PRODUCE MORE & BETT] WILL BE 5TITL$ TO RECEIVE MORE ( ! PRODUCT ( ! SOCIAL WORK ?AN ! UNLUCKY ONES :O1 BE+ LESS /RONG & LESS CAPABLE1 WILL PRODUCE LESS OR ) MORE /R5U\S EF=T4 

,& ONE WILL HAVE TO ADMIT1 WILL+LY OR NOT1 ?AT ?IS IS ! FIR/ ABSURDITY1 ! FIR/ 9EQUALITY & ! FIR/ 9JU/ICE4 

,AN ABSURDITY1 BECAUSE NO LABOR UNION1 W]E IT ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T & BOLD )9 9T]NATIONAL COLLECTIVISM1 WILL EV] F9D ! /&>D ) :I* TO EVALUATE ! EF=T & ! /RA9 :I* ITS MEMB]S -- V>Y+ & DIFF]5TLY DEVELOP$ -- >E =C$ TO EX]T 9 ORD] TO GIVE !IR NECESS>Y CONTRIBUTION TO ! COLLECTIVE PRODUCTION4 ,NOR WILL IT F9D ! MEANS TO EVALUATE ! RAW MANUAL LABOR REQUIR+ A M9IMAL EF=T FROM A /RONG1 9TELLIG5T Y\NG MAN1 BUT CAUS+ GREAT PA9 = A WEAK1 LESS 9TELLIG5T1 & AWKW>D P]SON :O1 NEV]!LESS1 WILL BE CALL$ TO %[ ! TOTAL ( HIS WORK DONE BE=E HE OP5S ! ACC\NT ( HIS NE$S4 ,BEYOND %E] MANUAL LABOR1 IT WILL BE EV5 H>D] TO DET]M9E ! VALUE ( ! WAGES DUE = WORK LESS MEASURABLE 9 ITS NATURE & 9 ITS PROCESSES1 BUT NO LESS USEFUL 9 ITS RESULTS -- :51 = 9/ANCE1 ONE MU/ DET]M9E ! USE VALUE ( ,PASCAL'S !OREM1 OR ( ,NEWTON'S LAW ( GRAVITATION1 OR ( ,M>CONI'S WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY4.<#c#b.>  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,EV5 IF ?IS IMPOSSIBLE EVALUATION CRIT]ION W]E F\ND1 ! 9JU/ICE W\LD NOT BE LESS EVID5T & REAL4 ,?OSE :O BY NATURE OR A =TUNATE 5VIRONM5T HAVE BE5 5D[$ ) A P[]FUL BODY1 OR A %>P M9D1 OR ) A MORE PRON\NC$ DISPOSITION TO UND]TAKE ANY DIFFICULT 5DEAVOR1 WILL BE ABLE TO PRODUCE ABUNDANTLY )\T EF=T1 )\T PA91 :ILE HE :O HAS RECEIV$ FROM AN UNJU/ NATURE OR A LESS =TUNATE 5VIRONM5T A FEEBL] BODY1 A LESS] M9D1 OR LESS V>I$ APTITUDES1 WILL PRODUCE ) PA9 & 9 SMALL] QUANTITIES4 

,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT1 IF !RE HAS TO BE SOME CONSID]ATION1 ?IS %\LD BE 9 FAVOR ( ?OSE :O >C BEL[ AV]AGE1 BECAUSE !IR NE$S >E MORE NUM]\S & MORE URG5T1 NE$S ?AT >E LESS NUM]\S & LESS PRESS+ 9 HEAL?Y & NORMAL PEOPLE1 :O F9D PLEASURE & SATISFACTION 9 !IR WORK4 

,CONTR>IWISE1 ) A ,MAL?USIANISM ?AT C\LDN'T BE MORE IDIOTIC OR F]OCI\S1 COLLECTIVISM RES]VES = ! LESS-5D[$ ALL ! PA9S ( A SOCIAL HELL2 & IT ASSURES ?OSE :O HAD FROM NATURE ALL ! BLESS+S ( 9TELLIG5CE & ! ABILITY TO P]=M A GREAT V>IETY ( WORK1 ALL ! JOYS ( LIFE FROM ! BEG9N+4 

,?US1 FROM ! M>RIAGE ( ! ABSURD ) 9JU/ICE1 WE HAVE SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM RECONSECRAT+ ! DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9 TWO CLASSES3 ! CLASS ( ! /RONG1 ( ! QUICK1 ( ! =TUNATE TO :OM ALL SATISFACTIONS >E GU>ANTE$2 & ! CLASS ( ! FEEBLE1 ! SL[1 ! 9EPT :OSE P]PETUAL 9H]ITANCE WILL BE DEPRIVATIONS1 DISGRACE & POV]TY4 

,HATR$1 RIVALRY & UNHEAL?Y JEAL\SY WILL SPR+ FROM ! UNEQUAL PRIVATE [N]%IP ( LABOR'S PRODUCT 9 A MORE FURI\S WAY ?AN ?OSE 9EQUALITIES ?AT >E FOM5T$ 9 \R TIMES BY ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE4 

,EV5 N[1 SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM =SEES SU* 9EQUALITY & ! CONSEQU5T DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO TWO 5EMY CLASSES2 & IT TRIES TO AVOID IT BY MEANS ( A /ATE ADM9I/RATION1 CREAT$ TO SUP]VISE PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION & TO REE/ABLI%1 :]E NECESS>Y1 ! SOCIAL EQUILIBRIUM :]E IMP]IL$ OR DI/URB$ BY ! SOCIAL 9EQUALITIES4 

,TRUE1 ! COLLECTIVI/S HA/5 TO ADD ?AT ! NEW ,/ATE W\LD HAVE M]E ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS & ?AT1 KEEP+ AN EYE ON ?+S1 IT W\LD SCRUPUL\SLY AB/A9 FROM BE+ A RUL] ( M54 ,BUT ! MORE OR?ODOX EXPON5TS ( SOCIALI/ COLLECTIVISM1 LIKE ,MORG>I1 >E >IS+ AGA9/ ?IS OBLIQUE SOPHISM4 ,HE WRITES1 0,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO UND]/& :AT ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 GOV]NM5T ( PEOPLE & MANAGEM5T ( ?+S C\LD MEAN 9 PRACTICE4 ,9 \R TIMES ! ,/ATE DOES BO?3 IT GOV]NS ! CITIZ5S & MANAGES DIRECTLY ONE-FIF? ( ! C\NTRY'S WEAL?4 ,EQUALLY1 UND] SOCIALISM1 WE W\LD HAVE ! MANAGEM5T ( ?+S & ! GOV]NM5T ( ! PEOPLE1 & !SE W\LD BE B\ND BY LAW TO EV5 MORE SOCIAL DUTIES1 BO? 9 NUMB] & 9 DEP?1 ?AN !RE >E TODAY04.<#c#c.> 

,AS OPPOS$ TO A B\RGEOIS REGIME1 :I*1 9 SPITE ( ITS CON/ITUTIONAL LIES1 IS ! RULE ( A M9ORITY OV] ! MAJORITY1 SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM MAY BE ! RULE ( ! MAJORITY OV] ! M9ORITY1 &1 EV5 SUPPOS+ ?AT IT MI<T BE A MITIGAT$ =M ( TYRANNY1 IT W\LD /ILL REPRES5T A D5IAL ( FRE$OM1 SO MU* SO1 ?AT ! SAME ,MORG>I1 :O =ESEES MAN >M$ ) $UCATION & ! VOTE1 BUT CONTROLL$ BY SOCIAL COV5ANTS2 IE LAWS ?AT ! MAJORITY WILL APPROVE FROM TIME TO TIME1 IS =C$ TO ADMIT ?AT COLLECTIVISM WILL1 ( NECESSITY1 MA9TA9444 ! AU?ORIT>IAN PR9CIPLE2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! CO]CIVE MEANS REGULAT+ LABOR & O!R SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 & ?AT !RE=E COLLECTIVISM IS A L[] /AGE ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION COMP>$ TO AN>*ISM4 

,IT HAD TO BE JU/ \R GOOD OLD ,M]L9O TO V9DICATE ! *>M ( SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM AMONG ! WOOLLY-M9D$ & TO REHABILITATE ITS REPUTATION AMONG ! MASSES AS ! ULTIMATE /AGE ( ! SOCIAL PROGRESS 9 COMP>ISON TO1 & MU* TO ! CONFUSION & MORTIFICATION (1 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,MEAN:ILE1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! TORTU\S & CONTRADICTORY PREMISE ( COMMON [N]%IP ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE -- TEMP]$ BY ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! PRODUCT ( ONE'S [N LABOR -- ?AT IS WAV$ AB\T BY SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM1 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM BEG9S ) TWO LOGICAL T]MS MU* MORE CORRELATIVE & POSITIVE3 ! COMMON [N]%IP ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE1 & ! EQUAL RI<T ( ALL TO RECEIVE FROM ! TOTAL PRODUCTION ( COLLECTIVE WORK ACCORD+ TO HIS OR H] NE$S4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT FROM A REVOLUTION>Y PREMISE 7SOCIALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION7 COLLECTIVISM DRAWS A REACTION>Y CONCLUSION 7COMP5SATION ACCORD+ TO ONE'S WORK RA!R ?AN ACCORD+ TO ONE'S NE$S7 & REE/ABLI%ES )9 ! COLLECTIVI/ CITY ! SAME ECONOMIC & POLITICAL 9EQUALITIES1 ALL ! OLD & DISCR$IT$ LEGAL & MORAL RELATIONS4 ,9/EAD1 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM FROM A REVOLUTION>Y PREMISE 7COMMON [N]%IP ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE7 DRAWS A CONCLUSION EQUALLY REVOLUTION>Y3 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS OR H] NE$S1 :I* %IFTS1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! AXIS ( ALL ! OLD RELATION%IPS1 LEGAL1 POLITICAL & MORAL1 &1 9 SO DO+1 PROCLAIMS A NEW IDEA1 REVEAL+ ALSO 9 ! E?ICAL & ! POLITICAL FIELD1 ! NEW TRAIT1 ! PLUS MISS+ UNTIL MO/ REC5TLY1 :I* WILL BE ! EMBRYO ( ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD ?AT WILL ASS]T ! UNGOV]NABILITY ( MAN1 AUTONOMY & AN>*Y4 

,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 9 %UNN+ ! ABSURD & >BITR>Y NOTION ( COMP5SATION 7:I*1 TOGE!R ) ITS OPPOSITE POLES1 REW>D & PUNI%M5T1 REPRODUCES 9 ! COLLECTIVI/ WORLD ! CA?OLIC CONTRA/ BETWE5 VISE & VIRTUE1 ! CA?OLIC PR$E/9ATION TO HEAV5 OR HELL1 ACCORD+ TO :E!R ITS FUTURE CITIZ5S REVEAL !MSELVES GOOD OR BAD AT ! NECESS>Y TASK ( PRODUCTION71 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM REJECTS ! ,UTOPIA1 ! 9COH]5CE1 & ! 9JU/ICE IMPLICIT 9 ! COLLECTIVI/ PRET5SE ( MEASUR+ ! EF=T & ! 5]GY ( EA* WORK] 9 ORD] TO COMP5SATE HIM OR H] ACCORD+ TO ! USE-VALUE ( HIS OR H] LABOR1 &1 9 SO DO+1 IT RESOLVES ! PROBLEM ( EA* & EV]YONE'S %>+ ! PRODUCT ( ! COLLECTIVE WORK1 )\T >BITR>Y LIMITATIONS1 )\T ODI\S CONTROLS1 )\T (F5SE TO JU/ICE OR LIB]TY4 

,LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM DOES NOT FEEL ?AT ! RI<TS & LIMITS ( SU* P>TICIPATION %\LD BE DICTAT$ BY M]IT OR DEM]IT1 BY ! GREAT] OR LESS] APTITUDE & PRODUCTIVITY ( ! S+LE WORK]4 ,IT %\LD BE 9SPIR$ BY ! UNSUPPRESSIBLE RI<T ( EA* ORGANISM TO GO ALL ! WAY & UND] ! BE/ POSSIBLE CONDITIONS 9 ITS ASC5T FROM ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y TO SUP]IOR & MORE COMPLEX =MS2 IT %\LD BE ! UNSUPPRESSIBLE RI<T ( EV]Y P]SON TO GR[1 TO DEVELOP HIS FACULTIES 9 EV]Y WAY1 TO A*IEVE HIS FULL & 9TEGRAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,N[1 ?IS ASC5T ( ! ORGANISM FROM A RUDIM5T>Y TO A FULLY DEVELOP$ /ATE IS M>K$ BY A S]IES ( EV]-MORE1 GR[+ & V>I$ NE$S CLAIM+ SATISFACTION1 & ITS PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T RESULTS FROM ! MORE OR LESS COMPLETE SATISFACTION ( ?OSE NUMB]LESS & 9F9ITELY DIV]SE NE$S4 

,! NEWBORN BABY1 :O AT HIS FIR/ CONTACT ) AIR & LI<T PROTE/S ) HIS FIR/ CRY1 W>NS US ?AT ! *ANGE ( TEMP]ATURE IS TOO SUDD5 & ?AT HE CANNOT ADAPT HIMSELF TO ! NEW 5VIRONM5T )\T DANG]1 )\T PA91 & )\T MANY PRECAUTIONS4 ,! NEWLY-DELIV]$ MO!R1 :O EV5 9 ! L[] /AGES ( ! ANIMAL K+DOM HAS =ESE5 !SE DANG]S1 HAS S(T5$ ! NE/ ) ! F9E/ FEA!RS OR HAIR1 PULL$ TUFT AFT] TUFT FROM H] [N A*+ BOSOM1 & WILL COV] H] (FSPR+ ) H] W>M BODY AS SOON AS IT HAS BE5 BORN 9 ORD] TO PROTECT IT FROM ! RUDE FONDL+S ( ! W9D & ( ! SUN4 

,IT IS ! FIR/ /EP1 SIGNAL$ BY ! URG5CY ( PURELY ANIMAL1 PURELY PHYSIOLOGICAL NE$S4 ,BUT1 ONCE \T ( ! NE/1 ONCE \T ( ! CRADLE1 ! NEW CITIZ5 /UMBLES UPON A :OLE *A9 ( EXP]I5CES1 EA* ONE MORE *ALL5G+ ?AN ! LA/1 CALL+ ON NEW ORGANS ?AT HAVE NOT BE5 US$ BE=E OR HAVE BE5 NEGLECT$1 TO MOVE & TO FUNCTION 9 ORD] TO GA9 SUCCESSES & VICTORIES1 TO W>D (F DANG]S1 TO S5SE SATISFACTIONS1 & TO ATTA9 ! 5JOYM5T !Y PROMISE4 

,IT IS A :OLE S]IES ( PSY*OLOGICAL NE$S ?AT DEM& SATISFACTION ?R\< ?IS /ORM-LIKE ACTIVITY2 IT IS AN 5DLESS S]IES ( :YS81 P]SI/5TLY CURI\S & =TUNATELY 9EXHAU/IBLE1 ) :I* *ILDR5 EXASP]ATE US4 ,9 SO DO+ !Y LET US KN[ !IR NE$ TO UND]/&1 TO KN[1 TO LE>N1 & WE TRY TO SATISFY ?AT NE$ ) \R P]SONAL KN[L$GE1 ) S*OOLS & BOOKS1 ) ! $UCATIONAL WORK :I* REFLECTS & EPITOMIZES ! H]ITAGE ( EXP]I5CE >DU\SLY ACCUMULAT$ DUR+ C5TURIES ( SUFF]+S & MI/AKES4 

,ANO!R /EP4 ,O!RS WILL FOLL[ LAT]4 ,BUT ! MORE WE ADVANCE1 ! MORE COMPLICAT$ & EXT5SIVE BECOMES ! S]IES ( NE$S1 :I* IS ! 9DEX ( ! PROGRESS REALIZ$ BY ! 9DIVIDUAL AS WELL AS ! COMMUNITY4 ,A F>M] :O LIVES 9 AN ,ALP9E VALLEY1 9 ! PRES5T CONDITIONS ( HIS DEVELOPM5T1 MAY HAVE SATISFI$ ALL HIS NE$S--EAT51 DRUNK1 & RE/$ TO HIS HE>T'S CONT5T2 :ILE A WORK] :O LIVES 9 ,LONDON1 9 ,P>IS1 OR 9 ,B]L91 MAY WILL+LY GIVE UP A QU>T] ( HIS SAL>Y & SEV]AL H\RS ( HIS RE/1 9 ORD] TO SATISFY A :OLE CATEGORY ( NE$S TOTALLY UNKN[N TO ! F>M] /R&$ AMONG ! GORGES ( ! ,ALPS OR ! PEAKS ( ! ,AP5N9E M\NTA9S -- TO SP5D AN H\R ( 9T5SE & MOV+ LIFE AT ! !AT]1 AT ! MUSEUM OR AT ! LIBR>Y1 TO BUY A REC5TLY PUBLI%$ BOOK OR ! LATE/ ISSUE ( A NEWSPAP]1 TO 5JOY A P]=MANCE ( ,WAGN] OR A LECTURE AT ! ,SORBONNE4 

,S9CE !SE NE$S V>Y1 NOT ONLY ACCORD+ TO TIME & PLACE1 BUT ALSO ACCORD+ TO ! TEMP]AM5T1 DISPOSITION & DEVELOPM5T ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ONLY HE OR %E :O EXP]I5CES & FEELS !M IS 9 A POSITION TO APPRECIATE !M & TO MEASURE ADEQUATELY ! SATISFACTION !Y MAY GIVE4 

,!RE=E1 9 DRAW+ ! MEASURE ( EA* P]SON'S %>E 9 ! TOTAL SOCIAL PRODUCTION FROM NE$1 FROM ! COMPLEX & 9F9ITE NE$S ( EA* ORGANISM1 RA!R ?AN FROM ! SOCIAL USE-VALUE ( EA* ONE'S LABOR1 AN>*I/-COMMUNISM IS 9SPIR$ NOT ONLY BY A LOGICAL MOTIVE1 BUT ALSO BY AN EM95TLY PRACTICAL CRIT]ION ( EQUALITY & JU/ICE4 

,! V]Y B\RGEOIS OBJECTION ?AT ! TOTAL PRODUCTION IS 9SUFFICI5T = ! FULL SATISFACTION ( EV]YBODY'S NE$S BELONGS TO ?OSE OBJECTIONS :I* HAVE BE5 TRIUMPHANTLY DEFEAT$ BY ! SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVI/S AS WELL AS BY ! AN>*I/-COMMUNI/S4 ,FUR!RMORE1 !Y >E EV5 N[ EASILY DEFEAT$1 DAILY1 ON ! BASIS ( UND5IABLE FACTS ALIGN$ 9 OPPOSITION TO ALL LAUDATORES TEMPORIS NO/RI1.<?OSE :O PRAISE \R TIMES 7IE ! 'GOOD OLD DAYS'7.>4 

,!RE IS NO REASON1 !RE=E1 TO REPEAT H]E = ! ?\S&? LIME ! SAME REFUTATION4 .<,L4 ,GALLEANI2 :O GREATLY ADMIR$ ,KROPOTK91 WAS PROBABLY REF]R+ TO HIS MANY WRIT+S ON ?IS TOPIC2 EG ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD1 ,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM1 ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS.>4 

,AS ! WAYS & MEASURE ( ! SATISFACTION ( NE$S V>Y FROM P]SON TO P]SON1 ACCORD+ TO !IR DEVELOPM5T & TO ! P>TICUL> 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* !Y LIVE1 :ILE ! RI<T TO SATISFY !M 9 ! MANN] :I* EA* P]SON1 ! SOLE JUDGE1 DEEMS CONV5I5T1 REMA9S EQUAL = ALL2EQUALITY & JU/ICE C\LD NOT RECEIVE A MORE REAL & S9C]E SANCTION ?AN ?AT :I* IS GIV5 BY ! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY4 ,ALL HAVE AN EQUAL RI<T TO LIVE A FULL LIFE -- ! /RONG & ! WEAK1 ! 9TELLIG5T & ! DULL1 ! CAPABLE & ! 9EPT2 &1 )\T REG>D TO ! CONTRIBUTION EA* ONE MAY HAVE GIV5 TO ! TOTAL PRODUCTION ( SOCIETY1 !Y ALL HAVE ! SAME RI<T TO SATISFY !IR NE$S & TO REA* ! SUP]IOR =MS ( HI<] DEVELOPM5T4 

0,BUT DOES ?IS AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ PREMISE TO FRE$OM1 TO 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY1 GIVE AN EQUALLY LOGICAL & TRU/WOR?Y W>RANTY8 ,SUPPOSE AMONG ! DWELL]S ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY !RE W]E SOME :O LIK$ TO DISSIPATE & REFUS$ TO DO ANY K9D ( WORK8 ,W\LDN'T Y\1 \T ( NECESSITY1 BE 9DUC$ TO COMPEL !M TO DO SOME?+8 ,W\LDN'T ?AT MEAN ! RETURN ( AU?ORITY ) ITS SAVAGE RET9UE ( CO]CIVE 9/ITUTIONS80 

,?IS OBJECTION IS LESS S]I\S ?AN IT MAY APPE> AT FIR/ SI<T4 ,FROM ! ECONOMIC RELATION%IPS RUL+ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY WE CAN D$UCE ! CAUSES = :I* SOME REFUSE TO WORK AT C]TA9 K9DS ( LABOR & = :I* A FEW REFUSE TO DO ANY WORK AT ALL4 

,AT PRES5T1 WORK HAS A S]VILE *>ACT]2 IT IS NOT *OS5 FREELY ACCORD+ TO ONE'S APTITUDES2 IT DOES NOT GIVE ANY SATISFACTION :ATEV]1 MAT]IAL OR MORAL2 IT (F]S ONLY RISKS1 DEPRIVATIONS1 HUMILIATIONS2 IT IS UNC]TA91 PA9FUL1 EXCESSIVE1 PAID 9 9V]SE PROPORTION TO ITS DURATION- IT IS S\<T RELUCTANTLY1 EXECUT$ ) DISGU/2 IT IS 5DUR$1 9 %ORT1 AS A PUNI%M5T1 AS A CURSE4 ,! AV]SIONS IT >\SES AT ! PRES5T TIME >E UND]/&ABLE AS IS UND]/&ABLE ! HORROR ) :I* WORK1 ?IS 9EVITABLE CONDITION ( LIFE1 IS LOOK$ AT BY ! UN=TUNATES :O BE> ON !IR FACES1 ON !IR EYES1 ON !IR TORTUR$ FLE%1 ! /IGMA ( ALL ! AB]RATIONS & DEG5]ATIONS CAUS$ BY C5TURIES ( SLAV]Y1 ( DEPRIVATIONS1 ( POV]TY1 ( GRIEF1 ( BRUTALITY -- ALL COMPRESS$ 9TO A /ATE ( >RE/$ DEVELOPM5T1 :I* MAKES !M 9CAPABLE ( ANY F]TILE FUNCTION OR ( ANY ORIG9AL ACTION4 

,H[EV]1 TRANSPLANT ?AT RICKETY PROG5Y ( SCL]OTICS1 DRUNK>DS1 >?RITICS & PRO/ITUTES TO A HEAL?I] SOCIAL CLIMATE1 TO A WORLD ( EQUALS :]E PRODUCTION IS RUL$ BY COLLECTIVE 9T]E/1 NOT BY :IM & SPECULATION2 :]E IT IS LIMIT$ TO :AT IS NECESS>Y & PLEASANT1 EXCLUD+ ALL ?AT IS /UPID1 USELESS1 OR H>MFUL1 FROM MIS]'S SAFES TO MON/R\S BATTLE%IPS2 MAKE ROOM )9 ! RANKS ( R$EEM+ LABOR = ALL ! 5]GIES ?AT N[ LIE /AGNANT1 TRICK$ BY ALL K9DS ( LIES & FRAUDS1 BY ALL ! EVIL DO+S ( USURY1 9QUISITION & MURD] -- 9 MONA/]IES1 B>RACKS1 JAILS1 9 ! 5DLESS CIRCLES ( BUREAUCRACY2 LOOK AT ! PROGRESS ( ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S1 & CALCULATE ! PROGRESS ?AT IS B\ND TO TAKE PLACE DUR+ ! NEXT FIFTY YE>S ?R\< ! APPLICATION ( SCI5CE TO 9DU/RY2 OP5 TO EV]YONE ! !AT]S & ! S*OOLS1 ! GYMNASIUMS & ! ACADEMIES2 LET !RE BE AIR & BREAD = EV]YONE1 SUN & JOY1 LIFE & LOVE -- & !N TELL US IF WORK1 %ORT 9 H\RS1 V>I$ 9 K9D1 FREELY *OS5 BY EV]Y WORK] ACCORD+ TO HIS [N PREF]5CE1 9 :OM SECURITY ( 9TELLECTUAL & PHYSICAL LIFE WILL HAVE ACCUMULAT$ & KEPT ALIVE ALL K9DS ( 5]GY2 TELL US !N1 IF ANY ONE WILL REFUSE TO P>TICIPATE 9 A WORK :I* HAS BECOME A S\RCE ( JOY TO ! SPIRIT1 A PHYSIOLOGICAL NECESSITY & A UNIV]SALLY ACKN[L$G$ CONDITION ( LIFE & ( UNIV]SAL PROGRESS4 

,EV]YONE WILL WORK ACCORD+ TO ONE'S APTITUDES & 5]GIES4 

0,ANO!R IF1 AS USUAL0 -- :ISP]S A /UBBORN DISS5T]444 )\T ?9K+ ?AT HIS OBJECTION 7?AT !RE WILL ALWAYS BE SOMEBODY1 9 ! NEW SOCIETY1 UNWILL+ TO WORK7 IS1 AGA91 A SUPPOSITION -- ) ?IS DIFF]5CE2 H[EV]1 IT LACKS ! POSITIVE & SCI5TIFIC BASIS :I* SUPPORTS ! AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ PR$ICTION4 

,LET US MAKE S5SE4 ,9]TIA IS ! PROP]TY :]EBY AN OBJECT P]SI/S 9 ! /ATE 9 :I* IT F9DS ITSELF UNLESS & UNTIL AN \TSIDE CAUSE OP]ATES ON IT1 BUT NOBODY HAS EV] ?\<T TO DEF9E IT OR IMAG9E IT AS A CESSATION ( ACTIVITY 9 MATT]4 ,IT W\LD BE NONS5SE4 

,?US1 IT W\LD BE NONS5SE TO SUPPOSE ?AT BLOOD REFUSES TO CIRCULATE1 ! HE>T REFUSES TO BEAT1 ! BRA9 TO FEEL & REFLECT1 ?AT ALL ! BODY ORGANS COLLECTIVELY REVOLT AGA9/ !IR RESPECTIVE FUNCTIONS4 ,IT W\LD BE DEA?4 

,BUT SO LONG AS ! CON/ANT PROCESSES ( ASSIMILATION1 ( ELIM9ATION1 ( N\RI%M5T ( REPLACEM5T1 ( DEVELOPM5T1 ( REPRODUCTION1 ( DECREASE -- :I* >E ! CONDITION & *>ACT] ( \R LIFE -- TAKE PLACE 9 \R BODY1 ALL \R VITAL 5]GIES WILL BE ACTIVE4 

,\R OPPON5TS >E OBSESS$ BY ! MANY & PR(\ND P]V]SIONS ) :I* ! REGIME ( AU?ORITY & PRIVATE PROP]TY -- ! REGIME ( EXPLOITATION ( M5 BY O!R M5 -- HAS CORRUPT$ EV]Y E?ICAL HUMAN RELATION & S5TIM5T4 ,&1 =GETT+ OR NEGLECT+ ! FACT ?AT MAN1 HIS PROGRESS1 HIS 9TELLIG5CE & HIS MORALITY >E 9TIMATELY RELAT$ TO ! 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* HE LIVES1 !Y MAY FE> ?AT MANY ( ! CITIZ5S ( ! FUTURE CITY WILL FEEL ! /RONGE/ AV]SION = C]TA9 K9DS ( WORK1 & ?AT1 5C\RAG$ BY ! LACK ( ANY CO]CIVE =CE1 MAY REVOLT AGA9/ IT4 ,BUT ?IS IS AN OBJECTION ?AT RESOLVES ITSELF ?R\< EV]YBODY'S FRE$OM TO *OOSE ! JOB OR ! PR(ESSION1 ! OCCUPATION MO/ SUITABLE TO ONE'S [N CAPACITY OR 9CL9ATION4 

,IT CANNOT BE S]I\SLY >GU$ ?AT ! UNRULY P]SONS :O >E UNWILL+ TO WORK AT C]TA9 OCCUPATIONS WILL REFUSE TO WORK AT ANY JOB & WILL LET !MSELVES GO ADRIFT LIKE BRUTALIZ$ OPIUM SMOK]S1 OR LIKE ! BLESS$ ( ! BUDDHI/ ,NIRVANA1 ELIM9AT+ ANY & ALL ACTIVITIES BY ! TOTAL ANNIHILATION ( !IR [N SELVES4 

,TO SATISFY \R NE$S1 TO N\RI% \RSELVES PHYSICALLY & 9TELLECTUALLY1 MEANS ?AT WE MU/ ACCUMULATE A TREASURE ( /R5G?1 B5D ! >C ( \R 5]GY1 %>P5 ! SPUR ( \R WILL1 COMPEL \R VITAL EXUB]ANCE TO SEEK 9 ACTION1 ANY ACTION1 ITS \TLET1 ITS EXHAU/ VALVE4 ,! Y\NG ONES :O1 REG>DLESS ( FATIGUE & DANG]S1 EXPOSE !IR Y\? EV]Y DAY TO ALL K9DS ( RISKS1 >E ! TRUE 9DEX ( ?AT EXUB]ANCE1 ( ?AT SELFLESS IMPETU\SNESS :I* IS NO?+ BUT ! RESULT ( ! EASY & CON/ANT PROCESS ( ASSIMILATION1 A PROCESS :I* 9 OLD PEOPLE -- :OSE BODY1 HAV+ REA*$ ITS MAXIMUM DEVELOPM5T1 BEG9S TO DECL9E -- BECOMES SL[1 PA9FUL1 FAULT+1 B>ELY SUFFICI5T TO CONS]VE ! FAIL+ 5]GY1 ! /IFF5+ ACTIVITY1 ! SLIPP+ LIFE4 ,IT IS ! /RUGGLE ( EXUB]ANCE AGA9/ DET]IORATION3 ! =M] IS ALTRUISM1 FE>LESSNESS1 SELFLESSNESS1 G5]OSITY2 ! LATT] IS EGOISM1 MEANNESS1 CALCULATION1 FE>1 CONS]VATIVE DI/RU/4 

,9 ORD] TO BELIEVE 9 ! POSSIBILITY1 9 ! REALIZATION ( A SOCIETY )\T PRIVATE PROP]TY & )\T GOV]NM5T1 IT IS NOT NECESS>Y ?AT M5 BE ANGELS4 ,IT WILL BE 5\< ?AT ?IS SOCIETY BE CAPABLE ( SATISFY+ ! NE$S ( ALL ITS MEMB]S ON ! L& :I* HAS BECOME AGA9 ! GREAT MO!R ( US ALL1 MADE F]TILE BY HUMAN LABOR1 R$EEM$ FROM ALL HUMILIATIONS & YOKES4 ,! B\RGEOIS1 :O >E 9 A POSITION TO SATISFY !SE NE$S 9 L>GE MEASURE >E ! BE/ WITNESSES TO ! FACT ?AT IF 5]GY CAN BE DIV]T$1 IT CANNOT BE CON/RA9$1 SO ?AT \R OPPON5TS FE>S ( 9]TIA & VAGRANCY >E PLA9LY ABSURD3 F5C+1 HORSEMAN%IP1 BOAT+1 MOTOR+1 M\NTA9-CLIMB+1 OCEANIC CRUIS+1 POLITICS1 DIPLOMACY1 PHILAN?ROPY1 TROPICAL & POL> EXP$ITIONS >E NO?+ BUT ! DIFF]5T ASPECTS1 PHYSICAL OR 9TELLECTUAL1 FRIVOL\S OR NOBLE1 ( ! 5]GY & VITAL EXUB]ANCE :I* BUR/ =? FROM ! FULL SATISFACTION ( NE$S 5JOY$ BY ! RUL+ CLASSES 

,:5 EV]YONE'S PHYSICAL1 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL NE$S >C FULLY SATISFI$1 WE %ALL HAVE 9 EV]Y HUMAN BE+ ! EXUB]ANCE ( 5]GY ?AT IS AT PRES5T ! EXCLUSIVE PRIVILEGE ( ! RUL+ CLASSES4 

,ONCE ! FIELD ( $UCATION1 ( SCI5CE & ( ! >TS -- N[ B>R$ TO ! MAJORITY ( MANK9D -- IS OP5$1 IT WILL BE FILL$ BY AN IMM5SE TORR5T ( GU%+ 5]GY1 SEEK+ \T ITS MO/ USEFUL FUNCTION1 ITS HI<E/ AIMS4 ,) ! FALL ( ! B>RI]S DIVID+ HUMANITY 9 CLASSES & ) ! JO9+ ( ALL HUMAN 9T]E/S 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! =CES ( NATURE & EXT]NAL ?REATS1 ! ASSOCIATION = /RUGGLE WILL BE A MU* MORE EFFECTIVE SUPPORT = CIVILIZATION1 PROGRESS1 & EVOLUTION ?AN IS ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE ) ITS SAVAGE DAILY COMPETITIONS4 

,?IS IS A LOGICAL D$UCTION1 SUPPORT$ BY 9CONTROV]TIBLE PRO(S1 & TO D5Y IT1 \R ADV]S>IES TAKE REFUGE BEH9D ! IRONIC PRESUMPTION ?AT1 9 ORD] TO LIVE )\T GOV]NM5T1 )\T PRIVATE PROP]TY & )\T MA/]S1 M5 WILL SUDD5LY HAVE TO HAVE W+S1 HALOS & ! S]APHIC GOODNESS ( MY?ICAL ANGELS4 

,BUT ! IDEAL IS HUMAN & M5 >E SUFFICI5T TO REALIZE IT4 

,AGA9/ ?IS UN%AKABLE BELIEF ( \RS 9 ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION & POLITICAL AUTONOMY1 \R ADV]S>IES MI<T OPPOSE ONLY ONE >GUM5T3 ?AT M5 DO NOT *ANGE1 ?AT 9 SPITE ( ANY PROGRESS1 ( ANY NOTICEABLE IMPROVEM5T ( 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL LIFE1 WORK]S WILL P]SI/ 9 BE+ SLAVES )\T DIGNITY1 F]OCI\S B>B>IANS1 DEG5]ATES DEPRIV$ ( CONSCI5CE1 9DEC5T IDL]S :O1 ?R\< ?\S&S ( YE>S ( PRIVILEGE & TYRANNY1 IGNORANCE & SUP]/ITION1 HAVE BE5 LOV+LY RAIS$ BY ! RUL+ OLIG>*IES4 

,BUT1 9 ?AT CASE1 \R ADV]S>IES W\LD BE ! ,UTOPIANS1 ! APO/LES & H]ALDS ( AN IMPOSSIBLE /ASIS1 9/EAD ( :I*1 WE1 )\T BE+ ,UTOPIANS1 )\T ACCEPT+ ! LEG5D ( ANGELS & DEMIGODS1 BELIEVE 9 ! UNCEAS+ EVOLUTION & ! CON/ANT PROGRESS ( PEOPLES & SOCIETY4 

,WE HAVE ELIM9AT$ ! VULG> OBJECTION ?AT ONCE \T ( ! 9F]NO ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY -- :]E WORK IS NOT FREELY ELECT$ ACCORD+ TO ! WORK]'S 9CL9ATIONS1 BUT IS IMPOS$ BY ! PRIVILEG$ 9T]E/S ( ! RUL+ CLASSES1 :]E NO SATISFACTION ( HIS MAT]IAL & MORAL NE$S IS ASSUR$ -- ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ONCE HAV+ ATTA9$1 ?R\< ! EPIC EV5TS ( ! EQUALIZ+ REVOLUTION1 ! FREE SOCIETY :]E HE CAN WORK1 ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITY1 AT ! TRADE HE HAS FREELY SELECT$1 UND] ! SOLE 9FLU5CE ( A CLE> CONSCI5CE ( HIS TASK1 & ) ! KN[L$GE ( ! G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ NECESSITY ( CONTRIBUT+ TO ! SECURITY & TO ! FULLNESS ( SOCIAL LIFE 9 :I* LIES ! GREATE/1 ! ONLY W>RANTY ( EV]YBODY'S SECURITY & FRE$OM71 & ONCE HAV+ RECEIV$ ! C]TA9TY ?AT ALL ( HIS PHYSICAL & 9TELLECTUAL NE$S WILL BE ADEQUATELY SATISFI$1 ?IS 9DIVIDUAL1 EV5 9 SPITE ( ! IRRESI/IBLE /IMULATIONS ( HIS PHYSIOLOGICAL EXUB]ANCE1 WILL DELIB]ATELY REFUSE TO WORK & BE TOTALLY USELESS4 ,WE HAVE REJECT$ ?IS VULG> OBJECTION & WE BELIEVE WE HAVE A*IEV$ ! MO/ 9T]E/+1 IF NOT ! MO/ DECISIVE1 P>T ( \R DEMON/RATION4 

,WE HAVE DEMON/RAT$ -- & WE BELIEVE ) SUCCESS -- TO \R SNE]+ ADV]S>IES1 AS WELL AS TO \R TIMID1 UNC]TA9 ALLIES1 ?AT ONCE ! FULL SATISFACTION ( EV]Y NE$ IS ASSUR$ TO EV]YONE1 ! HYPO!SIS ?AT EA* P]SON WILL SPONTANE\SLY *OOSE & EXECUTE HIS TASK ACCORD+ TO ! COLLECTIVE WELF>E & HIS [N ABILITY IS NOT ABSURD2 & ?AT1 !RE=E1 ! ASPIRATION TO A SOCIETY )\T MA/]S & )\T GOV]NM5T IS NEI!R ABSURD NOR ,UTOPIAN4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,AS PROPON5TS ( ! BROADE/ 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY1 WE HAVE %[N ?AT ?IS ABSOLUTE 9DEP5D5CE FROM ANY DOM9ATION BY EI!R A MAJORITY OR A M9ORITY1 FROM ANY HUMAN OPPRESSION1 CANNOT F9D A BETT] OR MORE VIGILANT SECURITY ?AN 9 AN>*I/-COMMUNISM3 UNLIMIT$ FRE$OM 9 ! SATISFACTION ( NE$S2 UNLIMIT$ FRE$OM 9 ! *OICE ( WORK4 

,EXCEPTIONAL CONDITIONS ( ! MOM5T OR ( ! SITUATION MI<T REQUIRE ?AT WE LIMIT \R 9CL9ATIONS AS WELL AS 9CREASE \R WORK4 ,9 ! FUTURE1 AS IT HAPP5S AT PRES5T1 MI<T WE NOT1 WE :O >E 9 GOOD HEAL?1 TI<T5 \R BELT A LITTLE 9 ORD] TO HELP PEOPLE AFFLICT$ BY AN EPIDEMIC ) FOOD & M$IC9E8 ,DO WE NOT1 EV5 N[1 IF A SUDD5 FIRE DEVELOPS ACT AS FIREM58444 ,AS NURSES1 IF AN EPIDEMIC OCCURS8444 ,AS DIGG]S 9 CASES ( FLOOD OR L&SLIDE8 ,& DOESN'T ?IS HAPP5 )\T COMM& OR CO]CION8444 ,)\T REG>D TO 9DIVIDUAL 9CL9ATIONS OR UNUSUAL RISKS8444 ,ALL ?IS IS ONLY 9 OB$I5CE TO ! VOICE SURG+ FROM ! DEP? ( EV]Y CONSCI5CE1 CALL+ 9 ! NAME ( LIFE1 ( PRES]VATION & SOLID>ITY ) ! SPECIES4 ,& IS NOT ?AT VOICE ! AUTOMATIC & IRRESI/IBLE /IMULUS TO ! HI<E/ & NOBLE/ ( \R ACTIONS8 

,& IS NOT ?AT CALL VALID8 ,IS IT NOT RECEIV$ ) AN \TBUR/ ( LOVE & CONC]N SU* AS HAS NEV] GREET$ A COMM&M5T ( GOD1 AN $ICT ( A K+1 A LAW ( P>LIAM5T8 

,LET !M CALL US ,UTOPIANS AS MU* AS !Y WANT -- ?OSE :O REMEMB] ONLY ONE PHRASE ( ,D>W9'S DOCTR9E & REVIVE1 UND] ! %9+ SUN ( ?IS TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ! MAXIM HOMO HOM9I LUPUS.<MAN IS WOLF TO MAN.>4 ,AS = US -- EV5 9 A SOCIETY :]E ! 9T]E/S ( ! SPECIES MI<T BE JO9$ TOGE!R = ! NOBLE/ /RUGGLE ( ALL1 ! ONE AGA9/ NATURE & ! 5VIRONM5T L& ?IS 'ASSOCIATION = ! /RUGGLE' WILL BE ! MA9 FACTOR ( FUTURE EVOLUTION7 -- WE CANNOT ACCEPT EV5 H]E ! DOM9ATION ( 9TELLECTUAL >I/OCRACY4 

,WE F9D ?IS DOM9ANCE 9 OLD AS WELL AS 9 CONTEMPOR>Y CIVILIZATIONS4 ,BAS$ ON PRIVILEGE & PROMPT$ BY ! WILDE/ COMPETITION1 IT TRIUMPHS & DELI<TS 9 IGNORANCE & 9 ! RESIGNATION1 FE> & UNIV]SAL SUBJECTION ?AT FOLL[4 ,9 ?IS CLIMATE ( PRIVILEGE1 ,MOSES & ,MOHAMM$ CAN LURE MILLIONS ( PEOPLE TO ANY ADORATION & SACRIFICE4 ,&1 JU/ AS EASILY1 ,GALILEO & ,BRUNO CAN BECOME ! VICTIMS ( !IR WRA?1 ( !IR CURSES & CONTEMPT4.<#c#d.> ,9 ?IS CLIMATE ( COMPETITION1 ,NOBEL & ,KRUPP.<#c#e.> CAN ASC5D ?R\< GOLD5 >*ES & CL\DS ( 9C5SE 9TO ! ,OLYMPUS ( NATIONAL H]OES1 :ILE ,GOR9I1 ,BOVIO & ,RECLUS CAN DIE ( />VATION.<#c#f.>4 

,!RE >E1 ON ONE H&1 A =TUNATE FEW DE/9$ BY *ANCE TO 5JOY EV]Y?+2 ON ! O!R1 A MULTITUDE ( \TCA/S CONDEMN$ BY ?OSE FEW TO EXP]I5CE NO?+4 ,BUT DE/ROY ! EXI/+ ECONOMIC 9EQUALITIES1 RECOMPOSE A N[-DIVID$ HUMANITY UPON A RECLAIM$ ,E>?1 & ! LA/ TRACES ( HIDE\S 9EQUALITY WILL DISAPPE>1 TOGE!R ) ! HI]>*IES ?AT TODAY P]PETUATE !M4 ,! F>M] & ! AGRONOMI/1 :O >E N[ SEP>AT$ BY A *ASM1 WILL BE RECONCIL$ AS EQUALS BECAUSE !IR RESPECTIVE FUNCTIONS WILL BE EQUALLY VALU$4 ,BECAUSE1 9 ! FUTURE :ILE IT MAY BE ! AGRONOMI/ :O DISCOV]S A NEW ME?OD ( CULTIVATION1 IT IS ! F>M] :O WILL MAKE IT WORK WELL 9 PRACTICE4 ,& ?IS1 9 A SOCIETY NOT BAS$ ON PRIVILEGE & COMPETITION1 MEANS ?AT 9 ! DIFF]5T >EAS ( !IR SKILLS & 9 ! DIFF]5T APPLICATION ( !IR 5]GIES1 !Y >E BO? EQUALLY NECESS>Y TO NEW =MS ( PRODUCTION4 ,ONE EQUALS ! O!R2 BO? >E EQUALLY 9DISP5SABLE TO A NECESS>Y COOP]ATION1 :I* HAS NO PLACE = SAVAGE COMPETITIONS NOR = ABSURD & WICK$ PRIVILEGES4 

,WE HAVE GIV5 SUFFICI5T ELEM5TS = ! LUNATICS ( ! ,/ATE TO >RIVE1 ON !IR [N1 AT ! CONCLUSION ?AT1 IF GOV]NM5T IS NECESS>Y OR1 RA!R1 A 'CONDITION S9E QUA NON' .<A NECESSITY.> = ! EXI/5CE ( A REGIME :I* IS D$ICAT$1 LIKE A B\RGEOIS REGIME1 TO ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY & ! POLITICAL SUBJECTION ( ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE CON/ITUT+ ! SO-CALL$ SOCIETY2 GOV]NM5T HAS NO JU/IFICATION :ATEV] &1 !RE=E1 NO REASON TO EXI/ 9 A REAL & TRUE SOCIETY :]E ! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( ALL ITS COMPON5TS >E UNIT$ & MUTUAL4 ,DISAGREEM5T & FRICTION WILL ALWAYS EXI/4 ,9 FACT !Y >E AN ESS5TIAL CONDITION ( UNLIMIT$ PROGRESS4 ,BUT ONCE ! BLOODY >5A ( %E] ANIMAL COMPETITION -- ! /RUGGLE = FOOD -- HAS BE5 ELIM9AT$1 PROBLEMS ( DISAGREEM5T C\LD BE SOLV$ )\T ! SLI<TE/ ?REAT TO ! SOCIAL ORD] & 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY4 

,M]L9O KN[S & TEA*ES US ?AT ! ,/ATE 7:I* IS A BANKRUPT & P]PETUAL FAILURE AS ADM9I/RATOR7 HAS A PRECISE & ESS5TIAL POLITICAL FUNCTION3 ! PRES]VATION ( ! ECONOMIC '/ATUS QUO'1 ! PROTECTION ( ! ECONOMIC PRIVILEGES ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 :OSE AG5T & G5D>ME IT IS & >\ND :I* IT HAS CREAT$ A ?REEFOLD B>RI] -- ! POLITICAL1 ! JUDICIAL & ! MILIT>Y4 ,!SE B>RI]S1 ) !IR DIV]SIFI$ FUNCTIONS1 PURSUE ONE S+LE AIM3 TO REASSURE ! =TUNATE WEAL?Y ?AT NO ONE WILL SPR+ =? FROM ! IMM5SE1 ANGRY CR[D ( ! DIS9H]IT$ TO CURSE1 ?REAT51 OR DE/ROY !IR V9EY>D OR !IR COM=T4 ,P>LIAM5T & ! POLICE HAVE EXPECT$ ALL K9DS ( ?REATS & CURSES1 & !Y HAVE SCRUPUL\SLY CATALOG$ EV]YONE ( !M4 ,$UCATIONAL & CULTURAL 9/ITUTIONS1 FROM K9D]G>T5 TO UNIV]SITY2 ! JUDICIAL SY/EM1 FROM MAGI/RATES TO ! SUPREME C\RTS1 >E ALL !RE TO AV]T DEVA/ATION4 ,&1 IF & :51 DUR+ TIMES ( UPHEAVAL1 !IR MEASURES %\LD APPE> 9SUFFICI5T OR BELAT$1 ! MILIT>Y 9/ITUTIONS1 RU?LESS GU>DIANS ( ORD] AT ANY CO/1 WILL 9T]V5E ) !IR LAWS ( W>1 !IR M>TIAL C\RTS & MASS EXECUTIONS4 ,?+S MU/ REMA9 AS !Y >E2 SOCIAL RELATIONS CANNOT BE DI/URB$2 ! RUL+ M9ORITY MU/ LUXURIATE 9 WEAL? & IDL5ESS1 :ILE RU?LESSLY GOV]N+ ! IMM5SE MAJORITY1 :O HAVE ONLY ONE DUTY TO TOIL )\T RELIEF 9 A /ATE ( S]VITUDE1 TO REMA91 ALT] HAV+ PRODUC$ WEAL?1 9 A /ATE ( BL9D IGNORANCE & SQUALID POV]TY = AS LONG AS !Y LIVE4 

,:AT IS !RE = SU* AN 9/ITUTION AS ! ,/ATE TO DO 9 A SOCIETY :]E ALL CLASS PRIVILEGES HAVE DISAPPE>$1 :]E CLASS DI/9CTIONS >E ELIM9AT$2 :]E HATR$1 REV5GE1 & >M$ REBELLION HAVE VANI%$ UND] ! SUN ( ABSOLUTE ECONOMIC EQUALITY8 

,C\LD IT DIRECT SOCIAL RELATIONS OR PROTECT PUBLIC ORD]8 ,BUT ISN'T IT COMMON KN[L$GE1 EV5 N[1 ?AT ! ,/ATE'S 9TRUSION 9TO ! PRIVATE RELATIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS IS NOT ONLY 9EFFECTIVE1 BUT UTT]LY DISA/R\S = ! RELATIONS & 9ITIATIVES IT PRET5DS TO MANAGE8 ,CONC]NS CONDUCT$ BY PRIVATE 9ITIATIVE (F] A SECURITY1 AN 9COME1 & AN EFFICI5CY ?AT CANNOT BE EXPECT$ FROM ! S]VICES ?AT HAVE BE5 ASSUM$ BY ! ,/ATE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 EV5 ?OSE :O AVAIL !MSELVES ( ! S]VICES ( ! ,/ATE1 ADMIT ?AT1 9 ITS FUNCTION AS PROTECTOR ( ORD] & ! SECURITY ( ITS CITIZ5S1 ! ,/ATE >RIVES TOO LATE TO =E/ALL ! CONSEQU5CES ( DI/URBANCES & 9JURIES ?AT HAVE ALREADY HAPP5$ DESPITE ITS VIGILANCE4 ,IS IT POSSIBLE TO WI%1 9 SOCIAL RELATIONS1 = A MORE AL]T1A MORE COMPET5T1 A MORE EV5-M9D$ & RELIABLE REGULATOR ?AN ! CONC]N ( ! 9T]E/$ P>TIES8 

,! REC5T SC&ALS CONC]N+ ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! MONEY COLLECT$ = ! E>?QUAKE VICTIMS 9 ,CALABRIA .<L#i#h.> TE/IFY ?AT1 :ILE MILLIONS ( DOLL>S C\LD BE COLLECT$ 9 JU/ A FEW H\RS AMONG ?\S&S ( CITIZ5S1 MOV$ BY A SPONTANE\S1 NOBLE IMPULSE ( SOLID>ITY1 ! ,/ATE1 5TANGL$ BY ITS RICKETY BUREAUCRACY1 DOES NOT KN[ H[ TO DI/RIBUTE !M1 & :5 IT DOES DO SO 7TWO OR ?REE YE>S AFT] ! CATA/ROPHE71 IT GIVES !M \T ! WRONG WAY4 

,& !N1 :AT ?REATS TO PUBLIC ORD] CAN BE FE>$ 9 A SOCIETY :]E ! FUNDAM5TAL CAUSES ( ANY PUBLIC DI/URBANCE HAVE BE5 ELIM9AT$ BY ! RECONCILIATION ( ! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL ) ! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( ! :OLE COMMUNITY8 

,NON SOLO PANE VIVIT HOMO .<MAN DOES NOT LIVE BY BREAD ALONE.>1 OBJECT \R ADV]S>IES4 ,AFT] FOOD IS ASSUR$1 M5 WILL FI<T OV] SOME?+ ELSE4 ,HAVE Y\ =GOTT5 ! RELIGI\S W>S1 ! NATIONAL /RUGGLES1 ! HOPELESS & BLOODY /RUGGLES = ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL FRE$OM8 

,WE HAV5'T =GOTT5 ANY?+1 & WE >E V]Y F> FROM BELIEV+ ?AT1 AFT] HAV+ REA*$ EQUALITY1 ! 9HABITANTS ( ! FUTURE CITY WILL GIVE UP ANY ASS]TION ( 9DIVIDUAL 5]GY1 ( EV]Y 9DEP5D5T ACTION & EV]Y COMPETITIVE ACTIVITY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y4 

,BUT WE ALSO KN[ 7& ?IS IS A TRU? ?AT IS L>GELY SUPPORT$ BY ! WORLD ( SCI5CE7 ?AT !RE >E TWO BASIC NE$S1 FOOD & REPRODUCTION1 TO :I* ALL LIV+ CREATURES >E SUBJECT4 ,! FIR/ PU%ES !M TO F]OCI\S /RUGGLES1 EV5 TO MUTUAL DE/RUCTION1 :ILE ! SECOND DRAWS !M TOGE!R & T5DS TO UNIFY !M4 

,IF ! NE$ ?AT LEADS TO F]OCITY & MUTUAL DE/RUCTION HAS BE5 SATISFI$1 O!R =MS ( COMPETITION CAN BE DEVELOP$ )\T VIOL5T COLLISIONS ?AT WILL ?REAT5 PUBLIC ORD] OR 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM1 BECAUSE1 9 C]TA9 FIELDS & COMPETITIONS1 BRUTAL VIOL5CE & MAJORITY PRESSURE >E FUNDAM5TALLY 9EFFECTIVE4 ,= 9/ANCE1 !RE IS A PR(\ND DISAGREEM5T CONC]N+ ! PREV5TION ( SMALLPOX 9 ! FIELD ( SANITATION4 ,SOME BELIEVE ! SMALLPOX 9OCULATION IS ABSOLUTELY USELESS IF NOT \TRI<T DANG]\S2 O!RS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 CONSID] IT A REAL SALVATION4 ,?IS CONFLICT ( OP9ION HAS BE5 GO+ ON = MANY YE>S )\T A BAD WORD FROM EI!R SIDE TO AL>M ! GU>DIANS ( PUBLIC ORD]4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 SO MANY FACTS HAVE BE5 C]TIFI$1 SO MANY OBS]VATIONS1 EXP]I5CES & RESULTS HAVE BE5 GA!R$1 ?AT CONF] ! *>ACT] ( A REAL BLESS+ UPON !SE !ORETICAL DISAGREEM5TS1 !SE CIVILIZ$ =MS ( COMPETITION4 

,AS ! AV]AGE 9TELLECTUAL LEVEL RISES1 MANY DIV]SE 5]GIES WILL P>TICIPATE 9 DEBATES ( ?IS K9D1 & WE CAN READILY ASSUME ?AT ! NEW SOCIETY WILL BE ! MO/ ACTIVE1 ! MO/ D>+1 ! MO/ P]SEV]+ IMAG9ABLE 9 ! FIELD ( RESE>*1 )\T HAV+ TO CONCLUDE ?AT !SE DISCUSSIONS1 !SE !ORETICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL DISAGREEM5TS MU/ 5D 9 TRAG$Y4 

,?OSE :O RECALL ! RELIGI\S W>S1 ! W>S = NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE OR = POLITICAL FRE$OM1 IGNORE OR =GET ?AT ?OSE W]E REBELLIONS AGA9/ TYRANNY1 A CAUSE ?AT W\LD HAVE NO REASON TO EXI/ 9 A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY & ?AT1 B5EA? ! !OLOGICAL1 NATIONALI/ OR POLITICAL SURFACES1 EXI/+ ECONOMIC 9T]E/S W]E BE+ ?REAT5$ BY NEW ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 /RUGGL+ TO ASS]T !MSELVES 9 A CONVULS$ WORLD4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,AT ?IS PO9T1 WE CAN SUM UP & REPLY TO ! FIR/ QUE/ION WE HAVE POS$3 0,( ! TWO TR5DS1 BO? D5Y+ ! LEGITIMACY ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & BO? PROMOT+ ! SOCIALIZATION ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE 9 ! /RUGGLE = ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION1 :I* ONE HAS VOIC$ ! NEW IDEA ?AT M>KS ! 9CEPTION ( A MORE ADVANC$ PHASE 9 ! S]IES ( EVOLUTION>Y PH5OM5A1 :I* ONE HAS REMA9$ RIGOR\SLY FAI?FUL TO ! CRIT]ION ( PROGRESS804 

,9 FUR!R+ ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE1 SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM SEEKS1 ON ONE H&1 TO GU>ANTEE ! RI<TS ( ! COMMUNITY1 :ILE RECOGNIZ+1 ON ! O!R1 ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( EA* WORK]'S PRODUCTION4 ,IT B>ELY :ISP]S -- & IMM$IATELY REP5TS DO+ IT -- ! NEW IDEA :I*1 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ! ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS SAYS3 ABOLI% PRIVATE PROP]TY & MEANS3 EV]Y?+ BELONGS TO EV]YBODY6 ,& ?IS 9ITIAL CONTRADICTION1 /RET*+ \T FROM ! ECONOMIC TO POLITICAL & MORAL >EAS1 PREV5TS SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM FROM ASS]T+ ! NEW IDEA ( EQUALITY1 ( JU/ICE1 ( FRE$OM1 :I* C\LD OP5 AN ]A ( A NEW CIVILIZATION & BEG9 A NEW PHASE 9 ! S]IES ( EVOLUTION>Y PH5OM5A ?AT REPRODUCES ALL ITS PREC$+ TRAITS & ADDS ! PLUS ?AT WAS NOT YET 9 ! PREC$+ PHASE1 :I* WILL BECOME ! G]M ( A NEW TRAIT 9 ! FOLL[+ PHASE1 & IS1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ACCORD+ TO ,MET*NIK(F1 ! CONDITION ( EV]Y PROGRESSIVE /EP4 

,N[1 IF 9 COMP>+ LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM ) SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM1 WE HAVE PROV5 SUCCESSFULLY ?AT BY TAK+ ! F9I%$ PRODUCT ( EA* WORK] AS ! BASIS ( ALL ECONOMIC RELATIONS1 ! EQUALITY PROCLAIM$ AT FIR/ BY SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM IS UPSET AS SOON AS ME?ODS & MEASURES TO EVALUATE EA* WORK]'S %>E 9 ! TOTAL PRODUCTION >E CONSID]$1 BECAUSE !SE MEASURES >E UNEQUALLY DEP5D5T UPON & RELAT$ TO EA* WORK]'S EF=T2 IT BECOMES EVID5T ?AT SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM IS ACTUALLY PROMOT+ A FLAGRANT ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY 9 DEFIANCE ( ITS [N PREMISES4 

,WE HAVE PROV5 ALSO ?AT SOCIAL 9JU/ICE & AU?ORITY WILL BE GRAFT$ ONTO ?IS FUNDAM5TAL ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY1 BECAUSE !Y >E CONSEQU5CES ( ! SAME CAUSE1 ! SC\RGE ( ! B\RGEOIS SOCIETY AGA9/ :I* SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM REVOLT$ ) ! BE/ ( 9T5TIONS4 ,& WE HAVE ALSO PO9T$ \T AN ELEM5T ?AT HAS ITS [N VALUE -- H[ ! COLLECTIVI/ PRET5SE1 TO GAUGE EA* WORK]'S RI<T TO SATISFY HIS NE$S ACCORD+ TO ! PRODUCTION ( HIS [N LABOR1 W\LD NOT ONLY BE UNJU/1 UNEQUAL & AU?ORIT>IAN1 BUT W\LD BE ,UTOPIAN & ABSURD1 BECAUSE IT IS PRACTICALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO F9D A SCALE CAPABLE ( WEI<+ ! EF=T & MEASUR+ ! 9DIVIDUAL 5]GY US$ 9 ! PRODUCTION PROCESS -- ! L5G? ( WORK1 ! IMPORTANCE ( ! PRODUCT1 ITS USE & EX*ANGE VALUE1 REPRES5T CRIT]IA NOT ONLY 9SUFFICI5T = SU* EVALUATION1 BUT ABSOLUTELY >BITR>Y1 S9CE !Y CANNOT HAVE ANY RELATION ) ! PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 NOR ) ! ME*ANICAL EF=T REQUIR$ FROM HIM1 NOR ) ! PHYSIOLOGICAL NE$S ?AT PRESS HIM1 ! SATISFACTION ( :I* IS CONDITION$ BY ! PRES]VATION & DEVELOPM5T ( HIS [N P]SONALITY4 

,) ITS CONCEPTION ( A NEW SOCIETY & ( ITS CITIZ5S' RELATIONS ) EA* O!R1 SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM LESS5S ! CONSEQU5CES1 BUT DOES NOT ELIM9ATE ! CAUSES ( ! 9EQUALITY1 ( ! 9JU/ICE1 ( ! OPPRESSION ?AT IT DEPLORES & FI<TS 9 ! EXI/+ B\RGEOIS REGIME1 &1 9 SO DO+1 IT C>RIES ALONG TOO MANY ( ! 9H]IT$ RELICS1 TOO MU* BALLA/ ( IMMOBILITY1 ( SUP]/ITION1 ( ! ABSURD1 TO BE QUALIFI$ TO SPEAK 9 ! NAME ( PROGRESS & ( ! FUTURE4 

,&1 IF IT IS P]MITT$ TO DRAW AN OM5 FROM ! E?ICAL CONT5T ( A DOCTR9E ON ! BASIS ( EVOLUTION>Y LESSONS & EXP]I5CES1 IT IS NOT FOOLH>DY TO =ESEE ?AT1 PASS+ FROM CONCESSION TO CONCESSION1 SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM WILL 5D BY M+L+ ) ! DEMOCRATIC RADICALISM ( ! MORE ADVANC$ FACTIONS ( ! B\RGEOISIE -- & WILL NEV] F9D ! TIME & SEASON = ! REALIZATION ( ITS DREAMS4 

,! IMM$IATE RESPONSIBILITIES HAVE T]RIFI$ IT2 ! HA/E TO >RIVE & TO ACCOMPLI%1 ! OBSESSION TO BE PRACTICAL1 HAVE PU%$ IT BACK T[>DS ! \TDAT$ =MS ( ! OLD POLITICAL DEMOCRACY IT HAD ONCE VIOL5TLY DIVORC$2 & SO ITS TASK IS F9I%$6 

,JU/ ! OPPOSITE IS TRUE = AN>*I/-COMMUNISM4 ,IT REMA9S FAI?FUL TO ITS ORIG9AL TRADITION & TO ITS UND]/&+ ( ! MEAN+ ( PROGRESS1 ( :I* IT IS1 )\T A D\BT1 9 ! ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & MORAL FIELD1 ! F9AL & MO/ =MIDABLE EXPRESSION4 

,WE HAVE SE51 9 ! ECONOMIC FIELD1 H[ IT D5IES ?AT ! CONQUE/ ( OBS]VATION1 RESE>* & COLLECTIVE LABOR MAY BE PRIVATELY APPROPRIAT$4 ,EV]Y?+ ?AT HAS BE5 PRODUC$1 IS BE+ PRODUC$1 & WILL BE PRODUC$ BY EV]YBODY'S ?\<T & LABOR1 BELONGS TO EV]YBODY4 ,&1 ( ALL ?AT HAS BE5 ACCUMULAT$ DUR+ ! C5TURIES & G5]ATIONS TO 5ABLE HUMANITY TO SURVIVE 9 ITS P]5NIAL /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ADV]SE =CES ( NATURE1 AN>*I/-COMMUNISM WANTS TO DE/ROY ONLY ?OSE B>RI]S ?AT PREV5T ! GREAT MAJORITY ( PEOPLE1 :O >E ALSO ! MO/ DES]V+1 FROM 5JOY+ IT FREELY3 ,ALL ?AT EV]YBODY'S G5IUS & LABOR HAVE CREAT$ 9 PA9 MU/ BE ! S\RCE & ! MEANS ( EXI/5CE & 5JOYM5T = EV]YBODY4 

,?US1 HAV+ E/ABLI%$ ?AT PRIVATE PROP]TY IS ! MA9 CAUSE ( ECONOMIC DEP5D5CE & ( ! POLITICAL & MORAL SUBMISSION ( ! GREAT MAJORITY TO ! LITTLE BUT FRAUDUL5T M9ORITY ( HO>D]S1 &1 HAV+ E/ABLI%$ ?AT COMMON [N]%IP ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE IS ! MA9 CONDITION = ! RETURN ( MANK9D TO JU/ICE1 TO BRO!RHOOD & LIB]TY1 ALL ( :I* HAD BE5 BANI%$ BY ! F]OCI\S RIVALRIES ( CLASS 9T]E/S2 AN>*I/ CRITICISM BOLDLY FACES ! POLITICAL & MORAL PROBLEMS ?AT HAVE PLAGU$ & FRU/RAT$ S*OL>S & PHILOSOPH]S UP TO ! FIR/ HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY3 0,ACCORD+ TO :AT PR9CIPLES WILL IT BE POSSIBLE1 )\T (F5SE TO EQUALITY1 JU/ICE & LIB]TY1 TO REGULATE ! P>TICIPATION ( EV]YONE 9 ! 9DISP5SABLE TASK ( PRODUCTION803 0,ACCORD+ TO :AT PR9CIPLES WILL IT BE POSSIBLE1 )\T (F5SE TO EQUALITY1 JU/ICE & LIB]TY1 TO REGULATE ! P>TICIPATION ( EV]YONE 9 ! SATISFACTION ( NE$S804 

,AN>*ISM REJECTS ! >ROGANT CLAIM ( CAPITAL 7:I* IS1 9 ITSELF1 UNPRODUCTIVE7 TO GA91 R5T & PR(IT1 & DISAPPROVES ( ! NAIVE RELIANCE ( LABOR 7:I* IS AN UNAVOIDABLE NECESSITY & 9DISP5SABLE CONDITION = ! PRES]VATION & DEVELOPM5T ( LIFE7 ON REMUN]ATION & WAGES4 ,&1 CONSID]+ ?IS DIFFICULT PH5OM5ON ?AT IS LIFE1 IT HAS DEVELOP$ ! NOTION ?AT ! RI<TS ( BO? ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! COMMUNITY F9D !IR CONSECRATION & !IR MO/ SECURE PROTECTION 9 ! FULL TRIUMPH ( EQUALITY1 JU/ICE & ( FRE$OM4 

,! ORGANISM :I* LIVES CAN HAVE BUT ONE ASPIRATION3 TO ATTA9 ITS FULL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! MO/ FAVORABLE 5VIRONM5T POSSIBLE 7& ! ECONOMIC-LEVEL+ REVOLUTION WILL HAVE OP5$ IT = HIM74 ,IT HAS ALSO ONLY ONE FUNCTION3 TO TRANS=M 9TO ACTIVE 5]GIES1 USEFUL TO IT AS WELL AS TO O!RS1 ! /R5G? ?AT ITS [N WORK & ! WORK ( COOP]AT+ O!RS WILL HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO ITS RIS+ FROM ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y =MS TO ! HI<E/ =MS4 ,H5CE3 ! SPONTANE\S P>TICIPATION ( EV]YONE 9 ! TASK ( PRODUCTION ACCORD+ TO !IR 5]GY & ABILITIES2 ! FREE & UNLIMIT$ %>+ ( EV]YONE 9 SATISFACTIONS & PLEASURES2 ! 9DISPUTABLE SOLID>ITY ( 9T]E/S AMONG ! 9HABITANTS ( ! R$EEM$ CITY2 ! ABSOLUTE USELESSNESS ( CO]CIVE P[]2 ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( PRIVILEGE & EXPLOITATION2 ! 5D ( SLAV]Y & AU?ORITY2 ! AUTONOMY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL )9 FREE SOCIAL GR\P+S6 ,?IS WILL BE AN>*Y6 

,H]E1 9 %ORT1 IS ! PROGRESSIVE S]IES4 ,IT REPRODUCES EV]Y TRAIT ( ITS PREC$+ P]IOD1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME IT C>RIES 9 ITS WOMB ! PLUS -- ! ECONOMIC & MORAL RELATIONS ( ! NEW SOCIETY1 :I*1 FROM ! SUCCESSFUL EV5TS ( ITS 9ITIAL LIB]ATION1 WILL G5]ATE MORE ADVANC$ & CIVILIZ$ =MS ( ! FRE$OM IT HAS WON4 

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,AN>*I/-,COMMUNISM & ,9DIVIDUALISM 

,?IS CONCLUSION IS SO F> FROM BE+ RA% ?AT IT IS %>$1 MORE OR LESS S9C]ELY1 BY EV5 ! MO/ QUALIFI$ EXPON5TS ( SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM4 ,9 ADDITION TO ,MORG>I1 :O1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ADMITS ?AT SOCIALI/-COLLECTIVISM REPRES5TS A L[] /AGE 9 SOCIAL EVOLUTION ?AN AN>*I/-COMMUNISM1 !RE IS NO O!R APO/LE ( SOCIALISM :O1 :5 PRESS$1 W\LD NOT BE WILL+ TO CALL HIMSELF A COMMUNI/.<#c#g.>1 EV5 IF1 9 SO DO+1 HE =GETS ?AT EV]Y PREMISE IMPLIES A D$UCTION & ?AT ONLY AN>*ISM CAN CORRESPOND TO ! ECONOMIC PREMISE ( COMMUNISM4 

,NO1 IF WE PAY ATT5TION TO ! TEXT ( ! ,M]L9O 9T]VIEW1 &1 IF WE REMEMB] HIS REPEAT$ CRITICISMS ( COLLECTIVISM1 & REMEMB] ! CORDIAL ANTIPA?Y HE HAS P]SI/5TLY EXPRESS$ = ! PROGRAM & ACTION ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 WE W\LD HAVE TO CONCLUDE ?AT HE TOO W\LD AGREE ) \R !ORETICAL D$UCTIONS4 ,9 FACT1 HE BASES HIS JUDGM5TS & FUN]EAL PROPHECIES MORE UPON ! \TW>D MANIFE/ATIONS ( AN>*ISM 'AS A MOVEM5T'1 RA!R ?AN ON ! ESS5TIAL SUB/ANCE ( AN>*I/ DOCTR9E4 

,WE ?9K ?IS IRREM$IABLY UND]M9ES HIS [N !SIS4 

,= ,M]L9O TO BE RI<T1 IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO CONCLUDE ?AT ! DOCTR9E :I* HAS ! GREAT] CONT5T ( LOGIC1 ( TRU?1 ( PROGRESS1 ( FUTURE1 IS FAT$ TO P]I% IGNOM9I\SLY FROM />VATION1 :ILE ! O!R1 ) ! FLORID COMPLEXION ( A SUDD5 -- TOO SUDD5 -- GR[? 7P>S MAJOR SAEPE PEJOR .<! GREAT] P>T IS (T5 ! WOR/ P>T.>1 AS OLD ,S5ECA US$ TO SAY71 ! ONE CUDDL+ ! WORMS ( ! MO/ PUTRID CONV5TIONALISMS & ! MO/ ABSURD CONTRADICTIONS1 IS FAT$ TO SURVIVE4 

,& ,M]L9O1 :O IS AN 9TELLIG5T MAN1 KN[S ?AT ?IS HYPO!SIS IS WORSE ?AN NONS5SE3 IT IS A D[NRI<T AB]RATION4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,ONE1 AMONG O!RS1 ( ,M]L9O'S >GUM5TS DES]VES SPECIAL CONSID]ATION3 0 ,! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T IS DIVID$ BY ! 9T]NAL /RUGGLE BETWE5 9DIVIDUALI/S & ORGANIZATIONALI/S4 ,! LATT] CANNOT F9D AN ORGANIZATION COMPATIBLE ) AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES2 ! =M]1 AFT] ! IDEA ( REPRISAL1 :I* HAD BE5 ! S\L ( AN>*I/ ACTION1 CEAS$ TO EXI/1 CANNOT F9D A MANN] ( ACT+1 & CANNOT EXI/ )\T ! ORGANIZATION !Y /RIVE TO REJECT0 4 

,?IS /ATEM5T BY ,M]L9O CONTA9S SOME?+ D[NRI<T ABSURD3 IT IS ?AT ! S\L ( AN>*I/ ACTION WAS ! NOTION ( REPRISAL & ?AT ?IS HAS CEAS$ TO EXI/4 

,! S\L ( AN>*I/ ACTION 7& NO ONE HAS UND]/OOD ?IS BETT] ?AN ,M]L9O 9 ! GOOD OLD TIMES1 :5 HE BELIEV$ 9 AN>*Y & AN>*ISM & WAS PR\D TO SUFF] P]SECUTION = HIS FAI? & ) US ?R\<\T ! JAILS ( ,EUROPE7 IS NOT REPRISAL1 :I* IS A M]E EPISODE & :OSE CAUSES >E F> FROM HAV+ CEAS$ TO EXI/4 ,! S\L ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T IS ! >D5T DESIRE = A SOCIETY ( FREE & EQUAL PEOPLE1 :I* ! AN>*I/S KN[ CANNOT BE ATTA9$ )\T ! 9EVITABLY VIOL5T DE/RUCTION ( ! EXI/+ ORD] ( ?+S1 )\T ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION :I*1 9 SPITE ( !IR LIMIT$ =CES1 !Y FO/] BY !IR CRITICISM ( ! 9IQUIT\S EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD] & BY !IR WORK 9 $UCAT+ ! MASSES TO A CLE> COMPREH5SION ( ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL ORGANISMS RESPONSIBLE = !IR BONDAGE4 ,9 SUPPORT+ ! MASSES AGA9/ ! ABUSES ( CAPITALISM & ,/ATE AS WELL AS AGA9/ ! SUP]/ITIONS & PREJUDICES 9 :I* ! TYRANNY ( ! B\RGEOISIE F9DS ITS MO/ P[]FUL /RON<OLD1 !Y >E PREP>+ !M = ! REVOLUTION :I* IS ! 9DISP5SABLE WAY TO ! F9AL R$EMPTION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,!RE >E1 ALONG ) !SE PREVI\SLY M5TION$ ABSURDITIES1 SOME %ALL[ TRU?S 9 ,M]L9O'S /ATEM5T2 AMONG !M1 ! DISAGREEM5T BETWE5 AN>*I/S1 SO-CALL$ '9DIVIDUALI/' AN>*I/S1 & ! PRESUM$ 'ORGANIZATIONAL' AN>*I/S4 ,BUT DOES ?IS DISAGREEM5T HAVE A REALLY IMPORTANT BASIS1 OR IS IT ONLY ! RESULT ( 9COMPREH5SION & EQUIVOCATION1 CAUS$ MORE (T5 BY 9ACTION & 9DOL5CE ?AN BY BAD FAI?1 & :I* H>D EXP]I5CE IS B\ND TO DISPEL8 

,:AT IS AN>*ISM BY DEF9ITION8 

,IT IS ! /RUGGLE = A CONDITION ( SOCIETY :]E ! ONLY L9K AMONG 9DIVIDUALS IS SOLID>ITY1 BASICALLY ! SOLID>ITY ( MAT]IAL & MORAL 9T]E/S1 :I* LEADS TO ! ELIM9ATION ( ! VICI\S DAILY COMPETITIONS BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & AMONG PEOPLES4 7,A V]Y SAD ]A1 & ONE ?AT1 EXCEPT DUR+ P]IODS ( FAM9E OR ( LOVE1 ! SO-CALL$ 9F]IOR ANIMALS HAVE SURPASS$ A LONG TIME AGO1 TO \R %AME47 ,& IT CALLS UPON !M TO UNITE = A GREAT] & MORE NOBLE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ADV]SE =CES ( NATURE 9 ORD] TO REALIZE SUP]IOR1 MORE COMPLETE & MORE SECURE =MS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 

,! CONDITION & *>ACT] ( SOLID>ITY >E SPONTANEITY & FRE$OM4 ,BUT :]EAS ! B\RGEOIS REGIME IS ! DOM9ATION ( A MAJORITY OV] ! M9ORITY1 WE ASPIRE TO REALIZE ! AUTONOMY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL )9 ! FRE$OM ( ASSOCIATION1 ! 9DEP5D5CE ( HIS ?\<T1 ( HIS LIFE1 ( HIS DEVELOPM5T1 ( HIS DE/9Y1 FRE$OM FROM VIOL5CE1 FROM CAPRICE & FROM ! DOM9ATION ( ! MAJORITY1 AS WELL AS ( V>I\S M9ORITIES2 & :5 WE REF] TO LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM1 A T]M :I* \R DESC5DANTS WILL TAKE C>E TO AM5D1 WE >E TRY+ TO F9D AN ECONOMIC UBI CONSI/AM .<:]E %\LD ,I /&.> 9 :I* ?IS POLITICAL AUTONOMY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL MAY F9D AN 5LI<T5$ & HAPPY REALITY4 

,IT SELDOM HAPP5S ?AT \R COMRADES /OP TO CONSID] ?IS DUAL ASPECT1 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL1 ( EV]Y 9/ITUTION 9 ALL ! ]AS ( HI/ORY4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,IS PROP]TY UN/ABLE1 W&]+1 =TUIT\S -- LIKE CROPS & H]DS1 EXPOS$ TO ALL K9DS ( DANG]S8 ,!N IT CAN BE PROTECT$ ONLY BY GOD -- ! GOD :O ?UND]S 9 ! /ORM & %9ES 9 ! SUN & GLITT]S 9 ! />S1 :I* >E ! COMPASS ( ! TRIBES MIGRAT+ 9TO ! UNKN[N4 ,ONLY GOD COMM&S1 OR 9 HIS NAME1 ! HI< PRIE/1 ! PROPHET1 ! WIZ>D2 ?AT IS1 HI]ATIC DESPOTISM4 

,DOES PROP]TY PRES5T ITSELF AS OMNIPOT5T4 LEGALI/IC1 EXACT+1 SANCTUM JUS .<! LETT] ( ! LAW.> EV5 IF SUMMA 9JURIA .<! GREATE/ 9JU/ICE.>8 ,!N ! POLITICAL ADVOCATES ( ?IS ECONOMIC REGIME WILL REQUIRE H>% LAWS1 G5]AL DEP5D5CE UPON A S+LE SUPREME P[]1 :I* WILL LONG = EXPANSION & COLONIES1 :I* WILL LIVE = W>1 & WILL BE =C$ TO C>RY IT TO ! LA/ CORN]S ( ! WORLD3 ?IS WILL BE EMPIRE1 OR BETT]4 ,ROMAN IMP]IALISM1 >ROGANT1 VORACI\S1 9SATIABLE4 

,IS IT >I/OCRATIC8 ,!N ! ECONOMY1 ! :OLE ECONOMY ( ! MIDDLE AGES WILL FL[ 9TO ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( FEUDALISM & S]FDOM ) ! 9EVITABLE S]VITUDE ( ! MASSSES4 

,WILL PROP]TY FREE ITSELF FROM ! ?ICK NET ( BONDAGE1 TRIBUTES1 B>RI]S1 FRONTI]S1 ) NO O!R LIMIT BUT ! COMPETITION ( O!R ECONOMIC =CES1 EQUALLY UN*ECK$8 ,!N1 ! CORRESPOND+ POLITICAL REGIME CAN ONLY BE ! MOD]N ,/ATE1 ! CON/ITUTIONAL & REPRES5TATIVE REGIME :]E1 ) GOD'S GRACE CONF9$ TO ! ATTIC & ! NATION'S WILL UND] ITS FEET1 ! B\RGEOISIE1 EMP[]$ BY ITS SOLE [N]%IP ( ! NATIONAL WEAL?1 WILL SEIZE ! RE9S ( ! ,/ATE1 MAKE & 5=CE ALL ! LAWS BY EV]Y MEANS4 

,WILL ! COMMON [N]%IP ( ALL ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE BE ! ECONOMIC SUB/RATUM ( ! SOCIAL LIFE ( ! FUTURE8 

,HAV+ REALIZ$1 ?R\< ! FUNDAM5TAL SOLID>ITY ( 9T]E/S1 ! SUSP5SION ( ! RIVALRIES :I* HAVE TORN MANK9D ASUND] = C5TURIES1 ! FIR/ EXP]IM5T ( A SOCIETY UND]/OOD TO MEAN A UNION ( 9DIVIDUALS UNIT$ BY ! SAME 9T]E/S = ! SAME PURPOSE'7 WILL SET AS ITS CORRESPOND+ GOAL1 ! FIR/ OPPORTUNITY TO REALIZE A SOCIAL ORD]1 ONE ?AT HAS BE5 LOOK$ = 9 VA9 UP TO ?IS DAY BY ! WISDOM ( LEGISLATORS1 ! %REWDNESS ( LAWS1 OR ! VIOL5CE ( ! POLICE -- 9 SUM ! USELESSNESS ( ! ,/ATE ) ITS CO]CIVE & MON/R\S HI]>*IES4 ,& !N WE %ALL HAVE AN>*Y4 

,BETWE5 COMMUNISM 7( C\RSE1 UND]/OOD1 NOT AS ANO!R ASPECT ( ! ,/ATE1 COMPELL$ TO REPRODUCE 9 ITSELF ALL ! 9IQUITIES ( ! PREC$+ GOV]NM5TS1 BUT AS A FREE1 UNIT$ COOP]ATION ( ALL PEOPLE = PRODUCTION7 & 9DIVIDUALISM 79 ! S5SE ?AT NO 9/ITUTIONAL AU?ORITY1 NEI!R ?AT ( ! MAJORITY NOR ( A M9ORITY1 CAN 9T]F]E ) ! DEVELOPM5T & FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL OR 9 ANY WAY DIM9I% HIS AUTONOMY7 !RE IS NO CONTRADICTION1 NO 9COMPATIBILITY4 ,COMMUNISM IS SIMPLY !2F\NDATION BY :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL HAS ! OPPORTUNITY TO REGULATE HIMSELF & C>RY \T HIS FUNCTIONS4 

,!Y >E TWO T]MS :I* COMPLEM5T EA* O!R4 

,EV]Y AN>*I/ :O IS FAI?FUL TO HIS D5IAL ( ANY PRIVILEGE1 ESPECIALLY ( ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL & NEF>I\S ( ALL PRIVILEGES1 ?AT ( ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE1 & :O1 = ?IS REASON1 ASPIRES TO REALIZE AN ECONOMIC REGIME :]E L&1 M9ES1 FACTORIES & EV]Y O!R ,LABOR OR EX*ANGE TOOL1 ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 WILL BE 9DIVISIBLE COMMON PROP]TY1 IS1 9 HIS ECONOMIC ASPIRATIONS1 A COMMUNI/4 ,LIKEWISE1 IF HE IS FAI?FUL TO HIS D5IAL ( AU?ORITY & SUPPORTS A REGIME :I* WILL REALIZE ! COMPLETE 9DEP5D5CE & AUTONOMY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL FROM ANY ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & MORAL BOSS1 HE IS 9EVITABLY AN 9DIVIDUALI/4 

,ANTI!SIS8 ,NO1 9TEGRATION4 

,AN>*Y IS NOT A METAPHYSIC AB/RACTION4 ,! AN>*I/ IDEA DID NOT SPR+ ALIVE1 COMPLETE1 P]FECT FROM ! M9DS ( ,BABEUF1 ,PR\DHON1 OR ,BAKUN91 ! WAY ,M9]VA1 ACCORD+ TO ! MY?1 IS SAID TO HAVE SPRUNG FROM ,JOVE'S BRA94 ,IT HAS BUDD$1 GR[N1 RIP5$1 SL[LY & PA9FULLY BY ! EXP]I5CE ( C5TURIES1 DUR+ :I* ! COMMON PEOPLE HAVE BES\<T FROM TIME TO TIME1 GOD1 ! ,/ATE1 ! LAW1 OR UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE TO GIVE !M A GOOD MA/]1 A GOOD JUDGE1 A LITTLE PIECE ( BREAD1 A LITTLE COMPASSION1 A LITTLE RE/1 A LITTLE LI<T & LOVE -- ALWAYS 9 VA94 

,AS !IR TRU/ 9 GODS & DEMIGODS WAS FAD+1 UND] CONT9UAL MOCK+ & REPULSIONS1 9TO ! TWILI<T ( DIS5*ANTM5T & DEFEAT2 AS !IR /R5G? WAS REVEAL+ ITSELF 9 !IR H]OIC & GLORIES1 BUT UN=TUNATE /RUGGLES1 & AS !Y W]E GA9+ SOLID>ITY -- 9/9CTIVE AT FIR/1 !N ?R\< SACRIFICES & DISA/] -- ! COMMON PEOPLE CAME TO UND]/& ?AT ! FAI? !Y HAD SP5T 9 VA9 ON ! ?RE%OLD ( TEMPLES1 ?RONES1 P>LIAM5TS & MA/]S WAS TO BE REVIV$ 9 !IR [N RI<T & 9 !IR [N /R5G?4 ,!Y BEGAN TO BELIEVE 9 !MSELVES & C\LD SEE !MSELVES FRE$ FROM !IR *A9S4 

,!Y ALONE KNEW H[ TO CREATE WEAL?2 & !Y ALONE1 ) ! 9EXHAU/IBLE F]TILITY ( !IR LABOR & SWEAT1 W]E SEEK+1 PROTECT+1 SUPPORT+ LIFE444 = ! O!RS1 = ?OSE :O1 CONCEIT$ AS !Y W]E USELESS1 W]E DEGRAD+ IT 9 IDL5ESS & ORGY4 

,S9CE ! SOCIAL WEAL? WAS GR[+ & 9CREAS+ ONLY BECAUSE ( & 9 PROPORTION TO ?IS PATI5T1 C\RAGE\S & NECESS>Y HUMAN EF=T2 ! IDLE1 ! 9DOL5T & ! POLTROONS1 MANY & SUP]FLU\S1 HAD NO RI<T TO ?AT WEAL?4 ,?US ! PROP]TI$ CLASS CAME TO BE CONSID]$ BY ! COMMON PEOPLE1 OR AT LEA/ BY ! PEOPLES VANGU>D1 NOT ONLY AS 9IQUIT\S & %AMEFUL1 BUT ALSO AS A MON/R\SLY P>ASITIC1 HATEFUL & EXP5SIVE CLASS1 FROM :I* IT WAS URG5T TO BE FRE$4 

,?IS JUDGM5T WAS TAK+ =M E>LY1 EV5 :ILE ! B\RGEOISIE WAS /ILL UNSURE ON ITS NEWLY-CONQU]$ ?RONE & NE$$ ! COMMON PEOPLE 9 ORD] TO DEFEAT ! >I/OCRACY'S REPEAT$ ATTEMPTS TO REGA9 ITS LO/ P[]4 ,IT WAS READY TO PAY = ?AT ALLIANCE BY ACKN[L$G+ ! RI<T & ! COMPET5CE ( ! PEOPLE TO SELECT !IR [N RUL]S1 EV5 FROM ?OSE \TSIDE ! DUBI\S SANCTIONS ( DIV9E RI<T4 

,BUT :OEV] HAS ! POLITICAL COMPET5CE TO *OOSE HIS [N RUL]S IS1 BY IMPLICATION1 ALSO COMPET5T TO DO )\T !M1 ESPECIALLY :5 ! CAUSES ( ECONOMIC 5MITY >E UPROOT$4 ,LIKEWISE ! BITT]NESS1 HATR$1 DISCORD & DISORD] ?AT BRAN* \T FROM ?AT FATAL TRUNK MU/ YIELD BE=E ! EV] MORE CONSCI\S & WIDESPREAD SOLID>ITY ?AT R5D]S ! ROLE ( ! /ATE & ITS HI]>*IES TOTALLY SUP]FLU\S1 & CONF]S ON EV]YBODY ! FULL CONSCI\SNESS & ! 9CONTE/ABLE RI<T ( SELF-RULE4 

,?US1 9 ! M9D ( ! PROLET>IAN VANGU>D1 ! REJECTION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY BECAME 5ME%$ ) & COMPLET$ BY ! REJECTION ( AU?ORITY 9 ALL ITS V>I$ & UN=TUNATE =MS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! FIR/ LIB]T>IAN ASPIRATION BAS$ ON EXP]I5CE & CRITICAL ?\<T WAS ASS]T$ AS A DOCTR9E :I* =ESAW LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM AS ! 9DISP5SABLE CONDITION = ! DEVELOPM5T & SECURITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL'S AUTONOMY 9 A FREE SOCIETY4 0 ,ISN'T IT SO80 ,IF IT W]E SO1 !RE W\LD BE NO DISAGREEM5T4 ,BUT 9 ! REAL WORLD ! 9T]PRETATIONS ( COMMUNISM AS WELL AS ( 9DIVIDUALISM1 >E QUITE DIFF]5T & >BITR>Y1 V>Y+ )\T 5D1 A CONFUSION6 0 ,CL>IFICATION IS NE$$1 & !N AGREEM5T WILL F9D ITS GU>ANTEES1 ITS S\RCES1 & ITS BASIS 9 AN HONE/ & MUTUAL COMPREH5SION4 ,%ALL WE TRY80 

,LET US BEG9 BY MAK+ AN UNCONTE/$ PO9T3 AN>*Y IS ! ANTI!SIS ( AU?ORITY4 ,AMONG AN>*I/S1 AT LEA/1 !RE IS NO POSSIBILITY ( DISAGREEM5T ON ?IS PO9T4 

,& N[1 LET US ASK \RSELVES IF COMMUNI/S1 ON ! ONE H&1 & 9DIVIDUALI/S1 ON ! O!R1 CAN DEVIATE FROM ?IS FUNDAM5TAL DEF9ITION TO ! PO9T ( =GETT+ IT1 PLAC+ !MSELVES AGA9/ ?IS FIR/ T5ET1 AGA9/ !IR [N CONSCI5CE1 AGA9/ ALL ! POSITIONS IT IMPLIES1 & F9ALLY AGA9/ !MSELVES4 

,9 ! FIELD ( ECONOMICS1 9DIVIDUALI/S >E 9CONCEIVABLE4 

,WE MU/ BE> 9 M9D ?AT WORK IS AN UNAVOIDABLE NECESSITY1 BECAUSE NATURE DOES NOT YIELD ! ABUNDANCE ( ITS PRODUCTS )\T ! /RONG & PRODUCTIVE GRIP ( LABOR4 ,& S9CE IT IS NECESS>Y TO WORK 9 ORD] TO LIVE1 & ! ACT ( LIV+ PHYSICALLY IS ! 9DISP5SABLE CONDITION = ATTA9+ ! HI<] LIFE ( KN[L$GE1 BEAUTY1 H>MONY2 WORK MU/ BE P]=M$ ) ALL POSSIBLE ECONOMY1 )\T PA91 )\T /RA91 )\T ! HUMILIATIONS & DEGRADATION :I* >E N[ ITS SAD FATE & PALTRY WAGE4 

,IF ! %E] CRAV+ = SPECULATION1 L>GE 9T]E/ RATES1 FA/ & FABUL\S PR(IT1 HAS PROMPT$ ! B\RGEOISIE TO ADOPT ME*ANICAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 SUB/ITUT+1 :]EV] IT WAS POSSIBLE1 ! /EEL-LUNG$ MA*9E OP]AT+ AT A RHY?MIC TIRELESS PACE1 = ! FRAIL >MS ( MAN2 IT IS C]TA9LY BELIEVABLE ?AT :5 PRODUCTION -- 9/EAD ( BE+ AT ! M]CY ( A BUN* ( 5TR5*$ PIRATES1 :O HAVE SUNK !IR F]OCI\S CLAWS 9TO ! L&1 ITS CROPS & H]DS1 ITS M9ES & TREASURES1 ITS FACTORIES1 RAILROADS & %IPS -- IS /E]$ ) MORE CONC]N & EAG]NESS BY ALL ! WORK]S1 >IS5 FROM VILE S]VITUDE TO ! FULL CONSCI\SNESS ( !IR WOR? & DE/9Y1 DISCOV]IES1 9V5TIONS1 NEW ECONOMY ( PHYSICAL 5]GY 9 PRODUCTION WILL BE GA9$1 & MORE ( ! DAY WILL BE LEFT = SCI5TIFIC1 TE*NICAL1 LIT]>Y1 OR ES!TIC CULTURE4 

,IS IT CONCEIVABLE ?AT :]E IT IS POSSIBLE TO OBTA9 MAXIMUM SATISFACTION ) M9IMUM EF=T1 SOME ECC5TRIC WILL P]SI/ 9 *OOS+ TO LIVE \TSIDE ( SOCIETY &1 T]RIFI$ BY ! FE> ( SOCIAL CONTACT & ! TYRANNY ( REGIM5TATION1 HE WILL WANT TO DO EV]Y?+ BY HIMSELF1 ONLY = HIMSELF3 H\SE1 CLO!S1 LIBR>Y1 COOK+8 ,& UND] ! ILLUSION ( LIV+ 9DIVIDUALI/ICALLY1 HE WILL SACRIFICE ! TW5TY-F\R H\RS ( EA* DAY 7:I* W\LD NOT BE 5\<7 = ! SATISFACTION ( ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y NE$S1 )\T TAK+ A M9UTE = RECREATION1 RE/ OR RESPITE8 

,!RE HAVE ALWAYS BE5 ECC5TRICS1 & MO/ PROBABLY !Y WILL ALSO EXI/ 9 AN AN>*I/ REGIME444 BUT SU* A SOCIETY WILL HAVE NO REASON = APPREH5SION1 S9CE IT WILL BE ABLE TO PROVIDE ODD & ECC5TRIC P]SONS1 :O >E G5]ALLY 9TELLIG5T1 A PLACE TO LIVE 9 & A WORK SPACE ) ALL ! 9/RUM5TS & TOOLS = /UDY1 OBS]VATION1 RESE>* & WORK !Y MI<T WANT TO P]=M 9 !IR DISDA9FUL & MISAN?ROPIC SOLITUDE4 

,BUT ?IS IS NOT AN ISSUE 9VOLV+ ECONOMIC 9DIVIDUALISM2 A LIMB1 A MEMB] CANNOT1 EXCEPT UND] PA9 ( IMM$IATE DEA?1 BE CUT (F FROM ! MA9 ORGANISM4 

,! ONLY ECONOMIC 9DIVIDUALISM WE KN[ IS ! ONE ]ECT$ UPON ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE2 IE1 ! B\RGEOIS REGIME1 ) :I* WE >E N[ SO BLESS$ & FROM :I* WE >E TRY+ TO F9D REFUGE & SAFETY 9 COMMUNISM & AN>*Y1 BY MEANS ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,9 !ORY ,I DO NOT F9D ANY O!R 9DIVIDUALI/ T5D5CY444 

0,BRAVO6 ,& :AT AB\T ?OSE :O PROCLAIM ! 9EVITABILITY ( P[]8 ,& ?OSE :O YELL ?AT TOMORR[1 IF URG$ BY NE$1 !Y W\LD1 )\T A MOM5T'S HESITATION1 SNAT* FROM A MO!R'S H& ! LA/ BITE ( BREAD MEANT = H] HUNGRY *ILD80 

,SOME ( !SE ,I HAVE HE>D ALSO1 BUT ,I AM SORRY TO HAVE TO ADMIT ?AT ,I WAS NOT IMPRESS$ AT ALL4 

,I KN[1 & Y\ KN[ AS WELL1 ?AT :ATEV] WE DO1 H[EV] MU* WE TRY TO %>P5 \R 9SI<T & \R WISDOM 9 ORD] TO REA* ! NEW SOCIETY -- R$EEM$ FROM ! MA/] & EXPLOITATION1 FROM ! /ATE & OPPRESSION1 FROM SUP]/ITION & HUMILIATION -- & WANT TO BE WOR?Y ( IT1 WE SUCCE$ ONLY TO A V]Y SMALL DEGREE4 ,WE >E ! (F%OOTS ( ! B\RGEOIS TRUNK1 & WE C>RY ITS VICI\S & MALIGNANT /IGMA4 ,AT BE/1 WE C>RY 9SIDE US ONLY ! 9T5TION1 ! AIM TO BE BETT]1 TO WI% ?AT ?OSE :O SURR\ND US1 SUFF]+1 UNHAPPY1 WILD1 OR WICK$1 %\LD BE BETT] (F4 

,BUT1 TO !SE PEOPLE1 :OM WE LOVE & TO :OM WE W\LD LIKE TO GIVE \R MO/ S]I\S & ASSUR+ TRU/1 WE CAN (F] ONLY A MAGNIFIC5T PR(ILE ( ! FREE SOCIETY1 DRAWN FROM HOPE1 IMAG9ATION1 & SOME POSITIVE LOGICAL D$UCTION1 RA!R ?AN A C]TA9 MA!MATICAL REALITY4 ,BESIDES1 WE C\LD NOT PRODUCE A MORE ACCURATE & COMPLETE >*ITECTURE )\T BE+ >BITR>Y & RIDICUL\S4 ,! MO/ IDEAL CON/RUCTION MI<T APPE> %ABBY OR EV5 GROTESQUE TO \R DESC5DANTS1 :O W\LD HAVE TO LIVE 9 IT -- & :O WILL BE ABLE TO BUILD !IR [N H\SES1 SUITABLE TO !IR [N NE$S1 ACCORD+ TO !IR [N TA/E1 WOR?Y ( ! MORE ADVANC$ & SUP]IOR CIVILIZATION 9 :I* !Y WILL LIVE4 

,\R TASK IS MORE MODE/ & EV5 MORE P]EMPTORY4 ,WE MU/ LEAVE !M A CLE> GR\ND1 )\T ! GLOOMY RU9S1 ! FIL?Y JAILS1 ! GRE$Y PRIVILEGES1 ! PR$ATORY MONOPOLIES1 ! EUNU* FE>S1 & ! POISON$ PREJUDICES AMONG :I* WE ROAM LIKE %AD[S 9 PA94 ,WE MU/ LEAVE !M AN E>? CLE> ( *UR*ES1 B>RACKS1 TRIBUNALS1 BRO!LS &1 ABOVE ALL1 CLE> ( IGNORANCE & FE>1 :I* PRES]VE !SE E/ABLI%M5TS MU* MORE FAI?FULLY ?AN ! SANCTIONS ( LAWS & POLICE =CES 

,WE CAN LOOK AT ! FUTURE ONLY ?R\< ! PRISM ( ! PRES5T1 & \R VISION IS OBSCUR$ BY ! MUDDY REALITY ?AT SURR\NDS US4 ,SO1 IS IT SURPRIS+ ?AT ANY ONE ( ! POOR WRET*ES :O HAVE KN[N FOODLESS DAYS1 SLEEPLESS NI<TS & ! BITT]NESS ( EV]-9CREAS+ UNSATISFI$ DESIRES1 %\LD SUPPOSE ?AT EV5 9 AN>*Y ! SAME HUNG] MAY EXI/ ?AT TURNS ! CITIZ5 ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY 9TO A SAVAGE TROGLODYTE1 A BL9D PUPPET ( HIS BE/IAL 9/9CTS8 ,BUT1 IF TOMORR[ PEOPLE %\LD /ILL SLAU<T] ONE ANO!R = A CRU/ ( BREAD1 ?IS ONE S+LE TRU?1 H[EV] SAD1 W\LD HAVE TO BE ADMITT$3 ?AT NOT ONLY HAVE WE FAIL$ TO MAKE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 BUT WE HAVE ALSO TURN$ MANY C5TURIES BACKW>D4 ,& !N C]TA9 SURVIVALS C\LD BE EXPLA9$4 

,H[EV] MY EXP]I5CE -- & P]HAPS EV5 BETT] = Y\1 Y\R [N EXP]I5CE -- TELLS ME ?AT C]TA9 BIG WORDS1 UTT]$ P\R EPAT] LE B\RGEOIS1 TO /UN ! CLUMSY CR[D1 >E G5]ALLY CONTRADICT$ BY ! :OLE ACTIVITY ( !SE 9NOCU\S MATAMOROS1.<#c#h.> :O KN[1 P]HAPS MORE PR(\NDLY ?AN ANYBODY ELSE1 ! SATISFACTION ( HAV+ RE/OR$ ! SMILE ON ! LIPS ( !IR SUFF]+ NEI<BOR1 BY (F]+ HIM !IR [N PIECE ( BREAD4 

,IT IS SELDOM1 9 FACT1 ?AT ! WEAL?Y GIVE MORE ?AN CRUMBS1 :ILE ! *RONICLES ( POV]TY HAVE NEV] TOLD ( A /RONG HEAL?Y BUT POOR MAN :O HAS SNAT*$ A CRU/ ( BREAD FROM A *ILD4 ,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 ! POOR :O HAVE ONLY RAGS & TORM5TS1 :O KN[ ONLY HUNG] & PA91 GIVE !IR P5NY )\T REGRET = ANY WOR?Y CAUSE & >E 9CL9$ TO B5D M]CIFULLY & DELICATELY OV] ANY ANGUI% OR W\ND4 

,ONLY ! POOR GIVE 9 SU* A MANN] -- BY IMPULSE1 ) G5]OSITY & G5TLE K9DNESS4 ,AT LEA/1 ,I HAVE SE5 !M ?IS WAY DUR+ MY :OLE LIFE1 ALWAYS4 ,ALL ! RE/ IS SOPHI/RY -- ORIG9AL1 WITTY1 /UNN+ AT TIMES -- BUT %E] SOPHI/RY4 

,NO LESS SOPHI/ICAL IS ! T5D5CY ( ?OSE :O1 UND] ! COM=TABLE CLOAK ( AN>*I/ 9DIVIDUALISM1 W\LD WELCOME ! IDEA ( DOM9ATION4 ,!Y /RET* ,RABELAIS'S APHORISM3 FAIS CE QUE VEUX6 BEYOND ITS REASONABLE MEAN+1 & !Y IGNORE ?AT HE DID NOT SUGGE/ HIS M]RY1 0 ,DO :AT Y\ WI%0 TO A FEW RI* PEOPLE OR LOAF]S1 BUT TO EV]YBODY1 ) NO EXCEPTIONS4.<#c#i.> ,HE WAS C]TA9 ?AT NO?+ BUT COOP]ATION & H>MONY CAN RESULT FROM ! FREE PLAY ( 9ITIATIVES1 ATTITUDES & MULTI=M 5]GIES 7LIKE ! NATURAL COHESION ( ! CELLS ( AN ORGANISM1 VIGOR\SLY C>RY+ \T !IR UNCEAS+ FUNCTION ( N\RI%+ & R5EW+ TISSUES & ORGANS4 ,?US1 !Y KEEP ! TOR* ( LIFE IGNIT$1 ) NO 9C5TIVE O!R ?AN !IR *EMI/RY74 ,BUT ! H]ALDS ( DOM9ATION PRESUME TO PRACTICE 9DIVIDUALISM 9 ! NAME ( !IR EGO1 OV] ! OB$I5T1 RESIGN$1 OR 9]T EGO ( O!RS4.<#d.> 

,& AGA9/ SU* PRET5SE -- :I* MI<T 5C\NT] MORE ?AN ONE OB/ACLE AT ! TIME ( ITS PRACTICE -- WE W\LD HAVE NO?+ TO OPPOSE1 IF IT DID NOT CLAIM FROM AN>*Y ITS RI<T1 ITS 9VE/ITURE1 ITS JU/IFICATION4 

,NO6 ,9 AN>*Y ONLY ONE DOM9ATION IS JU/IFIABLE1 LEGITIMATE & DESIRABLE1 & IT IS ! DOM9ATION EA* ONE EX]TS ON HIMSELF4 ,TO EXCE$ ?IS IS AU?ORITY1 COMM&1 DESPOTISM &1 AS AN>*Y IS BY DEF9ITION ABS5CE ( AU?ORITY1 ANYONE :O CALLS = OR SU/A9S DOM9ATION1 ?AT IS AU?ORITY1 PLACES HIMSELF1 BY HIS [N ACTION1 AGA9/ & \TSIDE AN>*Y1 )\T ! BO!R ( EXCOMMUNICATION OR ANA!MA BY C\NCILS OR POPES4 

,WE DO NOT EXCOMMUNICATE ANYBODY4 ,WE ACKN[L$GE ANYBODY'S RI<T TO SEEK P[] IF HE HAS A TA/E = IT1 TO OBTA9 IT IF HE CAN1 & TO WIELD IT IF !RE >E EUNU*S :O SUBMIT TO IT4 ,WE ONLY F9D ! DISGUISE UNFAIR & GROTESQUE4 ,BUT :AT PLEASURE CAN !RE BE 9 MASK+ SU* DESIRE -- A DEV\T1 P]HAPS P]PETUAL DESIRE = P[] & AU?ORITY -- AS AN>*ISM8 

,ALAS6 ,FUNDAM5TALLY !RE IS ALWAYS ! S\L ( ! SLAVE :O DESPAIRS ( EMANCIPATION1 :O C>RIES 9 HIS MEMORY &1 EV5 MORE1 9 HIS SC>S1 ! EXP]I5CE ( HIS SUFF]+1 A TRAG$Y 9 :I* HE SEES ONLY TWO *>ACT]S -- HIMSELF1 *A9$ TO ! MILL5>IAN COLUMN ( S]FDOM1 &1 9 FRONT ( HIM1 HIS MA/]1 DULL1 H]CULEAN1 BE/IAL1 SC\RG+ & *OK+ HIM4 

,:5 WE M5TION TO \R PEASANTS -- ! OLD ONES1 ESPECIALLY -- ! RADIANT HYPO!SIS ( A BRO!RLY SOCIETY ( EQUALS1 :]E !Y WILL BE ABLE TO RE/1 !IR WOM5 BE ABLE TO SMILE & !IR *ILDR5 CAN GR[-FREE1 5LI<T5$ & /RONG1 ! OLD PEASANTS %AKE !IR HEADS P]PLEX$4 ,!IR LOOK1 :I* HAD BE5 = A MOM5T 5LIV5$ BY HOPE1 FADES & VANI%ES AS !Y MURMUR1 0,!RE HAVE ALWAYS BE5 RI* & POOR1 & !RE ALWAYS WILL BE04 ,& BECAUSE BE+ RI* OR POOR IS ! FATAL CROSSROAD ( LIFE1 !Y DON'T EAT1 & !Y YOKE !IR WOM5 & *ILDR5 9TO A S]VITUDE EV5 WORSE ?AN !IR [N 9 ORD] TO SAVE ! FEW CO9S :I*1 !Y +5I\SLY HOPE 7A HOPE ?AT WILL DIE ) ! DREAM 9 A SQUALID HOSPITAL B$71 WILL PLACE !M SOME DAY ON ! SIDE ( ! BLESS$ POSSID5TES1 ! WEAL?Y & FROM :]E !Y WILL1 9 TURN1 EX]T ! SAME SAVAGE EXPLOITATION ( :I* !Y >E N[ ! VICTIMS4 

,!Y CANNOT REALIZE ?AT ! MA/] DOES NOT HAVE TO EXI/4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ! PROPON5TS ( P[] >E UNABLE TO CONCEIVE ( A SOCIETY )\T GOV]NM5T4 ,CALL$ TO *OOSE BETWE5 BE+ GOV]N$ & GOV]N+1 !Y DREAM ( ALIGN+ !MSELVES ) ! LATT]1 NOT N[1 BECAUSE NOBODY 9 GOV]NM5T HAS ANY USE = !M1 BUT :5 AN>*Y HAS COME 9TO EXI/5CE1 :5 EA* ONE WILL BE ABLE TO DO ANY?+ HE PLEASES4 ,!Y SUPPOSE1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT ! MASSES1 HAV+ REJECT$ ! REF9$ & PROGRESSIVE POLITICAL WISDOM ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 WILL WANT TO SUBMIT TO !IR WILL & TO !IR ROD -- 9 VA91 IF ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION HAS PREVAIL$ & AN>*Y HAS BE5 REALIZ$4 ,ONE CAN ONLY SMILE & GO ON6 

,YET1 WE HAVE MET SOME :O W]E ABLE TO COV] !IR SOPHISMS ) A LESS VULG> APPE>ANCE & ) MORE +5I\S TRICKS -- !Y OBJECT ?AT P]SONALITIES EM]GE FROM ! MASSES1 :O >E 5D[$ BY NATURE ) AN EXTRAORD9>ILY P[]FUL M9D1 OR >E FAVOR$ ) SPECIAL MEANS ( $UCATION & LE>N+1 KE5NESS 9 /UDY1 P]SEV]ANCE 9 RESE>*4 ,AS A RESULT !Y SUCCE$ 9 P5ETRAT+ 5IGMAS1 9 DISCOV]+ NATURAL LAWS :I* W]E UNKN[N BE=E1 DRAW+ FROM !M APPLICATIONS ( GREAT & UNCONTE/$ VALUE = ! ADVANCEM5T ( CIVILIZATION AS WELL AS = ! WELL-BE+ ( MANK9D4 ,!Y SUCCE$ 9 GRASP+ A TRU? :I* SURPASSES NOT ONLY ALL USUAL & NORMAL KN[L$GE1 BUT ALSO ?AT :I*1 P]TA9S TO ! SPECIALIZ$ TE*NOLOGY ( A P>TICUL> BRAN* ( LE>N+1 BECOM+ ! TEA*]S ( IT1 PIONE]S1 MA/]S1 IF Y\ PLEASE1 BECAUSE NO ONE ELSE CAN COMPETE ) !M OR %>E 9 !IR EM95CE4 ,:5 ,GALILEO1 = 9/ANCE1 OR ,PASCAL1 OR ,NEWTON 5UNICIAT$ ! LAW CONC]N+ UNIV]SAL GRAVITATION1 ! EQUILIBRIUM ( FLUIDS1 OR ! IMMOBILITY ( ! SUN AT ! C5T] ( ITS SY/EM ) ! ,E>? & O!R PLANETS CIRCL+ >\ND IT & REFLECT+ ITS LI<T1 :]E C\LD !Y F9D COMPET5T1 CONSCI5TI\S & WOR?Y OPPON5TS8 -- ,) ! EXCEPTION ( ! ,HOLY ,9QUISITION1 :I* HAS ! SPECIAL1 UN5VIABLE TASK & MISSION ( DEF5D+ ! DOGMATIC ABSURDITY ( ! ,G5ESIS AGA9/ ! RI<TS ( REASON4 

,WE >E COMPELL$ TO BELIEVE 9 & TO SWE> 9 V]BA MAGI/RI .<9 ! WORDS ( ! MA/].> TO ! TRU?S !Y HAVE REVEAL$ & :I* WE CANNOT V]IFY NOR CONTE/4 ,ISN'T ?IS1 9 MANY BRAN*ES ( ! HUMAN KN[L$GE1 AN ABSOLUTE & 9CONTE/ABLE AU?ORITY8 

,! AU?ORITY ( G5IUS8 ,WELL1 ONE IS ALMO/ TEMPT$ TO ACC$E4 ,BUT1 IF1 ACCORD+ TO ,BOVIO 7& SO F> NO ONE HAS SAID IT ) MORE S]I\SNESS & CL>ITY71 G5I\S IS ! HI<E/ DEGREE ( SYN!SIS ) :I* HUMAN ?\<T DISCOV]S TRU? 9 AN ORIG9AL MANN] & 9 REMOTE RELATION%IPS1 H[ MU* WILL ?IS SYN!SIS 7IE1 ! ME?OD :I* 9 PHILOSOPHY AS WELL AS 9 *EMI/RY PROCE$S FROM CAUSES TO EFFECTS1 FROM PR9CIPLES TO CONSEQU5CES1 FROM ! ELEM5TS TO ! :OLE7 [E TO ANALYSIS & TO ?OSE :O1 ) !IR LABOR1 ) !IR P]SI/5CE &1 EQUALLY1 ) !IR 9TUITION1 HAVE COLLECT$ ! ELEM5TS1 DISCOV]$ & >RANG$ ! CAUSES1 E/ABLI%$ ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES FROM :I* ! NEW DISCOV]Y HAS TAK5 ITS />T1 & )\T :I* ! NEW RELATION%IP C\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 GRASP$1 NOR ! SUP]IOR TRU? BE5 ABLE TO REVEAL & ASS]T ITSELF8 ,H[ MU* DOES ,M>CONI [E ,GALVANI1 ,VOLTA1 ,RI<I1 ,H]TZ1 ,MAXWELL1 ,CROOKES1 = HIS WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY8.<#d#a.> 

,! ?\<T1 :I* UNCOV]S A NEW TRU? 9 AN ORIG9AL MANN] & 9 A REMOTE RELATION%IP1 HAS >IS5 FROM ! ?\<T1 ! /UDY1 ! WORK1 ! PA91 ! TRAGIC DIS5*ANTM5T ( ALL ?OSE :O TOOK ! FIR/ /EPS ON ! H>% ROAD ( RESE>*1 :O DISSIPAT$ ! FIR/ CL\DS ( D>KNESS1 :O OV]CAME ! FIR/ & MO/ >DU\S OB/ACLES1 BOLDLY *ALL5G+ MOCK]Y1 CONTEMPT1 ! ANGRY CONS]VATISM ( ! VULG>1 & ! EV5 MORE FURI\S HATR$ ( ! 5TR5*$ 9T]E/S1 & :O1 9 SO DO+1 OP5$ A GLEAM 9TO ! FUTURE4 

,:O CAN SAY1 ?AT HE1 ALONE1 EQUIPP$ EXCLUSIVELY ) HIS LIMIT$ KN[L$GE1 HAS GONE V]Y F> ON ! /EEP PA? ( PROGRESS8 ,?AT HE HAS CREAT$ SOME?+ FROM NO?+1 )\T US+ ! WORK ( HIS =]UNN]S1 ! PIONE]S :O PROCE$$ HIM8 

,SO1 IT APPE>S ?AT ! RI<T TO COMM& BEG9S TO LOSE SOME ( ITS ABSOLUTE & AUTOCRATIC *>ACT]4 ,AT ! V]Y LEA/1 WE >E ON ! LEVEL ( A CON/ITUTIONAL REGIME6 

,H]E AGA9 -- EV]Y?+ BELONGS TO EV]YBODY 

,BUT H]E WE DO NOT 9T5D TO DEAL ) G5IUS1 ! DEBATE W\LD TAKE US TOO F>4 

,\R SUBJECT IS MORE MODE/3 DOES ! P]SON :O HAS A WEAL? ( KN[L$GE UNKN[N TO MO/ PEOPLE EX]T A REAL & EXCLUSIVE DOM9ATION OV] IGNORANT LAYM58 ,OR DOES HE NOT8 

,\R ANSW] IS1 CATEGORICALLY & )\T HESITATION1 NO6 ,EV5 IF IT BE ,GALILEO1 ,PASCAL1 OR ,NEWTON1 :O 9 ! D>KNESS ( PA/ C5TURIES RAIS$ ! TOR* ( HOPE1 ( TRU?1 ( R$EMPTION4 

,AGA9/ ! BIBLICAL TRADITION ( CREATION1 :I* CLAIM$ ?AT ! ,E>? IS ! C5T] ( ! UNIV]SE1 ,GALILEO AFFIRM$ & PROV$ 7& HIS DEMON/RATION HAS S9CE !N BE5 VALIDAT$ BY MANY CLE> PRO(S :I* >E N[ ACCESSIBLE TO ! UNSKILL$ 9 A/RONOMY7 ?AT ! SUN IS ! IMMOBILE C5T] ( \R PLANET>Y SY/EM1 & ?AT ,E>? IS ONLY ONE ( MANY SATELLITES :I* REVOLVE >\ND ! SUN AT A RHY?M ?AT CAN N[ BE CALCULAT$ EXACTLY TO ! SECOND4 

,N[6 ,EI!R ,GALILEO HAS CONV9C$ ME ?AT HIS !ORY IS RI<T1 &1 IF SO1 HE HAS CEAS$ TO DOM9ATE ME BECAUSE ,I AM ABLE TO UND]/& & V]IFY IT -- & TODAY1 EV5 ) ! HELP ( DATA & MEANS ?AT W]E NOT KN[N 9 HIS TIME4 ,!N1 AS F> AS ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! SUN & ITS SATELLITES IS CONC]N$1 !RE IS SU* COMPLETE AGREEM5T BETWE5 ,GALILEO & ME -- P>DON ! COMP>ISON ?AT IT EXCLUDES ANY =M ( HI]>*Y1 SUPREMACY1 OR DOM9ATION4 

,OR ,GALILEO HAS NOT CONV9C$ ME4 ,& !N1 AS F> AS ,I AM CONC]N$1 ! SUN CONT9UES TO REVOLVE AS IT DID 9 ! TIME ( ,JO%UA1 :O ALL[$ HIMSELF ! PLEASURE ( /OPP+ IT 9 ORD] TO GIVE HIM TIME TO DE/ROY ,A-DO-NI-ZE-DEC1 K+ ( ,J]USALEM4 ,! ,E>? /&S /ILL 7& IT MU/ /& /ILL -- AS SOME PEASANTS ,I WAS TRY+ TO P]SUADE TO ! ,GALILEAN !ORY US$ TO SAY -- BECAUSE O!RWISE ALL ( US W\LD GO UPSIDE D[N71 & ! ,BIBLE & ,MOSES >E RI<T4 

,BUT1 !N1 :AT K9D ( P[] W\LD ,GALILEO HAVE OV] MY BELIES1 MY IDEAS & MY $UCATION1 IF ,I REMA9 UNMOV$ 9 MY PREJUDICE1 & IF HE HASN'T ! SLI<TE/ 9FLU5CE OR M5TAL JURISDICTION OV] ME8 ,I'D REMA9 A /RANG]1 \TSIDE HIS DOM9ION4 

,&1 SADLY1 ?AT SU* IS ! CASE IS PROV$ BY ! G5]AL ALLEGIANCE1 7?ANKS TO ! IGNORANCE & SUP]/ITION CULTIVAT$ ) RELI% AMONG ! COMMON PEOPLE BY ?OSE 9SEP>ABLE ACCOMPLICES1 ! ,/ATE & ! *UR*7 ?AT ! GREAT MAJORITY CONT9UES TO PAY TO ,G5ESIS & ! ,MOSAIC TRADITION4 ,& BY ! RA!R ?9 RANKS ( SUSPICI\S '*>ACT]S' & 'REPROBATES' :O ACCEPT & TRU/ ,GALILEO'S SCI5TIFIC !ORY4 

,ONE MI<T1 ) SOME SUCCESS1 C>RY ! DEBATE 9TO A WID] FIELD2 IE1 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ?OSE :O DISCOV] A NEW SCI5TIFIC APPROA* TO 9DU/RY & LIFE1 ITSELF1 & ?OSE :O1 ) ! NECESS>Y 9TELLIG5CE & COOP]ATION1 MAKE POSSIBLE ITS REALIZATION & B5EFIT4 ,WE >RIVE !N AT ! CONCLUSION ( ! EQUIVAL5CE ( FUNCTIONS1 :I* WE HAVE M5TION$ BE=E1 & 9 :I* ! S\RCES & ! SECURITY ( LIB]T>IAN EQUALITY >E F\ND4 

,BUT WE FEEL ?AT WE HAVE SP5T TOO MU* TIME >GU+ AB\T AN OBJECTION ?AT REFUTES ITSELF AUTOMATICALLY FROM ! AN>*I/ /&PO9T ! REJECTION ( ALL AU?ORITY4 

,YET1 9 \R OP9ION1 ,M]L9O SEES ! DIS9TEGRATION1 ! AGONY ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 NOT 9 !SE QU>RELS1 BUT 9 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! ORGANIZATIONALI/S & ! 9DIVIDUALI/S ON ! GR\NDS ( IMM$IATE ACTION1 & 9 ! TWO TR5DS' RESPECTIVE 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS30444 ! =M]1 ! ORGANIZATIONALI/S1 >E UNABLE TO F9D A =M ( ORGANIZATION COMPATIBLE ) !IR AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES0 2 ! LATT]1 ! 9DIVIDUALI/S1 

04 4 ) ! FAILURE ( ! IDEA ( REPRISAL1 :I* HAD BE5 ! S\L ( AN>*I/ ACTION1 CANNOT F9D A WAY TO ACTION & CANNOT EXI/ )\T ! ORGANIZATION !Y /RIVE TO REJECT0 4 

,?AT ! ORGANIZATIONALI/S CANNOT F9D A =M ( ORGANIZATION COMPATIBLE ) !IR AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES IS P]FECTLY NATURAL & LOGICAL1 &1 ON ?IS PO9T1 WE >E 9 TOTAL AGREEM5T ) ,M]L9O4 ,BUT1 WE DO NOT UND]/& :Y ! 9DIVIDUALI/S CANNOT EXI/ )\T AN ORGANIZATION1 S9CE1 ACCORD+ TO ,M]L9O HIMSELF1 AN ORGANIZATION COMPATIBLE ) AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES IS NOT TO BE F\ND4 

,/ILL1 IT SEEMS TO US ?AT A DI/9CTION %\LD BE MADE CONC]N+ ?IS DESIGNATION ( ORGANIZATIONALI/ AN>*I/S1 :5 WE CONSID] ! FREQU5T /ATEM5TS & ! PRACTICAL ATTITUDES !Y EXPRESS & ADOPT4 

,ORGANIZATIONALI/S >E1 IF WE DO NOT ]R1 ?OSE AN>*I/S :O DEEM IT DESIRABLE1 NECESS>Y & POSSIBLE TO ORGANIZE SY/EMATICALLY1 ON ! BASIS ( PREVI\SLY AGRE$ PROGRAMS1 AS A POLITICAL P>TY1 DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ALL O!R PROLET>IAN P>TIES1 & ABLE1 :5EV] ! OPPORTUNITY APPE>S1 TO MAKE ITSELF HE>D 9 B>GA9+S1 ALLIANCES & COALITIONS ?AT MI<T BE SUGGE/$ BY ! NECESSITIES ( ! MOM5T1 ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! RUL+ CLASS1 AGA9/ ANY 9TOL]ABLE MISDE$ ?AT MI<T HAVE OCCURR$4 

,O!R AN>*I/S CALL !MSELVES ORGANIZATIONALI/S1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE !Y PROMOTE ! SPECIFIC E/ABLI%M5T ( A POLITICAL P>TY1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE !Y BELIEVE ?AT ! BASIS ( AN>*I/ MOVEM5T %\LD BE ! EXI/+ LABOR ORGANIZATIONS &1 EV5 MORE1 ?OSE ?AT W\LD >ISE UND] !IR AUSPICES1 ) !IR /IMULUS1 & HAVE AN OP5 REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT]4 

,TO !SE TWO TR5DS1 :I* DIFF] ONLY BY DEGREE1 & :OSE ACTION %\LD ALWAYS BE COLLECTIVE 9 *>ACT]1 ,M]L9O -- IF WE DO NOT MISUND]/& HIS ?\<T -- OPPOSES ?OSE AN>*I/S :O PREF] 9DIVIDUAL ACTIVITY BO? 9 ! FIELD ( PROPAG&A & REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 

,MODE/LY1 BUT FIRMLY1 WE >E OPPOS$ TO ?OSE AN>*I/S :O CALL !MSELVES ORGANIZATIONALI/S1 :E!R !Y WI% TO ORGANIZE AN AN>*I/ P>TY POLITICALLY1 OR :E!R1 9 ORD] TO /R5G!N IT1 !Y AIM TO BASE IT ON LABOR ORGANIZATIONS AS !Y EXI/ N[1 OR ON O!R ONES !Y MI<T ORGANIZE ?AT CORRESPOND MORE TO !IR AIMS4 

,A POLITICAL P>TY1 ANY POLITICAL P>TY1 HAS ITS PROGRAM2 IE1 ITS CON/ITUTIONAL *>T]3 9 ASSEMBLIES ( GR\P REPRES5TATIVES IT HAS ITS P>LIAM5T3 9 ITS MANAGEM5T1 ITS BO>DS & EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES1 IT HAS ITS GOV]NM5T4 ,9 %ORT1 IT IS A GRADUAT$ SUP]/RUCTURE ( BODIES A TRUE HI]>*Y1 NO MATT] H[ DISGUIS$1 9 :I* ALL /AGES >E CONNECT$ BY A S+LE BOND1 DISCIPL9E1 :I* PUNI%ES 9FRACTIONS ) SANCTIONS ?AT GO FROM C5SURE TO EXCOMMUNICATION1 TO EXPULSION4 

,! AN>*I/ P>TY CANNOT HELP BUT BE A P>TY LIKE ! O!RS4 ,WORSE6 ,A GOV]NM5T LIKE ANY O!R GOV]NM5T1 5SLAV$1 LIKE ALL ! O!RS1 BY ITS CON/ITUTION :I*1 LIKE ALL O!R CON/ITUTIONS1 LAWS & CODES1 W\LD BE OV]TAK51 ON ! DAY AFT] ITS PROMULGATION1 BY EV5TS & NE$S1 BY ! PRESS+ NECESSITIES ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,A GOV]NM5T1 ABSURD & ILLEGITIMATE LIKE ! O!RS1 BAS$ ON DELEGATION & REPRES5TATION1 ?\< IT W\LD BE ONLY TOO CLE> & OBVI\S1 ESPECIALLY FROM ! EXP]I5CE ( ! AN>*I/S1 ?AT EV]Y DELEGATE & DEPUTY C\LD REPRES5T ONLY HIS [N IDEAS & FEEL+S1 NOT ?OSE ( HIS CON/ITU5TS1 :I* >E 9F9ITELY V>IABLE ON ANY SUBJECT4 ,A GOV]NM5T1 9TRUSIVE & >BITR>Y1 LIKE ANY O!R GOV]NM5T1 BECAUSE ITS PREOCCUPATION ) DIRECTORIAL RESPONSIBILITY WILL1 AT EV]Y DEVELOPM5T1 9 EV]Y /AGE ( ITS HI]>*Y1 PU% IT TO ADOPT -- ALWAYS MOV$1 ( C\RSE1 BY ! MO/ NOBLE & G5]\S PURPOSE -- PROVISIONS1 DECISIONS1 MEASURES TO :I* ! C>D-C>RY+ MEMB]S WILL SUBMIT = ! SAKE ( DISCIPL9E1 EV5 ?\< !Y MAY BE CONTR>Y TO !IR OP9ION & !IR 9T]E/4 ,A GOV]NM5T1 ALL-ABSORB+ LIKE ANY O!R1 BECAUSE IT WANTS & HAS AN ORGAN = EV]Y FUNCTION1 ( LITTLE OR NO USE1 BUT ?R\< :I* EV]YBODY MU/ PASS1 AGA9/ :I* ALL 9ITIATIVES WILL HAVE TO COLLIDE1 & BE=E :I* ALL ORIG9AL & UNOR?ODOX PROJECTS WILL APPE> SUSPICI\S1 IF NOT \TRI<T SUBV]SIVE4 

,IS IT NECESS>Y TO DO ?IS OR ?AT = PROPAG&A8 ,A COMMITTEE EXI/S = ?AT PURPOSE & WILL TAKE C>E ( IT4 ,IS IT URG5T TO DO ?IS OR ?AT = SOLID>ITY8 ,:AT DOES ?IS APPROPRIATE COMMITTEE EXI/ =1 IF NOT = ?AT PURPOSE8 ,IS !RE AN 9ITIATIVE = AFFIRMATION OR ACTION8 ,ISN'T !RE A COMMITTEE *>G$ ) !SE TASKS & MU/N'T Y\ GO ?R\< IT1 UND] ! ?REAT ( REPUDIATION1 BLAME1 OR PUNI%M5T = LACK ( DISCIPL9E8 

,MANY :O HAVE BE5 ) AN ORGANIZATION ( ANY K9D HAVE HAD ! BITT] OCCASION TO WAT* ITS 9DOL5CE & ITS NEGLIG5CE4 ,!Y 5D UP D\BT+ :E!R ! ORGANIZATION IS SET UP TO DEF5D ! WORK]S & SUPPORT !IR ASPIRATIONS1 WOND]+ :E!R IT ISN'T AT ! CRITICAL MOM5T1 AN OB/ACLE OR IMP$IM5T1 9/EAD4 ,!Y CAN TELL Y\ IF WE >E EXAGG]AT+4 

,IT W\LD NOT HELP TO OBJECT ?AT H]E WE DEAL ) AN>*I/S1 SELECT$ PEOPLE1 :O KN[ :AT !Y WANT1 :O >E ABLE TO *OOSE !IR ROAD1 & :O HAVE ! GOOD LEGS & /R5G? TO CLIMB IT4 ,LIKE ! MEMB]S ( ALL ! VANGU>D P>TIES1 AN>*I/S >E *ILDR5 ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 C>RY+ ITS /IGMA1 &1 UND]/&ABLY1 ! CR[DS ?AT JO9 !M >E NOT BETT] & EXPECT ! MAXIMUM RESULT FROM ! LEA/ EF=T4 ,WE HAVE BE5 =C$ 9TO TOO MANY COMPROMISE >RANGEM5TS TO BE WILL+ TO SEEK MORE4 ,AS WE ACCEPT WAGES1 AS WE PAY = ! H\SE WE R5T1 \R REVOLUTION>Y CLAIMS & \R AN>*I/ ASPIRATIONS NOT)/&+1 WE RECOGNIZE & WE LEGITIMIZE 9 ! MO/ CONCRETE & PA9FUL WAY1 CAPITAL1 R5T1 PR(IT -- ! TRIBUTE ?AT \R EXPLOIT]S IMPOSE ON \R LABOR & ON \R DESPIS$ SWEAT4 

,COMPROMISE1 R5UNCIATION1 BETRAYAL6 BUT !RE IS NO O!R WAY \T2 ! YOKE IS ON \R NECKS & \R H&S >E TI$4 

,BUT1 :]EV] POSSIBLE1 WE MU/ AVOID1 WE MU/ %UN1 WE MU/ REJECT COMPROMISE & R5UNCIATION4 ,WE MU/ BE \RSELVES1 ACCORD+ TO ! /RICT *>ACT] \TL9$ BY \R FAI? & \R CONVICTIONS4 ,!SE C]TA9LY W\LD NOT DRAW =? A GOOD OM5 = ! LIB]T>IAN FUTURE IF WE C\LD NOT PROCE$ ON \R [N1 )\T ! PROXIES & ! TUTORS1 :I* >E 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! NOTION ( ORGANIZATION1 BE IT EI!R ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( ! AN>*I/ P>TY OR ! ORGANIZATION ( ! CRAFT & TRADE UNIONS4 

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,WORK]S' ,ORGANIZATION 

0,AGA9/ ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS1 ALSO80 

,IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( PRO OR CON4 ,! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T & ! LABOR MOVEM5T FOLL[ TWO P>ALLEL L9ES1 & IT HAS BE5 GEOMETRICALLY PROV5 ?AT P>ALLELS NEV] MEET4 

,IT IS PRESUM$ ?AT ?R\< EXP]I5CE1 RESE>*1 LE>N+1 M$ITATION1 ! AN>*I/1 AT LEA/1 HAS REA*$ ! CONVICTION ?AT ! SOCIAL MALAISE1 9 G5]AL &1 9 P>TICUL>1 POV]TY1 S]FDOM & ! 9VOLUNT>Y1 IMPOS$ IGNORANCE ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE :O PRODUCE EV]Y?+ ?AT GIVES LIFE ITS FULLNESS & ! SPL5DOR !Y WILL NEV] 5JOY1 BUT :I* IS & WILL BE 5JOY$ BY ?OSE :O HAVE NEV] DONE A DAY'S WORK ANY:]E7 D]IVE FROM A PRIMITIVE & FUNDAM5TAL MONOPOLY -- FROM ! HO>D+1 BY A GRE$Y & CUNN+ M9ORITY1 ( ! L&1 FIELDS & M9ES & !IR PRODUCTS2 ( ! FACTORIES & =GES1 :]E ! E>?'S PRODUCTS >E TRANS=M$ 9TO ! ELEM5TS ( LIFE1 SECURITY1 & PLEASURE2 ( ! RAILROADS & %IPS1 C>RY+ SU* PRODUCTS TO ALL P>TS ( ! WORLD1 !RE TO BE EX*ANG$ = O!R GOODS OR %9+ GOLD1 :I* IS ! TOOL ( ! WEAL?1 P[]1 & ( ! TYRANNY :I* ! PRIVILEG$ M9ORITY PRACTICES ) IMPUNITY OV] ! RE/ ( MANK9D4 ,! *UR* CONSECRATES ?IS USURPATION AS A SPECIAL BLESS+ ( GOD2 ! ,/ATE LEGITIMIZES IT 9 ITS P>LIAM5TS1 CODES1 TRIBUNALS1 PROTECT$ BY ITS LAWS1 POLICE & >MIES4 ,& HYPOCRITICAL MORALITY SURR\NDS ?IS ?IEVI% HO>D+ ) RELIGI\S DEVOTION4 

,! AN>*I/ IMPUGNS ?IS MONOPOLY1 BUT S9CE A M]E D5IAL IS ( NO USE1 HE /RIKES ) ALL HIS MI<T AT ! ROOTS ( ! ACCURS$ TREE1 TRY+ TO CUT IT D[N & DE/ROY IT TOGE!R ) ITS BRAN*ES & ITS FRUITS3 EV]Y?+ BELONGS TO EV]YBODY4 ,NO MORE PRIVATE [N]%IP ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE1 NOR ( ANY O!R 9/ITUTION ?AT GU>DS ! 9JU/ICE & ! 9EQUALITY1 :I* >E ! 9EVITABLE ISSUE ( ?AT 9ITIAL PRIVILEGE4 

,& S9CE \R GOOD BUR<]S1 EV5 ?OSE :O PRET5D PHILAN?ROPY R$EEMS USURY1 WILL NEV] /OP BE+ EXPLOIT]S OR GIVE BACK :AT !Y HAVE UNJU/LY TAK52 ! AN>*I/S1 9CLUD+ ?OSE :O ABHOR VIOL5CE & BLOOD%$1 >E COMPELL$ TO CONCLUDE ?AT ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! RUL+ CLASS WILL HAVE TO BE ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! VIOL5T SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,& !Y D$ICATE !MSELVES TO ?IS1 SEEK+ TO PREP>E ! PROLET>IAT ) EV]Y MEANS ( $UCATION1 PROPAG&A & ACTION AT !IR DISPOSAL4 

,DO NOT =GET & DO NOT DELUDE Y\RSELVES6 ,! PROLET>IAT IS /ILL A MASS1 NOT A CLASS4 ,IF IT W]E A CLASS1 IF IT HAD A CLE>1 FULL CONSCI\SNESS ( ITS RI<TS1 ( ITS FUNCTION1 ( ITS /R5G?1 ! EGALIT>IAN REVOLUTION W\LD BE A ?+ ( ! PA/1 FREE+ US FROM !SE MELAN*OLY & BITT] MUS+S4 

,! GREAT MASS IS B\RGEOIS NON NATIONE S$ MORIBUS .<NOT BY BIR? BUT BY CU/OM.> -- NOT BY ORIG91 = NO?+ WAS F\ND 9 ITS CRADLE1 BUT BY HABIT1 SUP]/ITION1 PREJUDICE & BY 9T]E/1 TOO1 BECAUSE IT FEELS ITS [N 9T]E/S >E TI$ TO & DEP5D5T UPON ! MA/]S'1 :O1 !RE=E1 BECOME PROVID5CE ITSELF1 PROVID+ JOB1 WAGES1 BREAD1 LIFE = FA!R & *ILDR54 ,& = JOB1 LIFE & SECURITY1 ! GREAT MASS IS GRATEFUL TO ! MA/] :O HAS ALWAYS EXI/$ & WILL EXI/ =EV]3 BLESS$ BE HE -- & BLESS$ BE ! 9/ITUTIONS1 ! LAWS1 ! POLICEM5 :O DEF5D & PROTECT HIM4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 :ILE ! AN>*I/ MAKES A %>P1 SEV]E POSITIVE DIAGNOSIS1 & S9KS ! SCALPEL DEEP TO REMOVE ! MA9 S\RCE ( ! SOCIAL MALAISE AT ITS ROOT 7NOT HID+ ! LONG & PA9FUL DURATION ( ! TREATM5T7 ! GREAT MASS REMA9S EMPIRICAL4 ,IT DOES NOT CONTE/ PROP]TY1 LET ALONE REJECT IT2 IT WI%ES ONLY IT W]E LESS GRE$Y4 ,IT DOES NOT REPUDIATE ! MA/]2 IT DESIRES ONLY ?AT HE BE BETT]4 ,IT DOES NOT REJECT ! ,/ATE1 LAW1 TRIBUNALS & ! POLICE2 IT WANTS ONLY A FA!RLY ,/ATE1 JU/ LAWS & HONE/ C\RTS1 POLICE ?AT >E MORE HUMANE4 

,WE DO NOT >GUE AB\T :E!R PROP]TY IS GRE$Y OR NOT1 IF MA/]S >E GOOD OR BAD1 IF ! ,/ATE IS PAT]NAL OR DESPOTIC1 IF LAWS >E JU/ OR UNJU/1 IF C\RTS >E FAIR OR UNFAIR1 IF ! POLICE >E M]CIFUL OR BRUTAL4 ,:5 WE TALK AB\T PROP]TY1 ,/ATE1 MA/]S1 GOV]NM5T1 LAWS1 C\RTS & POLICE1 WE SAY ONLY ?AT WE DON'T WANT ANY ( !M4 ,& WE PURSUE ) PASSION1 PATI5CE & FAI?1 A SOCIETY 9COMPATIBLE ) !SE MON/ROSITIES4 ,& MEAN:ILE1 ) ALL ! MEANS WE CAN MU/]1 WE CONTE/ & OPPOSE !IR >BITR>Y & ATROCI\S FUNCTIONS1 QUITE (T5 SACRIFIC+ \R FRE$OM1 \R WELL-BE+1 EV5 \R LOV$ ONES = MANY LONG YE>S1 SOMETIMES =EV]4 

,AS Y\ CAN SEE1 WE FOLL[ DIFF]5T ROADS1 & IT IS UNLIKELY ?AT WE WILL EV] MEET4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,H[EV]1 LABOR ORGANIZATIONS >E A FACT2 !Y EXI/4 ,& EV5 IT !IR RU/Y & BL9D CONS]VATISM IS AN OB/ACLE & (T5TIMES A DANG]1 !Y DES]VE \R CONSID]ATION & C>EFUL ATT5TION4 

,IF WE F9D \RSELVES FAC+ AN IGNORANT *ILD1 A DEV\T WOMAN1 OR A BLOCKHEAD :O DOESN'T SEE1 OR DOESN'T WANT TO SEE1 WE DO NOT REACT ) D]ISION OR CONTEMPT TO ! IMMATURITY ( ONE1 ! +5U\SNESS ( ! O!R1 NOR TO ! BL9DNESS ( MO/4 

,WE TREAT !M ) ! SAME K9DNESS & ASSI/ !M ALL ) C>E1 BECAUSE WE >E PR\D TO UNCOV] ! %9+ METAL HIDD5 B5EA? ! RUDE & RA% EXT]IOR1 TO TRANS=M A PRIMITIVE BE+ 9TO A P]SON :O HAS VALUE1 9DIVIDUALLY & SOCIALLY1 BECAUSE WE KN[ ABOVE ALL ! TASK WE HAVE *OS5 IS TOO IMPORTANT TO NEGLECT ANY 5]GY ?AT MI<T CONTRIBUTE TO ! SUCCESS ( \R IDEAL &1 F9ALLY1 BECAUSE WE KN[ ?AT \R [N FRE$OM1 SECURITY1 & 9DIVIDUAL WELL-BE+ W\LD BE PREC>I\S & EPHEM]AL -- EV5 9 AN EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY -- IF !Y DID NOT F9D !IR BASIS & PROTECTION 9 ! FRE$OM & WELF>E ( ?OSE >\ND US4 ,IF FRE$OM IS KN[L$GE1 IF WELL-BE+ IS SOLID>ITY2 !N ! $UCATIONAL WORK TO BE P]=M$ AMONG PROLET>IANS1 ORGANIZ$ OR NOT APPE>S NOT ONLY AS A PRESS+ NE$ BUT ONE :I* CANNOT BE DELAY$ 

0,WELL !N1 W\LD Y\ BE WILL+ TO JO9 ANY ORGANIZATIONS8 ,TO REMA9 \TSIDE !M PREV5TS Y\ FROM EX]T+ ANY 9FLU5CE OR ACTION 0 

,C]TA9LY6 ,WE %\LD 5ROLL 9 LABOR ORGANIZATIONS :5EV] WE F9D IT USEFUL TO \R /RUGGLE & :]EV] IT IS POSSIBLE TO DO SO UND] WELL DEF9$ PL$GES & RES]VATIONS4 

,PL$GE NUMB] ONE6 ,AS WE W]E AN>*I/S \TSIDE ! ORGANIZATION SO WE %ALL REMA9 AN>*I/S 9SIDE IT4 ,FIR/ RES]VATION6 ,WE %ALL NEV] BE P>T ( ! LEAD]%IP2 WE %ALL BE ALWAYS 9 ! OPPOSITION & NEV] ASSUME ANY RESPONSIBILITY 9 RUNN+ ! UNION4 

,?IS IS = US AN ELEM5T>Y POSITION ( COH]5CE4 

,IT HAS BE5 FIRMLY E/ABLI%$ ?AT ! LABOR ORGANIZATIONS1 ?OSE ?AT >E MANAG$ BY SOMNOL5T CONS]VATIVES1 AS WELL AS ! R$ ONES L$ BY ! SO-CALL$ REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S1 RECOGNIZE & CONS5T TO ! EXI/+ ECONOMIC SY/EM 9 ALL ITS MANIFE/ATIONS & RELATIONS4 ,!Y LIMIT !IR DEM&S TO IMM$IATE & P>TIAL IMPROVEM5TS1 HI< SAL>IES1 %ORT] H\RS1 OLD-AGE P5SIONS1 UNEMPLOYM5T B5EFITS1 SOCIAL SECURITY1 LAWS PROTECT+ WOM5'S & *ILDR5'S WORK+ CONDITIONS1 FACTORY 9SPECTIONS1 ETC1 ETC444 ,!Y >E ! MA9 PURPOSE = :I* ! ORGANIZATION WAS E/ABLI%$1 & IT IS CLE> ?AT AN AN>*I/ CANNOT ASSUME ! RESPONSIBILITY = SPONSOR+ ASPIRATIONS ( ?IS K9D4 ,HE KN[S ?AT EV]Y CONQUE/ ( SU* IMPROVEM5TS IS DECEITFUL & 9CONSI/5T1 S9CE1 9 ! 9CREAS$ CO/ ( FOOD1 R5T & CLO!S1 ! WORK]1 AS A CONSUM] WILL PAY MORE TO LIVE NO MATT] H[ MU* MORE HE E>NS AS A PRODUC]4 ,NO COMRADE ( \RS1 !RE=E1 CAN ASSUME ! MANAGEM5T ( SU* AN ORGANIZATION1 NOR ANY ROLE IMPLY+ ANY SOLID>ITY :ATEV] ) ITS PROGRAM OR ACTION1 )\T D5Y+ ALL HIS AN>*I/ & REVOLUTION>Y CONVICTIONS1 )\T ALIGN+ HIMSELF ) ! RE=MI/ CR[DS :OSE SPE>HEAD HE PRET5DS TO BE4 

,\R PLACE IS 9 OPPOSITION1 CONT9UALLY DEMON/RAT+ ) ALL POSSIBLE VIGILANCE & CRITICISM ! VANITY ( SU* AIMS1 ! FUTILITY ( SU* EF=TS1 ! DISAPPO9T+ RESULTS2 REL5TLESSLY PO9T+ \T1 9 CONTRA/1 ! CONCRETE & 9TEGRAL EMANCIPATION ?AT C\LD BE A*IEV$ QUICKLY & EASILY ) DIFF]5T WAYS & O!R MEANS4 

,! \TCOME ( EV]Y AGITATION1 ( EV]Y UNION /RUGGLE W\LD CONFIRM ! =ESI<T & ! FAIRNESS ( \R CRITICISM4 ,EV5 IF IT IS NOT EASY TO HOPE ?AT AN ORGANIZATION MI<T SOON FOLL[ \R SUGGE/IONS1 IT IS NEV]!LESS BELIEVABLE ?AT ! MORE 9TELLIG5T & BOLD AMONG ITS MEMB]S W\LD BE 9CL9$ TO FAVOR \R PO9T ( VIEW4 ,!Y W\LD =M A NUCLEUS READY TO FI<T ) PASSION 9 ! /RUGGLES ( ! FUTURE1 ATTRACT+ !IR FELL[ WORK]S TO %AKE ! AU?ORITY ( !IR UNION LEAD]S4 

0,IF Y\ JO9 AN ORGANIZATION ) IDEAS LIKE ?IS & MEAN TO KEEP !M1 Y\'LL BE GAGG$ & EXPELL$ AS A PROVOCATEUR AT ! FIR/ OPPORTUNITY4 ,?AT IS SOME?+ Y\ HAVE HAD OCCASION TO SEE NOT LONG AGO40.<#d#b.> 

,?AT IS :Y ?OSE ( \R COMRADES :O UND]TAKE SU* AN >DU\S TASK MU/ POSSESS ! QUALITIES ( S]I\SNESS1 COH]5CE1 HUMILITY & GREAT PATI5CE ?AT >E REQUIR$ TO GA91 FIR/ ! LIK+1 !N ! E/EEM & F9ALLY ! TRU/ ( ! BE/ ( !IR FELL[ WORK]S4 ,!Y MU/ BE 9 ! FRONT L9E :]E !RE IS DANG]2 LA/ 9 L9E ALWAYS1 :]E !RE IS AMBITION OR P]SONA.> GA92 !Y MU/ BE BITT] OPPON5TS :5 FAC$ ) DEALS & COMPROMISES ?AT >E 9CONSI/5T ) !IR FAI? & DIGNITY AS WORK]S & REVOLUTIONI/S4 

,& IF !Y FAIL1 IF !Y HAVE TO PACK UP & GO1 !RE WILL BE NO REGRETS4 ,!Y WILL HAVE S[N ! GOOD SE$ ( 9DEP5D5CE1 ( CONSCI\SNESS & ( C\RAGE4 ,!IR WORK WILL BE REMEMB]$ & 9VOK$ :5EV] LEAD]S WAV] OR MANEUV]1 :5EV] ! H>D1 FRUITLESS /RUGGLE IS FOLL[$ BY R5EW$ PA9 & DISILLUSIONM5T1 :5EV] ! =TUNES ( BATTLE 5D 9 DISA/] = WANT ( ! BOLDNESS & SELF-D5IAL !Y ALWAYS PRACTIC$4 

,! SYMPA?Y & ! TRU/ ?AT GO BEYOND ! P]SONAL1 9TO ! ACTION & ! IDEAL :I* 9SPIR$ IT2 ! SYMPA?Y & TRU/ 9 REVOLUTION>Y ACTION & 9 ! AN>*I/ IDEAL2 ! SYMPA?Y & TRU/ :I* WILL 5D BY TRANS=M+ !MSELVES 9TO PASSIONATE & P]SI/5T COOP]ATION2 ISN'T ?IS ALL ?AT WE CAN EXPECT FROM \R MODE/ BUT E>NE/ WORK ( PROPAG&A1 $UCATION1 & R5OVATION8 

,WE HAVE NO DOGMATIC PRET5SE :ATSOEV]4 ,MODE/LY1 WE HAVE SAID :AT WE ?9K AB\T A CONTROV]SIAL QUE/ION1 CONSCI\S ( ! FACT IT HAS ! CONS5T ( A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( COMRADES -- & WE HAVE EXPRESS$ IT 9 ALL S9C]ITY )\T HATE OR CONTEMPT4 

,FUR!RMORE1 HATE & CONTEMPT W\LD BE MISPLAC$1 S9CE ACTION1 EI!R )9 OR )\T A LABOR ORGANIZATION1 %\LD IMPLY NEI!R M]IT NOR DEM]IT4 ,EV]YONE %\LD *OOSE ! WAYS1 MEANS1 & FIELD MORE SUIT$ TO HIS ABILITY & PREF]5CE4.<#d#c.> ,9 ANY CASE1 IT DOESN'T SEEM TO ME ?AT ?IS QUE/ION 9VOLVES ELEM5TS ( SU* DISP>ITY AS TO MAKE ,M]L9O =ESEE ! AGONY ( AN>*ISM4 

,WE %ALL HAVE TO LOOK = IT ELSE:]E4 

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,PROPAG&A ( ! ,DE$ 

,I AM BEG9N+ TO SUSPECT ?AT ,M]L9O MAY SEE 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL ACTS ( REBELLION -- REBELLION AGA9/ ! *UR*1 AGA9/ ! ,/ATE1 AGA9/ PROP]TY OR MORALITY -- & 9 ! ICONOCLA/S :O COMMIT !MSELVES TO !M1 ALMO/ ALWAYS LOS+ !IR FRE$OM OR !IR LIVES -- ! ESS5TIAL S\RCE ( DISAGREEM5T & ! 9SURM\NTABLE OB/ACLE TO A CORDIAL & PRODUCTIVE UND]/&+ AMONG ! V>I\S T5D5CIES ( AN>*ISM4 

,IF ?AT W]E ! CASE1 ,I W\LD BE V]Y SORRY444 = A LONG S]IES ( REASONS4 

,BECAUSE1 IF ,I REMEMB] ! DISDA9FUL & BITT] ATTITUDE ,M]L9O ASSUM$ 9 ,P>IS A QU>T] ( A C5TURY AGO AGA9/ ! ',9TRANSIG5T ,GR\PS' 79 !SE1 SIDE BY SIDE ) SOME SC\NDRELS :O EXPLOIT$ ! F]VOR & G5]OSITY ( SOME COMRADES &1 9 ! NAME ( AN>*ISM1 ?\<T ONLY ( PIL+ UP MONEY = !MSELVES1 BECOM+ CAPITALI/S AS GRE$Y AS ALL ! O!RS1 S9C]E & C\RAGE\S M5 W]E TO BE F\ND WORK+ ONLY TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE MEANS = ACTION -- PROPAG&A ( ! DE$ -- AS IT WAS !N CALL$4 ,IT IS 5\< TO REMEMB] ,VITTORIO ,P9I.<#d#d.> WAS ONE ( !M72 ,I ALSO REMEMB] ,M]L9O'S GE/URE1 7:I* WAS CONSID]$ H]OIC & WAS C]TA9LY UNUSUALLY C\RAGE\S 9 ?AT MOM5T ( :ITE T]ROR7 :5 HE ASSUM$ ! DEF5SE ( ,GAETANO ,BRESCI AT HIS TRIAL 9 ,MILAN1 A TASK HE P]=M$ ) GREAT DIGNITY & DET]M9ATION BE=E A PUBLIC C[$ BY ! BULLY+ POLICE & !IR SPIES1 ! 9SIDI\S PROVOCATIONS ( ! PROSECUTOR1 & ! /]N ADMONI%M5TS ( AN IMPATI5T JUDGE4 

,= ?AT GE/URE ( C\RAGE1 LOYALTY & HONE/Y -- A GE/URE ?AT HAD TO BE 9SPIR$1 IF NOT BY A FEEL+ ( TRUE POLITICAL & MORAL SOLID>ITY1 C]TA9LY BY A DEEP & S9C]E UND]/&+ ( ! CAUSES :I* MADE ! ,MONZA TRAG$Y AN ACT ( V9DICATION & RETRIBUTION -- ,I HAVE 9 ! 9MO/ RECESS ( MY HE>T ! DEEPE/ GRATITUDE & ADMIRATION = ,FRANCESCO ,SAV]IO ,M]L9O4 

,! PURITY ( ,GAETANO ,BRESCI'S SACRIFICE MU/ HAVE TOLD HIM SOME?+ ?AT HE C\LD NOT REJECT4 

,I W\LD REGRET IT1 TOO1 BECAUSE ,SAV]IO ,M]L9O HAS SU* A WIDE KN[L$GE ( HI/ORY & ! PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY1 AS WELL AS ECONOMY & JURISPRUD5CE1 ?AT IT MU/ BE SOON] 5VI$ ?AN EQUAL$ EV5 AMONG ! BETT] 9=M$4 ,& !RE=E1 HE CANNOT SEP>ATE ! 9DIVIDUAL ACT ( REBELLION FROM ! POLITICAL CLIMATE 9 :I* IT /RIKES1 FROM ! CAUSES1 REMOTE OR NE>1 COMPLEX 9 ANY CASE1 BY :I* IT IS ALMO/ FATALI/ICALLY DET]M9$1 FROM ! P>TICUL> PSY*OLOGY ( ! M$IUM ,NEMESIS HAS *OS5 = ITS 5DS ( ATONEM5T1 REP>ATION1 JU/ICE1 FROM ! CONSEQU5CE1 FROM ! ADMONITORY IMPACT IT PUTS ON EV]YBODY'S MEMORY & EXP]I5CE4 

,! *UR*1 ( C\RSE1 ABORRET A SANGU9E 7ABHORS ! SPILL+ ( BLOOD7 & ANA?AMETIZES ANY ATTEMPT444 ?AT DOESN'T S]VE ITS 9T]E/S &1 SO1 F9DS REW>DS1 9DULG5CE & BEATIFICATIONS = ,DOM9IC ,GUZMAN1 ,CLEM5T & ,RAVAILLAC1 = ! ,DRAGONNADES & ! ,/ ,B>!LMYS4.<#d#e.> 

,! ,/ATE SEES ONLY A CRIM9AL 9 ANYONE :O BREAKS A LAW &1 BY DELIV]+ HIM TO A DOZ5 BIGOTS OR BUT*]S1 IS C]TA9 TO HAVE HIM COMMITT$ TO ! EXECUTION]1 TO ! P5IT5TI>Y1 TO HELL 9 ANY CASE4 

,! CONV5TIONALLY-M9D$ CRY \T CONTRADICTORILY ?AT 0,HUMAN LIFE IS SACR$ & 9VIOLABLE1 & :OEV] ATTACKS IT (F5DS BO? DIV9E & HUMAN LAWS02 :ILE !Y >E FATT5+ !IR WALLETS & !IR BELLIES )\T ! LEA/ SCRUPLE2 CONDEMN+ ! HELOTS TOIL+ 9 ! FIELDS1 ! FACTORIES & ! M9ES TO />VATION1 DESPAIR & E>LY DEA?1 !IR WOM5 TO PRO/ITUTION & !IR *ILDR5 TO ! GUTT]4 ,OR ELSE1 !Y PU% !M OV] FRONTI]S 9TO MON/R\S SLAU<T] TOR ! SAKE ( A KILL+ 9 ! /OCK M>KET4 

,! CL[NS & SPELLB9D]S ( SELF-S]V+ POLITICS1 :O ONLY YE/]DAY PROCLAIM$ ! M>TYRDOM ( ,SOPHIA ,P][SKAYA & ,ALB]T ,P>SONS1.<#d#f.> HAV+ H>DLY WIP$ !IR OBSC5E M\?S1 N[ SPIT UPON \R [N REBELS BECAUSE !Y HAVE SUDD5LY ?R[N 9TO ! WEB ( !IR PLANS & MA*9ATIONS ! C>CASS ( ! TYRANT !Y HAD BE5 CURS+ ! DAY BE=E4 ,!Y %$ !IR CROCODILE TE>S OV] ! ROYAL VICTIM2 !Y S5T5TI\SLY DECL>E ?AT POLITICAL ASSASS9ATION IS %E] FOLLY1 ?AT 0,:5 A POPE DIES1 ANO!R TAKES HIS PLACE01 & ?AT ! WORLD CONT9UES )\T A TREMOR ON ITS IMMUTABLE WAY4 

,EV5 9 \R [N RANKS !RE >E %ORT-SI<T$ P]SONS :O1 LOOK+ AT ! IMM$IATE CONSEQU5CES ( %OCK & REACTION>Y FURY CAUS$ BY VIOL5CE1 HESITATE & WOND] :E!R ! REBELLI\S ACT1 BY PROVOK+ WILD1 UNEXPECT$ REPRESSIONS & BY CORROD+ \R ALREADY SCANTY LIB]TIES1 MAY NOT HAVE COMPROMIS$ \R SL[1 BUT P]SI/5T & C]TA9LY B5EFICIAL1 WORK ( PROPAG&A1 ORGANIZATION & PREP>ATION4 

,:ATEV] \R DOCTR9AL & TACTICAL DISAGREEM5TS MAY BE1 WE HAVE TOO MU* RESPECT = ,F ,S ,M]L9O TO ASSIGN HIM TO ANY ( ! ABOVE-M5TION$ CATEGORIES4 

,HE NEV] W\LD1 NOR C\LD1 SEP>ATE ! 9DIVIDUAL ACT ( REBELLION FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ( :I* IT IS ! 9ITIAL PHASE -- NOT AN EPISODE -- & :OSE FOLL[+ PHASES >E1 9 !IR TURN1 9EVITABLE CONSEQU5CES & DEVELOPM5TS4 

,! ,IDEAL1 A SOLIT>Y ASPIRATION ( POETS & PHILOSOPH]S1 IS EMBODI$ 9 ! M>TYRDOM ( ITS FIR/ H]ALDS & SU/A9$ BY ! BLOOD ( ITS BELIEV]S4 ,!IR SACRIFICE RAIS$ AS A SACR$ /&>D LEADS ! FIR/ H]OIC BUT DOOM$ 9SURRECTIONS & TRIUMPHS 9 ! 5D ?R\< REVOLUTION>Y DE$S1 ! JOY & GLORY ( ALL4 

,)\T GO+ F> FROM HOME1 DOESN'T ! HI/ORY ( ! LA/ ,ITALIAN REVOLUTION (F] A CLE> \TL9E ( ?IS PROCESS8 

,:O SAID FIR/2 
 444A L'UMILE PAESE 

 444 AI DISSUETI OREC*I 

 AI PIGRI CUORI1 A GLI ANIMI GIAC5TI4 

 ,ITALIA6 ,ITALIA68444.<#d#g.>  

,WAS IT ,VITTORIO ,ALFI]I1 ) ! IMPETU\S RUMBLE ( HIS TRAG$IES8 ,OR ,GAETANO ,FILANG]I1 :O1 9 HIS ,DECL>ATION ( ! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN1 FIR/ REVEAL$ & SPREAD AMONG ! Y\NG ! IDEA ( ! FA!RL& & ! DIGNITY ( ! CITIZ58 ,OR WAS IT ,MEL*IORRE ,GIOIA :O1 T[>DS ! 5D ( ! C5TURY1 DISC\RS+ ON ! BE/ =M ( GOV]NM5T UND] :I* ! ,ITALIAN PEOPLE MI<T LIVE 9 FRE$OM & HAPP9ESS1 CONCLUD$ ?AT 0444 EV]Y?+ 9VITES US TO UNITE 9 ! BE/ POSSIBLE WAY UND] ONE 9DIVISIBLE REPUBLIC08.<#d#h.> 

,WE >E NOT CONC]N$ ) !SE DETAILS4 ,BUT C]TA9LY H]E WE >E 9 ! FIR/ PHASE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS :]E PROTE/ HAS NO O!R MEANS ( EXPRESSION BUT FAI? & WORD4 

,! SECOND P]IOD WILL COME3 ! TIME ( ! BELIEV]S :5 ?\<T BECOMES FLE% & ACTION1 & ,ZAMBONI1 ,DE ,ROL&IS1 ,C>AFA1 ,PAGANO1 ,CIRILLO1 ,LUISA ,SANFELICE1 D>+ BO? ! WRA? ( ! P[]FUL & ! APA?Y ( ! MASSES1 UN%EA? ! >MS ( !IR FAI?1 PUTT+ ON ! HALO ( A M>TYRDOM DEVOT$ TO VICTORY4.<#d#i.> 

,:AT ,BLOOD%$6 ,AGA9/ A GLOOMY BACKGR\ND ( ANGUI% & GRIEF1 ! DAWN ( R$EMPTION -- ! SECOND PHASE ( ! REVOLUTION -- IS ALL BLOOD4 

,H[EV]1 ! DAY COMES :5 ! EXECUTION] CAN NO LONG] COPE ) HIS %AMEFUL TASK4 ,!RE >E NO JAILS BIG 5\< TO /IFLE ! EXP&+ 9SURRECTION ( ! SUBJECTS4 ,! PALLADIUM CRUMBLES1 ! >MY CONSPIRES & !N RISES 9 ,ALESS&RIA1 ,P9]OLO1 ,BRESCIA1 ,NOLA1 ,PAL]MO4 ,A /ORM ( P]DITION %OCKS ! WORLD & UPSETS ! P59SULA2 IT ROCKS ! ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE1 :I* CAN ONLY /EM ! TORR5T 9 ,TROPPAU1 9 ,LAIBA*1 9 ,V]ONA ) ! T]ROR ( BAYONETS1 BUT !SE >E TOO FRAGILE A B>RI] AGA9/ ! IRRESI/IBLE PRESS ( ! 9SURRECTIONI/S 9 ,V5ICE1 ,PAL]MO1 ,ROME1 & ,MILAN .<#a#h#d#h-#a#h#d#i.>1 :O SAVOR ! JOY ( VICTORY -- EPHEM]AL1 YES -- BUT A TREM5D\S SPUR TO ! F9AL DESP]ATE CONQUE/4 

,BUT WE >E NOT H]E TO WRITE ! HI/ORY ( ! ,PI$MONT CONQUE/ ( ,ITALY444 ) ALL DUE RESPECT = ! RI<TS ( ! ,HOLY ,SEE4 

,IT IS SUFFICI5T = US TO D$UCE FROM ?IS QUICK =AY -- :I* C\LD1 ) A LITTLE MORE EF=T & PATI5CE1 BE REPEAT$ = ANY O!R HI/ORICAL CYCLE -- ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL ACT ( REBELLION IS A NECESS>ILY 9T]M$I>Y PH5OM5ON BETWE5 ! %E] IDEAL OR !ORETICAL AFFIRMATION & ! 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T :I* FOLL[S IT & K9DLES ! TOR* ( ! VICTORI\S REVOLUTION4 

,A NECESS>Y & 9EVITABLE M$IUM2 IT IS :AT IT IS1 ?AT :I* ! CIRCUM/ANCES COMM& OR CONS5T TO1 ABOVE & BEYOND ANY PREF]5CE ( \RS4 ,CAN Y\ REJECT OR CONDEMN IT8 ,Y\ MAY AS WELL REJECT A ?UND]BOLT1 AN E>?QUAKE1 OR ANY UNLUCKY METEOR2 Y\ CAN ONLY 5DURE !M1 = !Y ORIG9ATE FROM CAUSES ACT+ BEYOND ! WILL & P[] ( MAN4 

,& IT IS :AT IT IS1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( ! 9TRICATE CONV]G5CE ( ! CAUSES1 :I* DEM& IT AT A C]TA9 TIME1 9 A C]TA9 WAY & NOT O!RWISE2 BUT ALSO BECAUSE ( ! 9/RUM5T CALL$ UPON TO ACCOMPLI% IT4 

,! PAID J\RNALI/IC HACKS ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 ! POLICE & !IR 9=M]S1 ! C[>DLY & REACTION>Y MAGI/RATES MAY /ILL BELIEVE 9 ! LEG5DS ( PLOTS1 ( DRAW+ LOTS TO *OOSE ! 9/RUM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ACT1 ! AV5G]4 ,BUT ,F ,S ,M]L9O HAS LIV$ LONG 5\< AMONG OR NE> BOMB-MAK]S 7UNCONTAM9AT$1 ( C\RSE7 TO BE ABLE TO TE/IFY ?AT 9 MO/ CASES ! 9DIVIDUAL ACT ( REBELLION COMES EV5 MORE AS A SURPRISE TO ! COMRADES ?AN TO ! 5EMIES4 

,:O1 = 9/ANCE1 W\LD HAVE ?\<T ?AT ,MI*ELE ,ANGIOLILO1.<#e.> CALM K9D & G5TLE AS A GIRL1 C\LD HAVE GRASP$ A GUN & COLDLY %OT ,CANOVAS DEL ,CA/ILLO 9 ,SANTA ,AGU$A1 ?AT FIL?Y & F]OCI\S HY5A1 :O R5EW$ & 9T5SIFI$ ALL ! HORRORS ( ! ,HOLY ,9QUISITION AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S 9 ! PRISON ( ,ALCALA DEL ,VALLE1 ?\< !IR 9NOC5CE HAD EV5 BE5 RECOGNIZ$ BY TRIBUNALS8 ,&1 AMONG ?OSE ( US :O KNEW ,SANTE ,CAS]IO.<#e#a.> 9TIMATELY AS AN EXCELL5T Y\NG/]1 MODE/1 RES]V$1 SOB] 9 WORDS & 9 DE$S1 :O C\LD HAVE =ESE5 ?AT1 ONE DAY1 >M$ ) A =MIDABLE KNIFE1 HE1 ON A /REET 9 ,LYON1 CR[D$ ) DELIRI\S VASSALS1 W\LD LEAP IMPETU\SLY & R5D] JU/ICE TO ,SADI ,C>NOT1 ! SPONSOR ( ! LOIS SCEL]ATES1 .<! ANTI-AN>*I/ LAWS.> PASS$ = ! PURPOSE ( *OK+ (F FRE$OM ( ?\<T ON ! ?RE%OLD ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY8 

,& :Y DID ,KROPOTK91 :O HAD BE5 A MEMB] ( ! ,T*AICK[SKY ,GR\P1 :I* HAD PRODUC$ ! MO/ AUDACI\S ICONOCLA/S -- :Y DID ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 :O HAD SURVIV$ TWO BLOOD-BA?S & B>ELY ESCAP$ ! ,CAVAIGNAC & ,GALLIFET SLAU<T]S -- :Y DID !Y SEEK TO FI<T ! 5EMY )\T RESPITE1 TO DISCONC]T HIM 9 O!R WAYS1 ) O!R MEANS1 ON AN ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T FIELD8.<#e#b.> 

,:Y DO ?OSE :O ATTACK ! *UR*1 PROP]TY1 ,/ATE1 MORALITY & DE/ROY !IR SYMBOLS -- :Y DO !SE AV5G]S1 ) FEW EXCEPTIONS1 ALMO/ ALWAYS >ISE FROM ! TWILI<T ( OPPRESSION & SUFF]+1 FROM ! PROLET>IAT8 ,&1 F> FROM BE+ /IGMATIZ$ BY RICKETS1 IDIOCY1 OR EV5 WORSE1 DEG5]ATION 7:I* W\LD PLEASE ! POLICE ( ,S]NICOLI'S ILK1.<#e#c.> OR SOME WISEACRES ( ! NEW S*OOL ( P5OLOGY7 :Y >E !Y1 \T ( ALL ! PROLET>IAN MULTITUDE1 AMONG ! =EMO/ 9 NORMALITY1 EQUILIBRIUM1 $UCATION & 9TELLIG5CE8 

,?IS IS A PROBLEM ( ELEM5T>Y ME*ANICS4 ,& S9CE \R READ]S >E MORE AT HOME 9 ?IS FIELD ?AN ! PRES5T WRIT]1 IT WILL NOT BE DIFFICULT TO COME TO AN UND]/&+4 

,9 ORD] TO FUNCTION 9 A NORMAL WAY1 EV]Y BOIL] MU/ HAVE A GAUGE 9DICAT+ ! /EAM PRESSURE & TWO ESS5TIAL VALVES1 ONE REGI/]+ ANY EXCESS ( PRESSURE1 ! O!R ! WAT] LEVEL4 ,AN EXCESS ( HEAT C\LD PRODUCE TOO GREAT A VOLUME ( /EAM = ! CAPACITY ( ! BOIL] & BR+ AB\T A CORRESPOND+ DANG] ( EXPLOSION4 

,! SAME DANG] W\LD BE 9CURR$ IF ! WAT] LEVEL WAS L[]$ EXCESSIVELY1 CAUS+ ! WALLS ( ! BOIL] ABOVE ! WAT] LEVEL TO BECOME R$ HOT TO ! PO9T :]E C>ELESS CONTACT ) WAT] W\LD CAUSE AN EXPLOSION4 

,FUR!RMORE1 :5 ! WALLS ( ! BOIL] >E DIRTY 7IE COV]$ BY A *ALKY S$IM5T ?AT ACCUMULATES BETWE5 ! WAT] & ! BOIL]'S WALL71 ?IS =MS A CRU/ :I* SL[S ! HEAT+ ( ! WAT] SO ?AT1 :5 ! METALLIC WALLS BECOME R$ HOT & ! WAT] IS /ILL MU* COLD]1 ! LEA/ CRACK 9 ! CRU/ AGA9 CREATES ! DANG] ( AN EXPLOSION4 ,H5CE ! NE$ = SAFETY & W>N+ ME*ANISMS TO KEEP ! 5G9E] ON GU>D3 PRESSURE GAUGES1 WAT] LEVEL & V5T+ VALVES1 FE$ & DIS*>GE PIPES4 

,AN EPISODE ( UNUSUALLY CRUEL F]OCITY 79 ! PRISON ( ,ALCALA DEL ,VALLE ! AN>*I/S WAIT+ TRIAL UND]W5T TE/ICLES DI/ORTION1 BRA9 COMPRESSION1 9S]TION ( W$GES BETWE5 F+] NAILS & FLE%71 ! MASS SLAU<T] ON AN UN>M$ CR[D 7AS HAPP5$ 9 ,MILAN DUR+ ! MON? ( ,MAY #ahih UND] ! COMM& ( ,BAVA ,BECC>IS1.<#e#d.> = ! PURPOSE -- N[ CLE> TO EV]YONE -- ( A C\P D',ETAT71 OR ! LEGAL MURD] ( A REBEL1 EV5 ?\< NO ONE IS KN[N TO HAVE DI$ AS A CONSEQU5CE ( HIS ACT 7AS WAS ! CASE ( ,VAILLANT'S.<#e#e.> ATTEMPT AGA9/ ! ,FR5* ,P>LIAM5T1 :I* GAVE RISE TO ,CAS]IO'S ACT71 PROVOKE ! SAME 9DIGNATION1 ! SAME VIOL5T %OCK ON A COLD1 BALANC$1 EXP]I5C$ M9D AS ON PURE M9DS & PRIMITIVE S\LS4 ,) DIFF]5T RESULTS1 H[EV]6 ,BECAUSE444 BECAUSE ! BOIL]S >E DIFF]5T4 

,ONE HAS ALL ITS VALVES 9 FULL WORK+ ORD]4 ,S*OL>S1 WRIT]S1 SPEAK]S & POETS REACT PROMPTLY TO ! %OCK & RELIEVE ! 5ORM\S PRESSURE BY MEANS ( ! DIS*>GE VALVES ( !IR MANY FACET$ ACTIVITIES4 ,!Y CONFRONT ! FULM9ATIONS ?AT CRA% FROM ,OLYMPUS :5 PUBLIC P[]S >E 5DANG]$1 :5 VE/$ 9T]E/S >E DI/URB$1 :5 HYPOCRITICAL MORALITY IS SUBV]T$2 & !Y ?R[ ! AWFUL RESPONSIBILITY = ! REBELLI\S ACT BACK 9TO ! FACE ( ! EXPLOIT]S :O SQUEEZE \T ! LA/ DROP ( SWEAT & BLOOD FROM ! COMMON PEOPLE1 BACK 9TO ! FACE ( ! COPS HOLD+ ! BAG OP5 = ! CROOKS1 ! JUDICI>Y W9K+ 9DULG5TLY & CONNIV+ IMPUNITY = OPPRESSORS1 EXPLOIT]S1 CORRUPTORS4 ,& !Y C\RAGE\SLY D5\NCE ALL !SE ) VEHEM5CE & PASSION1 9 ! NAME ( RI<T1 JU/ICE1 CIVILIZATION OR HUMANITY1 9 VIBRANT PUBLIC MEET+S1 9 REL5TLESS >TICLES & FROM EV]Y =UM1 P\R+ \T TO !IR AUDI5CE ! FULLNESS ( ! NOBLE/ FEEL+S1 HOPEFULLY >\S+ 5?USIASM & SYMPA?Y = ! FALL5 REBEL1 & A DEEP ACTIVE SOLID>ITY ) ! IDEAL ?AT 9SPIR$ ! REBELLION4 

,REL5TLESSLY !Y /RIKE RI<T & LEFT2 !Y WORK2 !Y GIVE V5T TO !IR FEEL+S2 !Y DIS*>GE !IR EXCESSIVE /EAM ?R\< MANY OP5 VALVES444 ! PRESSURE1 DANG]\S = A MOM5T1 RETURNS TO NORMAL2 ! BOIL] REGA9S ITS BREA?1 ITS USUAL RHY?M1 & ITS REGUL> FUNCTION4 

,:5 ,RECLUS OR ,KROPOTK9 >E AT ! :EEL !RE WILL BE NO EXPLOSION EXCEPT 9 ABSOLUTELY EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUM/ANCES4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,! O!R444 ! O!R ALAS6 FUNCTIONS 9 AN ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T CONDITION4 ,IT HAS NO SAFETY VALVES1 NO DIS*>GE PIPES1 NO GAUGE TO REGI/] ! SUDD5 PRESSURES1 :I* SWELL IT TO ! PO9T :]E ITS RHY?M IS UPSET & ITS FUNCTION & SAFETY >E ?REAT5$4 ,& ITS WALLS >E ALL 5CRU/$ ) DANG]\S SUP]/ITIONS4 

,?IS IS ! PROLET>IAN S\L4 ,AL?\< \R PROPAG&A HAS B>ELY BEGUN TO T\* IT1 /ILL \R CRITICISM ( ! VICI\S SOCIAL ORD] HAS RECEIV$ A PR(\ND APPROVAL1 CONFIRM$ BY !IR EXP]I5CE & !IR REASON+3 ! GLUTTONS LEAVE = ! POOR1 :O CREATE WEAL? & JOY ) !IR H&S1 NO BREAD1 NO PEACE1 NO LOVE1 NO FUTURE6 ,H[ TRUE6 ,H[ T]RIBLY TRUE6 

,?US1 ! POOR LIV+ 9 DESPAIR HAVE BE5 DEEPLY 5RAPTUR$ BY \R VISION ( AN EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY1 TOGE!R ) ! HOPE ?AT A COALITION 7EV5 IF TEMPOR>Y OR ACCID5TAL7 ( ALL ! PROLET>IAN =CES C\LD1 ON A DAILY BASIS1 ABOLI% ABUSES1 AVOID MIS=TUNES1 RE/RA9 ! 9JU/ICE & VIOL5CE ( ! EXPLOIT]S & ! OPPRESSORS1 & />T HUMANITY ON ! PA? ( SECURITY1 WELL-BE+ & HAPP9ESS ?AT IS ITS DE/9Y4 ,AL?\< IT LACKS A PRECISE & CLE> CONSCI\SNESS ( ITS [N RI<T & EV5 MORE1 ( ! IRRESI/IBLE /R5G? IT C\LD ATTRACT TO ! DEF5SE ( ITS SACR$ CAUSE1 ! PROLET>IAT HAS A DEEP FAI? 7& ?IS IS P]HAPS ROOT$ 9 ! EVANGELICAL IDEA ( PUNI%M5T = EVIL & REW>D = GOOD7 9 ! F9AL TRIUMPH ( TRU? & JU/ICE4 

,BUT1 P>TLY BECAUSE ( ?IS P]SI/5T EVANGELISM1 & MORE BECAUSE ( ! MILL5NIAL RESIGNATION :I* HAS = C5TURIES P>ALYZ$ ITS 9ITIATIVE & ITS CONFID5CE1 ! PROLET>IAT BELIEVES ?AT ! REVOLUTION WILL BE REALIZ$ BY SOME /RANGE1 DI/ANT =CE & IT WILL BE PROPELL$ BY ! 5IGMATIC & FATAL WEI<T ( ?+S1 UND]M9+ EV5TS & M54 ,IT H>BORS AN AMBIGU\S1 ALMO/ RELIGI\S MIX ( REV]5CE & T]ROR 9 ?IS BELIEF4 

,& ! HUMBLE PEOPLE WAIT = IT TO COME & TRY TO HA/5 IT ) ALL !IR WI%ES3 0,H[ GREAT IF ! REVOLUTION BREAKS \T SOME DAY06 ,& TO ?AT DAY1 TO ?AT REVOLUTION :I* WILL F9ALLY DE/ROY EV]Y OB/ACLE1 !Y TURN !IR HE>TS1 !IR 5]GY1 !IR HATES & !IR LONG+S = REV5GE444 F>1 V]Y F> AWAY FROM ?9K+ ?AT WE1 \RSELVES1 HAVE TO />T ! REVOLUTION FROM )9 \RSELVES1 BY DISC>D+ OLD SUP]/ITIONS1 SELFI%NESS1 SELF-IMPOS$ IGNORANCE1 FOOLI% VANITIES & MORAL DEFICI5CIES4 

,WE >E *ILDR5 ( ! B\RGEOIS REGIME1 HEIRS TO ALL ITS DEGRADATIONS1 MAT]IALLY & ACTUALLY 9CAPABLE ( %$D+ ITS BE/IAL YOKE AT ?IS TIME1 EXCEPT = A FEW1 & WE >E REVOLUTION>Y ONLY :5 & 9S(> AS WE KN[ H[ TO RESI/ & REACT AGA9/ ! WICK$NESS1 CORRUPTION & VIOL5CE ( \R 5VIRONM5T4 ,&1 :51 ?R\< EXP]I5CE1 WE HAVE BECOME WOR?Y ( ! CAUSE1 WE WILL BE ABLE TO >\SE ! SAME NE$ ( MORAL ELEVATION & FRE$OM ?AT WILL SPREAD 9 AN EV]-WID5+ CONC5TRIC MOVEM5T1 REA*+ ?OSE GR\PS F>!/ FROM US1 LIKE ! EFFECT ( A /ONE CA/ 9TO A POND4 

,! REVOLUTION CANNOT BE MADE BY ! AN>*I/S ALONE1 AT A PRE-E/ABLI%$ TIME & BY PRE->RANG$ MOVEM5TS2 BUT IF A MOVEM5T %\LD BUR/ \T TOMORR[ -- NO MATT] :]E -- !Y C\LD PLACE !MSELVES 9 ! =EFRONT1 OR NE> IT1 ) ! SOLE AIM ( PO9T+ IT T[>DS DECISIVE POSITIONS OR SOLUTIONS1 & 9 SO DO+1 C\NT]ACT+ ! USUAL 9TRIGU]S :O TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! GOOD FAI? & SACRIFICES ( ! PROLET>IAT TO FO/] !IR [N 9T]E/S & POLITICAL =TUNE 

,BUT ! PROLET>IAT DOESN'T ?9K ( IT4 ,DIDN'T A GREAT AN>*I/ WRIT] /ATE MANY YE>S AGO ?AT ! REVOLUTION IS 9EVITABLE8 ,ONE MU/ ONLY WAIT = IT2 IT KNOCKS ON ! DOOR2 ! GLITT]+ ANN\NCEM5T SAYS IT'LL BE H]E TOMORR[4 ,NO RETURN TO ! PA/ IS POSSIBLE2 AFT] SO MANY YE>S ( ANTI-RELIGI\S PROPAG&A1 ! ,9QUISITION IS NO MORE ?AN A SAD MEMORY ( AN AGE ?AT HAS BE5 OV]COME2 AFT] SO MANY YE>S ( ANTI-MILIT>I/ PROPAG&A1 W> IS ONLY A /]ILE WI% ( A H&FUL ( /OCK M>KET MANIPULATORS2 AFT] ! WORK]S' /RIKES ?AT1 />T+ FROM ! MODE/ BORD]S ( A PROV9CE1 HAVE 9VAD$ A :OLE NATION & EV5 D>E TO =M COALITIONS ( ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT2 ! B\RGEOISIE IS COMPELL$ TO MOD]ATION & DISCRETION4 

,& SO ON4 ,BUT :ILE !Y >E NAVIGAT+ FULL ( HOPE1 T[>DS !IR HAPPY ,ATLANTIS1 A CLA% ( >MS AT ! FRONTI]1 A MA*9E-GUN VOLLEY 9 ! F\L DIT* ( A CA/LE T[]1 ! FLA% ( AN AX 9 ! SLEEPY DAWN1 A HURRI$ GALLOP ( DRAGOONS ?R\< ! /REETS & SQU>ES TO ! S\ND ( TRUMPETS & DEA? RATTLES1 PLUNGES !M BACK AGA9 9TO REALITY4 ,! ,9QUISITION IS /ILL ALIVE & UNREL5T+2 W> IS MORE 9SANE1 P>ADOXICAL1 & HORRIBLE ?AN EV]2 MASSACRES ( ! PROLET>IAT >E DAILY OCCURR5CES EV]Y:]E4 

,! %OCK IS TRAGIC2 ! PRESSURE 9TOL]ABLE2 EV5 MORE 9TOL]ABLE BECAUSE1 9 DISILLUSION & DEFEAT1 9 ! LIMBO ( DESPAIR1 IMPRECATIONS & 9VECTIVES COME FROM EV]Y SIDE4 

,SWOLL5 BY ! %OCK1 ! S\L IS EMBITT]$ BY ITS %AMEFUL DEFEAT & LIVES ) A ?ROBB+ PA9 ?AT ONLY REV5GE1 A TREM5D\S1 EXEMPL>Y REV5GE CAN SOO!4 ,& REV5GE /&S AS ! ONLY PURPOSE1 ! ONLY POSSIBLE REP>ATION = ! ANGUI% ?AT TORM5TS IT EV]Y LIV+ DAY4 

,NO DIS*>GE IS POSSIBLE4 ,HE :O IS LO/ :5 AMONG BOOKS1 HE :O AS A *ILD WAS COMPELL$ TO LEAVE S*OOL = ! FACTORY OR ! M9E1 H[ CAN HE WRITE1 SPEAK1 OR HOPE TO GA9 ! ATT5TION ( O!RS8 

,:]E CAN ! MILITANTS BE F\ND = A SWEEP+ AGITATION1 :5 ! REACTION HAS BANI%$ OR IMPRISON$ !M8 

,?IS OLD BOIL] HAS NO DIS*>GE VALVE2 ! PRESSURE RISES2 ! LEVEL ( RESIGNATION DROPS2 ! SLI<TE/ T\* BREAKS ?R\< ! CRU/ ( PREJUDICE & CONV5TION ?AT HAD BE5 ACT+ AS A RE/RA9T1 & ! EXPLOSION RO>S DREADFUL1 DEADLY4 

,ISN'T IT SO8 

,! 9DIVIDUAL ACT ( REBELLION IS :AT IT IS1 CAUS$ BY A LONG S]IES ( PR$ISPOS+ CONDITIONS1 :I* HAS SUDD5LY MET AN IMPOND]ABLE ACCID5TAL CAUSE4 

,( :AT VALUE IS REPUDIATION8  
  

"9 "9 "9 

0,&1 AFT] ?IS1 Y\ W\LD CONCLUDE ?AT WE MU/ UNCONDITIONALLY APPROVE ANY ACT ( 9DIVIDUAL REBELLION1 EV5 ?OSE ACTS ?AT >E DISGU/+ & H>MFUL1 EV5 ,DUVAL'S OR ,RAVA*OL'S OR ,LUC*5I'S80.<#e#f.> 

,LET US CLE> UP QUICKLY A MISUND]/&+ :I* HAS BE5 CLE>$ UP MANY TIMES BE=E1 BUT :I* >ISES N[ & !N ) ! QUALMS & BIGOTRY ( A C]TA9 RESPECTABLE AN>*ISM4 

,IT IS ! MISUND]/&+ CONC]N+ REVOLUTION>Y EXPROPRIATION1 USUALLY CALL$ !FT BY O!RS1 AL?\< ! N\N DOES NOT FIT ! DE$4 

,EV]YONE AGREES ON ONE PO9T3 9 AN EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY1 :]E ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE >E COMMON PROP]TY & :]E ! PRODUCTS ( WORK HAVE ONLY ONE PURPOSE -- TO ASSURE ! SATISFACTION ( EV]YONE'S NE$S -- !FT HAS NO MEAN+4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE1 ABSURD4 

,!RE=E1 AMONG AN>*I/S1 NO QUE/ION ( PR9CIPLE CONC]N+ !FT EXI/S4 

,:5 IT COMES TO ACTION1 OR TACTICS AS IT IS USUALLY CALL$1 !RE WAS A TIME :5 SOME COMRADES BELIEV$ 7& SOME /ILL DO7 ?AT 9 ORD] TO DEVELOP \R PROPAG&A1 TO EQUIP VANGU>DS1 TO >M !M = ACTION1 BOLDLY TO 9ITIATE ATTACKS1 OR TO REPEL VIOL5CE BY =CE ( >MS1 F9ANCIAL MEANS W\LD BE NE$$ ?AT C\LD NOT BE PROVID$ BY POOR MILITANTS ) MORE 5]GY & C\RAGE ?AN WEAPONS3 SO !Y EXPROPRIAT$1 AS !Y US$ TO SAY1 ) RIGOR\S PRECISION4 

,!Y TOOK :]EV] !Y F\ND IT4 

,:AT DOES EXPROPRIATION MEAN8 

,IT MEANS TO TAKE FROM SOMEBODY ! GOODS OR REAL E/ATE ?AT HE [NS1 CLAIM+ HE HAS NO RI<T TO !M4 

,FROM ,SA9T ,CLEM5T.<#e#g.> TO ,BABEUF1 ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN9 & ! MO/ MODE/ ( \R COMRADES1 ! 9VALIDITY ( ALL PROP]TY TITLES HAS NEV] BE5 QUE/ION$3 EXPROPRIATION IS LEGITIMATE UNLESS IT 5DS AS ITS OPPOSITE1 APPROPRIATION4 

,TO MAKE MYSELF BETT] UND]/OOD3 IF ,TOM TAKES ,H>RYS WEAL? = HIS [N 5JOYM5T1 WE SAY ?AT HE HAS APPROPRIAT$ IT4 ,! PROP]TY 9 QUE/ION HAS ONLY *ANG$ ITS TITUL> [N]1 BUT AS AN 9/ITUTION IT REMA9S JU/ :AT IT WAS BE=E4 ,TOM IS GETT+ RI*1 AS ,H>RY DID 9 ! PA/1 ON ! %\LD]S & ! LABOR ( H>NESS$ SLAVES4 

,NO?+ HAS *ANG$1 & !RE IS NO REASON :Y WE %\LD CONGRATULATE ,TOM = HAV+ TAK5 ,H>RY'S WEAL?4 

,BUT SUPPOSE1 AS IT REC5TLY HAPP5$1 A B& ( REVOLUTION>IES ATTACK A BANK2 !Y IMMOBILIZE ! GU>DS1 EMPTY ! SAFES &1 WEAPONS 9 H&1 DEF5D !IR RETREAT4 ,!N1 HAV+ SECUR$ IT1 !Y DELIV] !IR LOOT TO 9SURRECTION>Y COMMITTEES TO FUR!R ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 !IR COMMUNITY1 TO PROVIDE ! NECESS>Y MEANS = ATTA9+ VICTORY4 

,DO Y\ DISAPPROVE8 

,NO1 Y\ CANNOT DISAPPROVE4 ,!RE HAS BE5 EXPROPRIATION1 ! V]Y EXPROPRIATION Y\ HAVE 9VOK$ A ?\S& TIMES AS A REVOLUTION>Y NECESSITY4 ,!RE HAS BE5 NO APPROPRIATION 9 ! S5SE ?AT ! CONFISCAT$ WEAL? HAS BE5 US$ TO REE/ABLI% SOME O!R PRIVATE PROP]TY ) ALL ITS CONSEQU5CES4 ,NOT AT ALL4 ,WE >E FAC$ EXACTLY ) AN 9ITIAL1 P>TIAL ACT ( REVOLUTION>Y EXPROPRIATION4 ,BESIDES ! MAT]IAL ADVANTAGES = ! MOVEM5T1 IT 9ITIATES1 5ABLES & 5C\RAGES ! MULTITUDE TO PROCE$ TO ! F9AL EXPROPRIATION ( ! RUL+ CLASS = ! B5EFIT ( EV]Y ONE4 ,?IS HAS BE5 \R DESIRE & \R AIM4 

,H[ CAN WE CURSE1 CONDEMN1 OR REJECT8 

,CLEM5T ,DUVAL1 ,VITTORIO ,P9I1 ,RAVA*OL HAVE NEV] TAK5 = !MSELVES A S+LE P5NY ( ! LOOT ?AT !Y OBTA9$ ) ! CON/ANT RISK ( DEA? OR LIFE IMPRISONM5T4 ,Y\ MAY SAY ?AT !Y HAVE US$ ?AT MONEY = QUE/IONABLE PROPAG&A MEANS & ACTION & EV5 CONCLUDE ?AT IT C\LD HAVE BE5 US$ 9 A BETT] WAY4 ,BUT Y\ CAN'T CONDEMN4 

,WE /& ) ,SEV]9E.<#e#h.> & ,RECLUS1 :O1 )\T RES]VATIONS1 HAVE EXTOLL$ ! C\RAGE1 ! HE>T & ! SELF-ABNEGATION ( !SE LO/ S5T9ELS4 

,FUR!RMORE1 TO BE COMPLETELY FRANK & TO CLOSE ?IS P>5!SIS WE CONFESS ?AT WE CAN'T EV5 RAGE AGA9/ ! PETTY ?IEF :O1 PRESS$ BY NE$1 REA*ES = A LOAF ( BREAD1 A H]R+ OR A TEMPT+ SLICE ( HAM 9 ! %OP W9D[4 

,EV5 BE=E ,L9O ,F]RIANI1 ! ROYAL PROSECUTOR1 EXT5UAT$ !SE P>IAHS FROM A !ORETICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 & BE=E ,PRESID5T ,MAGNAUD1 ! GOOD JUDGE1 ACQUITT$ !M1 DI/URB+ & HORRIFY+ ! WEAL?Y1 A ,G]MAN PHILOSOPH]1 NAM$ ,JOHANN ,GOTTLIEB ,FI*TE.<#e#i.> 9 HIS ,PR9CIPLES ( ,NATURAL ,RI<T DELIV]$ ! IMP>TIAL S5T5CE3 0,HE :O HAS NO MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 HAS NO DUTY TO ACKN[L$GE OR RESPECT O!R PEOPLE'S PROP]TY1 CONSID]+ ?AT ! PR9CIPLES ( ! SOCIAL COV5ANT HAVE BE5 VIOLAT$ TO HIS PREJUDICE04 

,WE AGREE ?AT1 FACE TO FACE ) ! 5EMY'S BRUTAL1 OV]:ELM+ PREPOND]ANCE1 VANGU>D M9ORITIES CANNOT GA9 RESPECT NOR 9SPIRE CONFID5CE )\T AN EXEMPL>Y & TRANSP>5TLY AU/]E WAY ( LIFE4 ,&1 AGA91 WE AGREE ?AT 9 ORD] TO AVOID UGLY SUSPICIONS ( P]SONAL MAT]IAL ADVANTAGE1 ?OSE :O PROCLAIM ! NECESSITY ( ! F9AL EXPROPRIATION & JU/IFY P>TIAL EXPROPRIATION 9 C]TA9 SPECIFI$ CASES1 MU/ SURR\ND !MSELVES ) A VOLUNT>Y & EVOCATIVE POV]TY1 A HOLY DREAD ( O!R PEOPLE'S PROP]TY4 ,BUT ?AT WE %\LD SUBMIT TO ,ORIG5'S.<#f.> OP]ATION -- NO6 ,AT ?IS JUNCTURE !RE IS NO ?IRD SOLUTION4 ,IF WE >E =C$ TO *OOSE BETWE5 PRIVATE PROP]TY & ITS SUPPORT]S1 OR AGA9/ PRIVATE PROP]TY & ITS ATTACK]S1 WE CANNOT & WILL NOT ALIGN \RSELVES ) ! =M]1 & C]TA9LY IT IS NOT WE :O WILL TRY TO REVOKE ! DECISIONS ( ,MAGNAUD & ,FI*TE4 ,NO6 

,& !N444 TO HELL ) IT6 ,SURR\ND$ ) /RONG-BOXES1 IGNOR+ & DESPIS+ ! SUFF]+S ( ! WORLD1 ! B\RGEOISIE & ITS MIS=TUNES DO NOT MOVE US ONE BIT4 

,A FEW MORE WORDS1 BE=E CLOS+ ?IS *APT]4 

,WE DO NOT BELIEVE !RE >E USELESS OR H>MFUL ACTS ( REBELLION4 ,EV]Y ONE ( !M1 TOGE!R ) ! ACCID5TS 9SEP>ABLE FROM ANY VIOL5T *ANGE ( ! MONOTON\S R\T9E ( LIFE1 HAS DEEP E*OES & LA/+ GA9S1 :I* COMP5SATE ABUNDANTLY = !M4 

,LET US BE UND]/OOD3 WE >E NOT BE+ NO/ALGIC = UNNE$$ BRUTALITY NOR = VULG> CO>S5ESS4 ,WE TOO W\LD PREF] ?AT EV]Y ACT ( REBELLION HAD SU* S5SE ( PROPORTION ?AT ITS CONSEQU5CES W\LD CORRESPOND P]FECTLY TO ITS CAUSES1 NOT ONLY 9 MEASURE1 BUT ALSO 9 TIMEL9ESS1 GIV+ IT AN IRRESI/IBLE AUTOMATIC *>ACT]4 ,!N EV]Y ACT W\LD SPEAK ELOQU5TLY = ITSELF ) NO NE$ = GLOSSES OR CL>IFY+ COMM5TS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 WE W\LD LIKE ?IS UNAVOIDABLE NECESSITY TO ASSUME A HI<LY E?ICAL -- & EV5 AN ES!TIC -- ATTITUDE4 ,MI*ELE ,ANGIOLILLO1 AFT] ATTACK+ ,CANOVAS1 ! DESPICABLE ORGANIZ] ( ! 9QUISITORIAL TORM5TS 9 ! ,ALCALA PRISON1 F\ND HIMSELF FACE TO FACE ) ! LATT]'S WIFE4 ,LETT+ HIS REVOLV] FALL FROM HIS H&1 HE TOOK (F HIS HAT & B[$1 SAY+1 0,MADAM1 ,I AM SORRY = ! GRIEF ,I AM CAUS+ Y\1 BUT Y\R HUSB& WAS A MON/] UNWOR?Y ( ANY PITY04 ,!RE IS SOME?+ NOBLE & *IVALR\S 9 ,ANGIOLILLO'S GE/URE ?AT ILLUM9ATES ! PR(\ND HUMANITY & CIVILITY 9SPIR+ HIS REBELLION4 ,IT W\LD BE PLEAS+ IF SU* S5TIM5TS W]E ALWAYS PRES5T 9 \R ACTIONS1 = AN>*ISM1 BE+ TRU? & K9DNESS1 IS1 ABOVE ALL1 BEAUTY4 

,UN=TUNATELY 7& WE HAVE AT L5G? /AT$ :Y71 ! 9DIVIDUAL ACT ( REBELLION1 DUE TO 9TR9SIC & EXTR9SIC CAUSES1 DUE TO ! PRESSURES ( ! MOM5T1 ! 5VIRONM5T & ! SUBJECT'S [N PSY*OLOGY1 CANNOT BE DIFF]5T FROM :AT IT IS1 NO MATT] :AT \R PREF]5CE MAY BE4 

,!N IT FOLL[S ?AT IT W\LD BE ABSURD & RIDICUL\S = US TO ?9K ( COMPIL+ A NEW CAL5D> ( SA9TS1 ! SA9TS ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 AS IT W\LD BE TO ?9K ( CONDEMN+ !M PO/HUM\SLY4 

,NO ACT ( REBELLION IS USELESS2 NO ACT ( REBELLION IS H>MFUL4 

,PHILOSOPHA/]S ( ! QUIET LIFE MAY DECLAIM1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT ,GAETANO ,BRESCI'S ACT WAS A PO9TLESS FOLLY1 IMM$IATELY R5D]$ S5SELESS BY ! CON/ITUTIONAL APHORISM3 0,LE ROI E/ MORT1 VIVE LE ROI40 ,:5 ONE K+ DIES1 ANO!R K+ IS CR[N$2 & ! DEA? ( ,UMB]TO ,I LEAVES ! ?RONE = ,VITTORIO ,EMANUELE ,I,I,I4 ,IT WAS H>DLY A PR$ICTION ?AT ,GAETANO ,BRESCI C\LDN'T MAKE BE=EH& & BETT] ?AN ?OSE *EAP SALESM5 ( POLITICAL COMMON S5SE4 ,BUT1 AFT] AN ATROCI\S *A9 ( PROLET>IAN MASSACRES1 AFT] ! SLAU<T]S ( ,MAY #ahih 9 ,MILAN1 AFT] ! YE>S ( IMPRISONM5T ?AT ! S9I/] MON>* ?\<T W\LD =EV] DISP]SE ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,ITALY1 AFT] ! ACCLAIM & DECORATIONS ?IS MAJE/Y HAD BE/[$ ON UND]L+S & ROGUES 7BEG9N+ ) ,BAVA ,BECC>IS7 !REBY PROV+ ?AT ! K+1 DESPITE ! CON/ITUTIONAL FICTION1 BO? REIGNS & RULES & ASSUMES ALL ! RESPONSIBILITIES & RISKS ( GOV]NM5T2 AFT] ?IS REPRESSION HAD BE5 5DUR$ BY ALL ) A RESIGNATION EV5 WORSE ?AN ! \TRAGE -- ! HUMBLE WEAV] FROM ,PRATO ROSE ALONE ABOVE ! G5]AL 9DOL5CE1 & ALONE FAC$ ! SYMBOLS ( SO MU* 9FAMY4 ,) A /ROKE HE PUT BACK HI/ORY1 WAYW>D & >RE/$1 BACK ON ! PA? ( ITS FUTURE1 T[>DS ITS DE/9Y4 ,?AT GE/URE SPOKE TO ! CONFUS$ MASSES4 ,IT SAID SOME?+ ?AT NEI!R SIL5CE NOR 9DIFF]5CE CAN ]ASE3 0,! K+ Y\ FE>1 ! K+ :O WAS PICK$ BY ! GRACE ( GOD1 ! K+ :O OPPRESSES & BLE$S Y\1 ! K+ :O COMM&S EV]YONE & CAN BE COMM&$ BY NONE1 ! K+ :O JUDGES EV]YONE & CAN BE JUDG$ BY NONE1 ! K+ :O IS GLORY1 MY?1 P[] -- IS LIKE ANY O!R MAN1 ONLY A MIS]ABLE BAG ( FRAGILE FLE% & BONES4 ,A S+LE REVOLV] %OT CAN R$UCE HIM TO LITT] ! WAY HE DID ) Y\1 Y\R AG$1 Y\R *ILDR51 ! WAY HE DID 9 ,CONSELICE1 9 ,MILAN1 = AN EVIL :IM1 = AN OBSC5E LU/ = P[]4 ,Y\R DEP5D5CE IS A %AME FROM :I* Y\ CAN R$EEM Y\RSELVES2 Y\R DEVOTION IS UNWOR?Y ( Y\ & IS WA/$4 ,/& UP ON Y\R FEET1 SLAVES1 Y\ RESIGN$1 C[>DLY SLAVES :O C\LD FREE Y\RSELVES FROM ! MILL5NIAL YOKE ) A %RUG ( Y\R %\LD]S & REA* ! P9NACLE ( FRE$OM04 

,ISN'T ?IS :AT ! ,MONZA TRAG$Y MEANS8 

,FROM ! A%ES AT ! FOOT ( ! /AKE 9 ,CAMPO DI ,FIORI1.<#f#a.> ,ANGIOLILLO GA!RS ! TRADITION ( FREE ?\<T & W>NS ?AT ! BLAZ+ DAWN ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY WILL TOL]ATE NEI!R ! %AD[ NOR ! %AME ( ! ,9QUISITION4 ,VAILLANT EXPOSES ?OSE :O1 UND] ! ANONYM\S MASK ( ! REPRES5TATIONAL SY/EM1 >E RESPONSIBLE = ! SAME 9FAMIES & EXPLOITATION & SLA%ES !IR OBSC5E FACES4 7,! ,SUN ,K+1 AT LEA/1 HAD ! C\RAGE TO PRES5T HIMSELF BE=E HIS SUBJECTS & ,HI/ORY1 %\T+1 0,I AM ! ,/ATE607 ,LUC*5I1 HIMSELF A BA/>D1 W>NS ?AT PRIE/S TRY TO ?R[ \T ! FRUITS ( !IR 9ADMISSABLE LOVES 9 VA94 ,DUVAL1 ,RAVA*OL1 ,/ELLMAK]1.<#f#b.> ALL ?OSE :O HAVE ATTACK$ PRIVATE PROP]TY = ! SAKE ( REVOLUTION REVEAL ?AT ! SOV]EIGNTY ( MONEY CAN'T BE SO SACR$1 NOR SO 5VIABLE1 AFT] ALL1 IF IT GETS SLAPP$ >\ND EV]Y DAY4 ,ALL1 ALL ( !M SC\RGE C[>DICE1 REBEL AGA9/ SUBMISSION1 5GRAVE A LESSON2 !Y DO ! WORK ( REVOLUTION4 

,A K+ DIES & ANO!R TAKES HIS PLACE4 ,BUT ! K+ :O PICKS UP ! CR[N ) HIS FA!R'S BLOOD ON IT LE>NS PRUD5CE1 MOD]ATION1 WISDOM4 ,HE RE/ORES ! NATIONAL COV5ANT & REFRA9S FROM VIOL5CE & ABUSE4 ,IT IS 5\< TO RECALL ?AT1 OP5+ ! NEW ,P>LIAM5T1 IMM$IATELY AFT] ,BRESCI'S ATTEMPT1 ,S>ACCO NOT ONLY AB/A9$ FROM PROPOS+ EM]G5CY LAWS1 BUT HE ALSO DECL>$ ?AT ! AN>*I/ IDEA %\LD BE OPPOS$ ) CIVILIZ$ DEBATE & ?AT !RE WAS SUFFICI5T RE/RA9T 9 ! P5AL CODE = ILLEGAL AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES4 ,& ?IS DOESN'T CONSID] ! R5EW$ C\RAGE ( ! COMMON PEOPLE & ! /RONG] CONSCI\SNESS ( !IR /R5G?1 ! FIRM] FAI? !Y HAVE ATTA9$ 9 !IR [N EMANCIPATION4 

,?US6 ,NONE ( ! APOLOGETIC FANATICISM ?AT W\LD 9DICATE A RELIGI\S /ATE ( M9D 9COMPATIBLE ) ! SLI<TE/ AN>*I/ CONVICTION1 & NO FR5ZI$ DIATRIBES :I* MI<T BE SUSPECT$ ( OPPORTUNISM1 PREOCCUPATION1 OR MORE UNWOR?Y S5TIM5TS4 

,SALVATION LIES ALWAYS 9 A FREE1 OBJECTIVE & CONSCI5TI\S EXAM9ATION1 9 ! 9VE/IGATION & EXPLANATION ( ! CAUSES1 SOCIAL CONTEXT7 ! AGE1 ! IMM$IATE & REMOTE REP]CUSSIONS ( EV5TS2 !SE >E ! ELEM5TS = A CORRECT EVALUATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ACTS ( REBELLION4 

,BUT EV]YBODY %\LD UND]/& ?AT ANY SU* FREE EXAM9ATION1 US+ REASONABLE CRIT]IA1 CANNOT LEAVE \T ( CONSID]ATION ! FACT ?AT ! FIR/ CAUSE ( ALL 9DIVIDUAL ACTS ( REVOLT IS ! PSY*OLOGICAL CLIMATE CREAT$ BY \R PROPAG&A AMONG ! PEOPLE4 

,IT SEEMS UNNECESS>Y TO PO9T \T ?AT NO REVOLUTION>Y ACT IS CONCEIVABLE :]E ! REBEL DOES NOT FEEL HIMSELF SURR\ND$ BY A C]TA9 SPIRITUALITY ( CONS5T & BY A BROAD-BAS$ CONSCI\SNESS :I* IS READY TO RECEIVE HIM SYMPA!TICALLY4 

,:5 ,BRESCI R5D]$ JU/ICE TO ! AUGU/ & UNPUNI%$ BUT*] ( ,ITALIANS1 HE FELT ?AT1 ?\< ! BIGOT$ & FA9!>T$ RABBLE W\LD BE %AK51 %OCK$ & SC&ALIZ$ BY HIS ACT1 MANY O!RS W\LD ASS5T TO HIS ACT ( JU/ICE1 & HE ACT$ 9 ! FAI? ?AT ! FIR/ SP>K W\LD />T A MORE 9T5SE REBELLION1 A GREAT] FIRE4 

,BUT \R RESPONSIBILITY 9 ALL ACTS ( REBELLION IS MORE PRECISE1 MORE SPECIFIC & UND5IABLE1 :]E \R PROPAG&A HAS BE5 5]GETIC1 VIGOR\S1 & HAS LEFT A DEEP IMPRESSION4 

,AFT] ALL1 DID WE NOT OP5 ! FIR/ BREE* 9 ! DEVOTION ( ! FAI?FUL TO CON/ITUT$ AU?ORITIES1 9 !IR VASSALAGE TO ! K+1 9 !IR SUBMISSION TO ! LAW1 9 !IR RESPECT = & 9 !IR HOLY FE> ( ! CODES1 ! JUDICI>Y1 ! POLICE8 

,) HONE/ CONVICTION & CORROSIVE P]SI/5CE1 HAV5'T WE PROV$ ! FUTILITY ( HOPES 9 LEGAL MEANS ( RESI/ANCE1 PROGRESS1 OR SUCCESS8 

,9 ! CAMP OPPOS$ TO SOCIALISM & ITS POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 ITS ELECTORAL OR P>LIAM5T>Y VICTORIES1 ITS SUPPOS$ IMPROVEM5TS 9 ECONOMIC AFFAIRS1 HAVE !Y EV] F\ND MORE CONV9C$ DISBELIEV]S1 MORE ACRID CRITICS1 MORE UNREL5T+ SC(F]S ?AN US8 

,& 9 EV]Y CIRCUM/ANCE1 9 \R PAP]S1 ALL \R LECTURES1 9 \R MEET+S %AK+ ) EMPTY /OMA*S OR ILL CONTA9$ PASSIONS1 HAV5'T WE UND]L9$ A ?\S& TIMES OV] ?AT S9CE POLITICAL & ECONOMIC PRIVILEGE HAS NO BASIS 9 EQUITY OR RI<T1 IT C\LD BE JU/IFI$ ONLY BY ITS [N VIOL5CE & \R C[>DICE8 ,& ?AT !RE=E CAPITALISM & ! /ATE C\LD NOT RESI/ ! IMPACT ( ! WORK+ CLASSES1 :OSE RI<T & /R5G?1 TOGE!R1 W\LD BE SURE W>RANTY ( F9AL VICTORY8 

,?AT1 9/EAD ( WA/+ TIME *ATT]+ 9 T[N1 PROV9CIAL1 OR NATIONAL C\NCILS1 SE>*+ = ! PHILOSOPH]'S /ONE ( GOOD LAW1 OR = A GOOD MA/]1 IT W\LD BE BETT] TO />T ! REVOLUTION 9SIDE ONESELF & REALIZE IT ACCORD+ TO ! BE/ ( \R ABILITIES 9 P>TIAL EXP]IM5TS1 :]EV] SU* AN OPPORTUNITY >ISES1 & :5EV] A BOLD GR\P ( \R COMRADES HAVE ! CONVICTION & ! C\RAGE TO TRY !M8 

,:AT ELSE WAS ! GOAL ( ! >M$ B&S 9 ,ROMAGNA 9 #a#h#g#d1 OR ?OSE ) ,CAFI]O1 ,MALATE/A1 & ,/EPNIAK 9 #a#h#g#g8.<#f#c.> 

,N[1 WE HAVE BE5 9CIT+1 CONV9C+1 SCREAM+ AT ! PEOPLE = HALF A C5TURY3 0,>ISE1 REVOLT1 ATTACK1 EXPROPRIATE1 /RIKE6 ,/RIKE )\T PITY1 = !RE COMES A PO9T :]E REV5GE TAKES ON ! NECESSITY & ! AWESOM5ESS ( JU/ICE & HA/5S ITS TRIUMPH04 ,AFT] FIFTY YE>S ( HAV+ 9/ILL$ ! NECESSITY ( ACTION AMONG ! SUFF]+ PEOPLE1 AS SOON AS ! PLEBEIAN LION /RIKES ! FIR/ BL[ 7& P]HAPS IT IS AWKW>D1 BECAUSE IT HAS BE5 *A9$ = C5TURIES & HAS LO/ ! HABIT71 & JU/ AS WE %\LD %[ \R COOLNESS & \R RESOLVE1 WE BECOME DI/URB$ BY PROBLEMS ( CONSCI5CE1 MADE UNEASY AB\T ! ?REAT ( REACTION1 DI/RESS$ BY RESIDUAL EVANGELISM1 TORM5T$ BY ! BURN+ NE$1 IF NOT ( CONFUS+ \RSELVES 9 ! ,UMBO ( COMMON MORALITY C]TA9LY ( LESS5+ ! CONTRA/S4 ,TOO (T51 ESPECIALLY 9 ! MORE RESPONSIBLE CIRCLES1 WE RU% TO BELITTLE1 TO %AME ! ACT ( REBELLION1 &1 AT TIMES1 >E EV5 9CL9$ TO CLASSIFY IT AMONG ! USUAL 'POLICE FRAME-UPS'4 

,WELL1 !N1 9 PLA9 WORDS3 IT IS SUPREME C[>DICE TO REJECT ACTS ( REBELLION :5 WE1 \RSELVES HAVE S[N ! FIR/ SE$ & BR\<T =?1 ! FIR/ BUD1 IT IS SUPREME C[>DICE TO ADD \R CURS+ TO ! 9DIGNANT \TCRY ( ! PAID J\RNALI/IC HACKS1 PR(ESSIONAL M\RN]S1 & EVIL CUT-?ROATS4 

,& LIKE ALL C[>DICES1 ?IS ONE TOO MU/ BE PAID = ) ! SPASM ( IMPOT5CE & ! ANGUI% ( AB&ONM5T4 

,F ,S ,M]L9O %\LD REMEMB] ! F]VOR ( PROPAG&A & ACTION ?AT BRI<T5$ ! F\R YE>S FROM ,MAY #a1#a#h#i1 TO ,JUNE #b#d1#a#h#i#d4 ,:5 WE W\LD LEAVE \R G>RET 9 ! MORN+1 WE NEV] HAD ! SLI<TE/ C]TA9TY ( RETURN+ 9 ! EV5+2 >RE/S W]E MADE EV]Y DAY1 AT ANY H\R2 TRIALS & S5T5CES FOLL[$2 & 9 CASE ( ACQUITTAL1 BANI%M5T WAS ! RULE4 ,BUT IT MEANT LIV+6 ,& 9SIDE ! CELLS ( ,MAZAS1.<#f#d.> OR 9 ! SADNESS ( EXILE1 E>LY 9 ! MORN+ WE W\LD HE> ! E*O ( A DYNAMITE BLA/1 A JUDGE'S *AMB] HAD BL[N UP ) ONE ( ! ACCOMPLICES /ILL 9SIDE1 & ! UNKN[N AU?OR ( ! REBELLI\S DE$ HAD ACCEPT$ FULL RESPONSIBILITY = HIS ACT & WAS WALK+ ) A SONG 9TO ! 'WID['S' >MS .<! GUILLOT9E.>4 ,& ?AT TRAGIC WAVE ( 5?USIASM & ( F]VOR1 BRI<T5$ BY SACRIFICE1 FILL$ EV]YONE ) AN IRRESI/IBLE PRIDE4 ,POETS & M5 ( LETT]S1 IMPRESS$ BY ?AT F]VOR = R5EWAL1 W]E PAY+ DAILY HOMAGES ( SYMPA?Y & V5]ATION TO ! FALL5 REBELS1 ! ,P>ISIAN NEWSPAP] ,FIG>O1 FRI<T5$1 D$ICAT$ ONE ( ITS SPECIAL ISSUES TO ! 'P]IL AN>*I/E' &1 ,OCTAVE ,MIRBEAU.<#f#e.>1 WAV$ HIS AN>*I/S APPEAL TO AB/A9 FROM VOT+ OV] ! OBSC5E ELECTORAL %[S1 A DOCUM5T :I* TO ?IS DAY IS UNSURPASS$ = ITS FI]C5ESS ( ?\<T & BEAUTY ( EXPRESSION4 ,?AT WAS LIV+6 

,COMP>E ?AT P]IOD ) ! ONE 9 :I* WE LIVE4 

,WE HAVE MOCK$1 REJECT$1 CURS$ REVOLUTION>Y ACTION BECAUSE IT EXCE$$ \R CANONS1 \R EXPECTATIONS1 ! E?ICAL & ES!TIC L9ES )9 :I* WE WANT$ IT CONTA9$4 ,& WE HAVE DRI$ UP ! S\RCES FROM :I* IT C\LD SPR+1 WE HAVE CUT ! N]VES ANXI\SLY /RET*+ TO REA* IT1 WE HAVE EXT+UI%$ ANY FLAME ?AT MI<T N\RI% IT4 ,& N[ WE PAY ) HUMILIATION & BRUISES4 

,BECAUSE H]E1 9 !SE TOO-FREQU5T PUBLIC REPUDIATIONS1 9 !SE 9SIDI\S REPUDIATIONS ?AT >E :ISP]$ AB\T )9 C]TA9 COT]IES ?AT BRI/LE ) DI/RU/ & SUSPICION ( ! UNRULY & ! ICONOCLA/1 H]E1 9 P>TICUL>1 LIES ! CAUSE ( ! ATROPHY ?AT MAKES US ! LAU<+ /OCK ( EV] REACTION>Y :IM1 ( EV]Y REACTION>Y BE/IALITY4 

,NATURALLY6 

,?OSE :O >E EAG] = ACTION F9D ?AT WE >E V]Y H>D TO PLEASE3 0,WE MAKE FACES AT ! GOOD ,LORD & Y\ GRUMBLE6 ,WE RISE AGA9/ ! /ATE OR ITS REPRES5TATIVES1 & Y\ GRUMBLE2 WE REVOLT AGA9/ PROP]TY1 & Y\ FR[N & LOOK AT Y\R POCKETS2 WE RISE AGA9/ MORALITY & Y\1 AFRAID ( ! SC&AL1 RETREAT TO Y\R %ELL & EXCOMMUNICATE US6 ,BUT WILL Y\ DO US ! GREAT FAVOR ( /IRR+ Y\RSELVES1 ONCE & = ALL1 Y\ :O KN[ SO WELL H[ REVOLUTION %\LD TAKE ITS FIR/ /EPS1 Y\ :O HOLD ITS /R+S & HAVE LE>N$ ! DECALOGUE1 &444 Y\ :O NEV] MOVE1 NOT EV5 UND] ! LA%804 

,!Y >GUE & !N !Y LEAVE US 9 ! LUR*4 

,BUT 9T]NAL & PR(\ND CAUSES ( 9]TIA & DECAY >E TO BE F\ND H]E1 NOT ANY DOCTR9AL DISAGREEM5T BETWE5 ! ORGANIZATIONALI/S & ! 9DIVIDUALI/S ( AN>*ISM4 ,!SE DISAGREEM5TS -- NEI!R MANY1 NOR =CEFUL1 NEGLIGIBLE 9 COMP>ISON TO ! IMM5SITY ( ! TASK & ! GOALS -- WILL LEAD !M UND] ! %>P SPUR ( EXP]I5CE & NECESSITY TO F9D ! APPROPRIATE WAY1 ! WAY TO REVOLUTION1 :OSE 9ITIAL PHASE MU/ BE ! 9DIVIDUAL ACT ( REBELLION1 9SEP>ABLE FROM PROPAG&A1 FROM ! M5TAL PREP>ATION :I* UND]/&S IT1 9TEGRATES IT1 LEAD+ TO L>G] & MORE FREQU5T REPETITIONS ?R\< :I* COLLECTIVE 9SURRECTIONS FL[ 9TO ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,?IS1 !N1 IS ! RESULT ( ?IS CONTEMPT = ACTION4 

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,AN>*Y ,WILL ,BE6 

,I AM UNABLE TO REPLY TO ONE ( ,M]L9O'S /ATEM5TS ) CONSID]ATION & BREAD? ?AT IT REQUIRES & ?AT MY OPPON5T DES]VES4 

,I AM SORRY4 ,BUT HE :O HAS HAD TO LIVE = AB\T T5 YE>S 9 A SMALL M\NTA9 T[N1 ) ONLY A SMALL LIBR>Y = ! NE$S ( TWELVE ?\S& 9HABITANTS ( LEA/ HALF-A-DOZ5 NATIONALITIES1 HAS ONLY A SP>SE & BACKW>D BIBLIOGRAPHY AT HIS DISPOSAL4 

,&1 UNABLE TO R5EW OR 9CREASE HIS SL5D] LIBR>Y ) ! SCANTY COMP5SATION ( HIS WORK 7COMP5SATION SUSCEPTIBLE TO FREQU5T ECLIPSES :5 ,CRONACA ,SOVV]SIVA SAILS AMONG ! ROCKS ( DEFICIT71 HE CAN ONLY ) UNEAS9ESS1 CONTE/ ,F ,S ,M]L9O -- A WALK+ LIBR>Y 9 HIMSELF -- :5 HE /ATES ?AT1 0,AN>*ISM :I* WAS ONCE SO PRODUCTIVE1 CAN NO LONG] 9SPIRE ANY WORKS ( NOTICEABLE SCI5TIFIC & POLITICAL VALUE02 & ?AT 0444 S9CE ,KROPOTK9 & ,RECLUS IT HAS HAD NO O!R FIR/-RATE NAMES04 

,RECLUS IS DEAD1 TRUE2 & NO ONE ELSE IS TAK+ HIS PLACE2 BUT ,M]L9O WILL C]TA9LY ADMIT ?AT M5 ( ,RECLUS' /ATURE DO NOT BRI<T5 ! RECORDS ( ! CIVIL /ATE EV]Y DAY1 9 ANY C\NTRY4 

,MEAN:ILE1 HE HAS DI$1 LEAV+ US HIS LA/ MA/]PIECE1 ,L',HOMME ET LA ,T]RE1 ! SYN!SIS ( SIXTY YE>S ( RESE>*1 /UDY & M$ITATION :I* WILL BE A S\RCE ( WISDOM = A LONG TIME4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ! GOOD ,RECLUS REMA9S 9 ! BATTLE1 /ILL 9 ! =EFRONT4 

,BUT1 !N1 ,KROPOTK9 IS /ILL ALIVE1 AS ALWAYS1 VIGOR\S1 >D5T1 & PRODUCTIVE4 ,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM1 HIS LATE/ WORK1 .<#a#i#c.> BELONGS TO YE/]DAY1 BUT WE HAVE GOOD REASON TO /ATE ?AT HE HAS O!R WORKS 9 ! MAK+1 9 NO WAY 9F]IOR TO ! PREC$+ ONES ?AT HAVE RECEIV$ SO MU* CR$IT & PRAISE 9 ! SCI5TIFIC WORLD -- NOT)/&+ ITS FUNDAM5TAL HET]ODOXY4 

,HE TOO REMA9S 9 ! =EFRONT1 & IT SEEMS TO ME EXCESSIVE & /RANGE ?AT ,M]L9O %\LD HURRY TO BURY !M 9 ORD] TO SAY ?AT AN>*ISM HAS NO MORE FIR/-RATE M5 & CAN NO LONG] PRODUCE WORKS ( CONSID]ABLE SCI5TIFIC & POLITICAL VALUE4 

,CONFID5TIALLY1 ,I W\LD ALSO LIKE TO ASK HIM A QUE/ION4 ,:5 A NEW MOVEM5T DAWNS -- &1 FROM ITS IDEALS D[N TO ITS TANGL$ /RUCTURE ( 9T]E/S1 IT REFLECTS1 & ALSO SUBV]TS1 ALL ( ! SOCIAL RELATION%IPS1 ! :OLE MORAL1 LEGAL1 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC MAKE-UP ( SOCIETY -- IS IT POSSIBLE ?AT ! !ORETICAL >TICULATION ( ITS ASPIRATIONS1 ! FIR/ /EP 9 *OOS+ A GOAL & DET]M9+ ! WAYS & MEANS ( A*IEV+ IT1 CAN IMM$IATELY BE FOLL[$ BY ! SPR\T+ ( A COMPLETE PHILOSOPHICAL1 SCI5TIFIC & LIT]>Y /RUCTURE ( ! SY/EM8 ,AS IF1 = EXAMPLE1 ! FIR/ SPREAD+ ( ! GOSPELS WAS FOLL[$ ! DAY AFT] BY ! ,SUMMA ,!OLOGIAE ( ,SA9T ,?OMAS ,AQU9AS4.<#f#f.> 

,DOESN'T ! DAZZL+ ANN\NCEM5T TO ! DEPRIV$ ( A TOTALLY NEW WORLD1 TOTALLY DIFF]5T FROM ! ONE ?AT AFFLICTS !M -- A WORLD ( EQUALITY1 BRO!RHOOD1 FRE$OM1 WELL-BE+ & JOY -- HAVE TO BE FOLL[$ BY A LONG & PA9FUL DAILY APO/OLATE 9 P>TIBUS 9FIDELIUM .<9 ! L& ( ! UNBELIEV]S.>1 AGA9/ FI]CE OPPOSITION1 SO ?AT ITS E*O MAY REA* TO ! 5DS ( ! NATION OR ( ! GLOBE1 RECRUIT+ ! PHALANXES TO :OM WILL BE 5TRU/$ ! BANN]S ( ! BURN+ FAI?1 ! SECRET ( VICTORY8 

,IT WAS A LONG1 LONG J\RNEY FROM ! SIMPLE EVANGELISM ALONG ! %ORES ( ,LAKE ,TIB]IAS TO ,CON/ANT9E'S $ICT1 9 #cac ,A,D -- & IT WAS BY WAY ( ! ,ROMAN CATACOMBS4 ,& ,*RI/ -- IF HE EV] LIV$ -- NEV] REAPPE>$2 ! APO/OLATE WAS ! WORK ( HUMBLE1 OBSCURE & SIMPLE M9D$ FI%]M5 -- AS ! LEG5D SAYS4 

,AGRE$ ?AT ,RECLUS & ,KROPOTK9 WILL REMA91 TOGE!R ) ,BAKUN91 9 ! FIR/ RANK ( \R HI/ORY1 UNSURPASS$ 9 ?IS P]IOD4 ,!Y >E & REMA9 ! H]ALDS4 

,BUT H[ MANY APO/LES !Y >\S$6 ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME1 :O IS N[ CON/RUCT+ ! HI/ORY ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION ) 9DISPUTABLE DOCUM5TS & GREAT PATI5CE -- IS HE NOT 9 ! =EFRONT A %9+ EXAMPLE ( PRODUCTIVITY & F]VOR8 ,& ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO1 VIGOR\S1 /RAI<T & 9FLEXIBLE AS AN OAK UND] ! FURY ( ! WILDE/ REACTION8 ,& ,FRANCISCO ,F]R]1 JU/ YE/]DAY FELL$ BY ,B\RBON LEAD 9 ! ,MONTJUI* MOATS8 ,& ,$W>D ,C>P5T]8 ,& ,T>RIDA DEL ,M>MOL8 & ,WILLIAM ,T*]KES(F8 ,& ,MAX ,NETTLAU1 :O HAS ]ECT$ ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL MONUM5T TO ,BAKUN91 ) HIS COMPLETE1 DOCUM5T$ BIOGRAPHY8 ,>E !Y NOT NAMES & M5 :O1 = WISDOM & PROPAG&A & L(T9ESS ( ! AN>*I/ IDEAL1 CAN PROP]LY FACE ! BEAT 9 ! OPPOS+ P>TIES8 ,DON'T !Y ) !IR ASSIDU\S VIGILANCE1 PROVIDE ! VANGU>D ( ! MOVEM5T ) ! MAT]IAL & AMMMUNITION 9DISP5SABLE = BOLD 9CURSIONS8.<#f#g.> 

,& CONSID]+ ?AT ! BE/ DREAMS1 ! PASSION ( SUP]IOR M9DS1 9TREPID HE>TS1 H]OIC S\LS1 W\LD GO UP 9 SMOKE LIKE ALL DREAMS IF !Y DID NOT F9D !IR 9C>NATION 9 ! 5?USIASM1 ! SELF-ABNEGATION & FAI? ( ! HUMBLE PEOPLE1 HAVE NOT ! MEMB]S ( ! VANGU>D1 9 ! P>ADOXICAL 9T5SITY ( ?AT GREAT TR9ITY'S ?\<T1 PREP>$ ! HO/ = GREAT] EU*>I/S8 

,IT IS PECULI>6 ,M]L9O BELIEVES 9 ! GOOD =TUNE & TRIUMPH ( AN>*ISM SO LONG AS IT REMA9S ! 9SPIRATION ( PROPHETS1 ( A FEW ?9K]S :O WEI< ! WORD 9 ! ALMO/ 9ACCESSIBLE WORLD ( METAPHYSICS2 BUT HE D\BTS ITS DE/9Y TO ! PO9T ( PR$ICT+ ITS AGONY :5 ITS WORD HAS BECOME FLE% & BLOOD ?R\< ! 9CORRUPTIBLE FAI? ( SEV]AL MILLIONS ( FOLL[]S SPREAD ALL OV] ! FIVE P>TS ( ! WORLD4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! LAW ( PHYSICS AS WELL AS ! EXP]I5CE ( HI/ORY1 9T5SITY IS (FSET BY DIM5SION4 

,WE GLADLY CONC$E TO ,M]L9O ?AT ,BAKUN91 ,RECLUS & ,KROPOTK9 REMA9 UNSURPASS$1 & WE >E ALSO READY TO ADMIT ?AT WE WILL NEV] AGA9 HAVE =]UNN]S AS NOBLE & GREAT ,BUT LET HIM CONC$E1 9 TURN 7& HE CAN DO SO )\T EF=T OR CONTRADICTION7?AT ! 9T5SITY ( ?\<T & LIFE PECULI> TO ! FEW SUP]IOR SPIRITS IS 9V]SELY COMP5SAT$ = BY ! GREAT] & MORE 9DU/RI\S NUMB] ( 9TELLIG5T1 CONSCI5TI\S1 DEVOT$ & FI]CE MILITANTS1 :O AL?\< /UMBL+ AGA9/ ALL ! SN>ES ( REACTION -- FROM ! ,B\RBONIC G>ROTE TO ! ,TOKYO IMP]IAL GALL[S -- >E ALWAYS 9 >MS1 HAVE HOI/$ ! FLAG ( REVOLT1 & R\S$ ! HOPE ( EMANCIPATION 9 ! OPPRESS$ ALL OV] ! WORLD4 

,KROPOTK9'S ,MUTUAL ,AID SETS =? ! DOCTR9E1 ! LAW ( SOLID>ITY AMONG ALL LIV+ BE+S1 TO ! MORTIFICATION ( ?OSE :O 9SI/ ON MIS9T]PRET+ ,D>W92 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS SPELLS ! ALT]NATE RHY?M ( EVOLUTION & REVOLUTION ) ! SAME RIGID SYN*RONISM ( ! P5DULUM'S OSCILLATIONS2 & BO? >E 9CISIVE W9N]S 9 ! WORLD ( S*OL>%IP & ?\<T4 ,BUT H[ MU* H>D] IS ! /RUGGLE TO 9/ILL ?AT SAME FEEL+ ( SOLID>ITY & FAI? 9 REVOLUTION 9TO ! MASSES1 TO 9/ILL ! D5IAL ( GOD AMONG ! SUP]/ITI\S H]DS SO ?AT !Y MAY HAVE FAI? 9 !MSELVES & BECOME ! AU?ORS ( !IR [N DE/9Y1 ACCOMPLI%+ ?IS ON ! BASIS ( EQUALITY & FRE$OM4 ,?IS H>D] TASK HAS BE5 SU/A9$ BY ! MORE MODE/ & >D5T PROPAGATORS ( IDEAS6 

,FRA ,CONTAD9I1 BY \R GOOD ,]RICO ,MALATE/A2 ,! ,RELIGI\S ,PLAGUE1 BY OLD ,JOHANN ,MO/2 ,DIEU N'EXI/E PAS1 BY ,SEBA/I5 ,FAURE1.<#f#h.> BOOKS TRANSLAT$ 9TO TW5TY LANGUAGES & SPREAD AMONG ALL K9DS ( PEOPLE -- >E !Y NOT ! ?\<TS ( ,BAKUN91 ,RECLUS & ,KROPOTK91 CONT9U+ TO CONV9CE & TO PROPAGATE8 ,& >E !Y NOT1 9 FACT1 ! MO/ 5?USIA/IC SIGNS ( ! MASSES' AGREEM5T ) \R ASPIRATIONS1 ! NECESS>Y ROAD TO ANY REVOLUTION>Y EXP]IM5T1 TO ANY 9ITIAL REALIZATION8 

,NONE ( ! ,5CYCLOP$I/S L$ ! PEOPLE TO ! CONQUE/ ( ! ,BA/ILLE4 ,AT ! ,CON/ITUTIONAL1 ,LEGISLATIVE & ,CONV5TION ASSEMBLIES1 ! M5 :O ABOLI%$ ! PRIVILEGE ( CA/E1 %OV$ ! K+ ( ,FRANCE UND] ! GUILLOT9E & WROTE ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,RI<TS1 W]E TOTALLY UNKN[N BE=E ,JULY #a#d1 #a#g#h#i4 ,9 ! CRUCIBLE ( REVOLUTION !Y DI/+UI%$ !MSELVES AS ! PURE METAL FROM :I* ! NEW ORD] EM]G$4 ,NONE ( !M 5JOY$ ! B5EFITS ( ! REVOLUTION !Y HAD />T$1 SUPPORT$ OR L$ IT TO ITS GLORI\S SUCCESS -- A DEMON/RATION ?AT ! EV5TS1 !MSELVES1 ( EA* HI/ORICAL P]IOD1 =GE M5 = ! PURPOSE AT H&2 ?AT1 IF ! DAY BE=E YE/]DAY WAS ! TIME = ,BAKUN91 ,RECLUS & ,KROPOTK91 IF YE/]DAY WAS ! TIME = ! M>TYRS & APO/LES1 TODAY BELONGS TO ! PROLET>IAT1 :O P]=M !IR TASK ) >DOR & CONSCI\S T5ACITY1 A SIGN ( TRIUMPH RA!R ?AN A SYMPTOM ( AN>*ISM'S DECAD5CE1 AS ,F ,S ,M]L9O SEEMS TO BELIEVE1 /RANGELY 5\<4 

,/RANGELY6 ,HE W\LD HAVE EV]Y REASON TO CRY OV] ! 5D ( AN>*ISM1 LIKE ,J]EMIAH OR ,CASS&RA1 IF ! TRUNK HAD WI!R$1 IF NO E?ICAL VALUE1 NO REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY1 NO FAI? HAD SPR\T$ FROM ! WORKS ( ,BAKUN91 ,RECLUS & ,KROPOTK94 ,BUT IF ! TRUNK IS ALIVE1 HE IS ALL WRONG4 ,ESPECIALLY WRONG = NOT HAV+ REMA9$ FAI?FUL TO ! IDEAL ON :I* HE HAS SP5T SO MU* ( HIMSELF4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,WE >E AT ! 5D6 

,( ALL ! REASONS :I* L$ ,F ,S ,M]L9O TO 9F] ! 9CURABLE EXHAU/ION & CONSEQU5T DEA? ( AN>*ISM1 NOT ONE SURVIVES AN IMP>TIAL EXAM9ATION OR RESI/S A CONSCI5TI\S CRITIQUE4 

#a ,:AT IS ESS5TIAL 9 AN>*ISM HAS NOT BE5 ABSORB$ BY ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 NOR C\LD IT HAVE BE51 IF 0444 ! ESS5CE ( AN>*ISM -- 9 T]MS ( ! EVOLUTION ( ?\<T & SOCIETY -- IS A CONCEPT ( MAN1 ! 9TEGRATION ( HIS NE$S1 HIS YET-UNEXPLOR$ P[]S1 HIS SOCIABILITY1 HIS V>I$ RELATIONS ) HIS FELL[-MAN & ) ! EXT]NAL WORLD HE LIVES 92 IF 7AS ,F ,S ,M]L9O1 HIMSELF1 DECL>$ 9 ! S]I\S & AU/]E ,J\RNAL DES ,ECONOMI/ES.<#f#i.> MANY YE>S AGO7 HIS MORAL 9TEGRATION REQUIRES ! 0444 SATISFACTION ( ALL HIS MAT]IAL & MORAL NE$S1 ! FRE$OM & 9CO]CIBILITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL02 IF 0444 ! AN>*I/ SY/EM EXCLUDES ! NECESSITY = GOV]NM5T1 P>LIAM5T1 POLICE1 & JUDICI>Y02 IF 7AS ,M]L9O1 HIMSELF1 WROTE SO CLE>LY 9 HIS PAMPHLET4 ,:Y ,WE ,>E ,AN>*I/S.<#g.>7 0,! FIR/ /EP T[>DS ! FUTURE SOCIETY WILL BE 9EVITABLE REVOLUTION1 9EVITABLE BECAUSE ! RUL+ CLASSES WILL ONLY SURR5D] TO A SUP]IOR =CE02 & IF AN>*ISM EXCLUDES ELECTIONS & P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION AS MEANS TO REVOLUTION & EMANCIPATION1 = 7AGA9 AS ,M]L9O ONCE WROTE ) \R FULL & S9C]E/ ASS5T71 0,! WORK]S WILL ALWAYS BE *EAT$ & SW9DL$ 9 ELECTIONS1 BECAUSE EV5 IF ! MAJORITY ( ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES W]E COMPOS$ ( WORK]S1 !Y W\LD BE P[]LESS TO DO ANY?+1 = ! 9TELLIG5T & ACTIVE COMRADES1 ONCE ELECT$1 BECOME R5EGADES & 9DOL5T2 &1 LA/LY1 BECAUSE ! PEOPLE LE>N TO BELIEVE ?AT SALVATION CAN ONLY COME FROM ABOVE1 FROM ! GOV]NM5T1 FROM P>LIAM5T1 & SO CEASE TO /RUGGLE = IT04 

,NO SU* ABSORPTION C\LD TAKE PLACE & NONE DID4 ,JU/ 9 ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S1 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T HAS P\R$ 5\< WAT] ONTO ITS SOCIALISM TO DR[N EV5 ! LA/ REVOLUTION>Y SP>K ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O ( #ahdh & ANY SUBSEQU5T WORK ( ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,AT LEA/1 9 !ORY1 !Y HAD =ESE5 ! 9EVITABLY VIOL5T EXPROPRIATION ( ! RUL+ CLASS & ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,N[ ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T AIMS AT NO?+ MORE ?AN ! CONQUE/ ( P>LIAM5T BY MEANS ( ! VOTE1 ! CONQUE/ ( ! GOV]NM5T 7& NOT ( ! ,/ATE7 BY ! MEANS ( P>LIAM5T1 COLLABORAT+ ) RADICALS 9 ! PA/1 ) ! LIB]ALS TODAY1 & ) ! CL]ICAL SC\NDRELS TOMORR[ & !REAFT]1 AS ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 ! REVOLUTION & ! EXPROPRIATION ( WEAL? >E /OR$ 9 ! ATTIC & KEPT UND] ! SEV5 SEALS4 

,?US ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T COMMITS ITSELF TO ALL ?OSE MEANS ?AT AN>*ISM REPUDIATES -- ?IS ADMITT$ REPEAT$LY BY ,M]L9O HIMSELF -- SO ?AT ! DISAGREEM5T BETWE5 ?OSE TWO T5D5CIES ( ! PROLET>IAT HAS GR[N 9TO AN EV] DEEP5+ & IRRECONCILABLE CONFLICT4 

,H[ CAN ,M]L9O SAY ?AT ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T HAS ABSORB$ :AT IS ESS5TIAL 9 AN>*ISM8 

,HAD HE WRITT5 ?AT1 S9CE ,SEPTEMB] #ahib 7?AT IS1 S9CE ! ,CONGRESS ( ,G5OA71 HAV+ CA/ AWAY FROM ITS BOSOM ANY REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CY & HAV+ D$ICAT$ ITSELF TO ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]1 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T HAS BE5 ABSORB$ BIT BY BIT BY CAPITALI/ P>LIAM5T>ISM UNTIL N[ IT IS LITTLE MORE ?AN AN ADVANC$ W+ ( IT1 !N ,M]L9O W\LD HAVE R5D]$ A MORE HONE/ HOMAGE TO ! TRU? -- & GIV5 A MORE SOB] DOCUM5TATION TO ! HI/ORY ( ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T1 CON/ANTLY CONFIRM$ BY EV]YDAY REALITY4 

#b ,! ,UTOPIAN P>T ( AN>*ISM HAS BE5 ACKN[L$G$ AS SU* & NO LONG] HAS ANY VALUE4 

,! ,UTOPIAN P>T IS1 ( C\RSE1 ! ASPIRATION TO A SOCIETY )\T MA/]S1 )\T GOV]NM5T1 )\T LAW1 )\T ANY CO]CIVE CONTROL -- A SOCIETY FUNCTION+ ON ! BASIS ( MUTUAL AGREEM5T & ALL[+ EA* MEMB] ! FRE$OM TO 5JOY ABSOLUTE AUTONOMY4 ,RI<T8 

,DOES ,M]L9O REALLY WANT TO /ROLL ) US1 >M-9->M ?R\< ! WORK ( A GREAT FRI5D ( \RS1 A MAN ( LE>N+ :O IS AS MODE/ AS HE IS PR(\ND1 ! FAVORITE COLLABORATOR ( ,ELISEE ,RECLUS -- ,LEON ,MET*NIK(F8 

,LET US R]EAD TOGE!R1 ,SAV]IO4 ,AT ?IS HE>? \R FAI? BECAME UN%AKABLE CONVICTION4 ,:O KN[S1 IT MAY REK9DLE Y\RS6 

0,9 NATURE'S BIOLOGICAL PROGRESSION1 LIB]TY MAY S]VE AS A MEASURE ( ! PROGRESS ( ! SOCIAL BOND4440 

0,9 ! L[] ORD]S WE HAVE IMPOS$ GR\P+S1 BAS$ ON CO]CION444 RUDIM5T>Y COLONIES ( CELLS UNIT$ BY EXT]IOR OR ME*ANICAL TIES40 

0,9 ! 9T]M$I>Y ORD]S WE HAVE SUBORD9AT$ GR\P+S1 BAS$ ON DIFF]5TIATION1 ON A DIVISION ( WORK PROGRESSIVELY MORE SPECIALIZ$ & 9TIMATE40 

0,9 ! HI<] ORD]S WE HAVE COORD9AT$ GR\P+S BAS$ ON P]SONAL 9CL9ATIONS & ON ! EV] MORE CONSCI\S COMMUNION ( 9T]E/S40 

,SO !RE IS A CONT9U\S ASC5T FROM COMPULSION TO AUTONOMY4 

,9 HI/ORY WE HAVE CORRESPOND+ PH5OM5A3 

0,5=C$ GR\P+S3 ! ORI5TAL DESPOTISMS1 ! SOCIETIES B\ND TOGE!R BY CO]CION1 ! SUBS]VI5CE ( ALL TO A SYMBOLIC & LIV+ REPRES5TATIVE ( COSMIC FATE1 ( DEIFI$ P[]40 

0,SUBORD9AT$ GR\P+S3 CORRESPOND+ TO ! ]A ( FEUDAL OLIG>*ICAL F$]ATIONS1 ( DIV]SIFICATION RESULT+ FROM >M$ /RUGGLE OR ECONOMIC COMPETITION40 

0,COORD9AT$ GR\P+S3 A P]IOD ?AT HAS B>ELY BEGUN & :I* BELONGS TO ! FUTURE1 BUT :OSE FIR/ ?\<TS HAVE BE53 LIB]TY -- ! D5IAL ( CO]CION2 EQUALITY -- ! D5IAL ( SOCIAL OR POLITICAL DIFF]5CE2 BRO!RHOOD -- ! LOYAL COORD9ATION ( 9DIVIDUAL P[]S 9 PLACE ( ! /RUGGLES & CONFLICTS CAUS$ BY MORTAL COMPETITION40.<#g#a.> 

,9 PLA9] WORDS -- ! FIR/ AU?ORITY WAS GOD-9 HEAV5 & ! ,9CAS & ! ,PH>AOHS W]E NO?+ BUT HIS VIC>S ON ,E>?4 

,! REPRES5TATIVES ( GOD1 :O >E AMONG ! CRAFTIE/ AT ANY GIV5 MOM5T1 HAD TO %>E P[] ) ! /RONG2 & SO1 AFT] LONG & BLOODY /RUGGLES1 :I* SMOLD]$ = C5TURIES1 SOV]EIGN P[] & DIV9E AU?ORITY SET FOOT ON ,E>? & W]E 9VE/$ 9 ! EMP]OR OR 9 ! K+1 :O WILL BE =C$ MU* LAT] TO SUBMIT TO YET ANO!R COMPROMISE1 RECONCIL+ )9 HIMSELF ! GRACE ( GOD ) ! WILL ( ! NATION444 AS LONG AS IT LA/S4 

,! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION DIVE/$ DIV9ITY ( ALL AU?ORITY1 :I* N[ TOOK ROOT ON ,E>? & F\ND ITS REPOSITORY & ITS SCEPT] 9 EA* & EV]Y CITIZ54 

,ONLY ONE /EP REMA9S TO REA* ?AT ,ATLANTIS1 :]E1 AS ! POET US$ TO PROPHESY 9 ! OLD DAYS1 EV]YONE HAS )9 HIMSELF HIS LAW & HIS P[]1 & IS HIS [N SOV]EIGN4.<#g#b.> 

,& PROP]TY1 :I* ACCOMPANIES & GIVES *>ACT] TO ! =MS & ! HI/ORICAL 9/ITUTIONS ?R\< :I* WE HAVE RAPIDLY PASS$2 PROP]TY1 :I* WAS ! JUS UT5DI ET ABUT5DI .<LAW ( USE & ABUSE.>1 ! ABSOLUTE & ODI\S ,ROMAN LAW ?AT ALL[$ ! USE & ABUSE ( ONE'S [N PROP]TY )\T HAV+ TO ANSW] TO ANYONE2 PROP]TY1 :I* HAS LO/ MU* ( ITS PRIMITIVE >ROGANCE1 :I* TRIES BY MEANS ( SELF-S]V+ PHILAN?ROPY TO E>N =GIV5ESS = ITS PA/ EXCESSES & ABUSES1 :I* HAS JURIDICALLY ACKN[L$G$ & ASSUM$ SOME SOCIAL DUTIES 7AS WE HAVE DESCRIB$ 9 ITS PROP] PLACE7 -- WILL PROP]TY1 ) REVOLUTION AT ITS HEELS1 EV] TAKE ! LA/ /EP8 ,WILL IT EV] BE SOME DAY ! SOCIAL 9/RUM5T = WELL-BE+1 LIB]TY & HAPP9ESS = ALL8 

,:5 ALL 9=MATION 9 ! FIELDS ( BIOLOGY1 HI/ORY & ECONOMICS IS CONV]G+ TO 9DICATE A CONT9U+ & 5DLESS PROGRESSION1 A CON/ANT EVOLUTION FROM SLAV]Y TO LIB]TY1 FROM CO]CION TO AUTONOMY1 :O C\LD CONSID] ! UPRIS+ ( ! PROLET>IAT & ! REALIZATION ( AN>*Y ,UTOPIAN8 ,ONLY ,JO%UA ,M]L9O -- = :OM ! SUN \<T TO /OP = EV]1 HOV]+ OV] ! AGONY ( EV]Y HUMAN BE+ :O YE>NS = LIB]TY1 JU/ICE & EMANCIPATION4 

,& HE REMA9S ALONE6 

#c ,WE HAVE %[N ) SOME SUCCESS 7UNLESS WE S9 BY BOA/+7 ?AT AN>*ISM HAS N[ & HAS ALWAYS HAD FIR/ RATE M52 ?AT IT RECEIVES TE/IMONIALS ( ! GREATE/ 9T]E/ & M]IT QUITE (T5 9 ! FIELD ( S*OL>%IP1 AS !SE SUB/ANTIAL WORKS 7BESIDES ?OSE ALREADY M5TION$7 BE> WITNESS -- ,AN>*ISME BY ,ELTZBA*] 7A JUDGE AT ! ,HALL ,C\RT7 & ,AN>*IA BY ,ETTORE ,ZOCCOLI 7A HI< FUNCTION>Y 9 ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,PUBLIC ,$UCATION74.<#g#c.> ,& WE HAVE ALSO %[N ?AT1 EV5 IF ! CONTR>Y W]E TRUE1 IT W\LD BE >BITR>Y TO D$UCE SYMPTOMS ( DECAD5CE & EXHAU/ION 9 AN>*ISM1 :5 ! HOPES & IDEALS ( ITS H]ALDS HAVE BECOME ! ?\<T & ACTION ( NUMB]LESS LEGIONS ( REBELS ALL OV] ! WORLD1 :O >E RIS+ 9 SOLID>ITY ACROSS ALL FRONTI]S1 /RUGGL+ = ! !IR MUTUAL & TOTAL EMANCIPATION4 

#d ,NO ONE D5IES ?AT !RE MAY BE DISAGREEM5T1 EV5 FI]CE DISS5SION1 AT TIMES1 BETWE5 AN>*I/S :O BELIEVE 9 P>TY ORGANIZATION & PREF] ABOVE ALL O!R MEANS A SY/EMATIC PROPAG&A & $UCATIONAL ACTION & AN>*I/S :O PREF] 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE &1 ABOVE ALL1 9DIVIDUAL ACTION4 ,BUT ?IS DIFF]5CE >ISES FROM A MISUND]/&+ :I* IS B\ND TO BECOME CL>IFI$ UND] ! SPUR ( EXP]I5CE & NECESSITY1 ?\< IT IS (T5 EMBITT]$ BY ! F]VOR ( COMPETITION & IS BASICALLY SUP]FICIAL4 ,F> FROM 9DICAT+ DECAY1 IT PO9TS \T TWO DIFF]5T APPROA*ES TO ACTION1 DIV]SE MANIFE/ATIONS ( ACTIVITY1 ( CONSCI\SNESS1 ( 5]GY :I* WILL BE SYN!SIZ$ EV5TUALLY = ! BETT] =TUNE ( ! REVOLUTION & = ! ULTIMATE TRIUMPH ( \R IDEALS4 

#e ,IF PROGRESS IS TO BE UND]/OOD AS ! 0444 SUCCESSION ( PH5OM5A 9 :I* =CE MANIFE/S ITSELF AT EA* /AGE ( EVOLUTION ) AN EV]9CREAS+ V>IETY & 9T5SITY2 & ! S]IES IS CALL$ PROGRESSIVE :51 AT EA* ONE ( ITS /AGES1 IT REPRODUCES ALL ITS PREVI\S TRAITS PLUS A NEW ONE ?AT DID NOT EXI/ 9 ! PREC$+ PHASES1 & :I* BECOMES 9 ITS TURN1 ! G]M ( A NEW PLUS 9 ! FOLL[+ /AGES01 !N NO O!R IDEAL CORRESPONDS MORE CLOSELY TO ?IS LAW ( PROGRESS ?AN ! AN>*I/ IDEAL4 

,9 ! FIELD ( ECONOMICS -- 9 CONTRA/ TO ! RADICAL MOVEM5TS :I* DO AGREE 9 REJECT+ PRIVATE PROP]TY1 9 ADVOCAT+ COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE1 9 ! REMUN]ATION ( EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS APTITUDE & HIS LABOR -- LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM -- ONCE 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY IS ABOLI%$1 ! L& & MEANS ( PRODUCTION MADE ! COMMUNAL & 9DIVISIBLE PROP]TY ( ALL -- REJECTS ! !ORY ( REMUN]ATION1 EV5 IF IT W]E TO 9VOLVE ! TOTAL PRODUCT ( LABOR2 IT REJECTS ! PR9CIPLE ( COMP5SATION AS IRRATIONAL1 UNJU/ & DANG]\S 9 SO F> AS IT NECESS>ILY 5G5D]S ! AU?ORITY & ! TYRANNY ?AT MAKE ! B\RGEOIS REGIME 9FAM\S2 & IT PROPOSES1 9/EAD1 ?AT EV]Y MEMB] ( SOCIETY1 REG>DLESS ( HIS APTITUDES OR WORK1 BE 5TITL$ TO ! FULL SATISFACTION ( HIS NE$S1 ( ALL HIS NE$S4 ,SU* SATISFACTION NOT ONLY ASSURES ! P>TICIPATION ( EA* P]SON 9 PRODUCTION ACCORD+ TO HIS CAPACITIES1 BUT ALSO ELIM9ATES ! DANG] ( FALL+ ONCE AGA9 9TO A REGIME ( 9EQUALITY1 ( AU?ORITY1 ( DISORD] & VIOL5CE ?AT ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE ABOLI%$4 

,9 ! POLITICAL FIELD1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! AU?ORIT>IAN GOALS ( ! SOCIALI/S1 COLLECTIVI/S1 OR COMMUNI/S :I*1 BECAUSE ( ! =ESEEABLE ECONOMIC 9EQUALITIES IMPLICIT 9 !IR SY/EMS1 >E OBLIG$1 EV5 N[1 TO POSIT A CO]CIVE P[] ?AT CONTA9S & APPEASES !IR 9EQUITIES1 OR1 AT LEA/1 AN ADM9I/RATION-/ATE :I* RULES & REGULATES PRODUCTION1 DI/RIBUTION & CONSUMPTION2 AN>*ISM PROPOSES1 9/EAD1 ! ABSOLUTE & IRREVOCABLE REJECTION ( GOV]NM5T & AU?ORITY 9 ANY =M1 & 9 PLACE ( ! PR9CIPLE ( GOOD1 FAIR1 BRO!RLY GOV]NM5T1 IT PROCLAIMS ! UNGOV]NABILITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL :O POSSESSES )9 HIMSELF ! MEANS1 ! RI<T & ! P[] = SELF-GOV]NM5T4 

,9 EI!R CASE1 !N1 !RE IS A PLUS :I* ! E>LI] PHASES HAD NOT YET UNCOV]$1 :I* C>RIES )9 ITSELF ! SE$S ( NEW TRAITS :I* WILL P]MIT FUTURE G5]ATIONS TO PROCE$ T[>DS HI<] & MORE 5LI<T5$ =MS ( CO-EXI/5CE & CIVILIZATION4 ,AN>*Y DOES NOT CLAIM TO BE ! LA/ WORD1 BUT ONLY A NEW1 MORE 5LI<T5$1 MORE ADVANC$ & MORE HUMAN /EP ALONG ! ASC5D+ PA? ( ! 5DLESS FUTURE4 

,AN>*ISM IS /ILL VIGOR\S1 IMPASSION$1 ACTIVE1 IRREPRESSIBLE4 

,AN>*Y WILL BE4 

,F ,S ,M]L9O /&S MIDWAY1 ALONE1 OR1 WORSE ?AN ALONE1 9 ! BAD COMPANY ( ! HESITANT4 ,M]L9O1 :O1 AFT] MANY YE>S SP5T ) US BOLD & UNDAUNT$1 & ALSO ) ! PA9S :I* >E ! REW>D ( C\RAGE & H]ESY1 HAS BE5 UNABLE TO SAVE HIS S\L FROM ! FRO/ ( DISC\RAGEM5T & DIS5*ANTM5T4 

,IT IS SAD6 ,SAD = HIM & SAD = US4 ,BUT HIS CASE WAS NOT UN=ESE5 & IT WAS NEI!R NEW NOR HOPELESS4 ,= EA* H]ALD ?AT FALLS ALONG ! SLOPES ( PROGRESS1 HUNDR$S >ISE1 VALIANT & CONFID5T1 RAIS+ ! /&>D & C>RY+ IT HI< & UNDAUNT$ FROM TR5* TO TR5*1 ]ECT+ IT 9 TRIUMPH OV] ! RU9S ( AN OLD WORLD CONDEMN$ BO? BY REASON & BY HI/ORY1 A SYMBOL ( RESURRECTION & ( LIB]ATION4 

,ALL ?AT IS NE$$ 9 ?IS IMMUTABLE TASK IS TO P]SI/3 TO K9DLE 9 ! M9DS ( ! PROLET>IAT ! FLAME ( ! IDEA3 TO K9DLE 9 !IR HE>TS FAI? 9 LIB]TY & 9 JU/ICE3 TO GIVE TO !IR ANXI\SLY /RET*$ \T >MS A TOR* & AN AX4 

,! PURE/ & NOBLE/ EXALTATION ( \R IDEAL 9 ! HE>TS ( ! PEOPLE IS A CON/ANT & 9TREPID $UCATION2 A CAUTI\S BUT VIGOR\S PREP>ATION = ! >M$ 9SURRECTION4 

0,A PROGRAM80 

,A PURPOSE -- P]HAPS ONLY A CONDITION4 ,BUT ) ?IS CONDITION3 ,AN>*Y WILL BE6 

O ,NOTES 

,! ORIG9AL $ITION ( ?IS BOOK HAD V]Y FEW FOOTNOTES3 !Y HAVE ALL BE5 TRANSLAT$ & !Y >E PR9T$ 9 ITALIC TYPE 9 ?IS $ITION4 ,! $ITOR ( ! SECOND $ITION1 ,GIUSEPPE ,ROSE ADD$ MANY 9T]E/+ NOTES MO/ ( :I* >E REPEAT$ 9 ! PRES5T $ITION4 ,EV5 MORE HAVE BE5 ADD$ BY ! TRANSLATOR4 

.<#a.> ,SYNDICALISM IS DEF9$ 9 ! ,5CYCLOP$IA ,BRITANNICA AS 0! NAME GIV5 TO A =M ( SOCIALI/ DOCTR9E ELABORAT$ BY & BORN FROM ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,FR5* ,SYNDICATS OR TRADE ,UNIONS4 

.<#b.> ,FRANCESCO ,SAV]IO ,M]L9O 7#a#h#e#f-#a#i#c7 WAS A MILITANT AN>*I/ FROM #ahgg TO #a#h#i#g4 ,HE WROTE MANY PAMPHLETS & BOOKS ON AN>*ISM & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM & $IT$ NEWSPAP]S & ESSAYS4 ,A LAWY]1 HE DEF5D$ ! #bf 9SURG5TS ( ! ',MATESE ,B&' 7,APRIL #e #a#h#g#g7 AT !IR TRIAL 9 ,B5EV5TO 7,AUGU/ #b#i1 #a#h#g#h7 & ALL HIS LIFE CONT9U$ TO DEF5D -- 9 C\RT & 9 ! PRESS -- AN>*I/S :O HAD BE5 ACCUS$ ( SUBV]SIVE OR REVOLUTION>Y ACTS OR WORDS4 

.<#c.> ,LUIGI ,FABBRI 7#a#h#g#g-#a#i#c#e74 ,:5 V]Y Y\NG HE BEGAN WRIT+ = AN>*I/ PAP]S & REVIEWS -- & />T$ TO BE P]SECUT$ BY ! POLICE4 ,9 #ahih HE WAS >RE/$ & S5T TO ! ,ISL& ( ,PONZA 7(F ! ,GULF ( ,NAPLES7 !N TO ! ,ISL& ( ,FAVIGNANA 79 ! ,EGADI ,>*IPELAGO1 (F ! WE/]NMO/ COA/ ( ,SICILY74 ,HE SP5T HIS LIFE WORK+ = ! MOVEM5T FROM F\R TO EI<T 9 ! MORN+ & AT HIS JOB AS A TEA*] ! RE/ ( ! DAY4 ,9 #a#i#b#f1 HAV+ REFUS$ TO TAKE ! OA? ( ALLEGIANCE TO ! ,FASCI/ DICTATOR%IP1 HE LO/ HIS POSITION AS A TEA*] & W5T TO ,FRANCE FROM :]E HE WAS EXPELL$ 9 #a#i#b#i4 ,ALL[$ TO L& 9 ,URUGUAY1 HE />T$ PUBLICATION ( A REVIEW CALL$ ,/UDI ,SOCIALI 7,SOCIAL ,/UDIES71 :I* HE CONT9U$ UNTIL DEA? SNAT*$ HIM FROM HIS CONSCI5TI\S WORLD4 ,MALATE/A -- ,! ,MAN & HIS ?\<T1 ,DITTATURA E ,RIVOLUZIONE1 ,CONTR>IVOLUZIONE PREV5TIVA >E JU/ A FEW ( HIS BE/ BOOKS4 

.<#d.> ,PIETRO ,GORI 7#a#h#e#f-#a#i#a#a74 ,LAWY]1 POET & COMPELL+ ORATOR1 HE D$ICAT$ HIS LIFE TO AN>*ISM & ITS ASPIRATIONS4 ,HE WAS P]SECUT$ & IMPRISON$ = HIS ACTIVITIES & HAD TO ROAM >\ND ,EUROPE & ! TWO ,AM]ICAS4 ,HIS WORKS W]E PUBLI%$ 9 #ab VOLUMES BY ,CROMO-,TIPO ,LA ,SOCIALE1 ,SPEZIA 7#a#i#a#a-#a#b7 & AGA91 9 #ac VOLUMES1 BY ,$ITRICE ,MOD]NA1 ,MILANO 7#a#i#d#h74 ,TWO L>GE VOLUMES ( ,SELECT$ ,WORKS1 W]E PUBLI%$ BY ,$IZIONI ,L',ANTI/ATO1 ,CES5A1 ) A PRES5TATION BY ,GUISSEPPE ,ROSE 7#a#i#f#h74 

.<#e.> ,]RICO ,MALATE/A 7#a#h#e#c-#a#i#c#b74 ,IT MAY BE SAID ?AT ! /ORY ( ,MALATE/A'S LIFE IS 9TIMATELY WOV5 ) ! /ORY ( ! FIR/ SIXTY YE>S ( ! 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,FROM HIS FIR/ TRIP TO ,SWITZ]L&1 9 #ahgb TO HIS LA/ RETURN FROM ,LONDON 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#a#i1 HE LIV$ MORE ABROAD ?AN 9 ,ITALY & SPOKE TO WORK]S & PEOPLE ( ALL NATIONS4 ,HIS ESSAYS & PAMPHLETS HAVE BE5 TRANSLAT$ & PUBLI%$ 9 MANY LANGUAGES3 9 ,ITALY1 ?REE VOLUMES ( ,SCRITTI 7,WRIT+S7 $IT$ BY ,L ,FABBRI & PR9T$ 9 ,BRUXELLES UND] ! AUSPICES ( ,G5EVA'S ,IL ,RISVEGLIO 7#a#i#c#b-#a#i#c#d72 A VOLUME ( ,SCRITTI ,SCELTI 7,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S7 ,$ ,R ,L ,NAPOLI1 #a#i#d#g2 OV] A DOZ5 PAMPHLETS1 ONE ( :I*1 ,FRA ,CONTAD9I HAS BE5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO A SCORE ( LANGUAGES & PUBLI%$ 9 NO ONE KN[S EXACTLY H[ MANY $ITIONS & COPIES4 ,9 ,5GLI% IT WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 9/ALLM5TS BY ,FRE$OM & !N 9 PAMPHLET BY ,FRE$OM ,PRESS 9 #a#h#i#a1 UND] ! TITLE3 ,A TALK AB\T ,AN>*I/-,COMMUNISM4 ,! BOOK ,]RICO ,MALATE/A -- ,HIS ,LIFE & ,IDEAS BY ,V]NON ,RI*>DS 7,LONDON1 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#e7 IS C]TA9LY WOR?Y ( ITS SUBJECT4 

.<#f.> ,WILLIAM ,MC,QUE5 A Y\NG MILITANT WRIT] & PUBLIC SPEAK]1 FROM ,SCOTL&1 WAS AN 5?USIA/IC SUPPORT] ( ! /RIK]S' CAUSE4 ,HE WAS >RE/$ & *>G$ ) BE+ ONE ( ! 9/IGATORS ( ! ,PAT]SON DISORD]S ( ,JUNE #a#h1 #a#i#b4 ,HE WAS TRI$ & CONDEMN$ 9 ABS5TIA = CONSPIRACY1 ) ,GALLEANI & ,RUDOLF ,GROSSMAN1 TO FIVE YE>S ( H>D LABOR4 ,AFT] ! S5T5CE WAS CONFIRM$ BY ! HI<] C\RTS1 ,MC,QUE5 RETURN$ FROM ,SCOTL&1 :]E HE HAD GONE TO JO9 HIS FAMILY1 & SURR5D]$ TO ! ,NEW ,J]SEY AU?ORITIES :O KEPT HIM 9 PRISON = ?REE YE>S4 ,HE WAS RELEAS$ AFT] A ,PAT]SON JURY REFUS$ TO CONDEMN ,GALLEANI1 :O WAS TRI$ ON ! SAME *>GES 9 ,APRIL #a#i#g4 

,RUDOLF ,GROSSMAN 7#a#h#h#b-#a#i#d#b71 BETT] KN[N BY HIS P5-NAME ,PI]RE ,RAMUS1 WAS A NONVIOL5T AN>*I/1 BORN 9 ,AU/RIA & WELL-KN[N 9T]NATIONALLY = HIS ZEAL & WRIT+S4 ,HE WAS PITILESSLY P]SECUT$ BY GOV]NM5TS4 ,HE WAS NOT 9 ,PAT]SON ON ,JUNE #a#h1 #a#i#b4 ,NEV]!LESS HE WAS >RE/$1 TRI$ & CONDEMN$ TO FIVE YE>S H>D LABOR4 ,! HI<] ,C\RT ( ,NEW ,J]SEY VOID$ ! ,PAT]SON V]DICT = PROC$URAL REASONS4 

.<#g.> ,= 9=MATION CONSULT3 ,! ,DEPORTATIONS ,DELIRIUM ( ,N9ETE5-,TW5TY -- ,A P]SONAL N>RATIVE ( AN ,HI/ORIC ,(FICIAL ,EXP]I5CE BY ,L\IS ,F ,PO/1 ,*ICAGO1 ,*>LES ,N ,K]R @& ,CO4 

.<#h.> ,CLEM5T ,DUVAL 7#a#h#e-#a#i#c#e7 WAS A ,FR5* AN>*I/ :O FAVOR$ DIRECT ACTION BY MEANS ( EXPROPRIATION4 ,HE HAD BE5 S5T5C$ TO CAPITAL PUNI%M5T1 HAV+ BE5 >RE/$ = BURGL>Y & W\NDS 9FLICT$ ON A POLICE AG5T 9 #a#h#h#e1 BUT 9 #ahhg ! S5T5CE WAS *ANG$ TO H>D LABOR = LIFE4 ,9 #aia HE ESCAP$ FROM ! ,CAY5NE ,ISL& P5IT5TI>Y & REA*$ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES :]E HE REJO9$ ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T & DI$ 9 #a#i#c#e4 ,?OSE ( US :O KNEW HIM WELL HAD ! OPPORTUNITY TO APPRECIATE ! PHYSICAL & MORAL /R5G? ( ! MAN & ! DEP? ( HIS CONVICTIONS4 ,HE WROTE HIS AUTOBIOGRAPHY1 :I* WAS TRANSLAT$ 9 ,ITALIAN BY ,GALLEANI & PUBLI%$ 9 ONE VOLUME BY ,L',ADUNATA DEI ,REFRATT>I4 

.<#i.> ,CO/ANT9O ,ZON*ELLO 7#a#h#h#c-#a#i#f#g7 CAME TO ,AM]ICA FROM HIS NATIVE ,S>D9IA 9 #a#i#g4 ,HAPP5+ TO MEET SOME COMRADE 9 ,C9C9NATI1 ,OHIO1 HE BECAME A SUPPORT] & COLLABORATOR ( 0,CRONACA ,SOVV]SIVA04 ,HE WAS ALSO AN 5?USIA/IC SPEAK]4 ,! DIFFICULTIES 9 :I* ! PAP] & ! MOVEM5T F\ND !MSELVES1 MADE HIM MORE 9T]E/$ & ACTIVE ?AN EV]4 ,& :5 0,CRONACA ,SOVV]SIVA0 WAS SUPPRESS$ 9 #a#i#a#h1 HE $IT$ SEV]AL UND]GR\ND PAP]S1 0,IL ,DIRITTO01 & 0,L' ,9EVITABILE04 ,9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#b#b1 AS ! RESULT ( ! EF=TS ( OLD MILITANTS FROM ALL P>TS ( ! C\NTRY1 0,L',ADUNATA DEI ,REFRATT>I0 />T$ ITS PUBLICATIONS AS A =TNI<TLY1 BECOM+ A WEEKLY ! FOLL[+ YE>4 ,ZON*ELLO WAS ITS FIR/ $ITOR1 & REMA9$ A FREQU5T COLLABORATOR TILL ! 5D ( HIS ACTIVE LIFE 

.<#a.> ,GIUSEPPE ,ROSE 7#a#i#b#a-#a#i#g#e7 A TEA*] BY PR(ESSION1 HE WAS A CAPABLE WRIT] = \R ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ PRESS4 ,HE $IT$ ! REVIEW 0,VOLONTA0 AFT] ! DEA? ( ,GIOVANNA ,B]N]I FROM #aifb TO ! 5D ( HIS LIFE4 ,AMONG HIS BETT] WRIT+S >E30,LE ,A=IE DEL ,M>XISMO ,LIB]T>IO0 & 0,BIBLIOGRAFIA DI ,BAKUN90 7,BAKUN9'S BIBLIOGRAPHY74 

.<#a#a.> ,TWO REC5T $ITIONS ( ?IS BOOK HAVE BE5 ANN\NC$ SOMETIME AGO3 ONE BY ! PUBLI%]S ( ! REVIEW 0,AN>*ISMO0 9 ,CATANIA2 ! O!R BY ,LUIGI ,ASS&RI1 9 ,TUR94 

.<#a#b.> ,GAETANO ,BRESCI WAS AN ,ITALIAN WEAV] :O EMIGRAT$ TO ,PAT]SON1 ,N,J4 ,HE RETURN$ TO ,ITALY & ON ,JULY #b#i1#a#i HE KILL$ ! ,K+ ,UMB]TO ,I 9 ,MONZA4 ,AT HIS TRIAL1 9 ,MILAN HE EXPLA9$ HIS ACT AS A NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ( ! ,/ATE'S CRUEL REPRESSIONS ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! TEXT ( ,M]L9O'S C\RAGE\S DEF5SE IS /ILL 9 CIRCULATION 9 PAMPHLET =M4 ,BRESCI DI$ 9 JAIL 9 #a#i#b4 

.<#a#c.> ,F ,S ,M]L9O WAS NOT A MEMB] ( ! FAM\S 0,MAT]A ,B&0 :I* WAS ACTIVE DUR+ YE> #a#h#g#g4 ,HE P>TICIPAT$1 9/EAD1 9 ! DEF5SE ( ITS #bf MEMB]S AT !IR TRIAL 9 ,B5EV5TO1 FROM ! #a#d? TO ! #b#e? ( ,AUGU/ #a#h#g#h4 

.<#a#d.> 0,PRO E CONTRO IL ,SOCIALISMO4 ,ESPOSIZIONE CRITICA DEI PR9CIPI E DEI SI/EMI SOCIALI/I0 7,FRATELLI ,TREVES4 ,MILANO4 #a#h#i#g74 0,L',UTOPIA COLLETTIVI/A E LA CRISI DEL SOCIALISMO SCI5TIFICO0 7,FRATELLI ,TREVES1 ,MILANO #a#h#i#f74 

.<#a#e.> ,ELISEE ,RECLUS 7#a#h#c-#a#i#e7 WAS A ,FR5* AN>*I/ ?9K] ( HI< M]ITS & AN EM95T GEOGRAPH]1 ! AU?OR ( 0,N\VELLE ,GEOGRAPHIE ,UNIV]SELLE -- ,LA ,T]RE ET LES ,HOMMES0 7#a#i ,VOL47 & 0,L',HOMME EL LA ,T]RE0 7#f ,VOLUMES74 ,!RE IS AN IMPORTANT WORK ON ,RECLUS BY ,MAX ,NETTLAU3 0,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 ,LA ,VIDA DE UN SABIO1 JU/O Y REBELDE0 7,$4 ,REVI/A ,BLANCA1 ,B>CELONA #a#i#b#h1#b VOL1 #b#i#d1#c#a#b PAGES73 !RE IS ALSO ! REC5T WORK BY ,PAUL ,RECLUS3 0,LES ,FR]E ,RECLUS0 7,P>IS1 #a#i#f#d1 #bi PAGES74 

,PET] ,KROPOTK9 7#a#h#d#b-#a#h#b#a74 ,ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT AN>*I/ ?9K]S & ! AU?OR ( MANY 9T]E/+ BOOKS ON HI/ORY1 SCI5CE1 PHILOSOPHY3 0,P>OLES D'UN ,REVOLTE0 7AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL71 0,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM01 0,MUTUAL ,AID01 0,E?ICS01 0,REVOLUTION>Y ,PAMPHLETS0 ,$4 ,ROG] ,BALDW94 

.<#a#f.> ,!RE MAY HAVE BE5 SOME EXCUSE = A /ATEM5T ( ?IS K9D 9 #a#h#i#d1 ! LA/ TIME ,MR ,M]L9O SAW ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,IT C\LD HAVE BE5 SUCCESSFULLY CONTRADICT$ 9 #aig :5 HE MADE IT 9 ,ROME1 = 0,LA ,QUE/IONE ,SOCIALE01 A WEEKLY BEGUN & REGUL>LY PUBLI%$ 9 ,PAT]SON1 WAS 9 ITS #a#g? YE> ( UN9T]RUPT$ LIFE1 & VITAL 5\< TO BE SUPPRESS$ BY ORD] ( ! ,F$]AL ,GOV]NM5T 9 #a#i#h444 ONLY TO BE REPLAC$ -- BY ! SAME PEOPLE1 9 ! SAME PLACE ) 0,L',]A ,NUOVA0 7,! ,NEW ,]A7 :I* LIV$ A NORMAL LIFE UNTIL IT WAS SUPPRESS$ 9 ITS TURN BY ! DELIRIUM RAIS$ BY ,WORLD ,W> ,I4 ,N[ADAYS ALL ?OSE NEWSPAP]S & REVIEWS ?AT ,M]L9O SCORN$ AS 9ANE >E CONSID]$ AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ?IS C\NTRY'S CULTURE4 ,SO MU* SO1 ?AT ! NEWSPAP] ,M]L9O HIMSELF F\ND$ & DIRECT$ 9 ,NEW ,YORK FROM #ahib TO #a#h#i#d1 HAS BE5 C>EFULLY SAV$ BY ! ,COLUMBIA ,UNIV]SITY ,LIBR>IANS1 & CAN BE READ BY ANYONE :O C>ES TO ASK -- OR B\<T = A FEW DOLL>S1 9 MICR(ILM1 BY :OMSOEV]1 NE> OR F>1 WI%ES TO [N IT4 ,& SO >E LAT] PAP]S AS 0,CRONACA ,SOVV]SIVA0 ! COMPLETE COLLECTION ( :I* HAS BE5 MICR(ILM$ BY ! ,BO/ON ,PUBLIC ,LIBR>Y4 ,SO WAS 0,L',ADUNATA DEI ,REFRATT>I0 7#a#i#b#b-#a#i#g#a7 &1 ,I SUPPOSE1 ! 0,FREIE ,>BEIT] ,/IMME01 ! P]IODICAL 9 ,YIDDI% LANGUAGE1 ?AT \R COMRADES PUBLI%$ FROM #ahi TO #aigg 9 ,NEW ,YORK4  

,M]L9O CAME & DEP>T$1 BUT !IR PASSAGE LEFT M>KS ?AT CANNOT BE ]AS$ NOR NEGLECT$4 

.<#a#g.> ,MATEO ,MORAL1 LE>N$ S*OL> & POLYGLOT1 US$ TO TRANSLATE BOOKS = ! ,F]R] ,S*OOL4 ,ON ,MAY #c#a1 #a#i#e1 9 ,MADRID1 HE TRI$ TO KILL ! ,K+ ( ,SPA91 ,ALPHONSE ,X,I,I,I4 ,TWO DAYS LAT] HE KILL$ HIMSELF 9 ORD] TO AVOID >RE/4 

.<#a#h.> ,LEON ,MET*NIK(F 7#a#h#c#h-#a#h#h#h74 ,BORN 9 ,PET]SBURG ( ,UKRA9IAN EXTRACTION1 HE WAS EXPELL$ FROM ,KH>K[ ,UNIV]SITY 9 #ahef = P>TICIPATION TO A /UD5T DEMON/RATION4 ,TWO YE>S LAT]1 = ! SAME REASON HE WAS EXPELL$ FROM ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,PET]SBURG4 ,A /UD5T ( ,ORI5TAL ,LANGUAGES1 HE WAS 5ROLL$ BY A DIPLOMATIC MISSION TO ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 9 #a#h#e#h1 AS AN 9T]PRET]4 ,BUT HE SOON QUIT ! ,MISSION & W5T TO ,ITALY1 9 #a#h#f1 :]E HE JO9$ ! ,G>IBALDI EXP$ITION 9 ,CALABRIA4 ,HE WAS W\ND$ AT ,VOLTURNO & REMA9$ 9 ,ITALY :]E BE MET ,BAKUN9 & P>TICIPAT$ 9 REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITIES 9 ,SPA9 & ELSE:]E4 ,HIS POLITICAL WRIT+S W]E PUBLI%$ 9 ,H]Z5'S 0,KOKOL01 HIS SCI5TIFIC ONES 9 ,RUSSIAN REVIEWS & PAP]S4 ,9 #ahgd ,MET*NIK(F W5T TO ,JAPAN AS TEA*] ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,LANGUAGE4 ,TWO YE>S LAT] HE WAS 9 ,SWITZ]L& ) A MANUSCRIPT ON ! 0,JAPANESE ,EMPIRE0 :I* WAS RECEIV$ BY ,ELISEE ,RECLUS :O 9CORPORAT$ IT 9 HIS LIFEWORK4 ,MET*NIK(F SETTL$ 9 ,SWITZ]L& :]E HE DI$ 9 #ahhh LEAV+ TO ! C>E ( ,ELISEE ,RECLUS ! TEXT ( HIS BOOK 0,LA ,CIVILIZATION ET LES ,GR&S ,FLEUVES ,HI/ORIQUES0 7,CIVILIZATION & ! ,GREAT ,HI/ORICAL ,RIV]S74 ,IT WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #ahhi BY ,LIBRAIRIE ,HA*ETTE ET ,CIE1 ,P>IS1 ) AN EXT5SIVE & 9=MATIVE ,PREFACE BY ,E ,RECLUS CONTA9+ A FRI5DLY SKET* ( ! AU?OR'S EV5TFUL LIFE4 7,QUOTATION1 FROM ORIG9AL $ITION1 PAGE #a#a74 

,A MORE REC5T BIOGRAPHY ( ,LEON ,MET*NIK(F WAS WRITT5 BY ,JAMES ,D ,:ITE ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,GLASG[ & PUBLI%$ BY ,S4,E4,E4,R41 ,VOL4 ,L,I,V4 ,NO4 #c1 ,JULY #aigf UND] ! TITLE 0,DESPOTISM & ,AN>*Y3 ,! ,SOCIOLOGICAL ,?\<T ( ,L ,I ,ME*NIKOV04 

.<#a#i.> ,F ,S ,M]L9O WROTE TWO ESSAYS = ! ,P>IS 0,J\RNAL DES ,ECONOMI/ES04 ,! FIR/3 0,9TEGRATION ,ECONOMIQUE -- ,EXPOSE' DES DOCTR9ES AN>*I/ES0 7,DECEMB] #a#h#h#i72 ! SECOND3 0,LE C>ACT] PRATIQUE DE L',AN>*ISME0 7#a#h#i74 ,GALLEANI REF]S TO ! FIR/ ONE :I* WAS TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,ITALIAN 9 #ahib 7,TIP4 DELL' ,ETRURIA1 ,GROSSETO74 

.<#b.> ,JEAN ,GRAVE 7#a#h#e#d-#a#i#c#i7 ,FR5* MILITANT4 ,$ITOR ( HI/ORICAL PAP]S3 0,LE ,REVOLTE0 -- 0,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX04  

 ,V>LAAN ,T*]KES(F -- ,RUSSIAN FROM ,GEORGIA1 WAS ONE ( ! ,T*AIKOVSKY ,CIRCLE 9 ,/ ,PET]SBURG1 A LIFELONG FRI5D ( ,KROPOTK94 

,SEBA/I5 ,FAURE 7#a#h#e#h-#a#i#c#i74 ,= OV] SIXTY YE>S A PASSIONATE AN>*I/ MILITANT 9 ,FRANCE4 ,WRIT]1 ESSAYI/1 PUBLI%] &1 ABOVE ALL EFFECTIVE ORATOR4 ,BESIDES BOOKS & PAMPHLETS HE LEFT A MONUM5TAL 0,5CYCLOP$IE ,AN>*I/E0 9 F\R VOLUMES #bhid PAGES ,$ ,LI .<RE/ UNREADABLE1 ,O,C,R-NOTE.> 

.<#b#a.> ,/ATUTE ( ! ,ITALIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY4 

.<#b#b.> ,FROM ,F ,S ,M]L9O'S ESSAY3 0,P]*E ,SIAMO ,AN>*ICI80 

.<#b#c.> ,TWO ,ROMAN ,EMP]ORS3 ,PUBLIUS ,AELIUS ,HADRIANUS1 FROM #aag TO #a* ,A,D2 ,M>CUS ,AURELIUS ,ANTON9US1 FROM #afa TO #ah ,A,D4 

.<#b#d.> ,JACQUES ,BONHOMME WAS ! NAME IRONICALLY GIV5 BY ! L&[N] >I/OCRACY TO ! PEASANTS1 9 ! ,X,I,V ,C5TURY4 ,JACQU]IE WAS CALL$ ! 9SURRECTION AGA9/ FEUDALISM1 EXPLOD$ 9 ,FRANCE1 HEAD$ BY ,GUILLAUME ,CAILLET OR ,JACQUES ,BONHOMME4 ,FROM ! ,X,I,V TO ! ,X,V,I ,C5TURY1 0,JACQU]IES0 APPE>$ 9 ,ITALY1 ,5GL& & ,G]MANY1 BESIDES ,FRANCE4 ,ANABAPTISM WAS A ,PROTE/ANT SECT >IS5 9 ,ZURI* 9 #a#e#b#c4 ,!Y W]E1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 A CONSEQU5CE ( ! PEOPLE'S DISSATISFACTION & ( ! MORE RADICAL ELEM5TS CONC]N AB\T ! PROBLEM ( PROP]TY4 ,!Y W]E CALL$ ,ANABAPTI/S BECAUSE !Y CLAIM$ ?AT BAPTISM %\LD BE ADM9I/]$ AT ! AGE ( REASON4 ,CONC]N+ ,?OMAS ,MU5TZ]'S ANABAPTI/S SEE ! EXCELL5T ,SOVIET ESSAY BY ,SOVIET HI/ORIAN ,M ,M ,SMIR93 0,! POPUL> ,?OMAS ,MU5Z] ,RE=M & ! GREAT PEASANT W>0 7,MOSC[-,L5+RAD1 #a#i#d#g74 

.<#b#e.> ,FRANCOIS ,NOEL ,BABEUF 7#a#g#f-#a#g#i#g7 & ,PHILIPPE ,MI*EL ,BUON>ROTI 7#a#g#f#a-#a#h#c#g7 =]UNN]S ( ! ECONOMIC REVOLUTION1 W]E >RE/$ BY ! ,DIRECTOIRE -- !N RUL+ 9 ,FRANCE4 ,BABEUF WAS EXECUT$ AS A TRAITOR ( ! ,FR5* ,REPUBLIC4 

.<#b#f.> 0,LEVEL]S0 W]E ! EXTREMI/ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ! ,BRITI% ,CIVIL ,W> ( ! ,SEV5TE5? ,C5TURY4 ,9 A LETT] DAT$ ,NOVEMB] #a/1 #a#f#d#g1 !Y W]E DESCRIB$ AS FOLL[S3 0,!Y HAVE GIV5 !MSELVES A NEW NAME1 VIZ3 ,LEVEL]S1 = !Y 9T5D TO SETT ALL ?+S /RAI<T1 & RAISE A P>ITY & COMMUNITY 9 ! ,K+DOM0 7,G>DN]3 0,GREAT ,CIVIL ,W>074 

.<#b#g.> ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 7#a#g#e#f-#a#h#c#f71 ,ROB]T ,[5 7#a#g#g#a-#a#h#e#h71 ,CLAUDE ,SA9T-,SIMON 7#a#g#f-#a#h#b#e71 ,*>LES ,F\RI] 7#a#g#g#b-#a#h#c#g71 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 7#a#h#i-#a#h#f#e71 ,K>L ,M>X 7#a#h#a#h-#a#h#h#c7 & ,MIKAIL ,BAKUN9 7#a#h#a#d-#a#h#g#f73 ALL ( !M CONTRIBUT$ 9 ! ATTEMPT TO C>RY !ORETICAL SOCIALISM FROM VAGUE & ,UTOPIAN ASPIRATIONS TO MORE CONCRETE & PRECISE CONCEPTIONS4 

.<#b#h.> ,?IS IS A REF]5CE TO ,P-,J ,PR\DHON'S ESSAY3 0,QU'E/-CE QUE LA ,PROPRIETE80 7,:AT IS ,PROP]TY874 

.<#b#i.> ,ALEX&RE-,AUGU/E ,ROLL9 7#a#h#g-#a#h#g#d7 A SPOKESMAN 9 ,P>LIAM5T = ! ,FR5* ,DEMOCRATIC-,REPUBLICAN OPPOSITION1 :O HAD AS A PRESS ORGAN 0,LA ,PRESSE04 

,GUIS5NE ,MAZZ9I 7#a#h#e-#a#h#g#b7 ,ITALIAN /&>D-BE>] ( ,REPUBLICAN ,DEMO- .<RE/ UNREADABLE1 ,O,C,R-NOTE.> 

.<#c.> ,&REA ,CO/A 7#a#h#e#a-#a#i#a74 

.<#c#a.> ,ALB]T ,%AFLLE 7#a#h#c#a-#a#i#c7 ,HIS 0,QU9TESS5CE ( ,SOCIALISM0 WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,SPR+ ( #a#h#g#d4 

.<#c#b.> ,BLAIZE ,PASCAL 7#a#f#b#c-#a#f#f#b74 ,ISAAC ,NEWTON 7#a#f#d#b-#a#g#b#g74 ,GUGLIELMO ,M>CONI 7#a#h#g#e-#a#i#c#g74 

.<#c#c.> ,ODD9O ,MORG>I 7#a#h#f#e-#a#i#b#i7 ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ,DEPUTY4 ,HE WAS A ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,ITALIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 &1 = A %ORT TIME1 $ITOR ( ITS ORGAN1 0,AVANTI60 

.<#c#d.> ,GALILEO ,GALILEI 7#a#e#f#d-#a#f#d#b7 ,MA!MATICIAN1 ,A/RONOM] & ,PHYSICI/1 WAS P]SECUT$ BY ! ,ROMAN ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* = HIS !ORIES CONFLICT+ ) ! BIBLICAL LEG5DS4 

,GIORDANO ,BRUNO 7#a#e#d#h-#a#f7 CONV9C$ ?AT ,COP]NICUS WAS RI<T 9 REFUS+ TO BELIEVE ?AT ,E>? IS AT ! C5T] ( ! ,UNIV]SE1 WAS CONVICT$ ( H]ESY BY ! ,HOLY ,(FICE ( ! ,ROMAN ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* & BURNT AT ! /AKE ON A ,PUBLIC ,SQU>E 9 ,ROME1 ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#g1 #a#f4 

.<#c#e.> ,ALFR$ ,B]NH>D ,NOBEL 7#a#h#c#c-#a#h#i#f7 ,9V5TOR ( DYNAMITE & F\ND] ( ! ,NOBEL ,PRIZE4 

,FRI$RI* ,KRUPP 7#a#g#h#g-#a#h#b#f7 F\ND] ( ! ,KRUPP /EEL CORPORATION & >MS PRODUC] = ! ,G]MAN ,IMP]IAL >MIES4 

.<#c#f.> ,PAOLO ,GOR9I 7#a#h#a#c-#a#h#i#f7 ,ITALIAN ,NATURALI/ & ,PHILOSOPH]1 AU?OR ( A BOOK ON ! ,ORIG9S ( ,VULCANS4 

,GIOVANNI ,BOVIO 7#a#h#d#a-#a#i#c7 ,PHILOSOPH] & POLITICIAN1 AU?OR ( 0,SI/EMA DI ,FILOS(IA ,UNIV]SALE01 0,FIOS(IA DEL ,DIRITTO 9 ,ITALIA0 & MANY O!R LIT]>Y & PHILOSOPHICAL WORKS4 

,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 SEE P4 #a#b#i4 

.<#c#g.> ,! COLLECTIVI/S ( ! PA/ DISPLAY1 N[ADAYS1 ! COMMUNI/ LABEL4 ,BUT :]E !Y HAVE D>$1 = ! FIR/ TIME1 TO REALIZE !IR 0COMMUNISM0 !Y HAVE CONFIRM$ \R OBVI\S & MELAN*OLY PREMONITIONS4 ,! ,SOVIET ,/ATE \TDOES ! ,DOM9ICANS ( ! ,HOLY ,9QUISITION 9 !IR DESPOTISM & 9TOL]ANCE4 ,! OBSC5E DICTATOR%IP ( ! H&FUL ( SC\NDRELS RUL+ OV] ! ,MUSCOVITE PROLET>IAT1 ! CONSEQU5T P]SECUTION ( ?OSE :O PR\DLY D>E TO REFUSE TO B[ TO ! CLUMSY >ROGANCE ( A ,Z9OVIEFF1 OR A ,TROTSKY2 ! CONTEMPT = F>MWORK]S & ! SY/EMATIC FAWN+ OV] ! WOR/ & MO/ CORRUPT =EIGN CAPITALISM1 MAKE FUR!R ILLU/RATION SUP]FLU\S4 

,:5 PEOPLE LIKE ,Z9OVIEFF1 ,TROTSKY1 ,T*I*]91 ,KRASS9 CALL !MSELVES 0COMMUNI/S01 IT1 ( C\RSE1 TAKES A V]Y DEEP CONVICTION & A LOT ( C\RAGE = US TO CONT9UE TO CALL \RSELVES BY ?AT NAME4 ,WE NE$ A NEW WORD ?AT MAKES A DIFF]5TIATION4 ,WORDS HAVE !IR =TUNE1 AS ! ,ROMANS W\LD SAY4 ,!Y ALSO HAVE !IR MIS=TUNE4 ,& WE BELIEVE IT 9DISP5SABLE TO WRITE ?IS FOOTNOTE PRECISELY 9 ORD] TO REJECT ANY POSSIBLE RELATION%IP ) ,SOVIET 0COMMUNISM0 7,C4,Z47 

.<#c#h.> ,MATAMORO -- ,SPANI% = BULLY1 BLU/]] 

.<#c#i.> ,FRANCOIS ,RABELAIS 7#a#d#i#d-#a#e#e#c7 ,FR5* MONK1 WRIT]1 PHYSICIAN444 AU?OR ( 0,G>GANTUA0 & 0,PANTAGRUEL04 

.<#d.> ,TO ?OSE :O >E 9TOXICAT$ BY ,NIETS*E BUT W\LD ALSO LIKE TO HAVE ,/IRN] ON !IR SIDE1 WE D$ICATE ! FOLL[+ L9ES FROM 0,! ,EGO & ,HIS ,[N0 7,$ ,/OCK ,P>IS1 #a#i1 P4#b#c#d71 :I* IS NOT ONLY A VIVID APPEAL TO REBELLION1 BUT A CATEGORICAL & RESOLUTE D5IAL ?AT ANYONE MAY TREAT HIS NEIGBORS AS HE PLEASES3 

0,:AT IS ! REM$Y = ALL ?IS80 

0,ONLY ONE3 TO NOT ADMIT ANY DUTY1 :I* MEANT ,I AM NOT DUTY B\ND TO RE/RICT MYSELF1 NOR TO CONSID] MYSELF RE/RICT$4 ,IF ,I HAVE NO DUTIES1 ,I DON'T HAVE ANY LAW0 

0,WILL !Y H&CUFF ME80 

0,NO ONE CAN B9D MY WILL4 ,I %ALL ALWAYS BE FREE TO NOT WILL40 

0,BUT EV]Y?+ W\LD BE TOPSY-TURVY IF EV]YONE DID ANY?+ HE PLEAS$40 

0,BUT :O SAYS ?AT EV]YONE W\LD BE FREE TO DO EV]Y?+ HE WANTS8 ,DO Y\ Y\RSELF C\NT = NO?+1 !N8 ,>E Y\ B\ND TO LET ANYONE DO ANY?+ HE WANTS TO Y\8 ,DEF5D Y\RSELF & NO ONE WILL T\* Y\4 ,IF MILLIONS ( PEOPLE >E BEH9D Y\1 SUPPORT+ Y\1 !N Y\ >E A =MIDABLE =CE & Y\ WILL W9 )\T DIFFICULTY40  

,MAX ,/IRN]7#a#h#f-#a#h#e#f71 P5 NAME ( ,G]MAN WRIT] ,KASP> ,S*MIDT1 AU?OR ( A BOOK PUBLI%$ 9 #ahde UND] ! TITLE3 0,D] ,E9ZIGE UND SE9 ,EIG5TUM0 -- 0,! ,EGO & HIS [N0 OR1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,5CYCLOP$IA ,BRITANNICA3 0,! ,UNIQUE ,MAN & HIS ,[N06 

.<#d#a.> ,LUIGI ,GALVANI 7#a#g#c#g-#a#g#i#h72 ,ALESS&RO ,VOLTA 7#a#g#d#e-#a#h#b#g72 ,AUGU/O ,RI<I 7#a#h#e-#a#i#b72 ,HE9RI* ,RUDOLF ,H]TZ 7#a#h#e#g-#a#h#i#d72 ,JAMES ,CL>K ,MAXWELL 7#a#h#c#a-#a#h#g#i72 ,WILLIAM ,CROOKES 7#a#h#c#b-#a#i#a#i73 ALL PHYSICI/S :OSE PREVI\S WORK & RESE>* ON ELECTRICITY1 MADE ,GUGLIELMO ,M>CONI'S DISCOV]IES & 9V5TIONS POSSIBLE4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 ,A ,RI<I WAS ,M>CONI'S TEA*] AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,BOLOGNA4 

.<#d#b.> ,?IS IS A REF]5CE TO A /RIKE ( ! GRANITE WORK]S 9 ,B>RE1 ,V]MONT1 :]E ! ,ITALIAN WORK]S -- RADICALS 9 !IR MAJORITY -- HAD SO NOTABLY PREVAIL$ ?AT !IR 5?USIASM SC>$ ! FLABBY LEAD]S ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR EV5 MORE ?AN ! BOSSES ( ! ,9DU/RY4 ,SO MU* SO ?AT AT ! ,A,F,L ,CONV5TION = ! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,REVISION1 AN AM5DM5T WAS PROPOS$ & APPROV$1 MAK+ IT M&ATORY TO USE ! ,5GLI% LANGUAGE EXCLUSIVELY 9 ,UNION ASSEMBLIES1 D5Y+ ALI5S ! RI<T TO EXPRESS !MSELVES 9 !IR [N LANGUAGE4 ,( C\RSE1 ! AM5DM5T WAS TOTALLY IGNOR$ :]EV] ! ,UNION MEMB]S W]E /RONG 5\< TO PREV5T ! LEAD]S FROM TALK+ 9 ,5GLI%4 

.<#d#c.> ,N[ADAYS1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = ! WORK]S ( ANY TRADE TO REMA9 9DEP5D5T FROM !IR UNION4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 AT LEA/1 ?OSE :O REMA9 SEP>ATE >E CONSID]$ 0SCAB01 EV5 IF !Y >E RESPECT$ = !IR ABILITY & >E ALREADY PAID ABOVE ! UNION SCALE4 ,BUT ABOVE ALL1 ! EMPLOY]S CLAIM ?AT ALL !IR EMPLOYES BELONG TO ! UNION1 SO !Y DIS*>GE ?OSE ?AT CANNOT %[ A UNION C>D4  

,EMPLOY]S HAVE LE>N$ FROM EXP]I5CE ?AT IT IS EASI] TO B>GA9 ) ! UNION COMMITTEE1 :I* IS COMPOS$ ( 9TELLIG5T WORK]S1 G5]ALLY WELL PLAC$ & JEAL\S ( !IR PRIVILEG$ POSITIONS BUT1 AFT] ALL1 /ILL PLIANT & CORRUPTIBLE ?AN IT IS TO QU>REL ) A R\<1 V>IABLE & RE/LESS CR[D ( 9DIVIDUALS :O HAVE NO LEGAL /&+ TO E/ABLI% A LONG T]M1 COM=TABLE AGREEM5T1 & >E MORE EASILY BL9D$ BY !IR DELEGATES' /ORIES ?AN B\<T BY %9+ CO94 ,IT W\LD TAKE TOO MU* MONEY TO DEAL ) !M1 & ! QU>REL W\LD HAVE TO BE REPEAT$ EV]Y DAY4 

.<#d#d.> ,VITTORIO ,P9I1 AN>*I/ P>TISAN ( IMM$IATE EXPROPRIATION BY DIRECT ACTION4 ,F\ND] ) ,P>MEGGIANI & O!RS1 79 ,P>IS ON OR AB\T #a#h#h#g7 ( ! AN>*I/ ,GR\P 0,9TRANSIG5TS04 ,9 #ahi HE WAS CONDEMN$ TO DEPORTATION TO ! 0,SAFETY ,ISL&S0 ( ,FR5* ,GUYANA1 :]E HE DI$ 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#c4 ,ON ?IS OCCASION ,GALLEANI PUBLI%$ 79 ,CRONACA ,SOVV]SIVA ,JANU>Y #a#f1 #a#i#d7 A 0M$ALLION0 SAY+3 0,HIS ACTIVITIES MAY BE DISPUT$1 ONE MAY DISS5T FROM HIS ME?ODS1 BUT NO ONE :O HAS KN[N ,VITTORIO ,P9I WILL EV] D>E SAY ( HIM ?AT HE WAS A VULG> ?IEF OR MALEFACTOR04 ,ON ,P9I CONSULT3 0,LA ,GAZETTE DES ,TRIBUNAUX0 7,P>IS1 #e-#f ,NOVEMBRE #a#h#h#i72 0,LE ,REVOLTE'0 7,NOVEMBRE #a#h#h#i72 0,LE ,CRAP\ILLOT0 7,JANU>Y #a#i#c#h1 PAGE #c#b-#c#c72 ,J4 ,MAITRON3 0,HI/ORIE DU ,M\VEM5T ,AN>*I/E 5 ,FRANCE0 7#a#h#c-#a#i#a#d -- ,P>IS #aiee PL#g#g-#a#g#i72 ,L ,GALLEANI3 0,ANELITI E ,S+ULTI0 7,NEW>K1 ,N,J #i#d-#i#f74 7,G4,R47 

.<#d#e.> ,DOM+O DE ,GUZMAN 7#a#a#g-#a#b#b#a7 F\ND] ( ! ,DOM9ICAN ,ORD] & 9/IGATOR TO ! SLAU<T] ( ! RELIGI\S DISS5T]S ( ,S\!RN ,FRANCE4 ,HE WAS  

SANCTIFI$ BY ,POPE ,GREGORY ,I,V4 ,JACQUES ,CLEM5T 7#a#e#f#g-#a#e#h#i7 A ,DOM9ICAN FRI> :O KILL$ ,H5RY ,I,I,I ,K+ ( ,FRANCE4 

,FRANCOIS ,RAVAILLAC 7#a#e#g#h-#a#f#a7 ANO!R MONK1 KILL$ ,H5RY ,I,V1 ANO!R K+ ( ,FRANCE4 

,DRAGONNADES3 VIOL5T REPRESSIONS ORD]$ BY ,K+ ,L\IS #ad AGA9/ ! ,PROTE/ANTS ( ,S\!RN ,FRANCE4 

,SA9T-,B>!LEMY3 ,NAME GIV5 BY POPUL> TRADITION TO ! SLAU<T] ( RELIGI\S DISS5T]S -- ,HUGU5OTS -- P]PETRAT$ ON ! NI<T ( ,AUGU/ #b#d1 #a#e#g#b4 ,/>T$ 9 ,P>IS ON ! ORD]S ( K+ ,*>LES ,I,X & HIS MO!R1 IT SPREAD ALL OV] ,FRANCE4 

.<#d#f.> ,S(IA ,P][SKAIA 7#a#h#e#c-#a#h#h#a7 ,RUSSIAN MILITANT MEMB] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ,CLUB F\ND$ 9 #ahfi BY ,NICOLAS ,T*AIKOVSKY4 ,%E WAS EXECUT$ 9 ,/ ,PET]SBURG ON ,APRIL #a/ #ahha DUR+ ! REPRESSION ?AT FOLL[$ ! DEA? ( ,CZ> ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 

,ALB]T ,R4 ,P>SONS1 ,$ITOR ( ! ,*ICAGO AN>*I/ PAP] 0,! ,AL>M0 & ONE ( ! ,*ICAGO ,M>TYRS1 EXECUT$ ON ,NOVEMB] #a#a1 #ahhg ) ,AUGU/ ,SPIES1 ,ADOLF ,FIS*] & ,GEORGE ,5GEL4 ,LUIS ,L+G1 S5T5C$ ) !M1 COMMITT$ SUICIDE RA!R ?AN LET ! HANGMAN MURD] HIM4 

.<#d#g.> 444 TO ! L[LY L&  

 444 TO UNACCU/OM$ E>S  

 TO LAZY HE>TS1 TO DI%E>T5$ SPIRITS 

 ,ITALY6 ,ITALY6 

 ,?IS POEM IS ACTUALLY BY ,C>DUCCI1 9 IT HE 9VOKES ,ALFI]I4 

.<#d#h.> ,H>B+]S ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ITALIAN ,REVOLUTION3 ,VITTORIO ,ALFI]I 7#a#g#d#i-#a#h#c7 POET2 ,GAETANO ,FILANG]I 7#a#g#e#b-#a#g#h#h7 ,JURI/2 ,MEL*IORRE ,GIOIA 7#a#g#i#e-#a#h#f#e7 ,HI/ORIAN & ,PHILOSOPH]4 

.<#d#i.> ,PATRIOTS ( ! ,X,V,I,I,I ,C5TURY :O HAVE !IR BLOOD & LIVES 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! OLD REGIMES3 ,LUIGI ,ZAMBONI 7#a#g#g#b-#a#g#i#e72 ,GIOVANNI ,DE ,ROL&IS 7#a#g#g#d-#a#g#i#f72 ,ETTORE ,C>AFA 7#a#g#f#c-#a#g#i#i72 ,M>IO ,PAGANO 7#a#g#d-#a#g#i#i72 ,DOM5ICO ,CIRILLO 7#a#g#c-#a#g#i#i72 ,LUISA ,MONTI ,SANFELICE 7EXECUT$ 9 #ah AFT] HAV+ GIV5 BIR? -- 9 ,NAPLES74 

.<#e.> ,MI*ELE ,ANGIOLILLO1 BORN 9 ,FOGGIA 9 #a#h#g#a1 AN>*I/4 ,TO SAVE HIMSELF FROM ! SEV]ITY ( ! SPECIAL LAWS AGA9/ 0PRESS-CRIMES0 HE W5T ABROAD 9 #a#h#i#e4 ,TWO YE>S LAT]1 FROM ,LONDON HE W5T TO ,SPA9 :]E HE KILL$ ! DICTATOR ,CANOVAS DEL ,CA/ILLO ON ,AUGU/ #h1 #a#h#i#g4 ,HE WAS >RE/$ & EXECUT$ N9E DAYS LAT]1 ,AUGU/ #a#g1 #a#h#i#g4 

.<#e#a.> ,SANTE ,CAS]IO1 FROM ,MOTTA ,VISCONTI 7,MILANO7 :]E HE WAS BORN 9 #a#h#g#c1 BAK] BY TRADE & AN>*I/ BY CONVICTION1 HAD BE5 S5T5C$ TO PRISON = 0AN>*I/ PROPAG&A04 ,TO SP>E HIMSELF A T]M 9 PRISON1 HE PASS$ ! ,SWISS BORD] & !N W5T 9 ,FRANCE4 ,ON ,JUNE #b#d1 #a#h#i#d1 9 ,LYON HE KILL$ ,SADI ,C>NOT1 ,PRESID5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,S5T5C$ TO DIE1 HE WAS EXECUT$ ON ,AUGU/ #a#f1 #a#h#i#d4 

.<#e#b.> ,EUG5E ,CAVAIGNAC 7#a#h#b-#a#h#e#g7 A ,FR5* ,G5]AL1 VIOL5TLY REPRESS$ ! ,JUNE #ahdh 9SURRECTION4  

 ,GA/ON ,ALEX&RE ,AUGU/E ,GALLIFET 7#a#h#c-#a#i#i7 ,FR5* ,G5]AL RESPONSIBLE = ! MASSACRE ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE #a#h#g#a4 

.<#e#c.> ,E4 ,S]NICOLI1 A ,JUDGE ( HO/ILE VIEWS1 AU?OR ( A BOOK 0,L',AN>*IA E GLI ,AN>*ICI0 7,AN>*Y & ,AN>*I/S7 ,$4 ,TREVES4 ,MILANO1 #a#h#i#d1 #b VOLUMES4 

.<#e#d.> ,FIOR5ZO ,BAVA ,BECC>IS 7#a#h#c#a-#a#i#b#d7 ,G5]AL ( ! ,ROYAL ,ITALIAN ,>MY S5T TO ,MILAN TO CRU% ! POPUL> DEMON/RATIONS 9 ,MAY #a#h#i#h4 ,HE EXECUT$ HIS ORD]S )\T RE/RA9T CAUS+ MANY CASUALTIES 7#i DEAD (FICIALLY ADMITT$7 & WAS PUBLICLY COMM5D$ & REW>D$ BY ! K+ HIMSELF4 

.<#e#e.> ,AUGU/E ,VAILLANT 7#a#h#f#a-#a#h#i#d7 ,FR5* AN>*I/ :O ?REW A BOMB 9 ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES ON ,DECEMB] #i1 #a#h#i#c1 & WAS CONDEMN$ TO DEA? AL?\< NO ONE HAD BE5 KILL$ BY IT4 ,! S5T5CE WAS EXECUT$ ON ,FEBRU>Y #e1 #a#h#i#d4 

.<#e#f.> ,CLEM5T ,DUVAL -- SEE PAGE VIII4 

 ,FRANCOIS ,CLAUDIUS ,KO5IG/E9 7#a#h#e#i-#a#h#i#b7 BETT] KN[N AS ,RAVA*OL1 WAS A ,FR5* AN>*I/ >RE/$ = ACTS ( DYNAMITE EXPLOSIONS & EXPROPRIATION4 ,S5T5C$ TO DIE1 HE WAS EXECUT$ ON ,JULY #a#a1 #a#h#i#b4  

,LUIGI ,LUC*5I1 A 0BA/>D01 KILL$ ! ,EMPRESS ( ,AU/RIA ,ELISABE?1 9 ,G5EVA 7,SWITZ]L&7 ON ,SEPTEMB] #a1 #a#h#i#h4 ,HE DI$ 9 ! ,VESCOVADO ,PRISON 9 #a#i#a4 7,SEE3 ,J4 ,FEHMI 9 0,CRONACA ,SOVV]SIVA0 ,SEPT4 #a#d1 #a#i#a#b74 

.<#e#g.> ,SA9T ,CLEM5T IS REPORT$ TO HAVE EXPRESS$ ! OP9ION ?AT3 0,9 GOOD ,JU/ICE EV]Y?+ %\LD BELONG TO EV]YBODY4 ,9IQUITY HAS MADE PRIVATE PROP]TY0 7,ALMANACCO ,LIB]T>IO = ! YE> #ai* -- ,G9EVRA74 

.<#e#h.> ,SEV]9E -- ,MADAME ,SEV]9E AS %E WAS CALL$ 9 ,P>IS = MANY YE>S -- WAS ! P5-NAME ( ,C>OL9E ,REMY 7#a#h#e#e-#a#i#b#i74 ,%E WAS A WRIT] & A SPEAK] :O1 S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( H] C>E]1 HAD ASSIGN$ TO H]SELF ! ROLE ( PUBLIC DEF5D]1 FROM ! PRESS1 FROM ! PUBLIC RO/RUM1 & FACE TO FACE ) ! DISP5S]S ( (FICIAL JU/ICE1 ( ALL ! VICTIMS ( SOCIAL 9JU/ICE4 

.<#e#i.> ,L9O ,F]RIANI 7#a#h#e#b-#a#i#b#a74 ,LAWY]1 ,SOCIOLOGI/1 /UD5T ( DEL9QU5CY AMONG M9ORS4 

,JOHANN ,GOTTLIEB ,FI*TE 7#a#g#f#b-#a#h#a#d7 ,G]MAN PHILOSOPH] AU?OR ( 0,SCI5CE ( ,KN[L$GE01 0,TALKS TO ! ,G]MAN ,NATION0 & MANY O!R BOOKS4 

.<#f.> ,ORIG5 7#a#h#e-#b#e#d87 ,A ,*RI/IAN !OLOGIAN :O CA/RAT$ HIMSELF 9 ORD] NOT TO BE DI/RACT$ BY SEXUAL PROBLEMS4 

.<#f#a.> ,SPOT 9 ,ROME :]E ,GIORDANO ,BRUNO WAS EXECUT$ 9 #a#f4 

.<#f#b.> ,H]MANN ,/ELLMA*] & ,ANTON ,KAMM]]1 TRI$ 9 ,AU/RIA = ! KILL+ ( SEV]AL POLICE AG5TS1 W]E GIV5 ! DEA? P5ALTY & EXECUT$ RESPECTIVELY ON ,AUGU/ #h & ,SEPTEMB] #b#i1 #a#h#h#d4 

.<#f#c.> ,C>LO ,CAFI]O 7#a#h#d#f-#a#h#i#b74 ,ONE ( ! FIR/ ,ITALIAN ,9T]NATIONALI/S1 CLOSE FRI5D ( ,BAKUN91 A MEMB] ( ! 0,MATESE ,B&0 7#a#h#g#g74 ,ALSO ! FIR/ ,ITALIAN TRANSLATOR ( ,K>L ,M>X' 0,DAS ,KAPITAL04  

,/EPNIAK1 PSEUDONYM US$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/ ,S]GE ,KRAVC9SKI1 :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! PREP>ATION ( ! 0,MATESE ,B&0 BUT WAS >RE/$ BE=E HE JO9$ ! GR\P ( ! REBELS AMONG :I* W]E ,MALATE/A & ,CAFI]O4 

.<#f#d.> ,MAZAS WAS A ,P>ISIAN PRISON1 LONG AGO DEMOLI%$4 

.<#f#e.> ,OCTAVE ,MIRBEAU 7#a#h#d#h-#a#i#a#g74 ,WRIT] ( NOVELS1 DRAMAS1 ESSAYS1 FASC9AT$1 AT ?AT TIME1 BY ! ,AN>*I/S' LOGIC1 DEVOTION1 & C\RAGE4 

.<#f#f.> ,SA9T ,?OMAS ,AQU9E1 A ,DOM9ICAN FRI> :O LIV$ FROM AB\T #abbg TO #a#b#g#d1 ?AT IS1 ALMO/ ?IRTE5 C5TURIES AFT] ! BIR? ( ! SUPPOS$ F\ND] ( ,*RI/IANISM1 & MORE ?AN ONE ?\S& YE>S AFT] ! WRIT+ ( ! 0,NEW ,TE/AM5T04 

.<#f#g.> ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME 7#a#h#d#d-#a#i#a#f7 AU?OR ( 0,L',9T]NATIONALE3 DOCUM5TS ET S\V5IRS04 ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO 7#a#h#d#a-#a#i#a#d71 ,T>RIDA DEL ,M>MOL 7#a#h#f#a-#a#i#a#e71 ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] 7#a#h#e#i-#a#i#i74 ,$W>D ,C>P5T] 7#a#h#d#d-#a#i#b#i74 ,WILLIAM ,T*]KES(F 7#a#h#d#f-#a#i#b#e74 ,MAX ,NETTLAU 7#a#h#f#e-#a#i#d#d73 ALL ,9T]NATIONALI/S & ,AN>*I/S ( IMPORTANCE = !IR WRIT+S1 !IR FEEL+S & ACTIVITIES4 

.<#f#h.> ,]RICO ,MALATE/A 7#a#h#e#c-#a#i#c#b7 ,SEE P4 #a#b#f1 ,JOHANN ,MO/ 7#a#h#d#f-#a#i#f71 ,SEBA/IAN ,FAURE 7#a#h#e#h-#a#i#c#i7 ,SEE P4 #a#c#a4 

.<#f#i.> ,F,S ,M]L9O3 0,L',9T]NAZIONALE ,ECONOMICA0 7,ECONOMIC ,9T]NATIONALE7 ,GROSSETO4 ,TIP4 ,ETRURIA1 #a#i#b4 

.<#g.> ,F,S ,M]L9O3 0,P]*E' SIAMO AN>*ICI0 7,:Y WE >E AN>*I/S7 ,BU5OS ,AIRES1 ,TIP4 ,SOCIOLOGICA1 #a#i4 

.<#g#a.> ,L4 ,MET*NIK(F3 0,LA ,CIVILIZATION ET LES ,GR&S ,FLEUVES ,HI/ORIQUES0 ,LIBRAIRIE ,HA*ETTE1 ,P>IS #a#h#h#i4 ,PAG4 #c#d-#c#e4 

.<#g#b.> ,! POET WAS ,GABRIELE ,D',ANNUNZIO 7#a#h#f#c-#a#i#c#h7 9 HIS POEM 0,LA ,NAVE0 7,! ,%IP7 -- ,ODI ,NAVALI -- #a#h#i#b-#i#c1 PAG4#g#c#e-#g#c#h4 

.<#g#c.> ,PAUL ,ELTZBA*]3 ,AN>*ISM 7,L',AN>*ISME -- ,$4 ,GI>D1 ,P>IS1 #a#i#b#c74 ,ETTORE ,ZOCCOLI3 0,L',AN>*IA -- ,GLI AGITATORI1 ,LE IDEE1 ,I FATTI0 -- ,FRATELLI ,BOCCA1 ,MILANO1 #a#i#g4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aibd 3 ,! ,5D ( ,AN>*ISM8 -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #a#b1 #bai 3 ,! ,5D ( ,AN>*ISM8 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,! ,5D ( ,AN>*ISM8 -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/