,! ,F$]ATIVE ,PR9CIPLE & ! ,NE$ TO ,RECON/ITUTE ! ,P>TY ( ,REVOLUTION 

#ahfc 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ALTEM>K1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE  

,P>T ,ONE 

  ,*APT] ,I3 ,POLITICAL ,DUALISM -- ,AU?ORITY & ,LIB]TY3 ,OPPOSITION & ,9T]CONNECTION ( ! ,TWO ,IDEAS 

  ,*APT] ,I,I3 ,A ,PRIORI ,CONCEPTIONS ( ,POLITICAL ,ORD]3 ,REGIME ( ,AU?ORITY1 ,REGIME ( ,LIB]TY 

  ,*APT] ,I,I,I3 ,=MS ( ,GOV]NM5T 

  ,*APT] ,I,V3 ,COMPROMISE ,BETWE5 ! ,PR9CIPLES3 ,ORIG9S ( ,POLITICAL ,CONTRADICTIONS 

  ,*APT] ,V3 ,DE ,FACTO ,GOV]NM5TS3 ,SOCIAL ,DISSOLUTION 

  ,*APT] ,V,I3 ,! ,POLITICAL ,PROBLEM ,POS$3 ,! ,PR9CIPLE ( A ,SOLUTION 

  ,*APT] ,V,I,I3 ,ISOLATION ( ! ,IDEA ( ,F$]ATION 

  ,*APT] ,V,I,I,I3 ,A ,PROGRESSIVE ,CON/ITUTION 

  ,*APT] ,I,X3 ,:AT ,HAS ,DELAY$ ,F$]ATION2 ,FACTORS ,H9D]+ ! ,IDEA 

  ,*APT] ,X3 ,POLITICAL ,IDEALISM3 ,EFFICACY ( ,F$]AL ,GU>ANTEES 

  ,*APT] ,X,I3 ,ECONOMIC ,SANCTIONS3 ,! ,AGRO-,9DU/RIAL ,F$]ATION 

,P>T ,TWO 

  ,*APT] ,I3 ,! ,JACOB9 ,TRADITION3 ,F$]ALI/ ,GAUL1 ,MON>*ICAL ,FRANCE 

,P>T ,?REE 

  ,*APT] ,I,X3 ,SLAV]Y & ! ,PROLET>IAT 

  ,CONCLUSION 

,P>T ,ONE 

,*APT] ,I3 ,POLITICAL ,DUALISM -- ,AU?ORITY & ,LIB]TY3 ,OPPOSITION & ,9T]CONNECTION ( ! ,TWO ,IDEAS 

,BE=E SAY+ :AT IS MEANT BY F$]ATION1 IT IS AS WELL TO DEVOTE A FEW PAGES TO ! ORIG9 & CONTEXT ( ! IDEA4 ,! !ORY ( ! F$]AL SY/EM IS QUITE NEW2 ,I ?9K ,I MAY EV5 SAY ?AT NO ONE HAS EV] PRES5T$ IT BE=E4 ,BUT IT IS 9TIMATELY B\ND UP ) ! !ORY ( GOV]NM5T 9 G5]AL -- TO SPEAK MORE PRECISELY1 IT IS ITS NECESS>Y CONCLUSION4 

,AMONG ! MANY CON/ITUTIONS PROPOS$ BY PHILOSOPHY & PUT TO ! TE/ BY HI/ORY1 ONE ALONE RECONCILES ! DEM&S ( JU/ICE1 ORD]1 LIB]TY1 & /ABILITY1 )\T :I* NEI!R SOCIETY NOR ! 9DIVIDUAL CAN LIVE4 ,TRU?1 LIKE NATURE1 IS ONE4 ,IT W\LD BE /RANGE IF IT W]E O!RWISE = ! M9D & = ITS GR&E/ WORK1 SOCIETY4 ,ALL WRIT]S HAVE RECOGNIZ$ ! UNITY ( HUMAN LEGISLATION2 &1 )\T D5Y+ ! DIV]SITY 9 APPLICATION DICTAT$ BY TIME & PLACE & ! SPECIAL *>ACT] ( EA* NATION1 OR NEGLECT+ ! SCOPE ( DISCRETION 9 EV]Y POLITICAL SY/EM1 ALL HAVE BE5 OBLIG$ TO ACCOMMODATE !IR DOCTR9ES TO IT4 ,I %ALL UND]TAKE TO %[ ?AT ?IS ONE CON/ITUTION1 :I* IT WILL BE ! GREATE/ TRIUMPH ( HUMAN REASON TO HAVE GRASP$1 IS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! F$]AL SY/EM4 ,EV]Y =M ( GOV]NM5T :I* DEP>TS FROM IT MU/ BE CONSID]$ AN EMPIRICAL CREATION1 A PRELIM9>Y SKET*1 MORE OR LESS USEFUL1 UND] :I* SOCIETY F9DS %ELT] = A MOM5T1 & :I*1 LIKE ! ,>AB'S T5T1 IS FOLD$ UP ! MORN+ AFT] IT HAS BE5 ]ECT$4 ,RIGOR\S ANALYSIS IS !RE=E ESS5TIAL H]E1 & ! FIR/ TRU? :I* ?IS ACC\NT %\LD IMPRESS UPON ! READ] IS ?AT POLITICS1 ?\< 9F9ITELY FLEXIBLE AS AN APPLI$ >T1 IS AN EXACT SCI5CE 9 ITS REGULATIVE PR9CIPLES1 NO MORE OR LESS SO ?AN GEOMETRY OR ALGEBRA4 

,POLITICAL ORD] RE/S FUNDAM5TALLY ON TWO CONTR>Y PR9CIPLES3 AU?ORITY & LIB]TY4 ,! ONE 9ITIATES1 ! O!R CONCLUDES2 ! ONE GOES H&-9-H& ) OB$I5T FAI?1 ! O!R ) FREE REASON4 

,I D\BT ?AT A S+LE VOICE WILL BE RAIS$ AGA9/ ?IS FIR/ PROPOSITION4 ,AU?ORITY & LIB]TY >E AS OLD AS ! HUMAN RACE2 !Y >E BORN ) US1 & LIVE ON 9 EA* ( US4 ,LET US NOTE BUT ONE ?+1 :I* FEW READ]S W\LD NOTICE O!RWISE3 !SE TWO PR9CIPLES =M A C\PLE1 SO TO SPEAK1 :OSE TWO T]MS1 ?\< 9DISSOLUBLY L9K$ TOGE!R1 >E NEV]!LESS IRR$UCIBLE ONE TO ! O!R1 & REMA91 DESPITE ALL \R EF=TS1 P]PETUALLY AT ODDS4 ,AU?ORITY NECESS>ILY PRESUPPOSES A LIB]TY :I* RECOGNIZES OR D5IES IT2 9 TURN LIB]TY1 9 ITS POLITICAL S5SE1 LIKEWISE PRESUPPOSES AN AU?ORITY :I* CONFRONTS IT1 REPRESS+ OR TOL]AT+ IT4 ,SUPPRESS ONE ( ! TWO1 & ! O!R HAS NO S5SE3 AU?ORITY1 )\T A ,LIB]TY TO EXAM9E IT1 TO RESI/ OR SUBMIT TO IT1 IS AN EMPTY WORD2 LIB]TY1 )\T AN AU?ORITY AS C\NT]WEI<T1 IS MEAN+LESS4 

,! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY1 FAMILIAL1 PATRI>*AL1 MAGI/]IAL1 MON>*ICAL1 !OCRATIC1 T5D+ TO HI]>*Y1 C5TRALIZATION1 ABSORPTION1 IS GIV5 BY NATURE1 & IS ?US ESS5TIALLY PR$E/9$1 DIV9E1 AS Y\ WILL4 ,ITS SCOPE1 RESI/$ & IMP$$ BY ! OPPOS+ PR9CIPLE1 MAY EXP& OR CONTRACT 9DEF9ITELY1 BUT CAN NEV] BE EXT+UI%$4 

,! PR9CIPLE ( LIB]TY1 P]SONAL1 9DIVIDUALI/1 CRITICAL1 ! 9/RUM5T ( DIVID+1 *OOS+1 >RANG+1 IS SUPPLI$ BY ! M9D4 ,ESS5TIALLY A PR9CIPLE ( JUDGM5T1 !N1 IT IS SUP]IOR TO ! NATURE :I* IT MAKES USE (1 & TO ! NECESSITY :I* IT MA/]S4 ,ITS ASPIRATIONS >E UNB\ND$2 IT IS1 LIKE ITS CONTR>Y1 SUBJECT TO EXT5SION OR RE/RICTION1 BUT IT LIKEWISE CANNOT BE EXHAU/$ AS IT GR[S1 NOR CAN IT BE NULLIFI$ BY CON/RA9T4 

,IT FOLL[S ?AT 9 EV]Y SOCIETY1 EV5 ! MO/ AU?ORIT>IAN1 LIB]TY NECESS>ILY PLAYS SOME P>T2 LIKEWISE 9 EV]Y SOCIETY1 EV5 ! MO/ LIB]AL1 SOME PORTION IS RES]V$ = AU?ORITY4 ,?IS REQUIREM5T IS ABSOLUTE2 NO POLITICAL >RANGEM5T IS EXEMPT4 ,DESPITE ! EF=TS ( ! UND]/&+ TO RESOLVE DIV]SITY 9TO UNITY1 ! TWO PR9CIPLES P]SI/1 ALWAYS 9 OPPOSITION TO EA* O!R4 ,POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T >ISES FROM !IR 9ESCAPABLE LOGIC & !IR MUTUAL 9T]ACTION4 

,ALL ?IS1 ,I CONFESS1 MAY CONTA9 LITTLE ?AT IS REALLY NEW1 & SOME READ]S WILL ASK ME IF ?AT IS ALL ,I HAVE TO (F] !M4 ,NO ONE D5IES NATURE OR M9D1 :ATEV] ! OBSCURITY ?AT MAY SURR\ND !M2 NOT ONE WRIT] REJECTS EI!R AU?ORITY OR LIB]TY1 EV5 ?\< !IR RECONCILIATION1 SEP>ATION1 OR ELIM9ATION SEEM EQUALLY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,:AT1 !N1 IS MY PURPOSE 9 RECIT+ ?IS COMMONPLACE8 

,:AT ,I HAVE TO SAY IS ?IS3 ?AT ALL POLITICAL CON/ITUTIONS1 ALL SY/EMS ( GOV]NM5T1 9CLUD+ F$]ATIONS1 FALL )9 ! SCOPE ( ONE =MULA1 ! BALANC+ ( AU?ORITY BY LIB]TY1 & VISE V]SA2 ?AT 9 CONSEQU5CE ! CATEGORIES ADOPT$ BY ! GREAT MAJORITY ( WRIT]S1 S9CE ,>I/OTLE'S TIME1 9 ORD] TO CLASSIFY GOV]NM5TS1 DIFF]5TIATE /ATES1 & DI/+UI% AMONG ! NATIONS1 MON>*Y1 >I/OCRACY1 DEMOCRACY1 ETC4 -- ! F$]ATION EXCEPT$ H]E -- >E R$UC$ TO HYPO!TICAL1 EMPIRICAL CON/RUCTS1 9 :I* REASON & JU/ICE F9D ONLY IMP]FECT SATISFACTION2 ?AT ALL E/ABLI%$ ORD]S1 F\ND$ UPON !SE 9COMPLETE IDEAS1 DIFF] ONLY FROM ! /&PO9T ( 9T]E/1 PREJUDICE1 & HABIT1 & >E AT BOTTOM SIMIL> & EQUIVAL5T2 ?AT W]E IT NOT = ! H>M DONE BY !SE FALSE SY/EMS1 9 :I* RUFFL$ PASSIONS1 AFFRONT$ 9T]E/S1 & VA9 SELF-DECEPTIONS >E AT ODDS ) ONE ANO!R1 WE W\LD BE V]Y CLOSE TO AGREEM5T ON FUNDAM5TALS2 ?AT1 F9ALLY1 ALL ?OSE P>TISAN DIVISIONS :I* WE IMAG9E TO BE SO PR(\ND1 ALL ?OSE CONFLICTS ( OP9ION :I* SEEM 9SOLUBLE TO US1 ALL ?OSE R&OM HO/ILITIES = :I* !RE APPE>S TO BE NO REM$Y1 WILL 9/ANTLY F9D A DEF9ITIVE SOLUTION 9 ! !ORY ( F$]AL GOV]NM5T4 

,IS !RE SO MU*1 Y\ WILL ASK1 9 A SEMANTIC OPPOSITION1 AU?ORITY-LIB]TY8 ,9DE$1 YES6 ,I HAVE OBS]V$ ?AT ! ORD9>Y M9D1 EV5 ! *ILD1 CAN BETT] GRASP ! TRU? CA/ 9 AN AB/RACT =MULA ?AN :5 IT IS 9FLAT$ ) A MASS ( EXPLANATIONS & FACTS4 ,I WI%$ BO? TO COND5SE ?IS /UDY = ?OSE :O CANNOT READ BOOKS1 & TO MAKE IT MORE COMPELL+ BY APPEAL+ TO SIMPLE IDEAS4 ,AU?ORITY & LIB]TY3 TWO CONCEPTS OPPOS$ TO ANO!R1 DE/9$ TO LIVE 9 /RUGGLE OR TO P]I% TOGE!R2 H]E1 9DE$1 IS SOME?+ NOT V]Y H>D TO GRASP4 ,HAVE ! PATI5CE TO CONT9UE1 DE> READ]1 & IF Y\ HAVE UND]/OOD ?IS FIR/ & V]Y %ORT *APT]1 Y\ WILL TELL ME Y\R OP9ION AFT]W>DS4 

,*APT] ,I,I3 ,A ,PRIORI ,CONCEPTIONS ( ,POLITICAL ,ORD]3 ,REGIME ( ,AU?ORITY1 ,REGIME ( ,LIB]TY 

,WE KN[ ! TWO FUNDAM5TAL & ANTI!TICAL PR9CIPLES ( ALL GOV]NM5TS3 AU?ORITY & LIB]TY4 

,BECAUSE ( ! T5D5CY ( ! HUMAN M9D TO BR+ ALL ITS IDEAS UND] A S+LE PR9CIPLE1 PROCE$+ TO ELIM9ATE ?OSE :I* SEEM TO BE 9COMPATIBLE ) IT1 TWO DIFF]5T REGIMES >E D]IV$1 A PRIORI1 FROM !SE TWO PRIMORDIAL IDEAS1 ACCORD+ TO ! PREF]5CE OR P>TIALITY ACCORD$ ONE OR ! O!R3 ! REGIME ( AU?ORITY & ! REGIME ( LIB]TY4 

,MOREOV]1 S9CE SOCIETY IS COMPOS$ ( 9DIVIDUALS1 & ! RELATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! GR\P MAY BE CONCEIV$1 FROM A POLITICAL /&PO9T1 9 F\R DIFF]5T WAYS1 F\R =MS ( GOV]NM5T RESULT1 TWO = EA* REGIME3 

,REGIME ( AU?ORITY 

,A7 ,GOV]NM5T ( ALL BY ONE -- MON>*Y OR PATRI>*Y2 

A7 ,GOV]NM5T ( ALL BY ALL -- PAN>*Y OR COMMUNISM4 

,! ESS5TIAL FEATURE ( ?IS REGIME1 9 BO? ITS V>IETIES1 IS ! NON-DIVISION ( P[]4 

,REGIME ( LIB]TY 

,B7 ,GOV]NM5T ( ALL BY EA* -- DEMOCRACY2 

B7 ,GOV]NM5T ( EA* BY EA* -- AN->*Y OR SELF-GOV]NM5T4 

,! ESS5TIAL FEATURE ( ?IS REGIME1 9 BO? ITS V>IETIES1 IS ! DIVISION ( P[]4 

,NO?+ MORE1 NO?+ LESS4 ,?IS CLASSIFICATION1 :I* D]IVES A PRIORI BY D$UCTION FROM ! NATURE ( ?+S1 IS MA!MATICAL4 ,9 SO F> AS POLITICS IS ?\<T TO RE/ UPON A LOGICAL CON/RUCT1 AS ALL ! ANCI5T LEGISLATORS NATURALLY ASSUM$1 IT CANNOT /OP %ORT ( ?IS OR GO BEYOND IT4 ,ITS SIMPLI/IC *>ACT] IS /RIK+2 IT %[S US ?AT FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 9 EA* REGIME1 ! HEAD ( /ATE /RIVES TO D]IVE ! CON/ITUTION FROM A S+LE PREMISE4 ,LOGIC & +5U\SNESS >E PRIMORDIAL 9 POLITICS3 & ?AT IS EXACTLY :]E ! TRAP LIES4 

,REM>KS 

,I4 ,WE KN[ H[ MON>*ICAL GOV]NM5T1 ! ORIG9AL EXPRESSION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY1 >ISES4 ,DE ,BONALD HAS TOLD US3 BY PAT]NAL AU?ORITY4_<#a_> 

,! FAMILY IS ! EMBRYO ( MON>*Y4 ,! FIR/ /ATES W]E G5]ALLY FAMILIES OR TRIBES GOV]N$ BY !IR NATURAL LEAD] -- HUSB&1 FA!R1 PATRI>*1 F9ALLY A K+4 

,UND] ?IS REGIME1 ! /ATE DEVELOPS 9 TWO WAYS3 #a4 BY G5]ATION1 OR ! NATURAL 9CREASE ( ! FAMILY1 #b4 BY ADOPTION1 ?AT IS1 ! VOLUNT>Y OR =C$ 9CORPORATION ( NEI<BOR+ FAMILIES & TRIBES1 BUT 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ! UNIT$ TRIBES1 TOGE!R ) ! MO!R TRIBE1 =M BUT ONE FAMILY1 A S+LE DOME/ICITY4 ,! MON>*ICAL /ATE MAY DEVELOP ?US TO AN 5ORM\S SIZE1 REA*+ A POPULATION ( HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS1 SPREAD OV] HUNDR$S ( SQU>E LEAGUES4 

,PAN>*Y1 PANTOCRACY1 OR COMMUNISM1 >ISES NATURALLY ?R\< ! DEA? ( ! MON>* OR FAMILY HEAD1 & BY ! DECL>$ 9T5TION ( ! SUBJECTS1 BRO!RS1 *ILDR51 OR MEMB]S TO REMA9 TOGE!R1 )\T *OOS+ A NEW LEAD]4 ,?IS POLITICAL =M IS R>E -- IF 9DE$ !RE >E ANY EXAMPLES ( IT AT ALL -- AU?ORITY H]E BE+ MORE OPPRESSIVE & 9DIVIDUALITY MORE CRU%$ ?AN 9 ANY O!R =M4 ,IT HAS SC>CELY EV] BE5 ADOPT$ EXCEPT BY RELIGI\S ASSOCIATIONS1 :I*1 ( :ATEV] C\NTRY & :ATEV] FAI?1 HAVE T5D$ TO EXT+UI% LIB]TY4 ,BUT ALL ! SAME ! IDEA IS GIV5 A PRIORI1 LIKE ! IDEA ( MON>*Y2 IT WILL F9D ITS APPLICATION 9 EXI/+ GOV]NM5TS1 & WE MU/ M5TION IT IF ONLY = ! RECORD4 

,?US MON>*Y1 F\ND$ UPON NATURE1 JU/IFI$1 !RE=E1 ON ITS [N T]MS1 HAS ITS [N LEGITIMACY & MORALITY2 & ! SAME GOES = COMMUNISM4 ,BUT WE %ALL SOON SEE ?AT !SE TWO V>IETIES ( ! ONE REGIME1 DESPITE !IR CONCRETE BASIS & LOGICAL D]IVATION1 CANNOT MA9TA9 !MSELVES 9 ! FULL RIGOR ( !IR PR9CIPLES & !IR ESS5TIAL PURITY1 ?AT !Y >E CONDEMN$ AS A RESULT TO A HYPO!TICAL /ATUS4 ,9 TRU?1 DESPITE !IR PATRI>*AL ORIG91 !IR COMPLAC5T MOOD1 !IR PRET5SES TO ABSOLUTISM & DIV9E RI<T1 MON>*Y & COMMUNISM1 AS DEVELOP$ EXPRESSIONS ( A TYPE1 EXI/ NO:]E4 

,I,I4 ,H[1 9 TURN1 DOES DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T >ISE1 ?AT SPONTANE\S EXPRESSION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( LIB]TY8 ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU & ! ,REVOLUTION HAVE TAU<T US3 BY AGREEM5T4 ,H]E PHYSIOLOGY C\NTS = NO?+2 ! /ATE FIGURES AS ! PRODUCT1 NOT ( ORGANIC NATURE1 ( ! FLE%1 BUT ( 9TELLIGIBLE NATURE1 ?AT IS1 ! M9D4 

,UND] ?IS REGIME1 ! /ATE DEVELOPS BY FREE ACCESSION OR ADHESION4 ,JU/ AS ALL ! CITIZ5S >E HELD TO HAVE SIGN$ A CONTRACT1 SO ! =EIGN] :O JO9S ! CITY IS HELD TO AGREE TO IT 9 HIS TURN2 IT IS ON ?IS CONDITION ?AT HE ACQUIRES HIS RI<TS & PRIVILEGES AS CITIZ54 ,IF ! /ATE GOES TO W> & IS VICTORI\S1 ITS PR9CIPLE LEADS IT TO ACCORD TO ! CONQU]$ PEOPLES ! SAME RI<TS AS ITS [N NATIONALS 5JOY2 ?IS IS CALL$ ISONOMY4 ,SU*1 AMONG ! ,ROMANS1 WAS ! GRANT+ ( CIVIC RI<T4 ,EV5 *ILDR5 >E HELD TO HAVE SWORN TO ! PACT ON COM+ ( AGE2 IT IS NOT BECAUSE !Y >E SONS ( CITIZ5S ?AT !Y BECOME CITIZ5S 9 TURN1 AS 9 MON>*IES A SUBJECT'S *ILDR5 >E SUBJECTS BY BIR?1 OR1 AS 9 ,LYCURGUS' OR ,PLATO'S CITIES1 BECAUSE !Y BELONG TO ! /ATE4_<#b_> 

,TO BE A MEMB] ( A DEMOCRACY1 ONE MU/1 BY RI<T1 QUITE AP>T FROM ! QUALIFICATION ( BIR?1 HAVE *OS5 ! LIB]AL SY/EM4 

,! SAME GOES = ! ACCESSION ( A FAMILY1 A CITY1 OR A PROV9CE2 IT IS ALWAYS LIB]TY :I* CON/ITUTES ITS PR9CIPLES & SUPPLIES ITS MOTIVES4 

,?US ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE1 PATRI>*AL1 MON>*ICAL1 OR COMMUNI/1 CONFRONTS ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! LIB]AL1 CONTRACTUAL1 DEMOCRATIC /ATE4 ,JU/ AS !RE IS NO NATURAL LIMIT TO ! SCALE ( A MON>*Y1 SO ?AT ?R\<\T TIME & AMONG ALL PEOPLES ! IDEA ( A UNIV]SAL OR MESSIANIC MON>*Y HAS >IS51 SO !RE IS NO NATURAL LIMIT TO ! SCALE ( ! DEMOCRATIC /ATE1 :I* HAS PROMPT$ ! IDEA ( A UNIV]SAL DEMOCRACY OR REPUBLIC4 

,AS A V>IETY ( ! LIB]AL REGIME ,I HAVE M5TION$ AN>*Y -- ! GOV]NM5T ( EA* BY HIMSELF1 SELF-GOV]NM5T4 ,S9CE ! PHRASE AN>*IC GOV]NM5T 9VOLVES A K9D ( CONTRADICTION1 ! ?+ SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE & ! IDEA ABSURD4 ,H[EV]1 !RE IS NO?+ TO F9D FAULT ) H]E BUT LANGUAGE2 POLITICALLY1 ! IDEA ( AN>*Y IS QUITE AS RATIONAL & CONCRETE AS ANY O!R4 ,:AT IT MEANS IS ?AT POLITICAL FUNCTIONS HAVE BE5 R$UC$ TO 9DU/RIAL FUNCTIONS1 & ?AT SOCIAL ORD] >ISES FROM NO?+ BUT TRANSACTIONS & EX*ANGES4 ,EA* MAY !N SAY ?AT HE IS ! ABSOLUTE RUL] ( HIMSELF1 ! POL> OPPOSITE ( MON>*ICAL ABSOLUTISM4 

,JU/ AS MON>*Y & COMMUNISM1 F\ND$ 9 NATURE & REASON1 HAVE !IR LEGITIMACY & MORALITY1 ?\< !Y CAN NEV] BE REALIZ$ AS ABSOLUTELY PURE TYPES1 SO TOO DEMOCRACY & AN>*Y1 F\ND$ 9 LIB]TY & JU/ICE1 PURSU+ AN IDEAL 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR PR9CIPLE1 HAVE !IR LEGITIMACY & MORALITY4 ,BUT WE %ALL SEE ?AT 9 !IR CASE TOO1 DESPITE !IR RATIONAL & JURIDICAL ORIG91 !Y CANNOT REMA9 /RICTLY CONGRU5T ) !IR PURE CONCEPTS AS !IR POPULATION & T]RITORY DEVELOP & GR[1 & ?AT !Y >E FAT$ TO REMA9 P]PETUAL DESID]ATA4 ,DESPITE ! P[]FUL APPEAL ( LIB]TY1 NEI!R DEMOCRACY NOR AN>*Y HAS >IS5 ANY:]E1 9 A COMPLETE & UNCOMPROMIS$ =M4 

,*APT] ,I,I,I3 ,=MS ( ,GOV]NM5T 

,NEV]!LESS1 IT IS ) ! HELP ( !SE METAPHYSICAL TOYS ?AT GOV]NM5TS HAVE BE5 E/ABLI%$ S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! WORLD1 & IT IS ) !IR HELP ?AT WE %ALL COME TO RESOLVE ! 5IGMA ( POLITICS1 IF WE >E WILL+ TO MAKE ! SLI<TE/ EF=T TO DO SO4 ,I HOPE ,I WILL BE =GIV51 !N1 = LABOR+ ?IS PO9T1 AS ONE DOES 9 TEA*+ ! RUDIM5TS ( GRAMM> TO *ILDR54 

,9 ! ABOVE DISCUSSION1 !RE IS NOT A WORD ?AT DOES NOT HAVE P]FECT PRECISION4 ,ONE REASONS NO DIFF]5TLY 9 PURE MA!MATICS4 ,IT IS NOT 9 ! USE :I* WE MAKE ( IDEAS ?AT ! S\RCE ( \R ]RORS LIES2 IT IS 9 ! OMISSIONS :I* WE P]MIT \RSELVES1 UND] ! PRETEXT ( BE+ LOGICAL1 9 APPLY+ !M4 

A7 ,AU?ORITY & LIB]TY3 H]E 9DE$ >E ! TWO POLES ( POLITICS4 ,!IR OPPOSITION -- ANTI!TICAL1 DIAMETRICAL1 CONTRADICTORY -- IS \R C]TA9 GU>ANTEE ?AT A ?IRD T]M IS IMPOSSIBLE1 ?AT IT DOES NOT EXI/4 ,BETWE5 YES & NO1 BETWE5 BE+ & NONBE+1 LOGIC P]MITS NO?+4.<#a.> 

B7 ,! 9T]CONNECTION ( !SE TWO IDEAS1 !IR IRR$UCIBILITY1 !IR LIFE1 HAVE ALSO BE5 DISPLAY$4 ,ONE DOES NOT COME )\T ! O!R2 ONE CANNOT SUPPRESS ONE OR ! O!R1 OR RESOLVE ! TWO 9TO A S+LE EXPRESSION4 ,AS TO !IR LIFE1 ONE HAS ONLY TO CONFRONT !M TOGE!R1 &1 T5D+ TO ABSORB ONE ANO!R1 TO DEVELOP AT ONE ANO!R'S EXP5SE1 !Y AT ONCE SPR+ 9TO ACTION4 

C7 ,FROM !SE TWO IDEAS SOCIETY RECEIVES TWO DIFF]5T REGIMES :I* WE HAVE CALL$ ! REGIME ( AU?ORITY & ! REGIME ( LIB]TY2 EA* ( !SE MAY !N ADOPT TWO DIFF]5T =MS1 NO MORE1 NO LESS4 ,AU?ORITY APPE>S 9 ALL ITS SPL5DOR ONLY 9 ! COLLECTIVITY2 H5CE IT CANNOT EXPRESS ITSELF OR ACT EXCEPT 9 ! COLLECTIVITY ITSELF OR ?R\< AN AG5T :I* P]SONIFIES IT2 LIKEWISE1 LIB]TY IS P]FECT ONLY :5 IT IS GU>ANTE$ TO ALL1 EI!R BY ALL M5 TAK+ P>T 9 GOV]NM5T1 OR ELSE BY !IR DELEGAT+ ! TRU/ TO NO ONE4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO ESCAPE !SE ALT]NATIVES3 GOV]NM5T ( ALL BY ALL OR GOV]NM5T ( ALL BY ONE1 9 ! CASE ( ! REGIME ( AU?ORITY2 P>TICIPATION ( EA* 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ALL OR GOV]NM5T ( EA* BY HIMSELF1 9 ! CASE ( ! REGIME ( LIB]TY4 ,ALL ?IS IS AS NECESS>Y AS UNITY & PLURALITY1 HEAT & COLD1 LI<T & %AD[4 

,BUT1 ,I WILL BE ASK$1 HAVE WE NEV] SE5 GOV]NM5T BECOME ! PROP]TY ( SOME P>T1 L>GE OR SMALL1 ( ! NATION1 ! RE/ BE+ EXCLUD$3 >I/OCRACY1 GOV]NM5T BY ! UPP] CLASSES1 O*LOCRACY1 GOV]NM5T BY ! POOR1 OLIG>*Y1 GOV]NM5T BY A FACTION8 ,A FAIR OBJECTION1 GRANT$4 ,BUT SU* GOV]NM5TS >E DE FACTO1 ! WORK ( USURPATION1 VIOL5CE1 REACTION1 TRANSITION1 EMPIRICISM1 9 :I* ALL ! PR9CIPLES >E SIMULTANE\SLY ADOPT$1 & !N ALL VIOLAT$1 MISUND]/OOD1 CONFUS$2 & WE >E DEAL+ H]E ) A PRIORI GOV]NM5TS1 CONCEIV$ ACCORD+ TO LOGIC1 & UPON A S+LE PR9CIPLE4 

,!RE IS NO?+ >BITR>Y1 TO REPEAT1 9 ! POLITICS ( REASON1 :I* SOON] OR LAT] MU/ CEASE TO SEP>ATE ITSELF FROM PRACTICAL POLITICS4 ,! >BITR>Y BELONGS NEI!R TO NATURE NOR TO ! M9D2 IT IS G5]AT$ NEI!R BY ! NECESSITY ( ?+S NOR BY ! 9FALLIBLE LOGIC ( CONCEPTS4 ,! >BITR>Y IS ! *ILD -- ( :AT8 ,ITS NAME WILL TELL Y\3 ( FREE WILL1 ( LIB]TY4 ,H[ F9E6 ,! ONLY 5EMY LIB]TY HAS TO FE> IS NOT1 AT BOTTOM1 AU?ORITY1 :I* ALL M5 ADORE AS ?\< IT W]E JU/ICE2 IT IS LIB]TY ITSELF1 ! LIB]TY ( ! PR9CE1 ( ! GREAT1 ( ! MASS1 DISGUIS$ UND] ! MASK ( AU?ORITY4 

,FROM ! A PRIORI DEF9ITION ( ! V>I\S TYPES ( GOV]NM5T1 LET US N[ TURN TO !IR =MS4 

,:AT IS CALL$ ! =M ( GOV]NM5T IS ! MANN] 9 :I* P[] IS DI/RIBUT$ & EX]CIS$4 ,BY NATURE & LOGIC !SE =MS >E RELAT$ TO ! PR9CIPLE1 ORIG91 & LAW ( EA* REGIME4 

,JU/ AS ! FA!R ( ! PRIMITIVE FAMILY & ! PATRI>* ( ! TRIBE >E AT ONCE MA/] ( ! H\SEHOLD1 ( ! *>IOT1 OR ! T5T1 H]US1 DOM9US1 [N] ( ! L&1 & BEA/S1 & ! CROPS1 F>M]1 CRAFTSMAN1 MANAG]1 TRAD]1 P]=M] ( SACRIFICES1 W>RIOR2 SO TOO1 9 A MON>*Y1 ! PR9CE IS AT ONCE LEGISLATOR1 ADM9I/RATOR1 JUDGE1 G5]AL1 HI< PRIE/4 ,HE HAS ! EM95T DOMA9 9 L& & R5T2 HE RULES OV] ! >TS & PR(ESSIONS1 COMM]CE1 AGRICULTURE1 NAVIGATION1 PUBLIC $UCATION1 & IS 9VE/$ ) EV]Y RI<T & ALL AU?ORITY4 ,9 %ORT1 ! K+ IS REPRES5TATIVE ( ! SOCIETY1 ITS 9C>NATION2 HE IS ! /ATE4 ,! UNION OR NON-DIVISION ( P[]S IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ROYALTY4 ,TO ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY :I* DI/+UI%ES ! FA!R & ! K+1 !RE IS ADD$ AS COROLL>Y ! PR9CIPLE ( UNLIMIT$ ATTRIBUTION4 ,A MILIT>Y *IEFTA91 LIKE ,JO%UA2 A JUDGE1 LIKE ,SAMUEL2 A PRIE/1 LIKE ,A>ON2 A K+1 LIKE ,DAVID2 A LEGISLATOR1 LIKE ,MOSES1 ,SOLON1 ,LYCURGUS1 ,NUMA -- ALL !SE TITLES >E UNIT$ 9 ! SAME BE>]4 ,?AT IS ! SPIRIT ( MON>*Y1 ?OSE >E ITS =MS4 

,SOON1 DUE TO ! GR[? ( ! /ATE1 ! EX]CISE ( AU?ORITY SURPASSES ! CAPACITY ( ONE MAN4 ,! PR9CE ?US EQUIPS HIMSELF ) ! AID ( C\NSELORS1 (FIC]S1 OR M9I/]S1 *OS5 BY HIM1 :O ACT 9 HIS PLACE AS HIS DELEGATES1 OR ATTORNEYS1 9 RELATION TO ! PEOPLE4 ,AS MU* AS ! PR9CE :OM !Y REPRES5T1 !SE 5VOYS1 SATRAPS1 PROCONSULS1 OR PREFECTS ACQUIRE ?R\< !IR M&ATE ALL ! ATTRIBUTES ( AU?ORITY4 ,BUT IT IS UND]/OOD ?AT !Y MU/ GIVE ACC\NT ( !IR CONDUCT TO ! K+ !IR MA/]1 9 :OSE 9T]E/ & NAME !Y GOV]N1 :O DIRECTS !M1 & :O MAKES !M WAT* OV] ONE ANO!R 9 SU* A WAY AS TO 5SURE ?AT HE RETA9S ! HI<E/ AU?ORITY1 ! HONOR ( COMM&+1 & ! PR(ITS ( ! /ATE1 & ?AT HE IS SECURE FROM ANY USURPATION OR S$ITION4 ,AS = ! NATION1 IT HAS NO RI<T TO DEM& AN ACC\NT1 NOR DO ! AG5TS ( ! PR9CE HAVE TO GIVE IT ONE4 ,9 ?IS SY/EM1 ! SUBJECTS' ONLY SECURITY IS ! 9T]E/ ( ! SOV]EIGN1 :O1 H[EV]1 KN[S NO LAW BUT HIS [N GOOD PLEASURE4 

,9 ! COMMUNI/ REGIME1 ! =MS ( GOV]NM5T >E ! SAME1 ?AT IS1 P[] IS EX]CIS$ 9 AN UNDIVID$ FA%ION BY ! COLLECTIVITY JU/ AS IT WAS BE=E BY ! K+ ALONE4 ,?US IT WAS ?AT AMONG ! ,G]MANS1 9 ,MAY1 ! :OLE PEOPLE1 )\T DI/9CTION ( AGE & SEX1 DELIB]AT$ & JUDG$2 ?US ! ,CIMBRI & ,TEUTONS1 ACCOMPANI$ BY !IR WOM51 F\<T AGA9/ ,M>IUS4_<#c_> 

,KN[+ NO?+ AB\T /RATEGY OR TACTICS1 :AT NE$ HAD !Y ( G5]ALS8 ,!RE WAS A VE/IGE ( ?IS COMMUNISM 9 ,A!NS1 :]E CRIM9AL JUDGM5TS W]E R5D]$ BY ! :OLE MASS ( CITIZ5S2 & IT WAS ?R\< AN 9SPIRATION ( ! SAME K9D ?AT 9 #ahdh ! ,REPUBLIC GAVE ITSELF N9E HUNDR$ LEGISLATORS1 REGRETT+ ?AT IT C\LD NOT BR+ TOGE!R 9TO ONE ASSEMBLY ! T5 MILLION ELECTORS1 :O HAD TO CONT5T !MSELVES ) CA/+ VOTES4 ,PROJECTS TODAY = DIRECT LEGISLATION1 BY YES & NO1 SPR+ FROM ! SAME S\RCE4 

,! =MS ( ! LIB]AL OR DEMOCRATIC /ATE LIKEWISE CORRESPOND TO ! G5]ATIVE PR9CIPLE & DEVELOPM5TAL LAW ( ?IS SY/EM2 AS A RESULT1 !Y DIFF] RADICALLY FROM ?AT ( MON>*Y4 ,!Y CONSI/ 9 ! FACT ?AT P[]1 9/EAD ( BE+ COLLECTIVELY & 9DIVISIBLY EX]CIS$ AS 9 ! PRIMITIVE COMMUNITY1 IS DISP]S$ AMONG ! CITIZ5S1 9 ONE ( TWO WAYS4 ,9 ! CASE ( A TASK :I* IS PHYSICALLY DIVISIBLE1 SU* AS ! CON/RUCTION ( A ROAD1 ! COMM&+ ( A FLEET1 ! POLIC+ ( A T[N1 OR ! $UCATION ( ! Y\NG1 ONE DIVIDES ! WORK 9TO SEGM5TS1 ! FLEET 9TO SQUADRONS OR EV5 S+LE %IPS1 ! T[N 9TO DI/RICTS1 ! TEA*+ 9TO CLASSES1 TO EA* ( :I* ONE ASSIGNS A CONTRACTOR1 MANAG]1 ADMIRAL1 CAPTA91 OR MA/]4 ,! ,A!NIANS W]E 9 ! HABIT ( APPO9T+ T5 OR TWELVE G5]ALS 9 W>TIME1 EA* ( :OM 9 TURN COMM&$ = A DAY -- A PRACTICE :I* N[ SEEMS DI/9CTLY ODD1 BUT ! ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY W\LD /& = NO?+ MORE4 ,IF ! FUNCTION IS NOT DIVISIBLE1 IT IS LEFT 9TACT4 ,SEV]AL (FICIALS MAY BE APPO9T$ TO DEAL ) IT 7DESPITE ,HOM]'S PRECEPT ?AT MORE ?AN ONE COMM&] IS A BAD ?+7 -- ?US1 :]E WE S5D BUT ONE AMBASSADOR1 ! ANCI5TS S5T A :OLE COMPANY ( !M2 OR ELSE ONE MAY ASSIGN EA* FUNCTION TO A S+LE (FICIAL :O MAKES IT HIS PR(ESSION1 HIS SKILL -- :I* T5DS TO 9TRODUCE 9TO ! BODY POLITIC A SPECIAL CLASS ( CITIZ5S1 PUBLIC FUNCTION>IES4 ,FROM ?AT MOM5T1 DEMOCRACY IS 9 DANG]3 ! /ATE SEP>ATES ITSELF FROM ! NATION2 ITS P]SONNEL ALMO/ BECOME :AT !Y W]E UND] ! MON>*Y1 MORE LOYAL TO ! PR9CE ?AN TO NATION OR /ATE4 ,9 REACTION1 A GREAT IDEA IS BORN1 ONE ( ! GREATE/ IDEAS ( SCI5CE3 ?AT ( ! DIVISION OR SEP>ATION ( P[]S4 ,?ANKS TO ?IS IDEA1 SOCIETY TAKES A /RONGLY ORGANIC =M2 REVOLUTIONS MAY COME & GO LIKE ! SEASONS1 BUT !RE IS SOME?+ :I* WILL NEV] P]I%1 ?IS F9E ORGANIZATION ( ! PUBLIC P[] BY CATEGORIES3 JU/ICE1 ADM9I/RATION1 W>1 F9ANCE1 RELIGION1 $UCATION1 COMM]CE1 ETC4 

,! ORGANIZATION ( LIB]AL OR DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T IS MORE COMPLICAT$ & MORE SOPHI/ICAT$1 ITS PRACTICE MORE LABORI\S & LESS DRAMATIC ?AN ?AT ( MON>*ICAL GOV]NM5T2 CONSEQU5TLY1 IT IS LESS POPUL>4 ,ALMO/ ALWAYS ! MASSES HAVE REG>D$ =MS ( FREE GOV]NM5T AS >I/OCRATIC1 & !Y HAVE PREF]R$ ABSOLUTE MON>*Y4 ,H5CE ?AT VICI\S CIRCLE 9 :I* PROGRESSIVES >E TRAPP$1 & :I* WILL TRAP !M /ILL = MANY YE>S TO COME4 ,NATURALLY1 IT IS 9 ORD] TO IMPROVE ! LOT ( ! MASSES ?AT REPUBLICANS DEM& LIB]TIES & SECURITIES2 IT IS1 !RE=E1 UPON ! PEOPLE ?AT !Y MU/ RELY4 ,BUT IT IS ALWAYS ! PEOPLE :O1 ?R\< !IR DI/RU/ ( OR 9DIFF]5CE TO DEMOCRATIC =MS1 /& 9 ! WAY ( LIB]TY4.<#b.> 

,! =MS ( AN>*Y DEP5D UPON ! WILL ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 )9 ! LIMITS ( HIS RI<TS1 & >E 9DIFF]5TLY MON>*ICAL OR DEMOCRATIC4 

,SU* >E1 9 PR9CIPLE & =M1 ! F\R FUNDAM5TAL GOV]NM5TS1 SUPPLI$ A PRIORI BY ! HUMAN UND]/&+ AS A BASIS = ALL ! POLITICAL E/ABLI%M5TS ( ! FUTURE4 ,BUT1 TO REPEAT1 !SE F\R TYPES1 ?\< SUGGE/$ BY ! NATURE ( ?+S AS WELL AS BY ! S5SE ( LIB]TY & JU/ICE1 >E NOT 9 !MSELVES1 /RICTLY CONCEIV$1 EV] TO BE REALIZ$4 ,!Y >E IDEAL CONCEPTIONS1 AB/RACT =MULAS1 9 ! LI<T ( :I* REAL GOV]NM5TS WILL EM]GE EMPIRICALLY & BY 9TUITION1 BUT !Y !MSELVES CAN NEV] BECOME REAL4 ,REALITY IS 9H]5TLY COMPLEX2 ! SIMPLE NEV] LEAVES ! REALM ( ! IDEAL1 NEV] >RIVES AT ! CONCRETE4 ,9 !SE ANTI!TIC =MULAS WE HAVE ! F\NDATION = A CORRECT CON/ITUTION1 ! FUTURE CON/ITUTION ( MAN2 BUT C5TURIES MU/ HAVE PASS$1 A S]IES ( REVOLUTIONS MU/ HAVE UNFOLD$1 BE=E ! DEF9ITIVE =MULA CAN SPR+ FROM ! M9D :I* MU/ CONCEIVE IT1 ! M9D ( HUMANITY4 

,*APT] ,I,V3 ,COMPROMISE ,BETWE5 ! ,PR9CIPLES3 ,ORIG9S ( ,POLITICAL ,CONTRADICTIONS 

,S9CE ! TWO PR9CIPLES :I* =M ! BASIS ( ALL SOCIAL ORD]1 AU?ORITY & LIB]TY1 ON ! ONE H& >E CONTRADICTORY & ALWAYS AT ODDS & ON ! O!R CAN NEI!R EXCLUDE ONE ANO!R NOR F9D A RESOLUTION1 A COMPROMISE BETWE5 !M IS UNAVOIDABLE4 ,:ATEV] SY/EM ONE PREF]S1 MON>*ICAL OR DEMOCRATIC1 COMMUNI/ OR AN>*IC1 IT CANNOT LA/ = LONG UNLESS IT IS ABLE TO MAKE USE1 9 V>Y+ DEGREES1 ( ! PREMISES ( ITS CONTR>Y4 

,= EXAMPLE1 IT W\LD BE WIDE ( ! M>K TO SUPPOSE ?AT ! AU?ORIT>IAN REGIME1 ) ITS PAT]NALI/ *>ACT]1 ITS FAMILIAL TIES1 & ITS ABSOLUTISM1 C\LD SATISFY ITS [N NE$S UNAID$4 ,LET ! /ATE EXP& BUT SLI<TLY1 & ITS REV]$ PAT]NALISM SOON DECL9ES 9TO IMPOT5CE1 CONFUSION1 FOLLY1 & TYRANNY4 ,! PR9CE CANNOT ATT5D TO EV]Y?+2 HE MU/ RELY UPON S]VANTS :O DECEIVE HIM1 /EAL FROM HIM1 DISCR$IT HIM1 DI%ONOR HIM1 SUPPLANT HIM1 & F9ALLY DE?RONE HIM4 ,! DISORD] 9H]5T 9 ABSOLUTE P[]1 ! DEMORALIZATION :I* IT CAUSES1 ! DISA/]S :I* ?REAT5 IT P]PETUALLY1 >E ! BANE ( SOCIETY & /ATE4 ,SO ONE MAY TAKE IT AS AXIOMATIC ?AT MON>*Y IS MORE K9DLY1 MORAL1 JU/1 TOL]ABLE1 & /ABLE -- SETT+ ASIDE = ! MOM5T ! QUE/ION ( EXT]NAL AFFAIRS -- ! MORE MODE/ ITS DIM5SIONS >E & ! CLOS] IT IS TO A FAMILY2 &1 VISE V]SA1 ?AT ?IS GOV]NM5T IS MORE 9ADEQUATE1 OPPRESSIVE1 DISLIK$ BY ITS SUBJECTS & CONSEQU5TLY UN/ABLE1 ! L>G] ! /ATE BECOMES4 ,HI/ORY 9=MS US1 & MOD]N TIMES FURNI% EXAMPLES1 ( SU* DREADFUL MON>*IES1 %APELESS MON/]S1 TRUE POLITICAL MA/ODONS1 :I* CIVILIZATION MU/ GRADUALLY R5D] EXT9CT4 ,9 ALL SU* /ATES1 ABSOLUTISM IS A DIRECT FUNCTION ( SCALE2 IT P]SI/S ?R\< ITS [N PRE/IGE4 ,9 A SMALL /ATE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 TYRANNY MAY SURVIVE = A :ILE ONLY ?R\< ! USE ( M]C5>Y TROOPS2 SE5 CLOSE UP1 IT VANI%ES4 

,TO COMP5SATE = ?IS 9H]5T VISE1 MON>*ICAL GOV]NM5TS HAVE BE5 L$ 9 V>Y+ DEGREES TO MAKE USE ( ! =MS ( LIB]TY1 NOTABLY ! SEP>ATION ( P[]S OR ! DIVISION ( SOV]EIGNTY4 

,! REASON = ?IS RE=M IS EASY TO SEE4 ,IF ONE MAN CAN SC>CELY MANAGE AN E/ATE ( A FEW HUNDR$ ACRES1 OR AN 9DU/RY EMPLOY+ A FEW HUNDR$ WORK]S1 OR ADM9I/] A T[N ) FIVE OR SIX ?\S& 9HABITANTS1 H[ CAN HE %\LD] ! BURD5 ( AN EMPIRE ( =TY MILLION M58 ,H]E1 !RE=E1 MON>*Y HAS BE5 OBLIG$ TO ADAPT ITSELF TO TWO PR9CIPLES1 BORR[$ FROM POLITICAL ECONOMY3 #a4 ?AT ! GREATE/ VOLUME ( WORK IS DONE & ! GREATE/ VALUE PRODUC$ :]E ! WORK] IS FREE & WORKS ON HIS [N ACC\NT AS BUS9ESSMAN OR F>M]2 #b4 ?AT ! QUALITY ( PRODUCTS OR S]VICES IS IMPROV$ :]E ! PRODUC] KN[S HIS WORK & DEVOTES HIMSELF TO IT EXCLUSIVELY4 ,!RE IS YET ANO!R REASON = !SE BORR[+S BY MON>*IES FROM DEMOCRACY1 NAMELY1 ?AT ! WEAL? ( SOCIETY 9CREASES PROPORTIONATELY ) ! DIVISION & 9T]DEP5D5CE ( 9DU/RIES2 :I* MEANS1 9 A POLITICAL CONTEXT1 ?AT GOV]NM5T WILL BE BETT] & 9VOLVE LESS DANG] TO ! PR9CE :]E FUNCTIONS >E BETT] DIVID$ & BALANC$ -- SOME?+ :I* IS IMPOSSIBLE 9 AN ABSOLUTI/ REGIME4 ,?AT IS H[ PR9CES HAVE BE5 L$ TO REPUBLICANIZE !MSELVES1 SO TO SPEAK1 9 ORD] TO AVOID C]TA9 RU93 REC5T YE>S HAVE PROVID$ /RIK+ EXAMPLES1 9 ,PI$MONT1 ,AU/RIA1 & ,RUSSIA4 ,9 ! DREADFUL CONDITION 9 :I* ,CZ> ,NI*OLAS LEFT HIS EMPIRE1 ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! DIVISION ( P[]S 9 GOV]NM5T WAS AMONG ! MAJOR RE=MS 9TRODUC$ BY HIS SON1 ,ALEX&]4.<#c.> 

,P>ALLEL BUT 9V]SE PH5OM5A MAY BE SE5 9 DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5TS4 

,IT IS NO EASY TASK TO SETTLE ) DUE WISDOM & PRECISION ! RI<TS & DUTIES ( CITIZ5S & ! TASKS ( (FICIALS1 TO =ESEE CIRCUM/ANCES1 EXCEPTIONS1 & ANOMALIES4 ,! UN=ESEEABLE F> SURPASSES 9 ITS RI*NESS ! PRUD5CE ( ! /ATESMAN1 & ! MORE ONE LEGISLATES ! MORE LIGITATION ONE PROVOKES4 ,ALL ?IS REQUIRES ?AT (FICE-HOLD]S MU/ HAVE 9ITIATIVE & DISCRETION1 :I*1 9 ORD] TO BE EFFECTIVE1 MU/ BE AU?ORITATIVELY SANCTION$4 ,TAKE AWAY FROM ! DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLE & FROM LIB]TY ! SUPREME SANCTION ( AU?ORITY1 & ! /ATE WILL BE RU9$ ON ! SPOT4 ,IT IS CLE>1 MOREOV]1 ?AT WE >E NO LONG] 9 ! DOMA9 ( FREE CONTRACT1 UNLESS WE ASSUME ?AT ! CITIZ5S SPECIFICALLY CONS5T1 9 MATT]S ( LITIGATION1 TO SUBMIT TO ! DECISION ( ONE MAN1 A MAGI/RATE DESIGNAT$ 9 ADVANCE -- :I* IS PRECISELY TO R5\NCE ! PR9CIPLE ( DEMOCRACY = ?AT ( MON>*Y4 

,LET A DEMOCRACY MULTIPLY 9DEF9ITELY ITS LEGAL GU>ANTEES & MEANS ( CONTROLL+ ITS CIVIL S]VANTS1 LET IT SURR\ND ITS AG5TS ) =MALITIES & CALL ITS CITIZ5S 9CESSANTLY TO ELECTIONS1 DEBATES1 & VOTES3 WILLY-NILLY ITS (FICIALS >E M5 ( AU?ORITY1 EXPRESSLY SO2 & IF AMONG ITS P]SONNEL ONE OR SEV]AL HAVE G5]AL RESPONSIBILITY = AFFAIRS1 ?IS HEAD ( GOV]NM5T1 9DIVIDUAL OR COLLECTIVE1 IS :AT ,R\SSEAU HIMSELF CALL$ A PR9CE2 HE IS BUT A HAIR'S-BREAD? AWAY FROM A K+4 

,SIMIL> CONSID]ATIONS APPLY TO COMMUNISM & AN>*Y4 ,!RE HAS NEV] BE5 AN EXAMPLE ( P]FECT COMMUNISM2 & IT IS SC>CELY LIKELY1 H[EV] F> ! HUMAN RACE MAY PROGRESS 9 CIVILIZATION1 MORALITY1 & WISDOM1 ?AT ALL TRACES ( GOV]NM5T & AU?ORITY WILL VANI%4 ,& YET1 :ILE COMMUNISM REMA9S ! DREAM ( ! MAJORITY ( SOCIALI/S1 AN>*Y IS ! IDEAL ( ! ECONOMI/S1 :O ATTEMPT /R5U\SLY TO PUT AN 5D TO ALL GOV]NM5TAL 9/ITUTIONS & TO RE/ SOCIETY UPON ! F\NDATIONS ( PROP]TY & FREE LABOR ALONE4 

,I %ALL NOT MULTIPLY EXAMPLES ANY FUR!R4 ,:AT ,I HAVE JU/ SAID IS 5\< TO PROVE ! TRU? ( MY PROPOSITION3 ?AT MON>*Y & DEMOCRACY1 COMMUNISM & AN>*Y1 ALL ( !M UNABLE TO REALIZE !MSELVES 9 ! PURITY ( !IR CONCEPTS1 >E OBLIG$ TO COMPLEM5T ONE ANO!R BY MUTUAL BORR[+S4 

,!RE IS SURELY SOME?+ H]E TO DAMP5 ! 9TOL]ANCE ( FANATICS :O CANNOT LI/5 TO A CONTR>Y OP9ION TO !IR [N )\T EXASP]ATION4 ,!Y %\LD LE>N1 !N1 POOR WRET*ES1 ?AT !Y >E !MSELVES NECESS>ILY DISLOYAL TO !IR PR9CIPLES1 ?AT !IR POLITICAL CRE$S >E TISSUES ( 9CONSI/5CIES2 & MAY ?OSE 9 P[]1 = !IR P>T1 LE>N NOT TO SEE S$ITI\S S5TIM5TS 9 ! DISCUSSION ( ALT]NATIVE MODES ( GOV]NM5T6 ,9 GRASP+ ONCE & = ALL ?AT T]MS SU* AS MON>*Y1 DEMOCRACY1 & SO ON EXPRESS M]ELY !ORETICAL CONCEPTIONS1 ! ROYALI/ WILL REMA9 CALM :5 FAC$ ) WORDS SU* AS SOCIAL CONTRACT1 POPUL> SOV]EIGNTY1 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 & SO ON2 ! DEMOCRAT1 9 HE>+ ( DYNA/IES1 ABSOLUTE P[]1 DIV9E RI<T1 WILL SMIL+LY PRES]VE HIS SANG-FROID4 ,!RE IS NO TRUE MON>*Y2 !RE IS NO TRUE DEMOCRACY4 ,MON>*Y IS ! PRIMITIVE1 PHYSIOLOGICAL1 & SO TO SPEAK PATRONYMIC =M ( ! /ATE2 IT LIVES 9 ! PEOPLE'S HE>TS1 & ATTE/S VISIBLY & =CIBLY TO ! G5]AL T5D5CY TO UNITY4 ,DEMOCRACY 9 TURN IS 9 F]M5T ALL >\ND US2 IT 5TRANCES G5]\S S\LS1 & EV]Y:]E SEIZES HOLD ( ! ELITE ( SOCIETY4 ,BUT ! DIGNITY ( \R TIME REQUIRES US TO BREAK ONCE & = ALL ) !SE ILLUSIONS1 :I* ALL TOO (T5 DEG5]ATE 9TO LIES4 ,CONTRADICTION LIES AT ! ROOT ( ALL PROGRAMS4 ,! TRIBUNES ( ! PEOPLE SWE> UNWITT+LY BY MON>*Y2 ! K+S1 BY DEMOCRACY & AN>*Y4 ,AFT] ! CORONATION ( ,NAPOLEON ,I1 ! WORDS ,FR5* ,REPUBLIC W]E LONG TO BE SE5 ON ONE FACE ( \R CO9S1 :ILE ! O!R BORE1 ) ,NAPOLEON'S PICTURE1 ! TITLE ,EMP]OR ( ! ,FR5*4 ,9 #ahc ,LAFAYETTE T]M$ ,L\IS-,PHILLIPPE'S REIGN ! BE/ ( REPUBLICS2 WAS HE NOT ALSO T]M$ ! K+ ( ! L&LORDS8 ,G>IBALDI HONOR$ ,VICTOR ,EMMANUEL AS ,LAFAYETTE HAD ,L\IS-,PHILLIPE4 ,LAT]1 9DE$1 ,LAFAYETTE & ,G>IBALDI SEEM$ TO REGRET ?IS2 BUT !IR FIR/ VIEWS >E TO BE REMEMB]$1 ESPECIALLY AS ANY RETRACTION W\LD BE DECEPTIVE4 ,NO DEMOCRAT CAN CLAIM TO BE 9NOC5T ( ALL MON>*ISM2 NO P>TISAN ( MON>*Y CAN PRIDE HIMSELF ON HIS FRE$OM FROM ALL REPUBLICANISM4 ,IT IS ! CASE ?AT S9CE DEMOCRACY HAS NOT BE5 ABLE TO REJECT ! DYNA/IC POSITION1 ANY MORE ?AN ! UNIT>Y IDEA1 ! P>TISANS ( ! TWO SY/EMS HAVE NO RI<T TO EXCOMMUNICATE ONE ANO!R1 & TOL]ANCE IS APPROPRIATE TO !M BO?4 

,:AT1 !N1 IS POLITICS1 IF IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = A SOCIETY TO F\ND ITSELF EXCLUSIVELY UPON ! PR9CIPLE :I* IT FAVORS2 IF1 :ATEV] ! LEGISLATOR MAY DO1 ANY GOV]NM5T1 :E!R IT IS CALL$ MON>*ICAL OR DEMOCRATIC1 MU/ ALWAYS COV]TLY BE A MIX$ =M1 9 :I* CONTR>Y ELEM5TS M+LE 9 >BITR>Y PROPORTIONS ACCORD+ TO CAPRICE & 9T]E/2 9 :I* ! MO/ PRECISE DEF9ITIONS LEAD 9ESCAPABLY TO CONFUSION & LAXNESS2 9 :I*1 AS A RESULT1 ALL *ANGES ( HE>T & ALL DEFECTIONS >E P]MISSIBLE1 & V]SATILITY FIGURES AS HONORABLE8 ,! WAY IS OP5 = *>LATANISM1 9TRIGUE1 TREA*]Y6 ,:AT /ATE CAN SURVIVE 9 ! MID/ ( SU* CORROSION8 ,NO SOON] IS ! /ATE BORN ?AN ITS 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS CONDEMN IT TO MORTALITY4 ,A /RANGE CREATION1 9 :I* LOGIC REMA9S P[]LESS1 :ILE 9CONSI/5CY ALONE SEEMS PRACTICAL & RATIONAL6.<#d.> 

,*APT] ,V3 ,DE ,FACTO ,GOV]NM5TS3 ,SOCIAL ,DISSOLUTION 

,S9CE MON>*Y & DEMOCRACY1 TO CONF9E MYSELF H5CE=? TO !SE TWO ALONE1 >E IDEALS D]IV+ FROM !ORY1 UNREALIZABLE 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR /RICT DEF9ITIONS1 WE >E OBLIG$ TO COME TO T]MS1 AS ,I HAVE EXPLA9$1 ) PRACTICAL COMPROMISES ( V>I\S K9DS4 ,FROM !SE 5=C$ COMPROMISES >ISE ALL EXI/+ GOV]NM5TS4 ,SU* GOV]NM5TS1 ! WORK ( EMPIRICISM1 9F9ITELY V>IABLE1 >E !RE=E ESS5TIALLY & )\T EXCEPTION COMPOSITE OR MIX$4 

,I MAY PO9T \T H]E ?AT WRIT]S HAVE MI/AK5LY 9TRODUC$ A POLITICAL ASSUMPTION AS FALSE AS IT IS DANG]\S1 9 FAIL+ TO DI/+UI% PRACTICE FROM !ORY1 ! REAL FROM ! IDEAL2 !Y HAVE PUT ON ONE PLANE PURE CONCEPTS ( GOV]NM5T ?AT >E UNREALI/ICALLY SIMPLE1 SU* AS MON>*Y & DEMOCRACY1 & DE FACTO OR MIX$ GOV]NM5TS4 ,! TRU?1 TO REPEAT1 IS ?AT GOV]NM5TS ( ! FIR/ TYPE DO NOT & CANNOT EXI/ EXCEPT 9 !ORY2 EV]Y REAL GOV]NM5T IS NECESS>ILY MIX$1 :E!R IT IS CALL$ A MON>*Y OR A DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS IS AN IMPORTANT CONSID]ATION2 IT ALONE P]MITS US TO TRACE ! C\NTLESS FRAUDS1 CORRUPTIONS1 & REVOLUTIONS ( POLITICS TO A LOGICAL ]ROR4 

,ALL V>IETIES ( EXI/+ GOV]NM5T1 9 O!R WORDS1 ALL ! POLITICAL COMPROMISES ATTEMPT$ OR PROPOS$ FROM ! MO/ ANCI5T TIMES TO \R [N DAY1 MAY BE R$UC$ TO TWO PR9CIPAL TYPES1 :I* ,I %ALL CALL1 US+ !IR CURR5T NAMES1 EMPIRE & CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y4 ,?IS CALLS = AN EXPLANATION4 

,S9CE M5 HAVE LIV$ FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ ) W> & 9EQUALITY ( WEAL?1 SOCIETY DIVIDES NATURALLY 9TO A C]TA9 NUMB] ( CLASSES3 W>RIORS OR NOBLES1 PRIE/S1 L&LORDS1 M]*ANTS1 M>9]S1 9DU/RIALI/S1 PEASANTS4 ,:]E ROYALTY EXI/S1 IT =MS A CLASS ( ITS [N1 ! HI<E/ ( ALL -- A DYNA/Y4 

,! /RUGGLE ( CLASSES AMONG ONE ANO!R1 ! OPPOSITION ( !IR 9T]E/S1 ! MANN] 9 :I* !SE 9T]E/S COALESCE1 DET]M9E ! POLITICAL REGIME1 & CONSEQU5TLY ! *OICE ( GOV]NM5T 9 ITS NUM]\S V>IETIES & YET MORE NUM]\S V>IATIONS4 ,/EP BY /EP ALL !SE CLASSES >E RESOLV$ 9TO TWO3 AN UPP] CLASS1 >I/OCRACY1 B\RGEOISIE1 OR PATRICIAN CLASS2 & A L[]1 PLEBS OR PROLET>IAT1 BETWE5 :I* IS SUSP5D$ ROYALTY1 ! ORGAN ( P[]1 ! EXPRESSION ( AU?ORITY4 ,IF ! >I/OCRACY UNITES ) ROYALTY1 ! RESULT+ GOV]NM5T WILL BE A MOD]AT$ MON>*Y1 CURR5TLY CALL$ CON/ITUTIONAL2 IF IT IS ! PEOPLE :O UNITE ) AU?ORITY1 ! GOV]NM5T WILL BE AN EMPIRE OR AUTOCRATIC DEMOCRACY4 ,M$IEVAL !OCRACY WAS A PACT BETWE5 ! PRIE/HOOD & ! EMP]OR2 ! ,CALIPHATE1 A RELIGI\S & MILIT>Y MON>*Y4 ,9 ,TIRE1 ,SIDON1 ,C>?AGE1 ROYALTY ALLI$ ITSELF ) ! M]*ANT CA/E :5 ?IS ROSE TO P[]4 ,IT SEEMS ?AT 9 ,ROME ROYALTY AT FIR/ RESPECT$ PATRICIANS & PLEBEIANS ALIKE2 !N1 :5 ! TWO CLASSES UNIT$ AGA9/ ! CR[N1 ROYALTY WAS ABOLI%$1 & ! /ATE TOOK ! NAME ( A REPUBLIC4 ,! PATRICIAN CLASS RETA9$ ITS DOM9ANCE2 BUT ?IS >I/OCRATIC CON/ITUTION WAS AS NEBUL\S AS ?AT ( ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY4 ,GOV]NM5T RE/$ UPON EXP$I5CY1 &1 :ILE ! ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY COLLAPS$ UND] ! IMPACT ( ! ,PELOPONNESIAN W>1 WORLD CONQUE/ WAS ! \TCOME ( ! S5ATE'S NE$ TO KEEP ! PEOPLE OCCUPI$4 ,:5 ! WORLD HAD BE5 PACIFI$1 CIVIL W> RAG$ BITT]LY2 TO 5D IT ! PLEBS GAVE ITSELF A LEAD]1 DE/ROY$ ! PATRICIANS & ! REPUBLIC1 & CREAT$ ! EMPIRE4 

,SURPRISE IS OCCASION$ BY ! FACT ?AT A GOV]NM5T F\ND$ BY B\RGEOIS OR PATRICIANS 9 ALLIANCE ) A DYNA/Y %\LD G5]ALLY BE MORE LIB]AL ?AN ONE F\ND$ BY ! MASSES UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( A DICTATOR OR A TRIBUNE4 ,! PH5OM5ON MAY 9DE$ SEEM ALL ! MORE SURPRIS+ 9 ?AT ! PEOPLE >E AT BOTTOM MORE 9T]E/$ 9 & MORE G5U9ELY ATTA*$ TO LIB]TY ?AN ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,BUT ?IS P>ADOX1 ! GREAT /UMBL+-BLOCK ( POLITICS1 IS EXPLA9$ BY ! SITUATION ( ! P>TIES3 9 ! CASE ( A POPUL> VICTORY1 ! PEOPLE MU/ ?9K & ACT AUTOCRATICALLY1 BUT :5 ! B\RGEOIS 5JOY SUPREMACY !Y ?9K & ACT AS REPUBLICANS4 ,LET US RETURN TO ! FUNDAM5TAL DUALISM ( AU?ORITY & LIB]TY1 & WE %ALL UND]/& ! MATT]4 

,FROM ! DIV]G5CE ( !SE TWO PR9CIPLES1 & UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( CONTR>Y PASSIONS & 9T]E/S1 TWO OPPOSITE T5D5CIES1 TWO CURR5TS ( OP9ION1 EM]GE4 ,! P>TISANS ( AU?ORITY T5D TO R$UCE ! SCOPE ( LIB]TY -- 9DIVIDUAL1 CORPORATIVE1 OR LOCAL -- AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 & BY ?IS MEANS TO EXPLOIT TO !IR [N PR(IT & AT ! EXP5SE ( ! MASS ! P[] ) :I* !Y ALLY !MSELVES4 ,! P>TISANS ( ! LIB]AL REGIME1 ON ! O!R H&1 T5D TO RE/RA9 AU?ORITY & TO CONQU] ! >I/OCRACY BY REL5TLESSLY LIMIT+ PUBLIC FUNCTIONS & ! ACTS & =MS ( P[]4 ,BECAUSE ( !IR POSITION1 BECAUSE ( ! MODE/Y ( !IR WEAL?1 ! PEOPLE SEEK EQUALITY & LIB]TY FROM GOV]NM5TS2 = ! OPPOSITE REASON1 ! L&-[N+1 F9ANCIAL1 & 9DU/RIAL PATRICIANS FAVOR A MON>*Y :I* WILL PROTECT ! GREAT 9T]E/S & SECURE ORD] = !IR [N PR(IT1 & AS A RESULT /RESS AU?ORITY AT ! EXP5SE ( LIB]TY4 

,?US ALL EXI/+ GOV]NM5TS1 :ATEV] !IR MOTIVES & H[EV] CIRCUMSPECT !Y MAY BE1 FALL UND] ONE OR O!R ( !SE TWO HEAD+S3 ! SUBORD9ATION ( AU?ORITY TO LIB]TY1 OR ! SUBORD9ATION ( LIB]TY TO AU?ORITY4 

,BUT ! SAME CAUSE :I* SETS ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PEOPLE AGA9/ EA* O!R SOON LEADS BO? ( !M FULL CIRCLE4 ,9 ORD] TO 5SURE VICTORY1 DEMOCRACY1 S9CE IT IS IGNORANT ( ! REQUIREM5TS ( P[] & 9CAPABLE ( EX]CIS+ IT1 EQUIPS ITSELF ) AN ABSOLUTE LEAD]1 BE=E :OM ALL PRIVILEGES ( CA/E DISAPPE>2 ! B\RGEOISIE1 FE>+ DESPOTISM AS MU* AS IT DOES AN>*Y1 PREF]S TO CONSOLIDATE ITS POSITION BY E/ABLI%+ A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! DAY1 9DE$1 IT IS ! P>TY ) ! /RONGE/ NE$ = LIB]TY & LEGALITY ?AT CREATES ABSOLUTISM1 & ! P>TY ( PRIVILEGE :I* 9/ITUTES LIB]AL GOV]NM5T1 :I* IT PRES]VES BY RE/RICT+ POLITICAL RI<TS4 

,IT IS CLE> FROM ?IS ?AT IF ONE AB/RACTS AWAY ! ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS :I* BE> UPON ! MATT]1 !RE IS NO DIFF]5CE BETWE5 B\RGEOISIE & DEMOCRACY1 IMP]IALISM & CON/ITUTIONALISM1 OR H[EV] !SE OPPOS+ GOV]NM5TS MAY BE /YL$2 & ?AT QUE/IONS SU* AS :E!R ! REGIME ( #ahad WAS BETT] ?AN ! REGIME ( #a#h#d2 :E!R ! NATION W\LD DO WELL TO AB&ON ! #aheb CON/ITUTION = ?AT ( #a#h#c2 :E!R ! REPUBLICAN P>TY WILL M]GE ) ! ,ORLEANI/S OR ALLY ITSELF ) ! EMPIRE -- ALL SU* QUE/IONS1 ,I SAY1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( LAW & PR9CIPLE1 >E PU]ILE4 ,A GOV]NM5T1 FROM ! P]SPECTIVE GIV5 H]E1 IS TO BE MEASUR$ BY ! CONSID]ATIONS :I* SWAY IT & ! M5 :O REPRES5T IT1 & ALL !ORETICAL DISPUTES ON ?IS TOPIC >E FUTILE & CAN LEAD ONLY TO ABSURDITY4 

,! CONTRADICTIONS ( POLITICS1 ! *ANGES ( FRONT BY ! P>TIES1 ! P]PETUAL 9V]SION ( POSITIONS1 >E SO FREQU5T 9 HI/ORY & PLAY SO L>GE A P>T 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS ?AT ,I CANNOT RESI/ LABOR+ ! PO9T4 ,! DUALISM ( AU?ORITY & LIB]TY SUPPLIES ! KEY TO ALL 5IGMAS2 )\T ! AID ( ?IS PRIMORDIAL EXPLANATION1 ! HI/ORY ( /ATES W\LD BE ! DESPAIR ( ! M9D & ! SC&AL ( PHILOSOPHY4 

,! >I/OCRACY ( ,5GL& PRODUC$ ,MAGNA ,C>TA2 ! ,PURITANS PRODUC$ ,CROMWELL4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 IT IS ! B\RGEOISIE :I* =MS ! P]MAN5T BASE = ALL \R LIB]AL CON/ITUTIONS4 ,9 ,ROME1 ! PATRI>*ATE ORGANIZ$ ! REPUBLIC2 ! PLEBS GAVE BIR? TO ! CAES>S & ! PRETORIANS4 ,9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY ! ,RE=MATION WAS AT FIR/ >I/OCRATIC2 ! PEOPLE REMA9$ ,CA?OLIC OR ADOPT$ MASSES 9 ! /YLE ( ,JOHN ( ,LEYD53 IT WAS ! OPPOSITE ( :AT HAD HAPP5$ F\R HUNDR$ YE>S BE=E1 :5 ! NOBLES BURN$ ! ,ALBIG5SIANS4 ,9 ! MIDDLE AGES1 AS ,F]R>I NOTES1 H[ (T5 ,<IBELL9ES BECAME ,GUELFS1 & ,GUELFS BECAME ,<IBELL9ES6 ,9 #a#h#a#c1 ,FRANCE F\<T ON ! SIDE ( DESPOTISM1 ! ALLIES = LIB]TY1 ! PRECISE OPPOSITE ( :AT HAD HAPP5$ 9 #a#g#i#b4 ,TODAY ! ,LEGITIMI/S & ! CL]ICAL 9T]E/S SUPPORT F$]ATION2 ! DEMOCRATS BELIEVE 9 UNITY4 ,SU* EXAMPLES CANNOT BE CONCLUSIVE2 BUT ! FACT REMA9S ?AT IDEAS1 M51 & ?+S CANNOT ALWAYS BE PLAC$ 9 T]MS ( !IR NATURAL T5D5CIES & !IR ORIG9S1 ?AT ! BLUES WILL NOT ALWAYS BE BLUES1 NOR ! :ITES ALWAYS :ITES4 

,BECAUSE ( !IR 9F]IORITY & !IR DI/RESS1 ! PEOPLE WILL ALWAYS =M ! >MY ( LIB]TY & PROGRESS4 ,WORK IS REPUBLICAN BY NATURE2 TO D5Y ?IS 9VOLVES CONTRADICTION4 ,BUT BECAUSE ( !IR IGNORANCE1 ! CRUD5ESS ( !IR 9/9CTS1 ! VIOL5CE ( !IR NE$S1 & ! IMPATI5CE ( !IR DESIRES1 ! PEOPLE FAVOR =MS ( SUMM>Y AU?ORITY4 ,:AT !Y SEEK IS NOT AT ALL LEGAL GU>ANTEES1 ( :I* !Y HAVE NO IDEA1 NOR UND]/& ! P[]2 IT IS NOT AT ALL A ME*ANICAL CONTRIVANCE OR A BALANCE ( =CES1 :I* !Y SEE AS ( LITTLE ACC\NT3 IT IS A LEAD] :OSE WORD !Y CAN TRU/1 :OSE 9T5TIONS >E KN[N1 & :O IS DEVOT$ TO !IR [N 9T]E/S4 ,?IS LEAD] WILL 5JOY UNLIMIT$ AU?ORITY & IRRESI/IBLE P[]4 ,BY !IR NATURE ! PEOPLE ACCEPT AS JU/ EV]Y?+ !Y DEEM TO BE USEFUL1 LAU< AT =MALITIES1 & IMPOSE NO CONDITIONS ON ?OSE :O HOLD P[]4 ,QUICK TO SUSPECT & TO SL&]1 BUT 9CAPABLE ( ME?ODICAL DISCUSSION1 !Y BELIEVE FUNDAM5TALLY 9 NO?+ BUT HUMAN WILL2 !Y P9 !IR HOPES TO MAN1 !Y TRU/ ONLY 9 !IR [N CREATURES1 '9 PR9CES1 9 ! SONS ( M54' ,!Y EXPECT NO?+ FROM PR9CIPLES1 :I* ALONE CAN SAVE !M2 !Y DO NOT WOR%IP IDEAS4 

,?US ! PEOPLE ( ,ROME1 AFT] SEV5 C5TURIES ( A PROGRESSIVELY LIB]AL REGIME & A S]IES ( VICTORIES OV] ! PATRICIANS1 ?\<T !Y C\LD SOLVE ALL !IR PROBLEMS BY ABOLI%+ ! P>TY ( AU?ORITY &1 5L>G+ ! TRIBUNE'S FUNCTION1 !Y MADE ,CES> P]MAN5T DICTATOR1 SIL5C$ ! S5ATE1 CLOS$ D[N ! COMITIA1 & = A BU%EL ( CORN1 ANNONA1 F\ND$ IMP]IAL AUTOCRACY4 ,:AT IS REM>KABLE IS ?AT ?IS POPUL> MOVEM5T WAS G5U9ELY CONV9C$ ( ITS [N LIB]ALISM1 SUPPOS+ ?AT IT REPRES5T$ ! CAUSE ( JU/ICE1 EQUALITY1 & PROGRESS4 ,CES>'S SOLDI]S1 WOR%IP+ !IR EMP]OR1 W]E FULL ( HATE & MI/RU/ ( K+S2 IF ?OSE :O MURD]$ ! TYRANT W]E NOT SLAU<T]$ ON ! SPOT1 IT WAS ONLY BECAUSE ! NI<T BE=E ,CES> HAD BE5 SE5 SETT+ A ROYAL WREA? UPON HIS BALD BR[4 ,?US ,NAPOLEON'S 5T\RAGE1 SOMETIME ,JACOB9S1 5EMIES ( ! NOBLES1 PRIE/S1 & K+S1 CALMLY TOOK ! TITLE ( B>ON OR DUKE OR PR9CE & PLAY$ C\RTI] TO ! EMP]OR1 BUT !Y C\LD NOT =GIVE HIM = M>RY+ A ,HABSBURG PR9CESS4 

,LEFT TO !MSELVES OR L$ BY !IR TRIBUNES1 ! MASSES WILL NEV] CREATE ANY?+4 ,!Y SET !IR FACE T[>DS ! PA/2 NO TRADITION =MS AMONG !M1 !RE IS NO S5SE ( CONT9UITY1 NO IDEA :I* ACQUIRES ! =CE ( LAW4 ,!Y UND]/& NO?+ ( POLITICS BUT 9TRIGUE1 NO?+ ( GOV]NM5T BUT WA/E & =CE1 NO?+ ( JU/ICE BUT REV5GE1 NO?+ ( LIB]TY BUT ! ABILITY TO SET UP IDOLS :OM !Y DE/ROY ! NEXT DAY4 ,! ADV5T ( DEMOCRACY W\LD BEG9 AN ]A ( DECAD5CE :I* W\LD LEAD NATION & /ATE TO !IR GRAVES1 IF !Y DID NOT RESI/ ! FATE :I* ?REAT5S !M BY MEANS ( A CONTR>Y REVOLUTION1 A TOPIC TO :I* WE %ALL TURN4 

,JU/ AS ! PEOPLE1 LIV+ FROM DAY TO DAY1 )\T PROP]TY1 BUS9ESS1 OR PUBLIC EMPLOYM5T1 HAVE NO?+ TO LOSE UND] TYRANNY & SC>CELY WORRY AB\T ! PROSPECT1 SO ! B\RGEOISIE1 [N+ PROP]TY1 TRAD+ & MANUFACTUR+1 HUNGRY = L& & PATRONAGE1 HAS AN 9T]E/ 9 =E/ALL+ DISA/]S & KEEP+ P[] UND] ITS [N CONTROL4 ,ITS NE$ = ORD] LEADS IT TO LIB]AL IDEAS2 H5CE ! CON/ITUTIONS :I* IT IMPOSES UPON ITS K+S4 ,:ILE SURR\ND+ ITS PREF]R$ GOV]NM5T ) LEGAL RE/RA9TS & SUBJECT+ IT TO P>LIAM5T>Y CONTROL1 IT CONF9ES POLITICAL RI<TS TO PROP]TY-[N]S & ABOLI%ES UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE2 BUT IT KEEPS ITS H&S (F C5TRALIZ$ ADM9I/RATION1 ! BA/ION ( 9DU/RIAL ORD]4 ,IF ! SEP>ATION ( P[]S IS USEFUL TO IT 9 BALANC+ ! P[] ( ! CR[N & RE/RA9+ ! P]SONAL WILL ( ! PR9CE1 & IF A RE/RICT$ ELECTORATE IS A USEFUL DEF5SE AGA9/ POPUL> ASPIRATIONS1 C5TRALIZATION IS NO LESS PRECI\S -- FIR/LY1 = ! EMPLOYM5T :I* IT PROVIDES1 GIV+ ! B\RGEOISIE ITS %>E ( P[] & TAX REV5UES1 SECONDLY1 = MAK+ POSSIBLE ! PEACEFUL EXPLOITATION ( ! MASSES4 ,UND] A SY/EM ( C5TRALIZ$ ADM9I/RATION & RE/RICT$ SUFFRAGE1 AS LONG AS ! B\RGEOISIE RETA9S CONTROL ( GOV]NM5T ?R\< ITS VOTES1 ! LIFE ( ! LOCALITY IS SUPPRESS$ & ANY AGITATION EASILY CONTA9$2 UND] SU* A SY/EM1 ! WORK+ CLASS1 P5N$ UP 9 ITS FACTORIES1 IS 9EVITABLY CONDEMN$ TO WAGE-SLAV]Y4 ,LIB]TY EXI/S1 BUT ONLY )9 ! REALM ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 COSMOPOLITAN LIKE ITS CAPITAL CITIES2 AS = ! MASSES1 !Y >E RESIGN$ TO !IR FATE1 NOT ONLY POLITICALLY1 BUT ECONOMICALLY TOO4 

,NE$ ,I ADD ?AT ! SUPPRESSION OR MA9T5ANCE ( A DYNA/Y DOES NOT *ANGE ! SY/EM AT ALL8 ,A UNIT>Y REPUBLIC & A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y >E ONE & ! SAME ?+2 A M]E *ANGE ( NAME1 & ONE (FICIAL MORE OR LESS1 DI/+UI% ! TWO4 

,BUT IF DEMOCRATIC ABSOLUTISM IS UN/ABLE1 B\RGEOIS CON/ITUTIONALISM IS NO LESS SO4 ,! =M] IS RETROGRESSIVE1 )\T RE/RA9T1 )\T PR9CIPLES1 CONTEMPTU\S ( LAW1 HO/ILE TO LIB]TY1 DE/RUCTIVE ( ALL SECURITY & TRU/4 ,! CON/ITUTIONAL SY/EM1 ) ITS LEGAL =MS1 ITS JURIDICAL SPIRIT1 ITS MOD]ATE TEMP]AM5T1 ITS P>LIAM5T>Y RITUALS1 IS 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS NO?+ BUT A VA/ SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION & 9TRIGUE1 9 :I* POLITICS IS AT ! S]VICE ( SPECULATION1 TAX REV5UES NO?+ BUT ! CIVIL LI/ ( A CA/E1 & MONOPOLI/IC P[] ! S]VANT ( MONOPOLY4 ,! PEOPLE HAVE A DIM S5SE ( ?IS IMM5SE PLUND]2 CON/ITUTIONAL GU>ANTEES MEAN LITTLE TO !M1 & WE HAVE SE51 ESPECIALLY 9 #a#h#a#e1 ?AT !Y PREF] !IR EMP]OR1 DESPITE HIS BAD FAI?1 TO !IR LEGITIMATE K+S1 DESPITE !IR LIB]ALISM4 

,! REPEAT$ FAILURES ( DEMOCRATIC EMPIRE & B\RGEOIS CON/ITUTIONALISM 9 TURN HAVE L$ TO ! CREATION ( A ?IRD P>TY1 :I*1 MU/]+ UND] ! FLAG ( SKEPTICISM1 HOLD+ NO PR9CIPLE SACR$1 FUNDAM5TALLY & SY/EMATICALLY IMMORAL1 T5DS TO RULE 7AS HAS BE5 SAID7 LIKE A SEE-SAW1 BY RU9+ ALL AU?ORITY & ALL LIB]TY1 9 A WORD BY CORRUPTION4 ,?IS IS :AT IS CALL$ ! DOCTR9AIRE SY/EM4_<#d_> 

,BR\<T 9TO BE+ BY HATE & CONTEMPT = ! OLD P>TIES1 ?IS SY/EM GA9$ CONSID]ABLE MOM5TUM1 SU/A9$ BY GR[+ DISAPPO9TM5T1 & JU/IFI$ AFT] A FA%ION BY ! SPECTACLE ( UNIV]SAL CONTRADICTIONS4 ,IT SOON BECAME ! SECRET FAI? ( P[]1 RE/RA9$ BY MODE/Y & DECORUM FROM PR(ESS+ SKEPTICISM PUBLICLY2 BUT IT IS ! AV[$ FAI? ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ( PEOPLE :O >E NO LONG] 9HIBIT$ FROM DISPLAY+ !IR 9DIFF]5CE & :O >E PR\D ( IT4 ,AU?ORITY & LIB]TY HAV+ BE5 LO/ TO VIEW1 JU/ICE & REASON BE+ TAK5 = EMPTY WORDS1 SOCIETY IS DISSOLV$1 ! NATION COLLAPSES4 ,ALL ?AT REMA9S IS MATT] & BRUTE =CE2 ON PA9 ( MORAL DEA?1 REVOLUTION BECOMES IMM95T4 ,:AT WILL IT LEAD TO8 ,HI/ORY TELLS US ! ANSW]2 EXAMPLES MAY BE C\NT$ BY ! ?\S&4 ,! DOOM$ SY/EM WILL GIVE WAY1 ?ANKS TO ! SUCCESSION ( =GETFUL BUT 5DLESSLY R5EW$ G5]ATIONS1 TO A NEW COMPROMISE1 :I* WILL FOLL[ ! SAME C\RSE1 &1 EXHAU/$ 9 TURN & DISCR$IT$ BY ITS [N CONTRADICTIONS1 WILL COME TO ! SAME 5D4 ,& ?IS WILL CONT9UE UNTIL REASON HAS F\ND ! MEANS ( H>MONIZ+ ! TWO PR9CIPLES & ( BR++ SOCIETY 9TO EQUILIBRIUM BY COM+ TO T]MS ) ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 !M4 

,*APT] ,V,I3 ,! ,POLITICAL ,PROBLEM ,POS$3 ,! ,PR9CIPLE ( A ,SOLUTION 

,IF ! READ] HAS FOLL[$ ! ABOVE ACC\NT ) SOME C>E1 HUMAN SOCIETY %\LD APPE> TO HIM AS A FANTA/IC CREATION1 FULL ( SURPRISES & MY/]IES4 ,LET US BRIEFLY RECALL ! /EPS ( ! >GUM5T4 

A7 ,POLITICAL ORD] RE/S UPON TWO COMPLEM5T>Y1 OPPOS$1 & IRR$UCIBLE PR9CIPLES3 AU?ORITY & LIB]TY4 

B7 ,FROM !SE TWO PR9CIPLES >E D]IV$ TWO CORRESPOND+LY OPPOS$ REGIMES3 ! ABSOLUTI/ OR AU?ORIT>IAN REGIME1 & ! LIB]AL REGIME4 

C7 ,! =MS ( !SE TWO REGIMES >E NO LESS DIFF]5T1 9COMPATIBLE1 & IRRECONCILABLE ?AN !IR PR9CIPLES2 WE HAVE DEF9$ !M 9 T]MS ( TWO WORDS1 9DIVISIBILITY & SEP>ATION4 

D7 ,N[1 REASON TELLS US ?AT EV]Y !ORY MU/ UNFOLD 9 ACCORDANCE ) ITS PR9CIPLE1 ?AT EV]Y?+ ?AT EXI/S MU/ CORRESPOND ) ITS LAW4 ,LOGIC IS A NECESSITY ( LIFE AS IT IS ( ?\<T4 ,BUT PRECISELY ! CONTR>Y OCCURS 9 POLITICS3 NEI!R AU?ORITY NOR LIB]TY CAN BE REALIZ$ ALONE OR GIVE RISE TO A SY/EM F\ND$ EXCLUSIVELY UPON ITSELF2 9DE$1 ! TWO >E CONDEMN$1 9 !IR RESPECTIVE 9/ITUTIONS1 TO MAKE 5DLESS MUTUAL BORR[+S4 

E7 ,! RESULT IS ?AT 9 POLITICS FIDELITY TO PR9CIPLE BELONGS TO ! REALM ( ! IDEAL2 ?AT S9CE PRACTICE MU/ ACCEPT COMPROMISES ( EV]Y K9D1 GOV]NM5T IS R$UC$ 9 ! LA/ RESORT1 ) ALL ! GOOD WILL & VIRTUE IMAG9ABLE1 TO A HYBRID1 EQUIVOCAL ?+1 A PROMISCUITY ( RULE :I* /RICT LOGIC CONDEMNS & 9NOC5CE %R9KS FROM4 ,NO GOV]NM5T ESCAPES ?IS CONTRADICTION4 

F7 ,CONCLUSION3 S9CE >BITR>9ESS 5T]S NECESS>ILY 9TO POLITICS1 CORRUPTION SOON BECOMES ! S\L ( P[]1 & SOCIETY IS L$ )\T RE/ OR REPRIEVE ALONG ! PA? ( 9CESSANT REVOLUTION4 

,EV]Y?+ IS !RE4 ,IT IS NOT ! RESULT ( AN EVIL WILL1 OR ( SOME WEAKNESS ( \R NATURE1 OR ( A PROVID5TIAL CURSE1 OR ( A :IM ( =TUNE OR A DECREE ( FATE4 ,?+S >E ?US1 ?AT IS ALL4 ,IT IS UP TO US TO MAKE ! BE/ ( ?IS /RANGE SITUATION4 

,LET US BE> 9 M9D ?AT = EI<T ?\S& YE>S -- HI/ORICAL RECORDS REA* BACK NO FUR!R -- ALL ! V>IETIES ( GOV]NM5T1 ALL SOCIAL & POLITICAL >RANGEM5TS1 HAVE BE5 SUCCESSIVELY TRI$1 AB&ON$1 TAK5 UP AGA91 MODIFI$1 TRAVE/I$1 EXHAU/$1 & ?AT FAILURE HAS REW>D$ ! ZEAL ( RE=M]S & DISAPPO9T$ ! HOPES ( NATIONS4 ,ALWAYS ! FLAG ( LIB]TY HAS S]V$ TO DISGUISE DESPOTISM2 ALWAYS ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES HAVE SURR\ND$ !MSELVES ) LIB]AL & EGALIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS 9 ORD] TO PROTECT !IR PRIVILEGES2 ALWAYS P>TIES HAVE BE5 UNFAI?FUL TO !IR PROGRAMS1 & ALWAYS FAI? HAS GIV5 WAY TO 9DIFF]5CE & CIVIC SPIRIT TO CORRUPTION1 & /ATES HAVE BE5 RU9$ BY ! LOGIC ( ! IDEAS UPON :I* !Y HAVE BE5 F\ND$4 ,! MO/ VIGOR\S & 9TELLIG5T PEOPLES HAVE BE5 EXHAU/$ 9 ?IS WORK2 HI/ORY AMPLY RECORDS !IR /RUGGLES4 ,N[ & !N A RUN ( SUCCESSES HAS L5T /ATES ! ILLUSION ( /R5G?1 & M5 HAVE SE5 9 !M CON/ITUTIONAL EXCELL5CE & POLITICAL WISDOM :I* WAS NOT REALLY !IRS4 ,BUT :5 PEACE RETURN$1 ! VISES ( !IR SY/EMS EM]G$ = ALL TO SEE1 & !IR SUBJECTS TOOK RE/ FROM ! FATIGUE ( =EIGN W> 9 CIVIL W>4 ,HUMANITY HAS ?US GONE FROM REVOLUTION TO REVOLUTION3 EV5 ! MO/ NOTABLE & LONG-LIV$ NATIONS HAVE MA9TA9$ !MSELVES 9 ?IS WAY4 ,AMONG ALL ! GOV]NM5TS EV] KN[N & TRI$1 !RE IS NOT ONE ?AT W\LD LIVE \T ! SPAN ( MAN'S LIFE IF IT RELI$ UPON ITS [N RES\RCES4 ,:AT IS ODD IS ?AT HEADS ( /ATE & !IR M9I/]S1 ( ALL PEOPLE1 >E LEA/ CONV9C$ ( ! /ABILITY ( ! SY/EM :I* !Y /& =2 UNTIL SCI5CE TAKES OV]1 IT IS ! FAI? ( ! MASSES ?AT GOV]NM5T RE/S UPON4 ,! ,GREEKS & ,ROMANS1 :O LEFT US !IR 9/ITUTIONS & !IR EXAMPLE1 RELAPS$ 9TO DESPAIR :5 ! MO/ 9T]E/+ PO9T ( !IR DEVELOPM5T >RIV$2 & MOD]N SOCIETY SEEMS TO HAVE >RIV$ 9 TURN AT ITS H\R ( ANGUI%4 ,DO NOT HE$ ! AGITATORS :O CALL = LIB]TY1 EQUALITY1 NATIONALITY4 ,!Y KN[ NO?+2 !Y >E DEAD M5 :O CLAIM ! P[] TO MAKE ! DEAD LIVE4 ,! PEOPLE LI/5 TO !M = A :ILE1 AS !Y DO TO CL[NS & QUACKS2 !N !Y PASS ON1 ) EMPTY M9DS & DESPAIR+ SPIRITS4 

,A SURE SIGN ?AT COLLAPSE IS NE> & ?AT A NEW ]A IS SOON TO DAWN IS ?AT ! CONFUSION ( LANGUAGE & ?\<T HAS REA*$ SU* A PO9T ?AT ANYONE MAY DESCRIBE HIMSELF AT WILL AS A REPUBLICAN1 MON>*I/1 DEMOCRAT1 B\RGEOIS1 CONS]VATIVE1 DI/RIBUTIVI/1 LIB]AL -- & AS ALL !SE AT ONCE1 )\T FE> ( BE+ ACCUS$ ( DECEPTION OR ]ROR4 ,! PR9CES & B>ONS ( ! ,FIR/ ,EMPIRE HAD REVOLUTION>Y CR$5TIALS4 ,! B\RGEOISIE ( #a#h#a#d1 BLOAT$ ) ! NATION'S WEAL? -- ! ONE ?+ !Y HAD REALLY UND]/OOD 9 #a<i -- WAS LIB]AL1 EV5 REVOLUTION>Y2 #ahc MADE !M CONS]VATIVE AGA92 #ahdh MADE !M REACTION>Y1 ,CA?OLIC1 & ABOVE ALL MON>*I/4 ,CURR5TLY !Y >E REPUBLICANS ( ,FEBRU>Y :O SUPPORT ! ROYAL CAUSE ( ,VICTOR ,EMMANUEL1 :ILE ! SOCIALI/S ( ,JUNE >E ADH]5TS ( UNITY4_<#e_> 

,SOME ( ,L$RU-,ROLL9'S OLD COMRADES RALLI$ TO ! EMPIRE AS ! TRUE VEHICLE ( REVOLUTION & ! MO/ PAT]NAL =M ( GOV]NM5T2 O!RS1 IT IS TRUE1 REG>D !M AS TRAITORS1 BUT FURI\SLY ATTACK F$]ALISM4_<#f_> 

,IT IS SY/EMATIC MUDDLE1 ORGANIZ$ CONFUSION1 P]MAN5T APO/ASY1 UNIV]SAL TREA*]Y4 

,:AT WE NE$ TO KN[ IS :E!R SOCIETY CAN >RIVE AT SOME SETTL$1 EQUITABLE1 & /ABLE /ATE ( ?+S1 ACCEPTABLE TO \R REASON & \R CONSCI5CE1 OR :E!R WE >E CONDEMN$ = ALL ET]NITY TO ?IS ,IXION'S :EEL4 ,IS ! PROBLEM 9SOLUBLE8 ,A LITTLE MORE PATI5CE1 DE> READ]2 & IF ,I CANNOT SOON RESCUE Y\ FROM ?IS IMBROGLIO1 !N Y\ HAVE ! RI<T TO SAY ?AT LOGIC IS FALSE1 PROGRESS AN ILLUSION1 LIB]TY A ,UTOPIA4 ,CONS5T TO FOLL[ MY >GUM5T = A FEW M9UTES MORE1 EV5 ?\< TO ?9K AB\T SU* A ?+ IS TO RISK DECEIV+ ONESELF & WA/+ ONE'S TIME AS WELL AS ONE'S REASON4 

#a4 ,Y\ WILL NOTICE FIR/ ( ALL ?AT !SE TWO PR9CIPLES1 AU?ORITY & LIB]TY1 :I* >E AT ! ROOT ( ALL ! TR\BLE1 APPE> 9 HI/ORY 9 LOGICAL & TEMPORAL SEQU5CE4 ,AU?ORITY1 LIKE ! FAMILY1 ! FA!R1 G5ITOR1 APPE>S FIR/2 IT HAS ! 9ITIATIVE1 IT IS AFFIRMATION4 ,LIB]TY IS REFLECTIVE & COMES LAT]3 IT CRITICIZES1 PROTE/S1 CONCLUDES4 ,?IS SEQU5CE >ISES FROM ! DEF9ITION ( T]MS & FROM ! NATURE ( ?+S1 & ALL HI/ORY BE>S WITNESS TO IT4 ,IT CANNOT BE 9V]T$1 !RE IS NO?+ >BITR>Y AB\T IT4 

#b4 ,NO LESS WOR?Y ( NOTE IS ?AT ! AU?ORIT>IAN1 PAT]NAL1 MON>*IC REGIME IS MORE DI/ANT FROM ITS IDEAL TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! FAMILY1 TRIBE1 OR CITY EXP&S 9 POPULATION & T]RITORY3 ! MORE EXT5SIVE AU?ORITY IS1 ! MORE 9TOL]ABLE IT BECOMES4 ,H5CE ! CONCESSIONS :I* IT IS OBLIG$ TO MAKE TO LIB]TY4 ,CONV]SELY1 ! LIB]T>IAN SY/EM APPROA*ES ITS IDEAL MORE CLOSELY & HAS A GREAT] *ANCE ( SUCCESS TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! /ATE EXP&S 9 POPULATION & SCALE1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT RELATIONS AMONG M5 MULTIPLY & ! REALM ( SCI5CE DEVELOPS4 ,AT FIR/ ! DEM& = A CON/ITUTION IS HE>D FROM ALL SIDES2 LAT] ! DEM& WILL BE = DEC5TRALIZATION4 ,FOLL[ ?IS A LITTLE FUR!R1 & Y\ WILL SEE ! IDEA ( F$]ATION EM]GE2 ONE MAY SAY ( LIB]TY & AU?ORITY :AT ,JOHN ! ,BAPTI/ SAID ( HIMSELF & ,JESUS3 ',ILLAM OPORTET CRESC]E1 HANC AUTEM M9UI4' 

,?IS D\BLE MOVEM5T1 ( REGRESS ON ! ONE H& & PROGRESS ON ! O!R1 BO? CONV]G+ UPON A S+LE \TCOME1 RESULTS LIKEWISE FROM ! DEF9ITION ( PR9CIPLES1 FROM !IR RELATIVE POSITION & !IR ROLES4 ,H]E AGA9 !RE IS NO UNC]TA9TY1 NOT ! LEA/ ROOM = >BITR>9ESS4 ,! FACT IS EMPIRICALLY PROV$ & ( MA!MATICAL C]TA9TY2 IT IS :AT WE %ALL CALL A LAW4 

#c4 ,! RESULT ( ?IS LAW1 :I* MAY BE CALL$ A NECESS>Y ONE1 IS ?AT ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY1 :I* APPE>S FIR/ & S]VES AS MAT]IAL TO BE WORK$ UPON BY LIB]TY1 REASON1 & LAW1 GIVES WAY /EP BY /EP TO ! JURIDICAL1 RATIONALI/1 & LIB]AL PR9CIPLE4 ,! HEAD ( /ATE1 AT FIR/ 9VIOLABLE1 IRRESPONSIBLE & ABSOLUTE LIKE ! HEAD ( A FAMILY1 BECOMES RESPONSIBLE TO REASON1 ! FIR/ SUBJECT ( LAW1 & EV5TUALLY A M]E AG5T1 9/RUM5T1 OR S]VANT ( LIB]TY ITSELF4 

,?IS ?IRD PROPOSITION IS AS C]TA9 AS ! FIR/ TWO1 BEYOND ALL D\BT OR D5IAL1 & FULLY DEMON/RAT$ BY HI/ORY4 ,9 ! ET]NAL /RUGGLE BETWE5 !SE TWO PR9CIPLES ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 LIKE ! ,RE=MATION1 IS A TURN+ PO9T4 ,IT M>KS ! PO9T 9 POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T :]E LIB]TY TOOK PREC$5CE OV] AU?ORITY1 JU/ AS 9 RELIGI\S DEVELOPM5T ! ,RE=MATION M>KS ! PO9T :]E FRE$OM TOOK PREC$5CE OV] FAI?4 ,S9CE ,LU!R'S TIME BELIEF HAS EV]Y:]E BECOME REFLECTIVE2 OR?ODOXY NO LESS ?AN H]ESY CLAIMS TO JU/IFY FAI? BY REASON2 ,SA9T ,PAUL'S MAXIM1 'RATIONABILE SIT OBSEQUIUM VE/RUM' 7,LET Y\R OB$I5CE BE REASON$71 HAS BE5 9T]PRET$ BROADLY & PUT 9TO PRACTICE2 ,ROME 5T]S 9TO DEBATE ) ,G5EVA2 RELIGION T5DS TO TURN ITSELF 9TO A SCI5CE2 SUBMISSION TO ! *UR* BECOMES SUBJECT TO SO MANY CONDITIONS & RES]VATIONS ?AT ONLY ! ACCEPTANCE ( >TICLES ( FAI? M>KS (F ! ,*RI/IAN FROM ! A!I/4 ,!Y >E NOT ( ! SAME OP9ION1 ?AT IS ALL2 AS = ! RE/1 !Y RELY EQUALLY UPON ?\<T1 REASON1 & CONSCI5CE4 ,LIKEWISE1 RESPECT = AU?ORITY HAS BECOME WEAK] S9CE ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION2 DEF]5CE TO ! PR9CE'S ORD]S HAS BECOME CONDITIONAL2 ! SOV]EIGN HAS BE5 REQUIR$ TO MAKE AGREEM5TS1 TO GIVE GU>ANTEES2 ! POLITICAL MOOD HAS *ANG$2 ! MO/ F]V5T ROYALI/S HAVE DEM&$ *>T]S LIKE ,JOHN ,LACKL&'S B>ONS1 & ,MESSRS ,B]RY]1 DE ,FALL\X1 DE ,MONTALEMB]T1 & SO ON CAN CLAIM TO BE AS LIB]AL AS ! DEMOCRATS4_<#g_> ,*ATEAUBRI&1 ! B>D ( ! ,RE/ORATION1 REG>DS HIMSELF AS A PHILOSOPH] & A REPUBLICAN2 IT WAS BY AN ACT ( HIS [N FREE WILL ?AT HE *OSE TO DEF5D ALT> & ?RONE4_<#h_> ,WE KN[ :AT BECAME ( ! MILITANT ,CA?OLICISM ( ,LAM5NAIS4_<#i_> 

,:ILE AU?ORITY CRUMBLES & BECOMES MORE PREC>I\S DAY BY DAY1 LAW BECOMES MORE DET]M9ATE1 & LIB]TY1 ?\< /ILL SUSPECT1 GA9S 9 REALITY & P[]4 ,ABSOLUTISM /RUGGLES AS BE/ IT CAN BUT IS ON ITS WAY \T2 IT SEEMS ?AT ! REPUBLIC1 ALWAYS RESI/$1 SL&]$1 BETRAY$1 PROSCRIB$1 COMES CLOS] ) EA* DAY4 ,:AT CONCLUSIONS >E WE TO DRAW FROM ?IS FACT :I* IS SO CRUCIAL = POLITICAL CON/ITUTIONS8 

,*APT] ,V,I,I3 ,ISOLATION ( ! ,IDEA ( ,F$]ATION 

,S9CE 9 !ORY & 9 HI/ORY AU?ORITY & LIB]TY SUCCE$ ONE ANO!R 9 A POL> MOVEM5T2 S9CE ! =M] DECL9ES IMP]CEPTIBLY & )DRAWS1 :ILE ! LATT] EXP&S & BECOMES PROM95T2 S9CE ?IS DUAL MOVEM5T LEADS TO A SUBORD9ATION SU* ?AT AU?ORITY BECOMES PROGRESSIVELY ! 9/RUM5T ( LIB]TY2 S9CE1 9 O!R WORDS1 ! LIB]AL OR CONTRACTUAL SY/EM GA9S ! UPP] H& DAY BY DAY OV] ! AU?ORIT>IAN SY/EM1 IT IS ! IDEA ( CONTRACT ?AT WE MU/ TAKE TO BE ! PR9CIPAL IDEA 9 POLITICS4 

,:AT IS MEANT1 FIR/ ( ALL1 BY CONTRACT8 

,A CONTRACT .<,CIVIL ,CODE1 >TICLE #a#a#a.> IS AN AGREEM5T BY :I* ONE OR MORE P]SONS OBLIGE !MSELVES TO ONE OR MORE O!RS TO P]=M OR TO REFRA9 FROM SOME ACTION4 

,>TICLE #a#a#b3 ,IT IS SYNALLAGMATIC OR BILAT]AL :5 ! CONTRACT+ P>TIES UND]TAKE RECIPROCAL OBLIGATIONS4 

,>TICLE #a#a#c3 ,IT IS UNILAT]AL1 :5 ONE OR MORE P]SONS HAVE AN OBLIGATION TO ONE OR MORE O!RS1 )\T ! LATT] HAV+ ANY OBLIGATION4 

,>TICLE #a#a#d3 ,IT IS COMMUTATIVE :5 EA* ( ! P>TIES UND]TAKES TO GIVE SOME?+ :I* IS REG>D$ AS EQUAL 9 VALUE TO :AT ! O!R P>TY GIVES OR DOES 9 RETURN4 ,:5 ! B5EFITS CONSI/ 9 AN OPPORTUNITY = EA* P>TY TO GA91 OR TO LOSE1 ! \TCOME BE+ UNC]TA91 ! CONTRACT IS ALEATORY4 

,>TICLE #a#a#e3 ,A CONTRACT ( GOODWILL IS ?AT 9 :I* ONE ( ! P>TIES PROVIDES ! O!R ) A PURELY GRATUIT\S B5EFIT4 

,>TICLE #a#a#f3 ,AN ON]\S CONTRACT IS ONE :I* OBLIGES BO? P>TIES TO GIVE OR TO DO SOME?+4 

,>TICLE #a#c#g#a3 ,QUASI-CONTRACTS >E ?OSE VOLUNT>Y ACTS ( M5 :I* GIVE RISE TO AN OBLIGATION TO A ?IRD P>TY1 & SOMETIMES TO RECIPROCAL OBLIGATIONS BETWE5 TWO P>TIES4 

,TO !SE DI/9CTIONS & DEF9ITIONS 9 ! ,CODE1 :I* BE> UPON ! =MS & CONDITIONS ( CONTRACTS1 ,I %ALL ADD A FUR!R DI/9CTION REG>D+ !IR OBJECTS3 ACCORD+ TO ! NATURE ( ! ?+S :I* >E B>GA9$ = OR TO ! OBJECT :I* ONE HAS 9 VIEW1 CONTRACTS >E DOME/IC1 CIVIL1 COMM]CIAL1 OR POLITICAL4 ,IT IS ) ! LA/ ( !SE1 POLITICAL CONTRACTS1 ?AT WE %ALL BE CONC]N$4 

,! IDEA ( CONTRACT IS NOT 5TIRELY UNKN[N 9 MON>*IES1 OR 9 FAMILIES4 ,BUT 9 T]MS ( :AT WE HAVE SAID AB\T ! PR9CIPLES ( AU?ORITY & LIB]TY & !IR ROLE 9 ! =MATION ( GOV]NM5TS1 IT WILL BE CLE> ?AT !SE PR9CIPLES RELATE 9 DIFF]5T WAYS TO ! POLITICAL CONTRACT2 ! OBLIGATION UNIT+ ! MON>* TO HIS SUBJECTS1 :I* IS SPONTANE\S & UNWRITT51 >IS+ FROM FAMILY FEEL+ & P]SONAL QUALITIES1 IS A UNILAT]AL OBLIGATION1 = BY VIRTUE ( ! PR9CIPLE ( OB$I5CE ! SUBJECT IS OBLIG$ TO DO MORE = HIS PR9CE ?AN ! PR9CE = HIM4 ,! !ORY ( DIV9E RI<T /ATES EXPRESSLY ?AT ! MON>* IS RESPONSIBLE ONLY TO ,GOD4 ,IT MAY EV5 HAPP5 ?AT ! PR9CE'S CONTRACT ) ! SUBJECT DEG5]ATES 9TO A CONTRACT ( PURE GOOD WILL1 :5 HIS SUBJECTS' 9CAPACITY OR !IR IDOLATRY LEADS ! PR9CE TO TREAT HIS PEOPLE1 UNABLE TO GOV]N OR TO DEF5D !MSELVES1 AS A %EPH]D TREATS HIS %EEP4 ,IT IS EV5 WORSE :5 ! H]$IT>Y PR9CIPLE IS ADOPT$4 ,A CONSPIRATOR LIKE ! ,DUKE ( ,ORLEANS1 LAT] ,L\IS ,X,I,I1 A P>RICIDE LIKE ,L\IS ,X,I1 & AN ADULT]ESS LIKE ,M>Y ,/U>T MA9TA9 !IR RI<T TO ! ?RONE DESPITE !IR CRIMES4 ,BIR? R5D]S !M 9VIOLABLE1 & ONE MAY SAY ?AT A QUASI-CONTRACT EXI/S BETWE5 !M & ! LOYAL SUBJECTS ( ! PR9CE :OM !Y SUCCE$4 ,9 A WORD1 SIMPLY BECAUSE AU?ORITY IS PREPOND]ANT 9 ! MON>*ICAL SY/EM1 ! CONTRACT IS NOT EQUAL4 

,! POLITICAL CONTRACT DOES NOT ATTA9 ITS FULL DIGNITY & MORALITY EXCEPT :]E 7#a7 IT IS SYNALLAGMATIC & COMMUTATIVE1 7#b7 IT IS CONF9$1 9 ITS OBJECT1 )9 DEF9ITE LIMITS -- TWO CONDITIONS :I* >E HELD TO EXI/ 9 ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM1 BUT :I*1 EV5 !RE1 >E G5]ALLY ONLY A FICTION4 ,CAN ONE SAY ?AT 9 A REPRES5TATIVE & C5TRALIZ$ DEMOCRACY1 OR 9 A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y ) RE/RICT$ FRAN*ISE1 OR EV5 MORE 9 A COMMUNI/ REPUBLIC SU* AS ,PLATO'S ! POLITICAL CONTRACT B9D+ ! CITIZ5 TO ! /ATE CAN BE EQUAL & RECIPROCAL8 ,CAN ONE SAY ?AT !SE CONTRACTS1 :I* REMOVE FROM ! CITIZ5S A HALF OR TWO-?IRDS ( !IR SOV]EIGNTY & A QU>T] ( !IR PRODUCT1 >E CONF9$ )9 JU/ LIMITS8 ,IT W\LD BE CLOS] TO ! TRU? TO SAY ?AT1 AS EXP]I5CE %[S ONLY TOO (T51 CONTRACTS 9 SU* SY/EMS >E EXCESSIVE1 ON]\S1 = !Y PROVIDE NO COMP5SATION = A GOOD MANY ( ?OSE :O >E P>TIES TO !M2 & ALEATORY1 = ! PROMIS$ ADVANTAGE1 9ADEQUATE AS IT IS1 IS NOT EV5 GU>ANTE$4 

,9 ORD] = ! POLITICAL CONTRACT TO BECOME SYNALLAGMATIC & COMMUTATIVE AS ! IDEA ( DEMOCRACY REQUIRES1 9 ORD] = IT TO REMA9 )9 REASONABLE LIMITS & TO BECOME PR(ITABLE & CONV5I5T = ALL1 ! CITIZ5 :O 5T]S ! ASSOCIATION MU/ 7#a7 HAVE AS MU* TO GA9 FROM ! /ATE AS HE SACRIFICES TO IT1 7#b7 RETA9 ALL HIS LIB]TY1 SOV]EIGNTY1 & 9ITIATIVE1 EXCEPT ?AT :I* HE MU/ AB&ON 9 ORD] TO ATTA9 ?AT SPECIAL OBJECT = :I* ! CONTRACT IS MADE1 & :I* ! /ATE MU/ GU>ANTEE4 ,SO CONF9$ & UND]/OOD1 ! POLITICAL CONTRACT IS :AT ,I %ALL CALL A F$]ATION4 

,F$]ATION1 FROM ! ,LAT9 FO$US1 G5ITIVE FO$]IS1 :I* MEANS PACT1 CONTRACT1 TREATY1 AGREEM5T1 ALLIANCE1 & SO ON1 IS AN AGREEM5T BY :I* ONE OR MORE HEADS ( FAMILY1 ONE OR MORE T[NS1 ONE OR MORE GR\PS ( T[NS OR /ATES1 ASSUME RECIPROCAL & EQUAL COMMITM5TS TO P]=M ONE OR MORE SPECIFIC TASKS1 ! RESPONSIBILITY = :I* RE/S EXCLUSIVELY ) ! (FIC]S ( ! F$]ATION4.<#e.> 

,LET US CONSID] ?IS DEF9ITION MORE CLOSELY4 ,:AT IS ESS5TIAL TO & *>ACT]I/IC ( ! F$]AL CONTRACT1 & :AT ,I MO/ WI% ! READ] TO NOTICE1 IS ?AT 9 ?IS SY/EM ! CONTRACT+ P>TIES1 :E!R HEADS ( FAMILY1 T[NS1 CANTONS1 PROV9CES1 OR /ATES1 NOT ONLY UND]TAKE BILAT]AL & COMMUTATIVE OBLIGATIONS1 BUT 9 MAK+ ! PACT RES]VE = !MSELVES MORE RI<TS1 MORE LIB]TY1 MORE AU?ORITY1 MORE PROP]TY ?AN !Y AB&ON4 

,IT IS NOT SO1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! SOCIETY ( COMMON PROP]TY1 OR COMMUNISM1 AU?ORIZ$ UND] ! ,CIVIL ,CODE1 ! REPLICA 9 M9IATURE ( ALL ABSOLUTE /ATES4 ,HE :O 5T]S 9TO SU* AN ASSOCIATION1 ESPECIALLY IF IT IS A P]MAN5T ONE1 IS LOAD$ ) *A9S & SUBJECT$ TO BURD5S :I* QUITE OV]:ELM HIS P]SONAL FRE$OM4 ,IT IS ?IS ?AT MAKES SU* CONTRACTS SO R>E1 & MONA/IC LIFE ALWAYS SO 9TOL]ABLE4 ,ANY OBLIGATION1 EV5 A BILAT]AL & COMMUTATIVE ONE1 :I* REQUIRES ?OSE :OM IT B9DS TO CONTRIBUTE ALL !IR EF=TS1 TO GIVE UP !IR 9DEP5D5CE1 & TO DEVOTE !MSELVES TOTALLY TO AN ASSOCIATION IS AN EXCESSIVE OBLIGATION UNWOR?Y ( MAN OR CITIZ54 

,ACCORD+ TO !SE PR9CIPLES ! CONTRACT ( F$]ATION HAS ! PURPOSE1 9 G5]AL T]MS1 ( GU>ANTEE+ TO ! F$]AT$ /ATES !IR SOV]EIGNTY1 !IR T]RITORY1 ! LIB]TY ( !IR SUBJECTS2 ( SETTL+ !IR DISPUTES2 ( PROVID+ BY COMMON MEANS = ALL MATT]S ( SECURITY & MUTUAL PROSP]ITY2 ?US1 DESPITE ! SCALE ( ! 9T]E/S 9VOLV$1 IT IS ESS5TIALLY LIMIT$4 ,! AU?ORITY RESPONSIBLE = ITS EXECUTION CAN NEV] OV]:ELM ! CON/ITU5T MEMB]S2 ?AT IS1 ! F$]AL P[]S CAN NEV] EXCE$ 9 NUMB] & SIGNIFICANCE ?OSE ( LOCAL OR PROV9CIAL AU?ORITIES1 JU/ AS ! LATT] CAN NEV] \TWEI< ! RI<TS & PR]OGATIVES ( MAN & CITIZ54 ,IF IT W]E O!RWISE1 ! COMMUNITY W\LD BECOME COMMUNI/IC2 ! F$]ATION W\LD REV]T TO C5TRALIZ$ MON>*Y2 ! F$]AL AU?ORITY1 9/EAD ( BE+ A M]E DELEGATE & SUBORD9ATE FUNCTION AS IT %\LD BE1 WILL BE SE5 AS DOM9ANT2 9/EAD ( BE+ CONF9$ TO A SPECIFIC TASK1 IT WILL T5D TO ABSORB ALL ACTIVITY & ALL 9ITIATIVE2 ! CONF$]AT$ /ATES WILL BE R$UC$ TO ADM9I/RATIVE DI/RICTS1 BRAN*ES1 OR LOCAL (FICES4 ,?US TRANS=M$1 ! BODY POLITIC MAY BE T]M$ REPUBLICAN1 DEMOCRATIC1 OR :AT Y\ WILL2 IT WILL NO LONG] BE A /ATE CON/ITUT$ BY A PL5ITUDE ( AUTONOMIES1 IT WILL NO LONG] BE A CONF$]ATION4 ,! SAME WILL HOLD1 ) EV5 GREAT] =CE1 IF = REASONS ( FALSE ECONOMY1 AS A RESULT ( DEF]5CE1 OR = ANY O!R REASON ! F$]AT$ T[NS1 CANTONS OR /ATES *>GE ONE AMONG !IR NUMB] ) ! ADM9I/RATION & GOV]NM5T ( ! RE/4 ,! REPUBLIC WILL BECOME UNIT>Y1 NOT F$]AL1 & WILL BE ON ! ROAD TO DESPOTISM4.<#f.> 

,9 SUMM>Y1 ! F$]AL SY/EM IS ! CONTR>Y ( HI]>*Y OR ADM9I/RATIVE & GOV]NM5TAL C5TRALIZATION :I* *>ACT]IZES1 TO AN EQUAL EXT5T1 DEMOCRATIC EMPIRES1 CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*IES1 & UNIT>Y REPUBLICS4 ,ITS BASIC & ESS5TIAL LAW IS ?IS3 9 A F$]ATION1 ! P[]S ( C5TRAL AU?ORITY >E SPECIALIZ$ & LIMIT$ & DIM9I% 9 NUMB]1 9 DIRECTNESS1 & 9 :AT ,I MAY CALL 9T5SITY AS ! CONF$]ATION GR[S BY ! ADHESION ( NEW /ATES4 ,9 C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5TS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! P[]S ( ! SUPREME AU?ORITY MULTIPLY1 EXT5D1 & BECOME MORE DIRECT1 BR++ ! BUS9ESS ( PROV9CES1 T[NS1 CORPORATIONS1 & 9DIVIDUALS UND] ! JURISDICTION ( ! PR9CE1 AS A DIRECT FUNCTION ( T]RITORIAL SCALE & ! SIZE ( ! POPULATION4 ,H5CE >ISES ?AT SUPPRESSION ( ALL LIB]TIES1 COMMUNAL & PROV9CIAL1 & EV5 9DIVIDUAL & NATIONAL4 

,ONE RESULT ( ?IS1 TO CONCLUDE ?IS *APT]1 IS ?AT S9CE ! UNIT>Y SY/EM IS ! CONTR>Y ( ! F$]AL SY/EM1 A CONF$]ATION ( GREAT MON>*IES1 OR EV5 MORE ( DEMOCRATIC EMPIRES1 IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,/ATES SU* AS ,FRANCE1 ,AU/RIA1 ,5GL&1 ,RUSSIA1 OR ,PRUSSIA MAY MAKE TREATIES ( ALLIANCE OR TRADE AMONG !MSELVES2 BUT !Y RESI/ F$]ALIZATION BECAUSE !IR PR9CIPLES >E CONTR>Y TO IT & WILL SET !M AGA9/ ANY F$]AL COMPACT1 & BECAUSE !Y W\LD HAVE TO AB&ON SOME P>T ( !IR SOV]EIGNTY & RECOGNIZE AN >BIT] SET ABOVE !M1 AT LEA/ = C]TA9 MATT]S4 ,!IR NATURE IS TO COMM&1 NOT TO COMPROMISE OR TO OBEY4 ,! PR9CES :O 9 #a#h#a#c1 SUPPORT$ BY MASS UPRIS+S1 F\<T = ! FRE$OM ( ,EUROPE AGA9/ ,NAPOLEON & LAT] =M$ ! ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE DID NOT =M A F$]ATION2 !IR ABSOLUTISM PREV5T$ !M FROM ACCEPT+ SU* A TITLE4 ,!Y =M$1 AS 9 #a#g#i#b1 A COALITION2 HI/ORY GIVES !M NO O!R NAME4_<#a_> 

,IT IS O!RWISE ) ! ,G]MAN CONF$]ATION1 CURR5TLY ON ! ROAD TO RE=M1 & :OSE *>ACT]I/ICS ( FRE$OM & NATIONALITY PROMISE EV5TUALLY TO DE/ROY ! DYNA/IES :O IMP$E IT4.<#g.> 

,*APT] ,V,I,I,I3 ,A ,PROGRESSIVE ,CON/ITUTION 

,HI/ORY & ANALYSIS1 !ORY & OBS]VATION HAVE L$ US ?R\< ! /RUGGLES ( LIB]TY & P[] TO ! IDEA ( A POLITICAL CONTRACT4 

,9 AT ONCE APPLY+ ?IS IDEA & TRY+ TO COME TO T]MS ) IT WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ! SOCIAL CONTRACT P> EXCELL5CE IS A F$]AL CONTRACT1 :I* WE DEF9E AS FOLL[S3 A BILAT]AL & COMMUTATIVE CONTRACT CONC]N+ ONE OR MORE SPECIFIC OBJECTS1 HAV+ AS ITS NECESS>Y CONDITION ?AT ! CONTRACT+ P>TIES RETA9 MORE SOV]EIGNTY & A GREAT] SCOPE ( ACTION ?AN !Y GIVE UP4 

,?IS IS JU/ ! OPPOSITE ( :AT TAKES PLACE 9 ! OLD MON>*ICAL1 DEMOCRATIC1 OR CON/ITUTIONAL SY/EMS1 :]E1 ?ANKS TO ! LOGIC ( SITUATION & PR9CIPLE1 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS >E HELD TO HAVE GIV5 UP ALL !IR SOV]EIGNTY TO AN IMPOS$ OR ELECT$ AU?ORITY1 ! RI<TS :I* !Y GA9 & ! SECURITY & 9DEP5D5CE :I* !Y RETA9 BE+ \TWEI<$ BY !IR NEW BURD5S & DUTIES4 

,?IS DEF9ITION ( ! CONTRACT ( F$]ATION IS AN IMM5SE /EP =W>D & WILL GIVE US ! SOLUTION :I* WE HAVE S\<T = SO LONG4 

,AS WE SAID 9 *APT] #a1 ! POLITICAL PROBLEM1 R$UC$ TO ITS SIMPLE/ EXPRESSION1 IS ?AT ( F9D+ AN EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 TWO CONTR>Y ELEM5TS1 AU?ORITY & LIB]TY4 ,ANY ]ROR 9 BALANC+ ! TWO LEADS AT ONCE TO ! DISORD] & RU9 ( ! /ATE & ! OPPRESSION & DI/RESS ( ! PEOPLE4 ,9 O!R WORDS ! ANOMALIES & DI/URBANCES ( SOCIETY >ISE FROM CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 ITS PR9CIPLES & WILL VANI% :5 ITS PR9CIPLES >E H>MONIZ$ 9 SU* A MANN] ?AT !Y CAN DAMAGE ONE ANO!R NO LONG]4 

,TO BALANCE TWO =CES IS TO SUBMIT !M TO A LAW :I*1 OBLIG+ EA* TO RESPECT ! O!R BR+S !M 9TO AGREEM5T4 ,:AT WILL SUPPLY US ) ?IS NEW ELEM5T1 SUP]IOR TO BO? AU?ORITY & LIB]TY1 & ACQUIR+ PREEM95CE ) ! CONS5T ( BO?8 -- ! CONTRACT1 :OSE T]MS E/ABLI% RI<T1 & BE> EQUALLY UPON TWO CONT5D+ =CES4.<#h.> 

,BUT 9 A CONCRETE & LIV+ REALITY SU* AS SOCIETY1 RI<T CANNOT BE ONLY AN AB/RACT NOTION1 A NEBUL\S ASPIRATION1 SOME?+ :I* W\LD PLUNGE US 9TO FICTION & MY?4 ,TO F\ND A SOCIETY REQUIRES NOT M]ELY AN IDEA BUT A JURIDICAL ACT1 ! MAK+ ( A REAL CONTRACT4 ,! M5 ( #a<i GRASP$ ?IS1 9 UND]TAK+ TO GIVE ,FRANCE A CON/ITUTION1 & ALL ! REGIMES :I* HAVE SUCCE$$ !M HAVE TAK5 ! SAME VIEW4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ?\< ! 9T5TION WAS GOOD1 !IR UND]/&+ WAS 9ADEQUATE2 UNTIL N[1 !RE HAS BE5 NO NOT>Y TO WITNESS ! CONTRACT4 ,WE KN[ :AT ! SPIRIT ( ! CONTRACT MU/ BE2 LET US N[ EXAM9E ! LETT] ( IT 9 DETAIL4 

,ALL ! >TICLES ( A CONTRACT MAY BE R$UC$ TO ONE1 ?AT :I* CONC]NS ! ROLE & JURISDICTION ( ?AT GREAT FUNCTION>Y CALL$ ! /ATE4 ,\R NATIONAL ASSEMBLIES HAVE VI$ ) ONE ANO!R 9 DI/+UI%+ & SEP>AT+ P[]S OR ! /ATE'S FACULTIES ( ACTION2 AS = ! JURISDICTION ( ! /ATE AS SU*1 ITS SCOPE1 ITS OBJECT1 NO ONE SEEMS TO HAVE WORRI$ MU* AB\T ! MATT]4 ,M5 HAVE DREAM$ ( %>+1 AS A M9I/] NAIVELY SAID 9 #a#h#d#h2 AS = ! ?+ TO BE %>$1 ! BIGG]1 IT SEEMS1 ! BETT]4 ,& YET ! LIMITATION ( ! ROLE ( ! /ATE IS A QUE/ION ( LIFE & DEA? = LIB]TY1 :E!R COLLECTIVE OR 9DIVIDUAL4 

,! CONTRACT ( F$]ATION1 :OSE ESS5CE IS ALWAYS TO RES]VE MORE P[]S = ! CITIZ5 ?AN = ! /ATE1 & = MUNICIPAL & PROV9CIAL AU?ORITIES ?AN = ! C5TRAL P[]1 IS ! ONLY ?+ ?AT CAN SET US ON ! RI<T PA?4 

,9 A FREE SOCIETY1 ! ROLE ( ! /ATE OR GOV]NM5T IS ESS5TIALLY ?AT ( LEGISLAT+1 9/ITUT+1 CREAT+1 BEG9N+1 E/ABLI%+2 AS LITTLE AS POSSIBLE %\LD IT BE EXECUTIVE4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! T]M EXECUTIVE P[]1 :I* IS US$ TO DESIGNATE ONE ( ! ASPECTS ( SOV]EIGNTY1 HAS MADE A NOTABLE CONTRIBUTION TO ]ROR4 ,! /ATE IS NOT AN 5TREPR5EUR 9 ! PUBLIC SECTOR1 TO BE CONFUS$ ) ! CONTRACTORS :O P]=M PUBLIC WORKS4 ,:E!R IT COMM&S1 ACTS1 OR SUP]VISES1 ! /ATE IS ! 9ITIATOR & ULTIMATE DIRECTOR ( *ANGE2 IF FROM TIME TO TIME IT 9VOLVES ITSELF 9 TASKS DIRECTLY1 IT DOES SO BY WAY ( DEMON/RATION1 TO MAKE A />T & TO SET AN EXAMPLE4 ,ONCE A BEG9N+ HAS BE5 MADE1 ! MA*9]Y E/ABLI%$1 ! /ATE )DRAWS1 LEAV+ ! EXECUTION ( ! NEW TASK TO LOCAL AU?ORITIES & CITIZ5S4 

,! /ATE E/ABLI%ES WEI<TS & MEASURES1 PRESCRIBES ! UNITS1 VALUE1 & DIVISIONS ( CURR5CY4 ,ONCE ! MODEL HAS BE5 PROVID$1 ! FIR/ ISSUE COMPLET$1 ! MANUFACTURE ( GOLD & SILV] & COPP] CO9S CEASES TO BE A PUBLIC FUNCTION1 A TASK ( ! /ATE1 A M9I/]IAL P[]2 IT IS AN 9DU/RY LEFT TO ! T[NS1 & !RE IS NO?+ ?AT REQUIRES IT TO BE ANY LESS FREE ?AN ! MANUFACTURE ( SCALES1 WEI<+-MA*9ES1 B>RELS1 OR BOTTLES4 ,?AT IT %\LD BE DONE *EAPLY IS ALL ?AT MATT]S4 ,:AT IS REQUIR$1 9 ,FRANCE1 = GOLD & SILV] CURR5CY TO MA9TA9 ITS /&+8 ,SIMPLY ?AT CO9S %\LD CONTA9 NO MORE ?AT ONE-T5? ALLOY4 ,?AT !RE %\LD BE AN 9SPECTOR TO SUP]VISE ITS MANUFACTURE1 ,I ADMIT2 BUT ! ROLE ( ! /ATE EXT5DS NO FUR!R ?AN ?AT4 

,:AT ,I HAVE SAID ( CURR5CY ,I W\LD REPEAT ( A :OLE HO/ ( S]VICES :I* HAVE QUITE WRONGLY BE5 PLAC$ 9 ! H&S ( GOV]NM5T3 ROADS1 CANALS1 TOBACCO LIC5S+1 ! PO/AL S]VICE1 TELEGRAPHS1 RAILWAYS1 & SO ON4 ,I UND]/&1 ,I ADMIT1 ,I 9SI/ ?AT ! /ATE MU/ 9T]V5E 9 ALL SU* MAJOR PUBLIC UTILITIES2 BUT ,I CANNOT SEE ANY NE$ TO LEAVE !M 9 ! H&S ( ! /ATE ONCE !Y HAVE BE5 9ITIAT$4 ,SU* A CONC5TRATION1 AS F> AS ,I CAN SEE1 AM\NTS TO TRULY EXCESSIVE P[]4 ,9 #ahdh ,I CALL$ = ! /ATE TO 9T]V5E 9 E/ABLI%+ NATIONAL BANKS1 CR$IT1 SAV+S1 & 9SURANCE 9/ITUTIONS1 AS IT HAD DONE 9 ! CASE ( RAILWAYS4 ,IT NEV] 5T]$ MY HEAD ?AT ONCE ! /ATE HAD COMPLET$ ITS TASK ( CREATION IT W\LD /AY 9 ! BANK+1 9SURANCE1 & TRANSPORTATION BUS9ESS4 ,TRUE1 ! ORGANIZATION ( PUBLIC $UCATION CALLS = A MAJOR EF=T BY C5TRAL AU?ORITY1 BUT NEV]!LESS ,I BELIEVE 9 ! CAUSE ( FRE$OM 9 $UCATION1 AS ( ALL FRE$OMS4.<#i.> 

,I WI% ! S*OOL TO BE NO LESS /RICTLY SEP>AT$ FROM ! /ATE ?AN ! *UR*4 ,?AT !RE %\LD BE AN ACC\NT+ (FICE1 EV5 A BUREAU ( /ATI/ICS1 TO ASSEMBLE1 *ECK1 & CLASSIFY ! F9ANCIAL DATA ( ! :OLE REPUBLIC1 ALL WELL & GOOD4 ,BUT :Y %\LD ALL EXP5SES & REV5UES PASS ?R\< ! H&S ( A TREASUR]1 A S+LE COLLECTOR & PAYMA/]1 A M9I/] ( ! /ATE1 :5 BY ! NATURE ( ITS FUNCTION ! /ATE %\LD HAVE LITTLE OR NO S]VICE TO P]=M1 !RE=E LITTLE OR NO EXP5SE8.<#a.> 

,IS IT REALLY NECESS>Y1 FUR!RMORE1 ?AT ! C\RTS %\LD BE SUBORD9ATE TO C5TRAL AU?ORITY8 ,ADM9I/]+ JU/ICE HAS BE5 S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( TIME ! HI<E/ P[] ( ! PR9CE1 9DE$2 BUT ?IS P[] IS A VE/IGE ( DIV9E RI<T & CANNOT BE CLAIM$ BY A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*1 /ILL LESS BY AN EMP]OR ELECT$ BY UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 ,?US FROM ! MOM5T ?AT ! IDEA ( RI<T BECOMES HUMAN ONCE MORE & ACQUIRES PREEM95CE 9 ! POLITICAL ORD]1 ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! JUDICI>Y WILL NECESS>ILY BE IMPLI$4 ,JU/ICE WILL NO LONG] BE SE5 AS A P[] ( C5TRAL OR F$]AL AU?ORITY2 IT CAN BE NO MORE ?AN A DELEGATION BY ! CITIZ5S TO MUNICIPAL AU?ORITY1 OR PROV9CIAL AT MO/4 ,JU/ICE IS A HUMAN P[] :I* NO REASON ( /ATE CAN CANCEL4 ,NOR DO ,I EXCEPT EV5 MILIT>Y S]VICE FROM ?IS >GUM5T2 MILITIAS1 >MORIES1 & =TS PASS 9TO ! H&S ( F$]AL AU?ORITIES ONLY 9 TIME ( W>1 & ONLY = ! PURPOSES ( W>2 O!RWISE1 SOLDI]S & >MS REMA9 UND] ! CONTROL ( LOCAL AU?ORITIES4.<#a#a.> 

,9 A PROP]LY ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY1 EV]Y?+ MU/ BE 9 CONT9U\S GR[? -- SCI5CE1 9DU/RY1 WORK1 WEAL?1 PUBLIC HEAL?2 LIB]TY & MORALITY MU/ FOLL[ ! SAME PA?4 ,!IR MOVEM5T1 !IR LIFE1 DOES NOT CEASE = A MOM5T4 ,AS ! PR9CIPAL ORGAN ( ?IS MOVEM5T1 ! /ATE IS ALWAYS ACTIVE2 = NEW NE$S TO BE SATISFI$1 NEW PROBLEMS TO SOLVE1 NEV] CEASE TO EM]GE4 ,IF ITS FUNCTION AS PRIME MOV] & G5]AL DIRECTOR IS CONT9U\S1 ITS WORK1 H[EV]1 IS NOT REPETITIVE4 ,IT IS ! HI<E/ EXPRESSION ( PROGRESS4 ,:AT HAPP5S IF1 AS IS ALMO/ EV]Y:]E ! CASE1 ! /ATE CONT9UES TO PROVIDE ! S]VICES IT HAS CREAT$ & SUCCUMBS TO ! TEMPTATIONS ( MONOPOLY8 ,IT EX*ANGES ! F\ND]'S ROLE = ?AT ( A ME*ANIC2 IT IS NO LONG] ! SPIRIT ( ! COMMUNITY1 GIV+ IT LIFE1 DIRECT+ & 5RI*+ IT1 )\T IMP$+ IT2 IT BECOMES A VA/ LIMIT$ COMPANY1 ) SIX HUNDR$ ?\S& EMPLOYES & SIX HUNDR$ ?\S& SOLDI]S1 READY = EV]Y TASK1 & 9/EAD ( COM+ TO ! NATION'S AID1 9/EAD ( S]V+ ITS CITIZ5S & COMMUNITIES1 IT EXPROPRIATES & CRU%ES !M4 ,SOON CORRUPTION1 EMBEZZLEM5T1 & LAXNESS 5T] 9TO ! SY/EM2 ABSORB$ 9 MA9TA9+ ITSELF1 EXT5D+ ITS PR]OGATIVES1 MULTIPLY+ ITS TASKS1 & SWELL+ ITS BUDGET1 P[] LOSES SI<T ( ITS TRUE ROLE & COLLAPSES 9TO AUTOCRACY & IMMOBILITY2 SOCIETY IS ! VICTIM1 & ! NATION1 CONTR>Y TO ITS HI/ORIC LAW1 BEG9S TO DECL9E4 

,HAVE WE NOT SE51 9 ,*APT] ,V,I1 ?AT AU?ORITY & LIB]TY FOLL[ 9 LOGICAL & TEMPORAL SUCCESSION 9 ! EVOLUTION ( /ATES2 ?AT1 MOREOV]1 ! FIR/ IS 9 CONT9U\S DECL9E1 ! SECOND 9 ! ASC5DANT2 ?AT GOV]NM5T1 ! ORGAN ( AU?ORITY1 IS IMP]CEPTIBLY SUBORD9AT$ TO ! REPRES5TATIVES OR ORGANS ( LIB]TY -- ?AT IS1 ! C5TRAL P[] TO ! REPRES5TATIVES ( DEP>TM5TS OR PROV9CES1 PROV9CIAL AU?ORITY TO ! DELEGATES ( T[N%IPS1 & MUNICIPAL AU?ORITY TO ITS 9HABITANTS2 ?AT LIB]TY ?US ASPIRES TO MAKE ITSELF P>AM\NT1 AU?ORITY TO MAKE ITSELF ! S]VANT ( LIB]TY1 & ?AT ! CONTRACTUAL PR9CIPLE T5DS TO SUB/ITUTE ITSELF EV]Y:]E = ! AU?ORIT>IAN PR9CIPLE 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS8 

,IF ?IS IS TRUE1 ! CONSEQU5CE CANNOT BE 9 D\BT4 ,S9CE1 ACCORD+ TO ! NATURE ( ?+S & ! PLAY ( PR9CIPLES1 AU?ORITY RETREATS & LIB]TY ADVANCES1 9 SU* A WAY ?AT CONFLICT BETWE5 !M IS AVOID$1 SOCIETY'S CON/ITUTION IS ESS5TIALLY PROGRESSIVE1 OR 9CREAS+LY LIB]AL1 & ITS GOAL CANNOT BE REALIZ$ EXCEPT 9 A SOCIETY :OSE GOV]N+ HI]>*Y IS NO LONG] IMPOS$ FROM ! TOP D[N BUT RE/S SECURELY ON ITS BASE -- ?AT IS1 A F$]AL SY/EM4 

,! :OLE SCI5CE ( CON/ITUTIONS IS H]E4 ,I %ALL SUMM>IZE IT 9 ?REE PROPOSITIONS4 

#a4 ,=M GR\PS ( A MODE/ SIZE1 9DIVIDUALLY SOV]EIGN1 & UNITE !M BY A F$]AL PACT4 

#b4 ,)9 EA* F$]AT$ /ATE ORGANIZE GOV]NM5T ON ! PR9CIPLE ( ORGANIC SEP>ATION2 ?AT IS1 SEP>ATE ALL P[]S ?AT CAN BE SEP>AT$1 DEF9E EV]Y?+ ?AT CAN BE DEF9$1 DI/RIBUTE :AT HAS BE5 SEP>AT$ & DEF9$ AMONG DI/9CT ORGANS & FUNCTION>IES2 LEAVE NO?+ UNDIVID$2 SUBJECT PUBLIC ADM9I/RATION TO ALL ! CON/RA9TS ( PUBLICITY & CONTROL4 

#c4 ,9/EAD ( ABSORB+ ! F$]AT$ /ATES & PROV9CIAL & MUNICIPAL AU?ORITIES )9 A C5TRAL AU?ORITY1 R$UCE ! ROLE ( ! C5T] TO ?AT ( G5]AL 9ITIATION1 ( PROVID+ GU>ANTEES & SUP]VIS+1 & MAKE ! EXECUTION ( ITS ORD]S SUBJECT TO ! APPROVAL ( ! F$]AT$ GOV]NM5TS & !IR RESPONSIBLE AG5TS -- JU/ AS1 9 A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y1 EV]Y ORD] BY ! K+ MU/ BE C\NT]SIGN$ BY A M9I/] 9 ORD] TO BECOME EFFECTIVE4 

,C]TA9LY1 ! SEP>ATION ( P[]S AS PRACTIC$ UND] ! #ahc ,*>T] WAS A F9E & V]Y SIGNIFICANT 9/ITUTION1 BUT IT IS *ILDI% TO CONF9E ! PR9CIPLE TO ! MEMB]S ( A CAB9ET4 ,! GOV]NM5T ( A NATION IS NOT TO BE %>$ AMONG SEV5 OR EI<T ELECT$ (FICIALS DRAWN FROM A P>LIAM5T>Y MAJORITY & CRITICIZ$ BY ! OPPOSITION1 BUT AMONG ! PROV9CES & T[N%IPS2 O!RWISE POLITICAL LIFE AB&ONS ! P]IPH]Y = ! C5T]1 & COLLAPSE OV]COMES A HYDROCEPHAL\S NATION4 

,! F$]AL SY/EM IS APPLICABLE TO ALL NATIONS & ALL AGES1 = HUMANITY IS PROGRESSIVE 9 EA* ( ITS G5]ATIONS & PEOPLES2 ! POLICY ( F$]ATION1 ESS5TIALLY ! POLICY ( PROGRESS1 CONSI/S 9 RUL+ EV]Y PEOPLE1 AT ANY GIV5 MOM5T1 BY DECREAS+ ! SWAY ( AU?ORITY & C5TRAL P[] TO ! PO9T P]MITT$ BY ! LEVEL ( CONSCI\SNESS & MORALITY4 

,*APT] ,I,X3 ,:AT ,HAS ,DELAY$ ,F$]ATION2 ,FACTORS ,H9D]+ ! ,IDEA 

,! IDEA ( F$]ATION APPE>S TO BE AS ANCI5T AS ! IDEAS ( MON>*Y & DEMOCRACY1 AS OLD AS AU?ORITY & LIB]TY !MSELVES4 ,H[ C\LD IT BE O!RWISE8 ,EV]Y?+ PRODUC$ 9 SOCIETY OV] TIME BY ! LAW ( PROGRESS HAS ITS ROOTS 9 NATURE ITSELF4 ,CIVILIZATION ADVANCES 5VELOP$ BY ITS PR9CIPLES1 ITS IDEAS 9 PROCESSION BE=E & AFT]1 & 5CIRCL+ IT CEASELESSLY4 ,F\ND$ UPON CONTRACT1 ! SOLEMN EXPRESSION ( LIB]TY1 F$]ATION C\LD NEV] FAIL TO APPEAL TO MAN4 ,MORE ?AN TWELVE C5TURIES BE=E ,*RI/1 IT APPE>$ AMONG ! ,HEBREW TRIBES1 SEP>ATE FROM ONE ANO!R 9 !IR [N VALLEYS1 BUT1 LIKE ! TRIBES ( ,I%MAEL1 UNIT$ BY A SORT ( CONTRACT ( K9%IP4 ,ONLY A LITTLE LAT] IT EM]G$ 9 ! ,AMPHICTYONIC LEAGUE1_<#a#a_> :I*1 IT IS TRUE1 WAS P[]LESS TO SUPPRESS 9T]NAL DISCORD OR TO /AVE (F CONQUE/1 OR1 EV5TUALLY1 IMP]IAL ABSORPTION BUT WAS ALL ! SAME VIVID TE/IMONY TO ! FUTURE RI<T ( M5 & TO UNIV]SAL LIB]TY4 ,WE REMEMB] /ILL ! GREAT LEAGUES ( ! ,SLAV & ,G]MAN PEOPLES1 CONT9U$ 9 MOD]N TIMES BY ! F$]AL CON/ITUTIONS ( ,SWITZ]L& & ,G]MANY1 & EV5 BY ! ,AU/RIAN ,EMPIRE1 =M$ ( NATIONS :I* >E SO HET]OG5E\S & YET1 DESPITE ALL EF=TS1 9SEP>ABLE4 ,IT IS ! F$]AL CONTRACT :I* WILL BECOME /EP BY /EP ! BASIS ( TRUE GOV]NM5T1 WILL EV]Y:]E PUT AN 5D TO ! CONTRADICTIONS ( EMPIRICISM1 ELIM9ATE >BITR>9ESS1 & E/ABLI% JU/ICE & PEACE UPON AN UN%AKABLE EQUILIBRIUM4 

,= C5TURIES1 ! IDEA ( F$]ATION SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 HIDD5 & HELD 9 RES]VE2 ! REASON = ?IS ECLIPSE IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! 9ITIAL 9CAPACITY ( NATIONS & ! NE$ TO =M !M BY MEANS ( /]N DISCIPL9E4 ,SU* IS ! ROLE :I* SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ASSIGN$1 BY A SORT ( SOV]EIGN DESIGN1 TO ! UNIT>Y SY/EM4 

,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO TAME & SETTLE ! FICKLE1 R\<1 UNDISCIPL9$ MULTITUDE2 TO =M ISOLAT$ & HO/ILE CITIES 9TO GR\PS2 TO F\ND BY AU?ORITY1 /EP BY /EP1 A COMMON LAW1 & TO PROMULGATE ! G5]AL LAWS ( HUMANITY 9 ! =M ( IMP]IAL DECREES4 ,?IS ALONE MU/ HAVE BE5 ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ?OSE VA/ POLITICAL /RUCTURES ( ANTIQUITY1 SUCCE$$1 9 ?IS ROLE1 BY ! ,GREEK1 ,ROMAN1 & ,FRANKI% EMPIRES1 ! ,*RI/IAN *UR*1 ,LU!R'S REBELLION1 & F9ALLY ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 

,F$]ATION CANNOT FULFILL ?IS 9ITIAL $UCATIONAL MISSION BECAUSE IT IS LIB]TY2 BECAUSE IT EXCLUDES ! IDEA ( CON/RA9T1 RE/+ UPON ! NOTION ( BILAT]AL1 COMMUTATIVE1 & LIMIT$ CONTRACTS2 & BECAUSE ITS OBJECT IS TO GU>ANTEE ! SOV]EIGNTY & AUTONOMY ( ! PEOPLES :OM IT UNITES1 PEOPLES :O MU/ SUFF] DOM9ATION UNTIL !Y BECOME CAPABLE ( GOV]N+ !MSELVES BY REASON4 ,S9CE CIVILIZATION IS1 9 A WORD1 PROGRESSIVE1 IT W\LD BE CONTRADICTORY TO SUPPOSE ?AT A F$]AL GOV]NM5T C\LD HAVE >IS5 AT ! BEG9N+4 

,ANO!R REASON = ! TEMPOR>Y ECLIPSE ( ! F$]AL PR9CIPLE IS SUPPLI$ BY ! WEAK EXPANSIVE T5D5CY ( /ATES GA!R$ UND] F$]AL CON/ITUTIONS4 

,! NATURAL LIMITS ( F$]AL /ATES4 -- ,WE HAVE SE5 9 ,*APT] ,I,I ?AT MON>*Y1 BY ITS [N NATURE & ?AT ( ITS PR9CIPLE1 KN[S NO LIMITS TO ITS [N EXPANSION1 & ?AT ! SAME GOES = DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS EXPANSIVE P[] HAS BE5 TRANSMITT$ FROM ! SIMPLE A PRIORI GOV]NM5TS TO ! MIX$ OR DE FACTO TYPES1 SU* AS DEMOCRACIES & >I/OCRACIES1 DEMOCRATIC EMPIRES & CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*IES1 :I* HAVE ALL REMA9$ FAI?FUL 9 ?IS RESPECT TO !IR IDEAL4 ,FROM ?IS >ISE MESSIANIC VISIONS & MANY ATTEMPTS TO =M UNIV]SAL MON>*IES OR REPUBLICS4 

,9 !SE SY/EMS !RE IS NO 5D TO ! PROCESS ( ASSIMILATION2 ONE MAY SAY ?AT H]E ! IDEA ( A NATURAL FRONTI] IS A FICTION1 OR1 BETT]1 A POLITICAL FRAUD2 RIV]S1 M\NTA9S1 & SEAS >E NO LONG] CONSID]$ AS T]RITORIAL LIMITS BUT AS OB/ACLES :I* ! LIB]TY ( K+ & NATION MU/ OV]COME4 ,! LOGIC ( !IR PR9CIPLES1 MOREOV]1 REQUIRES ?IS2 ! P[] TO POSSESS1 ACCUMULATE1 COMM&1 & EXPLOIT IS 9DEF9ITE1 IT KN[S NO B\NDS BUT ! UNIV]SE4 ,! MO/ NOT$ EXAMPLE ( ! ASSIMILATION ( REGIONS & PEOPLES1 DESPITE ! M\NTA9S1 RIV]S1 =E/S1 SEAS1 & DES]TS1 IS ?AT ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 ) ITS C5T] & CAPITAL 9 A P59SULA SURR\ND$ BY A L>GE SEA1 & ITS PROV9CES AS F>-FLUNG AS ITS >MIES & TAX-COLLECTORS C\LD REA*4 

,EV]Y /ATE IS ANNEXATIONI/ BY NATURE4 ,NO?+ /OPS ITS AGGRESSIVE M>*1 UNLESS IT CONFRONTS ANO!R /ATE1 LIKEWISE AN AGGRESSOR & CAPABLE ( DEF5D+ ITSELF4 ,! MO/ >D5T APO/LES ( NATIONALITY FALL 9TO CONTRADICTIONS :5 ! 9T]E/ OR1 EV5 MORE1 ! SECURITY ( !IR C\NTRY SO DICTATES3 :O1 AMONG ! ,FR5* DEMOCRATS1 W\LD HAVE D>$ D5\NCE ! UNION ( ,SAVOY & ,NICE8_<#a#b_> ,IT IS NOT EV5 UNKN[N ?AT ANNEXATIONS %\LD BE FAVOR$ BY ?OSE :O >E ANNEX$1 :O B>T] AWAY !IR 9DEP5D5CE & AUTONOMY4 

,IT IS O!RWISE 9 ! F$]AL SY/EM4 ,?\< CAPABLE 9DE$ ( DEF5D+ !MSELVES :5 ATTACK$1 ! ,SWISS HAVE %[N SEV]AL TIMES ?AT A CONF$]ATION IS 9CAPABLE ( CONQUE/4 ,AP>T FROM ! V]Y R>E CASE ( A NEI<BOR+ /ATE REQUE/+ ADMISSION TO ! PACT1 ONE MAY SAY ?AT ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( F$]ATIONS =BIDS ALL EXPANSION4 ,BY VIRTUE ( ! PR9CIPLE :I* LIMITS ! F$]AL PACT TO ! PROVISION ( MUTUAL DEF5SE & C]TA9 PURPOSES ( COMMON B5EFIT1 GU>ANTEES TO EA* /ATE ITS T]RITORY1 ITS SOV]EIGNTY1 ITS CON/ITUTION1 & ! LIB]TY ( ITS CITIZ5S1 & RES]VES TO EA* P>TY MORE AU?ORITY1 9DEP5D5CE1 & P[] ?AN IT AB&ONS1 ! CONF$]ATION RE/RA9S ITS [N GR[? ALL ! MORE SURELY TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! REGIONS :I* =M IT >E DI/ANT FROM ONE ANO!R2 & ?US ONE SOON >RIVES AT A PO9T AT :I* ! PACT LOSES ITS PURPOSE4 ,LET US SUPPOSE ?AT ONE AMONG ! CONF$]AT$ /ATES PROPOSES A C]TA9 CONQUE/1 ! ANNEXATION ( A NEI<BOR+ T[N OR NE>BY PROV9CE1 OR ?AT IT WI%ES TO M$DLE 9 ! AFFAIRS ( ANO!R /ATE4 ,NOT ONLY WILL IT NOT BE ABLE TO C\NT UPON ! SUPPORT ( ! CONF$]ATION1 :I* WILL OBJECT ?AT ! PACT WAS =M$ EXCLUSIVELY = ! DEF5SE ( ! :OLE1 NOT ! AGGR&IZEM5T ( ONE P>T2 IT W\LD F9D ITSELF ACTUALLY CON/RA9$ BY ! SOLID>ITY ( ! O!RS1 :O W\LD NOT WI% ?AT ALL %\LD GO TO W> = ! ADVANTAGE ( ONE4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! CONF$]ATION PROVIDES A GU>ANTEE TO ITS NEI<BORS AS WELL AS TO ITS [N MEMB]S4 

,CONTR>Y TO :AT TAKES PLACE 9 O!R SY/EMS1 !N1 ! IDEA ( A UNIV]SAL CONF$]ATION IS CONTRADICTORY4 ,H]E ONCE MORE WE SEE ! MORAL SUP]IORITY ( ! F$]AL OV] ! UNIT>Y SY/EM1 :I* IS SUBJECT TO ALL ! %ORTCOM+S & VISES ( ! UNDEF9$1 ! UNLIMIT$1 ! ABSOLUTE1 ! IDEAL4 ,EV5 ,EUROPE W\LD BE TOO L>GE TO =M A S+LE CONF$]ATION2 IT C\LD =M ONLY A CONF$]ATION ( CONF$]ATIONS4 ,?AT IS :Y1 9 MY LA/ BOOK1 ,I LAID D[N AS ! FIR/ /EP T[>DS ! RE=M ( PUBLIC LAW 9 ,EUROPE ! RE/ORATION ( ! CONF$]ATIONS ( ,ITALY1 ,GREECE1 ! ,NE!RL&S1 ,SC&9AVIA1 & ! ,DANUBE1 AS A PRELUDE TO ! DEC5TRALIZATION ( ! L>GE /ATES & H5CE TO G5]AL DIS>MAM5T4_<#a#c_> ,?US EA* NATIONALITY W\LD RECOV] ITS LIB]TY1 & A ,EUROPEAN BALANCE ( P[] W\LD BE A*IEV$ -- AN IDEA =ESE5 BY ALL ! POLITICAL !ORI/S & /ATESM51 BUT IMPOSSIBLE TO REALIZE AMONG GREAT P[]S ) UNIT>Y CON/ITUTIONS4.<#a#b.> 

,CONDEMN$ 9 ?IS WAY TO A PEACEFUL & MODE/ EXI/5CE1 PLAY+ A SELF-EFFAC+ ROLE UPON ! POLITICAL /AGE1 F$]ATION HAS NATURALLY BE5 OV]%AD[$1 UNTIL \R [N TIME1 BY ! MAGNIFIC5CE ( ! GREAT /ATES4 ,UNTIL \R [N TIME1 TOO1 F$]ATIONS1 NO LESS ?AN FEUDAL OR UNIT>Y MON>*IES1 HAVE SEE!D ) PREJUDICES & ABUSES ( EV]Y K9D1 >I/OCRATIC PREJUDICES1 B\RGEOIS PRIVILEGE1 ECCLESIA/ICAL AU?ORITY1 & ! PEOPLE HAVE BE5 OPPRESS$1 ! M9D 5SLAV$2 LIB]TY ?US REMA9$ 9 A /RAIT-JACKET1 & CIVILIZATION /AGNAT$ HOPELESSLY4 ,! F$]ALI/ IDEA SURVIV$1 9VISIBLE1 9COMPREH5SIBLE1 IMP5ETRABLE1 SOMETIMES ?R\< ! =CE ( RITUAL1 AS 9 ,G]MANY1 :]E ! CONF$]ATION -- A SYNONYM = ,EMPIRE -- WAS A COALITION ( ABSOLUTE PR9CES1 SOME SECUL>1 SOME ECCLESIA/ICAL1 UND] ! EGIS ( ! ,ROMAN ,*UR*2 SOMETIMES ?R\< ! =CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES1 AS 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 :]E CONF$]ATION WAS SECUR$ BY ! VALLEYS :I* DIVIDE ! C\NTRY & ! M\NTA9 *A9S :I* PROTECT IT FROM 9VASION1 ! CONQUE/ ( :I* W\LD NOT REPAY R5EW+ ,HANNIBAL'S 5T]PRISE4 ,POLITICAL VEGETATION >RE/$ 9 ITS GR[?1 (F]+ NO?+ ( VALUE TO PHILOSOPHIC ?\<T1 NO PR9CIPLES TO ! /ATESMAN1 NO HOPES TO ! MASSES -- F> FROM PROMOT+ ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ! SLI<TE/1 IT REQUIR$ TO BE GIV5 MOVEM5T & LIFE ITSELF4 

,:AT IS ( P]MAN5T HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE IS ?AT ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION EX]CIS$ ITS IMPACT UPON ALL ! EXI/+ F$]AL CON/ITUTIONS1 RE=M+ !M1 9FUS+ !M ) ITS SPIRIT1 SUPPLY+ !M ) !IR BE/ QUALITIES1 &1 9 BRIEF1 P]MITT+ !M TO EVOLVE1 )\T AS YET RECEIV+ ANY?+ FROM !M4 

,! ,AM]ICANS HAD BE5 DEFEAT$ 9 TW5TY BATTLES1 & !IR CAUSE SEEM$ LO/1 UNTIL ! ,FR5* 9T]V5TION *ANG$ ! C\RSE ( ?+S & OBLIG$ ! ,5GLI% G5]AL ,CORNWALLIS TO SURR5D] ON #ai ,OCTOB] #a#g#h#a4 ,IT WAS AS A RESULT ( ?IS BL[ ?AT ! ,5GLI% AGRE$ TO RECOGNIZE ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! COLONIES1 :I* W]E !N ABLE TO PROVIDE !MSELVES ) A CON/ITUTION4 ,& :AT W]E ! ,AM]ICANS' POLITICAL IDEAS8 ,:AT W]E ! PR9CIPLES ( !IR GOV]NM5T8 ,TRULY A JUMBLE ( PR9CIPLES1 A MONUM5T TO 9TOL]ANCE1 TO EXCLUSIV5ESS & >BITR>9ESS1 9 :I* !RE %ONE LIKE A /> ( ILL OM5 ! SPIRIT ( >I/OCRACY1 REGULATION1 SECT1 & CA/E2 IT PROVOK$ ! REBUKES ( ,FR5* POLITICAL WRIT]S & WON = ! ,AM]ICAN CAUSE SOME HUMILIAT+ REPROA*ES4 ,! LITTLE TRUE LIB]ALISM :I* P5ETRAT$ 9TO ,AM]ICA AT ?IS TIME WAS1 ONE MAY SAY1 ! WORK ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 :I* SEEM$ ON ?AT DI/ANT %ORE A PRELUDE TO ! R5EWAL ( ! OLD WORLD4 ,LIB]TY 9 ,AM]ICA HAS BE5 UNTIL N[ AN EFFECT ( ,ANGLO-,SAXON 9DIVIDUALISM1 PROJECT$ 9TO AN IMM5SE T]RITORY1 RA!R ?AN ( ITS [N 9/ITUTIONS & CU/OMS2 ! PRES5T W> DEMON/RATES ?IS ONLY TOO WELL4.<#a#c.>_<#a#d_> 

,IT WAS ! ,REVOLUTION1 TOO1 :I* WRE/$ ,SWITZ]L& AWAY FROM ITS OLD >I/OCRATIC & B\RGEOIS PREJUDICES & F\ND$ ITS CONF$]ATION ANEW4 ,9 #a#h#a1 ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,HELVETIAN ,REPUBLIC WAS REVIS$ = ! FIR/ TIME2 9 ! FOLL[+ YE> ! 9T]V5TION ( ! ,FIR/ ,CONSUL PUT AN 5D TO ! AGITATION4 ,IT W\LD HAVE PUT AN 5D TO ,SWISS NATIONHOOD1 TOO1 IF ,NAPOLEON HAD HAD ANY ?\<T ( ADD+ ,SWITZ]L& TO HIS EMPIRE4 ,BUT NO3 ',I DO NOT WANT Y\1' HE TOLD !M4 ,FROM #ahad TO #ahdh ! ,SWISS W]E PLAGU$ BY REACTION1 SO DEEPLY WAS ! IDEA ( F$]ATION CONFUS$ ) >I/OCRACY & PRIVILEGE4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL #a#h#d#h1 9 ! ,CON/ITUTION ( #ab ,SEPTEMB]1 ?AT ! TRUE PR9CIPLES ( ! F$]AL SY/EM W]E AT LA/ SET \T4 ,YET !SE PR9CIPLES W]E SO DIMLY UND]/OOD ?AT A UNIT>Y TR5D APPE>$ AS WELL1 ) ITS REPRES5TATIVES EV5 9 ! F$]AL ASSEMBLY4 

,AS = ! ,G]MAN ,CONF$]ATION1 EV]YONE KN[S ?AT ! OLD /RUCTURE WAS DE/ROY$ ?ANKS TO ! SAME EMP]OR1 :O WAS NOT SO SUCCESSFUL1 H[EV]1 9 HIS PLANS = RECON/RUCTION4 ,N[ ! F$]AL SY/EM 9 ,G]MANY IS ONCE MORE 9 ! M9D ( ITS PEOPLES4 ,MAY ,G]MANY EM]GE FROM !SE TR\BLES1 FREE & /RONG1 AS FROM A SALUT>Y CRISIS4 

,9 #a<i ! TE/ ( F$]ALISM HAD NOT BE5 MADE4 ,! IDEA WAS NOT UND]/OOD AT ALL2 ! REVOLUTION>Y LEGISLATORS C\LD DRAW NO?+ FROM IT4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y ?AT ! CONF$]ATIONS1 SU* AS !Y W]E1 CL++ ON TO LIFE 9 SCATT]$ PORTIONS ( ! OLD & NEW WORLDS1 %\LD BE ANIMAT$ BY A NEW SPIRIT1 %\LD LE>N TO MOVE & TO DEF9E !MSELVES1 ?AT !IR NEWLY F]TILE PR9CIPLE %\LD GR[ & BR+ TO LI<T ! VALUE ( !IR 9/ITUTIONS2 IT WAS NECESS>Y TOO ?AT A F9AL EXP]IM5T %\LD BE MADE ) ! UNIT>Y SY/EM UND] ! NEW REGIME ( EQUALITY4 ,ONLY UND] !SE CONDITIONS C\LD PHILOSOPHY MAKE ITS CASE1 C\LD ! ,REVOLUTION REA* FRUITION1 &1 ) ! DIFFUSION ( ! IDEA1 C\LD ! UNIV]SAL REPUBLIC LEAVE ! REALM ( MY/ICISM & TAKE ! CONCRETE =M ( A F$]ATION ( F$]ATIONS4 

,TODAY CONDITIONS !MSELVES SEEM TO GIVE W+S TO ?\<T2 & WE MAY1 IT SEEMS1 )\T PRESUMPTION OR PRIDE1 RESCUE ! MASSES FROM !IR FATEFUL SYMBOLS & AT ! SAME TIME DISPLAY TO POLITICAL LEAD]S ! S\RCE ( !IR MI/AKES4 

,*APT] ,X3 ,POLITICAL ,IDEALISM3 ,EFFICACY ( ,F$]AL ,GU>ANTEES 

,9 ! MORAL & POLITICAL SCI5CES G5]ALLY1 WE MAY OBS]VE1 PROBLEMS >ISE ABOVE ALL FROM ! FIGURATIVE MANN] 9 :I* ! M9D ORIG9ALLY PRES5TS !IR ELEM5TS4 ,9 ! POPUL> IMAG9ATION POLITICS1 NO LESS ?AN MORALITY1 IS A MY?OLOGY4 ,EV]Y?+ BECOMES A FICTION1 A SYMBOL1 A MY/]Y1 AN IDOL4 ,& IT IS ?IS IDEALISM :I* PHILOSOPH]S CONFID5TLY TAKE TO EXPRESS REALITY1 & :I* LAT] CAUSES !M ALL SORTS ( PROBLEMS4 

,! PEOPLE IMAG9E !MSELVES1 9 !IR OBSCURE MANN]1 AS A HUGE & MY/]I\S 5TITY1 & !IR LANGUAGE S]VES TO RE9=CE ?IS NOTION ( 9DIVISIBLE UNITY4 ,!Y CALL !MSELVES ! ,PEOPLE1 ! ,NATION1 ! ,MULTITUDE1 ! ,MASS2 !Y >E ! TRUE ,SOV]EIGN1 ! ,LEGISLATOR1 ! ,P[]1 ! ,RUL]1 ! ,C\NTRY1 ! ,/ATE2 !Y HAVE !IR ,ASSEMBLIES1 !IR ,VOTES1 !IR ,ASSIZES1 !IR ,DEMON/RATIONS1 !IR ,$ICTS1 !IR ,PLEBISCITES1 !IR ,DIRECT ,LEGISLATION1 SOMETIMES !IR ,JUDGM5TS & ,EXECUTIONS1 !IR ,ORACLES1 !IR ,VOICE1 LIKE ?UND] OR ! VOICE ( ,GOD4 ,! MORE !Y IMAG9E !MSELVES TO BE 9F9ITE1 IRRESI/IBLE1 IMM5SE1 ! MORE HORRIFI$ !Y >E BY DIVISIONS1 SPLITS1 M9ORITIES4 ,!IR IDEAL1 !IR FONDE/ DREAM1 IS ( UNITY1 ID5TITY1 UNI=MITY1 CONC5TRATION2 !Y CONDEMN1 AS AFFRONTS TO !IR [N MAJE/Y1 EV]Y?+ ?AT MAY DIVIDE !IR WILL1 BREAK UP !IR MASS1 CREATE DIV]SITY1 PLURALITY1 DIV]G5CE )9 !MSELVES4 

,EV]Y MY?OLOGY REQUIRES IDOLS1 & ! PEOPLE NEV] LACK !M4 ,LIKE ,ISRAEL 9 ! DES]T1 !Y IMPROVISE GODS :5 NO ONE HAS TAK5 ! TR\BLE TO PROVIDE !M2 !Y HAVE !IR 9C>NATIONS1 !IR ,MESSIAHS1 !IR DIV9E EMISS>IES4 ,IT MAY BE ! MILIT>Y LEAD] 9 TRIUMPH1 ! GLORI\S K+1 ALL-CONQU]+ & MAGNIFIC5T LIKE ! SUN1 OR !RE AGA9 IT MAY BE A REVOLUTION>Y TRIBUNE3 ,CLOVIS1 ,*>LEMAGNE1 ,L\IS ,X,I,V1 ,LAFAYETTE1 ,MIRABEAU1 ,DANTON1 ,M>AT1 ,ROBESPI]RE1 ,NAPOLEON1 ,VICTOR ,EMMANUEL1 ,G>IBALDI4 ,H[ MANY >E !RE :O W\LD BE SWEPT 9TO P[] BY ! SLI<TE/ %IFT ( OP9ION1 A TRICK ( =TUNE6 ,!SE IDOLS1 )\T IDEAS = ! MO/ P>T1 AS DEVOID ( CONSCI5CE AS ?OSE :O ADMIRE !M1 9SPIRE ! ZEAL & JEAL\SY ( ! PEOPLE1 :O WILL NOT P]MIT !M TO BE ANALYZ$ OR CONTRADICT$ & :O ABOVE ALL WILL GIVE !M P[] UN/9T+LY4 ,DO NOT T\* !IR ANO9T$1 OR !Y WILL TREAT Y\ AS SACRILEGI\S4 

,FULL ( !SE MY?S1 & IMAG9+ !MSELVES AS AN ESS5TIALLY UNDIVID$ MASS1 H[ CAN ! PEOPLE GRASP ALL AT ONCE ! RELATION ( CITIZ5 TO SOCIETY8 ,H[1 9SPIR$ BY !M1 CAN ! /ATESMAN :O REPRES5TS !M SUPPLY ! =MULA = TRUE GOV]NM5T8 ,:]E UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE REIGNS 9 ALL ITS NAIVETY1 WE MAY PR$ICT ?AT EV]Y?+ WILL T5D T[>DS UNITY4 ,S9CE ! PEOPLE EMBODY ALL AU?ORITY & ALL RI<T1 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 9 ORD] TO EXPRESS !IR WILL TRULY1 MU/ ALSO BE AS UNDIVID$ AS POSSIBLE1 :I* MEANS ?AT 9 ELECTIONS ONE MU/ VOTE FROM A S+LE LI/ 79 #ahdh !RE W]E EV5 *AMPIONS ( UNITY :O CALL$ = ONE LI/ ALONE = ALL EI<TY-SIX ,DEP>TM5TS74 ,?IS UNDIVID$ VOTE ?US GIVES RISE TO AN UNDIVID$ ASSEMBLY1 DELIB]AT+ & LEGISLAT+ AS A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL4 ,9 ! CASE ( A DIVISION1 ! MAJORITY IS HELD TO BE FULLY REPRES5TATIVE ( NATIONAL ID5TITY4 ,FROM ?IS MAJORITY 9 TURN >ISES AN UNDIVID$ GOV]NM5T :I*1 BE>+ ! P[]S ( AN UNDIVID$ NATION1 IS CALL$ UPON TO GOV]N & ADM9I/] COLLECTIVELY & 9DIVISIBLY1 FREE FROM LOCAL S5TIM5T & P>O*IAL 9T]E/4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! SY/EM ( C5TRALIZATION1 IMP]IALISM1 COMMUNISM1 ABSOLUTISM -- ALL !SE >E SYNONYM\S -- SPR+S FROM POPUL> IDEALISM2 IT IS ?US ?AT 9 ! SOCIAL CONTRACT AS IMAG9$ BY ,R\SSEAU & ! ,JACOB9S ! CITIZ5 DIVE/S HIMSELF ( SOV]EIGNTY1 & ! T[N & ! ,DEP>TM5T & PROV9CE ABOVE IT1 ABSORB$ BY C5TRAL AU?ORITY1 >E NO LONG] ANY?+ BUT AG5CIES UND] DIRECT M9I/]IAL CONTROL4 

,! CONSEQU5CES SOON MAKE !MSELVES FELT3 ! CITIZ5 & ! T[N >E DEPRIV$ ( ALL DIGNITY1 ! /ATE'S DEPR$ATIONS MULTIPLY1 & ! BURD5 ON ! TAXPAY] 9CREASES 9 PROPORTION4 ,IT IS NO LONG] ! GOV]NM5T ?AT IS MADE = ! PEOPLE2 IT IS ! PEOPLE :O >E MADE = ! GOV]NM5T4 ,P[] 9VADES EV]Y?+1 DOM9ATES EV]Y?+1 ABSORBS EV]Y?+1 = EV]1 = ALWAYS1 )\T 5D3 W> & %IPP+1 ADM9I/RATION1 JU/ICE1 POLICE1 $UCATION1 PUBLIC WORKS & REPAIRS2 BANKS1 /OCK-EX*ANGES1 CR$IT1 9SURANCE1 RELIEF1 SAV+S1 *>ITY2 =E/S1 CANALS1 RIV]S2 RELIGION1 F9ANCE1 CU/OMS1 COMM]CE1 AGRICULTURE1 9DU/RY1 TRANSPORTATION4 ,ON TOP ( ?IS1 HUGE TAXES1 :I* TAKE AWAY FROM ! NATION A QU>T] ( ITS GROSS PRODUCT4 ,! CITIZ5 HAS NO?+ TO DO BUT P]=M HIS LITTLE TASK 9 HIS LITTLE CORN]1 DRAW+ HIS LITTLE SAL>Y1 RAIS+ HIS LITTLE FAMILY1 & RELY+ = ! RE/ ON ! PROVID5CE ( GOV]NM5T4 

,9 ! FACE ( SU* A FRAME ( M9D1 & SURR\ND$ BY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y =CES1 :AT CONCLUSION MU/ ! F\ND]S ( #a<i HAVE REA*$1 LOV+ LIB]TY AS S9C]ELY AS !Y DID8 ,NOT D>+ TO DISSOLVE ! UNITY ( ! /ATE1 !Y W]E OBLIG$ ABOVE ALL TO UND]TAKE TWO ?+S3 #a_/ TO CONTA9 P[]1 ALWAYS READY TO OV]/EP ITS B\NDS2 #b_/ TO CONTA9 ! PEOPLE1 ALWAYS PRONE TO BE C>RI$ AWAY BY !IR TRIBUNES & TO REPLACE ! PRACTICES ( LAW ) ?OSE ( OMNIPOT5T P[]4 

,UNTIL TODAY ! AU?ORS ( CON/ITUTIONS -- ,SIEYES1 ,MIRABEAU1 ! #ahad ,S5ATE1 ! #ahc ,*AMB]1 ! #ahdh ,ASSEMBLY - HAVE ALL BELIEV$1 NOT )\T REASON1 ?AT ! ESS5TIAL TASK ( A POLITICAL SY/EM IS TO RE/RA9 ! C5TRAL P[]1 :ILE LEAV+ IT AS MU* FRE$OM ( ACTION & =CE AS MAY BE POSSIBLE4 ,:AT IS DONE 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE ?IS 5D8 ,FIR/ ( ALL ONE DIVIDES P[]1 AS ! PHRASE IS1 BY M9I/]IAL CATEGORIES2 !N ONE DI/RIBUTES LEGISLATIVE AU?ORITY BETWE5 ! K+ & ! *AMB]S1 A MAJORITY ( :I* IS ALSO TO DET]M9E ! K+'S *OICE ( M9I/]S4 ,F9ALLY TAXES MU/ BE VOT$ ONCE A YE> BY ! *AMB]S1 :I* TAKE ! OPPORTUNITY TO EXAM9E ! GOV]NM5T'S P]=MANCE4 

,BUT :ILE ONE SETS P>LIAM5T>Y P[] AGA9/ ! M9I/]S1 BALANC+ ! ROYAL PR]OGATIVE BY ! 9DEP5D5CE ( REPRES5TATIVES1 ! AU?ORITY ( ! CR[N BY ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! NATION2 :ILE ONE SETS WORD AGA9/ WORD1 FICTION AGA9/ FICTION1 AT ! SAME TIME ONE ASSIGNS TO GOV]NM5T1 UNCONDITIONALLY1 ) NO CONTROL BUT AN EMPTY RI<T ( CRITICISM1 ! PR]OGATIVE ( AN IMM5SE ADM9I/RATION2 ONE PLACES 9 ITS H&S ALL ! /R5G? ( ! C\NTRY2 ONE SUPPRESSES LOCAL LIB]TIES 9 ORD] TO CONFIRM ITS P[]2 ONE ZEAL\SLY ABOLI%ES P>O*IAL SPIRIT2 F9ALLY1 ONE CREATES AN IMM5SE & OV]:ELM+ P[]1 AGA9/ :I* ONE MAY !N LAUN* A W> ( WORDS1 AS ?\< ITS REALITY C\LD BE *ANG$ BY P]SONAL WILL4 ,& SO :AT HAPP5S8 ,! OPPOSITION COMES TO CONTROL ! P]SONNEL ( GOV]NM5T2 M9I/RIES FALL ONE AFT] ANO!R2 ONE DYNA/Y1 & !N ANO!R1 IS EXPELL$2 REPUBLIC IS REPLAC$ BY EMPIRE2 & /ILL ! C5TRALIZ$ & ANONYM\S DESPOTISM GR[S1 :ILE LIB]TY %R9KS4 ,?IS HAS BE5 \R HI/ORY S9CE ! ,JACOB9S DEFEAT$ ! ,GIRONDE4 ,IT IS ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( AN >TIFICIAL SY/EM ?AT SETS METAPHYSICAL SOV]EIGNTY & ! RI<T ( CRITICISM ON ONE SIDE & ! REALITY ( ! NATION-/ATE1 ! ACTIVE P[]S ( A GREAT PEOPLE1 ON ! O!R4 

,9 ! F$]AL SY/EM !RE IS NO SU* CAUSE = CONC]N4 ,C5TRAL AU?ORITY1 :I* 9ITIATES ?+S RA!R ?AN EXECUT+ !M1 CONTROLS ONLY A MODE/ %>E ( PUBLIC ADM9I/RATION1 ?AT ( F$]AL S]VICES2 IT IS SUBORD9ATE TO ! /ATES1 :I* >E ABSOLUTE MA/]S ( !MSELVES1 5JOY+ COMPLETE AU?ORITY -- LEGISLATIVE1 EXECUTIVE1 JUDICIAL -- 9 !IR [N CONC]NS4 ,! C5TRAL P[] IS SUBORD9AT$ /ILL MORE EFFECTIVELY IF IT IS 5TRU/$ TO AN ASSEMBLY ( DELEGATES FROM ! /ATES1 DELEGATES :O >E !MSELVES (T5 MEMB]S ( !IR RESPECTIVE GOV]NM5TS1 & :O !RE=E KEEP AN ESPECIALLY %>P & JEAL\S EYE UPON ! ACTS ( ! F$]AL ASSEMBLY4 

,! PROBLEM ( RE/RA9+ ! MASSES HAS ALSO EMB>RASS$ ! !ORI/S2 ! MEANS EMPLOY$ H]E >E NO LESS ILLUSORY1 & ! \TCOME NO LESS UN=TUNATE4 

,! PEOPLE1 TOO1 =M ONE ( ! P[]S ( ! /ATE1 ONE :OSE ]UPTIONS >E ! MO/ T]RIFY+4 ,?IS P[] NE$S A C\NT]WEI<T2 EV5 DEMOCRACY IS OBLIG$ TO RECOGNIZE ?IS1 = 9 ! ABS5CE ( A C\NT]WEI<T ! PEOPLE >E PRONE TO DANG]\S 5?USIASMS1 :I* EXPOSE ! /ATE TO FE>FUL 9SURRECTIONS & HAVE TWICE DE/ROY$ ! REPUBLIC 9 ,FRANCE4 

,A C\NT]WEI<T TO ! MASSES HAS BE5 S\<T 9 TWO 9/ITUTIONS1 ONE V]Y ON]\S TO ! C\NTRY & FRAU<T ) DANG]S1 ! O!R NO LESS DANG]\S1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 (F5SIVE TO PUBLIC SPIRIT3 #a_/ A P]MAN5T >MY1 #b_/ RE/RICTION ( ! FRAN*ISE4 ,S9CE #ahdh UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE HAS BECOME ! LAW ( ! L&2 BUT S9CE ! DANG]S ( DEMOCRATIC AGITATION HAVE 9CREAS$ ACCORD+LY1 IT HAS BE5 NECESS>Y ALSO TO 5L>GE ! >MY & 9T5SIFY MILIT>Y =CE4 ,?US 9 TAK+ PRECAUTIONS AGA9/ POPUL> RIS+S ONE IS OBLIG$1 9 ! SY/EM F\ND$ 9 #a#g#h#i1 TO AUGM5T ! /R5G? ( GOV]NM5T AT ! SAME TIME AS ONE IS TRY+ TO LIMIT IT = O!R REASONS4 ,! MOM5T ?AT ! PEOPLE & GOV]NM5T JO9 H&S1 ! :OLE /RUCTURE COLLAPSES4 ,:AT AN ODD SY/EM1 9 :I* ! PEOPLE CANNOT EX]CISE !IR SOV]EIGNTY )\T RISK+ ! DE/RUCTION ( GOV]NM5T & ! GOV]NM5T CANNOT EX]CISE ITS P[] )\T BECOM+ DESPOTIC6 

,! F$]AL SY/EM PUTS A /OP TO MASS AGITATION1 TO ! AMBITIONS & TUMULTS ( ! DEMAGOGUES2 IT IS ! 5D ( RULE BY ! PUBLIC SQU>E1 ( ! TRIUMPHS ( TRIBUNES1 & ( DOM9ATION BY ! CAPITAL CITY4 ,LET ,P>IS MAKE REVOLUTION )9 ITS [N WALLS4 ,:AT IS ! USE1 IF ,LYON1 ,M>SEILLES1 ,T\L\SE1 ,BORDEAUX1 ,NANTES1 ,R\51 ,LILLE1 ,/RASB\RG1 ,DIJON1 & SO ON1 IF ! ,DEP>TM5TS1 MA/]S ( !MSELVES1 DO NOT FOLL[8 ,P>IS WILL HAVE WA/$ ITS TIME4 ,F$]ATION IS ?US ! SALVATION ( ! PEOPLE1 = BY DIVID+ !M IT SAVES !M AT ONCE FROM ! TYRANNY ( !IR LEAD]S & FROM !IR [N FOLLY4 

,! #ahdh CON/ITUTION1 BY TAK+ AWAY MILIT>Y P[] FROM ! PRESID5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC & BY DECL>+ ITSELF TO BE PROGRESSIVE & OP5 TO RE=M1 ATTEMPT$ TO SPIRIT AWAY ! TW9 DANG]S ( USURPATION BY ! C5TRAL P[] & 9SURRECTION BY ! PEOPLE4 ,BUT ! #ahdh CON/ITUTION DID NOT DEF9E ! MEAN+ ( PROGRESS OR ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* IT C\LD TAKE PLACE4 ,CLASS DIVISION BETWE5 ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PEOPLE /ILL REMA9$ 9 ! SY/EM :I* IT F\ND$2 IT WAS APP>5T :5 ! RI<T TO WORK & ! LAW ( #ca ,MAY RE/RICT+ ! FRAN*ISE W]E DISCUSS$4_<#a#e_> ,! UNIT>Y PREJUDICE WAS /RONG] ?AN EV]2 ,P>IS SUPPLI$ ! ,DEP>TM5TS ) !IR MOOD1 !IR IDEAS1 !IR WILL1 & IT WAS EASY TO SEE ?AT IF CONFLICT EM]G$ BETWE5 ! PRESID5T & ! ASSEMBLY ! PEOPLE W\LD SOON] FOLL[ !IR ELECT$ LEAD] ?AN !IR REPRES5TATIVES4 ,! \TCOME MADE ?IS CLE>4 ,DECEMB] #b %[$ H[ LITTLE PURELY LEGAL GU>ANTEES >E WOR? AGA9/ A P[] :I* UNITES POPUL> SUPPORT ) ADM9I/RATIVE CONTROL & :I* ALSO HAS ITS RI<TS4_<#a#f_> 

,BUT IF ! REPUBLICAN CON/ITUTION ( #a#h#d#h1 = EXAMPLE1 HAD BE5 ACCOMPANI$ BY A /R5G!N+ ( MUNICIPAL & ,DEP>TM5TAL ORGANIZATION2 IF ! PROV9CES HAD LE>N$ TO LIVE !IR [N LIVES ONCE MORE2 IF !Y HAD 5JOY$ A L>GE %>E 9 EXECUTIVE P[]1 & IF ! 9]T MASSES ( #b ,DECEMB] HAD BE5 SOME?+ MORE ?AN M]E VOT]S1 !N ! C\P D'ETAT C\LD C]TA9LY NOT HAVE TAK5 PLACE4 ,! /RUGGLE W\LD HAVE BE5 CONF9$ TO ! ,ELYSEE & ! ,PALAIS-,B\RBON1 & ! TROOPS ( EXECUTIVE P[] W\LD AT BE/ HAVE SWEPT AWAY ! ,P>IS G>RISON & ! M9I/]IAL P]SONNEL4.<#a#d.> 

,= ?IS REASON ! DEMOCRATS :O VOT$ AGA9/ ! CONS]VATIVES HAVE BE5 L\DLY D5\NC$4 ,BUT 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! LAW ( POLITICAL CONTRADICTIONS 7SEE *APT]S #f & #g ABOVE7 & ) ! FACTS ( ! MATT]1 IT IS CLE> ?AT IF ! PRESID5CY HAD BE5 BEAT5 ! B\RGEOIS SY/EM W\LD HAVE TRIUMPH$1 AS LONG AS ! PEOPLE DID NOT 9T]V5E1 & ! UNIT>Y REPUBLIC W\LD HAVE BE5 TRANS=M$ ) NO DIFFICULTY 9TO A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y2 ! C\NTRY W\LD NOT HAVE RETURN$ TO ! /ATUS QUO ( #a#h#d#h1 BUT TO A REGIME P]HAPS EV5 MORE OPPRESSIVE ?AN ?AT ( #b ,DECEMB]2 = TO EQUAL OR GREAT] GOV]NM5TAL P[]S !RE W\LD HAVE BE5 ADD$ ! DECISIVE PREPOND]ANCE ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES & A FUR!R RE/RICTION ( ! FRAN*ISE1 & H5CE ! WELL-M]IT$ DISGRACE ( ! PEOPLE4 

,I MU/ NOT CONCLUDE ?IS *APT] )\T QUOT+ ! WORDS ( A WRIT] :OSE MOD]ATION & P5ETRATION MAY BE KN[N TO READ]S ( ! ,C\RRI] DU ,DIMAN*E3 ,M4 ,GU/AVE ,*AUDEY1 A LAWY] ( ! ,P>IS B>4 ,!Y WILL HELP TO %[ ?AT :AT IS AT ISSUE H]E IS NO EMPTY ,UTOPIA1 BUT A SY/EM CURR5TLY PRACTIC$1 ! IDEA ( :I* LIVES & GR[S FROM DAY TO DAY3 

,AN IDEAL CONF$]ATION W\LD BE A PACT ( ALLIANCE :I* MAY BE SAID TO IMPOSE UPON ! 9DIVIDUAL SOV]EIGNTIES ( ! F$]AT$ /ATES ONLY SU* RE/RICTIONS AS BECOME1 9 ! H&S ( ! F$]AL AU?ORITY1 EXT5D$ GU>ANTEES = ! CITIZ5S' LIB]TY1 ! BETT] TO PROTECT !IR 9DIVIDUAL OR COLLECTIVE ACTION4 

,?IS IS SUFFICI5T TO %[ ! 5ORM\S DIFF]5CE ?AT !RE IS BETWE5 A F$]AL AU?ORITY & A UNIT>Y GOV]NM5T1 OR A GOV]NM5T REPRES5T+ BUT A S+LE SOV]EIGNTY4 

,M4 ,*AUDEY'S DEF9ITION IS P]FECTLY PRECISE2 & :AT HE CALLS ! IDEAL IS SIMPLY ! =MULA SUPPLI$ BY ! MO/ /RICT !ORY4 ,9 A F$]ATION1 C5TRALIZATION IS LIMIT$ TO C]TA9 SPECIFIC OBJECTS :I* HAVE BE5 DETA*$ FROM ! JURISDICTION ( ! CANTONS BUT >E /ILL REG>D$ AS !IRS2 IT IS P>TIAL4 ,9 UNIT>Y GOV]NM5T1 ON ! O!R H&1 C5TRALIZATION EMBRACES EV]Y?+ & NEV] REL5TS2 IT IS UNIV]SAL4 ,! CONSEQU5CE IS EASY TO =ESEE3 

,9 UNIT>Y GOV]NM5TS .<,M4 ,*AUDEY CONT9UES.> C5TRALIZATION IS AN IMM5SE =CE AT ! DISPOSAL ( P[]1 & ! V>I\S USES TO :I* IT IS PUT DEP5D EXCLUSIVELY UPON ! P]SONAL WILL ( ALL ?OSE :O HOLD P[]4 ,*ANGE ! SITUATION ( P[]1 & Y\ WILL *ANGE ! NATURE ( C5TRALIZATION TOO4 ,LIB]AL 9 ! H&S ( A LIB]AL GOV]NM5T TODAY1 OV]NI<T IT CAN BECOME A P[]FUL WEAPON 9 ! H&S ( A USURP]1 &1 AFT] HIS USURPATION1 A P[]FUL WEAPON ( DESPOTISM4 ,BESIDES1 = ?AT REASON IT IS A /&+ TEMPTATION = ?OSE :O HOLD P[]1 & A /&+ M5ACE TO ! LIB]TY ( ! CITIZ54 ,CONFRONT$ ) SU* A =CE1 !RE IS NOT ONE 9DIVIDUAL OR COLLECTIVE RI<T :OSE FUTURE CAN BE C\NT$ ON4 ,9 SU* CONDITIONS1 C5TRALIZATION MAY BE CALL$ ! DIS>M+ ( ! NATION TO ! ADVANTAGE ( ITS GOV]NM5T1 & LIB]TY IS DOOM$ TO /RUGGLE CEASELESSLY AGA9/ =CE4 

,! CASE ( F$]AL C5TRALIZATION IS PRECISELY OPPOSITE4 ,9/EAD ( >M+ P[] ) ! =CE ( ! :OLE AT ! EXP5SE ( ! P>TS1 IT >MS ! P>T ) ! =CE ( ! :OLE SO ?AT IT MAY )/& ! ABUSE ( P[]4 ,A ,SWISS CANTON :OSE LIB]TIES >E ?REAT5$ MAY RELY NOT M]ELY UPON ITS [N =CE BUT UPON ?AT ( TW5TY-EI<T O!RS2 DOES ?IS NOT AMPLY JU/IFY !IR AB&ON+ ! RI<T ( REVOLUTION 9 ! NEW #ahdh CON/ITUTION8 

,?IS AU?OR RECOGNIZES NO LESS FULLY ! NECESSITY ( PROGRESS :I* IS SO ESS5TIAL TO F$]AL CON/ITUTIONS & IMPOSSIBLE TO A*IEVE 9 UNIT>Y SY/EMS3 

,! #ahdh F$]AL CON/ITUTION RECOGNIZES ! CANTONS' RI<T TO REVISE & AM5D !IR [N CON/ITUTIONS1 BUT IMPOSES TWO CONDITIONS3 ?AT *ANGES BE MADE 9 ACCORDANCE ) RULES SET \T BY ! CANTONS' CON/ITUTIONS1 & ?AT 9 ADDITION *ANGES MU/ BE PROGRESSIVE1 NOT REGRESSIVE4 ,IT PROVIDES ?AT A PEOPLE MAY *ANGE ITS CON/ITUTION 9 ORD] TO ADVANCE1 BUT NOT 9 ORD] TO RETREAT 444 ,IT SAYS TO ! ,SWISS PEOPLES3 IF IT IS NOT ) ! PURPOSE ( 9CREAS+ Y\R LIB]TIES ?AT Y\ DESIRE TO MAKE *ANGES1 ?AT IS BECAUSE Y\ >E UNWOR?Y ( ! LIB]TY :I* Y\ HAVE ALREADY3 HOLD FA/ TO :AT Y\ HAVE4 ,BUT IF IT IS = ! SAKE ( EXT5D+ Y\R LIB]TY1 !N Y\ >E WOR?Y TO GO =W>D03 ADVANCE1 UND] ! PROTECTION ( ! :OLE ( ,SWITZ]L&4 

,! IDEA ( GU>ANTEE+ & ASSUR+ A POLITICAL CON/ITUTION1 9 MU* ! SAME WAY AS ONE 9SURES A H\SE AGA9/ FIRE OR A FIELD AGA9/ HAIL/ORMS1 IS 9 FACT ! C5TRAL & C]TA9LY ! MO/ ORIG9AL IDEA ( ?IS SY/EM4 ,\R [N LEGISLATORS ( #a#g#i#a1 #a#g#i#c1 #a#g#i#e'1 #a#g#i#i1 #a#h#a#d1 #a#h#c1 & #ahdh 9VOK$ NO?+ 9 SUPPORT ( !IR CON/ITUTIONS BUT ! PATRIOTISM ( !IR CITIZ5S & ! LOYALTY ( ! NATIONAL GU>D2 ! #agic CON/ITUTION EV5 SANCTION$ ! RESORT TO >M$ =CE & ! RI<T ( 9SURRECTION4 ,EXP]I5CE HAS %[N H[ ILLUSORY SU* GU>ANTEES >E4 ,! #aheb CON/ITUTION1 ALMO/ LIKE ?OSE ( ! ,CONSULATE & ! ,FIR/ ,EMPIRE1 IS GU>ANTE$ BY NO?+2 NOT ?AT ,I W\LD WANT TO COMPLA9 AB\T ?AT4 ,:AT SECURITY C\LD BE PROVID$1 9 ! ABS5CE ( A F$]AL CONTRACT8 ,! :OLE SECRET IS TO DIVIDE ! NATION 9TO 9DEP5D5T PROV9CES :I* >E SOV]EIGN1 OR :I* AT LEA/ ADM9I/] !MSELVES1 5JOY SUFFICI5T =CE1 9DEP5D5CE1 & 9FLU5CE1 & PROVIDE ONE ANO!R ) MUTUAL GU>ANTEES4.<#a#e.> 

,AN EXCELL5T APPLICATION ( !SE PR9CIPLES IS PROVID$ BY ! PROVISIONS = ! ,SWISS >MY3 

,9CREAS$ PROTECTION IS F\ND EV]Y:]E .<SAYS ,M4 ,*AUDEY.> & ! DANG] ( OPPRESSION NO:]E4 ,9 PASS+ UND] NATIONAL CONTROL1 ! CANTONS' CONT+5TS DO NOT =GET !IR NATIVE SOIL3 F> FROM IT1 IT IS BECAUSE !IR CANTON COMM&S !M TO S]VE ! CONF$]ATION ?AT !Y OBEY IT4 ,H[ C\LD ! CANTONS FE> ?AT !IR SOLDI]S MAY BECOME WEAPONS ( A CONSPIRACY ( ! C5T]8 ,IT IS O!RWISE 9 ! O!R ,EUROPEAN /ATES1 :]E ! SOLDI] IS SEP>AT$ FROM ! PEOPLE ON 5T]+ ! S]VICE1 & BECOMES BODY & S\L A GOV]NM5T (FICIAL4.<#a#f.> 

,! SAME APPLIES TO ! ,AM]ICAN CON/ITUTION1 :I* MAY BE CRITICIZ$1 MOREOV]1 = HAV+ MULTIPLI$ ! P[]S ( F$]AL AU?ORITY BEYOND !IR PROP] B\NDS4 ,! P[]S 9 ! H&S ( ! ,AM]ICAN PRESID5T >E ALMO/ AS EXT5SIVE AS ?OSE ( ,L\IS-,NAPOLEON 9 ! CON/ITUTION ( #a#h#d#h3 !SE EXCESSIVE P[]S HAVE BE5 FAVOR$ BY ! SPIRIT ( UNIT>Y ABSORPTION1 EVID5T FIR/ 9 ! ,S\!RN /ATES & N[ 9 ?OSE ( ! ,NOR?4 

,! IDEA ( F$]ATION IS BEYOND D\BT ! HI<E/ TO :I* 9 \R TIME POLITICAL G5IUS HAS ATTA9$4 ,IT F> SURPASSES ! V>I\S CON/ITUTIONS PROMULGAT$ 9 ,FRANCE OV] ! LA/ SEV5TY YE>S 9 ! FACE ( REVOLUTION1 :OSE %ORT DURATION REFLECTS SO POORLY UPON \R C\NTRY4 ,IT RESOLVES ALL ! PROBLEMS POS$ BY ! NE$ TO RECONCILE LIB]TY & AU?ORITY4 ,?ANKS TO ?IS IDEA WE NE$ NO LONG] FE> BE+ OV]:ELM$ BY ! ANT9OMIES ( RULE2 ?AT ! PEOPLE WILL EMANCIPATE !MSELVES BY PROCLAIM+ A P]PETUAL DICTATOR%IP1 ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE WILL DISPLAY ITS LIB]ALISM BY PU%+ C5TRALIZATION TO ! LIMIT1 ?AT PUBLIC SPIRIT WILL BE CORRUPT$ BY ! OBSC5E LIAISON ( LIC5SE & DESPOTISM1 ?AT P[] WILL RETURN 5DLESSLY TO ! 9TRIGU]S1 AS ,ROBESPI]RE CALL$ !M1 OR ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION WILL -- 9 ,DANTON'S WORDS -- 'REMA9 9 ! H&S ( ! MO/ VILLA9\S4' ,ET]NAL REASON IS JU/IFI$ AT LA/1 & SKEPTICISM VANQUI%$4 ,ONE WILL NO LONG] TRACE HUMAN MIS=TUNE TO FALL5 ,NATURE1 ! IRONY ( ,PROVID5CE1 OR ! CONTRADICTIONS ( ,SPIRIT2 ! OPPOSITION ( PR9CIPLES WILL BE SE5 AT LA/ AS ! CONDITION = UNIV]SAL EQUILIBRIUM4 

,*APT] ,X,I3 ,ECONOMIC ,SANCTIONS3 ,! ,AGRO-,9DU/RIAL ,F$]ATION 

,BUT !RE IS MORE TO BE SAID4 ,H[EV] IMPECCABLE 9 ITS LOGIC ! F$]AL CON/ITUTION MAY BE1 & :ATEV] PRACTICAL GU>ANTEES IT MAY SUPPLY1 IT WILL NOT SURVIVE IF ECONOMIC FACTORS T5D P]SI/5TLY TO DISSOLVE IT4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 POLITICAL RI<T REQUIRES TO BE BUTTRESS$ BY ECONOMIC RI<T4 ,IF ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL? >E GIV5 OV] TO *ANCE2 IF ! F$]AL ORD] S]VES M]ELY TO PRES]VE ! AN>*Y ( CAPITAL & COMM]CE2 IF1 AS A RESULT ( ?IS MISGUID$ AN>*Y1 SOCIETY COMES TO BE DIVID$ 9TO TWO CLASSES -- ONE ( L&LORDS1 CAPITALI/S1 & 5TREPR5EURS1 ! O!R ( WAGE-E>N+ PROLET>IANS1 ONE RI*1 ! O!R POOR -- !N ! POLITICAL ORD] WILL /ILL BE UN/ABLE4 ,! WORK+ CLASS1 ! MO/ NUM]\S & POORE/ ( ! CLASSES1 WILL EV5TUALLY REG>D IT AS NO?+ BUT A TRICK2 ! WORK]S WILL UNITE AGA9/ ! B\RGEOIS1 :O 9 TURN WILL UNITE AGA9/ ! WORK]S2 & F$]ATION WILL DEG5]ATE 9TO UNIT>Y DEMOCRACY1 IF ! PEOPLE >E /RONG]1 OR1 IF ! B\RGEOISIE IS VICTORI\S1 9TO A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y4 

,! ANTICIPATION ( SU* A SOCIAL W> HAD L$1 AS WE SAW 9 ! *APT] ABOVE1 TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( /RONG GOV]NM5TS1 SO ADMIR$ BY !ORI/S1 :O HAVE SE5 CONF$]ATIONS AS FRAIL ?+S 9CAPABLE ( DEF5D+ P[] FROM MASS AGGRESSION1 ?AT IS1 ( PRES]V+ GOV]NM5T POLICY 9 DEFIANCE ( ! RI<TS ( ! NATION4 ,=1 TO REPEAT ! PO9T LE/ IT BE OV]LOOK$1 ALL P[] IS E/ABLI%$1 EV]Y =TRESS BUILT1 EV]Y >MY ORGANIZ$1 AGA9/ 9T]NAL AT LEA/ AS MU* AS AGA9/ EXT]NAL ?REATS4 ,IF ! MISSION ( ! /ATE IS TO MAKE ITSELF ABSOLUTE MA/] ( ! PEOPLE1 & ! DE/9Y ( ! PEOPLE TO S]VE AS 9/RUM5TS ( ITS POLICY1 !N IT MU/ 9DE$ BE CONFESS$ ?AT ! F$]AL SY/EM IS 9COMP>ABLY 9F]IOR TO ! UNIT>Y SY/EM4 ,?ANKS TO ! DEP5D5T POSITION ( C5TRAL P[] & ! DIVISION ( ! MASSES1 NEI!R ONE NOR ! O!R CAN DAMAGE PUBLIC LIB]TY4 ,AFT] !IR VICTORIES OV] ,*>LES ! ,BOLD1 ! ,SWISS W]E = A LONG TIME ! LEAD+ MILIT>Y P[] 9 ,EUROPE2_<#a#g_> BUT S9CE !Y =M$ A CONF$]ATION1 CAPABLE1 AS !Y HAD %[N1 ( DEF5D+ !MSELVES BUT UNFIT = CONQUE/ OR = CONDUCT+ C\PS D'ETAT1 !Y REMA9$ A PEACEFUL REPUBLIC1 ! MO/ 9(F5SIVE & LEA/ ADV5TUR\S ( /ATES4 ,! ,G]MAN CONF$]ATION1 UND] ! TITLE ( EMPIRE1 ALSO HAD ITS DAYS ( GLORY2 BUT BECAUSE ! IMP]IAL P[] LACK$ BO? /ABILITY & A C5TRAL BASE1 ! CONF$]ATION WAS CUT TO PIECES & DISLOCAT$1 & NATIONALITY WAS COMPROMIS$4 ,! CONF$]ATION ( ! ,L[ ,C\NTRIES 9 TURN VANI%$ :5 CONFRONT$ BY C5TRALIZ$ P[]S2 !RE IS NO NE$ TO M5TION ! ,ITALIAN CONF$]ATION4 ,YES 9DE$1 IF ! CIVILIZATION & ECONOMY ( SOCIETIES REQUIRES ! PRES]VATION ( ! /ATUS QUO1 IMP]IAL UNITY IS ( MORE VALUE TO ! PEOPLE ?AN F$]ATION4 

,BUT EV]Y?+ TELLS US ?AT ?+S HAVE *ANG$1 & ?AT ! REVOLUTION ( IDEAS HAS AS ITS DUE CONSEQU5CE A REVOLUTION ( 9T]E/S4 ,! TW5TIE? C5TURY WILL OP5 ! AGE ( F$]ATIONS1.<#a#g.> OR ELSE HUMANITY WILL UND]GO ANO!R PURGATORY ( A ?\S& YE>S4 ,! REAL PROBLEM TO BE RESOLV$ IS NOT POLITICAL BUT ECONOMIC4 ,IT WAS ! LATT] APPROA* BY :I* MY FRI5DS & ,I UND]TOOK1 9 #a#h#d#h1 TO DEVELOP FUR!R ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK ( ,FEBRU>Y4 ,DEMOCRACY WAS 9 P[]2 ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T HAD ONLY TO ACT 9 ORD] TO SUCCE$2 IF ! REVOLUTION HAD BE5 MADE 9 ! REALM ( WORK & WEAL?1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 NO TR\BLE TO BR+ AB\T A SUBSEQU5T REVOLUTION 9 GOV]NM5T4 ,?\< C5TRALIZATION W\LD HAVE HAD TO BE BROK5 AT A LAT] PO9T1 IT W\LD AT ?AT TIME HAVE PROVID$ A P[]FUL LEV]4 ,9 ?AT P]IOD NO ONE1 ) ! POSSIBLE EXCEPTION ( ! PRES5T WRIT]1 :O HAD S9CE #a#h#d1 DECL>$ HIMSELF AN AN>*I/1 DREAM$ ( ATTACK+ UNITY & CALL+ = A F$]ATION4 

,DEMOCRATIC PREJUDICES DECID$ DIFF]5TLY4 ,POLITICIANS ( ! OLD S*OOL MA9TA9$ & /ILL MA9TA9 TODAY ?AT ! CORRECT PA? TO FOLL[1 9 MATT]S ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 IS TO BEG9 ) GOV]NM5T & ONLY LAT] TO ATT5D AT ONE'S LEISURE TO ! REALM ( WORK & PROP]TY4 ,:5 DEMOCRACY ABDICAT$ AFT] DEFEAT+ ! B\RGEOISIE & EXPELL+ ! PR9CE1 ! 9EVITABLE OCCURR$4 ,! EMPIRE CAME TO SIL5CE ALL ?OSE M5 :O TALK$ )\T KN[+ :AT TO DO2 ! ECONOMIC REVOLUTION :I* TOOK PLACE WAS ! OPPOSITE ( ?AT :I* HAD BE5 WI%$ = 9 #a#h#d#h1 & LIB]TY WAS 5DANG]$4 

,! READ] MAY EXPECT ME TO PRES5T A S*EME ( ECONOMIC SCI5CE AS APPLI$ TO F$]ATIONS1 & TO %[ 9 DETAIL ALL ?AT HAS TO BE DONE FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE4 ,I %ALL SIMPLY SAY ?AT AFT] RE=M+ ! POLITICAL ORD] ! F$]AL GOV]NM5T MU/ NECESS>ILY PROCE$ TO A S]IES ( RE=MS 9 ! ECONOMIC REALM4 ,H]E1 9 A FEW WORDS1 IS :AT !SE RE=MS MU/ BE4 

,JU/ AS1 9 A POLITICAL CONTEXT1 TWO OR MORE 9DEP5D5T /ATES MAY F$]ATE 9 ORD] TO GU>ANTEE MUTUALLY !IR T]RITORIAL 9TEGRITY OR TO PROTECT !IR LIB]TY1 SO TOO1 9 AN ECONOMIC CONTEXT1 CONF$]ATION MAY BE 9T5D$ TO PROVIDE RECIPROCAL SECURITY 9 COMM]CE & 9DU/RY1 OR A CU/OMS UNION2 OR ! OBJECT MAY BE TO CON/RUCT & MA9TA9 MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION1 SU* AS ROADS1 CANALS1 & RAILWAYS1 OR TO ORGANIZE CR$IT1 9SURANCE1 & SO ON4 ,! PURPOSE ( SU* SPECIFIC F$]AL >RANGEM5TS IS TO PROTECT ! CITIZ5S ( ! F$]AT$ /ATES FROM CAPITALI/ & F9ANCIAL EXPLOITATION1 BO? )9 !M & FROM ! \TSIDE2 9 !IR AGGREGATE !Y =M1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! F9ANCIAL FEUDALISM 9 ! ASC5DANT TODAY1 :AT ,I WILL CALL AN AGRO-9DU/RIAL F$]ATION4 

,I %ALL NOT GO 9TO ?IS TOPIC 9 ANY DEP?4 ,?OSE ( MY READ]S :O HAVE FOLL[$ MY WORK TO ANY EXT5T = ! LA/ FIFTE5 YE>S WILL UND]/& WELL 5\< :AT ,I MEAN4 ,! PURPOSE ( 9DU/RIAL & F9ANCIAL FEUDALISM IS TO CONFIRM1 BY MEANS ( ! MONOPOLY ( PUBLIC S]VICES1 $UCATIONAL PRIVILEGE1 ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 9T]E/ ON CAPITAL1 9EQUITABLE TAXATION1 & SO ON1 ! POLITICAL NEUTRALIZATION ( ! MASSES1 WAGE-LABOR OR ECONOMIC S]VITUDE1 9 %ORT 9EQUALITY ( CONDITION & WEAL?4 ,! AGRO-9DU/RIAL F$]ATION1 ON ! O!R H&1 WILL T5D TO FO/] 9CREAS+ EQUALITY1 BY ORGANIZ+ ALL PUBLIC S]VICES 9 AN ECONOMICAL FA%ION & 9 H&S O!R ?AN ! /ATE'S1 ?R\< MUTUALISM 9 CR$IT & 9SURANCE1 ! EQUALIZATION ( ! TAX BURD51 GU>ANTEE+ ! RI<T TO WORK & TO $UCATION1 & AN ORGANIZATION ( WORK :I* ALL[S EA* LABOR] TO BECOME A SKILL$ WORK] & AN >TI/1 EA* WAGE-E>N] TO BECOME HIS [N MA/]4 

,SU* A REVOLUTION1 IT IS CLE>1 CANNOT BE ! WORK ( A B\RGEOIS MON>*Y OR A UNIT>Y DEMOCRACY2 IT WILL BE ACCOMPLI%$ BY F$]ATION4 ,IT DOES NOT SPR+ FROM ! UNILAT]AL CONTRACT OR ! CONTRACT ( GOODWILL1 NOR FROM ! 9/ITUTIONS ( *>ITY1 BUT FROM BILAT]AL & COMMUTATIVE CONTRACT4.<#a#h.> 

,CONSID]$ 9 ITSELF1 ! IDEA ( AN 9DU/RIAL F$]ATION :I* S]VES TO COMPLEM5T & SUPPORT POLITICAL F$]ATION IS MO/ /RIK+LY JU/IFI$ BY ! PR9CIPLES ( ECONOMICS4 ,IT IS ! APPLICATION ON ! L>GE/ POSSIBLE SCALE ( ! PR9CIPLES ( MUTUALISM1 DIVISION ( LABOR1 & ECONOMIC SOLID>ITY1 PR9CIPLES :I* ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE WILL HAVE TRANS=M$ 9TO POSITIVE LAWS4 

,?AT WORK %\LD REMA9 FREE1 ?AT P[] -- MORE FATAL TO WORK ?AN COMMUNISM ITSELF -- %\LD REFRA9 FROM 9T]F]+ ) IT1 ALL WELL & GOOD4 ,BUT 9DU/RIES >E SI/]S2 !Y >E P>TS ( ! SAME BODY2 ONE CANNOT SUFF] )\T ! O!RS %>+ 9 ITS SUFF]+4 ,!Y %\LD !RE=E F$]ATE1 NOT 9 ORD] TO BE ABSORB$ & CONFUS$ TOGE!R1 BUT 9 ORD] TO GU>ANTEE MUTUALLY ! CONDITIONS ( COMMON PROSP]ITY1 UPON :I* NO ONE HAS AN EXCLUSIVE CLAIM4 ,MAK+ SU* AN AGREEM5T WILL NOT DETRACT FROM !IR LIB]TY2 IT WILL SIMPLY GIVE !IR LIB]TY MORE SECURITY & =CE4 ,H]E1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ! P[]S ( ! /ATE OR ! ORGANS ( AN ANIMAL1 IT IS PRECISELY SEP>ATION :I* PRODUCES P[] & H>MONY4 

,?US !RE IS AN ADMIRABLE CO9CID5CE BETWE5 ZOOLOGY1 POLITICAL ECONOMY1 & POLITICS4 ,! FIR/ TELLS US ?AT ! MO/ P]FECT ANIMAL1 BE/ S]V$ BY ITS ORGANS1 & CONSEQU5TLY ! MO/ ACTIVE & 9TELLIG5T & BE/ FITT$ = DOM9ATION1 IS ?AT :OSE FACULTIES & MEMB]S >E HI<LY SPECIALIZ$1 H>MONIZ$1 CO-ORD9AT$4 ,! SECOND TELLS US ?AT ! MO/ PRODUCTIVE & WEAL?Y SOCIETY1 ! BE/ ABLE TO AVOID POV]TY & EXCESS1 IS ?AT 9 :I* LABOR IS DIVID$1 COMPETITION MORE COMPLETE1 TRADE MORE HONE/1 CURR5CY MORE ORD]LY1 WAGES MORE JU/1 PROP]TY-[N+ MORE EQUAL1 ALL 9DU/RIES GU>ANTEE+ ONE ANO!R MUTUALLY4 ,! ?IRD1 F9ALLY1 TELLS US ?AT ! FREE/ & MO/ MORAL GOV]NM5T IS ?AT 9 :I* P[]S >E BE/ DIVID$1 ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS BE/ SEP>AT$1 ! 9DEP5D5CE ( GR\PS MO/ RESPECT$1 PROV9CIAL1 CANTONAL1 & MUNICIPAL AU?ORITIES BE/ S]V$ BY ! C5TRAL AU?ORITY -- 9 A WORD1 F$]AL GOV]NM5T4 

,?US ! PR9CIPLE ( MON>*Y OR AU?ORITY HAS AS ITS FIR/ COROLL>Y ! ASSIMILATION OR ABSORPTION ( GR\PS1 OR ADM9I/RATIVE C5TRALIZATION2 IT IS :AT ONE MAY CALL ! REGIME ( ! POLITICAL H\SEHOLD2 ITS SECOND COROLL>Y IS UNDIVID$ P[]1 O!RWISE CALL$ ABSOLUTISM2 ITS ?IRD1 FEUDALISM 9 L&[N+ & 9DU/RY4 ,9V]SELY1 ! F$]AL PR9CIPLE1 LIB]AL P> EXCELL5CE1 HAS AS ITS FIR/ COROLL>Y ! ADM9I/RATIVE 9DEP5D5CE ( ! LOCALITIES COMPOS+ ! F$]ATION2 AS ITS SECOND1 ! SEP>ATION ( P[]S )9 EA* ( ! SOV]EIGN /ATES2 AS ITS ?IRD1 ! AGRO-9DU/RIAL F$]ATION4 

,9 A REPUBLIC CON/RUCT$ ON !SE F\NDATIONS1 ONE MAY SAY ?AT LIB]TY IS RAIS$ TO ITS ?IRD P[]1 AU?ORITY R$UC$ TO ITS CUBE ROOT4 ,! =M] ACTUALLY EXT5DS AS ! /ATE DOES1 MULTIPLIES ) ! GR[? ( F$]ATION2 ! LATT]1 ITS SUCCESSIVE TI]S SUBORD9AT$ TO ONE ANO!R1 EXI/S :OLE ONLY 9 ! FAMILY1 :]E IT IS TEMP]$ BY BO? CONJUGAL & PAT]NAL LOVE4 

,NO D\BT KN[L$GE ( !SE GREAT LAWS CAN BE GA9$ ONLY BY LONG & PA9FUL EXP]I5CE2 P]HAPS1 TOO1 \R SPECIES MU/ PASS ?R\< ! TRIALS ( SLAV]Y BE=E A*IEV+ LIB]TY4 ,EA* AGE HAS ITS IDEA1 EA* EPO* ITS 9/ITUTIONS4 

,N[ ! TIME HAS COME4 ,! :OLE ( ,EUROPE CLAMORS = PEACE & DIS>MAM5T4 ,AS ?\< ! GLORY ( SO GREAT A CONTRIBUTION HAD BE5 RES]V$ TO US1 ALL HOPES >E P9N$ ON ,FRANCE1 & IT IS TO \R NATION ?AT M5 LOOK TO 9AUGURATE UNIV]SAL HAPP9ESS4 

,PR9CES & K+S1 9 ! /RICT S5SE1 >E ( ! PA/3 ALREADY WE HAVE CON/ITUTIONALIZ$ !M2 ! DAY IS COM+ :5 !Y WILL BE NO MORE ?AN PRESID5TS ( F$]ATIONS4 ,! SAME FATE AWAITS >I/OCRACIES1 DEMOCRACIES1 & ALL ! -CRACIES1 ! GANGR5E ( ! NATIONS1 ! BUGBE>S ( LIB]TY4 ,IS IT ONLY DEMOCRACY -- :I* ?9KS ITSELF LIB]AL & HURLS CURSES AT F$]ALISM & SOCIALISM1 AS ITS ANCE/ORS DID 9 #agic -- ?AT GRASPS ! IDEA ( LIB]TY8 ,WE CANNOT WAIT = AN ANSW] 9DEF9ITELY4 ,ALREADY WE >E BEG9N+ TO TURN \R ATT5TION TO ! F$]AL CONTRACT4 ,WE DO NOT RELY TOO MU* UPON ! /UPIDITY ( ! PRES5T G5]ATION1 SURELY1 9 EXPECT+ ! RETURN ( JU/ICE FROM ! CATACLYSM :I* WILL SWEEP IT AWAY4 

,AS = ME1 :OSE VIEWS C]TA9 J\RNALI/S HAVE TRI$ TO SUPPRESS1 EI!R BY CALCULAT$ SIL5CE OR ELSE BY TRAVE/Y OR SL&]1 ,I ?R[ D[N ?IS *ALL5GE TO MY 5EMIES4 

,ALL MY ECONOMIC IDEAS1 DEVELOP$ OV] ! LA/ TW5TY-FIVE YE>S1 CAN BE DEF9$ 9 ?REE WORDS3 AGRO-9DU/RIAL F$]ATION2 ALL MY POLITICAL VIEWS MAY BE R$UC$ TO A P>ALLEL =MULA3 POLITICAL F$]ATION OR DEC5TRALIZATION2 & S9CE ,I DO NOT MAKE MY IDEAS ! 9/RUM5TS ( A P>TY OR ( P]SONAL AMBITION1 ALL MY HOPES = ! PRES5T & FUTURE >E CONTA9$ 9 A ?IRD T]M1 A COROLL>Y ( ! FIR/ TWO3 PROGRESSIVE F$]ATION4 

,I *ALL5GE ANYONE TO MAKE A CLE>] PR(ESSION ( FAI?1 OR ONE ( SU* GREAT SIGNIFICANCE & ( SU* MOD]ATION AT ! SAME TIME4 ,I WILL GO FUR!R1 & *ALL5GE ANY FRI5D ( LIB]TY & JU/ICE TO REJECT IT4 

,P>T ,TWO 

,*APT] ,I3 ,! ,JACOB9 ,TRADITION3 ,F$]ALI/ ,GAUL1 ,MON>*ICAL ,FRANCE 

,GAUL1 9HABIT$ BY F\R DIFF]5T RACES -- ,GAULS1 ,CIMBRI1 ,GASCONS1 ,LIGURIANS -- & FUR!R DIVID$ 9TO MORE ?AN =TY PEOPLES1 =M$ A CONF$]ATION LIKE ITS NEI<BOR ,G]MANY4 ,NATURE HAD GIV5 IT ITS FIR/ CON/ITUTION1 A CON/ITUTION = FREE PEOPLES2 UNITY WAS ! RESULT ( CONQUE/1 ! WORK ( ! ,CAES>S4 

,! B\ND>IES ( ,GAUL >E G5]ALLY TAK5 TO BE ! ,NOR? ,SEA & ,*ANNEL 9 ! NOR?1 ! ,ATLANTIC ,OCEAN 9 ! WE/1 ! ,PYR5EES & ,M$IT]RANEAN 9 ! S\?1 ! ,ALPS & ,JURA 9 ! EA/1 ! ,RH9E 9 ! NOR?-EA/4 ,H]E ,I DO NOT WI% TO QUE/ION !SE SO-CALL$ NATURAL FRONTI]S AT ALL1 EV5 ?\< ! BAS9S ( ! ,RH9E1 ,MOSELLE1 ,MEUSE1 & ,S*ELDT LIE 9 ,G]MANY RA!R ?AN 9 ,GAUL4 ,ALL ,I WI% TO PO9T \T IS ?AT ! T]RITORY CONTA9$ 9 ?IS HUGE P5TAGON1 ?\< EASILY UNIFI$1 AS ,ROMANS & ,FRANKS DEMON/RAT$ 9 TURN1 IS NO LESS HAPPILY SUIT$ 4TO CONF$]ATION4 ,ONE MI<T COMP>E IT TO A TRUNCAT$ PYRAMID1 :OSE SIDES1 JO9$ AT !IR $GES & P\R+ !IR WAT]S 9TO DIFF]5T SEAS1 PROVIDE = ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! PEOPLES :O LIVE UPON !M4 ,ROMAN POLICY1 :I* HAD ALREADY DONE VIOL5CE TO NATURE 9 UNIFY+ & C5TRALIZ+ ,ITALY1 DID ! SAME TO ,GAUL1 SO ?AT \R WRET*$ C\NTRY1 SUFF]+ 9 SUCCESSION ,ROMAN CONQUE/1 IMP]IAL UNITY1 & %ORTLY AFT]W>DS CONV]SION TO ,*RI/IANITY1 LO/ ITS LANGUAGE1 ITS RELIGION1 ITS LIB]TY1 & ITS *>ACT] = EV]4 

,AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,WE/]N ,EMPIRE1 ,GAUL1 CONQU]$ BY ! ,FRANKS1 RECOV]$ UND] ,G]MANIC 9FLU5CE SOME?+ LIKE A F$]AL =M :I*1 BE+ RAPIDLY CORRUPT$1 BECAME ! FEUDAL SY/EM4 ,! GR[? ( T[NS C\LD HAVE REVIV$ ! F$]AL SPIRIT1 ESPECIALLY IF !Y HAD DRAWN !IR 9SPIRATION FROM ! ,FLEMI% COMMUNE RA!R ?AN ! ,ROMAN MUNICIPALITY3 BUT !Y W]E ABSORB$ BY ! MON>*Y4 

,BUT ! IDEA ( F$]ATION1 NATIVE TO ANCI5T ,GAUL1 /ILL LIV$ AS A MEMORY 9 ! HE>TS ( ! PROV9CES1 :5 ! REVOLUTION BROKE \T4 ,ONE MAY SAY ?AT F$]ATION WAS ! FIR/ ?\<T 9 #a#g#h#i4 ,) ABSOLUTE MON>*Y & FEUDAL RI<TS ABOLI%$1 & PROV9CIAL B\ND>IES RECOGNIZ$1 EV]YONE FELT ?AT ,FRANCE W\LD RETURN TO CONF$]ATION1 PRESID$ OV] BY A H]$IT>Y K+4 ,! BATTALIONS S5T TO ,P>IS FROM ALL ! PROV9CES ( ! REALM W]E CALL$ F$]AL TROOPS4 ,! GRIEVANCES SUBMITT$ BY ! ,E/ATES :O HA/5$ TO RECLAIM !IR SOV]EIGNTY CONTA9$ ! BASIS = A NEW SOCIAL PACT4_<#a#h_> ,BUT SADLY1 9 #a#g#h#i1 DESPITE \R REVOLUTION>Y FR5ZY1 WE W]E AS ALWAYS MORE READY TO IMITATE ?AN TO 9ITIATE4 ,!RE WAS NO EXAMPLE ( F$]ATION ( ANY NOTE AVAILABLE TO US4 ,NEI!R ! ,G]MAN CONF$]ATION1 BAS$ UPON ! ,HOLY ,APO/OLIC ,EMPIRE1 NOR ! ,SWISS CONF$]ATION1 SO IMBU$ ) >I/OCRACY1 (F]$ SUITABLE MODELS4 ,! ,AM]ICAN CONF$]ATION HAD JU/ COME 9TO BE+ ON #c ,M>* #a#g#h#i1 ! EVE ( ! MEET+ ( ! ,/ATES-,G5]AL -- & WE HAVE SE51 9 P>T #a1 H[ DEFECTIVE AN EF=T ?IS WAS4 ,S9CE WE HAD R5\NC$ A RETURN TO \R [N ANCI5T PR9CIPLES1 IT WAS NOT UNREASONABLE TO EXPECT MORE LIB]TY1 & ABOVE ALL MORE ORD]1 FROM A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y BAS$ ON ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,RI<TS ?AN FROM ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 >ROGAT+ ALL P[]S TO ITSELF & CALL+ ITSELF ,CON/ITU5T1 SIGNAL$ ! ANTI-F$]ALI/ REACTION4 ,AFT] ! OA? ( ! ,JEU DE PAUME1 ! ASSEMBLY WAS NO LONG] ONE ( QUASI-F$]AL DEPUTIES MAK+ CONTRACTS 9 ! NAME ( !IR RESPECTIVE E/ATES2_<#a#i_> ITS MEMB]S W]E REPRES5TATIVES ( AN UNDIVID$ COLLECTIVITY1 :O SET AB\T RE=M+ ! SOCIETY ( ,FRANCE FROM TOP TO BOTTOM1 CONDESC5D+1 AS ITS LEAD]S1 TO GRANT IT A *>T]4 ,TO MAKE ! TRANSITION IRREV]SIBLE1 ! PROV9CES W]E C>V$ UP & MADE UNRECOGNIZABLE1 & EV]Y TRACE ( PROV9CIAL 9DEP5D5CE EXT+UI%$ BY ! NEW T]RITORIAL DIVISION 9TO ,DEP>TM5TS4 ,IT WAS ,SIEYES :O MADE ?IS PROPOSAL1 :I* LAT] WAS TO S]VE AS ! MODEL = ALL ?OSE CONSI/5TLY UNIT>Y CON/ITUTIONS BY :I* ?IS C\NTRY HAS BE5 GOV]N$2 ,SIEYES1 IMBU$ ) ! SPIRIT ( ,*UR* & ,EMPIRE1 WAS ! TRUE AU?OR ( \R PRES5T UNITY2 IT WAS HE :O /IFL$ AT BIR? NATIONAL CONF$]ATION1 :I* IS READY TO BE REBORN IF BUT ONE MAN IS ABLE TO DEF9E IT4 ,! NE$S ( ! MOM5T1 ! SAFETY ( ! REVOLUTION1 W]E ,SIEYES' EXCUSE4 ,MIRABEAU1 :O AID$ HIM 9 ALL HIS PROJECTS = ! CREATION ( DEP>TM5TS1 EMBRAC$ ,SIEYES' IDEA ) SU* 5?USIASM ?AT HE FE>$ PROV9CIAL LIB]TIES W\LD GIVE BIR? TO A C\NT]-REVOLUTION2 & JU/ AS HE APPROV$ ( T]RITORIAL DIVISION BY ,DEP>TM5T AS ! BASIS = ! NEW MON>*Y1 SO TOO HE SAW IT AS AN EXCELL5T TACTICAL DEVICE AGA9/ ! OLD REGIME4 

,AFT] ! DISA/] ( #a ,AUGU/1 ! ABOLITION ( ! MON>*Y L$ ONCE MORE TO A REVIVAL ( F$]ALI/ IDEAS4_<#b_> ,!RE WAS SOME DISSATISFACTION ) ! CON/ITUTION ( #a#g#i#a1 :I* HAD BECOME UNWORKABLE4 ,!RE W]E COMPLA9TS AB\T ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! TWO LA/ ASSEMBLIES1 & AB\T ! ABSORPTION ( DEP>TM5TAL P[] BY ! CAPITAL4 ,A NEW ASSEMBLY ( REPRES5TATIVES ( ! NATION WAS CONV5$3 IT BORE ! SIGNIFICANT TITLE ( ,CONV5TION4 ,?IS M>K$ ! =MAL REPUDIATION ( ! UNIT>Y IDEAS ( ,SIEYES2 BUT IT WAS TO UND]GO FE>FUL DIVISIONS & TO BR+ AB\T BLOODY PROSCRIPTIONS4 ,AS AT ,V]SAILLES AFT] ! OP5+ ( ! ,/ATES-,G5]AL1 F$]ALISM WAS TO BE VANQUI%$ ONCE MORE1 DUR+ ! EV5TS ( #ca ,MAY #agic 9 ,P>IS4_<#b#a_> ,FROM ?AT DAY ( ILL OM5 EV]Y VE/IGE ( F$]ALISM HAS VANI%$ FROM ! PUBLIC LAW ( ! ,FR5*2 ! V]Y IDEA HAS BECOME SUSPECT1 A SYNONYM = C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 ONE MI<T ALMO/ SAY = TREASON4 ,! IDEA HAS BE5 ]AS$ FROM \R M9DS2 NO ONE 9 ,FRANCE KN[S ANY LONG] :AT IS MEANT BY ! WORD F$]ATION1 :I* MI<T AS WELL BE A WORD BORR[$ FROM ! ,SANSKRIT4 

,W]E ! ,GIROND9S WRONG 9 TRY+ TO APPEAL -- ON ! /R5G? ( ! ,CONV5TION'S M&ATE -- TO ! ,DEP>TM5TS ( ! S+LE & 9DIVISIBLE REPUBLIC ( ! ,JACOB9S8_<#b#b_> 

,ADMITT+ ?AT !Y W]E RI<T 9 PR9CIPLE1 WAS !IR POLICY OPPORTUNE8 ,! OMNIPOT5CE ( ! NEW ASSEMBLY1 ELECT$ 9 A FUNDAM5TALLY ANTI-UNIT>Y MOOD1 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! COMMITTEE ( PUBLIC SAFETY1 ! TRIUMVIRATE ( ,ROBESPI]RE1 ,SA9T-,JU/1 & ,C\?ON1 ! TRIBUNICIAL P[] ( ,M>AT & ,HEB]T1 ! JUDICIAL P[] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TRIBUNAL -- NO D\BT ALL ?IS WAS SC>CELY TOL]ABLE1 &1 MOREOV]1 JU/IFI$ ! REVOLT ( ! SEV5TY-TWO ,DEP>TM5TS AGA9/ ,P>IS4 ,BUT ! ,GIROND9S C\LD NOT DEF9E !IR [N ?\<TS OR =MULATE AN ALT]NATIVE SY/EM1 !Y C>RI$ 9SUFFICI5T POLITICAL WEI<T & C\LD NOT TACKLE ! NATIONAL DANG] ?AT !Y HAD D5\NC$ SO WELL2 W]E !Y NOT GUILTY ( A CLUMSY PROVOCATION1 & ( GREAT IMPRUD5CE8 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF ! ,JACOB9S1 :O RETA9$ EXCLUSIVE P[]1 C\LD ) SOME JU/IFICATION TAKE CR$IT = SAV+ ! ,REVOLUTION & DEFEAT+ ! ALLIES AT ,FLEURUS1 C\LD ONE NOT QUITE AS JU/LY REPROA* !M1 UP TO A PO9T1 = HAV+ !MSELVES CREAT$ ! DANG] :I* !Y LAT] AV]T$2_<#b#c_> &1 ?R\< !IR FANATICISM1 ?R\< !IR T]ROR ( F\RTE5 MON?S & ! REACTION :I* IT PROVOK$1 DID !Y NOT EXHAU/ ! NATION1 CRU% PUBLIC SPIRIT1 & TRAMPLE UPON LIB]TY8 

,HI/ORY WILL IMP>TIALLY JUDGE ?IS CASE1 9 ! LI<T ( MORE FULLY UND]/OOD PR9CIPLES1 ( CONTEMPOR>Y RECORDS1 & ( ! FACTS4 

,AS = ME1 IF ,I MAY (F] A P]SONAL OP9ION :ILE AWAIT+ ?IS DEF9ITIVE JUDGM5T -- & H[ >E HI/ORICAL JUDGM5TS >RIV$ AT1 IF NOT BY SUMM+ UP OP9IONS8 -- ,I WILL SAY ?AT ! ,FR5* NATION1 CON/ITUT$ = F\RTE5 C5TURIES AS A MON>*Y BY DIV9E RI<T1 C\LD NOT HAVE TRANS=M$ ITSELF OV]NI<T 9TO A REPUBLIC ( ANY K9D2 ?AT ! ,GIRONDE1 REPROA*$ = ITS F$]ALISM1 REPRES5T$ ! ?\<T ( ! REVOLUTION BETT] ?AN ! ,JACOB9S DID1 BUT WAS FOOLI% IF IT BELIEV$ 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( AN IMM$IATE TRANS=MATION2 ?AT PRUD5CE1 OR ! LAW ( PROGRESS1 AS WE W\LD SAY TODAY1 DICTAT$ COMPROMISE1 & ?AT ! MIS=TUNE ( ! ,GIROND9S WAS TO HAVE DAMAG$ !IR PR9CIPLES BY OPPOS+ AT ONCE !0 MON>*Y ( ,SIEYES & ,MIRABEAU & ! DEMOCRACY ( ! SANS-CULOTTES1'M TEMPOR>Y ALLIANCE4 ,AS = ! ,JACOB9S1 ,I WILL SAY ) EQUAL FRANKNESS ?AT 9 SEIZ+ P[] & US+ IT ) ALL ITS MON>*ICAL POT5TIAL1 !Y DISPLAY$ MORE %REWDNESS1 UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 ?AN ! /ATESM5 ( ! ,GIRONDE2BUT ?AT 9 REE/ABLI%+ ! MON>*ICAL SY/EM1 ) ITS ABSOLUTISM 9T5SIFI$1 UND] ! NAME ( '! S+LE & 9DIVISIBLE REPUBLIC1' !Y SACRIFIC$ ! V]Y PR9CIPLE ( REVOLUTION & DISPLAY$ A ,MA*IAVELLIANISM ( S9I/] PORT5T4 ,A TEMPOR>Y DICTATOR%IP C\LD HAVE BE5 JU/IFIABLE2 BUT A DOGMA1 :I* 9EVITABLY L$ TO ! CONSECRATION ( ALL ! EXCESSES ( P[] & ! DE/RUCTION ( NATIONAL SOV]EIGNTY1 WAS NO?+ LESS ?AN A CRIME4 ,! ,JACOB9S' S+LE & 9DIVISIBLE REPUBLIC DID MORE ?AN RU9 ! ANCI5T F$]ALISM ( ! PROV9CES3 IT MADE LIB]TY IMPOSSIBLE 9 ,FRANCE1 & MADE REVOLUTION ILLUSORY4 ,9 #ahc ONE MI<T /ILL HAVE RES]V$ JUDGM5T AB\T ! FATAL CONSEQU5CES ( ! ,JACOB9S' TRIUMPH3 TODAY1 D\BT IS NO LONG] POSSIBLE4 

,! DEBATE BETWE5 F$]ALISM & UNITY HAS REC5TLY REEM]G$ 9 ! ,ITALIAN CONTEXT1 UND] CIRCUM/ANCES NOT :OLLY UNLIKE ?OSE ( #a#g#i#c4 ,9 #agic ! IDEA ( F$]ALISM1 CONFUS$ BY SOME ) DEMOCRACY1 CONDEMN$ BY O!RS = ITS ROYALISM1 RAN UP AGA9/ ! WRET*$NESS ( ! TIMES1 P>TISAN FURY1 & ! =GETFULNESS & WEAKNESS ( ! NATION4 ,9 #a#h#e#i1 ITS 5EMIES W]E M9I/]IAL 9TRIGUE1 SECT>IAN FANTASY1 & ! MI/RU/ :I* IS EASILY >\S$ AMONG PEOPLES4_<#b#d_> 

,WE MU/ DISCOV] :E!R ! PREJUDICE :I* S9CE #a<i HAS CONSI/5TLY L$ US FROM REVOLUTION>Y TO ABSOLUTI/ PA?S IS /ILL TO SURVIVE 9 ! FACE ( ! TRU?1 :I* HAS AT LA/ EM]G$1 & ( ! FACTS4 

,9 ! FIR/ P>T ( ?IS WORK ,I TRI$ TO E/ABLI% ! PHILOSOPHICAL & HI/ORICAL F\NDATIONS ( ! PR9CIPLE ( F$]ATION1 & TO %[ ! SUP]IORITY ( ?IS CONCEPTION1 :I* WE MAY SAY IS ?AT ( \R C5TURY1 OV] ALL ?OSE :I* HAVE PREC$$ IT4 ,I HAVE JU/ DESCRIB$ ! SEQU5CE ( EV5TS & ! CONJUNCTION ( CIRCUM/ANCES ?R\< :I* ! OPPOSITE !ORY HAS COME TO DOM9ATE \R M9DS4 ,I WILL N[ %[ H[ ! DEMOCRATS HAVE CONDUCT$ !MSELVES 9 REC5T YE>S UND] ?IS DREADFUL 9FLU5CE4 ,9 R$UC+ ITSELF TO ABSURDITY1 ! POLICY ( UNITY CONFESSES ITS [N DEMISE & C$ES ITS PLACE TO F$]ATION4 

,P>T ,?REE 

,*APT] ,I,X3 ,SLAV]Y & ! ,PROLET>IAT 

,:AT IS HAPP5+ ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! ,ATLANTIC1 ?REE ?\S& LEAGUES FROM ! REGIONS :]E ! ,MAZZ9IAN IDEA SO>S1 IS DAZZL+ PRO( ( ! REALITY ?AT1 BESIDES F$]ALISM1 POLITICS T5DS TO DEG5]ATE 9TO TYRANNY1 PLUND] & EXT]M9ATION REG>DLESS ( ! VIRTUE & L5I5CY ( ! HEADS ( /ATE4 

,= HALF A C5TURY1 ! REPUBLIC ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES PASS$ = ! MODEL SOCIETY & TYPE ( GOV]NM5T4 ,9 FACT1 AN 9COMP>ABLE FRE$OM WAS DISPLAY$ !RE1 ALONG ) UNPREC$5T$ PROSP]ITY1 BUT ?AT F$]ALI/ REPUBLIC WAS 9FECT$ ) PR(\ND DEFECTS4 ,! FEV] ( EXPLOITATION1 IMPORT$ FROM ,EUROPE ) RELIGION & LAWS1 & ! PRIDE ( BLOOD & WEAL?1 HAD DEVELOP$ ! PR9CIPLE ( 9EQUALITY & CLASS DI/9CTIONS TO A FRI<T5+ DEGREE & MADE ! RETURN TO UNIT>Y GOV]NM5T 9EVITABLE4 

,?REE CATEGORIES ( SUBJECTS MAKE UP ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY3 BLACK WORK]S 7SLAVES71 :ITE WORK]S1 :O >E DAY-BY-DAY MORE SUBM]G$ 9 ! PROLET>IAT1 & ! L&[N+1 CAPITALI/1 9DU/RIALI/ >I/OCRACY4 ,BECAUSE SLAV]Y & ! PROLET>IAT >E 9COMPATIBLE ) REPUBLICAN VALUES1 ! S\!RN /ATES1 AL?\< !Y CALL !MSELVES ,D,E,M,O,C,R,A,T,S1 W]E ! FIR/ TO COLLABORATE ON ! IDEA ( C5TRALIZ+ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & CONTROLL+ ! CONF$]ATION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 !Y WANT$ TO DEVELOP !IR P>TICUL> 9/ITUTION1 BLACK S]VITUDE1 ?AT IS1 OV] ! 5TIRE REPUBLIC4 ,REJECT$ BY ?OSE 9 ! ,NOR?1 :O W]E 9 ! VA/ MAJORITY & :O PREF]R$ TO CLOAK !MSELVES ) ! MANTLE ( ,R,E,P,U,B,L,I,C,A,N,S1 ?OSE 9 ! ,S\?1 /RUCK D[N 9 !IR LOCAL 9T]E/ BY ?IS MAJORITY1 :I* 9T5D$ TO USE ITS P[] & SPEAK 9 ! NAME ( ! 5TIRE ,UNION1 BROKE ! F$]AL PACT & =M$ A SLAVEHOLD] DEMOCRACY1 APP>5TLY UNIT>Y4 

,TO SAVE ! ,UNION1 TWO ?+S W]E NECESS>Y ?R\< COMMON ACCORD & 5]GETIC WILL3 #a7 FREE ! BLACKS & GIVE !M CIVIL RI<TS .<DROIT DE CITE.>1 ( :I* ! NOR!RN /ATES ONLY GRANT$ HALF & ! S\!RN /ATES DID NOT WANT TO GRANT AT ALL2 #b7 5]GETICALLY RESI/ ! GR[+ .<SIZE ( !.> PROLET>IAT1 :I* 5T]$ 9TO NO ONE'S P]SPECTIVE4 ,?REAT5$ 9 ! ,S\? BY BLACK S]VITUDE & 9 ! ,NOR? BY ! :ITE PROLET>IAT1 ! CONF$]ATION WAS 9 DANG]3 ! OB/9ACY ( BO? P>TIES MADE ! EVIL ALMO/ 9CURABLE4 ,9 FACT1 IF ?+S HAD BE5 LEFT ALONE1 IF ! [N+ CLASS ( ! ,NOR? & ! >I/OCRACY ( ! ,S\? HAD REMA9$ UNIT$ & CONC]N$ SOLELY ) DEVELOP+ !IR RESPECTIVE =MS ( EXPLOITATION1 DO+ NO?+ = PAID OR 5SLAV$ WORK]S1 UNCONC]N$ ) REG>D TO ! TIME :5 ! TWO W\LD MEET1 WE C\LD PR$ICT ?AT1 ON ! DAY ! TWO FLOODS COLLID$1 ! DEMOCRATIC MULTITUDE ( ! ,S\? W\LD 9FILTRATE ! REPUBLICAN MASS ( ! ,NOR? & VISE V]SA4 ,!N :ITE WORK]S & BLACK WORK]S MIX+ & QUICKLY GETT+ ALONG1 ! EXPLOIT+ CLASS1 TO PROTECT ITSELF FROM ! SLAVE & PROLET>IAN 9SURRECTION1 W\LD NO LONG] ONLY HAVE TO *ANGE ITS CONF$]ATION 9TO A UNIFI$ /ATE ) POLICE =CES & A L>GE /&+ >MY1 C5TRALIZ$ ADM9I/RATION1 ETC41 BUT1 IF IT DID NOT WANT TO BE EXPOS$ TO SLAVES & ! PROLET>IAT M>*+ AGA9/ IT1 IT W\LD HAVE TO NAME AN EMP]OR1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ,HAITI & ,MEXICO4 ,IF1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! RACIAL DIFF]5CE W]E EXPLOIT$1 IF ! DIV]G5CE ( ! EXPLOIT]S' HABITS & ! CONTRADICTION ( !IR 9T]E/S MADE SEP>ATION 9EVITABLE1 & NO =CE C\LD /OP IT1 ! POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC & /RATEGIC =TUNE ( ! ,NOR? WAS GO+ TO BE S]I\SLY COMPROMIS$1 & WE C\LD /ILL PR$ICT ?AT ! TIME W\LD COME :5 ! REPUBLICAN MAJORITY W\LD DEM& ALLIANCE ON ITS T]MS ) ! SLAVE-HOLD+ M9ORITY4 ,EI!R WAY1 ! CONF$]ATION WAS GO+ TO P]I%4 

,9 ?AT SITUATION1 ! ,S\? TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE & PROCLAIM$ ITS 9DEP5D5CE3 & H[ DID ! ,NOR? PROCE$8 ,9T5T ON RETA9+ ITS SUPREMACY & :]EAS1 ACCORD+ TO IT1 ! T]RITORY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES COMPRIS$ ONE NATION1 IT BEGAN BY CALL+ ! SEP>ATI/S REBELS2 !N1 TO REMOVE ANY PRETEXT = SECESSION1 !Y DECID$ TO TRANSPORT ALL ! SLAVES AWAY FROM ! REPUBLIC1 COMP5SAT+ SLAVEHOLD]S1 BUT TO GIVE ! SLAVES ( ?OSE SLAVEHOLD]S :O REQUE/$ IT AU?ORIZATION TO REMA9 BUT 9 AN 9F]IOR CONDITION ?AT REM9DS ONE ( ! CONDITION ( UNGODLY P>IAHS4 ,!RE=E1 :5 ! CONF$]ATES ( ! ,S\? CALL$ REBELS1 :O1 TO ESCAPE !IR P>TICUL> EXPLOITATION1 ASK$ TO LEAVE A CONF$]ATION ?AT HAD BECOME IMPOSSIBLE1 !Y DECRE$ !IR AU?ORITY TO LEGALIZE & R5D] IRREVOCABLE ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL SEP>ATION ( PEOPLE ( COLOR3 A NEW WAY TO APPLY ! PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALITY6 ,SU* IS ,L9COLN'S PLAN4 ,IF ?AT PLAN COMES TO PASS1 IT IS CLE> ?AT BLACK S]VITUDE WILL ONLY *ANGE ITS =M1 ?AT MANY BLACKS1 9DISP5SABLE = ! PRODUCTION ( S\!RN CROPS1 WILL BE HELD 9 ! /ATES 9 :I* !Y LIVE1 ?AT ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY WILL NOT BE MORE HOMOG5\S1 ?AT1 BESIDES ! DESIRE TO PREV5T ANY FUTURE SEP>ATION ATTEMPT BY ! S\!RN /ATES FROM TAK+ ONE MORE /EP T[>D C5TRALIZATION1 ! PLAN WILL 5SURE1 ! GEOGRAPHIC COMPOSITION H]E ASSI/+ ! SOCIAL COMPOSITION1.<#a#i.> ?AT ! F$]AL REPUBLIC ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WILL ONLY MOVE MORE QUICKLY T[>D ! UNIFI$ SY/EM BY MEANS ( ,L9COLN'S SOLUTION4 

,H[EV]1 ! SAME ,DEMOCRACY ?AT AMONG US SUPPORTS ,ITALIAN UNITY ALSO SUPPORTS ,AM]ICAN UNITY UND] ! PRETEXT ( ! ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y1 BUT1 TO BETT] DEMON/RATE ?AT ?OSE TWO UNITIES >E1 9 ITS EYES1 ONLY TWO B\RGEOIS1 QUASI-MON>*IC EXPRESSIONS ) ! PURPOSE ( CONSOLIDAT+ HUMAN EXPLOITATION1 IT APPLAUDS ! CONV]SION ( BLACK SLAVES TO ! PROLET>IAT ?AT ,MR4 ,L9COLN PROPOS$4 ,COMP>E ?AT ) ! D5\NCEM5T ) :I* IT HAS ATTACK$ SOCIALISM S9CE #a#h#d#h1 & Y\ WILL HAVE ! SECRET ( ?IS DEMOCRATIC PHILAN?ROPY ?AT DOES NOT SUPPORT SLAV]Y 7:AT RUBBI%67 BUT ADAPTS TO ! M>VEL ( ! MO/ BRAZ5 EXPLOITATION2 Y\ WILL HAVE ! SECRET ( ALL ?OSE UNITIES1 ! PURPOSE ( :I* IS TO BREAK1 ?R\< ADM9I/RATIVE C5TRALIZATION1 ANY /R5G? ( RESI/ANCE 9 ! MASSES2 Y\ WILL HAVE ACQUIR$ EVID5CE ?AT :AT GOV]NS ! POLITICS ( ! SO-CALL$ REPUBLICANS & DEMOCRATS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,ITALY & ,FRANCE IS NOT JU/ICE1 NOT ! SPIRIT ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY & NOT EV5 AN IDEAL BUT PURE EGOTISM1 ! MO/ CYNICAL ( REASONS ( /ATE4 

,IF1 9 ITS DISCUSSIONS ON ! ,AM]ICAN AFFAIR1 ! DEMOCRATIC PRESS HAD APPLI$ AS MU* JUDGM5T AS IT DID ZEAL2 IF1 9/EAD ( PU%+ ! ,NOR? AGA9/ ! ,S\? & %\T+ 0,KILL6 ,KILL60 IT HAD S\<T MEANS ( CONCILIATION1 IT C\LD HAVE PROVID$ ! OPPOS+ P>TIES WISE ADVICE & NOBLE EXAMPLES4 ,IT C\LD HAVE TOLD !M ! FOLL[+3 

0,9 A F$]AL REPUBLIC1 ! PROLET>IAT & SLAV]Y BO? SEEM UNACCEPTABLE2 ! T5D5CY MU/ BE TO ABOLI% !M BO?4 

0,9 #a#h#d#h1 ,SWITZ]L&1 AFT] 9CLUD+ ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW 9 ITS NEW CON/ITUTION & ABOLI%+ ALL =M] B\RGEOIS & FAMILIAL PRIVILEGES1 DID NOT HESITATE1 BY VIRTUE ( ?IS NEW PR9CIPLE1 TO BE/[ CITIZ5%IP & ITS RI<TS ON ! HEIMA?LOS5 7PEOPLE )\T A C\NTRY74 ,CAN ! ,AM]ICAN CONF$]ATION1 )\T FAIL+ 9 ITS PR9CIPLE & )\T GO+ BACKW>DS1 REFUSE ALREADY EMANCIPAT$ PEOPLE ( COLOR :O AB\ND ON ITS T]RITORY ! SAME B5EFITS ! ,SWISS GRANT$ TO ITS HEIMA?LOS58 ,9/EAD ( REJECT+ & HUMILIAT+ ?OSE PEOPLE1 MU/ NOT ALL ,ANGLO-,SAXONS1 BO? NOR!RN & S\!RN1 RECEIVE !M 9 H>MONY & HAIL !M AS FELL[ CITIZ5S & EQUALS8 ,H[EV]1 ! CONSEQU5CE ( ?AT MEASURE W\LD BE TO GRANT EQUAL POLITICAL RI<TS TO BO? ! EMANCIPAT$ BLACKS & ?OSE KEPT 9 S]VITUDE UNTIL N[4 

0,9 #a#h#f1 ,CZ> ,ALEX&] ,I,I ( ,RUSSIA1 AFT] FREE+ ! PEASANTS ( HIS /ATES1 MORE ?AN #be MILLION S\LS1 & BE/[+ UPON !M ! CIVIL & POLITICAL RI<TS ( HIS EMPIRE'S GOV]NM5T1 GAVE ALL ( !M [N]%IP ( ! L& ON :I* BE=E !Y W]E ONLY S]FS1 ! CZ> HIMSELF COMP5SAT+ ! DISPOSSESS$ NOBLES AS HE C\LD--CAN ! ,AM]ICAN CONF$]ATION DO LESS = ITS EMANCIPAT$ BLACKS ?AN ,CZ> ,ALEX&]1 AN AUTOCRAT1 DID = HIS PEASANTS8 ,IS IT NOT PRUD5T & JU/ ?AT IT ALSO BE/[S L& & [N]%IP ON !M SO ?AT !Y DO NOT FALL 9TO A WORSE S]VITUDE ?AN ! ONE !Y ESCAP$8 

0,! ,AM]ICAN CONF$]ATION1 DUE TO ! SEQU5CE ( IDEAS ?AT GOV]NS IT & ?R\< ! MIS=TUNE ( ITS SITUATION1 MU/ DO EV5 MORE3 IT MU/1 UPON ! P5ALTY ( RECRIM9ATION FROM ! S\!RN /ATES1 ATTACK .<:AT CREATES.> ! :ITE PROLET>IAT AT ITS S\RCES BY PROVID+ POSSESSIONS = ! WAGE-WORK]S .<POSSESSIONNANT LES SAL>IES.> & ORGANIZ+1 ALONGSIDE POLITICAL GU>ANTEES1 A SY/EM ( ECONOMIC GU>ANTEES4 ,IT IS UP TO ! ,NOR? TO TAKE ! 9ITIATIVE ON ?AT RE=M & LEAD ! ,S\? BY ! P[] ( EXAMPLE RA!R ?AN ! =CE ( >MS4 

0,BEYOND ?AT1 ! ,NOR?'S HYPOCRITICAL & UNHOLY ATTACK AGA9/ ! ,S\? CAN ONLY RESULT 9 ! RU9 ( ALL ! /ATES & ! DE/RUCTION ( ! REPUBLIC40 

,AT LEA/ ,MR4 ,L9COLN1 =C$ TO DEAL ) ! >I/OCRATIC M9DS & MORAL REVULSION ( ! ,ANGLO-,SAXON RACE1 IS EXCUSABLE TO SOME DEGREE1 & ! S9C]ITY ( HIS 9T5TIONS MU/ P>DON HIS /RANGE PHILAN?ROPY4 ,BUT ! ,FR5*1 M5 $UCAT$ 9 ! S*OOL ( ,VOLTAIRE1 ,R\SSEAU & ! ,REVOLUTION1 9 :OM ! EGALIT>IAN S5TIM5T MU/ BE 9NATE1 H[ CAN !Y NOT BELIEVE ?AT ! NOR!RN ULTIMATUM RESULT$ 9 ALL ?OSE CONSEQU5CES8 ,H[ CAN !Y BE HAPPY ) ,MR4 ,L9COLN'S PRET5SE ( EMANCIPATION8 ,H[ DO !Y HAVE ! C\RAGE TO APPLAUD ! REC5T CALL = ! SLAVES TO REVOLT1 OBVI\SLY ONLY A CALL FROM ! DESP]ATE ,NOR? = A MEANS ( DE/RUCTION ?AT ALSO REJECTS ! LAWS ( W> & ! LAW ( NATIONS8 ,:AT IS ! EXCUSE ( !SE SO-CALL$ LIB]ALS8 ,DO !Y NOT SEE ?AT ! FEEL+ ?AT GUIDES !M IS NEI!R LOVE NOR HUMANITY BUT ! CALCULAT$ COLDNESS ( A ,PH>ISEE ECONOMI/1 :O SAYS TO HIMSELF AFT] COMP>+ HIS CO/S3 ,C]TA9LY1 IT IS MORE ADVANTAGE\S TO ! CAPITALI/1 ! CAPTA9 ( 9DU/RY1 PROP]TY & ! /ATE1 :OSE 9T]E/S H]E >E ONE1 TO USE FREE WORK]S1 HAV+ BECAUSE ( WAGES .<TO PROVIDE =.> !MSELVES & SO )\T WORRY+ AB\T !IR SUBSI/5CE1 ?AN US+ 5SLAV$ WORK]S :O >E MORE TR\BLESOME ?AN ! WAGE WORK]S & PRODUCE PROPORTIONALLY LESS PR(IT8 

,!SE >E ! FACTS1 ANALOGIES & CONSID]ATIONS RAIS$1 & H]E >E ! QUE/IONS ,I ASK ,FR$]IC ,MOR94_<#b#e_> 

,! F$]ATIVE PR9CIPLE H]E APPE>S CLOSELY RELAT$ TO ?AT ( ! SOCIAL EQUALITY ( RACES & ! EQUILIBRIUM ( =TUNES4 ,! POLITICAL PROBLEM1 ! ECONOMIC PROBLEM & ! PROBLEM ( RACES >E ONE & ! SAME PROBLEM1 & ! SAME !ORY & JURISPRUD5CE CAN RESOLVE ?AT PROBLEM4 

,NOTICE1 ) REG>D TO BLACK WORK]S1 ?AT PHYSIOLOGI/S & E?NOGRAPH]S RECOGNIZE !M AS P>T ( ! SAME SPECIES AS :ITES2 ?AT RELIGION DECL>ES !M1 ALONG ) ! :ITES1 ! *ILDR5 ( ,GOD & ! *UR*1 R$EEM$ BY ! BLOOD ( ! SAME ,*RI/ & !RE=E SPIRITUAL BRO!RS2 ?AT PSY*OLOGY SEES NO DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,NEGRO CONSCI5CE & ?AT ( ! :ITE1 NO MORE ?AN BETWE5 ! COMPREH5SION ( ONE & ! O!R2 F9ALLY1 ?AT IT IS PROV51 BY DAILY EXP]I5CE1 ) $UCATION &1 IF NE$$1 9T]BRE$+1 ?AT ! BLACK RACE CAN PROVIDE (FSPR+ AS REM>KABLY DI/+UI%$ BY TAL5T1 MORALITY & 9DU/RY AS :AT ! :ITE RACE CAN & ?AT1 MORE ?AN ONCE ALREADY1 ! BLACK RACE HAS BE5 ( 9VALUABLE HELP 9 RE9=C+ & REJUV5AT+ ! :ITE RACE4 

,!RE=E1 ,I ASK ,FR$]IC ,MOR93 

,IF ! ,AM]ICANS1 AFT] TAK+ ! BLACKS FROM !IR ,AFRICAN C\NTRIES BY =CE TO MAKE SLAVES ( !M ON ,AM]ICAN SOIL1 HAVE ! RI<T TO EXPEL !M TODAY BECAUSE !Y NO LONG] WANT !M2 

,IF ?AT DEPORTATION1 :I* ONLY R5EWS 9 AN 9V]SE S5SE ! HORRIBLE REALITY ( ! FIR/ REMOVAL1 DOES NOT CON/ITUTE1 ACCORD+ TO ! SO-CALL$ ABOLITIONI/S1 A CRIME EQUAL TO ?AT ( ! SLAV]S2 

,IF1 ?R\< A C5TURY ( S]VITUDE1 ! ,NEGROES HAVE NOT ACQUIR$ ! RI<T TO USE & 9HABITANT ,AM]ICAN SOIL2 

,IF IT W\LD SUFFICE = ! ,FR5* [N]S TO SAY TO !IR PROLET>IAN COMPATRIOTS1 TO ALL ?OSE :O POSSESS NEI!R CAPITAL NOR FUNDS & :O SUBSI/ BY LEAS+ !IR >MS1 0,! L& IS \RS2 Y\ DO NOT [N AN 9* ( IT1 & WE NO LONG] NE$ Y\R S]VICES3 LEAVE02 SO ?AT ! PROLET>IAT CLE> (F2 

,IF ! BLACKS1 AS FREE AS ! :ITES BY NATURE & HUMAN DIGNITY1 MAY1 BY RECOV]+ ! POSSESSION ( !IR MOM5T>ILY LO/ HUMANITY1 BE EXCLUD$ FROM !IR CIVIL RI<TS2 

,IF ?OSE RI<TS >E NOT ACQUIR$ ?R\< ! D\BLE FACT ( !IR REC5T EMANCIPATION & PREVI\S RESID5CE2 

,IF ! CONDITION ( P>IAH1 TO :I* ! ,L9COLN PLAN W\LD DOOM ! BLACKS1 W\LD NOT BE WORSE = ?AT M9ORITY RACE ?AN S]VITUDE2 

,IF ?AT PALTRY EMANCIPATION IS NOT %AMEFUL = ! ,NOR? & DOES NOT MEAN MORAL VICTORY = ! CLAIM ( ! ,S\?2 

,IF ,F$]ALI/S & ,CONF$]ATES1 FI<T+ ONLY OV] ! TYPE ( S]VITUDE1 MU/ NOT BE DECL>$ EQUALLY GUILTY BLASPHEM]S & BETRAY]S ( ! F$]ATIVE PR9CIPLE & BANN$ FROM ALL NATIONS2 

,IF ! ,EUROPEAN PRESS ?AT1 ) ITS 9CITEM5TS1 UNIT>IANISM & ANTI-EGALIT>IAN T5D5CIES1 IS !IR ACCOMPLICE 9 ALL ?IS1 DOES IT NOT ALSO DES]VE ! /IGMATIZATION ( OP9ION8 

,& G5]ALIZ+ MY ?\<T1 ,I ASK ,FR$]IC ,MOR93 

,IF HE BELIEVES ?AT ! 9EQUALITY ( FACULTIES AMONG PEOPLE IS SU* ?AT IT CAN LEGITIMIZE UNEQUAL PR]OGATIVES2 

,IF ! 9EQUALITY ( =TUNES1 = :I* ! 9EQUALITY ( FACULTIES S]VES AS A PRETEXT & ?AT CREATES 9 SOCIETY SU* DREADFUL ANTAGONISMS1 IS NOT MU* MORE ! WORK ( PRIVILEGE1 CUNN+ & LUCK ?AN ?AT ( ,NATURE2 

,IF ! FIR/ DUTY ( /ATES IS NOT1 !RE=E1 TO REPAIR1 ) ! 9/ITUTIONS ( MUTUALITY & A VA/ SY/EM ( $UCATION1 ! 9SULT ( BIR? & ! ACCID5TS ( SOCIAL LIFE2 

,IF IT DOES NOT SEEM TO HIM1 !RE=E1 ?AT ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW MU/ HAVE AS COROLL>IES3 #a7 ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUALITY ( RACES1 #b7 ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUAL CONDITIONS & #c7 ! PR9CIPLE ( 9CREAS+LY SIMIL>1 AL?\< NEV] COMPLETELY EQUAL1 =TUNES2 

,IF1 BAS$ ON :AT IS HAPP5+ BE=E \R EYES1 IT APPE>S TO HIM ?AT ?OSE PR9CIPLES1 ! NEGATION ( ALL POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL PRIVILEGE1 ( ANY ACCEPT$ MEAN+ ( PEOPLE & RACES1 ( PREF]5TIAL TREATM5T ( ANY K9D1 ( ANY CLASS PREEM95CE1 C\LD BE S]I\SLY APPLI$ & CONT9U$ UND] A GOV]NM5T O!R ?AN A F$]ATIVE ONE2 

,IF1 F9ALLY1 9ASMU* AS LOGIC1 HI/ORY & CONTEMPOR>Y FACTS ALL[ IT TO BE JUDG$1 IS !RE NO REAL 9COMPATIBILITY BETWE5 ! LAW & DE/9Y ( ! HUMAN SPECIES & ! PRACTICES & ASPIRATIONS ( ! UNIT>Y SY/EM8 

,IMMORALITY & S]VITUDE >E :AT ,I HAVE DISCOV]$ AT ! F\NDATION ( ?AT POLICY ( UNITY1 BO? ( ,MAZZ9I & ! ,JACOB9S1 :I* TOMORR[ WILL BE ?AT ( ,PRESID5T ,L9COLN1 IF A BETT] 9SPIRATION DOES NOT >RIVE TO REPLACE HIS COMPATRIOTS' & HIS FATEFUL & RU?LESS PREV5TIONS4 

,CONCLUSION 

,! ,F,R,5,* ,P,E,O,P,L,E >E DEMORALIZ$ BECAUSE !Y NE$ AN IDEA4 ,!Y LACK UND]/&+ ( ! TIME & SITUATION & ONLY RETA9 PRIDE 9 AN 9ITIATIVE1 ! PR9CIPLE & GOAL ( :I* HAVE ESCAP$ !M4 ,NONE ( ! POLITICAL SY/EMS !Y HAVE TRI$ HAVE COMPLETELY MET !IR EXPECTATIONS1 & !Y CANNOT IMAG9E ANY O!RS4 

,LEGITIMISM B>ELY >\SES A FEEL+ ( PITY 9 ! MASSES OR ONE ( REGRET = ! ,JULY ,MON>*Y4 ,:AT DOES IT MATT] :E!R ! TWO MON>*IES1 F9ALLY RECONCIL$1 M]GE OR NOT8 ,!Y /ILL HAVE & CAN ONLY HAVE ONE MEAN+ = ! C\NTRY3 CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y4 ,H[EV]1 WE KN[ ?IS CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y4 ,WE HAVE SE5 IT AT WORK & CAN R5D] \R V]DICT ON IT3 A TRANSITIONAL $IFICE ?AT MANAG$ TO LA/ A C5TURY1 FROM :I* BETT] ?+S C\LD HAVE BE5 EXPECT$1 BUT ?AT DE/ROY$ ITSELF BY ITS [N CON/RUCTION4 ,! CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y IS F9I%$3 ! PRO( IS ?AT TODAY WE NO LONG] HAVE :AT W\LD BE NE$$ TO REE/ABLI% IT &1 IF BY SOME IMPOSSIBILITY WE MANAG$ TO REBUILD IT1 IT W\LD ONLY FALL AGA9 DUE TO ITS [N P[]LESSNESS4 

,9 FACT1 ! CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y IS ! REIGN ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 GOV]NM5T BY ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE4 ,H[EV]1 !RE NO LONG] IS A B\RGEOISIE2 !RE IS NOT EV5 ANYONE TO =M ONE4 ,! B\RGEOISIE WAS ESS5TIALLY A FEUDAL CREATION JU/ AS ! CL]GY & NOBILITY1 ! FIR/ TWO ORD]S1 W]E4 ,IT HAD NO MEAN+ & C\LD ONLY F9D ONE ?R\< ! PRES5CE ( ! FIR/ TWO4 ,! B\RGEOISIE1 LIKE ITS PR$ECESSORS1 WAS /UCK A BL[ 9 #a#g#h#i2 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y WAS ! 9/RUM5T ( !IR MUTUAL TRANS=MATION4 ,9 ! PLACE ( ?IS B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>Y & C5SIT>Y MON>*Y1_<#b#f_> :I* ABSORB$ ! TWO SUP]IOR ORD]S & %ONE = A MOM5T ON !IR RU9S1 WE HAVE DEMOCRATIC EQUALITY & ITS LEGITIMATE MANIFE/ATION1 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 ,TRY TO REMAKE ! B\RGEOISIE ) ?AT6 

,LET US ADD ?AT1 IF ! CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y RETURN$ TO ! WORLD1 IT W\LD SUCCUMB UND] ! WEI<T ( ! TASK4 ,W\LD IT REIMBURSE ! DEBT8 ,) :AT8 ,W\LD IT R$UCE TAXES8 ,BUT 9CREAS+ TAXES IS 9 KEEP+ ) ! V]Y ESS5CE ( UNIT>Y GOV]NM5T1 & WE W\LD ALSO HAVE ! CO/S ( RE9/ALL+ ! SY/EM AS AN EXTRAORD9>Y EXP5DITURE4 ,W\LD IT DECREASE ! .<SIZE ( !.> >MY8 ,!N :AT =CE W\LD IT USE AS A C\NT]WEI<T TO DEMOCRACY8 ,W\LD IT ATTEMPT A LIQUIDATION8 ,BUT IT W\LD ONLY IMP$E LIQUIDATION4 ,W\LD IT PRODUCE FRE$OM ( ! PRESS1 ASSOCIATION & ASSEMBLY8 ,NO1 NO1 NO6 ,! WAY 9 :I* ! B\RGEOIS PRESS HAS EX]CIS$ ! PRIVILEGE ( PUBLICATION ! EMPIRE RETA9$ = IT = ! PA/ #a YE>S ALSO PROVES ?AT IT DOES NOT LOVE TRU? & FRE$OM & ?AT ! REPRESSIVE REGIME ORGANIZ$ 9 #ahce AGA9/ SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & DEVELOP$ 9 #ahdh & #aheb W\LD 9EVITABLY OPPOSE IT ) VIOL5CE4 ,W\LD ! RE/OR$ CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y TRY1 AS IT DID 9 #a#h#d#i1 TO LIMIT ! RI<T TO VOTE8 ,IF SO1 IT W\LD BE A DECL>ATION ( W> AGA9/ ! WORK+ CLASSES & !RE=E ! PRELUDE TO A REVOLUTION4 ,IF NOT1 ,FEBRU>Y #ahdh =ETELLS ITS FATE4 ,ONCE AGA91 SOON] OR LAT]1 IT WILL DIE ( A REVOLUTION4 ,REFLECT = FIVE M9UTES1 & Y\ WILL REMA9 CONV9C$ ?AT ! CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y1 PLAC$ BETWE5 TWO REVOLUTION>Y DE/9IES1 BELONGS 9 ! HI/ORY BOOKS & ?AT ITS RE/ORATION 9 ,FRANCE W\LD BE AN ANOMALY4 

,! EMPIRE EXI/S1 ASS]T+ ITSELF ) ! AU?ORITY ( POSSESSION & ! MASSES4 ,BUT :O DOES NOT SEE ?AT ! EMPIRE1 A*IEV+ ITS ?IRD MANIFE/ATION 9 #a#h#e#b1 IS WORK$ UPON 9 TURN BY ! UNKN[N =CE ?AT 9CESSANTLY MODIFIES ALL ?+S & PU%ES 9/ITUTIONS & SOCIETIES T[>D UNKN[N GOALS F> BEYOND ! PR$ICTIONS ( HUMAN BE+S8 ,! EMPIRE1 9S(> AS IT ACTS ACCORD+ TO ITS [N NATURE1 T5DS T[>D CONTRACTUAL =MS4 ,NAPOLEON ,I1 RETURN$ FROM ,ELBA1 WAS =C$ TO SWE> BY ! PR9CIPLES ( #a<i & MODIFY ! IMP]IAL SY/EM 9 ! P>LIAM5T>Y S5SE2 ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I ALREADY MODIFI$ ! #aheb ,CON/ITUTION MORE ?AN ONCE 9 ! SAME WAY4 ,:ILE CONTA9+ ! PRESS1 HE ALL[$ IT MORE LATITUDE ?AN HIS IMP]IAL PR$ECESSOR HAD2 :ILE MOD]AT+ ! PODIUM1 BECAUSE !RE W]E NOT 5\< H>ANGUES FROM ! LEGISLATIVE BODY1 HE 9VIT$ ! ,S5ATE TO SPEAK4 ,:AT DO !SE CONCESSIONS MEAN EXCEPT ?AT AN ESS5TIAL IDEA 9 ! C\NTRY SO>S ABOVE MON>*IC & ,NAPOLEONIC IDEAS1 ! IDEA ( A FREE PACT1 IMAG9$ & GRANT$ BY :AT1 OH PR9CES8 ,BY ,F,R,E,$,O,M444 ,9 ! LONG SEQU5CE ( HI/ORY1 ALL /ATES APPE> BE=E US LIKE MORE OR LESS BRILLIANT TRANSITIONS3 ! EMPIRE IS ALSO A TRANSITION4 ,I CAN SAY IT )\T (F5D+3 ! EMPIRE ( ! ,NAPOLEONS IS 9 TOTAL METAMORPHOSIS4 

,WE HAVE ANO!R UNEXPLOR$ IDEA SUDD5LY AFFIRM$ BY ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I AS ! HI< PRIE/ ( ,J]USALEM AFFIRM$ ! MY/]Y ( R$EMPTION AT ! 5D ( ,TIB]IUS' REIGN3 ,F,$,],A,T,I,O,N4 

,UP UNTIL N[1 ,F$]ALISM HAS ONLY EVOK$ IDEAS ( DECAY 9 PEOPLE'S M9DS3 IT WAS RES]V$ = \R TIME TO ?9K ( IT AS A POLITICAL SY/EM4 

A4 ,! GR\PS ?AT COMPRISE ! CONF$]ATION1 :I* WE NAME 0! /ATE10 W\LD BE /ATES !MSELVES1 SELF-GOV]N+1 SELF-JUDG+ & SELF-ADM9I/]+ 9 COMPLETE SOV]EIGNTY ACCORD+ TO !IR [N LAWS2 

B4 ,! CONF$]ATION'S PURPOSE W\LD BE TO RALLY ?OSE GR\PS TO A PACT ( MUTUAL GU>ANTEE2 

C4 ,9 EA* ( ! F$]AT$ /ATES1 ! GOV]NM5T W\LD BE ORGANIZ$ ACCORD+ TO ! PR9CIPLE ( ! SEP>ATION ( P[]S3 EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW & UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE =M ITS BASIS3 

,?AT IS ! :OLE SY/EM4 ,9 ! ,CONF$]ATION1 ! UNITS ?AT =M ! POLITICAL BODY >E NOT 9DIVIDUALS1 CITIZ5S OR SUBJECTS BUT GR\PS PROVID$ A PRIORI BY NATURE1 ! AV]AGE SIZE ( :I* DOES NOT EXCE$ ?AT ( A POPULATION ( A T]RITORY ( A FEW HUNDR$ SQU>E LEAGUES4 ,!SE GR\PS >E SMALL /ATES !MSELVES1 DEMOCRATICALLY ORGANIZ$ UND] F$]AL PROTECTION1 & !IR UNITS >E ! HEADS ( FAMILIES OR CITIZ5S4 

,?US CON/ITUT$1 ! ,F$]ATION ALONE W\LD RESOLVE1 9 !ORY & PRACTICE1 ! PROBLEM ( ! AGREEM5T BETWE5 ,FRE$OM & ,AU?ORITY & GIVE EA* ITS FAIR MEASURE1 TRUE JURISDICTION & ALL ITS 9ITIATIVE4 ,!RE=E1 IT ALONE W\LD GU>ANTEE ORD]1 JU/ICE1 /ABILITY & PEACE1 ) 9VIOLABLE RESPECT = ! CITIZ5 & ! /ATE4 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! F$]AL ,P[]1 :I* IS ! C5TRAL P[] H]E1 ! ORGAN ( ! GREAT] COLLECTIVITY1 C\LD NO LONG] ABSORB ! 9DIVIDUAL1 CORPORATE & LOCAL LIB]TIES ?AT CAME BE=E IT BECAUSE !Y BR\<T ! F$]ATION 9TO BE+1 & !Y ALONE SUPPORT IT2 FUR!RMORE1 DUE TO ! MANN] 9 :I* !Y CON/ITUT$ IT & BY VIRTUE ( IT1 ?OSE LIB]TIES W\LD REMA9 SUP]IOR TO IT4.<#b.> ,!RE=E1 NO MORE RISK ( UPHEAVAL3 POLITICAL UNRE/ C\LD ONLY RESULT 9 A *ANGE ( P]SONNEL1 NOT A *ANGE ( SY/EM4 ,Y\ C\LD MAKE ! PRESS1 PODIUM1 ASSOCIATION & ASSEMBLY FREE & ELIM9ATE ALL POLITICAL POLICE3 ! /ATE W\LD HAVE NO REASON TO MI/RU/ ! CITIZ5S1 & NEI!R W\LD ! CITIZ5S HAVE ANY REASON TO MI/RU/ ! /ATE4 ,USURPATION BY ! /ATE W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE3 9SURRECTION BY ! CITIZ5S W\LD BE P[]LESS & PURPOSELESS4 ,RI<T W\LD BE ! L9*P9 ( ALL 9T]E/S & BECOME ! RAISON D',ETAT2 TRU? W\LD BE ! ESS5CE ( ! PRESS & ! DAILY BREAD ( OP9ION4 

,!RE W\LD BE NO?+ TO FE> FROM RELIGI\S PROPAG&A1 CL]ICAL AGITATION1 MY/ICISM OR SECT>IANISM4 ,*UR*ES W\LD BE FREE 9 !IR OP9IONS & FAI?3 ! PACT W\LD GU>ANTEE !M FRE$OM1 HAV+ NO?+ TO DREAD FROM !IR A*IEV+ IT4 ,! ,CONF$]ATION W\LD SURR\ND !M1 & FRE$OM W\LD BALANCE !M3 .<EV5.> IF ALL ! CITIZ5S W]E UNIT$ 9 ! SAME FAI?1 BURN+ ) ! SAME ZEAL1 !IR FAI? C\LD NOT BE TURN$ AGA9/ !IR RI<TS NOR .<C\LD.> !IR F]VOR PREVAIL OV] !IR FRE$OM4 ,IF ,FRANCE W]E F$]ALIZ$1 ALL ! ,CA?OLIC RESURG5CE WE SEE W\LD 9/ANTLY FALL AWAY4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT W\LD 9VADE ! *UR*1 :I* W\LD BE HAPPY TO HAVE ITS FRE$OM & W\LD CONFESS ?AT IT HAS NO?+ BETT] TO (F] ! PEOPLE4 

,) ! ,F$]ATION1 Y\ C\LD PROVIDE HI<] $UCATION TO ALL ! PEOPLE & BE FREE FROM ! IGNORANCE ( ! MASSES1 AN IMPOSSIBLE OR EV5 CONTRADICTORY ?+ 9 ! UNIT>Y SY/EM4 

,! ,F$]ATION ALONE C\LD SATISFY ! NE$S & RI<TS ( ! WORK+ CLASSES1 RESOLVE ! PROBLEM ( ! AGREEM5T BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL1 ASSOCIATION1 TAXES1 CR$IT1 PROP]TY1 WAGES1 ETC4 ,EXP]I5CE HAS DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ! LAW ( *>ITY1 ! PRECEPT ( B5EVOL5CE & ALL ! PHILAN?ROPIC 9/ITUTIONS >E DRAMATICALLY P[]LESS H]E4 ,!RE=E1 ! REC\RSE TO JU/ICE REMA9S1 :I* IS SOV]EIGN 9 BO? POLITICAL ECONOMY & GOV]NM5T2 ! SYNALLAGAMATIC & COMMUTATIVE CONTRACT REMA9S4 ,H[EV]1 :AT DOES JU/ICE TELL US1 COMM& US1 AS EXPRESS$ BY ! CONTRACT8 ,REPLAC+ ! PR9CIPLE ( MONOPOLY ) ! PR9CIPLE ( MUTUALISM 9 ALL CASES 9 :I* IT IS A MATT] ( 9DU/RIAL GU>ANTEE1 CR$IT1 9SURANCE & PUBLIC S]VICE3 AN EASY ?+ UND] A F$]ALI/ REGIME BUT REPUGNANT TO UNIT>Y GOV]NM5TS4 ,?US1 A R$UCTION & BALANC+ ( TAXES CANNOT BE OBTA9$ FROM A P[] ) A HEAVY TAX BURD5 BECAUSE1 9 ORD] TO R$UCE & EQUALIZE !M1 IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO />T BY DEC5TRALIZ+ !M4 ,PUBLIC DEBT WILL NEV] BE LIQUIDAT$ & WILL ALWAYS 9CREASE RAPIDLY UND] BO? A UNIT>Y REPUBLIC & A B\RGEOIS MON>*Y2 ?US1 ! EXT]NAL M>KET1 :I* %\LD BR+ ! NATION 9CREAS$ WEAL?1 IS CANCEL$ \T BY ! RE/RICTION ( ! 9T]NAL M>KET CAUS$ BY ! 5ORMITY ( TAXES2.<#b#a.> ?US1 VALUES1 PRICES1 & WAGES WILL NEV] BE REGUL>IZ$ 9 AN ANTAGONI/IC 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* SPECULATION1 COMM]CE & TRADE1 ! BANK & USURY 9CREAS+LY OV]RIDE LABOR4 ,F9ALLY1 WORK]S' ASSOCIATION WILL REMA9 A UTOPIA AS LONG AS GOV]NM5T DOES NOT UND]/& ?AT IT MU/ NOT P]=M PUBLIC S]VICES ITSELF OR CONV]T !M 9TO CORPORATIONS BUT 5TRU/ !M BY T]M LEASE AT A FIX$ RATE TO COMPANIES ( UNIT$ & RESPONSIBLE WORK]S4 ,NO MORE P[] 9T]F]+ 9 LABOR & BUS9ESS1 NO MORE 9C5TIVES TO COMM]CE & 9DU/RY1 NO MORE *>T]S1 CONCESSIONS1 L5D+ OR BORR[+1 COMMISSIONS1 9DU/RIAL OR DIVID5D %>ES1 NO MORE SPECULATION3 FROM :AT SY/EM C\LD Y\ EXPECT SU* RE=MS IF NOT ! F$]ALI/ SY/EM8 

,F$]ALISM W\LD FULLY SATISFY ! B\RGEOISIE'S DEMOCRATIC ASPIRATIONS & CONS]VATIVE S5TIM5TS1 TWO ELEM5TS ?AT HAVE BE5 IRRECONCILABLE EV]Y:]E UNTIL N[3 & H[ IS ?IS TRUE8 ,PRECISELY ?R\< ?IS POLITICAL-ECONOMIC GU>ANTEEISM1 ! HI<E/ EXPRESSION ( F$]ALISM4 ,FRANCE1 RETURN$ TO ITS LAW1 :I* IS BAS$ ON PROP]TY ( M$IUM SIZE1 :I* IS HONE/ M$IOCRITY1 9CREAS+LY APPROXIMATE LEVELS ( WEAL?1 EQUALITY2 ,FRANCE RETURN$ TO ITS G5IUS & MORALS1 CON/ITUT$ AS A UNION ( MUTUALLY-GU>ANTE$ SOV]EIGNTIES1 W\LD HAVE NO?+ TO FE> FROM ! COMMUNI/ FLOOD OR MON>*IC 9VASIONS4 ,! MULTITUDE1 P[]LESS FROM N[ ON TO CRU% CIVIL LIB]TIES ) ITS MASS1 W\LD ALSO BE P[]LESS TO SEIZE OR CONFISCATE PROP]TY4 ,EV5 BETT]1 IT W\LD BECOME ! /RONGE/ B>RI] TO ! FEUDALISM ( L& & CAPITAL T[>D :I* UNIT>Y P[] 9EVITABLY T5DS4 ,:ILE CITY-DWELL]S ONLY VALUE PROP]TY = ! 9COME IT PROVIDES !M1 ! PEASANTS :O CULTIVATE IT VALUE IT ABOVE ALL = ITSELF3 ?AT IS :Y PROP]TY WILL NEV] F9D A MORE COMPLETE & BETT] GU>ANTEE ?AN :51 ?R\< CONT9U\S & WELL->RANG$ DIVISION1 IT APPROA*ES EQUALITY1 F$]ATION4 ,NO MORE B\RGEOISIE & NO MORE DEMOCRACY BUT ONLY CITIZ5S1 AS WE DEM&$ 9 #a#h#d#h3 IS ?IS NOT F9AL WORD ( ! REVOLUTION8 ,:]E ELSE CAN WE F9D ! REALIZATION ( ?AT IDEAL IF NOT 9 F$]ALISM8 ,C]TA9LY1 & REG>DLESS :AT WAS SAID 9 #a#g#i#c1 NO?+ IS LESS >I/OCRATIC & LESS ANCI5 REGIME ?AN ,F$]ATION1 BUT IT MU/ BE ADMITT$ ?AT NO?+ C\LD BE LESS VULG>4 

,UND] A F$]AL AU?ORITY1 ! POLITICS ( A GREAT PEOPLE W\LD BE AS SIMPLE AS ITS DE/9Y3 DOME/ICALLY1 TO MAKE ROOM = FRE$OM1 TO PROVIDE WORK & WELL-BE+ TO ALL1 TO CULTIVATE 9TELLIG5CE & /R5G!N CONSCI5CE2 9T]NATIONALLY1 TO SET AN EXAMPLE4 ,A F$]AT$ PEOPLE W\LD BE A PEOPLE ORGANIZ$ = PEACE2 :AT W\LD !Y DO ) >MIES8 ,ALL MILIT>Y S]VICE W\LD BE R$UC$ TO POLICE S]VICE1 CIVIL S]VICE & GU>DS = ! >MORIES & =TS4 ,!RE W\LD BE NO NE$ = ALLIANCES OR TRADE AGREEM5TS3 COMMON LAW W\LD SUFFICE AMONG FREE NATIONS4 ,9 BUS9ESS1 !RE W\LD BE FRE$OM ( EX*ANGE EXCEPT ) REG>D TO ! )HOLD+ ( TAXES & 9COME TAX 9 SOME CASES DEBAT$ 9 ! F$]AL C\NCIL4 ,= 9DIVIDUALS1 :ILE WAIT+ = ! C\NTRY'S 5TRY .<9TO ! ,F$]ATION.>1 !RE W\LD BE FRE$OM ( MOVEM5T & RESID5CE EXCEPT ) DUE RESPECT = EA* C\NTRY'S LAWS4 

,?IS IS ! F$]ALI/ IDEA & ITS CONSEQU5CES4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! TRANSITION CAN BE AS PA9LESS AS ONE C\LD WANT4 ,DESPOTISM IS DIFFICULT TO CON/RUCT & DANG]\S TO CONS]VE2 IT IS ALWAYS EASY1 USEFUL & LEGAL TO RETURN TO FRE$OM4 

,! ,FR5* NATION IS P]FECTLY READY = ?IS RE=M4 ,LONG-ACCU/OM$ TO H9DRANCES ( ALL K9DS & HEAVY BURD5S1 IT IS NOT V]Y DEM&+4 ,IT WILL WAIT #a YE>S = ! COMPLETION ( ! BUILD+ AS LONG AS ONE FLOOR IS ]ECT$ EA* YE>4 ,TRADITION IS NOT OPPOS$ TO IT3 /RIP ! =M] MON>*Y ( ITS CA/E DI/9CTIONS & FEUDAL RI<TS & ,FRANCE1 ) ITS PROV9CIAL /ATES1 CU/OM>Y LAWS & B\RGEOISIE1 IS NO MORE ?AN A VA/ CONF$]ATION ) ! K+ ( ,FRANCE AS ITS F$]AL PRESID5T4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE GAVE US C5TRALIZATION4 ,UND] ?AT REGIME1 EQUALITY WAS SU/A9$1 AT LEA/ 9 MORES1 BUT FRE$OM WAS GRADUALLY ]OD$4 ,FROM ! GEOGRAPHIC PO9T ( VIEW1 ! C\NTRY IS JU/ AS WELL-SUIT$3 ITS OV]ALL T]RITORY IS P]FECTLY ASSEMBL$ & DEM>CAT$1 ) A M>VEL\S FITNESS = UNITY1 AS WE HAVE SE5 ALL TOO WELL1 & IT IS ALSO V]Y SUITABLE = F$]ATION DUE TO ITS DRA9AGE BAS9S1 :I* EMPTY 9TO ?REE SEAS4 ,IT IS UP TO ! PROV9CES TO BE ! FIR/ TO MAKE !IR VOICES HE>D4 ,P>IS1 A CAPITAL ?AT W\LD BECOME A F$]AL CITY1 W\LD HAVE NO?+ TO LOSE 9 ! TRANS=MATION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT W\LD DISCOV] A NEW & BETT] EXI/5CE4 ,! =CE ( ABSORPTION IT EX]TS ON ! PROV9CES IMP$ES IT1 IF ,I D>E SAY SO3 LESS BURD5$1 LESS APOPLECTIC1 ,P>IS W\LD BE FRE] & W\LD E>N & PRODUCE MORE4 ,! PROV9CES' WEAL? & ACTIVITY W\LD 5SURE A M>KET = ITS PRODUCTS SUP]IOR TO ANY 9 ! ,AM]ICAS1 & IT W\LD RECOV] 9 REAL BUS9ESS ALL ?AT IT W\LD LOSE TO DECREAS$ P>ASITISM4 ,! =TUNE ( ITS 9HABITANTS & !IR SECURITY W\LD NO LONG] BE 9T]MITT5T4 

,:ATEV] P[] IS RESPONSIBLE = ,FRANCE'S DE/9Y1 ,I D>E SAY ?AT !RE IS NO LONG] ANY O!R POLICY = IT TO FOLL[1 NO O!R SALVATION OR IDEA4 ,!RE=E1 IT %\LD GIVE ! SIGNAL TO ! ,EUROPEAN F$]ATIONS ?AT IT IS GO+ TO ADOPT F$]ALISM'S EXAMPLE & MODEL4 ,ITS GLORY WILL BE SO GREAT ?AT IT WILL CR[N ALL GLORIES4 

.<#a.> ,BECOM+ IS NOT A MIDDLE T]M BETWE5 BE+ & NONBE+1 :ATEV] MAY HAVE BE5 SAID BY C]TA9 PHILOSOPH]S :O >E MY/ICAL RA!R ?AN PR(\ND2 BECOM+ IS ! MOVEM5T ( BE+2 IT IS BE+ AS IT LIVES & DISPLAYS ITSELF4 

.<#b.> ,:AT %\LD BE FIRMLY GRASP$ IS ?AT GOV]NM5TS >E DI/+UI%$ BY !IR ESS5CE1 & NOT BY ! NAMES GIV5 TO !IR (FIC]S4 ,?US ! ESS5CE ( MON>*Y IS 9 ! UNITY ( GOV]NM5T & ADM9I/RATION1 ! ABSOLUTISM ( ! PR9CE1 OR ( ! RUL+ BODY1 & ITS IRRESPONSIBILITY4 ,! ESS5CE ( DEMOCRACY1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS 9 ! SEP>ATION ( P[]S1 ! DIVISION ( TASKS1 CONTROL & RESPONSIBILITY4 ,! CR[N & EV5 ! H]$IT>Y PR9CIPLE >E M]ELY SYMBOLIC ACCESSORIES4 ,IT IS 9DE$ ?R\< ! FA!R-K+1 H]$ITY & SACR$NESS1 ?AT MON>*Y MAKES ITSELF VISIBLE3 H5CE ! VULG> BELIEF ?AT IF ! SYMBOL IS ABS5T1 ! ?+ NO LONG] EXI/S4 ,9 #agic ! F\ND]S ( DEMOCRACY ?\<T !Y HAD P]=M$ A MIRACLE 9 CUTT+ (F ! K+'S HEAD1 :ILE PURSU+ A C5TRALIZ+ POLICY -- AN ILLUSION :I* %\LD NO LONG] DECEIVE ANYONE4 ,! ,C\NCIL ( ,T5 AT ,V5ICE WAS A TRUE TYRANT1 & ! REPUBLIC A DREADFUL DESPOTISM4_<#b#g_> 

.<#c.> ,9 P>T IT WAS ! NE$ TO SEP>ATE P[]S & DIVIDE AU?ORITY ?AT GAVE BIR? TO FEUDALISM AFT] ,*>LEMAGNE'S TIME4 ,IT WAS ?IS TOO ?AT GAVE ! SY/EM ITS FALSE APPE>ANCE ( F$]ALISM1 TO ! DI/RESS ( ! NATIONS & ( ! EMPIRE4 ,G]MANY PRES]VES ITS ABSURD CON/ITUTION1 & /ILL SUFF]S ITS LONG TORM5TS4 ,! EMPIRE HAS COLLAPS$1 :ILE NATIONALITY HAS BE5 COMPROMIS$4 

.<#d.> ,!RE IS AN 9T]E/+ BOOK YET TO BE WRITT5 ON POLITICAL CONTRADICTIONS1 AS A SEQUEL TO ,ECONOMIC ,CONTRADICTIONS4 ,I HAVE ?\<T MORE ?AN ONCE ( WRIT+ IT2 BUT1 DISC\RAG$ BY ! CRITICS' HO/ILITY & DI/RACT$ BY O!R WORK1 ,I AB&ON$ ! IDEA4 ,! REVIEW]S' 9SOL5CE W\LD ONCE AGA9 HAVE BE5 PROVOK$ BY NOTIONS ( ANT9OMY1 !SIS1 & ANTI!SIS4 ,! ,FR5* M9D1 SOMETIMES SO P5ETRAT+ & EXACT1 W\LD %[ ITSELF1 ?R\< ! M$IUM ( ITS J\RNALI/S1 TO BE UTT]LY VA91 RIDICUL\S1 FOOLI%1 & /UPID4 ,IDLE IGNORANCE W\LD HAVE 5JOY$ ANO!R TRIUMPH1 & ?AT W\LD HAVE BE5 ?AT4 ,I WILL HAVE SP>$ MY COMPATRIOTS FROM SU* MY/IFICATION BY PROCE$+ DIRECTLY TO ! SOLUTION :I* ,I [E !M1 HAV+ SET \T ALL ! DIFFICULTIES = !M TO SEE4 

.<#e.> ,9 ,J4-,J4 ,R\SSEAU'S !ORY1 :I* WAS ALSO ?AT ( ,ROBESPI]RE & ! ,JACOB9S1 ! SOCIAL CONTRACT IS A LEGAL FICTION1 IMAG9$ AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO DIV9E RI<T1 PAT]NAL AU?ORITY1 OR SOCIAL NECESSITY1 9 EXPLA9+ ! ORIG9S ( ! /ATE & ! RELATIONS BETWE5 GOV]NM5T & 9DIVIDUAL4 ,?IS !ORY1 BORR[$ = ! ,CALV9I/S1 REPRES5T$ A /EP =W>D 9 #a#g#f#d1 = ITS PURPOSE WAS TO EXPLA9 BY A LAW ( REASON :AT HAD =M]LY BE5 SE5 AS BELONG+ TO ! LAW ( NATURE & TO RELIGION4 ,9 ! F$]AL SY/EM1 ! SOCIAL CONTRACT IS MORE ?AN A FICTION2 IT IS A POSITIVE & EFFECTIVE COMPACT1 :I* HAS ACTUALLY BE5 PROPOS$1 DISCUSS$1 VOT$ UPON1 & ADOPT$1 & :I* CAN PROP]LY BE AM5D$ AT ! CONTRACT+ P>TIES' WILL4 ,BETWE5 ! F$]AL CONTRACT & ?AT ( ,R\SSEAU & #agic !RE IS ALL ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 A REALITY & A HYPO!SIS4 

.<#f.> ,! ,HELVETIAN ,CONF$]ATION CONSI/S ( TW5TY-FIVE SOV]EIGN /ATES 7N9ETE5 CANTONS & SIX HALF-CANTONS71 CONTA9+ A POPULATION ( TWO MILLION1 F\R HUNDR$ ?\S& 9HABITANTS4 ,IT IS !RE=E GOV]N$ BY TW5TY-FIVE CON/ITUTIONS1 COMP>ABLE TO \R *>T]S OR CON/ITUTIONS ( #a#g#i#a1 #a#g#i#c1 #a#g#i#e1 #a#g#i#i1 #a#h#a#d1 #a#h#c1 #a#h#d#h1 #a#h#e#b1 TOGE!R ) A F$]AL CON/ITUTION TO :I* ( C\RSE !RE IS NO P>ALLEL 9 ,FRANCE4 ,! SPIRIT ( ?IS CON/ITUTION1 :I* CON=MS TO ! PR9CIPLES \TL9$ ABOVE1 IS CONTA9$ 9 ! FOLL[+ >TICLES3 

',>TICLE #b4 ,! PURPOSE ( CONF$]ATION IS TO SECURE ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! NATION AGA9/ =EIGN P[]S1 TO MA9TA9 9T]NAL PEACE & ORD]1 TO PROTECT ! RI<TS & LIB]TIES ( ITS MEMB]S1 & TO 9CREASE !IR COMMON PROSP]ITY4 

',>TICLE #c4 ,! CANTONS >E SOV]EIGN )9 ! LIMITS ( F$]AL SOV]EIGNTY1 & AS SU* !Y EX]CISE ALL RI<TS :I* HAVE NOT BE5 DELEGAT$ TO ! F$]AL P[]4 

',>TICLE #e4 ,! CONF$]ATION GU>ANTEES TO ! CANTONS !IR T]RITORY1 !IR SOV]EIGNTY )9 ! LIMITS E/ABLI%$ BY ,>TICLE #c1 !IR CON/ITUTIONS1 ! LIB]TY & RI<TS ( !IR 9HABITANTS1 ! CON/ITUTIONAL RI<TS ( !IR CITIZ5S1 AS WELL AS ! RI<TS & P[]S :I* ! PEOPLE HAVE CONF]R$ UPON ! AU?ORITIES4' 

,?US A CONF$]ATION IS NOT EXACTLY A /ATE2 IT IS A GR\P ( SOV]EIGN & 9DEP5D5T /ATES1 ASSOCIAT$ BY A PACT ( MUTUAL GU>ANTEES4 ,NOR IS A F$]AL CON/ITUTION ! SAME AS :AT IS UND]/OOD 9 ,FRANCE BY A *>T] OR CON/ITUTION1 AN ABRIDG$ /ATEM5T ( PUBLIC LAW2 ! PACT CONTA9S ! CONDITIONS ( ASSOCIATION1 ?AT IS1 ! RI<TS & RECIPROCAL OBLIGATIONS ( ! /ATES4 ,:AT IS CALL$ F$]AL AU?ORITY1 F9ALLY1 IS NO LONG] A GOV]NM5T2 IT IS AN AG5CY CREAT$ BY ! /ATES = ! JO9T EXECUTION ( C]TA9 FUNCTIONS :I* ! /ATES AB&ON1 & :I* ?US BECOME F$]AL P[]S4 

,9 ,SWITZ]L& ! F$]AL AU?ORITY RESIDES 9 A DELIB]ATIVE ASSEMBLY ELECT$ BY ! CITIZ5S ( ! TW5TY-FIVE CANTONS1 & AN EXECUTIVE C\NCIL COMPOS$ ( SEV5 MEMB]S APPO9T$ BY ! ASSEMBLY4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! ASSEMBLY & ! F$]AL C\NCIL >E ELECT$ = ?REE-YE> T]MS2 S9CE ! F$]AL CON/ITUTION CAN BE REVIS$ AT ANY TIME1 ! P[]S ( (FICE1 NO LESS ?AN ITS OCCUPANTS1 MAY BE ALT]$4 ,?US ! F$]AL P[] IS 9 ! FULL S5SE ( ! WORD AN AG5T1 UND] ! /RICT CONTROL ( HIS PR9CIPALS1 :OSE P[] V>IES AT !IR PLEASURE4 

.<#g.> ,! PUBLIC LAW ( F$]ATION RAISES SEV]AL DIFFICULT QUE/IONS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 CAN A /ATE CONTA9+ SLAVES JO9 A CONF$]ATION8 ,IT SEEMS ?AT IT CANNOT1 ANY MORE ?AN AN ABSOLUTE /ATE CAN2 ! 5SLAVEM5T ( P>T ( A NATION D5IES ! F$]AL PR9CIPLE ITSELF4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! ,S\!RN /ATES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAVE AN EV5 BETT] RI<T TO DEM& SECESSION 9 ?AT !Y DO NOT FOLL[ ! ,NOR!RN]S 9 PROPOS+ TO EXT5D POLITICAL RI<TS TO FRE$ SLAVES1 AT PRES5T AT LEA/4 ,BUT ,WA%+TON1 ,MADISON1 & ! O!R F\ND]S ( ! ,UNION DID NOT TAKE ?IS VIEW2 !Y ADMITT$ SLAVE-[N+ /ATES TO ! F$]AL PACT4 ,?IS UNNATURAL PACT1 MOREOV]1 IS N[ CRUMBL+ BE=E \R EYES1 AS ! ,S\!RN /ATES1 TO PRES]VE !IR ECONOMY1 LEAN T[>DS A UNIT>Y CON/ITUTION1 :ILE ?OSE ( ! ,NOR?1 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 ! ,UNION1 DECREE ! DEPORTATION ( SLAVES4 

,! ,SWISS F$]AL CON/ITUTION1 AS RE=M$ 9 #a#h#d#h1 COMES D[N ON ! SIDE ( EQUALITY2 ACCORD+ TO ,>TICLE #d1 ',ALL ,SWISS >E EQUAL BE=E ! LAW4 ,9 ,SWITZ]L& !RE >E NEI!R SUBJECTS NOR PRIVILEGES ( PLACE1 BIR?1 P]SON1 OR FAMILY4' ,! ADOPTION ( ?IS >TICLE1 :I* PURGES ,SWITZ]L& ( ANY TRACE ( >I/OCRACY1 9AUGURATES A TRULY F$]AL CON/ITUTION4 

,IF A CONFLICT ( 9T]E/S >ISES1 CAN A F$]AL MAJORITY FAC$ BY A SEP>ATI/ M9ORITY CLAIM ?AT ! PACT IS IRREVOCABLE8 ,9 #ahdf ! ,SOND]BUND1 OPPOS$ BY A MAJORITY ( CANTONS1 CLAIM$ ?AT IT C\LD NOT2 ! SAME IS MA9TA9$ BY ! ,CONF$]ACY ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,S\? 9 OPPOSITION TO ! ,NOR!RN ,UNIONI/S4 ,AS = ME1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT SEP>ATION IS FULLY LEGITIMATE1 ON A MATT] ( CANTONAL SOV]EIGNTY NOT EMBRAC$ BY ! F$]AL PACT4 ,?US IT IS NOT CLE> TO ME ?AT ! ,SWISS MAJORITY D]IV$ ITS RI<T AGA9/ ! ,SOND]BUND FROM ! PACT2 ! PRO( IS ?AT 9 #ahdh ! F$]AL CON/ITUTION WAS AM5D$ PRECISELY 9 ORD] TO SETTLE ! PROBLEM ?AT HAD L$ TO ! =MATION ( ! ,SOND]BUND4 ,BUT IT MAY HAPP5 ?AT1 9 T]MS ( UTILITY1 M9ORITY CLAIMS CONFLICT ) MAJORITY NE$S1 ?AT DIVISIV5ESS IMP]ILS ! LIB]TY ( ! /ATES4 ,9 SU* A CASE ! QUE/ION IS RESOLV$ BY ! RI<T ( W>1 :I* MEANS ?AT ! L>G] P>TY1 :OSE RU9 W\LD 9VOLVE ! GREAT] LOSS1 MU/ TRIUMPH OV] ! WEAK]4 ,?IS IS :AT TOOK PLACE 9 ,SWITZ]L& & C\LD ALSO OCCUR 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 IF :AT WAS 9 QUE/ION WAS SIMPLY A MATT] ( ! 9T]PRETATION OR BETT] APPLICATION ( ! PR9CIPLES ( ! PACT1 SU* AS IMPROV+ ! LOT ( ! BLACKS TO ! LEVEL 5JOY$ BY ! :ITES4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ,MR ,L9COLN'S MESSAGE LEAVES NO ROOM = D\BT3 ! ,NOR? DOES NOT HAVE 9 M9D TRUE EMANCIPATION ANY MORE ?AN ! ,S\?1 :I* MAKES ! PROBLEM 9SOLUBLE EV5 BY MEANS ( W>1 & ?REAT5S TO DISSOLVE CONF$]ATION4 

,9 A MON>*Y ALL JU/ICE IS ! K+'S2 9 A CONF$]ATION IT >ISES 9 EA* /ATE EXCLUSIVELY FROM ITS [N CITIZ5S4 ,E/ABLI%+ A SUPREME F$]AL C\RT W\LD 9 PR9CIPLE BE A VIOLATION ( ! COMPACT4 ,! SAME GOES = A C\RT ( APPEAL1 =1 EA* /ATE BE+ SOV]EIGN & LEGISLAT+ = ITSELF1 LAWS WILL NOT BE UNI=M4 ,H[EV]1 AS !RE >E F$]AL 9T]E/S & F$]AL BUS9ESS1 & AS (F5SES & CRIMES MAY BE COMMITT$ AGA9/ ! F$]ATION1 !RE >E F$]AL C\RTS & F$]AL JU/ICE BE>+ UPON SU* SPECIFIC CASES4 

.<#h.> ,!RE >E ?REE WAYS ( CONCEIV+ ( LAW1 DEP5D+ UPON ! PO9T ( VIEW ADOPT$ BY A MORAL BE+ & ! CAPACITY :I* HE ASSUMES3 BELIEV]1 PHILOSOPH]1 OR CITIZ54 

,LAW IS A COMM& TRANSMITT$ TO MAN 9 ,GOD'S NAME BY A COMPET5T AU?ORITY3 ?IS IS ! DEF9ITION ( !OLOGY & DIV9E RI<T4 

,LAW IS AN EXPRESSION ( ! RELATIONS ( ?+S3 ?IS IS ! PHILOSOPH]'S DEF9ITION1 SUPPLI$ BY ,MONTESQUIEU4 

,LAW IS A /ATUTE ( >BITRATION WILL$ BY MAN 7SEE ,DE LA ,JU/ICE DANS LA ,REVOLUTION ET DANS L',EGLISE1 #h? /UDY73 ?IS IS ! !ORY ( CONTRACT & ( F$]ATION4 

,S9CE TRU? IS ONE1 ?\< ITS ASPECT V>IES1 !SE ?REE DEF9ITIONS CONV]GE ) ONE-ANO!R & MU/ BE REG>D$ AS AT BOTTOM ID5TICAL4 ,BUT ! SOCIAL ORD]S :I* !Y G5]ATE >E NOT ! SAME2 9 ! FIR/1 MAN DECL>ES HIMSELF ! SUBJECT ( ! LAW & ( ITS AU?OR OR REPRES5TATIVE2 9 ! SECOND HE REG>DS HIMSELF AS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( A GREAT ORGANISM2 9 ! ?IRD1 HE MAKES LAW HIS [N & FREES HIMSELF FROM ALL AU?ORITY1 FROM FATE & DOM9ATION4 ,! FIR/ IS ?AT ( ! RELIGI\S MAN1 ! SECOND ?AT ( ! PAN!I/1 ! ?IRD ?AT ( ! REPUBLICAN4 ,! LA/ ( !SE ALONE IS COMPATIBLE ) LIB]TY4 

.<#i.> ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,SWISS F$]AL CON/ITUTION ( #a#h#d#h1 ! ,CONF$]ATION HAS ! RI<T TO F\ND A ,UNIV]SITY ( ,SWITZ]L&4 ,?IS IDEA WAS VIGOR\SLY OPPOS$ AS AN AFFRONT TO ! SOV]EIGNTY ( CANTONS1 :I* SEEMS TO ME TO HAVE BE5 A GOOD POLICY4 ,I DO NOT KN[ :AT F9ALLY BECOME ( ! PROJECT4 

.<#a.> ,9 ,SWITZ]L& !RE IS A F$]AL BUDGET1 ADM9I/]$ BY ! F$]AL C\NCIL2 BUT IT PROVIDES ONLY = ! EXP5SES ( ! ,CONF$]ATION & IS QUITE SEP>ATE FROM ! BUDGETS ( CANTONS & T[NS4 

.<#a#a.> ,>TICLE #ac ( ! F$]AL CON/ITUTION ( ,SWITZ]L&3 ',! ,CONF$]ATION DOES NOT HAVE ! RI<T TO MA9TA9 A /&+ >MY4' ,\R UNIT>Y REPUBLICANS MI<T REFLECT UPON ?IS >TICLE4 

.<#a#b.> ,AMONG ,FR5* DEMOCRATS !RE HAS BE5 MU* TALK ( A ,EUROPEAN CONF$]ATION1 OR A ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE4 ,BY ?IS !Y SEEM TO UND]/& NO?+ BUT AN ALLIANCE ( ALL ! /ATES :I* PRES5TLY EXI/ 9 ,EUROPE1 GREAT & SMALL1 PRESID$ OV] BY A P]MAN5T CONGRESS4 ,IT IS TAK5 = GRANT$ ?AT EA* /ATE WILL RETA9 ! =M ( GOV]NM5T ?AT SUITS IT BE/4 ,N[ S9CE EA* /ATE WILL HAVE VOTES 9 ! CONGRESS 9 PROPORTION TO ITS POPULATION & T]RITORY1 ! SMALL /ATES 9 ! ?IS SO-CALL$ CONF$]ATION WILL SOON BE 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! L>GE ONES2 MOREOV]1 IF ?IS NEW ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE C\LD HAVE SU* A ?+ AS A COLLECTIVE DEVELOPM5T1 ONE W\LD SOON SEE IT COLLAPSE1 AFT] 9T]NAL /RIFE1 9TO A S+LE P[] OR GREAT ,EUROPEAN MON>*Y4 ,SU* A F$]ATION W\LD ?US BE A TRAP OR ELSE DEVOID ( MEAN+4 

.<#a#c.> ',! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,AM]ICAN CON/ITUTION1 ACCORD+ TO F>-SI<T$ OBS]V]S1 CONTA9$ ! SE$S ( PREMATURE COLLAPSE4 ,TURGOT1 A ZEAL\S ALLY ( ! ,AM]ICAN CAUSE1 OBJECT$ AS FOLL[S3 

0#a4 -- ,?AT ,5GLI% PRACTICES W]E IMITAT$ USELESSLY2 

#b4 -- ,?AT ! CL]GY1 EXCLUD$ FROM ! RI<T TO (FICE1 HAD BECOME A =EIGN BODY )9 ! /ATE1 EV5 ?\< ! ANOMALY WAS NOT 9 ?IS CASE DANG]\S2 

#c4 -- ,?AT ,P5NSYLVANIA REQUIR$ A RELIGI\S OA? ( MEMB]S ( ! LEGISLATURE4 

#d4 -- ,?AT ,NEW ,J]SEY REQUIR$ A BELIEF 9 ! DIV9ITY ( ,JESUS ,*RI/4 

#e4 -- ,?AT ! ,PURITANS ( ,NEW ,5GL& W]E 9TOL]ANT1 & ?AT ! ,QUAK]S ( ,P5NSYLVANIA CONSID]$ MILIT>Y S]VICE ILLEGAL4 

#f4 -- ,?AT 9 ! ,S\!RN COLONIES !RE WAS GREAT 9EQUALITY ( WEAL?1 & ?AT ! BLACKS1 EV5 :5 FRE$1 =M$ A DI/9CT BODY FROM ! :ITES )9 ! SAME /ATE4 

#g4 -- ,?AT ! SOCIAL CONDITION 9 ,CONNECTICUT WAS HALF WAY BETWE5 ! PRIMITIVE & CIVILIZ$ /ATES1 & ?AT 9 ,MASSA*USETTS & ,NEW ,J]SEY A SMALL FACTION C\LD EXCLUDE C&IDATES FROM ELECTIVE (FICE4 

#h4 -- ,?AT MANY DIFFICULTIES RESULT$ FROM ! EMANCIPATION ( ! NEGROES4 

#i4 -- ,?AT NO TITLE ( NOBILITY %\LD BE CONF]R$4 

#a4 -- ,?AT ! RI<T ( PRIMOG5ITURE %\LD BE ABOLI%$1 & FRE$OM ( TRADE E/ABLI%$4 

#a#a4 -- ,?AT ! SCOPE ( A JURISDICTION %\LD BE BAS$ UPON DI/ANCE FROM PLACE ( RESID5CE4 

#a#b4 -- ,?AT NO ADEQUATE DI/9CTION WAS MADE BETWE5 L& & O!R =MS ( PROP]TY4 

#a#c4 -- ,?AT ! RI<T TO REGULATE & EV5 =BID COMM]CE WAS IMPLI$ 9 ALL ! /ATE CON/ITUTIONS4 

#a#d4 -- ,?AT !RE WAS NO AGRE$ PR9CIPLE ( TAXATION1 & ?AT AS A RESULT EA* /ATE HAD ! RI<T TO 9V5T TAXES AT WILL4 

#a#e4 -- ,?AT ,AM]ICA MI<T DISP5SE ) ANY ,EUROPEAN ALLIANCE1 & ?AT A WISE PEOPLE %\LD NEV] LET ! MEANS ( ITS DEF5SE \T ( ITS [N H&S40 

0,! FAM\S ,MIRABEAU DETECT$ 9 ! ,SOCIETY ( ,C9C9NATUS1 MADE UP ( (FIC]S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y >MY1 ! BASIS = H]$IT>Y DI/9CTION4 ,O!R OBJECTIONS W]E MADE BY ,PRICE1 ,MABLY1 & O!R =EIGN WRIT]S4 ,! ,AM]ICAN LEGISLATORS HAVE BE5 ABLE TO PR(IT FROM !M1 BY MODIFY+ C]TA9 DETAILS1 BUT PRES]V+ ! /RUCTURE ( ! REPUBLICAN $IFICE :I*1 9/EAD ( DECL9+ AS HAD BE5 PR$ICT$1 HAS IMPROV$ ) ! PASSAGE ( TIME & PROMISES TO BE LONG-LIV$40 7,DESCRIPTION DES ,ETATS-,UNIS .<,A /ATI/ICAL1 POLITICAL1 & HI/ORICAL ACC\NT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA3 FROM ! P]IOD ( !IR FIR/ COLONIZATION TO ! PRES5T DAY 7#a#h#a#i7.> BY .<,DAVID ,BAILIE.> ,W>D51 TRANSLAT$ FROM ! ,5GLI% .<,P>IS #a#h#b.> VOL4 #e1 #b#e#e74 

,! FOLL[+ PASSAGE BY ! SAME WRIT] IS NO LESS REVEAL+3 0,JEFF]SON & ?OSE :O ACT$ TOGE!R ) HIM BELIEV$ ?AT EF=TS MADE TO 9CREASE HUMAN HAPP9ESS1 )\T REG>D TO EXI/+ OP9IONS & PREJUDICES1 W]E R>ELY EFFECTIVE1 & ?AT ! MO/ CONCRETE IMPROVEM5TS C\LD NEV] BE 9TRODUC$ 9TO SOCIETY BY =CE4 ,!RE=E !Y NEV] PROPOS$ ANY NEW MEASURE UNTIL OP9ION WAS READY TO APPRECIATE IT40 

,?IS POLICY ( ,JEFF]SON & HIS FRI5DS IS C]TA9LY WOR?Y ( ADMIRATION4 ,IT IS ! GLORY ( MAN & CITIZ5 ?AT HE %\LD MAKE TRU? & JU/ICE HIS [N BE=E SUBMITT+ TO !IR LAWS4 ',WE >E ALL K+S1' AS ! CITIZ5 ( ,A!NS SAID4 ,& DOES ! ,BIBLE NOT TELL US ?AT WE >E LIKEWISE ALL GODS8 ,AS K+S & GODS1 WE MU/ OBEY ONLY \RSELVES4 ,BUT IT IS NEV]!LESS TRUE ?AT UND] ,JEFF]SON'S PRESID5CY1 BETWE5 #aha & #a#h#e1 ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE W]E P]HAPS ! LEA/ LIB]AL 9 ! WORLD1 & ?AT IF IT HAD NOT BE5 = ?AT NEGATIVE LIB]TY :I* RESULT$ FROM A SMALL POPULATION & L& ( AMAZ+ F]TILITY1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 BETT] TO LIVE UND] ! DESPOTISM ( ,L\IS ,X,I,V OR ,NAPOLEON ?AN 9 ! ,AM]ICAN REPUBLIC4 

.<#a#d.> ,!RE >E SOME :O BELIEVE ?AT )\T ! VOTE ( #bd ,NOVEMB] #a#h#e#a1 :I* DECID$ 9 FAVOR ( ! PRESID5CY1 AGA9/ ! CONS]VATIVES1 & 5SUR$ ?AT ! C\P D'ETAT W\LD BE SUCCESSFUL1 ! REPUBLIC W\LD HAVE BE5 SAV$4_<#b#h_> 

.<#a#e.> ,>TICLE #f ( ! F$]AL CON/ITUTION ( ,SWITZ]L&3 ',! CONF$]ATION GU>ANTEES ! CANTONAL CON/ITUTIONS1 PROVID$ ?AT3 A_/ !SE CON/ITUTIONS CONTA9 NO?+ CONTR>Y TO ! PROVISIONS ( ! F$]AL CON/ITUTION2 B_/ !Y SECURE ! EX]CISE ( POLITICAL RI<TS ACCORD+ TO REPUBLICAN1 REPRES5TATIVE1 OR DEMOCRATIC =MS2 C_/ !Y HAVE BE5 ACCEPT$ BY ! PEOPLE & CAN BE AM5D$ :5 AN ABSOLUTE MAJORITY ( ! CITIZ5S SO DEM&S4 

.<#a#f.> ,LE ,REPUBLICA9 ,NEU*ATELOIS #ai & #ca ,AUGU/ & #a ,SEPTEMB] #aheb 

.<#a#g.> ,AS ,I HAVE WRITT5 ELSE:]E 7,DE LA ,JU/ICE DANS LA ,REVOLUTION ET DANS L',EGLISE1 #d? /UDY1 ,BELGIAN $ITION1 NOTE71 #ahad 9AUGURAT$ ! ]A ( CON/ITUTIONS 9 ,EUROPE4 ,A SPIRIT ( P]V]SITY HAS L$ SOME PEOPLE TO HEAP SCORN UPON ?IS PROPOSITION3 FAIL+ TO SEP>ATE MATT]S ( SUB/ANCE FROM M]E 9TRIGUE 9 !IR DAILY RAMBL+S UPON HI/ORICAL & POLITICAL SUBJECTS1 !Y >E IGNORANT ( ! *RONOLOGY ( !IR [N C5TURY4 ,BUT IT IS NOT ?AT :I* 9T]E/S ME AT ! MOM5T4 ,! AGE ( CON/ITUTIONS1 :I* IS V]Y REAL & ACCURATELY NAM$1 HAS A P>ALLEL 9 ! ,ACTIAN AGE ANN\NC$ BY ,AUGU/US AFT] HIS VICTORY OV] ,ANTONY AT ,ACTIUM1 9 ! YE> #c ,B4,C4 ,!SE TWO ]AS1 ! ,ACTIAN AGE & ! AGE ( CON/ITUTIONS1 BO? 9AUGURATE A G5]AL R5AISSANCE 9 POLITICS1 POLITICAL ECONOMY1 PUBLIC LAW1 FRE$OM & SOCIETY G5]ALLY4 ,BO? 9AUGURATE A P]IOD ( PEACE1 BO? BE> WITNESS TO A CONTEMPOR>Y S5SE ( G5]AL REVOLUTION & TO ! WILL+NESS ( HEADS ( /ATES TO AID 9 ?IS PROCESS4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,ACTIAN AGE1 DISCR$IT$ BY ! IMP]IAL ORGIES1 HAS BE5 =GOTT52 IT WAS TOTALLY EFFAC$ BY ! ,*RI/IAN AGE1 :I* CONT9U$ ! PROCESS ( R5EWAL 9 A GR&]1 MORE MORAL1 & MORE POPUL> FA%ION4 ,IT WILL BE ! SAME ) ! CON/ITUTIONAL AGE2 IT 9 TURN WILL BE DISPLAC$ BY ! SOCIAL & F$]AL AGE1 :OSE PR(\ND & POPUL> IDEA WILL TRIUMPH OV] ! B\RGEOIS & MOD]ATE IDEAS ( #a#h#a#d4 

.<#a#h.> ,A SIMPLE CALCULATION MAKES ?IS CLE>4 ,! AV]AGE P]IOD ( S*OOL+ = BO? SEXES1 9 A FREE SOCIETY1 CANNOT BE LESS ?AN T5 OR TWELVE YE>S2 H5CE ALMO/ ONE FIF? ( ! POPULATION WILL BE ( S*OOL AGE -- 9 ,FRANCE1 SEV5 & A HALF MILLION 9DIVIDUALS1 BOYS & GIRLS1 \T ( A TOTAL POPULATION ( ?IRTY-EI<T MILLION4 ,9 C\NTRIES SU* 0AS ,AM]ICA1 :]E FAMILIES >E L>G]1 ! PROPORTION W\LD BE EV5 HI<]4 ,!RE >E !N SEV5 & A HALF MILLION 9DIVIDUALS ( BO? SEXES :O MU/ BE GIV5 A FAIR MEASURE1 C]TA9LY ) NO?+ >I/OCRATIC AB\T IT1 ( LIT]>Y1 SCI5TIFIC1 MORAL1 & VOCATIONAL $UCATION4 ,H[ MANY PEOPLE ATT5D SECOND>Y & HI<] S*OOLS 9 ,FRANCE8 ,ONE HUNDR$ & TW5TY-SEV5 ?\S&1 F\R HUNDR$ & SEV5TY-F\R1 ACCORD+ TO ,M4 ,GUILL>D'S FIGURES4 ,! RE/1 SEV5 MILLION1 ?REE HUNDR$ & SEV5TY ?\S&1 FIVE HUNDR$ & TW5TY-FIVE ( !M1 >E CONDEMN$ NEV] TO GO BEYOND PRIM>Y S*OOL4 ,BUT !Y MU/ ALL BE $UCAT$3 EV]Y YE> ADMISSIONS COMMITTEES REPORT AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( ILLIT]ATES4 ,:AT W\LD \R GOV]NM5T DO1 ,I WOND]1 IF !Y W]E OBLIG$ TO RESOLVE ! PROBLEM ( GIV+ A MODE/ $UCATION TO SEV5 MILLION1 ?REE HUNDR$ & SEV5TY ?\S&1 FIVE HUNDR$ & TW5TY FIVE 9DIVIDUALS1 ON TOP ( ! ONE HUNDR$ & TW5TY-SEV5 ?\S&1 F\R HUNDR$ & SEV5TY-F\R CURR5TLY 5ROLL$ 9 ! S*OOLS8 ,( :AT USE H]E >E ! UNILAT]AL CONTRACT ( B\RGEOIS MON>*Y1 ! CONTRACT ( GOODWILL ( ! PAT]NALI/ EMPIRE1 ! *>ITABLE F\NDATIONS ( ! *UR*1 ,MAL?USIAN POLICIES1 & ! PROMISES ( FREE TRADE8 ,EV5 ,COMMITTEES ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY1 = ALL !IR REVOLUTION>Y 5]GY1 W\LD FAIL 9 ! TASK4 ,SU* A GOAL CAN BE A*IEV$ ONLY BY A COMB9ATION ( APPR5TICE%IP & S*OOL+ :I* WILL MAKE EA* PUPIL 9TO A WORK] -- :I* PRESUPPOSES A UNIV]SAL F$]ATION4 ,I KN[ ( NO CONSID]ATION MORE DEVA/AT+ TO ! OLD POLICIES ?AN ?AT4 

.<#a#i.> ,IF EV] A CONF$]ATION W]E UND] DISADVANTAG$ GEOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS1 IT IS SURELY ?AT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,WE CAN SAY ?AT FATE IS FUNDAM5TALLY HO/ILE 9 ?AT REG>D & ?AT FRE$OM IS V]Y F> (F4 ,! HUGE SQU>E CONT95T IS #f TO #a1 LEAGUES WIDE ) OCEAN ON ?REE SIDES & COA/S SO F> FROM EA* O!R ?AT WE CAN SAY ?AT ! SEA IS 9ACCESSIBLE TO ?REE-QU>T]S ( ! POPULATION2 9 ! MIDDLE ( ?AT CONT95T1 AN IMM5SE CORRIDOR1 OR RA!R A MOAT 7,MISSISSIPPI1 ,MISS\RI & ,OHIO ,RIV]S71 :I*1 IF NOT NEUTRALIZ$ OR DECL>$ COMMON PROP]TY1 WILL ONLY =M1 = N9ETE5 ( TW5TY RIV]SIDE RESID5TS1 A R\TE ) NO EXIT3 ?AT IS1 9 %ORT1 ! G5]AL CONFIGURATION ( ! ,AM]ICAN UNION4 ,ALSO1 ! DANG] ( SECESSION HAS BE5 IMM$IATELY UND]/OOD1 & IT IS UND5IABLE 9 ?AT REG>D ?AT ! ,NOR? IS FI<T+ = ITS EXI/5CE AT LEA/ AS MU* AS UNITY4 ,EV]Y?+ !RE RI<T N[ IS 9 OPPOSITION3 :ITES & BLACKS1 ! ,NOR? & ! ,S\?1 ! ,EA/ & ! ,WE/ 7,PROTE/ANTS & ,MORMONS71 ! NATIONAL *>ACT] 7,G]MANIC & F$]ALI/7 EXPRESS$ BY PACT1 T]RITORY1 9T]E/S & CU/OMS4 ,AT FIR/ GLANCE1 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA SEEMS TO BE PR$E/9$ TO =M A L>GE UNIT$ EMPIRE COMP>ABLE OR EV5 SUP]IOR TO ?AT ( ! ,ROMANS1 ! ,MONGOLS OR ,*9ESE4 ,BUT IS IT NOT ALSO A M>VEL\S ?+ ?AT ?IS CONT95T HAS RI<TLY FALL5 9TO ! H&S ( ! MORE F$]ALI/ RACE DUE TO ITS TEMP]AM5T1 SPIRIT & ASPIRATIONS1 ! ,ANGLO-,SAXON RACE8 ,IF ,MR4 ,L9COLN TEA*ES HIS COMPATRIOTS TO OV]COME !IR REVULSION1 GRANTS ! BLACKS !IR CIVIL RI<TS & ALSO DECL>ES A W> ON .<:AT CREATES.> ! PROLET>IAT1 ! UNION WILL BE SAV$4 

.<#b.> ,! C5TRAL OR F$]AL P[]'S RELATION%IP ) ! LOCAL OR F$]AT$ P[]S IS EXPRESS$ BY ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! BUDGET4 ,9 ,SWITZ]L&1 ! F$]AL BUDGET IS B>ELY ONE-?IRD ( ! TOTAL CONTRIBUTIONS ! ,SWISS D$ICATE TO !IR POLITICAL LIFE2 ! O!R TWO-?IRDS REMA9 9 ! H&S ( LOCAL AU?ORITIES4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! C5TRAL P[] POSSESSES NE>LY ALL ( ! C\NTRY'S RES\RCES2 IT GOV]NS RECEIPTS & EXP5DITURES2 ALSO1 IT IS RESPONSIBLE = ADM9I/]+1 BY COMMITTEE1 ! L>GE CITIES1 SU* AS ,P>IS1 ! MUNICIPALITIES !REBY BECOM+ PURELY NOM9AL2 C5TRAL P[] IS ALSO ! DEPOSITORY ( COMMUNE FUNDS1 & IT OV]SEES EMPLOYM5T4 

.<#b#a.> ,9 AN AV]AGE YE>1 ,FRANCE PRODUCES #c TO #ce HECTOLIT]S ( W9E4 ,?AT QUANTITY1 ALONG ) CID] & BE]1 W\LD NOT MU* SURPASS ! CONSUMPTION ( ! C\NTRY'S #* MILLION RESID5TS IF EV]YONE C\LD GO TO ,COR9? .<A REF]5CE TO ,HORACE'S FAM\S DICTUM3 NON LICET OMNIBUS ADIRE ,COR9?UM1 0,NOT EV]YONE CAN GO TO ,COR9?10 I4E41 NOT EV]YONE CAN LIVE A LIFE ( EASE.>1 ?AT IS1 IF EV]YONE C\LD DR9K !IR %>E ( W9E1 BE] OR CID]4 ,!RE=E1 :AT GOOD IS IT TO LOOK = A M>KET \TSIDE ! C\NTRY :5 WE ALREADY HAVE ONE H]E8 ,BUT WORSE1 :5 ! DOME/IC M>KET IS CLOS$ 9 SOME WAY BY /ATE TAXES1 TRANSPORTATION CO/S1 TOLLS1 ETC41 !N IT HAS BE5 BELIEV$ ?AT ANO!R M>KET %\LD BE OBTA9$ ABROAD1 BUT ! =EIGN M>KET ONLY BUYS EXP5SIVE W9ES1 NOT ORD9>Y ONES1 :I* IT IS NOT MU* 9T]E/$ 9 OR :I* IT F9DS TOO EXP5SIVE3 !RE=E1 PRODUC]S /ILL HAVE !IR M]*&ISE BUT NO DOME/IC OR =EIGN BUY]S4 ,! DEP>TM5T ( ,GIRONDE HAD C\NT$ ON ! TRADE TREATY ) ,5GL& TO SELL ITS W9ES2 L>GE QUANTITIES W]E %IPP$ TO ,LONDON1 BUT REMA9$ UNSOLD ON ! DOCKS4 ,IF Y\ LOOK1 Y\ WILL SEE ?AT ?IS DEFECT1 ONCE 9DICAT$1 IS 9 KEEP+ ) A S]IES ( CAUSES ?AT ALL /EM FROM ONE CAUSE3 ! UNIT>Y SY/EM 7SEE MY ,!ORIE DE L',IMPOT 1 VOLUME #a1 #a#h#f#a74 

_<#a_> ,L\IS DE ,BONALD 7#a#g#e#d-#a#h#d7 WAS ONE ( ! LEAD+ !ORI/S ( 'C\NT]-REVOLUTION' 9 ,FRANCE2 HIS PR9CIPAL WORK WAS ,!ORIE DU P\VOIR POLITIQUE ET RELIGIEUX 7#a#g#i#f74 ,DRAW+ UPON AN IMAGE ( ! M$IEVAL POLITY1 HE HELD ?AT A SOCIAL ORD] PROP]LY CONSI/$ ( A HI]>*Y ( AU?ORITIES1 ALL ( :I* W]E FUNDAM5TALLY MODEL$ UPON ! FAMILY4 ,BONALD'S PICTURE ( A NE/$ S]IES ( ASSOCIATIONS D\BTLESS CONTRIBUT$ SOME?+ TO ,PR\DHON'S F$]ALISM2 BUT AL?\< ,PR\DHON RETA9$ A /RONGLY TRADITIONAL VIEW ( ! FAMILY1 HE D5I$ ?AT IT SUPPLI$ AN APPROPRIATE MODEL = O!R GR\PS4 ,= A MO/ 9T]E/+ ACC\NT ( ,PR\DHON'S RELATION TO ,BONALD1 SEE ,ALAN ,RITT] ',PR\DHON & ! ,PROBLEM ( ,COMMUNITY' ,REVIEW ( ,POLITICS 7#a#i#f#g7 #d#e#g-#g#g4 

_<#b_> ,LYCURGUS' CITY WAS ,SP>TA1 :I*1 TOGE!R ) ! IDEAL CITY DESCRIB$ 9 ,PLATO'S ,REPUBLIC1 IS EMPLOY$ H]E AS A P>ADIGM ( 'COMMUNI/IC' SOLID>ITY4 

_<#c_> ,! ,CIMBRI & ,TEUTONS W]E TWO ,G]MANIC TRIBES :O 9VAD$ ,ITALY T[>DS ! 5D ( ! SECOND C5TURY ,B4,C4 & W]E DEFEAT$ BY A ,ROMAN >MY UND] ,M>IUS4 ,PR\DHON'S VIEW ( ! ,G]MANIC PEOPLES APPE>S TO BE BAS$ L>GELY UPON ,TACITUS3 SEE ESPECIALLY ! ,G]MANIA1 SECTIONS #g1#h1 & #a#a1 :]E ,TACITUS DESCRIBES ! PRACTICE ( HAV+ WOM5 ACCOMPANY ! W>RIORS 9 BATTLE & ! 9/ITUTION ( POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4 

_<#d_> ,! ,C\NCIL ( ,T5 WAS AN 9/ITUTION E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,REPUBLIC ( ,V5ICE 9 ! F\RTE5? C5TURY = DEAL+ ) MATT]S ( 9T]NAL SECURITY2 IT HAD UNLIMIT$ P[]S1 PROCE$$ 9 SECRECY1 & WAS RESPONSIBLE TO NO ONE4 ,PR\DHON H]E FOLL[S ,MONTESQUIEU 9 TAK+ ,V5ICE AS ! PRIME EXAMPLE ( A REPUBLIC ) DESPOTIC ELEM5TS3 SEE ,DE L',ESPRIT DES LOIS ,X,I #f4 

_<#e_> ,! ODDLY-NAM$ ',DOCTR9AIRES' W]E A GR\P ( MOD]ATES 9 ,FRANCE :O1 DRAW+ PR9CIPALLY UPON ! ,5GLI% MODEL ( GOV]NM5T1 FAVOR$ CON/ITUTIONALISM :ILE RESI/+ DEMOCRACY4 ,PR\DHON'S REM>KS APPLY MO/ OBVI\SLY TO ,FRANCOIS ,GUIZOT1 PREMI] DUR+ ! #a#h#dS4 

_<#f_> ',FEBRU>Y' 7#a#h#d#h71 ! MON? 9 :I* ! #ahdh REVOLUTION BROKE \T 9 ,FRANCE1 /&S H]E = ! REPUBLICAN & LIB]AL TR5DS 9 CONTEMPOR>Y ,FR5* POLITICAL ?\<T1 :ILE ',JUNE' 7#a#h#d#h71 A MON? ( LEFT- W+ 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION'S REPUBLICAN LEAD]%IP1 IS A SYMBOL = MILITANT SOCIALISM4 ,SUPPORT = ,VICTOR ,EMMANUEL'S CAMPAIGN TO LIB]ATE & UNIFY ,ITALY IS EMPLOY$ H]E BY ,PR\DHON SIMPLY AS A T\*/ONE ( LIB]AL OP9ION4 

_<#g_> ,L$RU-,ROLL91 A LEFT-W+ REPUBLICAN LEAD] DUR+ #ahdh & ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC1 REMA9$ AN 9TRANSIG5T OPPON5T ( ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I1 BUT O!R REPUBLICAN LEAD]S ACCOMMODAT$ !MSELVES TO ! ,SECOND ,EMPIRE1 SEE+ IT AS A VEHICLE ( MOD]ATE SOCIAL RE=M4 

_<#h_> ,B]RY]1 DE ,FALL\X1 & DE ,MONTALEMB]T W]E ?REE DI/+UI%$ ,CA?OLIC POLITICAL LEAD]S1 PROM95T 9 ! OPPOSITION TO ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I4 

_<#i_> ,H]E ,PR\DHON APPE>S TO BE COMM5T+ UPON ,*ATEAUBRI&'S MU*-QUOT$ REM>K ',JE SUIS B\RBONNI5 P> HONNEUR1 MON>*I/E P> RAISON1 REPUBLICA9 P> G\T ET P> C>ACT]E4' .<,I AM A ,B\RBON BY HONOR1 A MON>*I/ BY REASON1 A REPUBLICAN BY TA/E & *>ACT]4.> 

_<#a_> ,FELICITE DE ,LAM5NAIS 7#a#g#h#b-#a#h#e#d71 9ITIALLY AN EXTREME !OCRAT1 !N ! MO/ EM95T EXPON5T ( LIB]AL ,CA?OLICISM1 WAS EXCOMMUNICAT$ 9 #ahcd & SUBSEQU5TLY TRAVEL$ TO ! F> LEFT ( ! POLITICAL SPECTRUM1 TO RADICAL DEMOCRACY & COMMUNISM4 ,HIS EXTRAORD9>Y C>E] 9DE$ PROVIDES ! BE/ POSSIBLE EXAMPLE ( ,PR\DHON'S !SIS ?AT !RE IS NO /ABLE MIDDLE GR\ND BETWE5 !OCRACY & REVOLUTION4 ,H>OLD ,LASKI DEVOT$ A LONG *APT] TO ,LAM5NAIS 9 ,AU?ORITY 9 ! ,MOD]N ,/ATE 7,NEW ,HAV5 #a#i#a#i74 

_<#a#a_> ',COALITION'3 ! T]M APPLI$ TO SUCCESSIVE MILIT>Y ALLIANCES =M$ AGA9/ ,FRANCE BY ,RUSSIA1 ,AU/RIA1 ,GREAT ,BRITA91 & O!R P[]S 9 ! C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y & ,NAPOLEONIC W>S4 

_<#a#b_> ',AMPHICTYONIES' W]E LEAGUES =M$ AMONG ! CITY-/ATES ( ANCI5T ,GREECE2 9ITIALLY RELIGI\S 9 *>ACT]1 !Y ALSO T5D$ TO ACQUIRE A POLITICAL & MILIT>Y ROLE4 ,H]E ,PR\DHON EVID5TLY REF]S TO ! LEAGUE C5T]$ ON ! CITY ( ,DELPHI1 :I* FROM ! SEV5? C5TURY ,B4,C4 ON PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ?\< (T5 DE/RUCTIVE P>T 9 ! 9T]-/ATE POLITICS ( ,GREECE4 ,= A BRIEF ACC\NT ( ! FAILURE ( 'F$]ALI/' EXP]IM5TS 9 ,GREECE1 SEE ,%ELDON ,WOL9 ,POLITICS & ,VISION 7,BO/ON #a#i#f7 #g#c-#f4 

_<#a#c_> ,SAVOY & ,NICE W]E ANNEX$ TO ,FRANCE AS ,NAPOLEON ,ILL'S PRICE = SUPPORT+ ,VICTOR ,EMMANUEL AGA9/ ,AU/RIA 9 #a#h#e#i4 

_<#a#d_> ,! BOOK REF]R$ TO H]E IS ,LA ,F$]ATION ET ,I'UNITE 5 ,ITALIE 7,P>IS #a#h#f#b71 9 :I* ! ,ITALIAN NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS W]E %>PLY ATTACK$ = !IR C5TRALI/ T5D5CIES4 

_<#a#e_> ',! PRES5T W>' IS ! ,AM]ICAN ,CIVIL ,W>1 :I*1 9 ,PR\DHON'S EYES1 DISPLAY$ ! LAT5T C5TRALISM BEH9D ! FACADE ( F$]ALISM 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,PR\DHON'S VIEW IS PUT =W>D SUCC9CTLY 9 ,DE LA ,CAPACITE POLITIQUE DES CLASSES \VRI]ES 7#b#h-#i73 ',EI!R ! T]M 0CONF$]ATION0 HAS SOME MEAN+1 BY VIRTUE ( :I* ! F\ND]S ( ! ,UNION S\<T TO DI/+UI% IT /RICTLY FROM ALL O!R POLITICAL SY/EMS -- 9 :I* CASE1 LEAV+ ASIDE ! QUE/ION ( SLAV]Y1 ! ,NOR?'S W> AGA9/ ! ,S\? IS UNJU/2 OR ELSE1 UND] ! GUISE ( CONF$]ATION1 ! SECRET 9T5TION HAS BE5 TO F\ND A GREAT EMPIRE :5 ! TIME WAS RIPE -- 9 :I* CASE1 ! ,AM]ICANS %\LD REMOVE FROM !IR PLAT=MS ALL REF]5CE TO POLITICAL LIB]TY1 ! REPUBLIC1 DEMOCRACY1 CONF$]ATION1 EV5 ,UNION4' 

_<#a#f_> #ca ,MAY 7#a#h#e73 ! DATE ( A LAW PASS$ BY ! CONS]VATIVE MAJORITY ( ! ,FR5* ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY %>PLY CURTAIL+ ! ELECTORAL FRAN*ISE4 

_<#a#g_> #b ,DECEMB] 7#a#h#e#a73 ! DATE ON :I* ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON1 !N PRESID5T ( ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC1 BR\<T (F A C\P D'ETAT & 9AUGURAT$ ! ,SECOND ,EMPIRE4 

_<#a#h_> #bd ,NOVEMB] 7#a#h#e#a73 ! DATE ON :I* ! ,FR5* ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY APPROV$ ! DIRECT POPUL> ELECTION ( ! PRESID5T -- AS OPPOS$ TO ELECTION BY ! ASSEMBLY -- OV] ! OBJECTIONS ( SOME CONS]VATIVE MEMB]S1 :O ?\<T ?IS MEASURE W\LD /R5G!N PRESID5TIAL P[] UNDULY4 

_<#a#i_> ,*>LES ! ,BOLD WAS ,DUKE ( ,BURGUNDY 9 ! FIFTE5? C5TURY2 HIS 9VASION ( ,SWITZ]L& MET ) ?REE MAJOR DEFEATS1 CULM9AT+ 9 ! BATTLE ( ,NANCY 9 #a#d#g#g4 

_<#b_> ,A REF]5CE TO ! CAHI]S1 SUMM>IES ( GRIEVANCES SUBMITT$ BY LOCAL COMMUNITIES AT ! TIME ( ! SUMMON+ ( ! ,/ATES-,G5]AL %ORTLY BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION4 

_<#b#a_> ,! OA? ( ! ,JEU DE PAUME -- USUALLY REF]R$ TO 9 ,5GLI% AS ! 'T5NIS-C\RT OA?' -- WAS A RESOLUTION ADOPT$ BY ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ?IRD E/ATE 7COMMON]S7 ON #b ,JUNE #a#g#h#i1 DECL>+ ?AT !Y CON/ITUT$ AN ASSEMBLY ( ! NATION ) A M&ATE = CON/ITUTIONAL RE=M4 

_<#b#b_> #a ,AUGU/ 7#a#g#i#b73 ! DATE ( A BATTLE AT ! ,TUIL]IES PLACE BETWE5 ! ROYAL H\SEHOLD TROOPS & REVOLUTION>Y COLUMNS1 :I* M>K$ ! EFFECTIVE 5D ( ! ATTEMPT AT CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y EMBODI$ 9 ! #agia CON/ITUTION4 

_<#b#c_> #ca ,MAY 7#a#g#i#c73 ! DATE ( A RIS+ 9 ,P>IS :I* L$ TO ! COMPLETE SUPREMACY ( ! ,JACOB9 FACTION UND] ,ROBESPI]RE4 

_<#b#d_> ,DUR+ ! E>LY #a#g#iS ! REPRES5TATIVES FROM ! ,GIRONDE S]V$ AS ! NUCLEUS = ! MOD]ATE OPPOSITON TO ! ,JACOB9S4 ,IT IS D\BTFUL ?AT ANY ( ! ',GIROND9S' W]E 9 ANY REAL S5SE F$]ALI/S1 BUT !IR CON/ITU5CY WAS PROV9CIAL RA!R ?AN ,P>ISIAN4 ,! PROV9CIAL REVOLTS :I* !Y FOM5T$ AGA9/ ! ,JACOB9S 9 ,MAY & ,JUNE #agic W]E T]M$ 9SURRECTIONS F$]ALI/ES4 

_<#b#e_> ,! BATTLE ( ,FLEURUS 7#b#f ,JUNE #a#g#i#d7 WAS A /RIK+ VICTORY ( ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y >MY OV] AN 9VAD+ =CE UND] ! ,AU/RIAN G5]AL ,COBURG4 

_<#b#f_> ,9 #ahei ! IDEA ( AN ,ITALIAN CONF$]ATION HAD BE5 BRIEFLY MOOT$1 BUT IT WAS RAPIDLY OV]%AD[$ BY ! IDEAL ( NATIONAL UNITY PURSU$ BY ,CAV\R1 PRIME M9I/] ( ,PI$MONT1 & ,MAZZ9I1 NATIONALI/ !ORETICIAN & LEAD] -- :O >E1 PRESUMABLY1 ! M9I/] & ! SECT>IAN ALLUD$ TO H]E4 

_<#b#g_> ,FR$]IC ,MOR9 7#a#h#b#c-#g#d7 WAS A ,FR5* REPUBLICAN & J\RNALI/ :O OPPOS$ ! C\P D'ETAT ( ,L\IS-,NAPOLEON & /OOD AS AN OPPOSITION C&IDATE 9 #aheg & #a#h#f#c4 

_<#b#h_> ,C5SIT>Y .<C5SITAIRE.> REF]S TO VOT+ BAS$ ON C5SUS & 9 :I* ONLY ?OSE :OSE TAXATION EXCE$S A C]TA9 ?RE%OLD CAN VOTE4 ,?AT IS1 SUFFRAGE IS LIMIT$ TO ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahfb 3 ,! ,F$]ATIVE ,PR9CIPLE & ! ,NE$ TO ,RECON/ITUTE ! ,P>TY ( ,REVOLUTION -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #b1 #bai 3 ,! ,F$]ATIVE ,PR9CIPLE & ! ,NE$ TO ,RECON/ITUTE ! ,P>TY ( ,REVOLUTION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,! ,F$]ATIVE ,PR9CIPLE & ! ,NE$ TO ,RECON/ITUTE ! ,P>TY ( ,REVOLUTION -- ,UPDAT$4 

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HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/