,! ,FEEL+ = ,NATURE 9 ,MOD]N ,SOCIETY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS 

,TEXT 3 

,IT BECOMES EV] MORE ESS5TIAL TO EXP& & REF9E \R FEEL+ = NATURE AS ! MULTITUDE ( M5 :O >E EXIL$ FROM ! C\NTRYSIDE BY =CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES 9CREASES DAILY4 ,PESSIMI/S HAVE LONG FE>$ ! CEASELESS GR[? ( L>GE CITIES4 ,/ILL1 !Y SELDOM REALIZE H[ RAPIDLY FUTURE POPULATIONS WILL BE ABLE TO MOVE T[>D PREF]R$ C5T]S4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! COLOSSAL ,BABYLONS ( ! PA/ ALSO GA!R$ )9 !IR WALLS HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S OR EV5 MILLIONS ( 9HABITANTS4 ,! NATURAL 9T]E/S ( COMM]CE1 ! DESPOTIC C5TRALIZATION ( ALL P[]1 ! SCRAMBL+ = FAVORS1 & ! PURSUIT ( PLEASURE MADE !SE P[]FUL CITIES AS POPUL\S AS 5TIRE PROV9CES4 ,BUT FACTORS SU* AS SL[ TRANSPORTATION1 ! FLOOD+ ( A RIV]1 BAD WEA!R1 ! DELAY ( A C>AVAN1 A RAID BY AN 5EMY >MY1 OR A TRIBAL UPRIS+ C\LD RESULT 9 PROVISIONS SOMETIMES BE+ DELAY$ OR HALT$4 ,! GREAT CITY1 9 ! MID/ ( ALL ITS SPL5DORS1 F\ND ITSELF 9 CON/ANT DANG] ( />VATION4 ,MOREOV]1 DUR+ P]IODS ( REL5TLESS W>1 !SE 5ORM\S CAPITALS ALWAYS 5D$ UP AS AN >5A = AN IMM5SE SLAU<T]1 & SOMETIMES ! DE/RUCTION WAS SO COMPLETE ?AT ! RU9 ( A CITY MEANT ! 5D ( A PEOPLE4 ,EV5 QUITE REC5TLY1 WE W]E ABLE TO SEE1 ?R\< ! EXAMPLE ( SEV]AL CITIES 9 ,*9A1 :AT FATE C\LD BEFALL GREAT URBAN C5T]S UND] ! SWAY ( ANCI5T CIVILIZATIONS4 ,! P[]FUL CITY ( ,NANJ+ WAS R$UC$ TO A HEAP ( RU9S1 :ILE ,WU*ANG1 :I* AB\T FIFTE5 YE>S AGO APPE>$ TO BE ! MO/ POPUL\S CITY 9 ! 5TIRE WORLD1 LO/ MORE ?AN ?REE-F\R?S ( ITS 9HABITANTS4 

,:ILE TRADITIONAL CAUSES ( POPULATION %IFTS TO L>GE CITIES /ILL OP]ATE1 !RE >E N[ O!R NO LESS P[]FUL CAUSES ?AT RELATE TO ! :OLE ( MOD]N PROGRESS4 ,TRANSPORTATION R\TES1 CANALS1 SECOND>Y ROADS1 & RAILROADS RADIATE 9 9CREAS+ NUMB]S FROM IMPORTANT C5T]S & SURR\ND !M ) AN 9CREAS+LY D5SE NETWORK ( L9KS4 ,TODAY'S TRANSPORTATION IS SO SMOO? ?AT DUR+ A S+LE DAY ! RAILWAYS CAN DELIV] FIVE HUNDR$ ?\S& P]SONS TO ! /REETS ( ,LONDON OR ,P>IS1 & 9 ANTICIPATION ( A SIMPLE HOLIDAY1 A W$D+1 A FUN]AL1 OR ! VISIT ( A CELEBRITY1 MILLIONS HAVE SOMETIMES SWELL$ ! FLUCTUAT+ POPULATION ( A CAPITAL4 ,& PROVISIONS CAN BE TRANSPORT$ JU/ AS EASILY AS TRAVEL]S4 ,FROM ! SURR\ND+ C\NTRYSIDE1 \TLY+ P>TS ( ! C\NTRY1 & ALL CORN]S ( ! WORLD1 COMMODITIES FL[ BY L& & SEA T[>D !SE 5ORM\S /OMA*S ?AT 5DLESSLY CONSUME MORE & MORE4 ,IF IT W]E NECESS>Y = ! DEM&S ( ITS APPETITE1 ,LONDON C\LD HAVE MORE ?AN HALF ( ! E>?'S PRODUCE TRANSPORT$ TO IT 9 LESS ?AN A YE>4 

,?IS IS C]TA9LY AN 5ORM\S ADVANTAGE ?AT ! L>GE CITIES ( ANTIQUITY DID NOT HAVE1 YET ! REVOLUTION 9 SOCIAL PRACTICES BR\<T AB\T BY RAILROADS & O!R MODES ( TRANSPORTATION HAS H>DLY BEGUN4 ,AFT] ALL1 
:AT IS AN AV]AGE ( TWO OR ?REE TRIPS P] YE> = EA* 9HABITANT ( ,FRANCE1 ESPECIALLY :5 A BRIEF EXCURSION ( FIFTE5 M9UTES TO ! SUBURBS ( ,P>IS OR SOME O!R L>GE CITY IS CONSID]$ A TRIP = ! /ATI/ICS8 ,EA* YE>1 ! MULTITUDE ( TRAVEL]S WILL D\BTLESS 9CREASE 9 5ORM\S PROPORTIONS1 & ALL EXPECTATIONS WILL PROBABLY BE SURPASS$1 AS !Y HAVE BE5 S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY4 ,?US ! AM\NT ( TRAVEL 9 ,LONDON ALONE IS CURR5TLY AS GREAT 9 A S+LE WEEK AS IT WAS DUR+ AN 5TIRE YE> 9 ALL ( ,GREAT ,BRITA9 >\ND #a#h#c4 ,?ANKS TO ! RAILROADS1 REGIONS >E CON/ANTLY BECOM+ SMALL]4 ,ONE CAN EV5 MA!MATICALLY CALCULATE ! RATE AT :I* ?IS %R9K+ ( ! L& IS TAK+ PLACE M]ELY BY COMP>+ ! SPE$ ( LOCOMOTIVES TO ?AT ( ! /AGECOA*ES & RICKETY C>RIAGES ?AT !Y REPLAC$4 ,= HIS P>T1 MAN TURNS HIS BACK ON HIS NATIVE SOIL MORE & MORE EASILY4 ,HE BECOMES A NOMAD--NOT LIKE ! %EPH]DS ( ! PA/1 :O ALWAYS FOLL[$ !IR USUAL PA?S & NEV] FAIL$ TO RETURN P]IODICALLY TO ! SAME PA/URES ) !IR FLOCKS1 BUT 9 A MANN] MU* MORE COMPLETE S9CE HE 9DISCRIM9ATELY HEADS 9 ONE DIRECTION OR ANO!R1 :]EV] HIS 9T]E/ OR DESIRE IMPELS HIM4 ,A V]Y SMALL NUMB] ( !SE VOLUNT>Y EXILES RETURN TO DIE 9 !IR NATIVE L&4 ,?IS 5DLESSLY GR[+ MIGRATION ( PEOPLES IS N[ TAK+ PLACE BY MILLIONS UPON MILLIONS1 & IT IS PRECISELY T[>D ! MO/ POPUL\S HUMAN AN?ILLS ?AT ! GREAT MULTITUDE ( IMMIGRANTS MAKES ITS WAY4 ,FROM AN E?NOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ! FE>SOME 9VASION ( ,FRANKI% W>RIORS 9TO ,ROMAN ,GAUL WAS P]HAPS NOT AS IMPORTANT AS ! SIL5T MIGRATION ( /REET SWEEP]S FROM ,LUXEMB\RG & ! ,PALAT9ATE :O EA* YE> SWELL ! POPULATION ( ,P>IS4 

,TO GET AN IDEA ( :AT ! GREAT COMM]CIAL CITIES ( ! WORLD C\LD BECOME IF ! CAUSES ( GR[? >E NOT SOON] OR LAT] C\NT]BALANC$ BY OPPOS+ FACTORS1 ONE CAN SIMPLY OBS]VE ! 5ORM\S IMPORTANCE ( CITIES 9 MOD]N COLONIAL SOCIETIES RELATIVE TO VILLAGES & ISOLAT$ H\SEHOLDS4 ,! POPULATIONS ( !SE REGIONS1 RELEAS$ FROM ! BONDS ( CU/OM1 & FREE TO CONGREGATE AS !Y PLEASE1 ) NO MOTIVE EXCEPT !IR [N WILL1 AMASS OV]:ELM+LY 9 ! CITIES4 ,EV5 9 SPECIFICALLY AGRICULTURAL SETTLEM5TS SU* AS ! Y\NG ,AM]ICAN /ATES ( ! ,F> ,WE/1 ! REGIONS ( ,LA ,PLATA1 ,QUE5SL& 9 ,AU/RALIA1 & ! ,NOR? ,ISL& ( ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 ! URBAN POPULATION SURPASSES ?AT ( ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,ON AV]AGE IT IS AT LEA/ ?REE TIMES GREAT] & CON/ANTLY 9CREASES 9 PROPORTION TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( COMM]CE & 9DU/RY4 ,9 SETTLEM5TS SU* AS ,VICTORIA & ,CALI=NIA1 :]E SPECIFIC FACTORS SU* AS GOLD M9ES & GREAT COMM]CIAL ADVANTAGES ATTRACT MULTITUDES ( SPECULATORS1 ! CONC5TRATION ( CITY DWELL]S IS GREAT] /ILL4 ,IF ,P>IS W]E TO ,FRANCE :AT ,SAN ,FRANCISCO IS TO ,CALI=NIA & :AT ,MELB\RNE IS TO SUNNY ,AU/RALIA1 ! 0BIG CITY0 
W\LD REALLY LIVE UP TO ITS NAME1 HAV+ NO LESS ?AN N9E TO T5 MILLION PEOPLE4 ,CLE>LY1 IT IS 9 ALL !SE NEW C\NTRIES1 :]E CIVILIZ$ MAN HAS ONLY REC5TLY E/ABLI%$ HIMSELF1 ?AT ONE CAN SEE ! EXT]NAL EXPRESSION ( ! IDEAL ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY SOCIETY3 NO OB/ACLE PREV5T$ ! NEWCOM]S FROM SPREAD+ \T 9 SMALL GR\PS OV] ! 5TIRE REGION1 YET !Y PREF]R$ TO GA!R 9 VA/ CITIES4 ,! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ,HUNG>Y OR ,RUSSIA & ANY MOD]N COLONY SU* AS ,CALI=NIA ILLU/RATES H[ GREAT A GAP ( C5TURIES SEP>ATES C\NTRIES :OSE POPULATIONS >E /ILL DI/RIBUT$ AS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES FROM ?OSE :]E ! PH5OM5A ( SOCIAL AFF9ITY DEVELOP$ BY MOD]N CIVILIZATION CAN HAVE FREE PLAY4 ,ON ! PLA9S ( ,RUSSIA & 9 ! ,HUNG>IAN PUSZTA1 !RE >E H>DLY ANY TRUE CITIES1 BUT ONLY MORE OR LESS L>GE VILLAGES4 ,! CAPITAL CITIES >E ADM9I/RATIVE C5T]S1 >TIFICIAL CREATIONS ?AT ! 9HABITANTS C\LD EASILY DO )\T & ?AT W\LD IMM$IATELY LOSE A SIZABLE %>E ( !IR IMPORTANCE IF ! GOV]NM5T DID NOT MA9TA9 A FACTITI\S LIFE !RE AT ! EXP5SE ( ! RE/ ( ! NATION4 ,9 !SE C\NTRIES ! WORK+ POPULATION IS COMPOS$ ( F>M]S1 & ! CITIES EXI/ ONLY = (FICE WORK]S & M5 ( LEISURE4 ,BY CONTRA/1 9 ,AU/RALIA & ,CALI=NIA ! C\NTRYSIDE IS NEV] MORE ?AN A SUBURB1 & ITS 9HABITANTS1 %EPH]DS & F>M]S1 HAVE !IR M9DS ON ! CITY4 ,!Y >E SPECULATORS :O HAVE TEMPOR>ILY )DRAWN FROM ! GREAT COMM]CIAL C5T] = ! SAKE ( !IR BUS9ESS BUT :O WILL 9EVITABLY RETURN TO IT4 ,D\BTLESS1 ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS :O >E N[ SO FIRMLY ROOT$ 9 !IR NATIVE SOIL WILL SOON] OR LAT] DISCOV] H[ TO FREE !MSELVES FROM ! FIELDS ON :I* ONLY YE/]DAY !Y W]E SUBJUGAT$4 ,LIKE ! ,BRITI% & ! ,AU/RALIANS1 !Y WILL BECOME NOMADS & MAKE !IR WAY TO ! BIG CITIES1 BECKON$ BY COMM]CE & 9DU/RY & COMPELL$ BY !IR [N AMBITION TO SEE1 TO KN[1 OR TO IMPROVE !IR CONDITION4 

,! COMPLA9TS ( ?OSE :O LAM5T ! DEPOPULATION ( ! C\NTRYSIDE CANNOT /OP ! MOVEM5T4 ,NO?+ WILL /OP IT1 & ALL ! \TCRY IS USELESS4 ,?ANKS TO EASI] & *EAP] TRAVEL1 ! T5ANT F>M] HAS GA9$ ! FUNDAM5TAL LIB]TY TO 0COME & GO10 FROM :I* ALL O!R LIB]TIES EV5TUALLY PROCE$1 & HE FOLL[S HIS NATURAL 9CL9ATION :5 HE HEADS = ! CR[D$ CITY1 AB\T :I* HE HAS HE>D SO MANY WOND]FUL TALES4 ,SAD & JOYFUL AT ! SAME TIME1 HE BIDS F>EWELL TO ! L[LY HOVEL ( HIS BIR? TO GAZE UPON ! MIRACLES ( 9DU/RY & >*ITECTURE4 ,AL?\< HE GIVES UP ! REGUL> & DEP5DABLE WAGES FROM HIS MANUAL LABOR1 P]HAPS HE WILL SUCCE$1 LIKE SO MANY O!R SONS ( HIS VILLAGE1 9 BECOM+ COM=TABLY WELL-(F OR EV5 WEAL?Y4 ,& IF HE RETURNS HOME ONE DAY IT WILL BE TO BUILD A CA/LE 9 PLACE ( ! SQUALID DWELL+ :]E HE WAS BORN4 ,H[EV]1 V]Y FEW IMMIGRANTS REALIZE SU* DREAMS ( =TUNE1 ?\< MANY F9D POV]TY1 DISEASE1 & A PREMATURE DEA? 9 ! BIG CITIES4 ,BUT AT LEA/ ?OSE :O SURVIVE >E ABLE TO BROAD5 ! HORIZON ( !IR IDEAS4 ,!Y HAVE SE5 REGIONS ?AT DIFF] FROM ONE ANO!R1 DEVELOP$ !MSELVES ?R\< CONTACT ) O!R M51 & BECOME MORE 9TELLIG5T & $UCAT$1 & ALL !SE 9DIVIDUAL ADVANCEM5TS CON/ITUTE AN 9VALUABLE ASSET = SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 

,9 ,FRANCE1 WE KN[ H[ RAPIDLY ! PH5OM5ON ( ! MIGRATION ( RURAL POPULATIONS T[>D ,P>IS1 ,LYONS1 ,T\L\SE1 & ! L>GE SEAPORTS TAKES PLACE4 ,ALL POPULATION GR[? OCCURS 9 !SE C5T]S ( ATTRACTION1 :]EAS ! NUMB] ( 9HABITANTS 9 MO/ ( ! SMALL T[NS & VILLAGES REMA9S /ATION>Y OR EV5 DECL9ES4 ,MORE ?AN HALF ( ! DEP>TEM5TS >E BECOM+ LESS & LESS POPULAT$1 & ONE CAN BE CIT$1 ?AT ( ,BASSES-,ALPES1 :I* S9CE ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES HAS UND\BT$LY LO/ A GOOD ?IRD ( ITS 9HABITANTS4 ,IF ONE ALSO TAKES 9TO ACC\NT VISITS & TEMPOR>Y MIGRATIONS1 :I* NECESS>ILY PRODUCE AN 9CREASE 9 ! FLUCTUAT+ POPULATION ( ! BIG CITIES1 ! RESULTS >E EV5 MORE /RIK+4 ,9 ! ,PYR5EES ( ,>IEGE1 !RE >E C]TA9 VILLAGES ?AT ALL ! 9HABITANTS1 BO? M5 & WOM51 AB&ON 9 ! W9T] 9 ORD] TO GO TO ! CITIES ( ! PLA9S4 ,F9ALLY1 MO/ ,FR5*M5 :O >E 9 BUS9ESS OR :O LIVE (F !IR 9VE/M5TS--NOT C\NT+ ! MULTITUDES ( PEASANTS & WORK]S-->E C]TA9 TO VISIT ,P>IS & ! MA9 CITIES ( ,FRANCE4 ,& IT HAS BE5 A V]Y LONG TIME S9CE1 9 REMOTE PROV9CES1 A WAYF>+ LABOR] WAS NAM$ AFT] ! L>GE CITY 9 :I* HE LIV$4 ,! SAME SOCIAL PH5OM5A >E OCCURR+ 9 ,5GL& & ,G]MANY4 ,AL?\< 9 !SE TWO C\NTRIES ! EXCESS ( BIR?S OV] DEA?S IS MU* GREAT] ?AN 9 ,FRANCE1 SOME AGRICULTURAL >EAS SU* AS ! DU*Y ( ,HESSE-,CASSEL & ! C\NTY ( ,CAMBRIDGE >E ALSO LOS+ POPULATION TO ! L>GE CITIES4 ,EV5 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 :]E ! POPULATION IS 9CREAS+ AT AN A/ONI%+ RATE1 A GREAT NUMB] ( AGRICULTURAL >EAS 9 ,NEW ,5GL& HAVE LO/ A L>GE PROPORTION ( !IR 9HABITANTS BECAUSE ( A D\BLE MIGRATION3 ON ! ONE H&1 !RE IS A MOVEM5T T[>D ! REGIONS ( ! ,F> ,WE/1 & ON ! O!R1 T[>D ! COA/AL COMM]CIAL CITIES ( ,PORTL&1 ,BO/ON1 & ,NEW ,YORK4 

,H[EV]1 IT IS A WELL-KN[N FACT ?AT 9 ! CITIES ! AIR IS FULL ( DEADLY SUB/ANCES4 ,AL?\< ! (FICIAL /ATI/ICS ON ?IS MATT] >E NOT ALWAYS AS C&ID AS WE W\LD LIKE !M TO BE1 IT IS NONE!LESS C]TA9 ?AT 9 ALL C\NTRIES ( ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA1 ! AV]AGE LIFE-SPAN AMONG RURAL POPULATIONS EXCE$S ?AT ( ! CITY DWELL]S BY SEV]AL YE>S4 ,IMMIGRANTS :O LEAVE !IR NATIVE SOIL = ! N>R[ & F\L-SMELL+ /REETS ( A BIG CITY C\LD CALCULATE 9 ADVANCE ! APPROXIMATE EXT5T TO :I* !Y >E %ORT5+ !IR LIVES ACCORD+ TO ! LAWS ( PROBABILITY4 ,NOT ONLY DOES ! NEWCOM] SUFF] P]SONALLY & RISK AN E>LY DEA?1 HE ALSO DOOMS HIS DESC5DANTS4 ,IT IS KN[N ?AT 9 L>GE CITIES SU* AS ,LONDON & ,P>IS ! LIFE =CE IS QUICKLY EXHAU/$1 & ?AT NO B\RGEOIS FAMILY LIV+ !RE SURVIVES BEYOND ! ?IRD OR AT MO/ ! F\R? G5]ATION4 ,IF ! 9DIVIDUAL CAN RESI/ ! DEADLY EFFECTS ( HIS 5VIRONM5T1 HIS FAMILY WILL /ILL SUCCUMB 9 ! 5D1 & )\T ! CONT9U\S MIGRATION ( C\NTRY PEOPLE & =EIGN]S :O M>* HAPPILY TO !IR DEA?1 ! CAPITAL CITIES C\LD NOT RECRUIT !IR 5ORM\S POPULATIONS4 ,! CITY DWELL]'S *>ACT] BECOMES REF9$1 BUT ! BODY WEAK5S & ! SPR+S ( LIFE DRY UP4 ,LIKEWISE1 FROM AN 9TELLECTUAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ALL ! BRILLIANT FACULTIES DEVELOP$ BY SOCIAL LIFE >E AT FIR/ OV]/IMULAT$1 BUT ! M9D GRADUALLY LOSES ITS P[]S4 ,IT BECOMES WE>Y & F9ALLY DECL9ES PREMATURELY4 ,! /REET UR*9 ( ,P>IS1 COMP>$ TO ! Y\NG PEASANT1 IS C]TA9LY A BE+ FULL ( LIFE & HI< SPIRITS4 ,BUT IS HE NOT ! BRO!R ( ! PALE HOODLUM :O CAN BE COMP>$ PHYSICALLY & MORALLY TO SICKLY PLANTS VEGETAT+ 9 D>K CELL>S8 ,9 FACT1 IT IS 9 ! CITIES1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE MO/ R5[N$ = !IR OPUL5CE & CIVILIZATION1 ?AT ONE F9DS ! MO/ DEGRAD$ ( ALL M54 ,!Y >E POOR BE+S )\T HOPE1 :OM FIL?1 HUNG]1 CO>SE IGNORANCE1 & G5]AL CONTEMPT HAVE PLAC$ F> BEL[ ! HAPPY SAVAGE 
W&]+ ?R\< =E/S & M\NTA9S4 ,ONE F9DS ! RANKE/ ABJECTION SIDE BY SIDE ) ! MO/ MAGNIFIC5T SPL5DOR4 ,NOT F> FROM MUSEUMS 
:]E ! BEAUTY ( ! HUMAN BODY IS DISPLAY$ 9 ALL ITS GLORY1 SP9DLY *ILDR5 W>M !MSELVES 9 ! F\L ATMOSPH]E EMANAT+ FROM SEW]S4 

,IF /EAM P[] BR+S 5DLESSLY GR[+ CR[DS TO ! CITIES1 IT ALSO BR+S BACK TO ! C\NTRYSIDE AN EV]-GR[+ NUMB] ( CITY DWELL]S :O GO TO BREA! ! OP5 AIR = A :ILE & REFRE% !IR M9DS AMONG FL[]S & GRE5]Y4 ,! WEAL?Y1 FREE TO CREATE LEISURE TIME AS !Y PLEASE1 CAN ESCAPE !IR OCCUPATIONS & ! WE>Y PLEASURES ( ! CITY = MON?S AT A TIME4 ,!RE >E EV5 ?OSE :O LIVE 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE & MAKE ONLY FLEET+ APPE>ANCES AT !IR CITY RESID5CES4 ,AS = ! WORK]S ( ALL TYPES1 :O CANNOT LEAVE = LONG P]IODS BECAUSE ( ! DEM&S ( EV]YDAY LIFE1 MO/ MANAGE NEV]!LESS TO TAKE 5\< TIME (F FROM !IR JOBS TO VISIT ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! MO/ =TUNATE AMONG !M TAKE WEEKS ( VACATION1 :I* !Y SP5D F> FROM ! CAPITAL1 9 ! M\NTA9S OR AT ! SEA%ORE4 ,?OSE :O >E ! MO/ 5SLAV$ BY !IR WORK CONT5T !MSELVES ) AN OCCASIONAL ESCAPE FROM ! N>R[ HORIZONS ( !IR ACCU/OM$ /REETS = A FEW H\RS4 ,NATURALLY1 !Y HAPPILY TAKE ADVANTAGE ( !IR HOLIDAYS :5 ! WEA!R IS MILD & ! SKY IS CLE>4 ,AT SU* TIMES1 EV]Y TREE 9 ! WOODS NE> ! BIG CITIES %ELT]S A HAPPY FAMILY4 ,A CONSID]ABLE PROPORTION ( M]*ANTS & CL]KS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,5GL& & ,AM]ICA1 BRAVELY E/ABLI% !IR WIVES & *ILDR5 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE & S5T5CE !MSELVES TO TRAVEL+ TWICE P] DAY ! DI/ANCE ?AT SEP>ATES ! SALES C\NT] FROM ! DOME/IC HE>?4 ,?ANKS TO ! SPE$ ( TRANSPORTATION1 MILLIONS ( M5 CAN LEAD ! D\BLE LIVES ( CITY & C\NTRY DWELL]1 & EA* YE>1 ! NUMB] ( P]SONS :O ?US DIVIDE !IR LIVES CON/ANTLY GR[S4 ,EA* MORN+1 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S CONV]GE ON ,LONDON TO PLUNGE 9TO ! :IRLW9D ( BUS9ESS 9 ! BIG CITY1 & !N RETURN EA* EV5+ TO !IR PEACEFUL HOMES 9 ! V]DANT SUBURBS4 ,! CITY1 ! TRUE C5T] ( ! BUS9ESS WORLD1 IS LOS+ ITS RESID5TS4 ,BY DAY1 IT IS ! MO/ ACTIVE HUMAN BEEHIVE2 BY NI<T1 IT IS A DES]T4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 ?IS REFLUX FROM ! CITIES T[>D ! \TSKIRTS DOES NOT OCCUR )\T DEFAC+ ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,NOT ONLY DOES DEBRIS ( ALL SORTS CLUTT] ! 9T]M$IATE SPACE BETWE5 CITY & FIELD1 BUT EV5 WORSE1 SPECULATORS GRAB UP ALL ! *>M+ SITES 9 ! VIC9ITY1 DIVIDE !M 9TO RECTANGUL> PLOTS1 5CLOSE !M ) MONOTON\S WALLS1 & !N BUILD HUNDR$S & ?\S&S ( PRET5TI\S LITTLE H\SES4 ,TO P$E/RIANS W&]+ ALONG ! MUDDY ROADS 9 ?IS W\LD-BE C\NTRYSIDE1 ! ONLY NATURE 9 EVID5CE IS ! TRIMM$ %RUBS & CLUMPS ( FL[]S GLIMPS$ ?R\< ! F5CES4 ,AT ! SEA%ORE1 MANY ( ! MO/ PICTURESQUE CLIFFS & *>M+ BEA*ES >E SNAT*$ UP EI!R BY COVET\S L&LORDS OR BY SPECULATORS :O APPRECIATE ! BEAUTIES ( NATURE 9 ! SPIRIT ( A MONEY *ANG] APPRAIS+ A GOLD +OT4 ,9 FREQU5TLY VISIT$ M\NTA9\S >EAS1 ! SAME MANIA ( APPROPRIATION SEIZES ! 9HABITANTS4 ,L&SCAPES >E C>V$ UP 9TO SQU>ES & SOLD TO ! HI<E/ BIDD]4 ,EA* NATURAL CURIOSITY1 BE IT ROCK1 GROTTO1 WAT]FALL1 OR ! FISSURE ( A GLACI]--EV]Y?+1 EV5 ! S\ND ( AN E*O--CAN BECOME 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY4 ,! 5TREPR5EURS LEASE WAT]FALLS & 5CLOSE !M ) WOOD5 F5CES TO PREV5T NONPAY+ TRAVEL]S FROM GAZ+ AT ! TURBUL5T WAT]S4 ,!N1 ?R\< A DELUGE ( ADV]TIS+1 ! LI<T ?AT PLAYS AB\T ! SCATT]+ DROPLETS & ! PUFFS ( W9D UNFURL+ CURTA9S ( MI/ >E TRANS=M$ 9TO ! RES\ND+ J+LE ( SILV]4 

,S9CE NATURE IS SO (T5 DESECRAT$ BY SPECULATORS PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ITS BEAUTY1 IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT F>M]S & 9DU/RIALI/S1 9 !IR [N EXPLOITATIVE 5DEAVORS1 FAIL TO CONSID] :E!R !Y CONTRIBUTE TO DEFAC+ ! L&4 ,C]TA9LY ! 0/URDY PL[MAN0 C>ES V]Y LITTLE = ! *>M ( ! C\NTRYSIDE & ! H>MONY ( ! L&SCAPE1 SO LONG AS ! SOIL PRODUCES ABUNDANT H>VE/S4 ,WALK+ >\ND ! ?ICKETS AT R&OM ) HIS AX1 HE CUTS D[N TREES ?AT >E 9 HIS WAY & %AMEFULLY MUTILATES O!RS1 GIV+ !M ! APPE>ANCE ( PO/S OR BROOMS4 ,VA/ REGIONS :I* =M]LY W]E BEAUTIFUL TO BEHOLD & 5JOYABLE TO TRAVEL ?R\< >E COMPLETELY SPOIL$1 & ONE ACTUALLY EXP]I5CES DISGU/ UPON SEE+ !M4 ,MOREOV]1 IT (T5 HAPP5S ?AT ! F>M]1 AS LACK+ 9 SCI5CE AS HE IS 9 LOVE ( NATURE1 ]RS 9 HIS CALCULATIONS & CAUSES HIS [N RU9 ?R\< C]TA9 *ANGES ?AT HE UNWITT+LY 9TRODUCES 9TO ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,SIMIL>LY1 IT MATT]S LITTLE TO ! 9DU/RIALI/1 OP]AT+ HIS M9E OR FACTORY 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! C\NTRYSIDE1 :E!R HE BLACK5S ! ATMOSPH]E ) FUMES FROM ! COAL OR CONTAM9ATES IT ) F\LSMELL+ VAPORS4 ,9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 NOT TO M5TION ,5GL&1 !RE >E A GREAT MANY 9DU/RIAL VALLEYS :OSE ?ICK AIR IS ALMO/ UNBREA?ABLE TO \TSID]S4 ,! H\SES !RE >E FILL$ ) SMOKE1 & EV5 ! LEAVES ON ! TREES >E COAT$ ) SOOT4 ,! SUN ALMO/ ALWAYS %[S ITS YELL[I% FACE ?R\< A ?ICK HAZE4 ,AS = ! 5G9E]1 HIS BRIDGES & VIADUCTS ALWAYS LOOK ! SAME1 :E!R ON ! FLATTE/ ( PLA9S OR 9 ! GORGES ( ! /EEPE/ M\NTA9S4 ,HE IS CONC]N$ NOT ) MAK+ HIS WORK H>MONI\S ) ! L&SCAPE1 BUT SOLELY ) BALANC+ ! ?RU/ & RESI/ANCE ( HIS MAT]IALS4 

,C]TA9LY1 MAN MU/ TAKE POSSESSION ( ! E>?'S SURFACE & KN[ H[ TO UTILIZE ITS =CES4 ,H[EV]1 ONE CANNOT HELP LAM5T+ ! BRUTALITY 
) :I* ?IS PROCESS IS C>RI$ \T4 ,& SO :5 ! GEOLOGI/ ,M>C\.<#a.> 9=MS US ?AT ,NIAG>A ,FALLS HAS NOTICEABLY DECREAS$ 9 FL[ & LO/ ITS BEAUTY S9CE IT WAS DIV]T$ TO OP]ATE FACTORIES ON ITS BANKS1 WE ?9K SADLY ( A TIME NOT LONG AGO :5 ! 0?UND]\S WAT]S10 UNKN[N TO CIVILIZ$ MAN1 TUMBL$ FREELY OV] ! HI< CLIFFS BETWE5 TWO WALLS ( ROCK COMPLETELY COV]$ ) L>GE TREES4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ONE WOND]S :E!R ! VA/ PRAIRIES & WILD =E/S1 :]E ONE CAN /ILL IMAG9E SEE+ ! NOBLE FIGURES ( ,*+A*GOOK & ,LEA!R/OCK+1.<#b.> C\LD HAVE BE5 SUCCE$$ BY SOME?+ O!R ?AN FIELDS ( EQUAL SIZE1 ALL ALIGN$ ) ! PO9TS ( ! COMPASS1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! L& SURVEY1 & 5CLOS$ UNI=MLY ) F5CES ( A /&>D HEI<T4 ,WILD NATURE IS SO BEAUTIFUL4 ,IS IT REALLY NECESS>Y = MAN1 9 SEIZ+ IT1 TO PROCE$ ) MA!MATICAL PRECISION 9 EXPLOIT+ EA* NEW CONQU]$ DOMA9 & !N M>K HIS POSSESSION ) VULG> CON/RUCTIONS & P]FECTLY /RAI<T B\ND>IES8 ,IF ?IS CONT9UES TO OCCUR1 ! H>MONI\S CONTRA/S ?AT >E ONE ( ! BEAUTIES ( ! E>? WILL SOON GIVE WAY TO A DEPRESS+ UNI=MITY4 ,S9CE SOCIETY IS 9CREAS+ ITS POPULATION BY AT LEA/ T5 MILLION P] YE> & HAS AT ITS DISPOSAL ?R\< SCI5CE & 9DU/RY =CES ?AT >E GR[+ AT A PH5OM5AL RATE1 IT IS M>*+ RAPIDLY T[>D ! CONQUE/ ( ! 5TIRE SURFACE ( ! PLANET4 ,! DAY IS APPROA*+ :5 !RE WILL REMA9 NO REGION ON ANY CONT95T ?AT HAS NOT BE5 VISIT$ BY A CIVILIZ$ PIONE]1 & SOON] OR LAT]1 ! EFFECTS ( HUMAN LABOR WILL EXT5D TO EV]Y PO9T ON ! SURFACE ( ! E>?4 ,=TUNATELY1 A COMPLETE ALLIANCE ( ! BEAUTIFUL & ! USEFUL IS POSSIBLE4 ,IT IS PRECISELY 9 ! C\NTRIES :]E 9DU/RIALIZ$ AGRICULTURAL IS MO/ ADVANC$--9 ,5GL&1 ,LOMB>DY1 & C]TA9 P>TS ( ,SWITZ]L&--?AT ?OSE :O EXPLOIT ! SOIL KN[ H[ TO MAKE IT PRODUCE ! HI<E/ YIELDS :ILE AT ! SAME TIME RESPECT+ ! *>M ( ! L&SCAPE1 OR EV5 ADD+ >TFULLY TO ITS BEAUTY4 ,! M>%ES & BOGS ( ,FL&]S1 TRANS=M$ BY DRA9AGE 9TO EXTREMELY F]TILE C\NTRYSIDE2 ! ROCKY ,CRAU1 *ANG$ 9TO A MAGNIFIC5T PRAIRIE ?ANKS TO IRRIGATION CANALS2 ! ROCKY SLOPES ( ! M>ITIME ,AP5N9ES & ,ALPS1 COV]$ FROM BASE TO SUMMIT ) ! FOLIAGE ( OLIVE TREES2 & ! R$DI% PEAT BOGS ( ,IREL&1 REPLAC$ BY =E/S ( L>*1 C$>1 & SILV] FIR-->E !SE NOT ADMIRABLE EXAMPLES ( ?IS P[] BY :I* ! F>M] EXPLOITS ! L& = HIS B5EFIT :ILE AT ! SAME TIME R5D]+ IT MORE BEAUTIFUL8 

,! QUE/ION ( KN[+ :I* ( ! WORKS ( MAN S]VES TO BEAUTIFY & :I* CONTRIBUTES TO ! DEGRADATION ( EXT]NAL NATURE CAN SEEM PO9TLESS TO SO-CALL$ PRACTICAL M9DS2 NEV]!LESS1 IT IS A MATT] ( ! GREATE/ IMPORTANCE4 ,HUMANITY'S DEVELOPM5T IS MO/ 9TIMATELY CONNECT$ ) ! NATURE ?AT SURR\NDS IT4 ,A SECRET H>MONY EXI/S BETWE5 ! E>? & ! PEOPLES :OM IT N\RI%ES1 & :5 RECKLESS SOCIETIES ALL[ !MSELVES TO M$DLE ) ?AT :I* CREATES ! BEAUTY ( !IR DOMA91 !Y ALWAYS 5D UP REGRETT+ IT4 ,9 PLACES :]E ! L& HAS BE5 DEFAC$1 :]E ALL POETRY HAS DISAPPE>$ FROM ! C\NTRYSIDE1 ! IMAG9ATION IS EXT+UI%$1 ! M9D BECOMES IMPOV]I%$1 & R\T9E & S]VILITY SEIZE ! S\L1 9CL9+ IT T[>D TORPOR & DEA?4 ,?R\<\T ! HI/ORY ( HUMANITY1 =EMO/ AMONG ! CAUSES ?AT HAVE VANQUI%$ SO MANY SUCCESSIVE CIVILIZATIONS IS ! BRUTAL VIOL5CE ) :I* MO/ NATIONS HAVE TREAT$ ! N\RI%+ E>?4 ,!Y CUT D[N =E/S1 CAUS$ SPR+S TO DRY UP & RIV]S TO OV]FL[1 DAMAG$ 5VIRONM5TS1 & 5CIRCL$ CITIES ) F\L-SMELL+ M>%ES4 ,!N1 :5 NATURE ?US DESECRAT$ TURN$ HO/ILE T[>D !M1 !Y CAME TO HATE IT1 &1 UNLIKE ! SAVAGE1 :O C\LD IMM]SE HIMSELF 9 ! LIFE ( ! =E/1 !Y 9CREAS+LY ALL[$ !MSELVES TO SUCCUMB TO ! /UPEFY+ DESPOTISM ( PRIE/S & K+S4 0,! GREAT E/ATES HAVE RU9$ ,ITALY10 SAID ,PL9Y1 & IT MU/ BE ADD$ ?AT !SE GREAT E/ATES1 CULTIVAT$ BY SLAVES' H&S1 DEFAC$ ! L& LIKE LEPROSY4 ,HI/ORIANS1 /RUCK BY ! A/ONI%+ DECL9E ( ,SPA9 S9CE ,*>LES ! ,FIF?1 HAVE TRI$ TO EXPLA9 IT 9 V>I\S WAYS4 ,ACCORD+ TO SOME1 ! PR9CIPAL CAUSE ( ?AT NATION'S D[NFALL WAS ! DISCOV]Y ( GOLD 9 ,AM]ICA2 O!RS CLAIM ?AT IT WAS ! RELIGI\S T]ROR ORGANIZ$ BY ! 0HOLY BRO!RHOOD0 ( ! ,9QUISITION1 ! EXPULSION ( ! ,JEWS & ! ,MOORS1 & ! BLOODY AUTOS-DA-FE ( ! H]ETICS4 ,!Y HAVE ALSO BLAM$ ! FALL ( ,SPA9 ON ! UNFAIR TAX ( ! ALCABALA & ! DESPOTIC C5TRALIZATION 9 ! ,FR5* MANN]4.<#c.> ,BUT DID ! ,SPANI% PASSION = CUTT+ D[N TREES DUE TO !IR FE> ( BIRDS1 0POR MI$O DE LOS PAJ>ITOS10 CONTRIBUTE NO?+ TO ?IS T]RIBLE DECL9E8 ,! E>?1 YELL[1 ROCKY1 & NAK$1 HAS TAK5 ON A REPUGNANT & FE>SOME APPE>ANCE3 ! SOIL IS IMPOV]I%$1 & ! POPULATION1 :I* HAS BE5 DECREAS+ = TWO C5TURIES1 HAS TO AN EXT5T LAPS$ 9TO B>B>ISM4 ,! LITTLE BIRDS >E AV5G$4 

,!RE=E1 WE MU/ N[ 5?USIA/ICALLY WELCOME ! G5]\S PASSION ?AT 9DUCES SO MANY M5 7& WE DECL>E !M TO BE ! BE/ AMONG M57 TO TRAV]SE VIRG9 =E/S1 BEA*ES1 & M\NTA9 GORGES1 9 %ORT1 TO VISIT NATURE 9 ALL REGIONS ( ! E>? ?AT HAVE RETA9$ !IR ORIG9AL BEAUTY4 ,?REAT5$ ) 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL DECL9E1 ONE FEELS ! NE$ TO SEE ! GREAT SI<TS ( ! E>? 9 ORD] TO C\NT]BALANCE AT ALL CO/S ! VULG>ITY ( ALL ! UGL9ESS & M$IOCRITY ?AT N>R[ M9DS VIEW AS EVID5CE ( MOD]N CIVILIZATION4 ,! DIRECT /UDY ( NATURE & ! CONTEMPLATION ( ITS PH5OM5A MU/ BECOME = ALL WELL-R\ND$ M5 ONE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL ELEM5TS ( $UCATION4 ,IT IS ALSO ESS5TIAL = EA* 9DIVIDUAL TO DEVELOP MUSCUL> DEXT]ITY & /R5G? SO ?AT HE CAN 5JOY CLIMB+ TO ! PEAKS ( M\NTA9S1 LOOK FE>LESSLY 9TO ABYSSES1 & KEEP 9 HIS 5TIRE PHYSICAL BE+ ?AT NATURAL BALANCE ( =CES )\T :I* ONE CAN P]CEIVE ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL SETT+S ONLY ?R\< A VEIL ( SADNESS & MELAN*OLY4 ,MOD]N MAN MU/ UNITE 9 HIS BE+ ALL ( ! VIRTUES ( ?OSE :O HAVE PREC$$ HIM ON E>?4 ,)\T GIV+ UP ANY ( ! GREAT PRIVILEGES ?AT CIVILIZATION HAS CONF]R$ ON HIM1 NEI!R MU/ HE LOSE ANY ( HIS ANCI5T /R5G?1 NOR ALL[ HIMSELF TO BE SURPASS$ BY ANY SAVAGE 9 VIGOR1 DEXT]ITY1 OR 9 KN[L$GE ( NATURAL PH5OM5A4 ,9 ! SPL5DID EPO* ( ! ,GREEK REPUBLICS1 ! ,HELL5ES UND]TOOK NO?+ LESS ?AN TO MAKE !IR *ILDR5 H]OES ?R\< GRACE1 /R5G?1 & C\RAGE4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 IT IS BY AWAK5+ 9 ! Y\NG] G5]ATIONS ALL ( ! QUALITIES ( MANL9ESS & BY BR++ !M BACK TO NATURE & MAK+ !M COME TO GRIPS ) IT ?AT MOD]N SOCIETIES CAN BE 9SUR$ AGA9/ ALL DECL9E ?R\< ! REG5]ATION ( ! RACE ITSELF4 

,RUM=D SAID A LONG TIME AGO ?AT 0ONE ALWAYS F9DS 9 NATURE MORE ?AN ONE IS LOOK+ =40.<#d.> ,:E!R ! S*OL> EXAM9ES CL\DS OR /ONES1 PLANTS OR 9SECTS1 OR :E!R HE GOES FUR!R & /UDIES ! G5]AL LAWS ( ! WORLD1 HE CONT9UALLY DISCOV]S UNEXPECT$ WOND]S EV]Y:]E4 ,! >TI/ :O SEEKS \T BEAUTIFUL L&SCAPES 5C\NT]S A CONT9UAL FEA/ = ! EYES & M9D4 ,! 9DU/RIALI/ :O TRIES TO MAKE USE ( :AT ! E>? PRODUCES 9EVITABLY SEES >\ND HIM UNUTILIZ$ RI*ES4 ,AS = ! SIMPLE MAN :O IS CONT5T TO LOVE NATURE = ITSELF1 HE F9DS 9 IT HIS JOY1 & :5 HE IS UNHAPPY1 HIS SORR[S >E AT LEA/ MITIGAT$ BY ! SI<T ( ! WILD C\NTRYSIDE4 ,C]TA9LY1 \TCA/S OR EV5 ?OSE POOR DECLASSES :O LIVE LIKE EXILES 9 !IR [N HOMEL& ALWAYS FEEL ISOLAT$1 UNKN[N1 & FRI5DLESS1 EV5 9 ! MO/ *>M+ SETT+S1 & !Y SUFF] ! CON/ANT A*E ( DESPAIR4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! 5D !Y ALSO EXP]I5CE ! G5TLE 9FLU5CE ( !IR 5VIRONM5T1 & !IR MO/ 9T5SE BITT]NESS GRADUALLY *ANGES 9TO A SORT ( MELAN*OLY ?AT ALL[S !M TO COMPREH5D1 ) A S5SIBILITY REF9$ BY SADNESS1 ALL ?AT ! E>? HAS TO (F] 9 GRACE & BEAUTY4 ,EV5 MORE ?AN ?OSE :O >E HAPPY1 !Y KN[ H[ TO APPRECIATE ! RU/L+ ( LEAVES1 ! SONGS ( BIRDS1 & ! MURMUR ( SPR+S4 ,& IF NATURE HAS ! P[] TO CONSOLE OR TO /R5G!N 9DIVIDUALS1 :AT C\LD IT DO OV] ! C\RSE ( C5TURIES = :OLE PEOPLES8 ,)\T A D\BT1 MAGNIFIC5T VI/AS GREATLY CONTRIBUTE TO ! QUALITIES ( M\NTA9 POPULATIONS1 & IT IS NO M]E FIGURE ( SPEE* TO CALL ! ,ALPS ! B\LEV>D ( LIB]TY4 

.<#a.> ,JULES ,M>C\ 7#a#h#b#d-#i#h7 WAS A ,FR5* GEOLOGI/ :O DID EXT5SIVE /UDY ( ! ,JURA ,M\NTA9S & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,HE PRODUC$ GEOLOGICAL MAPS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! ,BRITI% PROV9CES ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 & ! WORLD1 & C(\ND$ ! ,MUSEUM ( ,COMP>ATIVE ,ZOOLOGY4 

.<#b.> ,*>ACT]S 9 ,! ,LEA!R/OCK+ ,TALES1 A S]IES ( HI/ORICAL NOVELS BY ,JAMES ,F5IMORE ,COOP]4 

.<#c.> ,! ALCABALA WAS A G5]AL SALES TAX E/ABLI%$ 9 ,SPA9 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,OV] ! C5TURIES1 IT 9CREAS$ FROM #e P]C5T TO AS MU* AS #b P]C5T4 ,IT WAS AT TIMES P]HAPS 
! L>GE/ S+LE S\RCE ( REV5UE = ! CR[N BUT WAS NOTORI\SLY UNPOPUL> & IS ?\<T TO HAVE HAD A DETRIM5TAL EFFECT ON 9DU/RY & TRADE4 

.<#d.> ,C\NT ,RUM=D 7#a#g#e#c-#a#h#a#d71 BORN ,B5JAM9 ,?OMPSON 9 ,MASSA*USETTS1 WAS A SCI5TI/1 9V5TOR1 NUTRITIONI/1 & SOCIAL RE=M] :O1 BECAUSE ( ,BRITI% SYMPA?IES1 LEFT = ,GREAT ,BRITA9 9 #a#g#g#f4 ,RUM=D IS PRIM>ILY KN[N = HIS WORK ON ! NATURE ( HEAT1 = HIS IMPROVEM5TS TO FIREPLACES1 & = PLAY+ A L>GE ROLE 9 F\ND+ ! ,ROYAL ,9/ITUTION ( ,GREAT ,BRITA9 9 #a#h4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,! ,FEEL+ = ,NATURE 9 ,MOD]N ,SOCIETY -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,! ,FEEL+ = ,NATURE 9 ,MOD]N ,SOCIETY -- ,UPDAT$4 

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HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/