,! ,FICTION ( ,NATURAL ,RI<TS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DY] ,LUM 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,?OMAS ,SELIG1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE  
,! V]Y CORN]-/ONE ( ,AN>*I/IC PHILOSOPHY IS (T5 SUPPOS$ TO BE A P>APHRASE ( ,H]B]T ,SP5C]'S 0,FIR/ ,PR9CIPLE0 ( EQUAL FRE$OM1 ?AT3 0,EV]Y P]SON HAS A NATURAL RI<T TO DO :AT HE WILLS1 PROVID$ ?AT 9 ! DO+ !RE( HE 9FR+ES NOT ! EQUAL RI<TS ( ANY O!R P]SON40 ,YET !RE LURKS 9 ! EXPRESSION A FALLACY ?AT CORRECT ?\<T MU/ REPUDIATE1 OR WE MU/ C>RY ) US A DIAGRAM EXPLA9+ ! MEAN+ ( ! WORDS WE USE4 

,:AT >E 0NATURAL RI<TS80 ,9 ! MIDDLE AGES S*OOL-M5 BELIEV$ ?AT !Y HAD SOLV$ A PROBLEM 9 PHYSICS BY ASS]T+ ?AT 0NATURE ABHORS A VACUUM02 BUT A V]Y LITTLE /UDY SUFFIC$ TO CONV9CE ?9K]S ?AT 0! WEB ( EV5TS0 WE GR\P AS 0NATURE0 NEI!R ABHORS NOR LIKES4 ,) ! GR[? ( ! CONCEPTION ( LAW AS A T]M DESCRIPTIVE ( A MODE ( BE+ RA!R ?AN A FIAT IMPOS$ UPON EV5TS1 ! T]M 0NATURAL0 HAS LO/ MU* ( ITS OLD TELEOLOGICAL MEAN+4 ,/ILL IT IS (T5 US$ 9 ?AT S5SE & TOO (T5 IMPLIES IT4 

,BLACK/ONE DEF9$ 0! LAW ( NATURE0 AS 0! WILL ( MAN'S MAK]40 ,MACK9TO% CALLS IT 0A SUPREME1 9V>IABLE & UNCONTROLLABLE RULE ( CONDUCT TO ALL M540 ,SIR ,H5RY ,MA9E ALSO SPEAKS ( 0A DET]M9ABLE LAW ( NATURE0 = ! GUIDANCE ( HUMAN CONDUCT4 ,K5T DEF9ES IT AS ?AT 0:I* ! CREATOR HAS PRESCRIB$ TO MAN40 ,F4 ,Q4 ,/U>T1 9 HIS 0,NATURAL ,RI<TS10 SAYS EXPRESSLY3 0,A NATURAL RI<T IS A PRIVILEGE V\*SAF$ BY NATURAL LAW TO MAN TO EX]CISE HIS FACULTIES10 & HIS :OLE WORK TEEMS ) EXPRESSIONS IMPLY+ ! FIXITY ( 0REAL LAW40 

,! CORRECT POSITION IS1 ,I MA9TA91 ?AT :AT WE T]M 0NATURAL RI<TS0 >E EVOLV$1 NOT CONF]R$1 & IF SO !Y >E NOT FIX$ & UNALT]ABLE4 ,NATURE CONF]R$ NO MORE 0PRIVILEGE0 UPON US ?AN UPON DOGS TO EX]CISE \R FACULTIES OR FUNCTIONS4 ,9 FACT1 TO MY M9D1 ! V]Y ASSUMPTION ( 0NATURAL RI<TS0 IS AT W> ) EVOLUTION4 ,EV5 IF WE NO LONG] P]SONALIZE NATURE AS !IR GIV]1 ! T]M /ILL C>RIES ) IT ! IMPLICATION ( RIGIDITY1 :51 9 FACT1 NOT EV5 ?AT MY?ICAL 0RI<T REASON0 ) :I* WE >E SUPPOS$ TO HE 5D[$ CAN PROVE !M HI/ORICALLY SO *>ACT]IZ$4 ,EV]Y MAN IS SUPPOS$ TO HAVE A 0NATURAL RI<T0 TO LIFE4 ,IS ?IS CO-ET]NAL ) MAN8 ,DID IT EXI/1 ?\< UNRECOGNIZ$1 AMONG \R PROGNA?US ANCE/ORS8 ,IF ! SAVAGE TRANSC5D$ 0NATURAL RI<T0 9 DISPOS+ AT WILL ( ! LIFE ( A CAPTIVE1 :]E WAS IT 9SCRIB$8 ,IT WAS NOT 9C>NAT$ 9 ! SEMI-BRUTE4 ,IF ! ,ROMAN LAW WAS BAS$ UPON 0A TYPE ( P]FECT LAW0 9 NATURE1 WAS ! RECOGNITION ( ! 0NATURAL RI<T0 ( A FA!R OV] ! LIVES ( HIS FAMILY CONTR>Y TO ! 0RI<T REASON0 ( ! TIME8 ,& TO ?IS QU]Y CONVICTIONS F\ND$ UPON N9ETE5? C5TURY CONVICTIONS >E NOT P]T95T4 

,IS WOMAN'S 0NATURAL RI<T0 AS A 0P]SON0 ! SAME 9 ALL C\NTRIES UND] POLY&RY1 POLYGAMY1 & MONOGAMY8 OR >E ?OSE RELATIONS ( ! SEXES1 SO IMPORTANT TO ! 0WELL-BE+ & GOOD CONDUCT10 IGNOR$ BY B5EFIC5T NATURE8 ,IT HAS BE5 CONCLUSIVELY %[N BY SOCIOLOGI/ ?AT HUMAN PROGRESS 7& !RE IS NO O!R7 CONSI/S 9 PASS+ FROM ! MILITANT REGIME T[>D AN 9DU/RIAL ONE4 ,YET ! TIME WAS :5 ! LEX TALIONIS SANCTIFI$ REV5GE AS ! HI<E/ VIRTUE4 ,TIME WAS :5 NOT A HUMAN BE+ ON ! FACE ( ! E>? DIFF]$ FROM ,>I/OTLE'S OP9ION ( SLAV]Y AS A NATURAL CONDITION4 ,:]E WAS ?IS 0PRIVILEGE V\*SAF$ BY NATURAL LAW0 !N 9SCRIB$8 ,! QUE/ION :E!R SOCIETY W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 F> MORE CONDUCIVE TO HAPP9ESS IF SU* RI<T HAD BE5 RECOGNIZ$1 IS AS IDLE AS :E!R EYES BEH9D \R HEADS W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 EQUALLY SO4 ,IF ! 0,PR9CIPLE0 WAS NOT DISCOV]ABLE !N1 BUT HAS BE5 N[1 >E WE TO CONCLUDE ?AT IT IS ! F9AL SYN!SIS ( 0RI<T REASON08 OR ?AT ITS ,9C>NATION IS ONLY N[ VISIBLE8 

,HAV+ ?US %[N A FEW ( ! QU]IES :I* >ISE TO PUZZLE ONE :O SEEKS = EVID5CE ( ! IMMUTABILITY ( 0NATURAL RI<TS10 LET US EXAM9E CLOS] 9TO ! NATURE ( 0RI<TS0 !MSELVES4 ,! HUMAN SPH]E IS A PROV9CE CONQU]$ FROM NATURE1 & BELIEVE ITS RELATIONS CANNOT BE T]M$ 0NATURAL40 ,IT W\LD BE EQUALLY AS P]MISSIBLE TO CALL !M MORAL OR RELIGI\S1 = ! QUALIFY+ ADJECTIVE BE+ GIV5 TO IMPLY ! HI<E/ VALIDITY1 IT W\LD BE SO UND]/OOD BY ALL TO :OM EI!R ( !SE WORDS CONVEY$ SU* MEAN+4 ,EQUALLY P]MISSIBLE1 BUT EQUALLY 9DEF5SIBLE 9 EVOLUTION>Y ?\<T :5 IMPLY+ FIXITY4 ,BUT DO !RE EXI/ ANY SU* 9H]5T PR$ICATES ( HUMAN NATURE AS 0RI<TS80 ,! SAME !OLOGICAL BIAS :I* *>ACT]IZ$ 0RI<TS0 AS 0NATURAL0 ALSO REG>DS !IR ASS]TION AS POSITIVE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 EV]Y ASS]TION ( A RI<T PURELY HUMAN1 P>ADOXICAL AS IT MAY SEEM1 IS NEGATIVE4 ,! ASS]TION ( A 0RI<T0 IS BUT A PROTE/ AGA9/ 9IQUIT\S CONDITIONS4 ,SOCIAL EVOLUTION EV] T5DS TO ! EQUALIZATION ( ! EX]CISE ( \R FACULTIES4 ,?AT IS1 SOCIAL 9T]C\RSE HAS SL[LY EVOLV$ ! ,IDEAL ?AT PEACE1 HAPP9ESS & SECURITY >E BE/ ATTA9$ BY EQUAL FRE$OM TO EA* & ALL2 CONSEQU5TLY1 ,I CAN LAY NO CLAIM 9 EQUITY TO A PRIVILEGE1 = ?AT :I* ALL ALIKE MAY 5JOY CEASES TO BE PRIVILEG$4 ,! IMPORTANT D$UCTION FROM SOCIAL EVOLUTION IS ?AT AS MILITANCY HAS WEAK5$ & 9DU/RIALISM WID5$ ITS B\ND>IES1 LIB]TY HAS EV] T5D$ T[>D SU* EQUALIZATION1 ,PRIVILEGE F9DS SANCTION 9 EQUITY AS RI<T1 BECAUSE IT VIOLATES ! IDEAL ( SOCIAL PROGRESS -- EQUALITY ( OPPORTUNITIES4 

,!RE=E IT IS ?AT1 AS SOCIAL RELATIONS HAVE BECOME MORE COMPLEX & 9TEGRAT$1 ! ,IDEAL ( 0A MORE P]FECT =M ( LIB]TY0 RISES 9 ! =M ( PROTE/ AGA9/ :AT ONLY !N >E DISC]NIBLE AS SOCIALLY WRONG1 ?\< O/5SIBLY AS ASS]TIONS1 SU* AS 0RI<TS ( WOM510 0RI<TS ( LABOR10 0RI<TS0 ( *ILDR5 & SAILORS AGA9/ FLOGG+1 ! RI<T TO ! SOIL1 ETC4 ,!Y >E FI]CE & BURN+ ASS]TIONS JU/ SO F> AS !Y EMPHASIZE A GR[+ PROTE/ AGA9/ 9EQUITABLE CONDITIONS4 ,9 ?IS S5SE !Y >E ,AN>*I/IC1 9ASMU* AS ONLY BY ! EXT5SION1 9 O!R WORDS1 ! ABOLITION ( RE/RICTIONS1 IS ! WRONG RI<T$4 ,\R SPECIFIC 0RI<TS0 >E ?US DEP5D5T UPON \R ABILITY TO DISC]N WRONGS1 OR ! VIOLATION ( ! EV]-EVOLV+ 9DU/RIAL IDEAL -- EQUALITY ( OPPORTUNITIES1 & EXI/ BUT AS PROTE/S4 ,ABOLI% VE/$ WRONGS1 & !RE WILL BE NO VE/$ RI<TS1 NATURAL OR O!RWISE4 ,PRECISELY AS WAT] FL[S TO A LEVEL :5 OB/RUCTIONS >E REMOV$1 JU/ SO WILL SOCIAL RELATIONS FL[ TO EQUITABLE CONDITIONS :5 RE/RICTIONS >E SWEPT AWAY4 ,& PRECISELY ALSO AS LIB]TY COMES 9 DOES ! ASS]TION ( 0RI<TS0 GO \T4 

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