,9TRODUCTION 

#aiabaiab 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TEXT 3 

,9 AN AGE ( MAT]IALISM LIKE \R [N ! PH5OM5ON ( SPIRITUAL P[] IS AS SIGNIFICANT & 9SPIR+ AS IT IS R>E4 ,NO LONG] ASSOCIAT$ ) ! 0DIV9E RI<T0 ( K+S1 IT HAS SURVIV$ ! D[NFALL ( FEUDAL & !OCRATIC SY/EMS AS A MY/IC P]SONAL EMANATION 9 PLACE ( A CO]CIVE WEAPON ( /ATECRAFT4 

,FRE$ FROM ITS ANCI5T %ACKLES ( DOGMA & DESPOTISM IT ELUDES ANALYSIS4 ,WE KN[ NOT H[ TO GAUGE ITS EFFECT ON O!RS1 NOR EV5 UPON \RSELVES4 ,LIKE ! W9D1 IT P]MEATES ! ATMOSPH]E WE BREA!1 & BAFFLES :ILE IT /IMULATES ! M9D ) ITS 9TANGIBLE BUT COMPELL+ =CE4 

,?IS PSY*IC P[]1 :I* ! DEAD WEI<T ( MAT]IALISM IS IMPOT5T TO SUPPRESS1 IS REVEAL$ 9 ! LIVES & WRIT+S ( M5 ( ! MO/ DIV]SE CRE$S & NATIONALITIES4 ,AP>T FROM ?OSE :O1 LIKE ,BUDDHA & ,MAHOMET1 HAVE BE5 RAIS$ TO ! HEI<T ( DEMI-GODS BY WOR%IP+ MILLIONS1 !RE >E NAMES :I* LEAP 9EVITABLY TO ! M9D--SU* NAMES AS ,SAVON>OLA1 ,LU!R1 ,CALV91 ,R\SSEAU--:I* /& = TYPES & EXEMPL>S ( SPIRITUAL ASPIRATION4 ,TO ?IS HI< PRIE/HOOD ( ! QUICK AMONG ! DEAD1 :O CAN D\BT ?AT TIME WILL ADMIT ,LEO ,TOL/OY--A G5IUS :OSE GREATNESS HAS BE5 OBSCUR$ FROM US RA!R ?AN 5HANC$ BY HIS DUALITY2 A REALI/ :O /ROVE TO DEMOLI% ! MY/ICISM ( ,*RI/IANITY1 & BECAME HIMSELF A MY/IC 9 ! CONTEMPLATION ( ,NATURE2 A MAN ( >D5T TEMP]AM5T & ROBU/ PHYSIQUE1 KE5LY SUSCEPTIBLE TO HUMAN PASSIONS & DESIRES1 :O BATTL$ ) HIMSELF FROM E>LY MANHOOD UNTIL ! SPIRIT1 GA!R+ /R5G? ) YE>S1 9EXORABLY SUBDU$ ! FLE%4 

,TOL/OY ! REALI/ /EPS )\T CAVIL 9TO ! FRONT RANK ( MOD]N WRIT]S2 ,TOL/OY ! IDEALI/ HAS BE5 CON/ANTLY D]ID$ & SCORN$ BY M5 ( LIKE BIR? & $UCATION ) HIMSELF--HIS ALTRUISM D5\NC$ AS IMPRACTICABLE1 HIS PREA*+ COMP>$ ) HIS MODE ( LIFE TO PROVE HIM 9CONSI/5T1 IF NOT 9S9C]E4 ,?IS IS ! PREVAIL+ ATTITUDE ( POLITICIANS & LIT]>Y M54 

,MU/ ONE CONCLUDE ?AT ! MASS ( MANK9D HAS LO/ T\* ) IDEALISM8 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 9 SPITE ( MOD]N MAT]IALISM1 OR EV5 BECAUSE ( IT1 MANY LEAD]S ( SPIRITUAL ?\<T HAVE >IS5 9 \R TIMES1 & HAVE WON ! E> ( VA/ AUDI5CES4 ,!IR MESSAGE IS A CALL TO A SIMPL] LIFE1 TO A RECOGNITION ( ! RESPONSIBILITIES ( WEAL?1 TO ! AVOIDANCE ( W> BY >BITRATION1 & S9K+ ( CLASS HATR$ 9 A DEEP S5SE ( UNIV]SAL BRO!RHOOD4 

,UNHAPPILY1 :5 AN IDEALI/IC CRE$ IS =MULAT$ 9 PRECISE & DOGMATIC LANGUAGE1 IT 9V>IABLY LOSES SOME?+ ( ITS PRI/9E BEAUTY 9 ! PROCESS ( TRANSMUTATION4 ,H5CE ! ,POSITIVI/ PHILOSOPHY ( ,COMTE1 ?\< EMBODY+ NOBLE ASPIRATIONS1 HAS HAD BUT A LIMIT$ 9FLU5CE4 ,AGA91 ! POETRY ( ,ROB]T ,BR[N+1 ?\< LESS FRANKLY ALTRUI/IC ?AN ?AT ( ,C[P] OR ,WORDSWOR?1 IS 9H]5TLY E?ICAL1 & REVEALS /RONG SYMPA?Y ) S9N+ & SUFF]+ HUMANITY1 BUT IT IS MASK$ BY A MANN] ?AT IS SOMETIMES UNC\? & FREQU5TLY OBSCURE4 ,[+ TO !SE1 & O!R 9/ANCES1 IDEALISM SUGGE/S TO ! WORLD AT L>GE A VAGUE S5TIM5TALITY PECULI> TO ! POETS1 A BLOODLESS AB/RACTION TOY$ ) BY PHILOSOPH]S1 :I* MU/ REMA9 A CLOS$ BOOK TO /RUGGL+ HUMANITY4 

,YET ,TOL/OY F\ND TRUE IDEALISM 9 ! TOIL+ PEASANT :O BELIEV$ 9 ,GOD1 RA!R ?AN 9 HIS 9TELLECTUAL SUP]IOR :O BELIEV$ 9 HIMSELF 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 & GAVE A CONV5TIONAL ASS5T TO ! EXI/5CE ( A DEITY 9 ! SECOND4 ,= ! PEASANT WAS /ILL RELIGI\S AT HE>T ) A NAIVE UNQUE/ION+ FAI?--MORE *>ACT]I/IC ( ! F\RTE5? OR FIFTE5? C5TURY ?AN ( TO-DAY--& /ILL F]V5TLY ASPIR$ TO ,GOD AL?\< SUNK 9 SUP]/ITION & HELD D[N BY ! DESPOTISM ( ! ,GREEK ,*UR*4 ,IT WAS ! CUMBR\S RITUAL & DOGMA ( ! OR?ODOX /ATE RELIGION :I* R\S$ ,TOL/OY TO IMPASSION$ PROTE/S1 & L$ HIM /EP BY /EP TO SEP>ATE ! CORE ( ,*RI/IANITY FROM ITS SAC]DOTAL %ELL1 ?US BR++ UPON HIMSELF ! BAN ( EXCOMMUNICATION4 

,! SIGNAL M>K ( ! REPROBATION ( 0,HOLY ,SYNOD0 WAS SL[ 9 COM+--IT DID NOT1 9 FACT1 BECOME ABSOLUTE UNTIL A C\PLE ( YE>S AFT] ! PUBLICATION ( 0,RESURRECTION10 9 #a#i#a1 9 SPITE ( ! ATTITUDE ( FI]CE HO/ILITY TO ,*UR* & ,/ATE :I* ,TOL/OY HAD MA9TA9$ = SO LONG4 ,?IS HO/ILITY1 ( :I* ! SE$S W]E PRIM>ILY S[N BY ! CLOS+ ( HIS S*OOL & 9QUISITION ( HIS PRIVATE PAP]S 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#h#f#b1 SOON GREW TO PROPORTIONS F> GREAT] ?AN ?OSE >IS+ FROM A P]SONAL WRONG4 ,! DUMB & SUBMISSIVE M\JIK F\ND 9 ,TOL/OY A LIV+ VOICE TO EXPRESS HIS SUFF]+S4 

,TOL/OY WAS WELL FITT$ BY NATURE & CIRCUM/ANCES TO BE ! PEASANT'S SPOKESMAN4 ,HE HAD BE5 BR\<T 9TO 9TIMATE CONTACT ) HIM 9 ! V>Y+ CONDITIONS ( PEACE & W>1 & HE KNEW HIM AT HIS WOR/ & BE/4 ,! OLD HOME ( ! FAMILY1 ,YASNAYA ,POLYANA1 :]E ,TOL/OY1 HIS BRO!RS & SI/]1 SP5T !IR E>LY YE>S 9 *>GE ( TWO GU>DIAN AUNTS1 WAS NOT ONLY A HALT+-PLACE = PILGRIMS J\RNEY+ TO & FROM ! GREAT MONA/IC %R9ES1 BUT GAVE %ELT] TO A NUMB] ( P]SONS ( 5FEEBL$ M9DS BELONG+ TO ! PEASANT CLASS1 ) :OM ! DEV\T & K9DLY ,AUNT ,ALEX&RA SP5T MANY H\RS DAILY 9 RELIGI\S CONV]SATION & PRAY]4 

,9 0,*ILDHOOD0 ,TOL/OY APO/ROPHIZES ) FEEL+ ONE ( ?OSE 09NOC5TS10 A MAN NAM$ ,GRI%A1 0:OSE FAI? WAS SO /RONG ?AT Y\ FELT ! NE>NESS ( ,GOD1 Y\R LOVE SO >D5T ?AT ! WORDS FL[$ FROM Y\R LIPS UNCONTROLL$ BY Y\R REASON4 ,& H[ DID Y\ CELEBRATE HIS ,MAJE/Y :51 WORDS FAIL+ Y\1 Y\ PRO/RAT$ Y\RSELF ON ! GR\ND1 BA!D 9 TE>S0 ,?IS PICTURE ( HUMBLE RELIGI\S FAI? WAS AMONG ,TOL/OY'S E>LIE/ MEMORIES1 & IT RETURN$ TO COM=T HIM & UPLIFT HIS S\L :5 IT WAS TOSS$ & 5GULF$ BY SEAS ( D\BT4 ,BUT ! AFFECTION HE FELT 9 BOYHOOD T[>DS ! M\JIKS BECAME T+$ ) CONTEMPT :5 HIS ATTEMPTS TO IMPROVE !IR CONDITION--SOME ( :I* >E DESCRIB$ 9 0,ANNA ,K>59A0 & 9 ! 0,L&LORD'S ,MORN+0--5D$ 9 FAILURE1 [+ TO ! IGNORANCE & OB/9ACY ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IT WAS NOT TILL HE PASS$ ?R\< ! ORDEAL ( W> 9 ,TURKEY & ! ,CRIMEA ?AT HE DISCOV]$ 9 ! COMMON SOLDI] :O F\<T BY HIS SIDE AN UNCONSCI\S H]OISM1 AN UNQUE/ION+ FAI? 9 ,GOD1 A K9DL9ESS & SIMPLICITY ( HE>T R>ELY POSSESS$ BY HIS COMM&+ (FIC]4 

,! IMPRESSIONS MADE UPON ,TOL/OY DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ( ACTIVE S]VICE GAVE VIVID REALITY TO ! BATTLE-SC5ES 9 0,W> & ,PEACE10 & >E TRACEABLE 9 ! REFLECTIONS & CONV]SATION ( ! TWO H]OES1 ,PR9CE ,&RE & ,PI]RE ,BESUKHOV4 ,ON ! EVE ( ! BATTLE ( ,BOROD9O1 ,PR9CE ,&RE1 TALK+ ) ,PI]RE 9 ! PRES5CE ( HIS DEVOT$ SOLDI]-S]VANT ,TIMOKH9E1 SAYS1--0',SUCCESS CANNOT POSSIBLY BE1 NOR HAS IT EV] BE51 ! RESULT ( /RATEGY OR FIRE->MS OR NUMB]S4' 

0',!N :AT DOES IT RESULT FROM8' SAID ,PI]RE4 

0',FROM ! FEEL+ ?AT IS 9 ME1 ?AT IS 9 HIM'--PO9T+ TO ,TIMOKH9E--'& ?AT IS 9 EA* 9DIVIDUAL SOLDI]4'0 

,HE !N CONTRA/S ! DIFF]5T SPIRIT ANIMAT+ ! (FIC]S & ! M54 

0',! =M]1' HE SAYS1 'HAVE NO?+ 9 VIEW BUT !IR P]SONAL 9T]E/S4 ,! CRITICAL MOM5T = !M IS ! MOM5T AT :I* !Y >E ABLE TO SUPPLANT A RIVAL1 TO W9 A CROSS OR A NEW ORD]4 ,I SEE ONLY ONE ?+4 ,TO-MORR[ ONE HUNDR$ ?\S& ,RUSSIANS & ONE HUNDR$ ?\S& ,FR5*M5 WILL MEET TO FI<T2 !Y :O FI<T ! H>DE/ & SP>E !MSELVES ! LEA/ WILL W9 ! DAY4' 

0',!RE'S ! TRU?1 Y\R ,EXCELL5CY1 ! REAL TRU?1' MURMURS ,TIMOKH9E2 'IT IS NOT A TIME TO SP>E ONESELF4 ,W\LD Y\ BELIEVE IT1 ! M5 ( MY BATTALION HAVE NOT TA/$ BR&Y8 0,IT'S NOT A DAY = ?AT10 !Y SAID4'0 

,DUR+ ! MOM5T\S BATTLE :I* FOLL[$1 ,PI]RE WAS /RUCK BY ! /EADFA/NESS UND] FIRE :I* HAS ALWAYS DI/+UI%$ ! ,RUSSIAN SOLDI]4 

0,! FALL ( EA* MAN ACT$ AS AN 9CREAS+ /IMULUS4 ,! FACES ( ! SOLDI]S BRI<T5$ MORE & MORE1 AS IF *ALL5G+ ! /ORM LET LOOSE ON !M40 

,9 CONTRA/ ) ?IS PICTURE ( F9E 0MORALE0 IS ?AT ( ! Y\NG :ITE-FAC$ (FIC]1 LOOK+ N]V\SLY AB\T HIM AS HE WALKS BACKW>DS ) L[]$ SWORD4 

,9 O!R PLACES ,TOL/OY DOES FULL JU/ICE TO ! C\RAGE & PATRIOTISM ( ALL GRADES 9 ! ,RUSSIAN >MY1 BUT IT IS CON/ANTLY EVID5T ?AT HIS SYMPA?IES >E MO/ HE>TILY ) ! RANK & FILE4 ,:AT G5U9E FEEL+ & AFFECTION R+S 9 ?IS SKET* ( ,PLATO1 A COMMON SOLDI]1 9 0,W> & ,PEACE60 

0,PLATO ,K>ATAEV WAS AB\T FIFTY1 JUDG+ BY ! NUMB] ( CAMPAIGNS 9 :I* HE HAD S]V$2 HE C\LD NOT HAVE TOLD HIS EXACT AGE HIMSELF1 & :5 HE LAU<$1 AS HE (T5 DID1 HE %[$ TWO R[S ( /RONG1 :ITE TEE?4 ,!RE WAS NOT A GRAY HAIR ON HIS HEAD OR 9 HIS BE>D1 & HIS BE>+ WORE ! /AMP ( ACTIVITY1 RESOLUTION1 & ABOVE ALL1 /OICISM4 ,HIS FACE1 ?\< MU* L9$1 HAD A T\*+ EXPRESSION ( SIMPLICITY1 Y\?1 & 9NOC5CE4 ,:5 HE SPOKE1 9 HIS S(T S+-SONG VOICE1 HIS SPEE* FL[$ AS FROM A WELL-SPR+4 ,HE NEV] ?\<T AB\T :AT HE HAD SAID OR WAS GO+ TO SAY NEXT1 & ! VIVACITY & ! RHY?MICAL 9FLECTIONS ( HIS VOICE GAVE IT A P5ETRAT+ P]SUASIV5ESS4 ,NI<T & MORN+1 :5 GO+ TO RE/ OR GETT+ UP1 HE SAID1 ',O ,GOD1 LET ME SLEEP LIKE A /ONE & RISE UP LIKE A LOAF4' ,&1 SURE 5\<1 HE HAD NO SOON] LA9 D[N ?AN HE SLEPT LIKE A LUMP ( LEAD1 & 9 ! MORN+ ON WAK+ HE WAS BRI<T & LIVELY1 & READY = ANY WORK4 ,HE C\LD DO ANY?+1 JU/ NOT V]Y WELL NOR V]Y ILL2 HE COOK$1 SEW$1 PLAN$ WOOD1 COBBL$ HIS BOOTS1 & WAS ALWAYS OCCUPI$ ) SOME JOB OR O!R1 ONLY ALL[+ HIMSELF TO *AT & S+ AT NI<T4 ,HE SANG1 NOT LIKE A S+] :O KN[S HE HAS LI/5]S1 BUT AS ! BIRDS S+ TO ,GOD1 ! ,FA!R ( ALL1 FEEL+ IT AS NECESS>Y AS WALK+ OR /RET*+ HIMSELF4 ,HIS S++ WAS T5D]1 SWEET1 PLA9TIVE1 ALMO/ FEM99E1 9 KEEP+ ) HIS S]I\S C\NT5ANCE4 ,:51 AFT] SOME WEEKS ( CAPTIVITY HIS BE>D HAD GR[N AGA91 HE SEEM$ TO HAVE GOT RID ( ALL ?AT WAS NOT HIS TRUE SELF1 ! BORR[$ FACE :I* HIS SOLDI]+ LIFE HAD GIV5 HIM1 & TO HAVE BECOME1 AS BE=E1 A PEASANT & A MAN ( ! PEOPLE4 ,9 ! EYES ( ! O!R PRISON]S ,PLATO WAS JU/ A COMMON SOLDI]1 :OM !Y *AFF$ AT TIMES & S5T ON ALL MANN] ( ]R&S2 BUT TO ,PI]RE HE REMA9$ EV] AFT] ! P]SONIFICATION ( SIMPLICITY & TRU?1 SU* AS HE HAD DIV9$ HIM TO BE S9CE ! FIR/ NI<T SP5T BY HIS SIDE40 

,?IS CLE>LY IS A /UDY FROM LIFE1 A LEAF FROM ,TOL/OY'S 0,CRIMEAN ,J\RNAL40 ,IT H>MONIZES ) ! PO9T ( VIEW REVEAL$ 9 ! 0,LETT]S FROM ,SEBA/OPOL0 7ESPECIALLY 9 ! SECOND & ?IRD S]IES71 & %[S1 LIKE !M1 ! *ANGE EFFECT$ BY ! REALITIES ( W> 9 ! 9TOL]ANT Y\NG >I/OCRAT1 :O PREVI\SLY EXCLUD$ ALL BUT ! COMME-IL-FAUT FROM HIS CONSID]ATION4 ,) WID5$ \TLOOK & NEW IDEALS HE RETURN$ TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG AT ! CLOSE ( ! ,CRIMEAN CAMPAIGN1 TO BE WELCOM$ BY ! ELITE ( LETT]S & C\RT$ BY SOCIETY4 ,A FEW YE>S BE=E HE W\LD HAVE BE5 DELI<T$ ) SU* A RECEPTION4 ,N[ IT J>R$ ON HIS AWAK5$ S5SE ( ! TRAG$Y ( EXI/5CE4 ,HE F\ND HIMSELF 5TIRELY \T ( SYMPA?Y ) ! GR\P ( LIT]>Y M5 :O GA!R$ R\ND HIM1 ) ,TURG5EV AT !IR HEAD4 ,9 ,TOL/OY'S EYES !Y W]E FALSE1 PALTRY1 & IMMORAL1 & HE WAS AT NO PA9S TO DISGUISE HIS OP9IONS4 ,DISS5SION1 LEAD+ TO VIOL5T SC5ES1 SOON BROKE \T BETWE5 ,TURG5EV & ,TOL/OY2 & ! LATT]1 COMPLETELY DISILLUSION$ BO? 9 REG>D TO HIS GREAT CONTEMPOR>Y & TO ! LIT]>Y WORLD ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 %OOK (F ! DU/ ( ! CAPITAL1 &1 AFT] RESIGN+ HIS COMMISSION 9 ! >MY1 W5T ABROAD ON A T\R ?R\< ,G]MANY1 ,SWITZ]L&1 & ,FRANCE4 

,9 ,FRANCE HIS GR[+ AV]SION FROM CAPITAL PUNI%M5T BECAME 9T5SIFI$ BY HIS WITNESS+ A PUBLIC EXECUTION1 & ! PA9FUL ?\<TS >\S$ BY ! SC5E ( ! GUILLOT9E HAUNT$ HIS S5SITIVE SPIRIT = LONG4 ,HE LEFT ,FRANCE = ,SWITZ]L&1 & !RE1 AMONG BEAUTIFUL NATURAL SURR\ND+S1 & 9 ! SOCIETY ( FRI5DS1 HE 5JOY$ A RESPITE FROM M5TAL /RA94 

0,A FRE%1 SWEET-SC5T$ FL[] SEEM$ TO HAVE BLOSSOM$ 9 MY SPIRIT2 TO ! WE>9ESS & 9DIFF]5CE TO ALL ?+S :I* BE=E POSSESS$ ME HAD SUCCE$$1 )\T APP>5T TRANSITION1 A ?IR/ = LOVE1 A CONFID5T HOPE1 AN 9EXPLICABLE JOY TO FEEL MYSELF ALIVE40 

,?OSE HALCYON DAYS U%]$ 9 ! DAWN ( AN 9TIMATE FRI5D%IP BETWE5 HIMSELF & A LADY :O 9 ! CORRESPOND5CE :I* 5SU$ USUALLY /YL$ H]SELF HIS AUNT1 BUT WAS 9 FACT A SECOND C\S94 ,?IS LADY1 ! ,C\NTESS ,ALEX&RA ,A4 ,TOL/OY1 A ,MAID ( ,HONOR ( ! ,B$*AMB]1 MOV$ EXCLUSIVELY 9 ,C\RT CIRCLES4 ,%E WAS 9TELLIG5T & SYMPA!TIC1 BUT /RICTLY OR?ODOX & MONDA9E1 SO ?AT1 :ILE ,TOL/OY'S VIEW ( LIFE GRADUALLY %IFT$ FROM ?AT ( AN >I/OCRAT TO ?AT ( A SOCIAL RE=M]1 H] [N REMA9$ UNALT]$2 ) ! RESULT ?AT AT ! 5D ( SOME =TY YE>S ( FRANK & AFFECTIONATE 9T]*ANGE ( IDEAS1 !Y AWOKE TO ! PA9FUL CONSCI\SNESS ?AT ! LA/ L9K ( MUTUAL UND]/&+ HAD SNAPP$ & ?AT !IR FRI5D%IP WAS AT AN 5D4 

,BUT ! LETT]S REMA9 AS A VALUABLE & 9T]E/+ RECORD ( ONE ( ,TOL/OY'S R>E FRI5D%IPS ) WOM51 REVEAL+ 9 HIS UNGU>D$ CONFID5CES F9E %ADES ( HIS MANY-SID$ NATURE1 & ?R[+ LI<T ON ! IMPRESSION HE MADE BO? ON HIS 9TIMATES & ON ?OSE TO :OM HE WAS ONLY KN[N AS A WRIT]1 :ILE HIS MORAL PHILOSOPHY WAS YET 9 EMBRYO4 ,!Y >E N[ AB\T TO APPE> 9 BOOK =M UND] ! AUSPICES ( ,M4 ,/AKHOVI*1 TO :OSE K9DNESS 9 GIV+ ME FREE ACCESS TO ! ORIG9ALS ,I AM 9DEBT$ = ! EXTRACTS :I* FOLL[4 ,FROM ONE ( ! C\NTESS'S FIR/ LETT]S WE LE>N ?AT ! FEEL+S ( AFFECTION1 HOPE1 & HAPP9ESS :I* POSSESS$ ,TOL/OY 9 ,SWITZ]L& IRRESI/IBLY COMMUNICAT$ !MSELVES TO ?OSE AB\T HIM4 

0,Y\ >E GOOD 9 A V]Y UNCOMMON WAY10 %E WRITES1 0& ?AT IS :Y IT IS DIFFICULT TO FEEL UNHAPPY 9 Y\R COMPANY4 ,I HAVE NEV] SE5 Y\ )\T WI%+ TO BE A BETT] CREATURE4 ,Y\R PRES5CE IS A CONSOL+ IDEA 4 4 4 KN[ ALL ! ELEM5TS 9 Y\ ?AT REVIVE ONE'S HE>T1 POSSIBLY )\T Y\R BE+ EV5 AW>E ( IT40 

,A FEW YE>S LAT] %E GIVES HIM AN AMUS+ ACC\NT ( ! IMPRESSION HIS WRIT+S HAD ALREADY MADE ON AN EM95T /ATESMAN4 

0,I [E Y\ A SMALL EPISODE4 ,NOT LONG AGO1 :5 LUN*+ ) ! ,EMP]OR1 ,I SAT NEXT \R LITTLE ,BISM>CK1 & 9 A SPIRIT ( MIS*IEF ,I BEGAN S\ND+ HIM AB\T Y\4 ,BUT ,I HAD H>DLY UTT]$ Y\R NAME :5 HE W5T (F AT A GALLOP ) ! GREATE/ 5?USIASM1 FIR+ (F ! LI/ ( Y\R P]FECTIONS LEFT & RI<T1 & SO LONG AS HE DECLAIM$ Y\R PRAISES ) GE/ICULATIONS1 CUT & ?RU/1 P[D] & %OT1 IT WAS ALL V]Y WELL & QUITE 9 *>ACT]2 BUT SEE+ ?AT ,I LI/5$ ) 9T]E/ & ATT5TION MY MAN TOOK ! BIT 9 HIS TEE?1 & FLUNG HIMSELF 9TO A PSY*IC APO!OSIS4 ,ON REA*+ FULL PIT* HE BEGAN TO GET MUDDL$1 & FL\ND]$ SO HELPLESSLY 9 HIS [N PHRASES6 ALL ! :ILE *EW+ AN EXCELL5T CUTLET TO ! BONE1 ?AT AT LA/ ,I REALIZ$ NO?+ BUT ! TIPS ( HIS E>S--?OSE TWO GREAT E>S ( HIS4 ,:AT A PITY ,I CAN'T REPEAT IT V]BATIM6 BUT H[8 ,!RE WAS NO?+ LEFT BUT A JUMBLE ( CONFUS$ S\NDS & BROK5 WORDS40 

,TOL/OY ON HIS SIDE IS EQUALLY EXPANSIVE1 & 9 ! E>LY /AGES ( ! CORRESPOND5CE FALLS OCCASIONALLY 9TO ! VE9 ( SELF-ANALYSIS :I* 9 LAT] DAYS BECAME HABITUAL4 

0,AS A *ILD ,I BELIEV$ ) PASSION & )\T ANY ?\<T4 ,!N AT ! AGE ( F\RTE5 ,I BEGAN TO ?9K AB\T LIFE & PREOCCUPI$ MYSELF ) RELIGION1 BUT IT DID NOT ADJU/ ITSELF TO MY !ORIES & SO ,I BROKE ) IT4 ,)\T IT ,I WAS ABLE TO LIVE QUITE CONT5T$LY = T5 YE>S 4 4 4 EV]Y?+ 9 MY LIFE WAS EV5LY DI/RIBUT$1 & !RE WAS NO ROOM = RELIGION4 ,!N CAME A TIME :5 EV]Y?+ GREW 9TELLIGIBLE2 !RE W]E NO MORE SECRETS 9 LIFE1 BUT LIFE ITSELF HAD LO/ ITS SIGNIFICANCE40 

,HE GOES ON TO TELL ( ! TWO YE>S ?AT HE SP5T 9 ! ,CAUCASUS BE=E ! ,CRIMEAN ,W>1 :5 HIS M9D1 JAD$ BY Y\?FUL EXCESSES1 GRADUALLY REGA9$ ITS FRE%NESS1 & HE AWOKE TO A S5SE ( COMMUNION ) ,NATURE :I* HE RETA9$ TO HIS LIFE'S 5D4 

0,I HAVE MY NOTES ( ?AT TIME1 & N[ READ+ !M OV] ,I AM NOT ABLE TO UND]/& H[ A MAN C\LD ATTA9 TO ! /ATE ( M5TAL EXALTATION :I* ,I >RIV$ AT4 ,IT WAS A TORTUR+ BUT A HAPPY TIME40 

,FUR!R ON HE WRITES1--0,9 ?OSE TWO YE>S ( 9TELLECTUAL WORK1 ,I DISCOV]$ A TRU? :I* IS ANCI5T & SIMPLE1 BUT :I* YET ,I KN[ BETT] ?AN O!RS DO4 ,I F\ND \T ?AT IMMORTAL LIFE IS A REALITY1 ?AT LOVE IS A REALITY1 & ?AT ONE MU/ LIVE = O!RS IF ONE W\LD BE UNCEAS+LY HAPPY40 

,AT ?IS PO9T ONE REALIZES ! GULF :I* DIVIDES ! ,SLAVONIC FROM ! ,5GLI% TEMP]AM5T4 ,NO AV]AGE ,5GLI%MAN ( SEV5-&-TW5TY 7AS ,TOL/OY WAS !N7 W\LD PURSUE REFLECTIONS ( ?IS K9D1 OR IF HE DID1 HE W\LD 9 ALL PROBABILITY KEEP !M S$UL\SLY TO HIMSELF4 

,TO ,TOL/OY & HIS AUNT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT SEEM$ ! MO/ NATURAL ?+ 9 ! WORLD TO 9DULGE 9 EGOI/IC AB/RACTIONS & TO EXPATIATE ON !M2 = A ,RUSSIAN FEELS NONE ( ! ,ANGLO-,SAXON'S MAUVAISE HONTE 9 DESCRIB+ HIS SPIRITUAL CONDITION1 & IS NO MORE DAUNT$ BY METAPHYSICS ?AN ! LATT] IS BY >GUM5TS ON POLITICS & SPORT4 

,TO ATTUNE ! ,ANGLO-,SAXON READ]'S M9D TO SYMPA?Y ) A M5TALITY SO ALI5 TO HIS [N1 REQUIRES ?AT ,TOL/OY'S 5VIRONM5T %\LD BE DESCRIB$ MORE FULLY ?AN MO/ ( HIS BIOGRAPH]S HAVE C>$ TO DO4 ,?IS PREFATORY NOTE AIMS1 !RE=E1 AT BE+ LESS /RICTLY BIOGRAPHICAL ?AN ILLU/RATIVE ( ! CONTRIBUTORY ELEM5TS & CIRCUM/ANCES :I* SUB-CONSCI\SLY 9FLU5C$ ,TOL/OY'S SPIRITUAL EVOLUTION1 S9CE IT IS APP>5T ?AT 9 ORD] TO JUDGE A MAN'S ACTIONS JU/LY ONE MU/ BE ABLE TO APPRECIATE ! MOTIVES FROM :I* !Y SPR+2 ?OSE MOTIVES 9 TURN REQUIR+ ! KEY :I* LIES 9 HIS TEMP]AM5T1 HIS ASSOCIATIONS1 HIS NATIONALITY4 ,SU* A KEY IS PECULI>LY NECESS>Y TO ,5GLI% OR ,AM]ICAN /UD5TS ( ,TOL/OY1 BECAUSE ( ! M>K$ CONTRA/ EXI/+ BETWE5 ! ,RUSSIAN & ! ,5GLI%MAN OR ,AM]ICAN 9 !SE RESPECTS1 A CONTRA/ BY :I* ,TOL/OY HIMSELF WAS =CIBLY /RUCK DUR+ ! VISIT TO ,SWITZ]L&1 ( :I* M5TION HAS BE5 ALREADY MADE4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO RE/RA9 A SMILE AT ! POIGNANT M5TAL DISCOM=T 5DUR$ BY ! S5SITIVE ,SLAV 9 ! COMPANY ( ! FRIGID & SIL5T ,5GLI% FREQU5T]S ( ! ,S*WEITZ]H( 70,J\RNAL ( ,PR9CE ,D4 ,NEKHLUDOV10 ,LUC]NE1 #a#h#e#g71 :OSE RES]VE1 HE REALIZ$1 WAS 0NOT BAS$ ON PRIDE1 BUT ON ! ABS5CE ( ANY DESIRE TO DRAW NE>] TO EA* O!R02 :ILE HE LOOK$ BACK REGRETFULLY TO ! P5SION 9 ,P>IS :]E ! TABLE D' HOTE WAS A SC5E ( SPONTANE\S GAIETY4 ,! PROBLEM ( ,BRITI% TACITURNITY PASS$ HIS COMPREH5SION2 BUT = US ! 5IGMA ( ,TOL/OY'S TEMP]AM5T IS HALF SOLV$ IF WE SEE HIM NOT H>%LY SILH\ETT$ AGA9/ A BLANK WALL1 BUT SUFFUS$ ) HIS NATIVE ATMOSPH]E1 AMID HIS NATIVE SURR\ND+S4 ,NOT TILL WE UND]/& ! MA9 \TL9ES ( ! ,RUSSIAN TEMP]AM5T CAN WE REALIZE ! 9DIVIDUALITY ( ,TOL/OY HIMSELF3 ! P]SONALITY ?AT MADE HIM LOVABLE1 ! UNIV]SALITY ?AT MADE HIM GREAT4 

,SO VA/ AN AGGLOM]ATION ( RACES AS ?AT :I* CON/ITUTES ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE CANNOT OBVI\SLY BE REPRES5T$ BY A S+LE TYPE1 BUT IT WILL SUFFICE = \R PURPOSES TO NOTE ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! 9HABITANTS ( ,GREAT ,RUSSIA AMONG :OM ,TOL/OY SP5T ! GREAT] P>T ( HIS LIFETIME & TO :OM HE BELONG$ BY BIR? & NATURAL AFF9ITIES4 

,IT MAY BE SAID ( ! AV]AGE ,RUSSIAN ?AT 9 EX*ANGE = A PRECOCI\S *ILDHOOD HE RETA9S MU* ( A *ILD'S LI<TNESS ( HE>T ?R\<\T HIS LAT] YE>S1 ALT]NAT+ ) ATTACKS ( MORBID DESPOND5CY4 ,HE IS USUALLY V]Y SUSCEPTIBLE TO FEM99E *>M1 AN >D5T BUT UN/ABLE LOV]1 :OSE PASSIONS >E APT TO BE AS %ORTLIV$ AS !Y >E VIOL5T4 ,/ORY-TELL+ & LONG-W9D$ DISCUSSIONS GIVE HIM KE5 5JOYM5T1 = HE IS G>RUL\S1 METAPHYSICAL1 & >GUM5TATIVE4 ,9 MONEY MATT]S C>ELESS & EXTRAVAGANT1 DILATORY & V5AL 9 AFFAIRS2 FOND1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! PEASANT CLASS1 ( S++1 DANC+1 & C>\S+2 BUT HIS IRRESPONSIBLE GAIETY & HE$LESSNESS ( CONSEQU5CES BALANC$ BY A FATALI/IC C\RAGE & 5DURANCE 9 ! FACE ( SUFF]+ & DANG]4 ,CAPABLE1 BESIDES1 ( HI< FLI<TS ( IDEALISM1 :I* RESULT 9 EPICS1 BUT R>ELY 9 ACTIONS1 [+ TO ! ,SLAVONIC 9APTITUDE = SU/A9$ & ORGANIZ$ EF=T4 ,! ,5GLI%MAN BY CONTRA/ APPE>S COLD & CALCULAT+1 9CAPABLE ( RIS+ ABOVE QUE/IONS ( PRACTICAL UTILITY2 NEI!R 9T]E/$ 9 O!R M5'S ANTEC$5TS & EXP]I5CES NOR WILL+ TO RETAIL HIS [N4 ,! CATE*ISM :I* ,PLATO PUTS ,PI]RE ?R\< ON !IR FIR/ 5C\NT] 70,W> & ,PEACE07 AS TO HIS FAMILY1 POSSESSIONS1 & :AT NOT1 >E PRECISELY SIMIL> TO ?OSE TO :I* ,I HAVE BE5 SUBJECT$ OV] & OV] AGA9 BY *ANCE ACQUA9TANCES 9 C\NTRY-H\SES OR BY FELL[ TRAVEL]S ON J\RNEYS BY BOAT OR TRA94 ,! NAIVETE & K9DL9ESS ( ! QUE/ION] MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE TO RES5T1 ?\< ONE MAY FEEBLY TRY TO P>RY HIS PROB+4 ,ON ! O!R H& HE (F]S Y\ FREE ACCESS TO ! 9MO/ RECESSES ( HIS [N S\L1 & /UPEFIES Y\ ) ! C&OR ( HIS REVELATIONS4 ,?IS1 ( C\RSE1 RELATES MORE TO ! L&$ & PR(ESSIONAL CLASSES ?AN TO ! PEASANT1 :O IS SL[] TO EXPRESS HIMSELF1 & COMB9ES 9 A CURI\S WAY A FIRM BELIEF 9 ! OMNIPOT5CE & WISDOM ( HIS SOCIAL SUP]IORS ) A ROOT$ DI/RU/ ( !IR 9T5TIONS REG>D+ HIMSELF4 ,HE IS LIKE A BEA/ ( BURD5 :O FL9*ES FROM EV]Y APPROA*1 EXPECT+ ALWAYS A KICK OR A BL[4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 HIS AFFECTION = ! ANIMALS :O %>E HIS DAILY WORK IS ONE ( ! MO/ ATTRACTIVE PO9TS 9 HIS *>ACT]1 & ONE :I* ,TOL/OY NEV] WE>I$ ( EMPHASIZ+--DESCRIB+1 ) ! SIMPLE PA?OS ( :I* HE WAS MA/]1 ! M\JIK 9UR$ TO HIS [N PRIVATIONS BUT PITIFUL TO HIS HORSE1 %IELD+ HIM FROM ! /ORM ) HIS [N COAT1 OR SAV+ HIM FROM />VATION ) HIS [N MEAG] RATION2 & M9DFUL ( HIM EV5 9 HIS PRAY]S1 9VOK+1 LIKE ,PLATO1 ! BLESS+S ( ,FLORUS & ,LAURA1 PATRON SA9TS ( HORSES1 BECAUSE 0ONE MU/N'T =GET ! ANIMALS40 

,! *>ACT]I/ICS ( A PEOPLE SO EMB$D$ 9 ! SOIL BE> A CLOS] RELATION TO !IR NATIVE L&SCAPE ?AN \R [N MIGRATORY POPULATIONS1 & PATRIOTISM ) !M HAS A DEEP & VITAL MEAN+1 :I* IS EXPRESS$ UNCONSCI\SLY 9 !IR LIVES4 

,?IS SPIRIT ( PATRIOTISM :I* ,TOL/OY REPUDIAT$ IS NONE ! LESS ! ANIMAT+ P[] ( ! NOBLE EPIC1 0,W> & ,PEACE10 & ( HIS PEASANT-TALES1 ( HIS R>E GIFT ( REPRODUC+ ! EXPRESSIVE ,SLAV V]NACUL>1 & ( HIS MAGICAL >T ( 9FUS+ HIS PICTURES ( ,RUSSIAN SC5]Y NOT M]ELY ) BEAUTY1 BUT ) SPIRITUAL SIGNIFICANCE4 ,I CAN ?9K ( NO PROSE WRIT]1 UNLESS IT BE ,?OREAU1 SO :OLLY UND] ! SPELL ( ,NATURE AS ,TOL/OY2 & :ILE ,?OREAU WAS PREOCCUPI$ ) ! NORMAL PH5OM5A ( PLANT & ANIMAL LIFE1 ,TOL/OY1 COM+ NE> TO ,PAN!ISM1 F\ND RESPONSES TO HIS MOODS 9 TREES1 & GA9$ SPIRITUAL EXPANSION FROM ! ILLIMITABLE SKIES & PLA9S4 ,HE FREQU5TLY BR+S HIS H]OES 9TO T\* ) ,NATURE1 & 5D[S !M ) ALL ! 9NATE MY/ICISM ( HIS [N TEMP]AM5T1 = TO HIM ,NATURE WAS 0A GUIDE TO ,GOD40 ,SO 9 ! TWO-FOLD 9CID5T ( ,PR9CE ,&RE & ! OAK TREE 70,W> & ,PEACE07 ! ,PR9CE1 ?\< A MAN ( ACTION RA!R ?AN ( S5TIM5T & HABITUALLY CYNICAL1 IS READY TO F9D 9 ! AG$ OAK BY ! ROADSIDE1 9 E>LY SPR+1 AN ANIMATE EMBODIM5T ( HIS [N DESPOND5CY4 

0',SPR+TIME1 LOVE1 HAPP9ESS8-->E Y\ /ILL *]I%+ ?OSE DECEPTIVE ILLUSIONS8' ! OLD OAK SEEM$ TO SAY4 ',ISN'T IT ! SAME FICTION EV]8 ,!RE IS NEI!R SPR+1 NOR LOVE1 NOR HAPP9ESS6 ,LOOK AT ?OSE POOR WEA!R-BEAT5 FIRS1 ALWAYS ! SAME 4 4 4 LOOK AT ! KNOTTY >MS ISSU+ FROM ALL UP MY POOR MUTILAT$ TRUNK--H]E ,I AM1 SU* AS !Y HAVE MADE ME1 & ,I DO NOT BELIEVE EI!R 9 Y\R HOPES OR 9 Y\R ILLUSIONS4'0 

,& AFT] ?US EX]CIS+ HIS IMAG9ATION1 ,PR9CE ,&RE /ILL CA/S BACKW>D GLANCES AS HE PASSES BY1 0BUT ! OAK MA9TA9$ ITS OB/9ATE & SULL5 IMMOVABILITY 9 ! MID/ ( ! FL[]S & GRASS GR[+ AT ITS FEET4 ',YES1 ?AT OAK IS RI<T1 RI<T A ?\S& TIMES OV]4 ,ONE MU/ LEAVE ILLUSIONS TO Y\?4 ,BUT ! RE/ ( US KN[ :AT LIFE IS WOR?2 IT HAS NO?+ LEFT TO (F] US4'0 

,SIX WEEKS LAT] HE RETURNS HOMEW>D ! SAME WAY1 R\S$ FROM HIS MELAN*OLY TORPOR BY HIS REC5T MEET+ ) ,NATA%A4 

0,! DAY WAS HOT1 !RE WAS /ORM 9 ! AIR2 A SLI<T %[] WAT]$ ! DU/ ON ! ROAD & ! GRASS 9 ! DIT*2 ! LEFT SIDE ( ! WOOD REMA9$ 9 ! %ADE2 ! RI<T SIDE1 LI<TLY /IRR$ BY ! W9D1 GLITT]$ ALL WET 9 ! SUN2 EV]Y?+ WAS 9 FL[]1 & FROM NE> & F> ! NI<T+ALES P\R$ =? !IR SONG4 ',I FANCY !RE WAS AN OAK H]E ?AT UND]/OOD ME1' SAID ,PR9CE ,&RE TO HIMSELF1 LOOK+ TO ! LEFT & ATTRACT$ UNAW>ES BY ! BEAUTY ( ! V]Y TREE HE S\<T4 ,! TRANS=M$ OLD OAK SPREAD \T 9 A DOME ( DEEP1 LUXURIANT1 BLOOM+ V]DURE1 :I* SWAY$ 9 A LI<T BREEZE 9 ! RAYS ( ! SETT+ SUN4 ,!RE W]E NO LONG] CLOV5 BRAN*ES NOR R5TS TO BE SE52 ITS =M] ASPECT ( BITT] DEFIANCE & SULL5 GRIEF HAD DISAPPE>$2 !RE W]E ONLY ! Y\NG LEAVES1 FULL ( SAP ?AT HAD PI]C$ ?R\< ! C5T5>IAN B>K1 MAK+ ! BEHOLD] QUE/ION ) SURPRISE IF ?IS PATRI>* HAD REALLY GIV5 BIR? TO !M4 ',YES1 IT IS HE1 9DE$6' CRI$ ,PR9CE ,&RE1 & HE FELT HIS HE>T SUFFUS$ BY ! 9T5SE JOY :I* ! SPR+TIME & ?IS NEW LIFE GAVE HIM 4 4 4 ',NO1 MY LIFE CANNOT 5D AT ?IRTY-ONE6 4 4 4 ,IT IS NOT 5\< MYSELF TO FEEL :AT IS )9 ME1 O!RS MU/ KN[ IT TOO6 ,PI]RE & ?AT 0SLIP0 ( A GIRL1 :O W\LD HAVE FL$ 9TO CL\DL&1 MU/ LE>N TO KN[ ME6 ,MY LIFE MU/ COLOR !IRS1 & !IR LIVES MU/ M+LE ) M9E6'0 

,9 LETT]S TO HIS WIFE1 TO 9TIMATE FRI5DS1 & 9 HIS DI>Y1 ,TOL/OY'S LOVE ( ,NATURE IS (T5-TIMES EXPRESS$4 ,! HAIR %IRT ( ! ASCETIC & ! PROPHET'S MANTLE FALL FROM HIS %\LD]S1 & ALL ! POET 9 HIM WAKES :51 0) A FEEL+ AK9 TO EC/ASY10 HE LOOKS UP FROM HIS SMOO?-RUNN+ SL$GE AT 0! 5*ANT+1 />RY W9T] SKY OV]HEAD10 OR 9 E>LY SPR+ FEELS ON A RAMBLE 09TOXICAT$ BY ! BEAUTY ( ! MORN+10 :ILE HE NOTES ?AT ! BUDS >E SWELL+ ON ! LILACS1 & 0! BIRDS NO LONG] S+ AT R&OM10 BUT HAVE BEGUN TO CONV]SE4 

,BUT ?\< SU* ALLUSIONS AB\ND 9 HIS DI>Y & PRIVATE CORRESPOND5CE1 WE MU/ TURN TO 0,! ,COSSACKS10 & 0,CONJUGAL ,HAPP9ESS0 = ! EXQUISITELY ELABORAT$ RURAL /UDIES1 :I* GIVE ?OSE E>LY ROMANCES !IR FRE% IDYLLIC *>M4 

,:AT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE IS ?AT ?IS >TI/IC FRE%NESS & JOY 9 ,NATURE COEXI/$ ) ACUTE 9T]MITT5T ATTACKS ( SPIRITUAL LASSITUDE4 ,9 0,! ,COSSACKS10 ! D\BTS1 ! M5TAL GROP+S ( ,OL59E--:OSE P]SONALITY BUT ?9LY VEILS ?AT ( ,TOL/OY--HAUNT HIM BETIMES EV5 AMONG ! DELI<TS ( ! ,CAUCASIAN WOODL&2 ,S]GE1 ! FATALI/IC H]O ( 0,CONJUGAL ,HAPP9ESS10 CALMLY ACQUIESCES 9 ! 9EVITABL5ESS ( 0LOVE'S SAD SATIETY0 AMID ! SC5T ( ROSES & ! SONGS ( NI<T+ALES4 

,D\BT & DESPOND5CY1 9CREAS$ BY ! VEXATIONS & FAILURES ATT5D+ HIS PHILAN?ROPIC 5DEAVORS1 AT L5G? OBSESS$ ,TOL/OY TO ! V]GE ( SUICIDE4 

0,! DISPUTES OV] >BITRATION HAD BECOME SO PA9FUL TO ME1 ! S*OOLWORK SO VAGUE1 MY D\BTS >IS+ FROM ! WI% TO TEA* O!RS1 :ILE DISSEMBL+ MY [N IGNORANCE ( :AT %\LD BE TAU<T1 W]E SO HE>TR5D+ ?AT ,I FELL ILL4 ,I MI<T !N HAVE REA*$ ! DESPAIR TO :I* ,I ALL BUT SUCCUMB$ FIFTE5 YE>S LAT]1 IF !RE HAD NOT BE5 A SIDE ( LIFE AS YET UNKN[N TO ME :I* PROMIS$ ME SALVATION3 ?IS WAS FAMILY LIFE0 70,MY ,CONFESSION074 

,9 A WORD1 HIS M>RIAGE ) ,MADEMOISELLE ,SOPHIE ,&REEVNA ,B]S 7DAU<T] ( ,DR4 ,B]S ( ,MOSC[7 WAS CONSUMMAT$ 9 ! AUTUMN ( #a#h#f#b--AFT] A SOME:AT PROTRACT$ C\RT%IP1 [+ TO H] EXTREME Y\?--& ,TOL/OY 5T]$ UPON A P]IOD ( HAPP9ESS & M5TAL PEACE SU* AS HE HAD NEV] KN[N4 ,HIS LETT]S ( ?IS P]IOD TO ,C\NTESS ,A4 ,A4 ,TOL/OY1 HIS FRI5D ,FET1 & O!RS1 R+ ) 5RAPTUR$ ALLUSIONS TO HIS NEW-F\ND JOY4 ,LASSITUDE & 9DECISION1 MY/ICISM & ALTRUISM1 ALL W]E SWEPT ASIDE BY ! IMPETUS ( TRIUMPHANT LOVE & ( ALL-SUFFIC+ CONJUGAL HAPP9ESS4 ,:5 9 ,JUNE ( ! FOLL[+ YE> A *ILD WAS BORN1 & ! Y\NG WIFE1 H] FEATURES SUFFUS$ ) 0A SUP]NATURAL BEAUTY0 LAY TRY+ TO SMILE AT ! HUSB& :O KNELT SOBB+ BESIDE H]1 ,TOL/OY MU/ HAVE REALIZ$ ?AT = ONCE HIS PROPHETIC 9TUITION HAD BE5 UNEQUAL TO ITS TASK4 ,IF HIS IMAG9ATION C\LD HAVE CONCEIV$ 9 PR5UPTIAL DAYS :AT DEP?S ( EMOTION MI<T BE WAK5$ BY FA!RHOOD1 HE W\LD NOT HAVE TREAT$ ! BIR? ( ,MA%A'S FIR/ *ILD 9 0,CONJUGAL ,HAPP9ESS0 AS A TRIVIAL MAT]IAL EV5T1 9 NO WAY AFFECT+ ! MUTUAL RELATIONS ( ! DISILLUSION$ PAIR4 ,HE W\LD HAVE UND]/OOD ?AT AT ?IS SUPREME CRISIS1 RA!R ?AN 9 ! V]NAL H\R ( LOVE'S AV[AL1 ! HE>T IS ILLUM9$ ) A JOY :I* IS FAT$ 0NEV] TO RETURN40 

,! P>T+ ( ! WAYS1 SO SOON REA*$ BY ,S]GE & ,MA%A1 WAS 9 FACT DELAY$ 9 ,TOL/OY'S [N LIFE BY HIS WIFE'S 9TELLIG5T ASSI/ANCE 9 HIS LIT]>Y WORK AS AN UNTIR+ AMANU5SIS1 & 9 ! MUTUAL ANXIETIES & PLEASURES ATT5D+ ! C>E ( A L>GE FAMILY ( Y\NG *ILDR54 ,WID] HORIZONS OP5$ TO HIS M5TAL VISION1 HIS :OLE BE+ WAS QUICK5$ & 9VIGORAT$4 0,W> & ,PEACE10 0,ANNA ,K>59A10 ALL ! SPL5DID FRUIT ( ! TEEM+ YE>S FOLL[+ UPON HIS M>RIAGE1 BE> WITNESS TO ! /IMULUS :I* HIS G5IUS HAD RECEIV$4 ,HIS DAWN+ RECOGNITION ( ! P[] & EXT5T ( FEMALE 9FLU5CE APPE>S 9CID5TALLY 9 ! SKET*ES ( HI< SOCIETY 9 ?OSE TWO MA/]PIECES AS WELL AS 9 ! ELOQU5T CLOS+ PASSAGES ( 0,:AT !N MU/ WE DO80 7#a#h#h#f74 ,HAV+ AFFIRM$ ?AT 0IT IS WOM5 :O =M PUBLIC OP9ION1 & 9 \R DAY WOM5 >E P>TICUL>LY P[]FUL10 HE F9ALLY DRAWS A PICTURE ( ! IDEAL WIFE :O %ALL URGE H] HUSB& & TRA9 H] *ILDR5 TO SELF-SACRIFICE4 0,SU* WOM5 RULE M5 & >E !IR GUID+ />S4 ,O WOM5--MO!RS6 ,! SALVATION ( ! WORLD LIES 9 Y\R H&S60 ,9 ?AT APPEAL TO ! MO!RS ( ! WORLD !RE LURKS A PROTE/ :I* 9 LAT] WRIT+S DEVELOP$ 9TO OV]:ELM+ CONDEMNATION4 ,TRUE1 HE *OSE MO!RHOOD = ! TYPE ( SELF-SACRIFIC+ LOVE 9 ! TREATISE 0,ON ,LIFE10 :I* APPE>$ SOON AFT] 0,:AT !N MU/ WE DO80 BUT MAT]NAL LOVE1 AS EXEMPLIFI$ 9 HIS [N HOME & ELSE:]E1 APPE>$ TO HIM AS A NOBLE 9/9CT P]V]SELY DIRECT$4 

,! ROOTS ( MAT]NAL LOVE >E SUNK DEEP 9 CONS]VATISM4 ,! *ILD'S PHYSICAL WELL-BE+ IS ! FIR/ ESS5TIAL 9 ! MO!R'S EYES--! GR[? ( A VIGOR\S BODY BY :I* A VIGOR\S M9D MAY BE FITLY T5ANT$--& ?IS =M ( MAT]IALISM :I* ,TOL/OY AS A FA!R ACCEPT$1 ,TOL/OY AS IDEALI/ CONDEMN$2 :ILE ! P5URY HE C\RT$ AS A LI<T5+ ( HIS S\L'S BURD5 WAS AV]T$ BY ! /R5U\S EX]TIONS ( HIS WIFE4 ,SO A RIFT GREW )\T BLAME ATTA*+ TO EI!R1 & ,TOL/OY H5CE=W>D W&]$ SOLIT>Y 9 SPIRIT ?R\< A WILD]NESS ( ?\<T1 SEEK+ RE/ & F9D+ NONE1 COM+ P]IL\SLY NE> TO SUICIDE BE=E HE REA*$ HAV54 

,TO MANY IT WILL SEEM ?AT ! F9E/ \TCOME ( ?AT P]IOD ( M5TAL GROP+1 9T]NAL /RUGGLE1 & CONT5D+ ) CURR5T IDEAS1 LIES 9 ! ABOVE-M5TION$ 0,:AT !N MU/ WE DO80 ,C]TA9 IT IS ?AT NO HUMAN DOCUM5T EV] REVEAL$ ! S\L ( ITS AU?OR ) GREAT] S9C]ITY4 ,NOT = ITS PRACTICAL SUGGE/IONS1 BUT = ITS IMPASSION$ HUMANITY1 ITS 9FECTI\S ALTRUISM1 0,:AT !N MU/ WE DO80 TAKES ITS RANK AMONG ! WORLD'S FEW LIV+ BOOKS4 ,IT M>KS ?AT /AGE ( ,TOL/OY'S EVOLUTION :5 HE MADE SUCCESSIVE ESSAYS 9 PRACTICAL PHILAN?ROPY :I* FILL$ HIM ) DISC\RAGEM5T1 YET W]E 0( USE TO HIS S\L0 9 TEA*+ HIM H[ F> BEL[ ! SURFACE LIE ! SE$S ( HUMAN MIS]Y4 ,! SLUMS ( ,MOSC[1 CR[D$ ) BE+S SUNK BEYOND R$EMPTION2 ! FAM9E-/RICK5 PLA9S ( ,SAM>A :]E DISEASE & />VATION REIGN$1 NOT)/&+ ! /REAM ( *>ITY SET FL[+ BY ,TOL/OY'S APPEALS & NOT)/&+ HIS UNTIR+ P]SONAL DEVOTION1 /R5G!N$ FUR!R ! CONVICTION1 SO CON/ANTLY AFFIRM$ 9 HIS WRIT+S1 ( ! IMPOT5CE ( MONEY TO ALLEVIATE DI/RESS4 ,:ATEV] NEGATIONS ( ?IS DICTUM \R [N SY/EMS ( *>ITABLE ORGANIZATIONS MAY APPE> TO (F]1 !RE CAN BE NO QUE/ION BUT ?AT 9 ,RUSSIA IT HELD & HOLDS TRUE4 

,! SOCIAL CONDITION ( ,RUSSIA IS LIKE A TIDELESS SEA1 :OSE SULL5 QUIESC5CE IS BROK5 FROM TIME TO TIME BY T]RIFIC /ORMS :I* SP5D !MSELVES 9 UNAVAIL+ FURY4 ,REACTION FOLL[S UPON EV]Y =W>D MOTION1 & ! ADVANCE MADE BY EA* SUCCE$+ G5]ATION IS B>ELY P]CEPTIBLE4 

,BUT 9 ! P]IOD ( PEACE FOLL[+ UPON ! CLOSE ( ! ,CRIMEAN ,W> ! S\L ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE WAS DEEPLY /IRR$ BY ! SPIRIT ( ,PROGRESS1 & HOPE ROSE HI< ON ! ACCESSION ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 

,! EMANCIPATION ( ! S]FS WAS ONLY ONE AMONG A NUMB] ( PROJECT$ RE=MS :I* 5GAG$ M5'S M9DS4 ,! NATIONAL CONSCI5CE AWOKE & E*O$ ! CRY ( ! EXIL$ PATRIOT ,H]Z51 0,N[ OR NEV]60 ,$UCATIONAL 5T]PRISE WAS >\S$1 & SOME =TY S*OOLS = PEASANT *ILDR5 W]E />T$ ON ! MODEL ( ?AT OP5$ BY ,TOL/OY AT ,YASNAYA ,POLYANA 7#a#h#f#a74 ,! LIT]>Y WORLD ?ROBB$ ) NEW LIFE1 & A BRILLIANT COMPANY ( Y\NG WRIT]S CAME TO ! SURFACE1 C\NT+ AMONG !M NAMES ( ,EUROPEAN CELEBRITY1 SU* AS ,DO/OEVSKY1 ,NEKRASSOV1 & ,SALTYKOV4 ,UNHAPPILY ! REIGN ( ,PROGRESS WAS %ORT4 ,! BUREAUCRATIC CIRCLE HEMM+ 9 ! ,CZ> TOOK AL>M1 & MADE HA/E TO SECURE !IR ASC5DANCY BY FRE% MEASURES ( OPPRESSION4 ,MANY S*OOLS W]E CLOS$1 9CLUD+ ?AT ( ,TOL/OY1 & ! NASC5T LIB]TY ( ! ,PRESS WAS /IFL$ BY ! MO/ RIGID C5SOR%IP4 

,9 ?IS LAM5TABLE MANN] ! HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIA'S 9T]NAL MISRULE & DISORD] HAS CONT9U$ TO REPEAT ITSELF = ! LA/ SIXTY YE>S1 REVOLV+ 9 ! SAME VICI\S CIRCLE ( FI]CE REPRESSION & P]SECUTION & UTT] DISREG>D ( ! RI<TS ( 9DIVIDUALS1 FOLL[$ BY FI]CE REPRISALS ON ! P>T ( ! P]SECUT$2 ! VOICE ( PROTE/ NO SOON] RAIS$ ?AN SIL5C$ 9 A PRISON CELL OR AMONG ,SIB]IAN SN[-FIELDS1 YET RIS+ AGA9 & AGA9 ) 9EXT+UI%ABLE REIT]ATION2 APPEALS = POLITICAL FRE$OM1 = CON/ITUTIONAL GOV]NM5T1 = BETT] SY/EMS & WID] DISSEM9ATION ( $UCATION1 = LIB]TY ( ! ,PRESS1 & = AN 5LI<T5$ TREATM5T ( ! MASSES1 CALL\SLY RECEIV$ & REJECT$4 ,! ANSW] ) :I* !SE APPEALS HAVE BE5 MET BY ! RUL]S ( ,RUSSIA IS ONLY TOO WELL KN[N TO ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD1 BUT ! OBDURACY ( ,PH>AOH HAS CALL$ =? ! PLAGUES ( ,EGYPT4 ,DESPITE ! UNRIVAL$ AGR>IAN F]TILITY ( ,RUSSIA1 FAM9ES RECUR ) DIRE FREQU5CY1 ) DISEASE & RIOT 9 !IR TRA91 :ILE ! IGNOM9I\S T]M9ATION ( ! ,RUSSO-,JAPANESE W> %[$ ?AT EV5 ! MAGNIFIC5T MORALE ( ! ,RUSSIAN SOLDI] HAD BE5 UND]M9$ & WAS TA9T$ BY ! ROTT5NESS ( ! AU?ORITIES SET OV] HIM4 ,:AT 9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES AS !SE CAN A H&FUL ( PHILAN?ROPI/S A*IEVE1 & :AT AVAILS ALMS-GIV+ OR ! SCATT]+ ( L>GESSE TO A PEOPLE ON ! PO9T ( SPIRITUAL DISSOLUTION8 

,9 !SE CONDITIONS ,TOL/OY'S ABHORR5CE ( MONEY1 & HIS ASS]TION ( ITS FUTILITY AS A PANACEA = HUMAN SUFF]+1 APPE>S NOT M]ELY COMPREH5SIBLE BUT 9EVITABLE1 & HIS R5UNCIATION ( P]SONAL PROP]TY ! /RICTLY LOGICAL \TCOME ( HIS CONCLUSIONS4 ,! P>TITION ( HIS E/ATES BETWE5 HIS WIFE & *ILDR51 %ORTLY BE=E ! \TBREAK ( ! GREAT FAM9E 9 #a#h#i#b1 S]V$ TO RELIEVE HIS M9D P>TIALLY2 & ! WRIT+S ( ,H5RY ,GEORGE1 ) :I* HE BECAME ACQUA9T$ AT ?IS CRITICAL TIME1 W]E AN ADDITIONAL 9C5TIVE TO CONC5TRATE HIS ?\<TS ON ! L& QUE/ION4 ,HE BEGAN BY READ+ ! ,AM]ICAN PROPAG&I/'S 0,SOCIAL ,PROBLEMS10 :I* >RE/$ HIS ATT5TION BY ITS MA9 PR9CIPLES & BY ! CLE>NESS & NOVELTY ( HIS >GUM5TS4 ,DEEPLY IMPRESS$ BY ! /UDY ( ?IS BOOK1 NO SOON] HAD HE F9I%$ IT ?AN HE POSSESS$ HIMSELF ( ITS =]UNN]1 0,PROGRESS & ,POV]TY10 9 :I* ! ESS5CE ( ,GEORGE'S REVOLUTION>Y DOCTR9ES IS WORK$ \T4 

,! PLAN ( L& NATIONALIZATION !RE EXPLA9$ PROVID$ ,TOL/OY ) WELL ?\<T-\T & LOGICAL REASONS = A POLICY ?AT WAS ALREADY MORE ?AN SYMPA!TIC TO HIM4 ,H]E AT LA/ WAS A MEANS ( 5SUR+ ECONOMIC EQUALITY = ALL1 FROM ! L>GE/ L&[N] TO ! HUMBLE/ PEASANT--A PRACTICAL SUGGE/ION H[ TO R$UCE ! 9EQUALITIES BETWE5 RI* & POOR4 

,H5RY ,GEORGE'S IDEAS & ME?ODS >E EASY ( COMPREH5SION4 ,! L& WAS MADE BY ,GOD = EV]Y HUMAN CREATURE ?AT WAS BORN 9TO ! WORLD1 & !RE=E TO CONF9E ! [N]%IP ( L& TO ! FEW IS WRONG4 ,IF A MAN WANTS A PIECE ( L&1 HE \<T TO PAY ! RE/ ( ! COMMUNITY = ! 5JOYM5T ( IT4 ,?IS PAYM5T OR R5T %\LD BE ! ONLY TAX PAID 9TO ! ,TREASURY ( ! ,/ATE4 ,TAXATION ON M5'S [N PROP]TY 7! PRODUCE ( !IR [N LABOR7 %\LD BE DONE AWAY )1 & A R5T GRADUAT$ ACCORD+ TO ! SITE-VALUE ( ! L& %\LD BE SUB/ITUT$4 ,MONOPOLIES W\LD CEASE )\T VIOL5TLY & UNJU/LY DI/URB+ SOCIETY ) CONFISCATION & R$I/RIBUTION4 ,NO ONE W\LD KEEP L& IDLE IF HE W]E TAX$ ACCORD+ TO ITS VALUE TO ! COMMUNITY1 & NOT ACCORD+ TO ! USE TO :I* HE 9DIVIDUALLY WI%$ TO PUT IT4 ,A MAN W\LD !N READILY OBTA9 POSSESSION ( L&1 & C\LD TURN IT TO ACC\NT & DEVELOP IT )\T BE+ TAX$ ON HIS [N 9DU/RY4 ,ALL HUMAN BE+S W\LD ?US BECOME FREE 9 !IR LIVES & 9 !IR LABOR4 ,!Y W\LD NO LONG] BE =C$ TO TOIL AT DEMORALIZ+ WORK = L[ WAGES2 !Y W\LD BE 9DEP5D5T PRODUC]S 9/EAD ( E>N+ A LIV+ BY PROVID+ LUXURIES = ! RI*1 :O HAD 5SLAV$ !M BY MONOPOLIZ+ ! L&4 ,! S+LE TAX ?US CREAT$ W\LD ULTIMATELY OV]?R[ ! PRES5T 0CIVILIZATION0 :I* IS *IEFLY BUILT UP ON WAGE-SLAV]Y4 

,TOL/OY GAVE HIS :OLE-HE>T$ ADHESION TO ?IS DOCTR9E1 PR$ICT+ A DAY ( 5LI<T5M5T :5 M5 W\LD NO LONG] TOL]ATE A =M ( SLAV]Y :I* HE CONSID]$ AS REVOLT+ AS ?AT :I* HAD SO REC5TLY BE5 ABOLI%$4 ,SOME LONG CONV]SATIONS ) ,H5RY ,GEORGE1 :ILE HE WAS ON A VISIT TO ,YASNAYA ,POLYANA1 GAVE ADDITIONAL /R5G? TO ,TOL/OY'S CONVICTION ?AT 9 !SE !ORIES LAY ! ELEM5TS ESS5TIAL TO ! TRANS=MATION & REJUV5ATION ( HUMAN NATURE1 GO+ F> T[>DS ! LEVEL+ ( SOCIAL 9EQUALITIES4 ,BUT TO 9OCULATE ! L&$ PROPRIETORS ( ,RUSSIA AS A CLASS ) ?OSE !ORIES WAS A TASK :I* EV5 HIS G5IUS C\LD NOT HOPE TO ACCOMPLI%4 

,HE RECOGNIZ$ ! NECESSITY ( PROCE$+ FROM ! P>TICUL> TO ! G5]AL1 & ?AT ! P]FECT+ ( HUMAN 9/ITUTIONS WAS IMPOSSIBLE )\T A CORRESPOND+ P]FECTION 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,TO ?IS 5D !RE=E ! REMA9D] ( HIS LIFE WAS D$ICAT$4 ,HE HAD ALWAYS HELD 9 AV]SION :AT HE T]M$ EXT]NAL EPIDEMIC 9FLU5CES3 HE N[ 5DEAVOR$ TO FREE HIMSELF NOT ONLY FROM ALL CURR5T CONV5TIONS1 BUT FROM EV]Y ASSOCIATION :I* HE HAD =M]LY *]I%$4 ,SELF-ANALYSIS & G5]AL OBS]VATION HAD TAU<T HIM ?AT M5 >E S5SUAL BE+S1 & ?AT S5SUALISM MU/ DIE = WANT ( FOOD IF IT W]E NOT = SEX 9/9CTS1 IF IT W]E NOT = ,>T1 & ESPECIALLY = ,MUSIC4 ,?IS VIEW ( LIFE HE =CIBLY EXPRESS$ 9 ! 0,KREUTZ] ,SONATA10 9 :I* ,WOMAN & ,MUSIC1 ! TWO MAGNETS ( HIS Y\?1 W]E IMPEA*$ AS P[]S ( EVIL4 ,ALREADY1 9 0,W> & ,PEACE0 & 9 0,ANNA ,K>59A10 HIS DESCRIPTIONS ( FEMALE *>MS RESEMBL$ CATALOGS ( WEAPONS AGA9/ :I* A MAN MU/ >M HIMSELF OR P]I%4 ,! BEAUTIFUL ,PR9CESS ,HEL5A1 ) H] GLEAM+ %\LD]S1 H] FAULTLESS :ITE BOSOM1 & H] ET]NAL SMILE IS EVID5TLY AN OBJECT ( AV]SION TO H] CREATOR2 EV5 AS ! ,C\NTESS ,BETSY1 ) H] PETTY COQUETRIES & DEVICES = ATTRACT+ ATT5TION AT ! ,OP]A & ELSE:]E1 IS A T>GET = HIS CONTEMPT4 0,WOMAN IS A /UMBL+-BLOCK 9 A MAN'S C>E]10 REM>KS A PHILOSOPHICAL HUSB& 9 0,ANNA ,K>59A40 0,IT IS DIFFICULT TO LOVE A WOMAN & DO ANY GOOD WORK1 & ! ONLY WAY TO ESCAPE BE+ R$UC$ TO 9ACTION IS TO M>RY40 

,EV5 9 HIS CORRESPOND5CE ) ! ,C\NTESS ,A4 ,A4 ,TOL/OY ?IS SLI<T+ TONE PREVAILS4 0,A WOMAN HAS BUT ONE MORAL WEAPON 9/EAD ( ! :OLE MALE >S5AL4 ,?AT IS LOVE1 & ONLY ) ?IS WEAPON IS FEM99E $UCATION SUCCESSFULLY C>RI$ =W>D40 ,TOL/OY1 9 FACT1 BETRAY$ A T\* ( ORI5TALISM 9 HIS ATTITUDE T[>DS WOM54 ,9 P>T NO D\BT AS A RESULT ( HIS MO!RLESS Y\?1 9 P>T TO ! FACT ?AT HIS IDEALISM WAS NEV] /IMULAT$ BY ANY ONE WOMAN AS IT WAS BY 9DIVIDUAL M51 HIS VIEWS RETA9$ ?IS COLOR+ ON SEX QUE/IONS :ILE !Y BECAME WID5$ & MODIFI$ 9 ALMO/ EV]Y O!R FIELD ( HUMAN PHILOSOPHY4 ,IT WAS ONLY ?AT1 ) A REVULSION ( FEEL+ NOT SELDOM EXP]I5C$ BY E>NE/ ?9K]S1 ATTRACTION WAS SUCCE$$ BY A REPULSION :I* REA*$ ! HI< NOTE ( EXASP]ATION :5 HE WROTE TO A MAN FRI5D1 0,A WOMAN 9 GOOD HEAL?--:Y1 %E IS A REGUL> BEA/ ( PREY60 

,NONE ! LESS1 HE %[$ GREAT K9DNESS & SYMPA?Y TO ! WOM5 :O S\<T HIS SOCIETY1 APPEAL+ TO HIM = GUIDANCE4 ,ONE ( !SE 7AN ,AM]ICAN1 & H]SELF A PRACTICAL PHILAN?ROPI/71 ,MISS ,JANE ,ADDAMS1 EXPRESS$ ) FEEL+ H] S5SE ( HIS P]SONAL 9FLU5CE4 0,! GLIMPSE ( ,TOL/OY HAS MADE A PR(\ND IMPRESSION ON ME1 NOT SO MU* BY :AT HE SAID1 AS ! LIFE1 ! G5TL5ESS1 ! S\L ( HIM4 ,I AM SURE Y\ WILL UND]/& MY SAY+ ?AT ,I GOT MORE ( ,TOL/OY'S PHILOSOPHY FROM \R CONV]SATIONS ?AN ,I HAD GOTT5 FROM \R BOOKS40 7,QUOT$ BY ,AYLM] ,MAUDE 9 HIS 0,LIFE ( ,TOL/OY407 

,AS FREQU5TLY HAPP5S 9 ! LIVES ( RE=M]S1 ,TOL/OY F\ND HIMSELF MORE (T5 9 AFF9ITY ) /RANG]S ?AN ) HIS [N K94 ,! E/RANGEM5T ( HIS IDEALS FROM ?OSE ( HIS WIFE NECESS>ILY AFFECT$ !IR CONJUGAL RELATIONS1 & ! DECL9E ( MUTUAL SYMPA?Y 9EVITABLY 9DUC$ PHYSICAL ALI5ATION4 ,! /RESS ( M5TAL ANGUI% >IS+ FROM !SE CONDITIONS F\ND V5T 9 PAGES ( HIS DI>IES 7MU* ( :I* ,I HAVE BE5 P]MITT$ TO READ71 PAGES CONTA9+ MATT] TOO SACR$ & 9TIMATE TO USE4 ,! DI>IES %$ A FLOOD ( LI<T ON ,TOL/OY'S IDEAS1 MOTIVES1 & MANN] ( LIFE1 & HAVE MODIFI$ SOME ( MY OP9IONS1 EXPLA9+ MANY HI!RTO OBSCURE PO9TS1 :ILE !Y HAVE ALSO 5HANC$ MY ADMIRATION = ! MAN4 ,!Y NOT ONLY T\* ON MANY DELICATE SUBJECTS--ON HIS RELATIONS TO HIS WIFE & FAMILY--BUT !Y ALSO GIVE ! TRUE REASONS = LEAV+ HIS HOME AT LA/1 & EXPLA9 :Y HE DID NOT DO SO BE=E4 ,! TIME1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 IS NOT RIPE = DISCLOSURES ( ?IS NATURE1 :I* SO CLOSELY CONC]N ! LIV+4 

,DESPITE A /RONG RE9 ( RE/RA9T HIS M5TAL DI/RESS P]MEATES ! T\*+ LETT] ( F>EWELL :I* HE WROTE SOME SIXTE5 YE>S BE=E HIS DEA?4 ,HE1 H[EV]1 %RANK FROM ACT+ UPON IT1 BE+ UNABLE TO SATISFY HIMSELF ?AT IT WAS A RI<T /EP4 ,?IS LETT] HAS ALREADY APPE>$ 9 =EIGN PUBLICATIONS1"9 BUT IT IS QUOT$ H]E BECAUSE 0,I HAVE SUFF]$ LONG1 DE> ,SOPHIE1 FROM ! DISCORD BETWE5 MY LIFE & MY BELIEFS4 

 "9 ,& 9 ,BIRUKOV'S %ORT ,LIFE ( ,TOL/OY1 #a#i#a#a4 ( ! LI<T :I* IT ?R[S ON ! *>ACT] & DISPOSITION ( ! WRIT]1 ! WORK+S ( HIS M9D BE+ ( GREAT] MOM5T TO US ?AN ?OSE IMPULSIVE ACTIONS BY :I* HE WAS TOO (T5 JUDG$4  
  

0,I CANNOT CON/RA9 Y\ TO ALT] Y\R LIFE OR Y\R ACCU/OM$ WAYS4 ,NEI!R HAVE ,I HAD ! /R5G? TO LEAVE Y\ ]E ?IS1 = ,I ?\<T MY ABS5CE MI<T DEPRIVE ! LITTLE ONES1 /ILL SO Y\NG1 ( :ATEV] 9FLU5CE ,I MAY HAVE OV] !M1 & ABOVE ALL ?AT ,I %\LD GRIEVE Y\4 ,BUT ,I CAN NO LONG] LIVE AS ,I HAVE LIV$ !SE LA/ SIXTE5 YE>S1 SOMETIMES BATTL+ ) Y\ & IRRITAT+ Y\1 SOMETIMES MYSELF GIV+ WAY TO ! 9FLU5CES & S$UCTIONS TO :I* ,I AM ACCU/OM$ & :I* SURR\ND ME4 ,I HAVE N[ RESOLV$ TO DO :AT ,I HAVE LONG DESIR$3 TO GO AWAY 4 4 4 ,EV5 AS ! ,H9DUS1 AT ! AGE ( SIXTY1 BETAKE !MSELVES TO ! JUNGLE2 EV5 AS EV]Y AG$ & RELIGI\S-M9D$ MAN DESIRES TO CONSECRATE ! LA/ YE>S ( HIS LIFE TO ,GOD & NOT TO IDLE TALK1 TO MAK+ JOKES1 TO GOSSIP+1 TO LAWN-T5NIS2 SO ,I1 HAV+ REA*$ ! AGE ( SEV5TY1 LONG ) ALL MY S\L = CALM & SOLITUDE1 & IF NOT P]FECT H>MONY1 AT LEA/ A CESSATION FROM ?IS HORRIBLE DISCORD BETWE5 MY :OLE LIFE & MY CONSCI5CE4 

0,IF ,I HAD GONE AWAY OP5LY !RE W\LD HAVE BE5 5TREATIES1 DISCUSSIONS3 ,I %\LD HAVE WAV]$1 & P]HAPS FAIL$ TO ACT ON MY DECISION1 :]EAS IT MU/ BE SO4 ,I PRAY ( Y\ TO =GIVE ME IF MY ACTION GRIEVES Y\4 ,& DO Y\1 ,SOPHIE1 9 P>TICUL> LET ME GO1 NEI!R SEEK+ ME \T1 NOR BE>+ ME ILL-WILL1 NOR BLAM+ ME 4 4 4 ! FACT ?AT ,I HAVE LEFT Y\ DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ,I HAVE CAUSE ( COMPLA9T AGA9/ Y\ 4 4 4 ,I KN[ Y\ W]E NOT ABLE1 Y\ W]E 9CAPABLE ( ?9K+ & SEE+ AS ,I DO1 & !RE=E Y\ C\LD NOT *ANGE Y\R LIFE & MAKE SACRIFICES TO ?AT :I* Y\ DID NOT ACCEPT4 ,BESIDES1 ,I DO NOT BLAME Y\2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,I REMEMB] ) LOVE & GRATITUDE ! ?IRTY-FIVE LONG YE>S ( \R LIFE 9 COMMON1 & ESPECIALLY ! FIR/ HALF ( ! TIME :51 ) ! C\RAGE & DEVOTION ( Y\R MAT]NAL NATURE1 Y\ BRAVELY BORE :AT Y\ REG>D$ AS Y\R MISSION4 ,Y\ HAVE GIV5 L>GELY ( MAT]NAL LOVE & MADE SOME HEAVY SACRIFICES 4 4 4 BUT DUR+ ! LATT] P>T ( \R LIFE TOGE!R1 DUR+ ! LA/ FIFTE5 YE>S1 \R WAYS HAVE P>T$4 ,I CANNOT ?9K MYSELF ! GUILTY ONE2 ,I KN[ ?AT IF ,I HAVE *ANG$ IT IS NOT [+ TO Y\1 OR TO ! WORLD1 BUT BECAUSE ,I C\LD NOT DO O!RWISE2 NOR CAN ,I JUDGE Y\ = NOT HAV+ FOLL[$ ME1 & ,I ?ANK Y\ = :AT Y\ HAVE GIV5 ME & WILL EV] REMEMB] IT ) AFFECTION4 

0,ADIEU1 MY DE> ,SOPHIE1 ,I LOVE Y\40 

,! P]SONAL ISOLATION HE CRAV$ WAS NEV] TO BE HIS2 BUT ! ISOLATION ( SPIRIT ESS5TIAL TO LEAD]%IP1 :E!R ( ?\<T OR ACTION1 GREW YE> BY YE>1 SO ?AT 9 HIS [N H\SEHOLD HE WAS V]ITABLY 09 IT BUT NOT ( IT40 

,AT TIMES HIS LONEL9ESS WEI<$ UPON HIM1 AS :5 HE WROTE3 0,Y\ W\LD F9D IT DIFFICULT TO IMAG9E H[ ISOLAT$ ,I AM1 TO :AT AN EXT5T MY TRUE SELF IS DESPIS$ BY ?OSE :O SURR\ND ME40 ,BUT HE MU/1 NONE ! LESS1 HAVE REALIZ$1 AS ALL PROPHETS & SE]S HAVE DONE1 ?AT SOLIT>9ESS ( S\L & FRE$OM FROM ! PETTY COMPLEXITIES ( SOCIAL LIFE >E NECESS>Y TO ! MY/IC :OSE CON/ANT 5DEAVOR IS TO SIMPLIFY & TO W9N[1 ! TRANSI5T FROM ! ET]NAL4 

,NOT)/&+ ! ISOLATION ( HIS 9N] LIFE HE REMA9$--OR IT MI<T MORE ACCURATELY BE SAID HE BECAME--! MO/ ACCESSIBLE ( M54 

,APPEALS = GUIDANCE CAME TO HIM FROM ALL P>TS ( ! WORLD--,AM]ICA1 ,FRANCE1 ,*9A1 ,JAPAN--:ILE ,YASNAYA ,POLYANA WAS ! FREQU5T RESORT ( ?OSE NE$+ ADVICE1 SYMPA?Y1 OR PRACTICAL ASSI/ANCE4 ,NONE APPEAL$ TO HIM 9 VA92 AT ! SAME TIME1 HE WAS EXCE$+LY *>Y ( EXPLICIT RULES ( CONDUCT4 ,IT MI<T BE SAID ( ,TOL/OY ?AT HE BECAME A SPIRITUAL LEAD] 9 SPITE ( HIMSELF1 SO AV]SE WAS HE FROM ASSUM+ AU?ORITY4 ,HIS AIM WAS EV] TO TEA* HIS FOLL[]S !MSELVES TO HE> ! 9W>D MONITORY VOICE1 & TO OBEY IT ( !IR [N ACCORD4 0,TO KN[ ! MEAN+ ( ,LIFE1 Y\ MU/ FIR/ KN[ ! MEAN+ ( ,LOVE10 HE W\LD SAY2 0& !N SEE ?AT Y\ DO :AT LOVE BIDS Y\40 ,HIS DI/RU/ ( 0EPIDEMIC IDEAS0 EXT5D$ TO RELIGI\S COMMUNITIES & CONGREGATIONS4 

0,WE MU/ NOT GO TO MEET EA* O!R1 BUT GO EA* ( US TO ,GOD4 ,Y\ SAY IT IS EASI] TO GO ALL TOGE!R8 ,:Y YES1 TO DIG OR TO M[4 ,BUT ONE CAN ONLY DRAW NE> TO ,GOD 9 ISOLATION 4 4 4 ,I PICTURE ! WORLD TO MYSELF AS A VA/ TEMPLE1 9 :I* ! LI<T FALLS FROM ABOVE 9 ! V]Y C5T]4 ,TO MEET TOGE!R ALL MU/ GO T[>DS ! LI<T4 ,!RE WE %ALL F9D \RSELVES1 GA!R$ FROM MANY QU>T]S1 UNIT$ ) M5 WE DID NOT EXPECT TO SEE2 !RE9 IS JOY40 

,! HUMILITY :I* HAD SO COMPLETELY SUPPLANT$ HIS Y\?FUL >ROGANCE1 & :I* MADE HIM %R9K FROM IMPELL+ O!RS TO FOLL[ 9 HIS /EPS1 5DU$ HIM ALSO ) ! TEA*ABL5ESS ( A *ILD T[>DS ?OSE :OM HE ACCEPT$ AS HIS SPIRITUAL M5TORS4 ,IT WAS A PEASANT NONCON=MI/ WRIT]1 ,S\TAEV1 :O BY CONV]S+ ) HIM ON ! REVELATIONS ( ! ,GOSPELS HELP$ HIM TO REGA9 HIS *ILDHOOD'S FAI?1 & 9CID5TALLY BR\<T HIM 9TO CLOS] RELATIONS ) RELIGI\S1 BUT O!RWISE UNTAU<T1 M5 ( ! PEOPLE4 ,HE SAW H[ 9/EAD ( RAIL+ AGA9/ FATE AFT] ! MANN] ( !IR SOCIAL SUP]IORS1 !Y 5DUR$ SICKNESS & MIS=TUNE ) A CALM CONFID5CE ?AT ALL WAS BY ! WILL ( ,GOD1 AS IT MU/ BE & %\LD BE4 ,FROM HIS PEASANT TEA*]S HE DREW ! WAT*WORDS ,FAI?1 ,LOVE1 & ,LABOR1 & BY !IR LI<T HE E/ABLI%$ ?AT CONCORD 9 HIS [N LIFE )\T :I* ! CONCORD ( ! UNIV]SE REMA9S IMPOSSIBLE TO REALIZE4 ,! PROCESS ( 9W>D /RUGGLE--TOLD ) UNSP>+ TRU? 9 0,CONFESSION0--IS F9ELY PA9T$ 9 0,FA!R ,S]GE10 :OSE LIFE /ORY PO9TS TO ! CONCLUSION AT :I* ,TOL/OY ULTIMATELY >RIV$1 NAMELY1 ?AT NOT 9 )DRAWAL FROM ! COMMON TRIALS & TEMPTATIONS ( M51 BUT 9 %>+ !M1 LIES \R BE/ FULFILLM5T ( \R DUTY T[>DS MANK9D & T[>DS ,GOD4 ,TOL/OY GAVE PRACTICAL EFFECT TO ?IS PR9CIPLE1 & TO ?IS LONG-FELT DESIRE TO BE ( USE TO ! POOR ( ! C\NTRY1 BY $IT+ & PUBLI%+1 AID$ BY HIS FRI5D ,*]TKOV1"9 MOD]N LIT]ATURE HAS AWAK5$ SO UNIV]SAL A S5SE ( SYMPA?Y & ADMIRATION1 P]HAPS BECAUSE NONE HAS BE5 SO 5TIRELY A LABOR ( LOVE4 

 "9 ,9 ,RUSSIA & \T ( IT ,MR4 ,*]TKOV HAS BE5 ! SUBJECT ( VIOL5T ATTACK4 ,MANY ( ! MISUND]/&+S ( ,TOL/OY'S LAT] YE>S HAVE ALSO BE5 ATTRIBUT$ BY CRITICS1 & BY ?OSE :O HATE OR BELITTLE HIS IDEAS1 TO ! 9FLU5CE ( ?IS FRI5D4 ,!SE ATTACKS >E V]Y REGRETTABLE & REQUIRE A WORD ( PROTE/4 ,FROM TALES1 SUIT$ TO ! MEANS & 9TELLIG5CE ( ! HUMBLE/ PEASANT4 ,! UND]TAK+ WAS 9ITIAT$ 9 #a#h#h#e1 & CONT9U$ = MANY YE>S TO OCCUPY MU* ( ,TOL/OY'S TIME & 5]GIES4 ,HE ?REW HIMSELF ) >DOR 9TO HIS $ITORIAL DUTIES2 READ+ & CORRECT+ MANUSCRIPTS1 RETURN+ !M SOMETIMES TO ! AU?ORS ) ADVICE AS TO !IR RECON/RUCTION1 & MAK+ TRANSLATIONS FROM =EIGN WORKS--ALL ?IS 9 ADDITION TO HIS [N ORIG9AL CONTRIBUTIONS1 9 :I* HE C>RI$ \T ! PR9CIPLE :I* HE CON/ANTLY LAID D[N = HIS COLLABORATORS1 ?AT LIT]>Y GRACES MU/ BE SET ASIDE1 & ?AT ! M5TAL CALIB] ( ?OSE = :OM ! BOOKS W]E PRIM>ILY 9T5D$ MU/ BE CON/ANTLY BORNE 9 M9D4 ,HE ATTA9$ A SPL5DID FULFILLM5T ( HIS [N !ORIES1 EMPLOY+ ! M\JIK'S EXPRESSIVE V]NACUL> 9 PORTRAY+ HIS HOMELY WISDOM1 RELIGI\S FAI?1 & GOODNESS ( NATURE4 ,SOMETIMES ! PREVAIL+ SIMPLICITY ( /YLE & MOTIVE IS T+$ ) A VAGUE COLOR+ ( ORI5TAL LEG5D1 BUT ! P]SONAL ACC5T IS M>K$ ?R\<\T4 ,NO SIMIL> A*IEVEM5T 9 ! BEG9N+ ,MR4 ,*]TKOV HAS /RIV5 TO SPREAD ! IDEAS ( ,TOL/OY1 & HAS WON NEI!R GLORY NOR MONEY FROM HIS FAI?FUL & S+LE-HE>T$ DEVOTION4 ,HE HAS C>RI$ ON HIS WORK ) A R>E LOVE & SYMPA?Y 9 SPITE ( DIFFICULTIES4 ,NO ONE APPRECIAT$ OR VALU$ HIS FRI5D%IP & SELF-SACRIFICE MORE ?AN ,TOL/OY HIMSELF1 :O WAS FIRMLY ATTA*$ TO HIM FROM ! DATE ( HIS FIR/ MEET+1 CONSULT+ HIM & CONFID+ 9 HIM AT EV]Y MOM5T1 EV5 DUR+ ,MR4 ,*]TKOV'S LONG EXILE4  
  

,! S]IES ( $UCATIONAL PRIM]S :I* ,TOL/OY PREP>$ & PUBLI%$ CONCURR5TLY ) ! 0,POPUL> ,TALES0 HAVE HAD AN EQUALLY L>GE1 ?\< EXCLUSIVELY ,RUSSIAN1 CIRCULATION1 BE+ ADMIRABLY SUIT$ TO !IR PURPOSE--?AT ( TEA*+ Y\NG *ILDR5 ! RUDIM5TS ( HI/ORY1 GEOGRAPHY1 & SCI5CE4 ,LITTLE LEISURE REMA9$ = ! S]VICE ( ,>T4 

,! HI/ORY ( ,TOL/OY AS A MAN ( LETT]S =MS A SEP>ATE PAGE ( HIS BIOGRAPHY1 & ONE 9TO :I* IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO 5T] 9 ! BRIEF COMPASS ( ?IS 9TRODUCTION4 ,IT REQUIRES1 H[EV]1 A PASS+ ALLUSION4 ,TOL/OY EV5 9 HIS E>LY DAYS NEV] SEEMS TO HAVE APPROA*$ NE> TO ?AT MANN] ( LIFE :I* ! LIT]>Y MAN LEADS3 NEI!R TO HAVE %UT HIMSELF UP 9 HIS /UDY1 NOR TO HAVE B>R$ ! 5TRANCE TO DI/URB+ FRI5DS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 HE WAS FOND ( SOCIETY1 & DUR+ HIS BRIEF RESID5CE 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG WAS NEV] SO 5GROSS$ 9 AU?OR%IP AS TO =EGO ! PLEASURE ( A BALL OR EV5+ 5T]TA9M5T4 ,LITTLE WOND]1 :5 ONE LOOKS BACK AT ! BRILLIANT Y\NG (FIC] SURR\ND$ & PETT$ BY ! GREAT HO/ESSES ( ,RUSSIA4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 HE WAS NO DEVOTEE AT ! LIT]>Y ALT>4 ,NO PATRON ( LIT]ATURE C\LD CLAIM HIM AS HIS CON/ANT VISITOR2 NO 9N] CIRCLE ( M5 ( LETT]S MONOPOLIZ$ HIS IDLE H\RS4 ,AFT]W>DS1 :5 HE LEFT ! CAPITAL & SETTL$ 9 ! C\NTRY1 HE WAS ALMO/ 5TIRELY CUT (F FROM ! ASSOCIATION ( LIT]>Y M51 & NEV] SEEMS TO HAVE S\<T !IR COMPANION%IP4 ,NEV]!LESS1 HE HAD ALL ?R\< HIS LIFE MANY FA/ FRI5DS1 AMONG !M SU* AS ! POET ,FET1 ! NOVELI/ ,*EKHOV1 & ! GREAT ,RUSSIAN LIBR>IAN ,/ASSOV1 :O (T5 CAME TO HIM4 ,!SE VISITS ALWAYS GAVE HIM PLEASURE4 ,! DISCUSSIONS1 :E!R ON ! LIT]>Y MOVEM5TS ( ! DAY OR ON ! M]ITS ( ,GOE! OR ! HUMOR ( ,GOGOL1 W]E WELCOME 9T]RUPTIONS TO HIS EV]-ABSORB+ METAPHYSICAL /UDIES4 ,9 LAT] LIFE1 ALSO1 ?\< NEV] 9 T\* ) ! RIS+ G5]ATION ( AU?ORS1 WE F9D HIM CORRESPOND+ ) !M1 CRITICIZ+ !IR /YLE & SUBJECT MATT]4 ,:5 ,&REEV1 ! MO/ MOD]N ( ALL MOD]N ,RUSSIAN WRIT]S1 CAME TO PAY HIS RESPECTS TO ,TOL/OY SOME MON?S BE=E HIS DEA?1 HE WAS RECEIV$ ) CORDIALITY1 AL?\< ,TOL/OY1 AS HE EXPRESS$ HIMSELF AFT]W>DS1 FELT ?AT !RE WAS A GREAT GULF FIX$ BETWE5 !M4 

,LIT]ATURE1 AS LIT]ATURE1 HAD LO/ ITS *>M = HIM4 0,Y\ >E P]FECTLY RI<T10 HE WRITES TO A FRI5D2 0,I C>E ONLY = ! IDEA1 & ,I PAY NO ATT5TION TO MY /YLE40 ,! IDEA WAS ! IMPORTANT ?+ TO ,TOL/OY 9 EV]Y?+ ?AT HE READ OR WROTE4 ,:5 HIS ATT5TION WAS DRAWN TO AN ILLUM9AT+ ESSAY ON ! POET ,L]MONTOV HE WAS PLEAS$ ) IT1 NOT BECAUSE IT DEMON/RAT$ ,L]MONTOV'S POSITION 9 ! LIT]>Y HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIA1 BUT BECAUSE IT PO9T$ \T ! MORAL AIMS :I* UND]LAY ! WILD ,BYRONISM ( HIS WORKS4 ,HE REPROA*$ ! NOVELI/ ,LESKOV1 :O HAD S5T HIM HIS LATE/ NOVEL1 = ! 0EXUB]ANCE0 ( HIS FL[]S ( SPEE* & = HIS FLORID S5T5CES--BEAUTIFUL 9 !IR WAY1 HE SAYS1 BUT 9EXP$I5T & UNNECESS>Y4 ,HE EV5 C\NSEL$ ! Y\NG] G5]ATION TO GIVE UP POETRY AS A =M ( EXPRESSION & TO USE PROSE 9/EAD4 ,POETRY1 HE MA9TA9$1 WAS ALWAYS >TIFICIAL & OBSCURE4 ,HIS ATTITUDE T[>DS ! >T ( WRIT+ REMA9$ TO ! 5D ONE ( HO/ILITY4 ,:5EV] HE CAU<T HIMSELF WORK+ = >T HE WAS WONT TO REPROA* HIMSELF1 & HIS DI>IES CONTA9 MANY RECRIM9ATIONS AGA9/ HIS [N WEAKNESS 9 YIELD+ TO ?IS BESETT+ TEMPTATION4 ,YET TO !SE V]Y LAPSES WE >E 9DEBT$ = ?IS COLLECTION ( FRAGM5TS4 

,! GREAT] NUMB] ( /ORIES & PLAYS CONTA9$ 9 !SE VOLUMES DATE FROM ! YE>S FOLL[+ UPON ,TOL/OY'S P$AGOGIC ACTIVITY4 ,LONG 9T]VALS1 H[EV]1 ELAPS$ 9 MO/ CASES BETWE5 ! ORIG9AL SYNOPSIS & ! F9AL T\*ES4 ,?US 0,FA!R ,S]GE10 ( :I* HE SKET*$ ! \TL9E TO ,MR4 ,*]TKOV 9 #a#h#i1 WAS SO (T5 PUT ASIDE TO MAKE WAY = PURELY E?ICAL WRIT+S ?AT NOT TILL #ahih DOES ! 5TRY OCCUR 9 HIS DI>Y1 0,TO-DAY1 QUITE UNEXPECT$LY1 ,I F9I%$ ,S]GE40 ,A YE> PREVI\SLY A DRAMATIC 9CID5T HAD COME TO HIS KN[L$GE1 :I* HE ELABORAT$ 9 ! PLAY 5TITL$ 0,! ,MAN :O WAS DEAD40 ,IT RAN ON ! L9ES FAMILI>IZ$ BY ,5O* ,>D5 & SIMIL> /ORIES1 ( A WIFE DES]T$ BY H] HUSB& & SUPPORT$ 9 HIS ABS5CE BY A B5EFACTOR1 :OM %E SUBSEQU5TLY M>RIES4 ,9 ?IS 9/ANCE ! SUPPOS$ DEAD MAN WAS SUDD5LY RESUSCITAT$ AS ! RESULT ( HIS [N ADMISSIONS 9 HIS CUPS1 ! WIFE & H] SECOND HUSB& BE+ CONSEQU5TLY >RE/$ & CONDEMN$ TO A T]M ( IMPRISONM5T4 ,TOL/OY S]I\SLY ATTACK$ ! SUBJECT DUR+ ! SUMM] ( #a#i1 & HAV+ BR\<T IT )9 A MEASURABLE DI/ANCE ( COMPLETION 9 A %ORT] TIME ?AN WAS USUAL ) HIM1 SUBMITT$ IT TO ! JUDGM5T ( A CIRCLE ( FRI5DS4 ,! DRAMA MADE A DEEP IMPRESSION ON ! PRIVILEG$ FEW :O READ IT1 & SOME M5TION ( IT APPE>$ 9 ! NEWSPAP]S4 

,%ORTLY AFT]W>DS A Y\NG MAN CAME TO SEE ,TOL/OY 9 PRIVATE4 ,HE BEGG$ HIM TO REFRA9 FROM PUBLI%+ 0,! ,MAN :O WAS DEAD10 AS IT WAS ! HI/ORY ( HIS MO!R'S LIFE1 & W\LD DI/RESS H] GRAVELY1 BESIDES POSSIBLY OCCASION+ FUR!R POLICE 9T]V5TION4 ,TOL/OY PROMPTLY CONS5T$1 & ! PLAY REMA9$1 AS IT N[ APPE>S1 9 AN UNF9I%$ CONDITION4 ,HE HAD ALREADY FELT D\BTFUL :E!R 0IT WAS A ?+ ,GOD W\LD APPROVE10 ,>T = ,>T'S SAKE HAV+ 9 HIS EYES NO RI<T TO EXI/5CE4 ,= ?IS REASON A DIDACTIC T5D5CY IS 9CREAS+LY EVID5T 9 !SE LAT] /ORIES4 0,AFT] ! ,BALL0 GIVES A PA9FUL PICTURE ( ,RUSSIAN MILIT>Y CRUELTY2 0,! ,=G$ ,C\PON0 TRACES ! CANC]\S GR[? ( EVIL1 & DEMON/RATES ) DRAMATIC =CE ! CUMULATIVE MIS]Y RESULT+ FROM ONE APP>5TLY TRIVIAL ACT ( WRONGDO+4 

,( ! ?REE PLAYS 9CLUD$ 9 !SE VOLUMES1 0,! ,LI<T ?AT %9ES 9 ,D>KNESS0 HAS A SPECIAL CLAIM TO \R ATT5TION AS AN EXAMPLE ( AUTOBIOGRAPHY 9 ! GUISE ( DRAMA4 ,IT IS A SPECIM5 ( ,TOL/OY'S GIFT ( SEE+ HIMSELF AS O!RS SAW HIM1 & VIEW+ A QUE/ION 9 ALL ITS BE>+S4 ,IT PRES5TS NOT ACTIONS BUT IDEAS1 GIV+ ) 5TIRE IMP>TIALITY ! OP9IONS ( HIS HOME CIRCLE1 ( HIS FRI5DS1 ( ! ,*UR* & ( ! ,/ATE1 9 REG>D TO HIS ALTRUI/IC PROPAG&A & TO ! AN>*ISM ( :I* HE HAS BE5 ACCUS$4 ,! SC5E ( ! R5UNCIATION ( ! E/ATES ( ! H]O MAY BE TAK5 AS A LIT]AL V]SION ( :AT ACTUALLY TOOK PLACE 9 REG>D TO ,TOL/OY HIMSELF1 :ILE ! DIALOGUES BY :I* ! PIECE IS C>RI$ =W>D >E MORE LIKE V]BATIM RECORDS ?AN IMAG9>Y CONV]SATIONS4 

,?IS PLAY WAS1 9 ADDITION1 A M$IUM BY :I* ,TOL/OY EMPHASIZ$ HIS ABHORR5CE ( MILIT>Y S]VICE1 & PROBABLY = ?IS REASON ITS PRODUCTION IS ABSOLUTELY =BIDD5 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,A WORD MAY BE SAID H]E ON ,TOL/OY'S SO-CALL$ ,AN>*Y1 A T]M ADMITT+ ( GRAVE MISCON/RUCTION4 ,9 ?AT HE D5I$ ! B5EFIT ( EXI/+ GOV]NM5TS TO ! PEOPLE OV] :OM !Y RUL$1 & 9 ?AT HE /IGMATIZ$ /&+ >MIES AS 0COLLECTIONS ( DISCIPL9$ MURD]]S10 ,TOL/OY WAS AN ,AN>*I/2 BUT 9 ?AT HE REPROBAT$ ! ME?ODS ( VIOL5CE1 NO MATT] H[ RI<TE\S ! CAUSE AT /AKE1 & UPHELD BY WORD & DE$ ! GOSPEL ( ,LOVE & SUBMISSION1 HE CANNOT BE JUDG$ GUILTY ( ,AN>*ISM 9 ITS FULL SIGNIFICANCE4 ,HE C\LD NOT1 H[EV]1 SUPPRESS ! SYMPA?Y :I* HE FELT ) ?OSE :OSE RESI/ANCE TO OPPRESSION BR\<T !M 9TO DEADLY CONFLICT ) AUTOCRACY4 ,HE F\ND 9 ! ,CAUCASIAN *IEFTA91 ,HAJJI ,MURAT1 A SUBJECT FULL ( HUMAN 9T]E/ & DRAMATIC POSSIBILITIES2 & ?\< SOME EI<T YE>S PASS$ BE=E HE CORRECT$ ! MANUSCRIPT = ! LA/ TIME 79 #a#i#c71 IT IS EVID5T FROM ! NUMB]S ( 5TRIES 9 HIS DI>Y ?AT IT HAD GREATLY OCCUPI$ HIS ?\<TS SO F> BACK EV5 AS ! P]IOD :I* HE SP5T 9 ,TIFLIS PRIOR TO ! ,CRIMEAN W>4 ,IT WAS !N ?AT ! F9AL SUBJUGATION ( ! ,CAUCASUS TOOK PLACE1 & ,%AMIL & HIS DEVOT$ B& MADE !IR LA/ /RUGGLE = FRE$OM4 ,AFT] ! LAPSE ( HALF A C5TURY1 ,TOL/OY GAVE V5T 9 0,HAJJI ,MURAT0 TO ! RES5TM5T :I* ! MILIT>Y DESPOTISM ( ,NI*OLAS ,I4 HAD R\S$ 9 HIS S5SITIVE & FE>LESS SPIRIT4 

,C\RAGE WAS ! DOM9ANT NOTE 9 ,TOL/OY'S *>ACT]1 & NONE HAVE EXCELL$ HIM 9 PORTRAY+ BRAVE M54 ,HIS [N FE>LESSNESS WAS ( ! R>E/1 9 ?AT IT WAS BO? PHYSICAL & MORAL4 ,! METTLE TRI$ & PROV$ AT ,SEBA/OPOL SU/A9$ HIM :5 HE HAD DRAWN ON HIMSELF ! BITT] ANIMOSITY ( 0,HOLY ,SYNOD0 & ! REL5TLESS ANG] ( ,CZ>DOM4 ,9 SPITE ( HIS NONRESI/ANCE DOCTR9E1 ,TOL/OY'S C\RAGE WAS NOT ( ! PASSIVE ORD]4 ,IT WAS HIS NATURAL B5T TO R\SE HIS FOES TO COMBAT1 RA!R ?AN WAIT = !IR ATTACK1 TO PUT ON ! DEF5SIVE EV]Y FALSEHOOD & EV]Y WRONG ( :I* HE WAS COGNIZANT4 ,TRU? 9 HIMSELF & 9 O!RS WAS :AT HE MO/ DESIR$1 & ?AT TO :I* HE /ROVE AT ALL CO/S TO ATTA94 ,HE WAS HIS [N SEV]E/ CRITIC1 WEI<+ HIS [N ACTIONS1 ANALYZ+ HIS [N ?\<TS1 & B>+ HIMSELF TO ! EYES ( ! WORLD ) UNFL9*+ C&OR4 ,GREATE/ ( AUTOBIOGRAPH]S1 HE EXT5UATES NO?+3 Y\ SEE ! :OLE MAN ) HIS WOR/ FAULTS & BE/ QUALITIES2 WEAKNESSES ACC5TUAT$ BY ! 5]GY ) :I* !Y >E *>ACT]$1 APP>5T WA/E ( M5TAL =CES B5T ON SOLV+ ! 9SOLUBLE1 9H]IT$ TA/ES & PREJUDICES1 ALTRUI/IC IMPULSES & VIRILE PASSIONS1 EGOISM & IDEALISM1 ALL /RANGELY M+L$ & CONT9UALLY W>R+ AGA9/ EA* O!R1 UNTIL FROM ! DEA?-?ROES ( SPIRITUAL CONFLICT ISSU$ A NEW BIR? & A NEW LIFE4 ,9 ! ANCI5T ,SCRIPTURE 0,GOD IS LOVE0 ,TOL/OY DISC]N$ FRE% MEAN+1 & /ROVE ) SUP]HUMAN 5]GY TO BR+ HOME ?AT MEAN+ TO ! WORLD AT L>GE4 ,HIS DOCTR9E 9 FACT APPE>S LESS AS A NEW LI<T 9 ! D>KNESS ?AN AS A REVIVAL ( ! PURE FLAME ( 0! ,MY/IC ( ! ,GALILEAN HILLS10 :OSE TEA*+ HE ACCEPT$ :ILE D5Y+ ,HIS DIV9ITY4 

,( ,TOL/OY'S BELIEFS 9 REG>D TO ! ,*RI/IAN RELIGION IT MAY BE SAID ?AT ) ADVANC+ YE>S HE BECAME MORE & MORE DISPOS$ TO REG>D RELIGI\S TRU? AS ONE CONT9U\S /REAM ( SPIRITUAL ?\<T FL[+ ?R\< ! AGES ( MAN'S HI/ORY1 EMANAT+ PR9CIPALLY FROM ! 9SPIR$ PROPHETS & SE]S ( ,ISRAEL1 ,9DIA1 & ,*9A4 ,F9ALLY1 9 #a#i#i1 9 A LETT] TO A FRI5D HE SUMM$ UP HIS CONVICTION 9 ! FOLL[+ WORDS3--0,= ME ! DOCTR9E ( ,JESUS IS SIMPLY ONE ( ?OSE BEAUTIFUL RELIGI\S DOCTR9ES :I* WE HAVE RECEIV$ FROM ,EGYPTIAN1 ,JEWI%1 ,H9DU1 ,*9ESE1 & ,GREEK ANTIQUITY4 ,! TWO GREAT PR9CIPLES ( ,JESUS3 LOVE ( ,GOD--9 A WORD ABSOLUTE P]FECTION--& LOVE ( ONE'S NEI<BOR1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 LOVE ( ALL M5 )\T DI/9CTION1 HAVE BE5 PREA*$ BY ALL ! SAGES ( ! WORLD--,KRI%NA1 ,BUDDHA1 ,LAO-TSE1 ,CONFUCIUS1 ,SOCRATES1 ,PLATO1 ,EPICTETUS1 ,M>CUS ,AURELIUS1 & AMONG ! MOD]NS1 ,R\SSEAU1 ,PASCAL1 ,KANT1 ,EM]SON1 ,*ANN+1 & MANY O!RS4 ,RELIGI\S & MORAL TRU? IS EV]Y:]E & ALWAYS ! SAME4 ,I HAVE NO PR$ILECTION :ATEV] = ,*RI/IANITY4 ,IF ,I HAVE BE5 P>TICUL>LY 9T]E/$ 9 ! DOCTR9E ( ,JESUS IT IS1 FIR/LY1 BECAUSE ,I WAS BORN 9 ?AT RELIGION & HAVE LIV$ AMONG ,*RI/IANS2 SECONDLY1 BECAUSE ,I HAVE F\ND A GREAT SPIRITUAL JOY 9 FREE+ ! DOCTR9E 9 ITS PURITY FROM ! A/\ND+ FALSIFICATIONS WR\<T BY ! ,*UR*ES40 

,TOL/OY'S LIFE-WORK WAS 9DE$ A SPL5DID /RIV+ TO FREE TRU? FROM FALSEHOOD1 TO SIMPLIFY ! COMPLEXITIES ( CIVILIZATION & DEMON/RATE !IR FUTILITY4 ,REALI/S AS GIFT$ HAVE COME & GONE & LEFT BUT LITTLE TRACE4 ,IT IS CONCEIVABLE ?AT ! GREAT TRILOGY ( 0,ANNA ,K>59A10 0,W> & ,PEACE10 & 0,RESURRECTION0 MAY ONE DAY BE =GOTT51 BUT ,TOL/OY'S TEA*+ /&S ON FIRM] F\NDATIONS1 & HAS /IRR$ ! HE>TS ( ?\S&S :O >E 9DIFF]5T TO ! F9E/ DISPLAY ( PSY*IC ANALYSIS4 ,HE HAS TAU<T M5 TO V5TURE BEYOND ! LIMITS SET BY REASON1 TO RISE ABOVE ! ACTUAL & TO F9D ! MEAN+ ( LIFE 9 LOVE4 ,IT WAS HIS MISSION TO PROBE \R MORAL ULC]S TO ! ROOTS & TO RAISE MORIBUND IDEALS FROM ! DU/1 BREA?+ HIS [N VITALITY 9TO !M1 TILL !Y ROSE BE=E \R EYES AS LIV+ ASPIRATIONS4 ,! SPIRITUAL JOY ( :I* HE WROTE WAS NO RHETORICAL HYP]BOLE2 IT WAS MANIFE/ 9 ! MAN HIMSELF1 & WAS ! F\NT ( ! L(TY IDEALISM :I* MADE HIM NOT ONLY 0! ,CONSCI5CE ( ,RUSSIA0 BUT ( ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD4 

,IDEALISM IS ONE ( ?OSE L>GE AB/RACTIONS :I* >E 9VE/$ BY V>I\S M9DS ) V>Y+ %ADES ( MEAN+1 & :I* F9D EXPRESSION 9 AN 9F9ITE NUMB] ( =MS4 ,IDEALS BR$ & FO/]$ 9 ! HE>T ( MAN RECEIVE AT BIR? AN IMPRESS FROM ! LIFE ?AT 5G5D]S !M1 & :5 ?AT LIFE IS TEMPE/-TOSS$ ! ?\<T ?AT SPR+S FROM IT MU/ BE> A BIR?-M>K ( ! /ORM4 ,?AT BIR?-M>K IS /AMP$ ON ALL ,TOL/OY'S UTT]ANCES1 ! SIMPLE/ & ! MO/ METAPHYSICAL4 ,BUT ?\< HE DID NOT PASS SCA?LESS ?R\< ! PURG+ FIRES1 NOR ESCAPE ) EYES UNDIMM$ FROM ! MY/IC LI<T :I* FLOOD$ HIS S\L1 HIS IDEAL IS NOT !REBY 9VALIDAT$4 ,IT WAS1 HE ADMITT$1 UNATTA9ABLE1 BUT NONE ! LESS A /ATE ( P]FECTION TO :I* WE MU/ CONT9UALLY ASPIRE1 UNDAUNT$ BY P>TIAL FAILURE4 

0,!RE IS NO?+ WRONG 9 NOT LIV+ UP TO ! IDEAL :I* Y\ HAVE MADE = Y\RSELF1 BUT :AT IS WRONG IS1 IF ON LOOK+ BACK1 Y\ CANNOT SEE ?AT Y\ HAVE MADE ! LEA/ /EP NE>] TO Y\R IDEAL40 

,H[ F> ,TOL/OY'S DOCTR9ES MAY 9FLU5CE SUCCE$+ G5]ATIONS IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO =ETELL2 BUT :5 TIME HAS EXT+UI%$ :AT IS M]ELY P]SONAL OR RACIAL1 ! DIV9E SP>K :I* HE RECEIV$ FROM HIS GREAT SPIRITUAL =]UNN]S 9 O!R TIMES & C\NTRIES WILL UND\BT$LY BE F\ND ALI<T4 ,HIS UNIV]SALITY 5ABL$ HIM TO UNITE HIMSELF CLOSELY ) !M 9 M5TAL SYMPA?Y2 SOMETIMES SO CLOSELY1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ,J4 ,J4 ,R\SSEAU1 AS TO RAISE ANALOGIES & COMP>ISONS DESIGN$ TO %[ ?AT HE M]ELY FOLL[$ 9 A WELL-WORN PA?WAY4 ,YET ! SIMIL>ITY ( ,TOL/OY'S IDEAS TO ?OSE ( ! AU?OR ( ! 0,CONTRAT ,SOCIAL0 H>DLY GOES BEYOND A MUTUAL DI/RU/ ( ,>T & ,SCI5CE AS AIDS TO HUMAN HAPP9ESS & VIRTUE1 & A DESIRE TO E/ABLI% AMONG MANK9D A TRUE S5SE ( BRO!RHOOD4 ,= ! RE/1 ! APPEALS :I* !Y 9DIVIDUALLY MADE TO ,HUMANITY W]E AS DISSIMIL> AS ! CURR5TS ( !IR LIVES1 & EQUALLY DISSIMIL> 9 EFFECT4 

,! MAGIC FLUTE ( ,R\SSEAU'S ELOQU5CE BREA!D FANATICISM 9TO HIS DISCIPLES1 & A DESIRE TO MASS !MSELVES AGA9/ ! FOES ( LIB]TY4 ,TOL/OY'S TRUMPET-CALL S\NDS A DEEP] NOTE4 ,IT PI]CES ! HE>T1 SUMMON+ EA* MAN TO ! 9QUISITION ( HIS [N CONSCI5CE1 & TO JU/IFY HIS EXI/5CE BY LABOR1 ?AT HE MAY !REAFT] SLEEP ! SLEEP ( PEACE4 

,! EXALTATION :I* HE AWAK5S [ES NO?+ TO RHY?MICAL LANGUAGE NOR TO SUBTLE 9T]PRETATIONS ( S5SU\S EMOTION2 IT PROCE$S FROM A P]CEPTION ( ET]NAL TRU?1 ! TRU? ?AT HAS LOVE1 FAI?1 C\RAGE1 & SELF-SACRIFICE = ! CORN]/ONES ( ITS 5DUR+ $IFICE4 

 ,N,O,T,E--,[+ TO CIRCUM/ANCES 5TIRELY \TSIDE ! CONTROL ( ! $ITOR SOME ( !SE TRANSLATIONS HAVE BE5 DONE 9 HA/E & !RE HAS NOT BE5 SUFFICI5T TIME = REVISION4 ,! TRANSLATORS W]E *OS5 BY AN AG5T ( ! EXECUTOR & NOT BY ! $ITOR4  
  

7,S\RCE3 ,! ,=G$ ,C\PON3 ,& ,O!R ,/ORIES1 BY ,LEO ,TOL/OY1 #a#i#a#b1 ,TRANSLAT$ FROM ! ,RUSSIAN BY ,H]MAN ,B]N/E91 PUBLI%$ BY ,OGILVIE ,PUBLI%+ ,COMPANY1 #eg ,ROSE ,/REET1 ,NEW ,YORK1 PRODUC$ = ,GUT5B]G4ORG BY ,JUDI? ,BOSS & ,DAVID ,WIDG]1 #b#f47 

,FROM 3 ,GUT5B]G4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiaa 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #a#f1 #bag 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/