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,BALIUS'S ,?\<TS FROM ,EXILE 9 #aici 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AGU/9 ,GUILLAMON 

,TEXT 3 

#i4 ,BALIUS'S ,?\<TS FROM ,EXILE 9 #aici 

,AN EXIL$ ,BALIUS HAD TWO >TICLES PR9T$ 9 ! ,FR5* AN>*I/ REVIEW ,L',ESPAGNE N\VELLE4 ,! FIR/ ( !SE M>K$ ! ?IRD ANNIV]S>Y ( ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f4 ,! SECOND1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#i1 BY :I* TIME ,FRANCE & ,5GL& HAD =MALLY DECL>$ W> ON ,G]MANY1 WAS DEVOT$ TO ,MAY #a#i#c#g4 ,BO? >TICLES W]E ! RESULT ( LONG1 CONSID]$ REFLECTION BY ,BALIUS1 :O SIGN$ BO? >TICLES 9 HIS CAPACITY AS 0SECRET>Y ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI40 

,BO? !SE >TICLES /& \T ON ACC\NT ( ! PRECISION ( ! LANGUAGE US$ & ( !IR C5TRAL FOCUS UPON ! FUNDAM5TAL ISSUES RAIS$ BY ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION4 ,?US1 !Y (F] US ) ! UTMO/ CL>ITY ( ,BALIUS'S ?9K+ ON ! QUE/ION ( P[]1 ! 9DISP5SABLE FUNCTION ( A REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]%IP & ! NE$ TO DE/ROY ! ,/ATE & 9TRODUCE A NEW /RUCTURE 9 ITS PLACE 79 E>LI] WRIT+S1 ?IS WAS DESCRIB$ AS A REVOLUTION>Y JUNTA7 CAPABLE ( REPRESS+ C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y =CES4 

,9 ! >TICLE 5TITL$ 0,JULY #a#i#c#f3 IMPORT & POSSIBILITIES0 HE CONTRADICT$ ?OSE :O >GU$ ?AT ! ,JULY EV5TS W]E SIMPLY ! RESULT ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! RIS+ BY ! MILIT>Y & ! FASCI/S1 :I* IS TO SAY ?AT 0)\T ! >MY REBELLION !RE W\LD HAVE BE5 NO >M$ POPUL> MOVEM5T40 ,9/EAD1 ,BALIUS CLAIM$ ?AT ?IS \TLOOK WAS 9 KEEP+ ) ,POPUL> ,FRONT-ISM1 ! RESULT ( ! SUBORD9ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS TO ! REPUBLICAN B\RGEOISIE1 ITSELF ! *IEF REASON :Y ! PROLET>IAT HAD BE5 DEFEAT$4 ,BALIUS RECALL$ H[ ! REPUBLICAN B\RGEOISIE HAD REFUS$ ! WORK]S ! >MS ) :I* TO CONFRONT ! FASCI/ REBELLION3 

,9 ,B>CELONA ITSELF1 WE HAD TO SUFF] ! ,TRANSPORT ,UNION TO BE /ORM$ BY ,G5]ALIDAD GOONS :O1 ONLY H\RS BE=E ! CRUCIAL BATTLE1 W]E /ILL EAG] TO TAKE AWAY ! RIFLES :I* WE HAD SEIZ$ FROM ABO>D ! ,MANUEL ,>NUS1 & :I* W]E 9T5D$ = USE AGA9/ ! FASCI/S4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,BALIUS1 ! VICTORY OV] ! MILIT>Y HAD ONLY BE5 A*IEV$ 9 ?OSE PLACES :]E ! WORK]S1 WEAPONS AT ! READY1 & ) NO SORT ( DEALS ) ! PETIT B\RGEOISIE1 HAD TAK5 ON ! FASCI/S4 ,:]ESOEV] ! WORK]S -- AS 9 ,Z>AGOZA -- HAD HESITAT$ OR MADE DEALS1 ! VICTORY HAD GONE TO ! FASCI/S4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT ISSU$ RAIS$ 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 ACCORD+ TO ,BALIUS1 WAS NOT ! >MY'S SUCCESS 9 A FEW >EAS 9 ,SPA94 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT ISSUE HAD >IS5 9SIDE ! REPUBLICAN ZONE3 :O TOOK P[] & :O DIRECT$ ! W>8 ,TO :I* QUE/ION !RE C\LD BE ONLY TWO ANSW]S3 ! REPUBLICAN B\RGEOISIE1 OR ! PROLET>IAT3 

,BUT ! MO/ IMPORTANT ISSUE >OSE 9 \R ZONE4 ,IT WAS A MATT] ( DET]M9+ :O HAD WON4 ,WAS IT ! WORK]S8 ,9 :I* CASE ! GOV]NANCE ( ! C\NTRY FELL TO US4 ,BUT 444 ! PETIT B\RGEOISIE AS WELL8 ,?AT WAS ! MI/AKE4 

,BALIUS >GU$ ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS \<T TO HAVE TAK5 P[] REG>DLESS 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f4 ,:I* W\LD HAVE REPRES5T$ ! ONLY GU>ANTEE & ONLY *ANCE ( VICTORY 9 ! W>3 

0,! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I :I* W]E ! S\L ( ! MOVEM5T 9 ,CATALONIA C\LD HAVE AF=D$ ! ,JULY EV5TS !IR PROP] COLOR4 ,:O C\LD HAVE /OPP$ !M8 ,9/EAD ( :I*1 WE ALL[$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7,P,S,U,C7 TO RALLY ! OPPORTUNI/S1 ! B\RGEOIS RI<T1 ETC41 444 ON ! T]RA9 ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 

,9 SU* TIMES1 IT IS UP TO ONE ORGANIZATION TO TAKE ! LEAD4 ,ONLY ONE C\LD HAVE3 \RS4 

.<444.> ,HAD ! WORK]S KN[N H[ TO ACT AS MA/]S 9 ANTIFASCI/ ,SPA91 ! W> W\LD HAVE BE5 WON1 & ! REVOLUTION W\LD NOT HAVE HAD TO 5DURE SO MANY DEVIATIONS RI<T FROM ! />T4 ,WE C\LD HAVE HAD ! VICTORY4 ,BUT :AT WE MANAG$ TO GA9 ) F\R H&GUNS1 WE LO/ :5 WE HAD :OLE >S5ALS FULL ( >MS4 ,= ?OSE CULPABLE = ! DEFEAT1 WE HAVE TO LOOK PA/ ,/AL9ISM'S HIR$ ASSASS9S1 PA/ ! ?IEVES LIKE ,PRIETO1 PA/ SCUM LIKE ,NEGR9 & PA/ ! USUAL RE=MI/S3 WE BORE ! GUILT = NOT HAV+ IT 9 US TO DO AWAY ) ALL ?IS RIFFRAFF .<444.> ,BUT1 :ILE WE >E ALL JO9TLY TO BLAME1 !RE >E ?OSE :O BE> A P>TICUL>LY HEAVY BURD5 ( RESPONSIBILITY4 ,NAMELY1 ! LEAD]S ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 :OSE RE=MI/ APPROA* 9 ,JULY & :OSE C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y 9T]V5TION 9 ,MAY #aicg ESPECIALLY B>R$ ! WAY TO ! WORK+ CLASS & DEALT ! REVOLUTION A MORTAL BL[4 

,SU* WAS ,BALIUS'S SUMM+-UP ( ! ?\S& D\BTS & OBJECTIONS :I* ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ LEAD]S HAD FAC$ 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 REG>D+ ! M9ORITY /ATUS ( ! AN>*I/ PRES5CE \TSIDE ( ,CATALONIA1 ! NE$ TO MA9TA9 ANTIFASCI/ UNITY & ! REPEAT$ COMPROMISES :I* ! W> =C$ UPON ! REVOLUTION4 ,BALIUS CLAIM$ ?AT ! AN>*I/S' VICTORY 9 ,CATALONIA C\LD HAVE PRESAG$ ! QUICK CRU%+ ( ! FASCI/ UPRIS+ ALL ACROSS ,SPA91 HAD ! PROLET>IAT TAK5 P[]4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BALIUS1 ?AT WAS ! MI/AKE MADE 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f3 P[] HAD NOT BE5 TAK54 ,& \T ( ?AT MI/AKE CAME ! RAPID DEG5]ATION ( ! REVOLUTION1 & ITS DIFFICULTIES4 ,?AT MI/AKE LEFT ! DOOR OP5 = ! GR[? ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION1 ( :I* ,/AL9ISM WAS ! *IEF >*ITECT4 ,BUT ,BALIUS RECKON$ ! BLAME LAY1 NOT ) ! ,/AL9I/S & ! REPUBLICAN B\RGEOISIE1 BUT RA!R ) ?OSE AN>*I/ LEAD]S :O HAD PREF]R$ ANTIFASCI/ UNITY -- :I* IS TO SAY1 COLLABORATION ) ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! ,/ATE & CAPITALI/ 9/ITUTIONS -- OV] PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,9 HIS >TICLE ON ! EV5TS ( ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#i1 & 5TITL$ 0,MAY #a#i#c#g3 A HI/ORICAL DATE = ! PROLET>IAT10 ,BALIUS DESCRIB$ ! TWO YE>S FOLL[+ ,MAY #aicg AS ! SIMPLE AFT]MA? ( ?OSE REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BALIUS1 ,MAY #aicg WAS NOT A PROTE/1 BUT RA!R A CONSCI\SLY REVOLUTION>Y UPRIS+ ( ! ,CATALAN PROLET>IAT1 :I* SUCCE$$ MILIT>ILY & FAIL$ POLITICALLY4 

,! FAILURE WAS D[N TO TREA*]Y BY ! AN>*I/ LEAD]S4 ,AGA9 WE F9D ! *>GE ( TREASON LEVEL$ BY ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI DUR+ ! EV5TS ( ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 ONLY TO BE RETRACT$ LAT] 9 ,EL ,AMIGO DEL ,PUEBLO3 

,BUT ! TREASON ( ! RE=MI/ W+ ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I MANIFE/$ ITSELF H]E4 

,REPEAT+ ! D]ELICTION %[N 9 ! ,JULY EV5TS1 AGA9 !Y SID$ ) ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATS4 ,!Y ISSU$ ! CEASE-FIRE ORD]4 ,! PROLET>IAT WAS RELUCTANT TO ABIDE BY ?AT CALL & 9 A RAG+ FURY1 IGNOR+ ! ORD]S FROM ITS FA9!>T$ LEAD]S1 IT C>RI$ ON DEF5D+ ITS POSITIONS4 

,& ?IS IS H[ ,BALIUS DEPICT$ ! ROLE PLAY$ BY ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g3 

,WE1 ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 :O F\<T 9 ! FRONT L9ES1 S\<T TO W>D (F ! DISA/] :I* W\LD HAVE BE5 ! PEOPLE'S CON/ANT F>E1 HAD !Y LAID D[N !IR >MS4 ,WE ISSU$ ! CALL = ! FI<T+ TO BE RESUM$ & ?AT ! FI<T+ %\LD NOT CEASE )\T C]TA9 CONDITIONS FIR/ HAV+ BE5 MET4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! SPIRIT ( ATTACK HAD ALREADY BE5 BROK5 & ! FI<T+ WAS HALT$ )\T ITS REVOLUTION>Y OBJECTIVES HAV+ BE5 A*IEV$4 

,BALIUS V]Y VIVIDLY UND]L9$ ! P>ADOX ( ! PROLET>IAT'S HAV+ SUCCE$$ MILIT>ILY BUT FAIL$ POLITICALLY3 

,?IS WAS ! FIR/ TIME 9 ! 5TIRE HI/ORY ( SOCIAL /RUGGLES ?AT ! VICTORS SURR5D]$ TO ! VANQUI%$4 ,& )\T EV5 ! SLI<TE/ ASSURANCE ?AT ! VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT W\LD NOT BE T\*$1 DISMANTL+ ( ! B>RICADES BEGAN3 ! CITY ( ,B>CELONA RETURN$ TO ITS APPE>ANCE ( NORMALITY1 AS IF NO?+ HAD HAPP5$4 

,9 ,BALIUS'S ANALYSIS1 ! ,MAY EV5TS APPE>$ AS A CROSSROADS3 EI!R ! REVOLUTION WAS =SWORN ONCE & = ALL1 OR P[] WAS TAK54 ,& HE EXPLA9$ AWAY ! AN>*I/S' CON/ANT RETREAT S9CE ,JULY AS ! FRUITS ( ! DAMNABLE ,POPUL> ,FRONT-I/ POLICY ( ALLIANCE ) ! REPUBLICAN B\RGEOISIE4 ,& ALSO AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! DIVORCE EXI/+ )9 ! ,C,N,T BETWE5 A C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]%IP & A REVOLUTION>Y RANK & FILE4 ,MAY #aicg WAS A FAILURE BECAUSE ! WORK]S FAIL$ TO COME UP ) A REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]%IP3 

0,! PROLET>IAT WAS AT A FATAL CROSSROADS4 ,!RE W]E ONLY TWO C\RSES TO *OOSE BETWE53 EI!R B5D ! KNEE BE=E ! C\NT]REVOLUTION OR PREP>E TO IMPOSE ONE'S [N P[]1 TO WIT1 PROLET>IAN P[]4 

,! DRAMA ( ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! MO/ ABSOLUTE DIVORCE EXI/+ BETWE5 ! GRASSROOTS & ! LEAD]%IP4 ,! LEAD]%IP WAS ALWAYS C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! ,SPANI% WORK]S .<444.> HAVE ALWAYS /OOD HEAD & %\LD]S ABOVE !IR LEAD]S :5 IT COMES TO P]CEIV+ EV5TS & TO 9T]PRETATION ( !M4 ,HAD ?OSE H]OIC WORK]S F\ND A REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]%IP1 !Y W\LD HAVE WRITT5 ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT PAGES 9 !IR HI/ORY :ILE ! :OLE WORLD LOOK$ ON40 

,ACCORD+ TO ,BALIUS1 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 ! ,CATALAN PROLET>IAT HAD URG$ ! ,C,N,T TO TAKE P[]3 

,= ! ESS5CE ( ! ,MAY ,EV5TS1 ONE MU/ LOOK TO ! PROLET>IAT'S UN%AKABLE DET]M9ATION TO PLACE A WORK]S' LEAD]%IP 9 *>GE ( ! >M$ /RUGGLE1 ! ECONOMY1 & ! 5TIRE EXI/5CE ( ! C\NTRY4 ,:I* IS TO SAY 7= ANY AN>*I/ NOT AFRAID ( ! WORDS7 ?AT ! PROLET>IAT WAS FI<T+ = ! TAK+ ( P[] :I* W\LD HAVE COME TO PASS ?R\< ! DE/RUCTION ( ! OLD B\RGEOIS 9/RUM5TS & ! ]ECTION 9 !IR PLACE1 ( A NEW /RUCTURE BAS$ UPON ! COMMITTEES ?AT SURFAC$ 9 ,JULY1 ONLY TO BE PROMPTLY SUPPRESS$ BY ! REACTION & ! RE=MI/S40 

,9 !SE TWO >TICLES1 ,BALIUS HAD BROA*$ ! FUNDAM5TAL PO9T ( ! REVOLUTION & ,SPANI% CIVIL W>1 )\T :I* :AT HAPP5$ REMA9S 9COMPREH5SIBLE3 ! ISSUE ( P[]4 ,& HE 9DICAT$ TOO ! ORGANS :I* W]E TO HAVE EMBODI$ ?AT P[]1 & ABOVE ALL RECOGNIZ$ ! NE$ TO DISMANTLE ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE APP>ATUS 9 ORD] TO ]ECT A PROLET>IAN REPLACEM5T 9 ITS PLACE4 ,MOREOV]1 ,BALIUS PO9T$ TO ! ABS5CE ( A REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]%IP AS HAV+ BE5 ! ROOT CAUSE ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION'S FAILURE4 

,AFT] A READ+ ( !SE TWO >TICLES1 IT HAS TO BE ACKN[L$G$ ?AT ! EVOLUTION ( ,BALIUS'S POLITICAL ?9K+1 ROOT$ 9 ANALYSIS ( ! WEAL? ( EXP]I5CE G>N]$ DUR+ ! CIVIL W>1 HAD L$ HIM TO CONFRONT ISSUES TABOO 9 ! AN>*I/ IDEOLOGY3 #a4 ! NE$ = ! PROLET>IAT TO TAKE P[]4 #b4 ! 9ELUCTABILITY ( ! DE/RUCTION ( ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE APP>ATUS TO CLE> ! WAY = A PROLET>IAN REPLACEM5T4 #c4 ! 9DISP5SABLE ROLE ( A REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]%IP4 

,:AT WE HAVE JU/ SAID DOES NOT EXCLUDE ! FACT ?AT !RE W]E O!R FACETS TO ,BALIUS'S ?9K+1 SECOND>Y FACETS1 MAYBE1 NOT AT ISSUE 9 !SE >TICLES & :I* >E 9 KEEP+ ) ! TRADITIONAL AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ IDEOLOGY3 #a4 TRADE UNION DIRECTION ( ! ECONOMY4 #b4 COMMITTEES AS ! ORGANS ( PROLET>IAN P[]4 #c4 MUNICIPALIZATION ( ! ADM9I/RATION1 ETC4 

,!RE CANNOT BE ANY D\BT ?AT ,BALIUS1 OP]AT+ ON ! BASIS ( ! IDEOLOGY ( ,SPANI% AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 HAD MADE TREM5D\S EF=TS TO DIGE/ ! BRUTAL EXP]I5CES ( CIVIL W> & ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION4 ,! M]IT ( ! ,GR\P LIES PRECISELY 9 ?AT EF=T TO COMPREH5D REALITY & ASSIMILATE ! FIR/-H& EXP]I5CES ( ! ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT4 ,LIFE WAS EASI] AS AN AN>*I/ M9I/] ?AN AS AN AN>*I/ REVOLUTION>Y4 ,IT WAS EASI] TO =SWE> IDEOLOGY AS SU*1 ?AT IS1 TO R5\NCE PR9CIPLES 0TEMPOR>ILY0 9 ! MOM5T ( TRU?1 9 ORD] TO REV]T TO !M ONCE DEFEAT & ! PASSAGE ( HI/ORY HAD R5D]$ CONTRADICTIONS IRRELEVANT4 ,IT WAS EASI] TO CALL = ANTIFASCI/ UNITY & A %>E 9 ! GOV]NANCE ( A CAPITALI/ ,/ATE1 & TO EMBRACE MILIT>IZATION 9 ORD] TO DEF] TO A W> DIRECT$ BY ! REPUBLICAN B\RGEOISIE3 ?AN TO CONFRONT ?OSE CONTRADICTIONS & ASS]T ?AT ! ,C,N,T %\LD HAVE TAK5 P[]1 ?AT ! W> WAS W9NABLE ONLY IF ! PROLET>IAT WAS 9 ! DRIV+ SEAT1 ?AT ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE HAD TO BE DE/ROY$1 & ABOVE ALL ?AT ! PROLET>IAT HAD TO ]ECT P[] /RUCTURES ( ITS [N1 USE =CE TO CRU% ! C\NT]REVOLUTION & ?AT ALL ( ?IS WAS IMPRACTICABLE 9 ! ABS5CE ( A REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]%IP4 ,:E!R OR NOT !SE CONCLUSIONS W]E AN>*I/ MATT]$ A LOT TO ?OSE :O NEV] PAUS$ TO QUE/ION :E!R IT WAS AN>*I/ TO PROP UP ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE4 ,BETWE5 #aicf & #a#i#c#i1 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ IDEOLOGY WAS REPEAT$LY PUT TO ! SEV]E/ TE/S1 ) REG>DS TO ITS CAPABILITY1 COH]5CE & VALIDITY4 ,BALIUS'S ?9K+1 & ?AT ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P WAS ! ONLY WOR?:ILE ATTEMPT BY A ,SPANI% AN>*I/ GR\P TO RESOLVE ! CONTRADICTIONS & D]ELICTION ( PR9CIPLE :I* *>ACT]IZ$ ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I4 ,IF ! !ORETICAL 5DEAVORS ( ,BALIUS & ! ,GR\P L$ !M TO EMBRACE CONCLUSIONS ?AT CAN BE DESCRIB$ AS ALI5 TO AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 MAYBE IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO RECOGNIZE AN>*ISM'S 9ADEQUACY AS A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,BALIUS & ! ,GR\P NEV] TOOK ?AT /EP1 & AT ALL TIMES REG>D$ !MSELVES AS AN>*I/S1 AL?\< !Y /UCK BY !IR CRITICISMS ( ! ,C,N,T'S COLLABORATION 9 ! ,/ATE4 

,WE WILL NOT V5TURE TO DESCRIBE SU* A /ANCE AS EI!R COH]5T OR CONTRADICTORY4 ,! ,/AL9I/ REPRESSION ?AT BATT5$ UPON REVOLUTION>IES FOLL[+ ! ,MAY EV5TS DID NOT T>GET ! ,GR\P AS SU*1 9 ?AT IT WAS NEV] \TLAW$1 BUT T>GET$ ALL ,C,N,T MILITANTS 9 G5]AL4 ,D\BTLESS ?AT HELP$ PRECLUDE FUR!R !ORETICAL CL>IFICATION & AN ORGANIZATIONAL RUPTURE1 :I* WE1 9 ANY CASE1 DO NOT BELIEVE W\LD HAVE COME TO PASS4 

,H[EV]1 WE CONC$E ?AT \R ANALYSIS IS OV]LY POLITICAL1 SUBTLE1 9CONV5I5T & PROBLEMATICAL3 IT IS MU* MORE CONV5I5T1 :IMSICAL1 ACADEMIC & SUIT$ TO ! ANECDOTES & C>ICATURES ON (F] TO FALL BACK UPON ! DEUS EX MA*9A ( 5TRYISM & ,TROTSKYI/ 9FLU5CES UPON ,BALIUS & ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#c1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #i -- ,ADD$4 

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