,! ,G5ETIC ,MODIFICATION ( ,CROPS3 ,A ,CAUSE = ,CONC]N8 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANONYM\S 

,TEXT 3 

,LECTURE TO ,S\? ,PLACE ,E?ICAL ,SOCIETY1 ,LONDON 

,G5ETIC *ANGE 9 LIV+ ORGANISMS IS DESIRABLE & )\T IT EVOLUTION W\LD NOT EXI/4 ,UNTIL ! 5D ( ,! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> VIRTUALLY ALL G5ETIC *ANGE C\LD BE ACC\NT$ = BY NATURALLY OCCURR+ MUTATIONS 7*ANGES7 9 G5ES & ! EX*ANGE ( G5ETIC MAT]IAL DUR+ NATURAL SEXUAL REPRODUCTION & CONV5TIONAL PLANT BRE$+4 ,) FIR/ ATOMIC EXPLOSION OV] ,JAPAN 9 #a#i#d#e1 FOLL[$ BY A :OLE SUCCESSION ( NUCLE> TE/S FROM !N UNTIL N[1 RADIATION RELEAS$ 9TO ! 5VIRONM5T HAS UND\BT$LY 9CREAS$ ! RATE ( MUTATION 9 PLANTS1 AL?\< IT HAS NOT BE5 QUANTIFI$4 ,9DE$ SCI5TI/S HAVE1 OV] ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S1 US$ RADIATION AS A MUTAG5IC AG5T 9 AN EF=T TO SECURE MUTATIONS 9 CROP PLANTS ?AT C\LD BE USEFULLY US$ 9 CONV5TIONAL PLANT BRE$+ PROGRAMS4 

,TW5TY YE>S AGO G5ETIC *ANGE 5T]$ A NEW ]A ) ! ADV5T ( A NEW TE*NOLOGY CALL$ G5E TRANSF]1 BY :I* G5ES W]E TRANSF]R$ FROM ONE LIV+ ORGANISM TO AN (T5 TOTALLY UNRELAT$ LIV+ ORGANISM4 ,! V]Y FIR/ EXP]IM5TS W]E CONDUCT$ ) MICRO-ORGANISMS & !N SCI5TI/S MOV$ ON TO CROP PLANTS4 ,!SE W]E 9ITIALLY CALL$ 'TRANSG5IC' CROPS BUT MORE REC5TLY & PROBABLY BECAUSE IT DOESN'T S\ND QUITE AS ?REAT5+ TO ! G5]AL PUBLIC1 !Y HAVE BE5 LABEL$ 'G5ETICALLY MODIFI$' CROPS4 

,WORK BEGAN 9 ! E>LY #a#i#hS & PRODUC$ /RA9S ( BACT]IA ?AT W]E ABLE TO 'SE$' ICE CRY/ALS ON ! SURFACES ( LEAVES -- ! USEFULNESS BE+ TO /OP 9T]NAL FREEZ+ DAMAGE 9 FRO/ SUSCEPTIBLE FRUIT TREES LIKE PEA*ES1 APRICOTS & CITRUS4 ,?IS P>TICUL> EXAMPLE /ICKS 9 MY M9D BECAUSE ,I ATT5D$ A CONF]5CE AT ONE ( ! ,CAMBRIDGE ,COLLEGES :]E ?IS & A :OLE HO/ ( O!R PROJECTS1 !N LOOSELY CALL$ BIOTE*NOLOGY1 W]E PRES5T$4 ,! ONLY PRESS REPRES5TATIVES W]E MYSELF & SEV]AL SPECIALI/S FROM RESE>* BAS$ PUBLICATIONS 9 BIO*EMI/RY & RELAT$ FIELDS4 ,I DI/9CTLY REMEMB] SAY+ TO MYSELF1 AS ! TRUE EXT5T ( :AT WAS HAPP5+ BECAME EVID5T1 ',I HOPE ! RELEVANT AU?ORITIES >E GO+ TO KEEP ! PUBLIC 9=M$ = !Y WILL DIE ( FRI<T IF PRES5T$ LAT] ) A FAIT ACCOMPLI'4 

,N[ SOME FIFTE5 YE>S LAT] ! TRUE EXT5T IS BE+ UNVEIL$4 ,G5ETICALLY MODIFI$ MAIZE1 SOYBEANS1 OILSE$ RAPE1 POTATO & TOMATO TO NAME JU/ A FEW & ! G5]AL PUBLIC >E FRI<T5$4 

,POTATO & TOMATO 

,POTATO & TOMATO1 BO? MEMB]S ( ! PLANT FAMILY ,SOLANACEAE1 W]E TWO ( ! FIR/ CROPS TO BE 'PLAY$ )'4 ,POTATO HAS BE5 G5ETICALLY MODIFI$ = ! F>M] TO RESI/ SPECIFIC 9SECT PE/S BY TRANSF]R+ A G5E FROM ! 'SN[DROP'4 ,?IS PRODUCES AN 9SECTICIDAL PROTE9' CALL$ LECT9 :I* OCCURS NATURALLY 9 SN[DROP BULBS4 ,?IS IS ! ,G,M CROP :I* IS AT ! C5T] ( CONTROV]SIAL RESE>* AT ,! ,R[ETT ,RESE>* ,9/ITUTE 9 ,SCOTL& 9VOLV+ EFFECTS ON ! IMMUNE SY/EMS ( RATS4 

,G5ETICALLY MODIFI$ TOMATO WAS DEVELOP$ ) ! PROCESS+ 9DU/RY'S REQUIREM5TS 9 FOCUS4 ,Y\ WILL NOTICE FROM SUP]M>KET %ELVES ?AT G5ETICALLY MODIFI$ TOMATOES >E NOT SOLD AS FRE% FRUIT BUT AS +R$I5TS 9 PROCESS$ PRODUCTS SU* AS PA/E & PUREE4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE ! G5ETICALLY MODIFI$ TOMATO HAS ITS 'S(T5+ G5E' BLOCK$ BY TREATM5T ) A SO-CALL$ 'ANTI-S5SE ,R,N,A' ME*ANISM :I* IS COMMON 9 BACT]IA4 ,?IS BLOCKS ! G5E :I* CONTROLS A SPECIFIC 5ZYME RESPONSIBLE = DISSOLV+ A /ICKY *EMICAL CALL$ PECT94 ,PECT9 HOLDS ! TOMATO CELLS TOGE!R & KEEPS ! FRUIT FIRM4 ,!SE G5E BLOCK+ ME*ANISMS C\LD BE 9S]T$ 9TO ANY EXI/+ WELL-KN[N V>IETIES 79CLUD+ ! G>D5 FAVORITES ',MONEYMAK]' & ',ALICANTE'7 :I* 9 ALL O!R RESPECTS WILL BE ID5TICAL TO ! ORIG9AL V>IETY4 

,) ?IS 5ZYME BLOCK$ ,G,M TOMATO RIP5S ON ! V9E FULL ( FLAVOR1 :ILE /AY+ FIRM1 ?US PROVID+ ! PROCESSOR ) TA/Y1 FIRM FRUIT /ILL FULL ( PECT94 ,ADVANTAGES = ! PROCESSOR >E ?AT 'HE' DOES NOT HAVE TO ADD PECT9 & !RE IS LESS WAT] 9 ! FRUIT TO BOIL (F4 ,ADVANTAGES = ! CONSUM] >E ID5TIFI$ AS 'FULLNESS ( FLAVOR' BUT S9CE MANY PROCESS$ TOMATO PRODUCTS >E ADULT]AT$ ) ALL SORTS ( SPICES 9CLUD+ G>LIC ?IS TOMATO AS A 'SAV] ( FLAVOR' C\LD TURN \T TO BE A 'R$ H]R+'4 

,SOYBEANS1 MAIZE & OILSE$ RAPE 

,! MA9 B5EFICI>IES ( ,G,M SOYBEANS1 ,G,M MAIZE & ,G,M OILSE$ RAPE1 V]Y MU* 9 ! NEWS OV] ! LA/ TWELVE MON?S1 >E ! PE/ICIDE MANUFACTUR+ COMPANIES4 ,! CLUE TO ?IS ASSOCIATION HAS BE5 EVID5T OV] ! LA/ FIFTE5 YE>S AS ! BIG PLAY]S 9 PE/ICIDE *EMI/RY B\<T UP DOZ5S ( PLANT BRE$+ & SE$ PRODUC+ COMPANIES4 ,NOT ! H\SEHOLD NAMES ( ! ,U,K G>D5 M>KET1 :I* >E ESS5TIALLY 'SMALL FRY'1 BUT ! HUGE ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN SE$ COMPANIES DEVELOP+ & SELL+ SE$ TO ,MID ,WE/ & PRAIRIE F>M]S GR[+ SOYBEANS1 :EAT1 & MAIZE4 ,9 ,EUROPE SUB/ANTIAL SE$ COMPANIES 9 ,FRANCE1 ,G]MANY & ! ,U,K (F]+ OILSE$ RAPE1 SUNFL[]1 SUG> BEET & C]EALS HAVE BE5 SNAPP$ UP4 ,Y\ MAY /ILL BE ASK+ :AT IS ! CONNECTION4 ,! CONNECTION IS ?AT ! PE/ICIDE COMPANIES WANT TO SELL MORE ( !IR AGRO*EMICALS & ESPECIALLY H]BICIDES4 

,H]BICIDES >E *EMICALS DESIGN$ TO KILL WE$S4 ,A WE$ IS SIMPLY A GRE5 PLANT GR[+ 9 ! WRONG PLACE AT ! WRONG TIME4 ,= EXAMPLE ,SOR<UM1 A C]EAL & MEMB] ( ! GRASS FAMILY 7,GRAM9AE71 IS CLASS$ AS A WE$ 9 MANY P>TS ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA :ILE 9 ! DRI] P>TS ( ,AFRICA IT IS ! MA9 /APLE FOOD CROP4 ,BECAUSE H]BICIDES KILL LIV+ GRE5 PLANT TISSUE !Y MU/ BE US$ V]Y SELECTIVELY & C>EFULLY 9 ! CROP SITUATION4 ,!RE >E SOME :I* ONLY KILL C]TA9 SPECIES1 E4G4 ! HORMONAL WE$KILL]S 7,M,C,P,A & #b1#d ,D COMMONLY US$ 9 LAWN H]BICIDES7 KILL BROAD LEAV$ WE$S LIKE DAISY & D&ELION BUT LEAVE MEMB]S ( ! GRASS FAMILY UNH>M$4 ,= ?IS REASON !Y CAN BE US$ 9 C]EAL CROPS TO KILL BROAD-LEAF WE$S )\T H>M+ ! :EAT OR B>LEY4 ,BUT MO/ O!RS >E NOT SELECTIVE & !RE=E MU/ BE C>EFULLY TIM$ TO HIT ! WE$S BE=E ! CROP SE$S G]M9ATE 9 ! SOIL4 ,?IS OBVI\SLY RE/RICTS !IR USE4 ,G,M SOY1 ,G,M MAIZE & ,G,M OILSE$ RAPE HAVE BE5 PRODUC$ BY 9S]T+ G5ES :I* MAKE !M SPECIFICALLY TOL]ANT TO P>TICUL> H]BICIDES4 ,?US ,MONSANTO'S ,G,M SOYBEANS IS TOL]ANT TO GLYPHOSATE1 ONE ( ,MONSANTO'S LEAD+ H]BICIDES4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT F>M]S GR[+ ,G,M ,SOYBEANS 7',R\NDUP ,READY ,SOYABEANS' -- ',R\NDUP' IS ,MONSANTO'S TRADE NAME = GLYPHOSATE7 CAN USE GLYPHOSATE TO KILL WE$S GR[+ 9 !IR CROP AT ANY TIME )\T FE> ( DAMAG+ ! CROP4 

,COTTON 

,COTTON PRES5TS A P>TICUL>LY 9T]E/+ EXAMPLE BECAUSE SCI5TI/S HAVE TAK5 A G5E FROM A NATURALLY OCCURR+ BACT]IUM1 :I* 9FECTS & KILLS ! BOLLWORM 7A CAT]PILL> ( A MO? & ! WORLD'S WOR/ 9SECT PE/ ( ?IS FIB] CROP7 TO PRODUCE ,G,M COTTON4 ,9 FACT COMM]CIAL =MULATIONS ( ?IS BACT]IUM CALL$ ,BACILLUS ?UR+I5SIS 7,BT7 HAVE BE5 AVAILABLE = MORE ?AN T5 YE>S = SPRAY+ ON TO ! COTTON CROP4 ,! BACT]IUM 9FECTS ! BOLLWORM & MAKES A TOX9 7POISON7 :I* KILLS IT4 ,! G5E RESPONSIBLE = MAK+ ?IS TOX9 HAS N[ BE5 PUT 9TO COTTON PLANTS 7,BT COTTON7 :I* CAN PRODUCE ?IS BACT]IAL TOX94 ,:5 ! BOLLWORM HAT*ES FROM ! EGG & />TS TO FE$ ON ! LEAVES & COTTON BOLLS IT IS POISON$ & DIES4 

,SIMPLE & EFFECTIVE 5\< &1 Y\ MAY SAY1 NO?+ TO DO ) ! HUMAN FOOD *A94 ,BUT 9 ADDITION TO BE+ GR[N = ITS FIB] 7L9T COTTON7 ! CROP ALSO PRODUCES A HUGE TONNAGE ( SE$S RI* 9 OIL :I* IS US$ TO MAKE M>G>9E & O!R $IBLE FATS1 ! RESIDUE AFT] CRU%+ CALL$ COTTON SE$ CAKE BE+ WIDELY US$ 9 ANIMAL FE$4 ,FUR!RMORE COTTON 9 FULL FL[] IS ONE ( ! MO/ ATTRACTIVE CROPS TO BEES4 

,W9N]S & LOS]S 

,:E!R Y\ >E A W9N] OR A LOS] DEP5DS V]Y MU* ON :O Y\ >E & Y\R VIEWPO9T4 

,H]E !RE IS NO /RAI<T ANSW]4 ,ON ! SURFACE & 9 ! %ORT T]M ! L>GE SCALE >ABLE F>M] 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE MAY /& TO GA9 BUT IF ?+S GO WRONG HE C\LD F9D HIMSELF 9 A NI<TM>E SITUATION4 ,= 9/ANCE IF :OLE SWA!S ( F>M]S />T TO GR[ ,G,M CROPS1 SAY SOYBEANS1 TOL]ANT ( A P>TICUL> H]BICIDE1 !Y WILL ONLY BE US+ ?AT P>TICUL> H]BICIDE1 ) ITS [N *EMI/RY1 TO CONTROL WE$S4 

,?IS WILL PLACE 9CR$IBLE & 9TOL]ABLE SELECTION PRESSURE ON WE$ POPULATIONS4 ,9 TURN IT WILL SPE$ UP ! EVOLUTION ( H]BICIDE-RESI/ANT WE$S 7ALREADY A HUGE PROBLEM EV5 BE=E ! ADV5T ( ,G,M CROPS7 R5D]+ USELESS NOT ONLY ?AT H]BICIDE BUT ALL O!RS ) A SIMIL> *EMI/RY4 ,IF F>M]S HAVE BECOME LOCK$ 9TO ! ,G,M CROP PH5OM5ON !Y MAY WELL F9D ?AT !RE >E NO ALT]NATIVES IF ?+S GO WRONG4 ,F>M]S CAN GR[ :AT !Y WANT BUT WILL ONLY SECURE A PR(IT BEYOND ! F>M GATE4 ,IF ! PUBLIC DOES NOT WANT TO BUY !RE IS LITTLE !Y CAN DO -- ! ,B,S,E CRISIS 9 ! BEEF 9DU/RY HAS %[N ?AT4 

,! SITUATION = F>M]S 9 ! DEVELOP+ WORLD IS EV5 MORE ?REAT5+ BECAUSE LACK+ !IR [N /RONG REPRES5TATION & ?R\< ! ECONOMIC WEAKNESS ( !IR C\NTRY'S F9ANCES !Y >E LIKELY TO BE RAILROAD$ 9TO GR[+ ,G,M CROPS4 ,!SE F>M]S TRADITIONALLY SAVE !IR [N SE$ BECAUSE MANY DO NOT HAVE ! F9ANCIAL SECURITY TO BUY NEW SE$ EA* YE>4 ,! [N]S ( ,G,M ,CROPS WILL WANT TO MAKE SURE ?AT F>M]S >E GR[+ 'PURE' ,G,M CROPS EA* YE>4 ,?IS CAN ONLY BE A*IEV$ BY 9TRODUC+ A SO-CALL$ 'T]M9ATOR G5E' :I* /OPS ! ,G,M CROP PRODUC+ VIABLE SE$ ?US =C+ ! F>M] TO BUY NEW /OCKS ( SE$ EA* YE>4 ,CLE> 5\< BUT :AT HAPP5S IF ! G5E ESCAPES 9TO NEI<BOR+ NON-,G,M CROPS BE+ LEGITIMATELY GR[N = SE$8 

,! SITUATION = ! ORGANIC F>M] IS DIRE4 ,POLL5 CAN TRAVEL ?\S&S ( MILES 9 AIR CURR5TS 9 ! UPP] ATMOSPH]E1 LET ALONE TO ! NEI<BOR+ F>M4 ,9DE$ POLL51 :E!R C>RI$ BY W9D OR 9SECTS IS ADAPT$ = EFFICI5T MOVEM5T & DISP]SAL TO O!R PLANTS ( ! SAME SPECIES4 ,= A FEW CROPS LIKE POTATO :I* >E S[N1 H>VE/$ & CONSUM$ 9 ! VEGETATIVE /ATE -- I4E4 ! POTATO TUB] ) NO SEXUAL REPRODUCTION & G5ETIC EX*ANGE 9VOLV$ -- !RE %\LD BE NO PROBLEM4 ,H[EV]1 = ! MAJORITY LIKE :EAT1 B>LEY1 MAIZE1 SOYBEANS1 SUNFL[] ETC41 :]E ! H>VE/$ P>T IS A SE$ OR FRUIT !N IF AN ORGANICALLY GR[N CROP HAS BE5 POLL9AT$ & F]TILIZ$ BY ,G,M POLL5 IT IS NO LONG] AN ORGANIC CROP4 ,! FUTILITY ( TRY+ TO /OP ! ESCAPE ( POLL5 FROM ONE FIELD 9TO ANO!R1 EV5 BY ! USE ( B>RI] CROPS1 IS CLE> & IS AT ! ROOT ( ! PROBLEM SUFF]$ BY ,MONSANTO 9 A REC5T C\RT CASE 9 ,L9COLN%IRE4 

,WELL PUBLICIZ$ 9/ANCES ( ,G,M FOOD CONTAM9AT+ NON-,G,M FOOD PRODUCTS SU* AS ,G,M CORN 9 'ORGANIC' TORTILLA *IPS FROM ! ,U,S,A1 :I* HAD TO BE DE/ROY$1 C\LD WELL BE DUE TO CONTAM9ATION ( ! GR[+ CROP4 ,BEEKEEP]S >E 9 A SIMIL> POSITION BECAUSE !Y HAVE NO CONTROL OV] :I* FL[]S !IR BEES VISIT :ILE LIVE/OCK F>M]S1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE CAT]+ = ! ORGANIC M>KET1 WILL HAVE TO BE V]Y SURE FROM :]E !IR FE$ -- RI* 9 MAIZE1 SOY1 SUNFL[]1 COTTON SE$1 :EAT & B>LEY -- IS S\RC$4 

,CONSUM]S 

,CONSUM]S 9 ! DEVELOP$ WORLD >E RAIS+ OBJECTIONS BUT ! :OLE BUS9ESS ( ,G,M CROPS & ,G,M MANUFACTUR$ FOODS IS SO ALL-P]VAD+ ?AT IT IS PROBABLY ALREADY TOO LATE TO AVOID ,G,M FOOD P>TICUL>LY IF Y\R DIET IS MA9/REAM -- SUP]M>KET %OPP+ ) A L>GE PROPORTION ( PROCESS$ & FA/ FOODS4 

,! +R$I5TS ( SOY & MAIZE 9 P>TICUL> >E WIDELY US$ 9 PROCESS$ FOODS4 ,SOY PROTE91 SOY OIL1 SOY FL\R1 CORN FL\R1 CORN OIL & MAIZE PROTE9 >E ALL US$ 9 PROCESS$ FOOD ( :I* SOME #f.0 CONTA9S SOY4 ,SOON TO BE RELEAS$ IS A ,G,M :EAT TO MAKE SPR+Y D\< :I* IS DESIGN$ = BREAD MAK+1 AL?\< ! G5E = ?IS AT LEA/ HAS BE5 S\RC$ FROM A V>IETY ( :EAT ITSELF4 ,FUR!RMORE ! BIG EXPORT]S ( SOY & MAIZE SU* AS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES >E ! V]Y PLACES :]E ,G,M CROPS >E WELL E/ABLI%$ COMM]CIALLY & GR[+ FA/4 

,MILLIONS ( HECT>ES ( ,G,M CROPS >E BE+ PRODUC$ 9 ! ,U,S,A & !RE >E ALREADY OV] #c TE/ SITES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM4 ,AT ?IS RATE ( ACCEL]ATION IF HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( CONSUM]S SUDD5LY REFUS$ TO PUR*ASE ,G,M FOODS !RE W\LD PROBABLY BE 9SUFFICI5T 'NATURAL' FOOD TO SATISFY ! DEM&4 ,ON TOP ( ?IS IT IS VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO SEP>ATE ,G,M & 'NATURAL' CROPS BY LOOK+ AT !M4 ,C,W,S 7,! ,COOP]ATIVE ,SOCIETY7 HAS REC5TLY SAID ?AT IT WILL LABEL ALL PROCESS$ FOODS ) SOY AS CONTA9+ ,G,M SOY BECAUSE IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY ) C]TA9TY ?AT !Y DO NOT4 

,! ONLY WAY ( 5SUR+ ?AT C]TA9 FOODS DO NOT CONTA9 ,G,M SOY IS TO SEP>ATE ,G,M SOY FROM NON ,G,M-SOY AT ! F>M GATE & MA9TA9 ?IS BY /RICT 9SPECTION1 5=CEM5T & LEGISLATION ?R\< ! :OLE M>KET+ *A91 ! PROCESSOR & RI<T UP TO ! SUP]M>KET %ELF -- A NI<TM>E ( ADM9I/RATION & R$ TAPE :I* WILL CO/ A SMALL =TUNE4 ,IT IS A CRUEL IRONY ?AT SOY %\LD BE ONE ( ! FIR/ CROPS TO GO ',G,M' 9 A BIG WAY :5 AN 9CREAS+ PROPORTION ( ! POPULATION >E MOV+ T[>DS SOY MILK AT ! EXP5SE ( C[S MILK4 

,CONSUM]S 9 ! DEVELOP+ WORLD1 & ESPECIALLY ?OSE C\NTRIES :]E !RE >E REGUL> %ORTAGES ( /APLE FOODS1 MAY BE ?\<T TO HAVE A DIFF]5T VIEWPO9T & PRIORITY ESPECIALLY FOLL[+ REC5T PROPAG&A TO P]SUADE ! POPULATION ?AT ,G,M CROPS & ,G,M FOOD IS ! ONLY WAY TO 'FE$ ! WORLD'4 ,9 FACT ?IS SUBTLE PIECE ( 'BLACKMAIL' WAS REALLY AIM$ AT ! 'CONSCI5CES' ( ! DEVELOP$ WORLD1 ! REASON+ BE+ ?AT IF CONSUM]S 9 ,LONDON ACCEPT ,G,M FOODS ?OSE 9 ,LUSAKA WILL HAVE TO FALL 9TO L9E4 ,H[EV]1 ,G,M CROPP+ %\LD NOT BE COMP>$ ) ',! ,GRE5 ,REVOLUTION' ( ! #a#i#fS :I* WAS F\ND$ ON A LOT MORE ?AN NEW1 HI<] YIELD+ V>IETIES -- F]TILIZ]S1 IRRIGATION & ME*ANIZATION4 ,ANYWAY !SE CROPS HAVE NOT BE5 G5ETICALLY MODIFI$ = HI<] POT5TIAL YIELD & FAM9E HAS MORE TO DO ) CLIMATE1 WEA!R PATT]NS1 POV]TY1 W> & CORRUPTION RA!R ?AN DEFICI5CIES 9 EXI/+ AGRICULTURAL TE*NOLOGY4 

,! 5VIRONM5T 

,POT5TIAL ?REATS TO ! 5VIRONM5T >E MANY4 ,!RE >E HUNDR$S ( CROP PLANT SPECIES & ?\S&S ( WE$ SPECIES BUT LESS ?AN A HUNDR$ PLANT FAMILIES4 ,! BIG FE> IS ?AT ! 'ALI5' G5ES 9TRODUC$ 9TO SPECIFIC ,G,M CROPS WILL ESCAPE & F9D !IR WAY 9TO WILD PLANTS -- !RE >E ALREADY CLAIMS FROM ,FRANCE ?AT A G5E 9TRODUC$ 9TO OILSE$ RAPE HAS BE5 ID5TIFI$ 9 WILD RADI% -- OILSE$ RAPE1 CABBAGE1 CAULIFL[]1 KALE1 SUG> BEET1 SW$E1 M>IGOLD1 TURNIP1 RADI% & MANY O!RS >E ALL MEMB]S ( A HUGE PLANT FAMILY CALL$ ! ,CRUCIF]AE4 ,! ,COLL9S ,GUIDE TO ,BRITI% ,WILD ,FL[]S LI/S SOME #ge WILD ,CRUCIF]AE 9CLUD+ SOME V]Y CLOSE RELATIVES ( OILSE$ RAPE4 ,OILSE$ RAPE ITSELF IS ?\<T TO HAVE ORIG9AT$ FROM A CROSS BETWE5 CABBAGE & MU/>D4 

,& ?IS PROBLEM IS LIKELY TO GET WORSE AS ,G,M CROPP+ MOVES \T ( ITS ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN BASE BECAUSE ! ',C5T]S ( ,ORIG9' = MO/ ( ! WORLD'S /APLE CROPS >E ELSE:]E -- :EAT 9 ,WE/]N & ,C5TRAL ,ASIA1 MAIZE 9 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA & SOY BEAN 9 ,ASIA1 ,S\? ,PACIFIC & ,AU/RALIA4 ,IT IS 9 ! C5T]S ( ORIG9 :]E ALL ! WILD TYPES & CLOSELY RELAT$ 'WE$S' WILL BE F\ND4 ,ONCE !SE 'ALI5' G5ES GET 9TO WILD TYPES & WE$S NOBODY KN[S H[ !Y WILL REACT4 ,IF !Y BECOME DOM9ANT WE C\LD 5D UP ) :OLE RACES ( 'SUP] WE$S' RESI/ANT TO COMMONLY US$ H]BICIDES OR CONTA9+ O!R G5ETIC TRAITS ?AT 5ABLE !M TO COLONIZE :OLE >EAS & 9 DO+ SO R$UCE BIODIV]SITY4 

,G,M CROPS LIKE ,BT COTTON :I* PRODUCE TOX9S TO KILL 9SECT PE/S MAY NOT BE ABLE TO DIFF]5TIATE BETWE5 9SECTS PE/S & B5EFICIAL 9SECTS &1 !RE=E1 KILL ANY?+ ?AT ALI<TS ON !M4 ,9 ADDITION TO BEES ?IS MAY 9CLUDE LADYBIRD BEETLES & O!R USEFUL 9SECTS :I* ACTUALLY CONTROL 9SECT PE/S NATURALLY BY FE$+ ON !M4 ,!RE IS ALREADY EVID5CE ?AT ! GR[+ ( ,BT COTTON IS ACCEL]AT+ ! OCCURR5CE ( BOLLWORM POPULATIONS :I* >E RESI/ANT TO ! ,BT TOX94 ,9 ADDITION TO SIDEL9+ ,BT COTTON ?IS W\LD REMOVE ! SPRAYABLE =MULATIONS ( ,BT AS A USEFUL & H>MLESS BIOLOGICAL CONTROL ( DOZ5S ( CAT]PILL> PE/S :I* DAMAGE ALL SORTS ( CROPS4 ,! ,BT G5E HAS ADDITIONALLY BE5 PUT 9TO POTATO & MAIZE TO CONTROL ! V]Y SAME CAT]PILL>S -- CORN E>WORM & POTATO_/TOMATO LEAFWORM :I* ATTACK ! COTTON BOLLS4 ,! USE ( ,G,M CROPS TOL]ANT TO P>TICUL> H]BICIDES IS LIKELY TO 9CREASE RA!R ?AN DECREASE ! USE ( H]BICIDES4 ,! BIG FE> IS ( MILES & MILES ( 'GRE5 CONCRETE' -- CROP MONOCULTURES ALL SPRAY$ ) ! SAME H]BICIDE & NOT A WE$ 9 SI<T4 ,BE+ COMPLETELY WE$ FREE IS 9 NOBODY'S 9T]E/ BECAUSE ALL SORTS ( ANIMALS 9CLUD+ 9SECTS & BIRDS RELY ON WE$S = !IR EXI/5CE4 ,9DE$ ! REMOVAL ( SE$-BE>+ WE$S FROM MOD]N AGRICULTURE HAS BE5 A MAJOR FACTOR 9 ! RAPID DECL9E ( MANY ]/:ILE COMMON SE$-EAT+ BIRDS SU* AS ! L9NET1 GOLDF9* & YELLO:AMM]4 ,G,M CROPP+ C\LD WELL DECREASE BIODIV]SITY AT ! V]Y TIME :5 GOV]NM5TS >\ND ! WORLD >E CALL+ = CONS]VATION4 

,9 ?IS & O!R RESPECTS ,G,M CROPS & ,G,M FOOD C\LD MAKE ! WORLD A MORE 'ORD]$' & MORE CONTROLL$ PLACE ) EV]YONE FROM ! PRODUC] TO ! CONSUM] LOCK$ 9TO A 'SCI5TIFICALLY-CORRECT' BUT 'POLITICALLY UNPOPUL>' SY/EM ( FOOD PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION -- SOME AWFUL HYBRID BETWE5 ,HUXLEY'S ,BRAVE ,NEW ,WORLD & ,ORWELL'S #a#i#h#d4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! DAY Y\ MU/ ASK Y\RSELF NOT 'DO WE WANT IT' BUT 'DO WE REALLY NE$ IT' & ! ANSW] TO ! LATT]1 IRRESPECTIVE Y\R VIEW ON ! =M]1 MU/ BE NO4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#i1 #bba 3 ,! ,G5ETIC ,MODIFICATION ( ,CROPS3 ,A ,CAUSE = ,CONC]N8 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,! ,G5ETIC ,MODIFICATION ( ,CROPS3 ,A ,CAUSE = ,CONC]N8 -- ,UPDAT$4 

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