,! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION - ,FIR/ ,/AGE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,TEXT 3 

,WRITT53 #a#i#a#h2 
,S\RCE3 ,WORK]S ,DREADN\<T1 #bd ,MAY #a#i#a#i1 REPR9T$ FROM ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,AGE2 
,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,ADAM ,BUICK4 

,! LOGICAL RESULT ( ! COLLAPSE ( ,G]MAN ,IMP]IALISM FOLL[+ ! 
MILIT>Y DEFEAT1 WAS ! REVOLUTION4 

,ON ,NOVEMB] #d? ! REVOLT 9 ,KIEL OCCURR$4 ,! F]M5T MANIFE/$ ITSELF 
FIR/ AMONG ! SAILORS4 ,RUMORS ( REVOLT AMONG ! SAILORS W]E HE>D DUR+ 
! PA/ YE>1 & ! ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS DEF5D$ !MSELVES AGA9/ 
! ACCUSATIONS ( COMPLICITY4 ,N[ IT BROKE \T ANEW1 /RONG] & MORE G5]AL1 
0BY MI/AKE0 AS ! ,VOSSI*E ,ZEITUNG SAID4 ,REVOLUTIONS 
(T5 OCCUR ?R\< SU* MI/AKES - ! CONVICTION AMONG ! SAILORS ?AT ! 
FLEET WAS ORD]$ \T TO HOPELESS COMBAT4 

,! SAILORS ORGANIZ$ A C\NCIL1 >RE/$ !IR (FIC]S1 HOI/$ ! R$ 
FLAG1 & PRES5T$ !IR DEM&S TO ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,! SOCIAL-PATRIOT1 ,NOSKE1 
>RIV+ 9 ,KIEL1 ATTEMPT$ TO /OP !M BUT 9 VA94 

,ON ,NOVEMB] #e? ! MOVEM5T EXT5D$ TO ,HAMBURG1 :]E ! DOCK WORK]S 
DECL>$ = A SYMPA!TIC /RIKE2 TRAFFIC CEAS$ & ! SOLDI]S JO9$ ! 
REVOLUTION4 ,)9 ! NEXT FEW DAYS ! MOVEM5T SPREAD TO ,BREM51 
,WILHELM%AV51 ,LUBECK1 & ?R\<\T ! NOR!RN REGIONS G5]ALLY1 :ILE 
,WOLFF'S ,BUREAU S5T \T VAGUE REPORTS ( ! REVOLT & ! PR$ICTION 
?AT IT W\LD BE QUICKLY SUPPRESS$4 ,9 ,B]L9 ! 9TRIGUE ( NEW M9I/RIES 
CONT9U$4 ,MAX VON ,BAD5 DISAPPE>$1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY PRES5T$ AN 
ULTIMATUM TO ! ,GOV]NM5T & ,VORWA]TS 5TREAT$ ! WORK]S TO 
REMA9 0CALM0 - C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y TO ! LA/4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! 
REVOLUTION CONT9U$ TO SPREAD2 9 ,COLOGNE1 ,MUNI*1 ,/UTTG>T1 ?R\<\T 
,G]MANY4 

,EV]Y:]E ,WORK]S' & ,SOLDI]S' ,C\NCILS SPRANG 9TO BE+ & 
IMPRISON$ ! (FIC]S & (FICIALS ( ! OLD REGIME1 EXCEPT ?OSE :O 
DECL>$ !IR WILL+NESS TO ASSI/ ! REVOLUTION4 ,EV]Y:]E ! NEW ,REPUBLIC 
WAS PROCLAIM$1 K+S & PR9CES ABDICAT$ & DISAPPE>$1 &1 F9ALLY1 ON 
,NOVEMB] #i?1 ,EMP]OR ,WILHELM ABDICAT$4 ,B]L91 :I* REMA9$ CALM UNTIL ! 
LA/1 W5T OV] TO ! REVOLUTION1 ! ,SOLDI]S' & ,WORK]S' 
,C\NCIL TOOK CONTROL )\T BLOOD%$1 & ! POLICE ( ! OLD REGIME 
DISAPPE>$ FROM ! /REETS4 ,! MOVEM5T EXT5D$ TO ! ,WE/]N FRONT1 & 
,WILHELM WAS =C$ TO FLEE FROM ! ,G5]AL ,/AFF ,HEADQU>T]S AT ,SPA TO ! 
,NE!RL&S4 

,) SC>CELY ANY RESI/ANCE1 9 ONE ASSAULT1 ! REVOLUTION WAS VICTORI\S4 
,?IS PROVES ?AT ! OLD SY/EM WAS ALREADY CRUMBL+ & HAD LO/ ! 5TIRE 
SYMPA?Y ( ! MASSES1 :OSE SUFF]+S HAD REA*$ !IR CLIMAX ?R\< ! 
W> & :OSE FE> ( ! OLD REGIME WAS BANI%$ ?R\< ! MILIT>Y DEFEAT4 
,?IS 9FLAMMABLE SITUATION1 :]E ONE SP>K SPREAD ! FLAMES EV]Y:]E1 
5ABL$ ! SECRET PREP>ATIONS ( ! GR\PS ( ! ,9DEP5D5TS & ! 
EXTREME LEFT = AN >M$ UPRIS+ TO BREAK 9TO ACTION1 & ?US LEAD]S SPRANG 
UP EV]Y:]E TO TAKE COMM&4 ,SO ) ! FALL ( ,G]MAN ,IMP]IALISM ALSO FELL 
! POLITICAL =M :]E9 IT FUNCTION$3 ! ABSOLUTI/IC1 FEUDAL1 
MILIT>I/IC1 POLICE /ATE WAS REPLAC$ BY ! DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC4 

,?R\< ITS RAPIDITY & UNANIMITY ! REVOLUTION RE/$ ON ! SURFACE ( 
CIVIL SOCIETY & C\LD NOT AS YET P5ETRATE 9TO ! DEP? ( ! GREAT MASSES4 
,= ?OSE :O ACCOMPLI%$ IT1 ! REVOLUTION1 AS ALL MOD]N REVOLUTIONS1 IS A 
PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,BUT 9 ITS OBJECTS & RESULTS IT IS1 AS YET1 ONLY A 
PURELY POLITICAL1 &1 !RE=E1 A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 ,?IS IS EVID5T FROM 
! FACT ?AT ! SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC LEAD]S1 ,EB]T & ,S*EIDEMANN1 W]E SELECT$ 
TO FUNCTION AS ! HEADS ( ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T4 

,IT SEEMS AT FIR/ GLANCE UNACC\NTABLE ?AT ! MASSES1 DRIV5 TO DESP]ATION 
ON ACC\NT ( ! W> & ITS HORRORS %\LD OV]?R[ & EXPEL ?OSE 
RESPONSIBLE = ! W>1 &1 AT ! SAME TIME ALL[ !IR ACCOMPLICES1 :O 
ALWAYS SUPPORT$ ! W> POLICY1 TO TAKE ! HELM4 ,BUT ?IS IS SIMPLY ! RESULT 
( POLITICAL 9COMPET5CE & TRADITIONAL ADH]5CE TO ! OLD ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 
,! F\R YE>S ( W>1 ?R\< ! PRESSURE ( ! BATTLEFIELD & ! ACTIVITY 
( ! C5SOR1 MADE POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T1 EXCEPT 9 SMALL GR\PS1 IMPOSSIBLE4 
,! MASSES HAVE DE/ROY$ ! MA*9]Y ?AT CRU%$ !M1 !Y HAVE WON !IR 
POLITICAL LIB]TY1 & N[ ! POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T1 ! ORI5TATION ( :AT 
!Y FUR!R DESIRE1 CAN BE />T$4 ,!Y >E /ILL IMPRESS$ ) ! NAIVE 
ILLUSIONS ( ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! REVOLUTION - EV5 AS 9 ,P>IS 9 #a#h#d#h2 !SE 
LAT] REVOLUTIONS MU/ FIR/ GO ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( =M] REVOLUTIONS - 
! ILLUSIONS ( ! PEOPLE'S UNITY1 ( LIB]TY & DEMOCRACY4 

,! V>I\S D5OM9ATIONS & REFLECTIONS ( !SE FANTA/IC ILLUSIONS3 WE 
SPEAK ( ! ,PEOPLE'S ,REPUBLIC1 ! RUL]S >E CALL$ ! ,PEOPLE'S 
REPRES5TATIVES1 WE PASS MOTIONS AGA9/ ALL DISCORD & DISS5SION4 ,! REALITY 
( SOCIETY1 ! CLASS DI/9CTION ( B\RGEOISIE & PROLET>IAT SEEMS TO HAVE 
DISAPPE>$4 ,AS ?IS REALITY AGA9 BECOMES APP>5T ! CLASS /RUGGLE WILL 
BUR/ =? ANEW4 ,IT WILL BE %>P & VIOL5T 9 ,G]MANY BECAUSE BO? ! 
B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT >E /RONG1 !IR CLASS CONSCI\SNESS IS 
=CEFUL & PRODUCTION IS HI<LY DEVELOP$4 ,?IS WILL BE ! NEXT /AGE ( ! 
REVOLUTION2 IT IS EV5 N[ DEVELOP+4 .<,?IS WAS WRITT5 9 ! LATT] P>T ( 
,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#a#h4.> 

,H[ >E !SE CONT5D+ =CES >RAY$8 

,9 NORMAL TIMES ! B\RGEOISIE RULES ?R\< ITS P[]FUL & P]FECTLY 
ORGANIZ$ /ATE APP>ATUS1 :]EAS ! MASSES >E DIVID$ 9TO SEP>ATE GR\PS 
& >E ?US P[]LESS4 ,REVOLUTIONS OCCUR :5 ! MASSES >E SPONTANE\SLY 
9SPIR$ BY ONE WILL & ?US F9D P[] 9 !IR UNITY4 ,NEW 
9DIVIDUALS TAKE ! HELM1 DIFF]5T =MS ( GOV]NM5T COME1 BUT !N ! 
MASSES RESUME !IR DAILY TASKS1 ! 9SPIR+ FIRE ( ONE P[]FUL 
WILL EVAPORATES1 !Y AGA9 FALL AP>T AS 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS1 :ILE ! 
B\RGEOIS APP>ATUS ?AT REMA9$ & WAS DEPRIV$ ( ITS P[] ONLY 
TEMPOR>ILY1 RETAKES ITS OLD POSITION UNOPPOS$ BY ANY ORGANIZ$ =CE1 & 
AGA9 BECOMES ! /ABLE ORGANIZATION ( RULE4 ,SO1 ?R\< ! /ORMS ( ! 
REVOLUTION CLASS RULE GR[S & BECOMES /RONG] AS ! EXP]I5CE ( ! 
REVOLUTION TEA*ES IT TO PRET5D1 TO ADOPT ! EXT]NAL =MS ( DEMOCRACY1 ! 
DRESS ( PEOPLE'S RULE - ! RUL]S *ANGE BUT ! RULE OV] ! 
MASSES REMA9S4 ,TO DE/ROY ?IS RULE IT IS NECESS>Y TO BREAK ! OLD 
GOV]NM5T'S ORGANIZATION1 ! OLD BUREAUCRACY1 & TO /R5G!N ! 
TEMPOR>Y ORGANIZATION ( ! MASSES 9TO LA/+ P[]4 ,?IS HAPP5$ 9 ,P>IS 
9 #ahga BY ! ,COMMUNE1 & 9 ,RUSSIA 9 ,NOVEMB] BY ! ,SOVIETS4 

,9 ,G]MANY ! WORK]S HAVE CREAT$ SU* AN ORGANIZATION1 ! SAME AS TOOK 
PLACE 9 ,RUSSIA1 9 ! =MATION ( ,WORK]S' & ,SOLDI]S' 
,C\NCILS4 ,!SE C\NCILS GAVE ! REVOLUTION A DIRECT P[] :I* L$ TO ITS 
9ITIAL SPE$Y VICTORY4 ,!Y >E ! NEW 9/RUM5T ( P[] = ! MASSES1 ! 
ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAN MASSES AS AGA9/ ! ORGANIZATION ( ! 
B\RGEOISIE4 ,!Y DO NOT1 AS YET1 KN[ :AT !Y WANT1 BUT !Y >E !RE - NOT 
!IR PROGRAM BUT !IR V]Y EXI/5CE HAS REVOLUTION>Y SIGNIFICANCE4 ,A 
REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T :I* WI%ES TO BE ! ORGAN ( ! ,SOCIALI/ 
PROLET>IAT %\LD COMM5CE N[ TO REMOVE ! OLD FUNCTION>IES & ABOLI% 
!IR FUNCTIONS4 

,! GOV]NM5T ( ,EB]T1 ,S*EIDEMANN & ,HAASE HAS DONE ! CONTR>Y4 ,IT HAS 
ATTEMPT$ TO =CE ! ,SOLDI]S' ,C\NCILS 9TO A SUBORD9ATE COMMISSION ( 
ADVICE & TO RE/ORE ! DISCIPL9>Y P[]S ( ! (FIC]S :I* HAS 
RESULT$1 9 MANY PLACES1 9 /RONG RESI/ANCE & REFUSAL BY ! SOLDI]S4 ,IT 
HAS MA9TA9$ ! OLD BUREAUCRACY & ALL[$ IT TO CONT9UE ITS RULE2 IT HAS 
DONE ! SAME AS EV]Y B\RGEOIS P>TY DOES :5 IT ASSUMES CONTROL - TAK5 = 
ITSELF ! BE/ POSITIONS & LEFT ALL ELSE 9 /ATUS QUO ANTE4 ,IT HAS 
RETA9$ ! OLD G5]ALS 9 COMM& ( ! >MY & HAS MADE NO ATTEMPT TO 
FUR!R REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&A AMONG ! SOLDI]S4 ,?US1 BY ALL[+ ! 
APP>ATUS ( ! RUL+ CLASS TO REMA9 9TACT IT OP5LY 5C\RAGES ! 
C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,ALREADY ! BUREAUCRATS OP5LY D5\NCE ! 
0GOV]NM5T ( DILETTANTES01 ! G5]ALS AT ! FRONT ORD] ! R$ 
FLAG HAUL$ D[N1 & EV]Y REACTION IS 5C\RAG$4 

,! B\RGEOISIE IS 5TIRELY SATISFI$ ) ?IS GOV]NM5T1 ESPECIALLY S9CE 
IT ANN\NC$ ?AT NO *ANGE WILL BE MADE 9 PROP]TY RI<TS & ?AT ! BANKS 
WILL NOT BE NATIONALIZ$4 ,! REASON = !SE ANN\NCEM5TS IS ?AT ! 
GOV]NM5T IS TRY+ TO RELY UPON ! :OLE POPULATION1 UPON ! WORK]S & ! 
B\RGEOISIE ALIKE1 ?US1 UPON ! COOP]ATION ( ! CLASSES IT HOPES TO BE ! 
GOV]NM5T ( ! 0CONT9U$ ,GOD'S PEACE04 ,?IS IS A 
REFLECTION ( ! UNCONSCI\SNESS ( ! MASSES1 & WILL BECOME 9CREAS+LY 
IMPOSSIBLE ) ! MORE =CEFUL AWAK5+ ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,= ! TIME BE+ ! GOV]NM5T SW+S BETWE5 ! CLASSES1 IT HAS 
CONS]VATIVE DE$S = ! B\RGEOISIE & REVOLUTION>Y PHRASES = ! WORK]S 
- BECAUSE ! B\RGEOISIE IS AL]TLY CLASS CONSCI\S & NOT EASILY DEFRAUD$1 
:ILE ! WORK]S >E NOT YET FULLY AWAK5$4 ,! FIR/ P>T1 ! APPEASEM5T ( 
! MIDDLE CLASSES IS TAK5 C>E ( BY ,EB]T & ,S*EIDEMANN1 :ILE ! NICE 
,RADICAL SPEE*MAK+ IS ! TASK ( ! SO-CALL$ 0,LEFT ,W+01 ! 
,9DEP5D5TS3 ,DITTMAN & ,B>?1 :O W]E 9CLUD$ 9 ! GOV]NM5T = ?IS 
REASON4 

,! MAJORITY ,SOCIALI/S LACK CONFID5CE 9 ,SOCIALISM & 9 ! ABILITY ( 
! PROLET>IAT4 ,!Y DO NOT D>E TO SOCIALIZE SOCIETY AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE1 
!Y >E AFRAID TO RULE )\T ! OLD BUREAUCRACY4 ,! RULE ( ! WORK]S 
APPE>S TO !M - EV5 AS TO ! B\RGEOISIE - TO BE *AOS2 !IR [N !ORETIC 
9ABILITY MAKES !M FE> ! GIGANTIC TASK :I* ! HI/ORICAL SITUATION 
IMPOSES UPON ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT4 ,= ?IS REASON !Y WANT A ,NATIONAL 
,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY AT ! E>LIE/ POSSIBLE MOM5T TO RELIEVE !M ( 
RESPONSIBILITY4 

,! MIDDLE CLASS ALSO WANTS ! CONVOCATION ( ?IS ASSEMBLY BECAUSE ?R\< 
IT !Y HOPE TO RE/ORE NORMAL CONDITIONS1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A 
0/ABLE0 GOV]NM5T :I* W\LD S5D ! C\NCILS HOME ) 
EXPRESSIONS ( ?ANKS = S]VICES R5D]$4 ,?IS HAS MADE SOME ( ! WORK]S 
REFLECT & ESPECIALLY AMONG ! ,9DEP5D5TS !Y BEG9 TO D\BT & /RIVE TO 
DELAY ! CONVOCATION ( ! ASSEMBLY4 ,! ,9DEP5D5TS OCCUPY 9 ! COALITION 
! PLACE :I* ! SOCIAL-PATRIOTS =M]LY OCCUPI$ 9 ! B\RGEOIS 
GOV]NM5T1 NAMELY TO PREV5T ! WORK]S FROM REBELL+ AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T4 
,BUT !Y >E COMPELL$ ON ACC\NT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES AMONG ! 
WORK]S1 TO RESI/ ! ULTRA-CONS]VATIVE DEAL+S ( ! GOV]NM5T4 

,?IS EXPLA9S ! GR[+ FRICTION BETWE5 ,KURT ,EISN] .<S9CE ASSASS9AT$.>1 
! LEAD] ( ! ,BAV>IAN ,C\NCILS1 & ,B>?1 ON ONE SIDE1 & ,EB]T & 
,S*EIDEMANN ON ! O!R4 ,! ,9DEP5D5TS ALSO PROPOSE PLANS = MOD]ATE 
SOCIALIZATION - NOT ALL AT ONCE1 NO EXP]IM5TS6 ,!Y PROPOSE BEAUTIFUL PLANS 
= ! UPBUILD+ ( ,SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION UPON ! BASIS ( GREAT 9DU/RIES 
& GREAT AGRICULTURE :OSE SUPPORT !Y MU/ HAVE4 ,!Y DO NOT ?9K AB\T ! 
FACT ?AT ,SOCIALISM IS NOT A QUE/ION ( ! NATIONALIZATION ( 9DU/RY1 BUT IS 
A QUE/ION ( ! P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT - 9 ! !ORETIC WRIT+S ( 
,KAUTSKY NO?+ IS SAID AB\T ?IS6 ,! RESULT WILL BE ?AT :5 ! B\RGEOISIE 
AGA9 ASSUME P[] IT WILL MAKE AN 5D ( ALL !SE PLANS OR REALIZE !M 9 ITS 
[N WAY AS ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM4 

,BESIDES ! ,9DEP5D5TS ALREADY GO >M 9 >M ) ,JAFFE1 ! ,BAV>IAN 
,PR(ESSOR ( ,ECONOMY1 :O DUR+ ! W> \TL9$ A PROJECT = EXT5SIVE ,/ATE 
,SOCIALISM1 :I* IS BETT] CALL$ ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM4 ,! TWO P>TIES1 ! 
MAJORITY ,SOCIALI/S & ! ,9DEP5D5TS WILL1 )\T A D\BT1 UNITE ) ! 
RADICAL B\RGEOIS P>TIES UPON ?IS ,/ATE ,SOCIALI/ PROGRAM1 PROVID$ ! 
PROLET>IAT DOES NOT 9T]V5E4 ,:ILE ! ,GOV]NM5T IS ONLY CONC]N$ ) 
EXT]NALS & ! MA9T5ANCE ( ORD] - :I*1 9 REALITY1 BECOMES 9CREAS+LY 
*AOTIC - ! FRICTION BETWE5 ! CLASSES DEVELOPS4 ,! B\RGEOISIE ORGANIZE 
,:ITE ,GU>DS1 ! PROLET>IAT =M ,R$ ,GU>DS1 & 9 SECRET REACTION CONSPIRES 
& PREP>ES = CIVIL W>4 ,& :ILE ! >RIVAL ( TROOPS /R5G!NS ! 
REACTION>IES1 ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT FLAMES AMONG ! WORK]S4 

,! GREAT /RUGGLE :I* MU/ DEVELOP WILL BE BETWE5 ! B\RGEOISIE1 OP5LY 
OR COV]TLY REPRES5T$ BY ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC & ! ,9DEP5D5T P>TIES1 
& ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 N[ CALL$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY BUT :I* DUR+ 
! W> WAS EMBODI$ 9 ! ,SP>TACUS ,GR\P & ! ,BREM5 ,9T]NATIONALI/S4 
,AL?\<1 AS AN ORGANIZATION1 IT IS NOT YET DI/9CT & AP>T FROM ! ,SOCIAL 
,DEMOCRACY & ! ,9DEP5D5TS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY IS 9 DIRECT OPPOSITION1 IT 
DEF5DS ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT AS AGA9/ DEMOCRATIC 
P>LIAM5T>ISM & IS OPPOS$ TO ! CONVOCATION ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY2 IT 
DEM&S ! ABOLITION ( ,CAPITALISM & ! ANNULM5T ( /ATE DEBTS4 ,IT 
REPRES5TS ! IDEAL ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVIK P>TY AL?\< NOT DIRECTLY 
CONNECT$ ) IT1 ON ACC\NT ( FRICTION BETWE5 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG & ,L594 ,BY 
! B\RGEOISIE & ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACIES ! ,COMMUNI/S >E REPRES5T$ AS 
BE+ ! ,BOL%EVIKI1 & ALL ! D5UNCIATION & MISREPRES5TATION DIRECT$ 
AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVIKI >E ALSO DIRECT$ AGA9/ !M4 ,MANY MOTIONS 
ADOPT$ BY ,SOLDI]S' ,C\NCILS - ESPECIALLY AT ! FRONT1 :]E !Y >E 
LEA/ DEVELOP$ POLITICALLY1 & :]E1 ABOVE ALL1 !Y DESIRE RE/ & PEACE - 
EXPRESS !IR ABHORR5CE ( ,BOL%EVISM4 ,AS YET1 ! ,COMMUNI/S >E BUT A SMALL 
M9ORITY1 & ! SOCIAL-PATRIOTS & ! B\RGEOISIE USE ?IS FACT TO 
CONSOLIDATE !IR =CES4 ,! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,COMMUNI/S UPON ! WORK]S1 
H[EV]1 IS GR[+ BY LEAPS & B\NDS4 

,! 9T]NATIONAL SITUATION1 ! ?REAT5+ FOOD %ORTAGE & ! M5ACE ( 
! ,5T5TE TROOPS >E GREAT OB/ACLES TO REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,G]MANY4 
,FROM A MILIT>Y PO9T ( VIEW ,G]MANY IS ABSOLUTELY AT ! M]CY ( ! ,5T5TE1 
&1 ECONOMICALLY1 %E IS ALSO DEP5D5T UPON ! ,ALLIES4 ,H] /ORES ( 
FOOD/UFFS >E V]Y SMALL1 & %E IS DEP5D5T UPON ! GOODWILL ( ! ,POLES 
= GRA9 FROM ! ,EA/]N PROV9CES4 ,?R\< ! LOSS ( ,LORRA9E ,G]MANY HAS 
NOT 5\< IRON ORE TO SUPPLY H] 9DU/RIES4 ,! ,5T5TE HAD ALREADY NOTIFI$ 
H] ?AT ! DELIV]Y ( GRA9 DEP5DS UPON ! MA9T5ANCE ( ORD] & ! 
E/ABLI%M5T ( AN ORD]LY GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,5T5TE1 :I* S5T TROOPS TO 
SUPPRESS ,COMMUNI/IC ,RUSSIA & RE/ORE ! B\RGEOISIE1 IS C>EFUL NOT TO ALL[ 
A REVOLUTION>Y ,G]MANY TO ASSI/ ,RUSSIA1 EV5 MORALLY2 & 
,VORWA]TS8 EV] ! LACKEY ( ! P[]S ?AT BE1 FIR/ ( ,WILHELM1 
N[ ( ! ,5T5TE - IS T]RIBLY AGITAT$ AGA9/ ! PROPOSAL ( ,RUSSIA TO S5D 
REPRES5TATIVES TO ! ,G]MAN ,CONGRESS ( ,WORK]S' & ,SOLDI]S' 
,C\NCILS4 ,VORWA]TS1 ! B\RGEOIS PRESS1 & ! ,GOV]NM5T ALL 
COMB9E TO 9SPIRE ! POPULATION ) FE> ( ! ,5T5TE ?REAT1 & TO PA9T 
! ECONOMIC SITUATION AS BLACK AS POSSIBLE4 ,!Y ?US HOPE TO /IFLE ! 
REVOLUTION>Y WILL ( ! WORK]S1 & IT IS BEYOND D\BT ?AT !Y WILL BE 
SUCCESSFUL ) A CONSID]ABLE SECTION ( ! MASSES4 

,!RE IS LITTLE D\BT BUT ?AT ! ,CONGRESS ( ,WORK]S' & 
,SOLDI]S' ,C\NCILS CALL$ = ,DECEMB] #a#f? WILL SUPPORT1 BY A BIG 
MAJORITY1 ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T ( ,EB]T-,HAASE4 ,!SE C\NCILS >E NOT BY ANY 
MEANS PURE PROLET>IAN 9/ITUTIONS2 9 ! ,SOLDI]S' ,C\NCILS >E ! 
(FIC]S2 9 ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS >E ! ,TRADE ,UNION & P>TY LEAD]S4 
,!SE M5 WILL NOT ALL[ ! REVOLUTION TO GO ANY FUR!R IF !Y CAN PREV5T 
IT4 

,BUT !RE >E O!R OBJECTIVE MAT]IAL FACTORS ?AT WILL =CE ! WORK]S 
FROM ! BOTTOM UP4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR 
- ! FIR/ ASSAULT BR\<T ! PROCLAMATION ( ! EI<T-H\R DAY & ! 
E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS 9 ! FACTORIES4 ,N[ ?AT ! 
REACTION IS SETT+ 9 ! MANUFACTUR]S >E 5DEAVOR+ TO TAKE BACK !SE 
CONCESSIONS & R$UCE WAGES1 :ILE ON ! O!R H&1 WORK]S >E DEM&+ 
FUR!R RE=MS4 ,H]E & !RE CLA%ES1 9 ! %APE ( /RIKES1 >E OCCURR+ 
:I* REQUIRE EXTRAORD9>Y EF=TS ON ! P>T ( ! ,9DEP5D5T AG5TS ( ! 
,GOV]NM5T TO CONCILIATE4 ,?IS WILL EV5TUALLY COMPEL ! ,GOV]NM5T TO ACT & 
=CE IT TO *OOSE BETWE5 PRESS+ ! B\RGEOISIE OR HAV+ FUR!R SECTIONS 
( ! MASSES >RAY$ AGA9/ IT4 ,9 ! SECOND PLACE ! ECONOMIC WANT WILL 
EFFECT ! ,GOV]NM5T /ILL MORE4 ,! MIS]Y & DEPRIVATION ! W> HAS BR\<T 
HAS BE5 SO HORRIBLE ?AT ! WORK]S WILL NOT BE ABLE TO C>RY ANY FUR!R 
BURD51 & IF ! ,GOV]NM5T DOES NOT ACTIVELY ASSI/ !M - & ?IS MEANS 
?AT IT MU/ TAKE FROM ! POSSESSORS - !N ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT WILL 
RECEIVE FRE% IMPETUS AMONG ! MASSES4 

,9 TIMES ( WANT1 SU* AS CONFRONT ,G]MANY N[ & 9 ! COM+ YE>S1 ONLY 
A GOV]NM5T :I* BY ITS DE$S & ITS VIEWPO9T WILL NOT BE OPPOS$ TO ! 
GREAT MASSES CAN EXI/4 ,CONSEQU5TLY IT IS NOT TO BE EXPECT$ ?AT ! PRES5T 
,GOV]NM5T ( ,G]MANY WILL BE SUCCESSFUL 9 CONF9+ ! REVOLUTION TO ITS 
PRES5T PURELY POLITICAL RE=M *>ACT]2 BUT ! ATTITUDE ( ! MASSES N[ 9 
ASSI/+ ! ,GOV]NM5T TO A GREAT EXT5T1 & IS1 !RE=E1 /R5G!N+ ! 
B\RGEOISIE1 & WILL 9CREASE ITS P[] ( RESI/ANCE 9 ! COM+ CIVIL 
W>4 

,MU* DEP5DS ON ! CLASS 9/9CTS ( ! COM+ ,CONGRESS ( ,WORK]S' 
& ,SOLDI]S' ,C\NCILS4 ,IF IT WILL LAY ! F\NDATION = P[]1 ! P[] 
( ! WORK]S & SOLDI]S1 !N ! PROLET>IAT WILL BE WELL >M$ = ! 
COM+ /RUGGLE4 

,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK1 ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,HOLL&4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #a1 #bba 3 ,! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION - ,FIR/ ,/AGE -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION - ,FIR/ ,/AGE -- ,UPDAT$4 

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