,! ,<O/ ( ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TAGS 3 COLLECTIVES 9 ! SPANI% REVOLUTION1 G5]AL CONF$]ATION ( LABOR1 P>IS COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 ABAD DE SANTILLAN DIEGO1 SPANI% CIVIL W>1 CONF$]ATION ( LABOR1 T[NS & VILLAGES1 BLOOD ( SPA91 LABOR & CAPITAL1 F$]ATION ( C\NTIES4 

,TEXT 3 

,?IS MANUSCRIPT WAS PROVID$ TO ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES BY ! AU?OR4 

,! ,<O/ ( ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM 

BY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9  

  

,PHOTO BY B]TS&AM]1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,S,A ,LIC5SE ,ONE ( ! MO/ P]SI/5T ( HUMAN FRAILTIES IS ! T5D5CY ( 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS TO FALL BACK1 9 TIMES ( A T]RIBLY FRAGM5T$ REALITY1 ONTO OBSOLETE1 EV5 >*AIC IDEOLOGIES = A S5SE ( CONT9UITY & SECURITY4 ,TODAY WE F9D ?IS NOT ONLY ON ! RI<T1 :]E PEOPLE >E EVOK+ ! <O/S ( ,NAZISM & DEADLY =MS ( AN EMBATTL$ NATIONALISM1 BUT ALSO ON ! 0LEFT0 7:ATEV] ?AT WORD MAY MEAN ANYMORE71 :]E MANY PEOPLE EVOKE <O/S ( !IR [N1 BE !Y ! ,NEOLI?IC GODDESS CULTS ?AT MANY FEM9I/ & ECOLOGICAL SECTS CELEBRATE OR ! G5]ALLY ANTI-CIVILIZATIONAL AMBIANCE ?AT EXI/S AMONG Y\NG MIDDLE-CLASS PEOPLE ?R\<\T ! ,5GLI%- SPEAK+ WORLD4   

,UN=TUNATELY1 BACKW>D- LOOK+ T5D5CIES >E BY NO MEANS ABS5T AMONG A NUMB] ( SELF- PR(ESS$ AN>*I/S1 EI!R1 SOME ( :OM HAVE TURN$ TO MY/ICAL1 (T5 EXPRESSLY PRIMITIVI/IC IDEAS IMBRICAT$ ) ECO!OLOGIES & GODDESS- WOR%IP+ IDEOLOGIES ( ONE K9D OR ANO!R4  ,/ILL O!RS HAVE TURN$ UNCRITICALLY TO ! ET]NAL V]ITIES ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 EV5 ?\< IT CAME TO ITS 5D AS A HI/ORICAL =CE 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> ( #a#i#c#f- #c#i4 ,5\< CRITICAL LIT]ATURE ON ECO!OLOGIES IS N[ AVAILABLE ?AT S]I\S PEOPLE CAN EXORCIZE ?OSE <O/S FROM FEM9ISM & ECOLOGISM4  ,BUT AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 ONE ( ! MO/ CLOI/]$ ( LIB]T>IAN T5D5CIES TODAY1 /ILL EVOKES A GREAT DEAL ( SYMPA?Y [+ TO ITS ROOTS 9 A ONCE- 9SURG5T LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,:AT ,I F9D DI/URB+ AB\T MU* AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ LIT]ATURE IS ITS T5D5CY TO CLAIM ?AT AN>*O-SYNDICALISM IS ! ALPHA & OMEGA ( 0TRUE0 AN>*ISM1 9 CONTRA/ TO O!R LIB]T>IAN T5D5CIES ?AT 9VOLVE A BROAD] VIEW ( SOCIAL /RUGGLE ?AN ONE ?AT IS L>GELY FOCUS$ ON TRADITIONAL CONFLICTS BETWE5 WAGE LABOR & CAPITAL4  ,C]TA9LY NOT ALL AN>*O- SYNDICALI/S W\LD BE UNSYMPA!TIC TO1 SAY1 ECO- AN>*ISM OR A COMMUNIT>IAN AN>*ISM ?AT IS CONC]N$ ) CONF$]ATIONS ( VILLAGES1 T[NS1 & CITIES1 BUT A DEGREE ( DOGMATISM & /ODGY FIXITY P]SI/S AMONG WORK]- ORI5T$ AN>*I/S ?AT ,I BELIEVE %\LD H>DLY BE *>ACT]I/IC ( LEFT LIB]T>IANS G5]ALLY4   

,TO BE TOLD1 AS AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ !ORI/ ,HELMUT ,RUDIG] WROTE 9 #a#i#d#i1 ?AT SYNDICALISM IS ! 0ONLY0 IDEOLOGY 0?AT CAN RELATE AN>*I/IC IDEAS TO WORK+ PEOPLE--?AT IS1 TO ! L>G] P>T ( ! POPULATION0 .<D] GROSS5 ,M5GE D] ,BEVOLK]UNG.> SEEMS A CRUEL JOKE 9 ! WORLD ( ! #a#i#iS 7,RUDIG]1 #a#i#d#i1 P4 #a#f74  ,AT LEA/ ! AU?OR ( SO SWEEP+ A CLAIM WAS AN OLD-TIM]1 AN $ITOR ( ,>BET>5 7A ,SW$I% SYNDICALI/ WEEKLY71 & HE P5N$ !M 9 #a#i#d#i1 :5 IT WAS /ILL UNCLE> ?AT ! PROLET>IAT HAD CEAS$ TO BE ! 0HEGEMONIC0 REVOLUTION>Y CLASS ?AT IT SEEM$ TO BE A DECADE E>LI]4  ,RUDIG] WAS ALSO WILL+ TO BROAD5 ! SCOPE ( AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ IDEOLOGY BY 9TRODUC+ SOME ( ! MORE COMMUNITY-ORI5T$ VIEWS ( ,PR\DHON 9TO HIS IDEAS4  ,BUT 9 CONV]SATIONS ) & WRIT+S ( MORE REC5T AN>*O- SYNDICALI/S1 ,I HAVE 9CREAS+LY COME ACROSS SIMIL> CLAIMS MA9TA9+ ?AT SYNDICALISM OR 0WORK]S' CONTROL0 ( 9DU/RY IS SYNONYM\S ) AN>*ISM4  ,MANY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S SEEM TO REG>D ANY LIB]T>IAN IDEAS ?AT *ALL5GE EV5 ! 0HEGEMONY0 ( SYNDICALISM 9 ITS V>I\S MUTATIONS- - G5]ALLY AN>*O- SYNDICALI/ 9 *>ACT]- - 0ANTI- PROLET>IAN10 ANTI- 0CLASSI/10 & AS PROPAGAT+ A CULTURAL 0DEVIATION0 FROM !IR [N B$ROCK AN>*I/ ANALYSIS ( CLASS CONFLICT 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4   

,?AT ! PROLET>IAT ?AT ONCE RALLI$ TO ! BANN]S ( ! ,SPANI% ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,N,T7 & ! E>LY ,FR5* ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,G,T7 HAS *ANG$ ITS APP>5T *>ACT]1 /RUCTURE1 & \TLOOK OV] ! PA/ C5TURY2 ?AT CAPITALISM TODAY IS NO LONG] QUITE ! CAPITALISM ?AT EM]G$ G5]ATIONS AGO2 ?AT VITAL ISSUES HAVE EM]G$ ?AT HAVE A GREAT DEAL TO DO ) HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURES BAS$ ON RACE1 G5D]1 NATIONALITY1 & BUREAUCRATIC /ATUS1 NOT ONLY ECONOMIC CLASSES2 & ?AT CAPITALISM IS N[ ON A COLLISION C\RSE ) ! NATURAL WORLD- - ALL !SE PROBLEMS & MANY MORE ?AT >E 9 SU* DIRE NE$ ( COH]5T ANALYSIS & SWEEP+ SOLUTION T5D TO L>GELY ELUDE ! AN>*O- SYNDICALI/S ,I HAVE 5C\NT]$--?AT IS1 :5 !Y DO NOT SIMPLY DEAL ) !M M>G9ALLY1 9 METAPHORICAL OR ECONOMI/IC T]MS4  ,:AT IS NO LESS TR\BL+1 ! TRADE- UNIONI/ M5TALITY AMONG SOME ( MY [N AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ CRITICS T5DS TO OBSCURE ! FACT ?AT AN>*ISM ITSELF HAS HI/ORICALLY MADE A RESPONSE TO SOCIAL & CULTURAL ISSUES ?AT IS MU* BROAD] ?AN ! CLASS /RUGGLE BETWE5 WORK]S & BOSSES4  ,! RESULT IS ?AT TODAY1 ! MORE WIDE- RANG+ T5D5CIES 9 AN>*I/ HI/ORY >E EI!R IGNOR$ OR SIMPLY WRITT5 \T ( ! MOVEM5T'S PA/4   ,H[ SUCCESSFUL ,I OR ANYONE ELSE AM LIKELY TO BE 9 *ALL5G+ ?IS DEEPLY 5TR5*$ SYNDICALI/ M5TALITY1 ) ITS CLAIMS TO IDEOLOGICAL 0HEGEMONY10 IS QUE/IONABLE4  ,BUT AT LEA/ ! RECORD ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM %\LD BE CL>IFI$ & C]TA9 ( ! PROBLEMS IT PRES5TS %\LD BE CONFRONT$4  ,SOME ATTEMPT %\LD BE MADE TO TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION ! SWEEP+ *ANGES HAVE OCCURR$ S9CE ! #a#i#cS1 TO :I* MANY AN>*O- SYNDICALI/S SEEM OBLIVI\S2 C]TA9 TRU?S ?AT >E P>T ( ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM G5]ALLY HAVE TO BE R$EEM$ & EXPLOR$2 & PROBLEMS %\LD BE FAC$1 DISAGREEABLE AS !Y MAY BE1 & RESOLV$ AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 OR AT LEA/ DISCUSS$ )\T LEAN+ ON A FIX$ DOGMA AS A SUB/ITUTE = FRANKNESS4  

,AN>*ISM3 ,! ,COMMUNAL ,DIM5SION 

  

,IT IS >GUABLE :E!R AN>*ISM IS PRIM>ILY A PRODUCT ( RELATIVELY MOD]N 9DIVIDUALI/IC IDEOLOGIES1 ( ,5LI<T5M5T RATIONALISM1 OR ( 9ITIALLY 9*OATE BUT POPUL> ATTEMPTS TO RESI/ HI]>*ICAL DOM9ATION- - ! LATT]1 AN 9T]PRETATION ?AT ,I %>E ) ,KROPOTK94  ,9 ANY CASE1 ! WORD AN>*I/ ALREADY APPE>$ 9 ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION :5 A ,CROMWELLIAN P]IODICAL D5\NC$ ,CROMWELL'S MORE RADICAL CRITICS AS 0,SWITZ]+ AN>*I/S0 7,BOOK*91 N4D41 VOL4 #a1 P4 #a#f#a74  ,DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 A G5]ATION BE=E ,PR\DHON EMPLOY$ ! T]M TO DESIGNATE HIS [N VIEWS1 ROYALI/S & ,GIROND9S REPEAT$LY US$ ! WORD AN>*I/ES TO ATTACK ! 5RAGES4  ,?AT ! ,RE=MATION PEASANTS ( ,G]MANY 9 ! #a#e#bS :O ROSE UP TO DEF5D !IR COMMON L&S & VILLAGE AUTONOMY 9 ! NAME ( AN AU!NTIC FOLK V]SION ( ,*RI/IANITY >E *>ACT]IZ$ AS AN>*I/1 AS IS ,TOL/OY DESPITE HIS DEV\T RELIGIOSITY1 %\LD LAY TO RE/ ANY D5IALS ( ! FACT ?AT ! AN>*I/ TRADITION 5COMPASSES EXPANSIVE1 FOLK- LIKE MOVEM5TS4   

,IT IS QUE/IONABLE :E!R 9DIVIDUALISM AS SU* IS ! S9E QUA NON ( AN>*ISM- - MY [N VIEW ( AN>*ISM IS /RONGLY SOCIAL- - BUT AN>*ISM CAN BE SE5 AS EM]G+ 9 DIFF]5T SOCIAL P]IODS & CONDITIONS 9 MANY DIFF]5T =MS4  ,IT CAN BE F\ND AMONG TRIBAL PEOPLES :O RESI/$ ! EM]G5CE ( /ATI/ 9/ITUTIONS2 9 ! POPUL> OPPOSITION ( PEASANTS1 S]FS1 SLAVES1 & YEOM5 TO V>I\S SY/EMS ( RULE2 9 ! CONFLICT ( ! 5RAGES & RADICAL SECTIONNAIRES ( ! ,P>ISIAN ASSEMBLIES ) ! ,JACOB9 C5TRALI/S2 & 9 ! PROLET>IAT'S /RUGGLE 9 ITS MORE H]OIC P]IODS AGA9/ CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION- - :I* IS NOT TO D5Y ! PRES5CE ( /ATI/ ELEM5TS 9 MANY ( !SE =MS ( POPUL> RESI/ANCE AS WELL4  ,PR\DHON SEEMS TO HAVE SPOK5 L>GELY = CRAFTSPEOPLE & ! EM]G+ WORK+ CLASSES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY2 ,BAKUN91 = PEASANTS & AN EM]G+ 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT2 AV[$ AN>*O- SYNDICALI/S1 = FACTORY WORK]S & ! AGRICULTURAL PROLET>IAT2 ,KROPOTK91 = OPPRESS$ PEOPLE G5]ALLY1 9 A /ILL LAT] P]IOD :5 A COMMUNI/IC SOCIETY BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLE 0,FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS OR H] ABILITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS OR H] NE$S0 7OR A 0PO/- SC>CITY SOCIETY10 9 MY LANGUAGE71 SEEM$ EM95TLY FEASIBLE4   

,I MU/ EMPHASIZE ?AT ,I AM NOT TRY+ TO PRES5T A RIGOR\S S*EME H]E4 ,IT IS ! REM>KABLE OV]LAP ( EVOLV+ SOCIAL CONDITIONS & IDEOLOGIES 9 ! PA/ TWO C5TURIES ?AT MAY WELL EXPLA9 :AT SEEMS LIKE 0CONFUSION0 9 AN UNAVOIDABLY DISP>ATE BODY ( LIB]T>IAN IDEAS4  ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE1 9 MY VIEW1 ?AT AN>*ISM IS ABOVE ALL ANTIHI]>*ICAL RA!R ?AN SIMPLY 9DIVIDUALI/IC2 IT SEEKS TO REMOVE ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN1 NOT ONLY ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE & EXPLOITATION BY RUL+ ECONOMIC CLASSES4 ,9DE$1 F> FROM BE+ MA9LY 9DIVIDUALI/IC OR MA9LY DIRECT$ AGA9/ A SPECIFIC =M ( CLASS RULE1 AN>*ISM HAS HI/ORICALLY BE5 MO/ CREATIVE & *ALL5G+ :5 IT WAS FOCUS$ ON ! COMMUNE RA!R ?AN ON ITS ECONOMIC COMPON5TS SU* AS ! FACTORY1 & FUR!R ?AT ! CONF$]AL =MS ( ORGANIZATION ?AT IT ELABORAT$ W]E BAS$ ON AN E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY RA!R ?AN ON A CONTRACTUAL SY/EM ( S]VICES & OBLIGATIONS4   

,9DE$1 ! IMPORTANCE ( ! COMMUNE 9 TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ ?\<T HAS NOT RECEIV$ ! FULL ATT5TION IT DES]VES1 POSSIBLY DUE TO ! 9FLU5CE ?AT ,M>XIAN ECONOMISM HAD ON AN>*ISM & ! HEGEMONIC ROLE IT ASSIGN$ TO ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4  ,?IS ECONOMISM MAY ALSO HAVE BE5 SUPPORT$ BY ,PR\DHON'S 9FLU5TIAL WRIT+S1 MANY ( :I* AN>*I/S CITE )\T DUE REG>D TO ! TIME & CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* !Y W]E WRITT54  ,TODAY ONLY A DIEH>D ,PR\DHONIAN1 = EXAMPLE1 IS LIKELY TO AGREE ) ,PR\DHON'S BELIEF1 EXPRESS$ 9 ,! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,F$]ALISM1 ?AT 0! IDEA ( AN>*Y 4  4  4  MEANS ?AT POLITICAL FUNCTIONS HAVE BE5 R$UC$ TO 9DU/RIAL FUNCTIONS1 & ?AT ! SOCIAL ORD] >ISES FROM NO?+ BUT TRANSACTIONS & EX*ANGES0 7,PR\DHON1 #a#h#f#c1 P4 #a#a74 ,PR\DHON'S ECONOMI/IC 9T]PRETATION ( AN>*Y1 ) ITS FOCUS ON ! SELF-SOV]EIGN 9DIVIDUAL AS A CONTRACTUAL BE>] ( GOODS & S]VICES 7A FOCUS HE %>$ ) TRADITIONAL LIB]ALISM 9 ?AT HE /RUCTUR$ HIS VIEWS >\ND 9DIVDIUAL CONTRACTS AS WELL AS A 0SOCIAL CONTRACT071 IS NOT ! MO/ $IFY+ ( HIS IDEAS4   

,:AT ,I F9D MO/ WOR? EMPHASIZ+ 9 ,PR\DHON IS HIS HI<LY COMMUNAL NOTION ( CONF$]ALISM4  ,HE WAS AT HIS BE/1 ALL[+ = C]TA9 RES]VATIONS1 :5 HE DECL>$ ?AT 0! F$]AL SY/EM IS ! CONTR>Y ( HI]>*Y OR ADM9I/RATIVE & GOV]NM5TAL C5TRALIZATION02 ?AT ! 0ESS5CE0 ( F$]AL CONTRACTS IS 0ALWAYS TO RES]VE MORE P[]S = ! CITIZ5 ?AN = ! /ATE1 & = MUNICIPAL & PROV9CIAL AU?ORITIES ?AN = ! C5TRAL P[]02 ?AT 0! C5TRAL P[]0 MU/ BE 0IMP]CEPTIBLY SUBORD9AT$ 4  4  4 TO ! REPRES5TATIVES ( DEP>TM5TS OR PROV9CES1 PROV9CIAL AU?ORITY TO ! DELEGATES ( T[N%IPS1 & MUNICIPAL AU?ORITY TO ITS 9HABITANTS0 7,PR\DHON1 #a#h#f#c1 PP4 #d#a1 #d#e1 #d#h74 ,9DE$1 ,$W>D ,HYAMS1 9 HIS HI<LY SYMPA!TIC #aigi BIOGRAPHY1 GL[S ) APPRECIATION AS HE SUMM>IZES ,PR\DHON'S F$]ALISM3 

,IT IS ( ! ESS5CE ( ! ,PR\DHONIAN F$]ATION CONTRACT ?AT :5 5T]+ 9TO IT1 ! CONTRACT+ P>TIES UND]TAK+ EQUIVAL5T & RECIPROCAL OBLIGATIONS T[>DS EA* O!R1 EA* RES]VES TO HIMSELF A GREAT] MEASURE ( RI<TS1 ( LIB]TY1 AU?ORITY & PROP]TY ?AN HE CONC$ES TO ! F$]AL AU?ORITY3 ! CITIZ5 REMA9S MA/] ( & 9 HIS [N H\SE1 RE/RICT+ HIS RI<TS ONLY 9 SO F> AS IT IS NECESS>Y TO AVOID 5CROA*+ ON ?OSE ( O!RS 9 HIS P>I% OR COMMUNE4  ,! COMMUNE IS SELF- GOV]N+ ?R\< ! ASSEMBLY ( CITIZ5S OR !IR DELEGATES1 BUT IT VE/S ! C\NTY F$]AL AU?ORITY ) C]TA9 P[]S :I* IT ?US SURR5D]S4  ,! C\NTY1 AGA9 SELF- GOV]N+ ?R\< ! ASSEMBLY ( DELEGATES FROM ! F$]AT$ COMMUNES1 VE/S ! F$]AL AU?ORITY ( ! NATIONAL F$]ATION ( C\NTIES1 ) P[]S :I* IT SURR5D]S4  ,SO ! F$]ATION ( C\NTIES1 OR REGIONS IS ! CONF$]ATION 9TO :I* ! ]/:ILE SOV]EIGN /ATE HAS BE5 TRANS=M$2 & IT MAY1 9 ITS TURN1 5T] 9TO F$]ATIVE CONTRACTS ) O!R SU* CONF$]ATIONS4 7,HYAMS1 #a#i#g#i1 P4 #b#e#d7 

,TO BE SURE1 ,HYAMS PLACES A DISQUIET+ EMPHASIS ON ,PR\DHON'S 9DIVIDUALISM ( ! CITIZ51 :O SEEMS TO EXI/ 9 T5SION ) HIS OR H] COMMUNE1 & ON CONTRACTUAL RELATION%IPS AS SU*4  ,HYAMS UNCRITICALLY ACCEPTS ,PR\DHON'S NOTION ( DIFF]5T CONF$]AL LEVELS ( SOCIETY AS EA* 9VOLV+ ! 0SURR5D]0 ( RI<TS RA!R ?AN BE+ /RUCTUR$ 9TO M]ELY ADM9I/RATIVE & COORD9ATIVE 7AS DI/+UI%$ FROM POLICY- MAK+7 BODIES4  ,NONE!LESS1 ,HYAMS'S NOTION ( ,PR\DHON'S 0F$]ATION CONTRACT0 HAS A C]TA9 MOD]N R+ TO IT4  ,! PROPRIET>IAN M5TALITY ?AT APPE>S 9 SO MANY ( ,PR\DHON'S WRIT+S--:I* MI<T WELL BE MI/AK5 = REC5T V]SIONS ( 0M>KET SOCIALISM0--IS DISP5SABLE4  ,! PO9T ,I WI% TO /RESS IS ?AT ,PR\DHON H]E APPE>S AS A SUPPORT] ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY & ASSEMBLY SELF- MANAGEM5T ON A CLE>LY CIVIC LEVEL1 A =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION WELL WOR? FI<T+ = 9 AN ]A ( C5TRALIZATION & OLIG>*Y4   

,BE=E ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 BECAME DEEPLY 9VOLV$ ) ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION 7,I,W,M,A7 9 ! #a#h#gS1 HE TOO PLAC$ A V]Y /RONG EMPHASIS ON ! COMMUNE OR MUNICIPALITY 9 HIS VISION ( AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY4 ,9 HIS ,REVOLUTION>Y ,CATE*ISM ( #ahff 7NOT TO BE CONFUS$ ) ,NE*AYEV'S ( #a#h#f#i71 ,BAKUN9 OBS]V$3  

,FIR/3 ALL ORGANIZATIONS MU/ PROCE$ BY WAY ( F$]ATION FROM ! BASE TO ! SUMMIT1 FROM ! COMMUNE TO ! COORD9AT+ ASSOCIATION ( ! C\NTRY OR NATION4  ,SECOND3 !RE MU/ BE AT LEA/ ONE AUTONOM\S 9T]M$IATE BODY BETWE5 ! COMMUNE & ! C\NTRY1 ! DEP>TM5T1 ! REGION1 OR ! PROV9CE4 4 4 4  ,! BASIC UNIT ( ALL POLITICAL ORGANIZATION 9 EA* C\NTRY MU/ BE ! COMPLETELY AUTONOM\S COMMUNE1 CON/ITUT$ BY ! MAJORITY VOTE ( ALL ADULTS ( BO? SEXES4 4 4 4 ,! PROV9CE MU/ BE NO?+ BUT A FREE F$]ATION ( AUTONOM\S COMMUNES4 7,BAKUN91 #a#h#f#f1 PP4 #h#b-#h#c7 

,EV5 MORE BOLDLY1 AS LATE AS #ahg ,BAKUN9 DREW AN IMPLICIT DI/9CTION BETWE5 NATIONAL P>LIAM5T>ISM & LOCAL ELECTORALISM1 PAT5TLY FAVOR+ ! LATT] OV] ! =M]4  

,DUE TO !IR ECONOMIC H>D%IPS ! PEOPLE >E IGNORANT & 9DIFF]5T & >E AW>E ONLY ( ?+S CLOSELY AFFECT+ !M4  ,!Y UND]/& & KN[ H[ TO CONDUCT !IR DAILY AFFAIRS4  ,AWAY FROM !IR FAMILI> CONC]NS !Y BECOME CONFUS$1 UNC]TA91 & POLITICALLY BAFFL$4  ,!Y HAVE A HEAL?Y1 PRACTICAL COMMON S5SE :5 IT COMES TO COMMUNAL AFFAIRS4  ,!Y >E FAIRLY WELL 9=M$ & KN[ H[ TO SELECT FROM !IR MID/ ! MO/ CAPABLE (FICIALS4 ,UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 EFFECTIVE CONTROL IS QUITE POSSIBLE1 BECAUSE ! PUBLIC BUS9ESS IS CONDUCT$ UND] ! WAT*FUL EYES ( ! CITIZ5S & VITALLY & DIRECTLY CONC]NS !IR DAILY LIVES4  ,?IS :Y MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS ALWAYS BE/ REFLECT ! REAL ATTITUDE & WILL ( ! PEOPLE4  ,PROV9CIAL & C\NTY GOV]NM5TS1 EV5 :5 ! LATT] >E DIRECTLY ELECT$1 >E ALREADY LESS REPRES5TATIVE ( ! PEOPLE4 7,BAKUN91 #a#h#g1 P4 #b#b#c7#a 

,= ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 0! =M ?AT ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION MU/ TAKE .<IS.> ! 9DEP5D5T COMMUNE0 7,KROPOTK91 #a#i#a#c1 P4 #a#f#c74  ,COMM5T+ ON ,BAKUN9'S VIEWS1 :I* ,KROPOTK9 HELD TO BE COMMUNI/ RA!R ?AN COLLECTIVI/ 9 REALITY1 HE W5T ON TO ADD ?AT F$]ALISM & AUTONOMY 9 !MSELVES >E NOT 5\<4  ,AL?\< HE CRITICALLY GREET$ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #ahga AS AN 0ATTEMPT :I* OP5$ A NEW ]A 9 HI/ORY10 ELSE:]E 9 HIS WRIT+S HE SAW IT AS A L>GELY CLOI/]$ PH5OM5ON1 9 :I* ! COMMUNE ITSELF1 COMPOS$ ( A SIZABLE NUMB] ( ,JACOB9S1 WAS SEP>AT$ FROM ! PEOPLE4  ,NOT ONLY W\LD 0SOCIALISM0 HAVE TO BECOME 0COMMUNI/IC0 9 ! ECONOMIC S5SE1 HE AV]R$2 IT W\LD ALSO HAVE TO HAVE ! POLITICAL /RUCTURE ( 0SELF- GOV]N+0 COMMUNES1 OR 9 CONTEMPOR>Y WORDS1 A 0P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY40 ,9 ,FRANCE1 ,SPA91 ,5GL& & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 HE WROTE OPTIMI/ICALLY1 0WE NOTICE 9 !SE C\NTRIES ! EVID5T T5D5CY TO =M 9TO GR\PS ( 5TIRELY 9DEP5D5T COMMUNES1 T[NS & VILLAGES1 :I* W\LD COMB9E BY MEANS ( FREE F$]ATION1 9 ORD] TO SATISFY 9NUM]ABLE NE$S & ATTA9 C]TA9 IMM$IATE 5DS4 4  4 4 ,! FUTURE REVOLUTIONS 9 ,FRANCE & ,SPA9 WILL BE COMMUNALI/- - NOT C5TRALI/0 7,KROPOTK91 #a#i#a#c1 PP4 #a#h#e-#h#f74  

,UND]P9N+ !SE VISIONS ( ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN91 & ,KROPOTK9 WAS A COMMUNALI/ E?ICS- - MUTUALI/ 9 ,PR\DHON1 COLLECTIVI/ 9 ,BAKUN91 & COMMUNI/ 9 ,KROPOTK9- - ?AT CORRESPONDS TO A S5SE ( CIVIC VIRTUE & COMMITM5T4  ,:E!R IT WAS REG>D$ AS CONTRACTUAL OR COMPLEM5T>Y1 CONF$]ALISM WAS TO CON/ITUTE A MORAL CEM5T & A S\RCE ( COMMUNAL SOLID>ITY ?AT TRANSC5D$ A B\RGEOIS EGOTISM BAS$ ON SELF- 9T]E/4 ,IT WAS PRECISELY ?IS S5SIBILITY ?AT GAVE AN>*ISM ! RI<T TO CLAIM ?AT--9 CONTRA/ TO ,M>X'S EMPHASIS ON CLASS ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 9DE$ ON 09T]E/ AS SU*0--IT WAS AN E?ICAL SOCIALISM1 NOT SIMPLY A SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM--,KROPOTK9'S ZEAL 9 ! LATT] RESPECT NOT)/&+ 7SEE ,KROPOTK91 #a#i#e1 P4 #b#i#h74   

,AN>*ISM3 ,! ,SYNDICALI/ ,DIM5SION 

,! HI/ORIC OPPOSITION ( AN>*I/S TO OPPRESSION ( ALL K9DS1 BE IT ?AT ( S]FS1 PEASANTS1 CRAFTSPEOPLE1 OR WORK]S1 9EVITABLY L$ !M TO OPPOSE EXPLOITATION 9 ! NEWLY EM]G+ FACTORY SY/EM AS WELL4  ,MU* E>LI] ?AN WE >E (T5 L$ TO IMAG9E1 SYNDICALISM- - ESS5TIALLY A RA!R 9*OATE BUT RADICAL =M ( TRADE UNIONISM- - BECAME A VEHICLE BY :I* MANY AN>*I/S REA*$ \T TO ! 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS ( ! #a#h#cS & #a#h#dS4  ,9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ! SOCIAL CONT\RS ( :AT MAY BE CALL$ 0PROLET>IAN AN>*ISM0 W]E V]Y DIFFICULT TO DEF9E4  ,W]E PEASANTS1 ESPECIALLY L&LESS PEASANTS1 MEMB]S ( ! WORK+ CLASS8  ,C\LD F>M]S ) SMALL L&HOLD+S BE SO REG>D$8  ,:AT ( 9TELLECTUALS1 FAIRLY PRIVILEG$ TE*NICIANS1 (FICE & S]VICE EMPLOYES1 CIVIL S]VANTS1 PR(ESSIONALS1 & ! LIKE1 :O R>ELY REG>D$ !MSELVES AS MEMB]S ( ! PROLET>IAT8   

,M>X & ,5GELS P]SONALLY ES*EW$ T]MS LIKE 0WORK]S10 0TOIL]S10 & 0LABOR]S10 AL?\< !Y W]E QUITE PREP>$ TO USE !SE WORDS 9 !IR POPUL> WORKS4  ,!Y PREF]R$ TO *>ACT]IZE 9DU/RIAL WORK]S BY ! 0SCI5TIFICALLY0 PRECISE NAME ( 0PROLET>IANS0--?AT IS1 PEOPLE :O HAD NO?+ TO SELL BUT !IR LABOR P[]1 & EV5 MORE1 :O W]E ! AU!NTIC PRODUC]S ( SURPLUS VALUE ON PRODUCTION L9ES 7AN ATTRIBUTE ?AT EV5 ,M>XI/S T5D TO IGNORE !SE DAYS74  ,9S(> AS ! ,EUROPEAN PROLET>IAT AS A CLASS EVOLV$ FROM DISPLAC$ PRE9DU/RIAL /RATA LIKE L&LESS PEASANTS :O HAD DRIFT$ T[>D ! CITIES1 ! FACTORY SY/EM BECAME !IR ECONOMIC HOME1 A PLACE ?AT- - PRESUMABLY UNLIKE ! DISP]S$ F>M/EADS & VILLAGES ( AGR>IAN FOLK- - 0ORGANIZ$0 !M 9TO A COHESIVE :OLE4  ,DRIV5 TO IMMIS]ATION BY CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION & COMPETITION1 ?IS 9CREAS+LY 7& HOPEFULLY7 CLASS-CONSCI\S PROLET>IAT W\LD BE 9EXORABLY =C$ TO LOCK HORNS ) ! CAPITALI/ ORD] AS A 0HEGEMONIC0 REVOLUTION>Y CLASS & EV5TUALLY OV]?R[ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 LAY+ ! F\NDATIONS = SOCIALISM & ULTIMATELY COMMUNISM4#b 

,H[EV] COMPELL+ ?IS ,M>XIAN ANALYSIS SEEM$ FROM ! #a#h#dS ONW>D1 ITS ATTEMPT TO REASON \T ! PROLET>IAT'S 0HEGEMONIC0 ROLE 9 A FUTURE REVOLUTION BY ANALOGY ) ! SEEM+LY REVOLUTION>Y ROLE ( ! B\RGEOISIE 9 FEUDAL SOCIETY WAS AS SPECI\S AS ! LATT] WAS ITSELF HI/ORICALLY ]RONE\S 7SEE ,BOOK*91 #a#i#g#a1 PP4 #a#h#a-#i#b74  ,IT IS NOT MY 9T5TION H]E TO CRITICALLY EXAM9E ?IS FALLACI\S HI/ORICAL SC5>IO1 :I* C>RIES CONSID]ABLE WEI<T AMONG MANY HI/ORIANS TO ?IS V]Y DAY4  ,SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT IT WAS A V]Y CAT*Y !SIS- - & ATTRACT$ NOT ONLY A GREAT V>IETY ( SOCIALI/S BUT ALSO MANY AN>*I/S4  ,= AN>*I/S1 ,M>X'S ANALYSIS PROVID$ A PRECISE >GUM5T = :Y !Y %\LD FOCUS !IR ATT5TION ON 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 ADOPT A L>GELY ECONOMI/IC APPROA* TO SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 & S+LE \T ! FACTORY AS A MODEL = A FUTURE SOCIETY1 MORE REC5TLY 9 P>TICUL>1 BAS$ ON SOME =M ( 0WORK]S' CONTROL0 & 0F$]AL0 =M ( 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION4   ,BUT H]E AN >RAY ( PROBLEMS CONFRONT$ AN>*I/S EV5 MORE ?AN ,M>XI/S4  ,H[ W]E !Y TO RELATE TO SMALL F>M]S1 CRAFTSPEOPLE1 DECLASSE ELEM5TS1 & 9TELLECTUALS8  ,MANY ( !SE GR\PS W]E 9 FACT MORE PR$ISPOS$ 9 ! PA/ TO HOLD A BROAD] LIB]T>IAN P]SPECTIVE ?AN W]E 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 :O AFT] A G5]ATION OR TWO ( 9DU/RIAL DISCIPL9E T5D$ TO ACCEPT ! FACTORY HI]>*Y AS A NORMAL1 9DE$ 0NATURAL10 WAY ( LIFE4  ,& W]E 9DU/RIAL WORK]S REALLY AS 0HEGEMONIC0 9 !IR CLASS /RUGGLE ) ! 0BOSSES0 AS ! /URDY AN>*I/ PEASANTRY ( ,SPA91 MANY ( :OM W]E EASILY DRAWN TO ,BAKUN9/ COLLECTIVISM1 OR ! L>GELY CRAFT- TYPE WORK]S :O EMBRAC$ ,PR\DHONIAN MUTUALISM1 OR ! ,ZAPATI/A ,9DIAN PEONS ( ,MEXICO :O1 LIKE ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,UKRA9IAN MILITIA1 ADH]$ TO :AT WAS AN 9TUITIVE AN>*I/IC \TLOOK8  ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT AN>*I/S TRI$ TO M+LE !IR E?ICAL VIEWS ) ,M>XIAN CLAIMS TO 0SCI5TIFIC0 PRECISION1 !Y LAID ! BASIS = T5SIONS ?AT W\LD LAT] S]I\SLY DIVIDE ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ITSELF & LEAD MORE ECONOMI/ICALLY ORI5T$ AN>*I/S 9TO COMPROMISES ?AT VITIAT$ ! E?ICAL ?RU/ ( AN>*ISM AS A SOCIAL MOVEM5T4   

,! 9VOLVEM5T ( AN>*I/S ) ! ,I,W,M,A RE9=C$ ! VAGUE SYNDICALI/ TR5D ?AT C]TA9LY HAD EXI/$ 9 !IR MOVEM5T BE=E ! WORD 0AN>*O- SYNDICALISM0 WAS CO9$4  ,AS E>LY AS ! #a#h#gS1 MORE ?AN A DECADE BE=E ,FR5* AN>*I/S PROCLAIM$ AN>*O-SYNDICALISM TO BE ! BE/1 (T5 ! ONLY APPROA* = A*IEV+ A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY1 ,SPANI% AN>*I/S 9FLU5C$ PRIM>ILY BY ,BAKUN9ISM HAD CREAT$ A DIFFUSE BUT L>GELY SYNDICALI/ UNION MOVEM5T ?AT COMB9$ ! VISIONS ( A REVOLUTION>Y G5]AL /RIKE ) 9SURRECTIONS & A COMMITM5T TO A CONF$]ALLY ORGANIZ$ SY/EM ( 0WORK]S' CONTROL0 7SEE ,BOOK*91 #a#i#g#g1 P4 #a#c#g74  ,NOR DID ,FR5* AN>*O-SYNDICALISM ITSELF EM]GE EX NIHILO3 ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,G,T71 E/ABLI%$ 9 #ahie ) ITS DUAL *AMB]S ( LOCAL & NATIONAL 9DU/RIAL CONF$]ATIONS1 5COMPASS$ A WIDE SPECTRUM ( RE=MI/1 REVOLUTION>Y1 0PURE0 SYNDICALI/1 & AN>*I/ VIEWS4  ,AN>*O- SYNDICALISM NEV] FULLY DOM9AT$ ! ,C,G,T'S \TLOOK EV5 9 ITS MO/ MILITANT P]IOD1 ! DECADE BE=E ! \TBREAK ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> 7SEE ,/E>NS1 #a#i#g#a1 :I* %[S H[ TAME ! ,C,G,T REALLY WAS47 

,NOR WAS AN>*O-SYNDICALISM EV] COMPLETELY ACCEPT$ AMONG AN>*I/S AS COEVAL ) AN>*ISM4  ,MANY \T/&+ AN>*I/S OPPOS$ SYNDICALISM AS TOO P>O*IAL 9 ITS \TLOOK & 9 ITS PROLET>IAN CON/ITU5CY4  ,AT ! FAM\S ,AM/]DAM ,CONGRESS ( #a#i#g1 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 ! GALLANT ,ITALIAN AN>*I/1 *ALL5G$ ! VIEW ?AT AN>*O-SYNDICALISM %\LD SUP]S$E AN>*O-COMMUNISM4#c  ,)\T D5Y+ 0! WEAPON :I* SYNDICALI/ =MS ( ACTION MI<T PLACE 9 .<AN>*ISM'S.> H&S10 OBS]VES ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK 9 HIS ACC\NT ( ,MALATE/A'S OBJECTIONS AT ! CONGRESS1 ,MALATE/A 9SI/$ ?AT SYNDICALISM C\LD BE REG>D$ ONLY AS A MEANS1 & AN IMP]FECT MEANS AT ?AT1 S9CE IT WAS BAS$ ON A RIGID CLASS CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY :I* IGNOR$ ! FACT ?AT ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK]S V>I$ SO MU* ?AT 0SOMETIMES WORK]S >E ECONOMICALLY & MORALLY MU* NE>] TO ! B\RGEOISIE ?AN TO ! PROLET>IAT40 4 4 4  ,! EXTREME SYNDICALI/S1 9 ,MALATE/A'S VIEW1 W]E SEEK+ AN ILLUSORY ECONOMIC SOLID>ITY 9/EAD ( A REAL MORAL SOLID>ITY2 !Y PLAC$ ! 9T]E/S ( A S+LE CLASS ABOVE ! TRUE AN>*I/ IDEAL ( A REVOLUTION :I* S\<T 0! COMPLETE LIB]ATION ( ALL HUMANITY1 AT PRES5T 5SLAV$ FROM ! TRIPLE ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & MORAL PO9T ( VIEW40 7,WOODCOCK1 #a#i#f#b1 P4 #b#f#g7 

,?IS PASSAGE T\*ES UPON ALL ! PROBLEMS AN>*O-SYNDICALISM- - NOT ONLY 0PURE SYNDICALISM0- - W]E TO CREATE 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4  ,IDEOLOGICALLY1 AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S SL[LY BEGAN TO DEBASE COMMUNI/ AN>*ISM'S EMPHASES ON ! COMMUNE 9 FAVOR ( TRADE UNIONS1 ON ! HUMANI/IC E?ICS ( MUTUALISM 9 FAVOR ( ! ECONOMI/IC 9T]PRETATION ( SOCIAL CONFLICT1 ON ! OPPOSITION TO A G5]ALIZ$ NOTION ( DOM9ATION 9 FAVOR ( ! P>TICUL>I/IC CLASS 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT4    

,?IS IS NOT TO CONT5D ?AT AN>*I/S %\LD HAVE IGNOR$ TRADE UNIONS1 ECONOMIC PROBLEMS1 & CLASS CONFLICTS4  ,BUT AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S 9CREAS+LY SUPPLANT$ ! COMMUNAL1 E?ICAL1 UNIV]SALI/IC1 & ANTI-DOM9E]+ *>ACT] ( AN>*ISM AS A BROAD VISION ( FRE$OM 9 ALL SPH]ES ( LIFE ) !IR [N N>R[] ONE4  ,ULTIMATELY1 ! T5D5CY TO P>O*IALIZE AN>*ISM ALONG ECONOMI/IC & CLASS L9ES GROSSLY CON/RICT$ ITS SCOPE TO A TRADE-UNIONI/ M5TALITY4  ,AS ,MALATE/A HIMSELF W>N$1 0,TRADE ,UNIONS >E BY !IR V]Y NATURE RE=MI/ & NEV] REVOLUTION>Y40 ,MOREOV]3 ! REAL & IMM$IATE 9T]E/S ( ORGANIZ$ WORK]S1 :I* IS ! ,UNIONS' ROLE TO DEF5D1 >E V]Y (T5 9 CONFLICT ) !IR .<I4E41 REVOLUTION>IES'.> IDEALS & =W>D- LOOK+ OBJECTIVES2 & ! ,UNION CAN ONLY ACT 9 A REVOLUTION>Y WAY IF P]MEAT$ BY A SPIRIT ( SACRIFICE & TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! IDEAL IS GIV5 PREC$5CE OV] 9T]E/1 ?AT IS1 ONLY IF1 & TO ! EXT5T ?AT1 IT CEASES TO BE AN ECONOMIC ,UNION & BECOMES A POLITICAL & IDEALI/IC GR\P4 7,MALATE/A1 #a#i#b#b1 P4 #a#a#g2 EMPHASIS ADD$7   

,MALATE/A'S FE>S1 9 FACT1 W]E SUBSEQU5TLY REALIZ$ ) A V5GEANCE4 ,IT IS FAIR TO SAY ?AT ! P]=MANCE ( ! AN>*O- SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T HAS BE5 ONE ( ! MO/ DISMAL 9 ! TWO- C5TURY HI/ORY ( MOD]N AN>*ISM4   ,A FEW EXAMPLES MAY SUFFICE TO %[ :AT BECAME A G5]AL AFFLICTION ?AT BURD5$ SELF- /YL$ LIB]T>IAN TRADE UNIONS4  ,9 ! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION1 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ LEAD]S ( ! ,CASA DEL ,OBR]A ,MUNDIAL %AMELESSLY PLAC$ !IR PROLET>IAN 0,R$ ,BATTALIONS0 9 ! S]VICE ( ,C>RANZA1 ONE ( ! REVOLUTION'S MO/ BLATANT ?UGS1 TO FI<T AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>Y MILITIA ( ,EMILIANO ,ZAPATA- - ALL TO GA9 A FEW RE=MS1 :I* ,C>RANZA )DREW ONCE ! ,ZAPATI/A *ALL5GE HAD BE5 DEF9ITIVELY BROK5 ) !IR COLLABORATION4  ,! GREAT ,MEXICAN AN>*I/ ,RIC>DO ,FLORES ,MAGON JU/LY D5\NC$ !IR BEHAVIOR AS A BETRAYAL 7,MAGON1 #a#i#g#g1 P4 #b#g74 

,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 LE/ PRES5T- DAY AN>*O- SYNDICALI/S GET C>RI$ AWAY BY ! LEG5D>Y ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,I,W,W71 OR 0,WOBBLIES10 !Y %\LD BE ADVIS$ ?AT ?IS SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T1 LIKE MANY O!RS ELSE:]E1 WAS BY NO MEANS COMMITT$ TO AN>*ISM4  0,BIG ,BILL0 ,HAYWOOD1 ITS MO/ R5[N$ LEAD]1 WAS NEV] AN AN>*I/1 & AFT] HE JUMP$ BAIL & FL$ TO ,MOSC[ RA!R ?AN FACE JUDICIAL *ALL5GES--TO ! %OCK ( HIS 0,WOBBLY0 SUPPORT]S--HE EV5TUALLY DRIFT$ T[>D ! ,COMMUNI/ 0,R$ ,TRADE ,9T]NATIONAL0 7,PR(9T]N71 H[EV] UNCOM=TABLE HE MAY HAVE FELT ) IT4 ,/ILL O!R 0,WOBBLIES0 SU* AS ,ELIZABE? ,GURLEY ,FLYNN1 ,WILLIAM ,Z4 ,FO/]1 ,BOB ,M9OR1 & ,E>L ,BR[D]1 :O EI!R W]E AN>*I/S OR TILT$ T[>D AN>*ISM1 F\ND A COM=TABLE HOME 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WELL 9TO ! #a#i#dS & AFT]4  ,MANY 0,WOBBLIES0 :O ATT5D$ MEET+S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL SOON BEGAN TO %UN ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN & ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN 9 ,MOSC[1 DESPITE !IR CLOSE FRI5%IP ) ! TWO AN>*I/S 9 ! PRE- ,BOL%EVIK P]IOD1 AS ,GOLDMAN BITT]LY ATTE/$ 7,GOLDMAN1 #a#i#c#a1 VOL4 #b1 P4 #i#f74 

,9 ,FRANCE1 :]E ! O/5SIBLY SYNDICALI/ ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,G,T7 G5]AT$ ! /RONG SYNDICALI/IC EMPHASIS AMONG AN>*I/S ?R\<\T ! WORLD AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 ! UNION WAS NEV] ITSELF AN>*O-SYNDICALI/4 ,MANY ,FR5* AN>*I/S1 TO BE SURE1 FLOCK$ 9TO ?IS V]Y FRAGILE CONF$]ATION & TRI$ TO 9FLU5CE ITS MEMB]S ALONG LIB]T>IAN L9ES4  ,! ,C,G,T'S MEMB]S1 H[EV]1 NO LESS ?AN MANY ( ITS LEAD]S1 T5D$ T[>D RE=MI/ GOALS & EV5TUALLY W]E ABSORB$ 9TO ! ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T AFT] ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION4  ,NOT ONLY WAS AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE ON ! ,C,G,T LIMIT$ AT BE/1 BUT AS ,PET] ,/E>NS TELLS US1 0,ONE /RIKE RESULT$ :5 A MANAG] SPOKE ( 'AN>*Y ON ! SITE1' = ! DIT*DIGG]S 79 ,P>IS1 9T]E/+LY 5\<7 FELT ?AT HE HAD ACCUS$ !M ( BE+ AN>*I/S40 ,FUR!R3  

,IT IS CLE> ?AT1 EV5 9 ,P>IS1 CONV9C$ SYNDICALI/S W]E A SMALL M9ORITY ( ACTIVE UNION MEMB]S4 ,& ONLY A M9ORITY ( EV5 ! MORE EXCITABLE WORK]S W]E UNIONIZ$ & !RE=E LIKELY TO BE SYNDICALI/2 9 ,P>IS 9 #a#i#h1 ?AT IS1 9 ! PEAK P]IOD ( AGITATION BY UNSKILL$ CON/RUCTION WORK]S .<:O W]E ! MO/ LIKELY C&IDATES = SUPPORT]S ( AN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ \TLOOK- -,M4,B4.>1 ONLY #d.0 BELONG$ TO A UNION4  ,! RES5TM5T SOME EXPRESS$ AGA9/ BE+ CALL$ AN>*I/S SUGGE/S A P]SI/5T DI/RU/ ( RADICAL DOCTR9ES1 EV5 AMONG ACTIVE /RIK]S4 7,/E>NS1 #a#i#g#a1 PP4 #e#h1 #i#f7 

,NOR CAN MU* MORE BE SAID AB\T ! ,C,N,T 9 ,SPA91 :I* BY #ai* COMPRIS$ ! MO/ MILITANT & SOCIALLY CONSCI\S WORK+ CLASS 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T & AT LEA/ EXHIBIT$ CONSID]ABLY MORE AN>*I/ ZEAL ?AN ANY O!R SYNDICALI/ UNION4  ,YET ?IS EXTRAORD9>Y CONF$]ATION T5D$ REPEAT$LY TO MOVE T[>D 0PURE & SIMPLE0 TRADE UNIONISM 9 ,B>CELONA1 :OSE WORK+ CLASS MI<T WELL HAVE DRIFT$ 9TO ! ,SOCIALI/ ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,WORK]S 7,U,G,T7 HAD ! ,CATALAN B\RGEOISIE %[$ EV5 A MODICUM ( LIB]ALITY & SOPHI/ICATION 9 DEAL+ ) ! PROLET>IAT ( ?AT >EA4  ,! ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7,F,A,I7 WAS ORGANIZ$ 9 #aibg L>GELY TO PREV5T ,C,N,T MOD]ATES LIKE ,SALVADO ,SEGUI1 :O T5D$ TO HOLD CLASS-COLLABORATIONI/ VIEWS1 & ! 0,?IRTY10 :O W]E BITT]LY OPPOS$ TO ,F,A,I MILITANCY & ?AT ( 9SURG5T ,C,N,T UNIONS1 FROM GA9+ CONTROL ( ! CONF$]ATION AS A :OLE4 ,?IS MOD]ATE T5D5CY CAME V]Y MU* TO ! =E ) ! \TBREAK ( ! CIVIL W>4   

,A HO/ ( COMPLEX ISSUES EXI/$ 9 ! RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ! ,CATALAN /ATE & ! SYNDICALI/ ,C,N,T1 :I* ALL BUT ABSORB$ ! ,F,A,I 9 ! #a#i#cS 7(T5 COJO9+ ITS ACRONYM TO ?AT ( ! UNION AS ! 0,C,N,T-,F,A,I074  ,BUT ITS AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ LEAD]%IP AFT] ! ,JULY #aicf UPRIS+ ACTUALLY MADE NO EF=T TO COLLECTIVIZE ! ECONOMY4  ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 0NO LEFT ORGANIZATION ISSU$ CALLS = REVOLUTION>Y TAKEOV]S ( FACTORIES1 WORKPLACES OR ! L&10 AS ,RONALD ,FRAS] OBS]VES4   

,9DE$1 ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP 9 ,B>CELONA1 EPIC5T] ( URBAN AN>*O- SYNDICALISM1 W5T FUR!R3 REJECT+ ! (F] ( P[] PRES5T$ TO IT BY ,PRESID5T .<,LUIS.> ,COMPANYS1 IT DECID$ ?AT ! LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION MU/ /& ASIDE = COLLABORATION ) ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT =CES TO DEFEAT ! COMMON 5EMY4  ,! REVOLUTION ?AT TRANS=M$ ,B>CELONA 9 A MATT] ( DAYS 9TO A CITY VIRTUALLY RUN BY ! WORK+ CLASS SPRANG 9ITIALLY FROM 9DIVIDUAL ,C,N,T UNIONS1 IMPELL$ BY !IR MO/ ADVANC$ MILITANTS2 & AS !IR EXAMPLE SPREAD IT WAS NOT ONLY L>GE 5T]PRISES BUT SMALL WORK%OPS & BUS9ESSES ?AT W]E BE+ TAK5 OV]4 7,FRAS]1 #a#i#h#d1 P4 #b#b#f-#b#g7 

,FRAS]'S 9T]PRETATION IS CORROBORAT$ BY ,GA/ON ,LAVAL1 ONE ( ! MO/ DI/+UI%$ AN>*I/S 9 ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T1 :OSE ,COLLECTIVES 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#g#e7 IS G5]ALLY REG>D$ AS ! MO/ COMPREH5SIVE WORK ON ! COLLECTIVES4  ,LAVAL EMPHASIZES ! IMPORTANCE ( ! USUALLY UNKN[N AN>*I/ MILITANTS1 A M9ORITY 9 ! ,C,N,T1 :O CON/ITUT$ ! AU!NTIC & MO/ ?OR\<GO+ IMPETUS = COLLECTIVIZATION4 0,IT IS CLE>10 OBS]VES ,LAVAL1 ?AT ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION :I* TOOK PLACE !N DID NOT /EM FROM A DECISION BY ! LEAD+ ORGANISMS ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 OR FROM ! SLOGANS LAUN*$ BY ! MILITANTS & AGITATORS :O W]E 9 ! PUBLIC LIMELI<T BUT :O R>ELY LIV$ UP TO EXPECTATIONS4 

,LAVAL DOES NOT SPECIFY :I* LUM9>IES HE MEANS H]E1 BUT CONT9UES3  

,IT OCCURR$ SPONTANE\SLY1 NATURALLY1 NOT 7& LET US AVOID DEMAGOGY7 BECAUSE 0! PEOPLE0 9 G5]AL HAD SUDD5LY BECOME CAPABLE ( P]=M+ MIRACLES1 ?ANKS TO A REVOLUTION>Y VISION :I* SUDD5LY 9SPIR$ !M1 BUT BECAUSE1 & IT IS WOR? REPEAT+1 AMONG ?OSE PEOPLE !RE WAS A L>GE M9ORITY :O W]E ACTIVE1 /RONG1 GUID$ BY AN IDEAL :I* HAD BE5 CONT9U+ ?R\< ! YE>S A /RUGGLE />T$ 9 ,BAKUN9'S TIME & ?AT ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL2 = 9 C\NTLESS PLACES W]E TO BE F\ND M51 COMBATANTS1 :O = DECADES HAD BE5 PURSU+ CON/RUCTIVE OBJECTIVES1 GIFT$ AS !Y W]E ) A CREATIVE 9ITIATIVE & A PRACTICAL S5SE :I* W]E 9DISP5SABLE = LOCAL ADAPTATION & :OSE SPIRIT ( 9NOVATION CON/ITUT$ A P[] LEAV51 CAPABLE ( COM+ UP ) CONCLUSIVE SOLUTIONS AT ! REQUIR$ TIME4 7,LAVAL1 #a#i#g#e1 P4 #h7 

,!SE 0COMBATANTS0 W]E PROBABLY AMONG ! FIR/ TO 5LI/ 9 ! MILITIAS 9 #aicf & TO P]I% ON ! BATTLEFRONTS ( ! CIVIL W>--AN IRREP>ABLE LOSS TO ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 

,TO SORT \T & CRITICALLY APPRAISE ! DIFF]5T K9DS ( COLLECTIVES OR SY/EMS ( 0WORK]S' CONTROL0 ?AT EM]G$ AFT] ! /REET FI<T+ 9 ,B>CELONA1 MOREOV]1 W\LD REQUIRE A VOLUME SUB/ANTIALLY L>G] ?AN ,LAVAL'S ,COLLECTIVES4  ,LAVAL1 :OSE AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ CR$5TIALS >E UNIMPECCABLE1 FRANKLY MADE ! FOLL[+ OBS]VATION3  

 ,TOO (T5 9 ,B>CELONA & ,VAL5CIA1 WORK]S 9 EA* UND]TAK+ TOOK OV] ! FACTORY1 ! WORKS1 OR ! WORK%OP1 ! MA*9ES1 RAW MAT]IALS1 & TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! CONT9UATION ( ! MONEY SY/EM & NORMAL CAPITALI/ COMM]CIAL RELATIONS1 ORGANIZ$ PRODUCTION ON !IR [N ACC\NT1 SELL+ = !IR [N B5EFIT ! PRODUCE ( !IR LABOR4 7,LAVAL1 #a#i#g#e1 P4 #b#b#g2 EMPHASIS ADD$7 

,! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T'S DECREE ( ,OCTOB] #aicf 0LEGALIZ$0 !SE COLLECTIVES ) ! ,C,N,T'S APPROVAL & OP5$ ! DOOR TO GOV]NM5TAL P>TICIPATION 9 V>I\S 0WORK]S' CONTROL0 COMMITTEES1 EV5TUALLY ALL BUT TURN+ !M 9TO NATIONALIZ$ 5T]PRISES4  ,BUT EV5 BE=E ?IS PROCESS WAS COMPLET$1 ,LAVAL ACKN[L$GES1 !RE WAS 0A WORK]S' NEO- CAPITALISM1 A SELF- MANAGEM5T /RADDL+ CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM1 :I* WE MA9TA9 W\LD NOT HAVE OCCURR$ HAD ! ,REVOLUTION BE5 ABLE TO EXT5D ITSELF FULLY UND] ! DIRECTION ( \R ,SYNDICATES0 7,LAVAL1 #a#i#g#e1 P4 #b#b#g-#b#h74 

,:E!R OR NOT ! FULL 0SOCIALIZATION0 7?AT IS1 ,C,N,T CONTROL7 ( ! COLLECTIVIZ$ FACTORIES & 5T]PRISES W\LD HAVE OBVIAT$ ! HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ ECONOMIC T5D5CY )9 ! ,C,N,T1 H[EV] SYNDICALI/IC1 IS >GUABLE4  ,9 CASES :]E ! ,C,N,T ACTUALLY A*IEV$ SYNDICALI/ CONTROL1 0! UNION BECAME LIKE A L>GE FIRM10 NOTES ,FRAS] 9 HIS REM>KABLE ORAL HI/ORY ( ! CIVIL W>1 ,BLOOD ( ,SPA94  0,ITS /RUCTURE GREW 9CREAS+LY RIGID40 ,OBS]VES ,$U>DO ,PONS ,PRADES1 A MEMB] ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN Y\?1  0,FROM \TSIDE IT BEGAN TO LOOK LIKE AN ,AM]ICAN OR ,G]MAN TRU/10 & HE !N GOES ON TO DECL>E ?AT )9 ! COLLECTIVES 7SPECIFICALLY ! WOOD & FURNITURE ONE71 ! WORK]S FELT !Y W]5'T P>TICUL>LY 9VOLV$ 9 DECISION- MAK+4 ,IF ! 0G5]AL /AFF0 DECID$ ?AT PRODUCTION 9 TWO WORK%OPS %\LD BE SWIT*$1 ! WORK]S W]5'T 9=M$ ( ! REASONS4  ,LACK ( 9=MATION- - :I* C\LD EASILY HAVE BE5 REM$I$ BY PRODUC+ A NEWS- %EET1 = EXAMPLE- - BR$ DISCONT5T1 ESPECIALLY AS ! ,C,N,T TRADITION WAS TO DISCUSS & EXAM9E EV]Y?+4   ,=TNI<TLY DELEGATES' MEET+S BECAME MON?LY & 5D$ UP1 ,I ?9K1 BE+ QU>T]LY4#d 7,PONS ,PRADO QUOT$ 9 ,FRAS]1 #a#i#g#i1 PP4 #b#b#b-#b#c7  

,?AT ! ,SPANI% WORK]S & PEASANTS 9 ! MID- ?IRTIES MADE SOCIAL *ANGES & MOV$ T[>D A DEGREE ( 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL DEMOCRACY UNPREC$5T$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( PA/ REVOLUTIONS- - ?IS1 ,I MU/ EMPHASIZE1 AT A TIME :5 ! LEGITIMACY ( 0PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM0 SEEM$ TO BE W>RANT$ BY A C5TURY ( RIS+ WORK+-CLASS MILITANCY & CLASS CONSCI\SNESS- -DOES NOT ALT] ! PROBLEMS RAIS$ BY ! PROSPECT ( A FUTURE SOCIETY /RUCTUR$ >\ND TRADE UNIONS & A V]Y SPECIFIC CLASS 9T]E/4   ,C]TA9LY1 TO MAKE AN>*O- SYNDICALISM ! EQUIVAL5T ( AN>*ISM AS SU* MU/ BE VIGOR\SLY *ALL5G$4 ,9DE$1 IT IS BY NO MEANS A MATT] ( PURELY HI/ORICAL 9T]E/ TO ASK :E!R A T5D5CY 9 ! AN>*I/ TRADITION IS ALIVE OR DEAD- - A PROBLEM ?AT ANYONE SYMPA!TIC TO SYNDICALI/ V]SIONS ( AN>*ISM FACES ESPECIALLY TODAY1 9 VIEW ( ! PRAGMATIC NATURE ( ITS DOCTR9E & ORI5TATION4  ,& IF IT HAS NO LIFE AMONG PROLET>IANS1 WE >E OBLIG$ TO ASK :Y4  ,= :5 WE EXAM9E ! POSSIBILITIES1 FAIL+S1 & HI/ORY ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 WE >E EXAM9+ H[ WE DEF9E AN>*ISM ITSELF3 :E!R ITS IDEALS CAN BE BUILT ON ! 9T]E/S ( A V]Y P>TICUL>I/IC P>T ( SOCIETY L>GELY GUID$ BY LIMIT$ ECONOMIC 9T]E/S 7A PROBLEM ?AT ,MALATE/A CLE>LY P]CEIV$71 OR ON AN E?ICAL SOCIALISM OR COMMUNISM ?AT 9CLUDES BUT GOES BEYOND ! MAT]IAL 9T]E/S ( AN OPPRESS$ HUMANITY4  ,IF WE CANNOT REG>D AN>*O-SYNDICALISM AS VIABLE1 WE MU/ TRY TO DET]M9E :AT1 9 ! EXI/+ SOCIETY1 DOES (F] SOME AV5UE TO A FREE COMMUNITY ( COOP]ATIVE PEOPLE :O /ILL RETA9 !IR AUTONOMY & 9DIVIDUALITY 9 AN 9CREAS+LY MASSIFI$ WORLD4   

,WORK]S & ,CITIZ5S 

,:AT AFT] ALL DID AN>*O- SYNDICALI/S MEAN BY ! 0PROLET>IAT10 AP>T FROM ?OSE :O W]E PREP>$ TO 9CLUDE 0AGR>IAN WORK]S0 9 UNIONS 7:I* ! ,C,G,T DID NOT DO & ! ,C,N,T L>GELY NEGLECT$ 9 ! LATE #a#i#bS & E>LY #a#i#cS78   

,I HAVE SUGGE/$ ?AT ! CONCEPT WAS DEF9$ MA9LY ALONG ,M>XIAN L9ES1 ALBEIT )\T ,M>X'S MORE SE>*+1 IF ]RONE\S1 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS4  ,IT IMPLICITLY 9CLUD$ KEY CONCEPTS ON :I* ,M>X'S !ORY ( 0HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM0 RE/$1 NOTABLY ! NOTION ( ! ECONOMY AS ! 0BASE0 ( SOCIAL LIFE & ! PRIVILEG+ ( ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S AS A HI/ORICALLY 0HEGEMONIC0 CLASS4 ,TO !IR CR$IT1 NONSYNDICALI/ AN>*I/S :O GAVE A FRI5DLY NOD TO SYNDICALISM BECAUSE ( MORAL PRESSURE T5D$ AT ! SAME TIME TO RESI/ ?IS TR\BL+ SIMPLIFICATION ( SOCIAL ISSUES & =CES4  ,ON ! EVE ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 ! ,C,N,T WAS L>GELY COMPOS$ ( 9DU/RIAL WORK]S 7A FACT1 ,I MAY ADD1 ?AT BELIES ,]IC ,HOBSBAWN'S VIEW ( AN>*I/S AS 0PRIMITIVE REBELS074 ,IT HAD ALREADY LO/ MO/ ( ITS AGR>IAN FOLL[+ TO ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/ RURAL UNIONS1 AP>T FROM A FEW /RON<OLDS 9 ,&ALUSIA & ,>AGON 7SEE ,MALEFAKIS1 #a#i#g74  ,G]ALD ,BR5AN'S IMAGE ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM AS A PEASANT MOVEM5T AS LATE AS ! #a#i#cS1 AL?\< /ILL RA!R POPUL>1 IS L>GELY FLAW$4  ,IT REPRES5TS A TYPICALLY ,&ALUSIAN VIEW ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM ?AT ADVANC$ A LIMIT$ P]SPECTIVE ON ! MOVEM5T 7,BR5AN1 #a#i#d#c74#e  ,9 FACT1 ! LEFTW>D %IFT ( ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY 7,P,S,O,E7 9 ! #a#i#cS CAN BE EXPLA9$ 9 GREAT MEASURE BY ! 5TRY ( ?\S&S ( ,&ALUSIAN DAY LABOR]S 9TO ,SOCIALI/-CONTROLL$ UNIONS1 EV5 :ILE !Y /ILL RETA9$ ! AN>*IC IMPULSES ( ! PREVI\S G5]ATION 7,BOOK*91 #a#i#g#g1 PP4 #b#g#d-#g#e1 #b#h#e1 #b#h#h-#i74 

,DESPITE ! 0MORAL TONE0 ?AT AN>*I/S GAVE TO ! ,C,N,T 7AS ,PONS ,PRADO PHRASES IT 9 ! REC5T ,GRANADA VIDEO DOCUM5T>Y71 ! HI<LY ECONOMI/IC EMPHASIS ( LEAD+ ,C,N,T FIGURES1 OR 0C5ETI/AS10 SU* AS ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN 9 HIS WIDELY READ WORK ,AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION1 REVEALS ! EXT5T TO :I* SYNDICALISM HAD ABSORB$ AN>*ISM 9 ITS IMAGE ( A NEW SOCIETY1 UNWITT+LY MELD+ ,M>XIAN ME?ODS ( /RUGGLE1 ORGANIZATIONAL IDEAS1 & RATIONALIZ$ CONCEPTS ( LABOR ) AN>*ISM'S PR(ESS$ COMMITM5T TO 0LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM0 7SEE CITATIONS 9 ,BOOK*91 #a#i#g#g1 PP4 #c#a-#a#a74  ,! ,C,N,T'S NOTION ( 0SOCIALIZ+0 PRODUCTION (T5 9VOLV$ A HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ =M ( PRODUCTION1 NOT UNLIKE ! ,M>XI/ NOTION ( A 0NATIONALIZ$0 ECONOMY4 ,IT DIFF]$ SURPRIS+LY LITTLE FROM /ATI/ =MS ( ECONOMIC PLANN+ ?AT SL[LY ]OD$ WORK]S' CONTROL ON ! FACTORY LEVEL4  ,!IR EF=TS L$ TO S]I\S CONFRONTATIONS BETWE5 ! MORE AN>*I/IC 0MORALI/S0 & ! SYNDICALI/IC 0REALI/S10 :OSE LIB]T>IAN VIEWS (T5 S]V$ AS A PAT9A = A N>R[ TRADE UNIONI/ M5TALITY 7SEE ,FRAS]1 #a#i#g#i1 PP4 #b#b#a-#b#b2 ,PEIRATS1 N4D41 PP4 #b#i#e-#i#f74#f  

,9DE$1 ! ,C,N,T BECAME MORE & MORE BUREAUCRATIC AFT] ! HALCYON DAYS ( #a#i#c#f1 UNTIL ITS SLOGAN ( 0LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM0 M]ELY E*O$ ITS AN>*IC IDEALS ( E>LI] DECADES 7,PEIRATS1 N4D41 P4 #b#b#i-#c74  ,BY #a#i#c#g1 ESPECIALLY AFT] ! ,MAY UPRIS+1 ! UNION WAS AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ONLY 9 NAME4  ,! ,MADRID & ,CATALAN GOV]NM5TS HAD TAK5 OV] MO/ ( ! 9DU/RIAL COLLECTIVES1 LEAV+ ONLY ! APPE>ANCE ( WORK]S' CONTROL 9 MO/ 9DU/RIES4#g  ,! REVOLUTION WAS 9DE$ OV]4  ,IT HAD BE5 >RE/$ & UND]M9$ NOT ONLY BY ! ,COMMUNI/S1 ! RI<T- W+ ,SOCIALI/S1 & ! LIB]ALS BUT BY ! 0REALI/S0 9 ! ,C,N,T ITSELF4   

,H[ DID A *ANGE SO SWEEP+ OCCUR 9 A P]IOD ( TIME SO BRIEF1 9 AN AN>*O- SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION ?AT HAD SU* A HUGE PROLET>IAN FOLL[+8  ,H[ IS IT ?AT A PR(ESS$LY LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T ?AT1 BY ,FR$]ICA ,MONTS5EY'S [N ADMISSION 7SEE ,GRANADA ,FILMS1 N4D471 C\LD HAVE /OPP$ ! ,FRANQUI/A ADVANCE BY US+ LIB]T>IAN TACTICS ALONE--?AT IS1 ! PRES]VATION ( ! MILITIAS1 ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE1 & ! RESOLUTE DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y GA9S 9 ! CITIES & C\NTRYSIDE AGA9/ AN UNSW]V+ ,COMMUNI/ /RATEGY ( C\NT]REVOLUTION--FAIL$ TO DO SO8  ,& FAIL$ 9 SU* A TRAGIC1 HUMILIAT+1 & DEMORALIZ+ FA%ION8  ,FRANCO'S MILIT>Y VICTORIES & ! FE> !Y 9SPIR$ DO NOT FULLY EXPLA9 ?IS DEFEAT4  ,HI/ORICALLY1 NO REVOLUTION HAS EV] OCCURR$ )\T CIVIL W>1  & IT WAS BY NO MEANS EVID5T ?AT ,FRANCO WAS RECEIV+ EFFECTIVE MILIT>Y SUPPORT FROM ,G]MANY & ,ITALY UNTIL WELL 9TO #a#i#c#g4  ,EV5 IF EXT]NAL CIRCUM/ANCES DOOM$ ! REVOLUTION TO DEFEAT1 AS ,LAVAL 7#a#i#g#e1 P4 #f#h7 & ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN 7#a#i#d7 SEEM TO HAVE BELIEV$ E>LY ON1 ! AN>*O- SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T W\LD SEEM TO HAVE HAD LITTLE TO LOSE AT ! TIME IF IT HAD P]MITT$ ! ,B>CELONA UPRIS+ ( ,MAY #aicg TO RECOV] ! REVOLUTION'S GA9S & MILIT>ILY CONFRONT ITS 5EMIES FROM )9 ! REPUBLIC4  ,:Y1 9 FACT1 DID ! WORK]S :O RAIS$ B>RICADES 9 ,B>CELONA DUR+ ?AT FATEFUL WEEK OBEY !IR LEAD]S & ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE DIS>M$8   

,!SE QUE/IONS PO9T TO AN UND]LY+ ISSUE3 ! LIMITATIONS ( A MOVEM5T ?AT PRIVILEGES ANY CLASS AS 0HEGEMONIC0 )9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4  ,SU* ISSUES AS :AT /RATUM1 CLASS1 OR CON/ELLATION ( GR\PS 9 SOCIETY CON/ITUTE ! 0SUBJECT0 ( HI/ORICAL *ANGE TODAY >E 9 ! =EGR\ND ( DISCUSSIONS 9 NE>LY ALL RADICAL MOVEM5TS--) ! POSSIBLE EXCEPTION ( ! AN>*O- SYNDICALI/S ,I HAVE 5C\NT]$4  ,9 ,SPA91 TO BE SURE1 ! MO/ F]V5T AN>*I/S W5T TO ! FRONT 9 ! E>LY MON?S ( ! CIVIL W> & SUFF]$ AN IMM5SELY HI< DEA? TOLL1 :I* PROBABLY CONTRIBUT$ TO ! CONSID]ABLE DECL9E 9 ! 0MORAL TONE0 ( ! MOVEM5T AFT] #a#i#c#f4  ,BUT EV5 IF !SE AN>*I/ MILITANTS HAD REMA9$ BEH9D1 IT IS QUE/IONABLE :E!R !Y C\LD HAVE OV]COME ! L>GELY TRADE UNIONI/ M5TALITY ( ! SYNDICALI/S & 9]TIAL =CES ?AT %AP$ ! M5TALITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF4   

,:I* BR+S US TO :AT 9 MY VIEW IS ONE ( ! MAJOR S\RCES ( ]ROR 9 ! NOTION ( PROLET>IAN HEGEMONY4  ,! 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS1 = ALL ! OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION TO :I* IT IS SUBJECT$1 MAY C]TA9LY 5GAGE 9 CLASS /RUGGLES & EXHIBIT CONSID]ABLE SOCIAL MILITANCY4  ,BUT R>ELY DOES CLASS /RUGGLE ESCALATE 9TO CLASS W> OR SOCIAL MILITANCY EXPLODE 9TO SOCIAL REVOLUTION4  ,! DEAD5+ T5D5CY ( ,M>XI/S & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S TO MI/AKE /RUGGLE = W> & MILITANCY = REVOLUTION HAS PLAGU$ RADICAL !ORY & PRACTICE = OV] A C5TURY BUT MO/ ESPECIALLY DUR+ ! ]A ( 0PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM0 P> EXCELL5CE1 FROM #ahdh TO #a#i#c#i1 ?AT GAVE RISE TO ! MY? ( 0PROLET>IAN HEGEMONY40 ,AS ,FRANZ ,BORK5AU CONT5DS1 IT IS EASI] TO >\SE NATIONALI/ FEEL+ 9 ! WORK+ CLASS  ?AN FEEL+S ( 9T]NATIONAL CLASS SOLID>ITY1 ESPECIALLY 9 P]IODS ( W>F>E1 AS ! TWO WORLD W>S ( ?IS C5TURY SO VIVIDLY REVEAL 7,BORK5AU1 #a#i#f#b1#h PP4 #e#g-#g#i74  ,GIV5 ! /EADY DIET ( 0BETRAYALS0 TO :I* ,M>XI/S & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S ATTRIBUTE ! FAILURE ( ! PROLET>IAT TO E/ABLI% A NEW SOCIETY1 ONE MAY WELL ASK IF !SE 0BETRAYALS0 >E REALLY EVID5CE ( A SY/EMIC FACTOR ?AT R5D]S MEAN+LESS & OBSCURE ! K9D ( 0PROLET>IAT0 ?AT ,M>XI/S & AN>*O- SYNDICALI/S ADDUCE AS ! BASIS = PRIVILEG+ ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE 9 ! NAME ( 0PROLET>IAN HEGEMONY40   

,(T5 LACK+ 9 EXPLICATIONS ( ! NOTION ( 0PROLET>IAN HEGEMONY0 IS A HI/ORICALLY NUANC$ ACC\NT ( ! WORK]S :O DID RAISE B>RICADES 9 ,P>IS 9 ,JUNE #a#h#d#h1 9 ,PETROGRAD 9 #aie & #a#i#a#g1 & 9 ,SPA9 BETWE5 #ahg & #a#i#c#f4  ,!SE 0PROLET>IANS0 W]E MO/ (T5 CRAFTSPEOPLE = :OM ! FACTORY SY/EM WAS A CULTURALLY NEW PH5OM5ON4  ,MANY O!RS HAD AN IMM$IATE PEASANT BACKGR\ND & W]E ONLY A G5]ATION OR TWO REMOV$ FROM A RURAL WAY ( LIFE4 ,AMONG !SE 0PROLET>IANS10 9DU/RIAL DISCIPL9E AS WELL AS CONF9EM5T 9 FACTORY BUILD+S PRODUC$ V]Y UNSETTL+ CULTURAL & PSY*OLOGICAL T5SIONS4 ,!Y LIV$ 9 A =CE- FIELD BETWE5 A PRE9DU/RIAL1 SEASONALLY DET]M9$1 L>GELY RELAX$ CRAFT OR AGR>IAN WAY ( LIFE ON ! ONE H&1 & ! FACTORY OR WORK%OP SY/EM ?AT /RESS$ ! MAXIMUM1 HI<LY RATIONALIZ$ EXPLOITATION1 ! 9HUMAN RHY?MS ( MA*9]Y1 ! B>RACKS-LIKE WORLD ( CONGE/$ CITIES1 & EXCEPTIONALLY BRUTAL WORK+ CONDITIONS1 ON ! O!R4  ,H5CE IT IS NOT AT ALL SURPRIS+ ?AT ?IS K9D ( WORK+ CLASS WAS EXTREMELY 9C5DI>Y1 & ?AT ITS RIOTS C\LD EASILY EXPLODE 9TO NE>-9SURRECTIONS4  

,M>X SAW ! PROLET>IAT AS 0A CLASS ALWAYS 9CREAS+ 9 NUMB]S1 & DISCIPL9$1 UNIT$1 ORGANIZ$ BY ! V]Y ME*ANISMS ( ! PROCESS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ITSELF40  ,AS = ! CLASS /RUGGLE3 0,C5TRALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & SOCIALIZATION ( LABOR AT LA/ REA* A PO9T :]E !Y BECOME 9COMPATIBLE ) !IR CAPITALI/ 9TEGUM5T4 ,?IS 9TEGUM5T IS BUR/ ASUND]4  ,! KNELL ( CAPITALI/ PRIVATE PROP]TY S\NDS4  ,! EXPROPRIATORS >E EXPROPRIAT$0 7,M>X1 #a#i#f1 VOL4 #a1 PP4 #h#c#f-#c#g74  ,ALL[+ = !IR V>Y+ ALT]NATIVES 9 MANAG+ ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM1 AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S %>E ?IS !ORETICAL CON/RUCT AB\T ! FATE ( CAPITALISM & ! ROLE ( ! PROLET>IAT NO LESS ?AN ,M>XI/S4   ,9 ,SPA91 ?IS L>GELY ECONOMI/IC APPROA*1 ) ITS HI< REG>D = ! UNITY ?AT ! FACTORY SY/EM IMPOSES ON WORK]S1 PROV$ FATAL4  ,9 >EAS 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,C,N,T1 ! WORK]S DID 9DE$ 0EXPROPRIATE0 ! ECONOMY1 ALBEIT 9 A V>IETY 9 WAYS & =MS ?AT RANG$ FROM 0NEO- CAPITALI/0 TO HI<LY 0SOCIALIZ$0 7OR C5TRALIZ$7 =MS4  ,BUT 0WORK]S' CONTROL10 :ATEV] ITS =M1 DID NOT PRODUCE A 0NEW SOCIETY40  ,! UND]LY+ IDEA ?AT BY CONTROLL+ MU* ( ! ECONOMY ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T W\LD ESS5TIALLY CONTROL ! SOCIETY 7A RA!R SIMPLI/IC V]SION ( ,M>X'S HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM7 PROV$ A MY?4  ,! ,CATALAN /ATE 9 P>TICUL>1 BE=E IT F9ALLY TURN$ TO VIOL5CE TO COMPLETELY EVISC]ATE 0SOCIALIZ$0 WORK]S' CONTROL1 EX]CIS$ ITS LEV]AGE OV] ! ,CATALAN F9ANCIAL & M>KET+ SY/EM & SIMPLY 9S]T$ ITS [N REPRES5TATIVES 9TO ! WORK]S' COMMITTEES & CONF$]AL BODIES1 EV5TUALLY RE%AP+ ! 9DU/RIAL COLLECTIVES 9TO DE FACTO NATIONALIZ$ 5T]PRISES 7SEE ,LAVAL1 #a#i#g#e1 P4 #b#g#i74  

,TO ! EXT5T ?AT WAGE- LABOR & CAPITAL DO CONFRONT EA* O!R ECONOMICALLY1 !IR /RUGGLE- - A V]Y REAL ONE 9DE$- - NORMALLY OCCURS )9 A ?OR\<LY B\RGEOIS FRAMEWORK1 AS ,MALATE/A =ESAW G5]ATIONS AGO4  ,! /RUGGLE ( WORK]S ) CAPITALI/S IS ESS5TIALLY A CONFLICT BETWE5 TWO 9T]LOCK+ 9T]E/S ?AT IS N\RI%$ BY ! V]Y CAPITALI/ NEXUS ( CONTRACTUAL RELATION%IPS 9 :I* BO? CLASSES P>TICIPATE4  ,IT NORMALLY C\NT]POSES HI<] WAGES TO HI<] PR(ITS1 LESS EXPLOITATION TO GREAT] EXPLOITATION1 & BETT] WORK+ CONDITIONS TO POOR] WORK+ CONDITIONS4  ,!SE PAT5TLY NEGOTIABLE CONFLICTS TURN >\ND DIFF]5CES 9 DEGREE1 NOT 9 K9D4  ,!Y >E FUNDAM5TALLY CONTRACTUAL DIFF]5CES1 NOT SOCIAL DIFF]5CES4 

,PRECISELY BECAUSE ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT IS 0DISCIPL9$1 UNIT$1 ORGANIZ$ BY ! V]Y ME*ANISM ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ITSELF10 AS ,M>X PUT IT1 IT IS ALSO MORE AM5ABLE TO RATIONALIZ$ SY/EMS ( CONTROL & HI]>*ICAL SY/EMS ( ORGANIZATION ?AN W]E ! PRECAPITALI/ /RATA ?AT HI/ORICALLY BECAME ! PROLET>IAT4  ,BE=E ?IS PROLET>IAT BECAME 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! FACTORY SY/EM1 IT M\NT$ UPRIS+S 9 ,FRANCE1 ,SPA91 ,RUSSIA1 ,ITALY1 & O!R RELATIVELY UN9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRIES ?AT >E N[ SO LEG5D>Y 9 RADICAL HI/ORY BOOKS4  ,FACTORY HI]>*IES1 ) !IR ELABORATE /RUCTURES ( MANAG]IAL SUP]VISION1 W]E (T5 C>RI$ OV] 9TO TRADE UNIONS1 EV5 PR(ESS$LY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ONES1 :]E WORK]S W]E UNUSUALLY VULN]ABLE TO 0LABOR BOSSES0 ( ALL K9DS- - A PROBLEM ?AT /ILL PLAGUES ! LABOR MOVEM5T ( \R [N DAY4 

,9ASMU* AS AN>*O- SYNDICALI/S & DOCTR9AIRE ,M>XI/S ALIKE (T5 *>ACT]IZE ! VIEWS ADVANC$ 9 ?IS >TICLE AS 0ANTI- PROLET>IAN0 OR 0ANTI- WORK+ CLASS10 LET ME ONCE AGA9 EMPHASIZE V]Y /RONGLY ?AT ,I AM NOT D5Y+ ! IMPORTANCE ( GA9+ WORK+-CLASS SUPPORT = AN>*I/ IDEALS4 ,NOR AM ,I DEPRECAT+ ! EXTRAORD9>Y A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,SPANI% WORK]S & PEASANTS 9 ! REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f1 MANY ( :I* W]E UNMAT*$ BY ANY PREVI\S REVOLUTION4  ,BUT IT W\LD BE ! HEI<T ( SELF- DECEPTION1 VICTIMIZ+ AN>*I/S NO LESS ?AN CONC]N$ READ]S ( O!R RADICAL VIEWPO9TS1 TO IGNORE MAJOR LIMITATIONS ?AT ALSO M>K$ ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION--LIMITATIONS ?AT1 SE5 9 RETROSPECT1 MU/ N[ 9=M AN>*I/ !ORY & PRACTICE4  ,9DE$1 MANY ,SPANI% AN>*I/S 9 V>I\S WAYS S]I\SLY QUE/ION$ ! 9VOLVEM5T ( !IR MOVEM5T ) SYNDICALISM1 EV5 AFT] !Y SUCCUMB$ QUITE UND]/&ABLY TO A SYNDICALI/ V]SION ( 0POLITICAL CORRECTNESS0 ?AT SEEM$ MEAN+FUL A HALF-C5TURY AGO4 

,TO ITS CR$IT1 ,SPANI% AN>*ISM- - LIKE AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS ELSE:]E- - NEV] COMPLETELY FOCUS$ ON ! FACTORY AS ! LOCUS CLASSICUS ( LIB]T>IAN PRACTICE4  ,QUITE (T5 ?R\<\T ! LA/ C5TURY & WELL 9TO ! CIVIL W> P]IOD1 VILLAGES1 T[NS1 & ! NEI<BORHOODS ( L>GE CITIES1 AS WELL AS POPUL> CULTURAL C5T]S1 W]E MAJOR LOCI ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES4  ,9 !SE ESS5TIALLY CIVIC >5AS1 WOM5 NO LESS ?AN M51 PEASANTS NO LESS ?AN WORK]S1 ! ELD]LY NO LESS ?AN ! Y\NG1 9TELLECTUALS NO LESS ?AN WORK]S1 DECLASSE ELEM5TS NO LESS ?AN DEF9ABLE MEMB]S ( OPPRESS$ CLASSES- - 9 %ORT1 A WIDE RANGE ( PEOPLE CONC]N$ NOT ONLY ) !IR [N OPPRESSIONS BUT ) V>I\S IDEALS ( SOCIAL JU/ICE & COMMUNAL FRE$OM--ATTRACT$ AN>*I/ PROPAG&I/S & PROV$ TO BE HI<LY RECEPTIVE TO LIB]T>IAN IDEAS4  ,! SOCIAL CONC]NS ( !SE PEOPLE (T5 TRANSC5D$ /RICTLY PROLET>IAN ONES & W]E NOT NECESS>ILY FOCUS$ ON SYNDICALI/ =MS ( ORGANIZATION4  ,!IR ORGANIZATIONS1 9 FACT1 W]E ROOT$ 9 ! V]Y COMMUNITIES 9 :I* !Y LIV$4   

,WE >E ONLY N[ BEG9N+ TO UND]/&1 AS ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ 9 MY WRIT+S OV] ! YE>S & AS ,MANUEL ,CA/ELLS 7#a#i#h#c7 HAS EMPIRICALLY %[N1 H[ MU* MANY RADICAL WORK]S' MOVEM5TS W]E L>GELY CIVIC PH5OM5A1 GR\ND$ 9 SPECIFIC NEI<BORHOODS 9 ,P>IS1 ,PETROGRAD1 & ,B>CELONA1 & 9 SMALL T[NS & VILLAGES ?AT =M$ ! >5AS NOT ONLY ( CLASS UNRE/ BUT CIVIC OR COMMUNAL UNRE/4  ,9 SU* MILIEUX1 OPPRESS$ & DISCONT5T$ PEOPLE ACT$ 9 RESPONSE TO ! PROBLEMS !Y FAC$ NOT ONLY AS ECONOMIC BE+S BUT AS COMMUNAL BE+S4  ,!IR NEI<BORHOODS1 T[NS1 & VILLAGES1 9 TURN1 CON/ITUT$ VITAL S\RCES ( SUPPORT = !IR /RUGGLES AGA9/ A WIDE RANGE ( OPPRESSIONS ?AT W]E MORE EASILY G5]ALIZ$ 9TO BROAD SOCIAL MOVEM5TS :OSE SCOPE WAS WID] ?AN ! PROBLEM ( !IR %OPS & FACTORIES4  ,IT WAS NOT 9 ! FACTORY OR WORK%OP ALONE ?AT RADICAL VALUES & BROAD SOCIAL IDEALS W]E USUALLY N\RI%$ BUT ALSO 9 COMMUNITY C5T]S ( ONE K9D OR ANO!R1 EV5 9 T[N HALLS1 AS HI/ORY ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #ahga SO CLE>LY DEMON/RATES4  ,IT WAS NOT ONLY 9 ,PETROGRAD'S FACTORIES ?AT MASS MOBILIZATION AGA9/ CZ>I/ OPPRESSION EM]G$ BUT 9 ! CITY'S ,VYBORG DI/RICT AS A :OLE4   

,SIMIL>LY1 ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION WAS BORN NOT ONLY 9 ,B>CELONA'S TEXTILE PLANTS BUT 9 ! CITY'S NEI<BORHOODS1 :]E WORK]S & NON-WORK]S ALIKE SET UP B>RICADES1 ACQUIR$ :AT >MS !Y C\LD1 AL]T$ !IR FELL[ RESID5TS TO ! DANG]S ?AT ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ POS$1 FUNCTION$ COMMUNALLY 9 T]MS ( SUPPLY & SURVEILLANCE ( POSSIBLE C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES1 & TRI$ TO SATISFY ! NE$S ( ! 9FIRM & ! ELD]LY )9 ! L>G] FRAMEWORK ( A MOD]N CITY & SEAPORT4  ,GA/ON ,LAVAL DEVOTES A SUB/ANTIAL SECTION ( HIS BOOK1 CALL$ 0,T[NS & ,ISOLAT$ ,A*IEVEM5TS10 TO A CIVIC =M ( 0SOCIALIZATION0 ?AT1 9 HIS WORDS1 WE %ALL CALL MUNICIPALI/1 :I* WE C\LD ALSO CALL COMMUNALI/1 & :I* HAS ITS ROOTS 9 ,SPANI% TRADITIONS ?AT HAVE REMA9$ LIV+4 4  4  4 ,IT IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! LEAD+ ROLE ( ! T[N1 ! COMMUNE1 ! MUNICIPALITY1 ?AT IS1 TO ! PR$OM9ANCE ( ! LOCAL ORGANIZATION :I* EMBRACES ! CITY AS A :OLE4 7,LAVAL1 #a#i#g#e1 P4  #b#g#i7 

 HIS K9D ( AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION IS BY NO MEANS UNIQUE TO ,SPA94 ,RA!R1 IT IS P>T ( ! L>G] AN>*I/ TRADITION ?AT ,I DESCRIB$ E>LI] & ?AT HAS RECEIV$1 ,I MU/ EMPHASIZE1 COMP>ATIVELY LITTLE RECOGNITION S9CE ! EM]G5CE ( SYNDICALISM4  ,AN>*ISM1 9 FACT1 HAS NOT BE5 WELL- S]V$ BY ! =MS ( SYNDICALISM ?AT HAVE %IFT$ ITS FOCUS FROM ! COMMUNE TO ! FACTORY & FROM MORAL VALUES TO ECONOMIC ONES4  ,9 ! PA/1 :AT GAVE AN>*ISM ITS 0MORAL TONE0--& :AT 0PRACTICAL0 ACTIVI/S 9 UNIONS & ON %OP FLOORS SO (T5 RESI/$--WAS PRECISELY ITS CONC]N = A COMMUNISM /RUCTUR$ >\ND CIVIC CONF$]ATIONS & DEM&S = FRE$OM AS SU*1 NOT SIMPLY = ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY 9 ! =M ( WORK]S' CONTROL4 ,PRESYNDICALI/ =MS ( AN>*ISM W]E OCCUPI$ ) HUMAN LIB]ATION1 9 :I* ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT W]E NOT NEGLECT$1 TO BE SURE1 BUT W]E FUZ$ 9 A G5]ALIZ$ SOCIAL 9T]E/ ?AT SPANN$ A BROAD HORIZON ( NE$S1 CONC]NS1 & PROBLEMS4  ,ULTIMATELY ! SATISFACTION & RESOLUTION ( !SE NE$S1 CONC]NS1 & PROBLEMS C\LD BE MET ONLY 9 ! COMMUNE1 NOT 9 A P>T ( IT1 SU* AS ! FACTORY1 WORK%OP1 OR F>M4   

,TO ! DEGREE ?AT AN>*I/S REG>D$ A FREE SOCIETY AS NONHI]>*ICAL AS WELL AS CLASSLESS1 !Y HOP$ ?AT SPECIFIC 9T]E/S W\LD GIVE WAY TO COMMUNAL & REGIONAL 9T]E/S1 9DE$1 TO ! ABOLITION ( 9T]E/ AS SU* BY PLAC+ ALL ! PROBLEMS ( ! COMMUNITY & ! CONF$]AT$ REGION ONTO A %>$ AG5DA4  ,?IS AG5DA WAS TO BE ! CONC]N ( ! PEOPLE AT L>GE 9 A DIRECT FACE- TO- FACE DEMOCRACY4  ,WORK]S1 FOOD CULTIVATORS1 PR(ESSIONALS1 & TE*NICIANS1 9DE$1 PEOPLE 9 G5]AL1 W]E TO NO LONG] ?9K ( !MSELVES AS MEMB]S ( SPECIFIC CLASSES1 PR(ESSIONAL GR\PS1 & /ATUS GR\PS2 !Y W]E TO BECOME CITIZ5S ( A COMMUNITY1 OCCUPI$ ) RESOLV+ NOT SEP>ATE P>TICUL>I/IC CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S BUT A %>$ G5]AL HUMAN BODY ( CONC]NS4   

,IT IS ?IS K9D ( MORAL VISION ( A NEW SOCIETY ?AT GIVES TO PRES5T- DAY AN>*ISM A RELEVANCE ?AT NO O!R =M ( COMMUNI/IC OR SOCIALI/IC MOVEM5T HAS ADVANC$ 9 REC5T MEMORY4  ,ITS CONCEPT ( EMANCIPATION & COMMUNITY SPEAKS TO ! TRANSCLASS PROBLEMS ( G5D]1 AGE1 E?NIC1 & HI]>*ICAL OPPRESSION--PROBLEMS :OSE SCOPE REA*ES BEYOND ! DISSOLUTION ( A CLASS-RIDD5 ECONOMY & ?AT >E RESOLV$ BY A TRULY E?ICAL SOCIETY 9 :I* ! H>MONIZATION ( HUMAN ) HUMAN LEADS ALSO TO ! H>MONIZATION ( HUMANITY ) ! NATURAL WORLD4  ,ANY?+ LESS ?AN ?IS VISION1 ,I SUBMIT1 W\LD FALL %ORT ( ! POT5TIALITIES ( HUMANITY TO FUNCTION AS A RATIONAL1 CREATIVE1 & LIB]ATORY AG5T 9 BO? SOCIAL & NATURAL HI/ORY4  ,OV] MANY BOOKS & ESSAYS1 ,I HAVE >TICULAT$ ?IS BROAD CONCEPTION ( HUMANITY'S SELF- REALIZATION 9 :AT ,I CONSID] TO BE A CON/RUCTIVE VISION ( AN>*Y3 A DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC1 HUMANLY SCAL$1 CONF$]AL1 ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$1 & COMMUNI/IC SOCIETY4   

,TO P]PETUATE ! HI/ORICAL %IFT ( AN>*ISM FROM A L>GELY E?ICAL =M ( SOCIALISM 79 ITS MO/ G5]IC S5SE7 TO AN>*O-SYNDICALISM--A L>GELY ECONOMI/IC =M ( SOCIALISM MO/ (T5 PREMIS$ ON ! FACTORY /RUCTURE--W\LD BE1 9 MY VIEW1 HI<LY REGRESSIVE4  ,MANY ( ! L>GELY SYNDICALI/ T5D5CIES 9 ,SPA9 & ELSE:]E ?AT PR(ESS$ TO BELIEVE 9 A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY DID NOT HESITATE TO BORR[ ME?ODS & IMMORAL =MS ( BEHAVIOR FROM ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY ITSELF4  ,! ECONOMI/IC M5TALITY ( ! SO-CALL$ 0PRACTICALS0 & 0REALI/S0 :O PRESUMABLY KNEW H[ TO MANIPULATE WORK]S & EXPRESS !IR PRAGMATIC 9T]E/S BR\<T AN 9CREAS+LY AMORAL1 EV5 IMMORAL TONE 9TO ! ,C,N,T'S LEAD]%IP4  ,?IS TONE /ILL SEEMS TO L+] ON 9 ! DW9DL+ AN>*O-SYNDICALISM ( ! #a#i#iS4  ,A DISREG>D = NUANC$ IDEAS1 A SIMPLI/IC VISION ( SOCIAL *ANGE1 & A SOMETIMES ABSOLUTI/ CLAIM TO ! AN>*I/ LEGACY SURFACES1 9 MY EXP]I5CE1 ) A FREQU5CY ?AT T5DS TO MAKE AN>*O-SYNDICALISM A V]Y 9TOL]ANT1 IF NOT AN UNSAVORY MOVEM5T4     

,NO ONE1 LEA/ ( ALL MYSELF1 W\LD WANT TO PREV5T AN>*I/S FROM 5T]+ FACTORIES1 %>+ ! PROBLEMS ( WORK]S1 & HOPEFULLY W9N+ !M TO LIB]T>IAN IDEALS4  ,IT W\LD BE HELPFUL1 9 FACT1 IF MANY ( !M FOLL[$ ?R\< ON !IR [N PRAGMATICALLY ORI5T$ IDEAS BY P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! LIVES ( ! PROLET>IANS !Y T5D TO HYPO/ASIZE4  ,:AT ,I *ALL5GE IS ! SPECI\S CLAIM ?AT AN>*O-SYNDICALISM CON/ITUTES ! TOTALITY ( AN>*I/ ?\<T & PRACTICE1 ?AT IT IS ! 0ONLY0 IDEOLOGY ?AT 0CAN RELATE AN>*I/IC IDEAS TO WORK+ PEOPLE10 ?AT IT PREA*ES A DOCTR9E ( 0PROLET>IAN HEGEMONY0 DESPITE ! REPEAT$ FAILURES ( SIZABLE1 EV5 MASS SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS & ! /EADY DI/ORTIONS ( SYNDICALI/ HI/ORY4   ,HELMUT ,RUDIG] NOT)/&+1 ! PROLET>IAT IS NOT 0! L>G] P>T ( ! POPULATION40 ,9DE$1 AS A RESULT ( *ANGES 9 ! PRODUCTIVE & ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ( MOD]N CAPITALISM1 ! FACTORY PROLET>IAT IS DRA/ICALLY DIM9I%+ 9 NUMB]S TODAY1 & ! FUTURE ( FACTORIES ) L>GE WORK=CES IS V]Y MU* UP 9 ! AIR4  ,C]TA9LY ,SPA9 TODAY1 LIKE ! RE/ ( ! ,WE/]N WORLD1 BE>S V]Y LITTLE RESEMBLANCE TO :AT IT WAS E>LY 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY--EV5 TO :AT ,I P]SONALLY SAW 9 ,SPA9 A QU>T]-C5TURY AGO4 ,SWEEP+ TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTIONS & MAJOR CULTURAL *ANGES1 AS A RESULT ( :I* =M]LY CLASS-CONSCI\S WORK]S N[ ID5TIFY ) ! 0MIDDLE CLASS10 HAVE TURN$ AN>*O-SYNDICALISM 9TO A <O/ ( ITS =M] SELF4  ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ?IS <O/ CLAIMS TO CON/ITUTE ! TOTALITY ( AN>*ISM1 IT IS UTT]LY 9CAPABLE ( DEAL+ ) SOCIAL ISSUES ?AT W]E LAT5T EV5 9 TIMES PA/1 :5 A COMMITM5T TO 0PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM0 WAS ! \T/&+ FEATURE ( RADICAL MOVEM5TS4   

,ACTUALLY1 WORK]S HAVE ALWAYS BE5 MORE ?AN M]E PROLET>IANS4  ,MU* AS !Y HAVE BE5 CONC]N$ AB\T FACTORY ISSUES1 WORK]S >E ALSO P>5TS :O >E CONC]N$ AB\T ! FUTURE ( !IR *ILDR51 M5 & WOM5 :O >E CONC]N$ AB\T !IR DIGNITY1 AUTONOMY1 & GR[? AS HUMAN BE+S1 NEI<BORS :O >E CONC]N$ AB\T !IR COMMUNITY1 & EMPA!TIC PEOPLE :O W]E CONC]N$ ) SOCIAL JU/ICE1 CIVIC RI<TS1 & FRE$OM4  ,TODAY1 9 ADDITION TO !SE V]Y NONECONOMIC ISSUES1 !Y HAVE EV]Y REASON TO BE CONC]N$ AB\T ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS1 ! RI<TS ( M9ORITIES & WOM51 !IR [N LOSS ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL P[]1 & ! GR[? ( ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE- - PROBLEMS ?AT >E NOT SPECIFIC TO A P>TICU,I> CLASS & ?AT CANNOT BE RESOLV$ )9 ! WALLS ( FACTORIES4  ,9DE$1 IT %\LD1 ,I ?9K1 BE A MATT] ( P>TICUL> CONC]N TO AN>*I/S TO HELP WORK]S BECOME FULLY CONSCI\S NOT ONLY ( !IR CONC]NS AN ECONOMIC CLASS BUT ( ! BROADLY HUMAN CONC]NS ( ! POT5TIAL CITIZ5S ( A FREE & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4  ,! 0HUMANIZATION0 ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 LIKE ANY O!R SECTION ( ! POPULATION1 CRUCIALLY DEP5DS UPON ! ABILITY ( WORK]S TO UNDO !IR 0WORK]NESS0 & ADVANCE !MSELVES BEYOND CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & CLASS 9T]E/ TO A COMMUNITY CONSCI\SNESS--AS FREE CITIZ5S :O ALONE CAN E/ABLI% A FUTURE E?ICAL1 RATIONAL1 & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4   

,AS 0PRACTICAL0 & 0REALI/IC0 AS AN>*O-SYNDICALISM MAY SEEM1 IT REPRES5TS 9 MY VIEW AN >*AIC IDEOLOGY ROOT$ 9 A N>R[LY ECONOMI/IC NOTION ( B\RGEOIS 9T]E/1 9DE$ ( A SECTORIAL 9T]E/ AS SU*4  ,IT RELIES ON ! P]SI/5CE ( SOCIAL =CES LIKE ! FACTORY SY/EM & ! TRADITIONAL CLASS CONSCI\SNESS ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT ?AT >E WAN+ RADICALLY 9 ! ,EURO-,AM]ICAN WORLD 9 AN ]A ( 9DEF9ABLE SOCIAL RELATIONS & EV]-BROAD5+ SOCIAL CONC]NS4  ,BROAD] MOVEM5TS & ISSUES >E N[ ON ! HORIZON ( MOD]N SOCIETY ?AT1 :ILE !Y MU/ NECESS>ILY 9VOLVE WORK]S1 REQUIRE A P]SPECTIVE ?AT IS L>G] ?AN ! FACTORY1 TRADE UNION1 & A PROLET>IAN ORI5TATION4 
 --,NOVEMB] #f1 #aiib 

,LI/ ( ,REF]5CES  

,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 ,DIEGO  #a#i#d4 ,POR QUE P]DIMOS LA GU]RA4 ,BU5OS ,AIRES1 ,IMAN 

,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 ,DIEGO  #a#i#c#g4  ,AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,GRE5B]G 

,BAKUN91 ,MI*AEL  #a#h#g4  ,REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T & UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 ,9 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*Y1 $4 ,SAM ,DOLG(F1 PP4 #b#a#h-#b#d4  ,NEW ,YORK1 ,ALFR$ ,A4 ,KNOPF1 #aigb  

,BAKUN91 ,MI*AEL  #a#h#f#f4  ,REVOLUTION>Y CATE*ISM4  ,9 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*Y1 $4 ,SAM ,DOLG(F1 PP4 #g#f-#i#g4  ,NEW ,YORK1 ,ALFR$ ,A4 ,KNOPF1 #aigb  

,BOOK*91 ,MURRAY  #a#i#f#i1 #a#i#g#a4 ,LI/51 M>XI/6  ,9 ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM4  ,MONTREAL1 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS  

,BOOK*91 ,MURRAY  #a#i#g#g4  ,! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S4 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,FREE ,LIFE ,$ITIONS  7REPUBLICATION =?COM+ BY ,A4,K4 ,PRESS1 ,/IRL+1 ,SCOTL&7 

,BOOK*91 ,MURRAY  N4D4  ,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION3  ,POPUL> ,MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,]A 7#a#e#b#e-#a#i#c#i74 ,UNPUBLI%$ MANUSCRIPT 

,BORK5AU1 ,FRANZ  #a#i#f#b4  ,WORLD ,COMMUNISM4  ,ANN ,>BOR1 ,MI*41 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MI*IGAN ,PRESS 

,BR5AN1 ,G]ALD  #a#i#d#c4  ,! ,SPANI% ,LABYR9?4  ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS 

,CA/ELLS1 ,MANUEL  #a#i#h#c4  ,! ,CITY & ! ,GRASSROOTS3  ,A ,CROSS-,CULTURAL ,!ORY ( ,URBAN ,SOCIAL ,MOVEM5TS4  ,B]KELEY & ,LOS ,ANGELES3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS4 

,FRAS]1 ,RONALD  #a#i#h#d4 ,! POPUL> EXP]I5CE ( W> & REVOLUTION #a#i#c#f-#c#h4 ,9 ,REVOLUTION & ,W> 9 ,SPA91 #a#i#c#a-#c#i1 $4 ,PAUL ,PRE/ON4 ,LONDON & ,NEW ,YORK1 ,ME?U5  

,FRAS]1 ,RONALD  #a#i#g#i4  ,BLOOD ( ,SPA93 ,AN ,ORAL ,HI/ORY ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4  ,NEW ,YORK1 ,PAN!ON ,BOOKS 

,GOLDMAN1 ,EMMA  #a#i#c#a4  ,LIV+ ,MY ,LIFE4  ,NEW ,YORK1 ,ALFR$ ,A4 ,KNOPF 

,GRANADA ,FILMS4 N4D4  0,9SIDE ! ,REVOLUTION10 P>T #e ( ,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4 

,HYAMS1 ,$W>D  #a#i#g#i4  ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON3  ,HIS ,REVOLUTION>Y ,LIFE1 ,M9D & ,WORKS4  ,LONDON1 ,JOHN ,MURRAY  

,KROPOTK91 ,PET]  #a#i#e4  ,AN>*ISM4  ,5TRY FROM ,! ,5CYCLOP$IA ,BRITANNICA4  ,9 ,KROPOTK9'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PAMPHLETS3  ,A ,COLLECTION ( ,WRIT+S BY ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 $4 ,ROG] ,N4 ,BALDW94  ,NEW ,YORK1 ,VANGU>D ,PRESS1 #a#i#b#g2 ,DOV] ,PUBLICATIONS1 #aig  

,KROPOTK91 ,PET]  #a#i#a#c4  ,MOD]N SCI5CE & AN>*ISM4  ,9 

,KROPOTK9'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PAMPHLETS3  ,A ,COLLECTION ( ,WRIT+S BY 

,PET] ,KROPOTK91 $4 ,ROG] ,N4 ,BALDW94  ,NEW ,YORK1 ,VANGU>D ,PRESS1 

#a#i#b#g2 ,DOV] ,PUBLICATIONS1 #aig  

,LAVAL1 ,GA/ON  #a#i#g#e4  ,COLLECTIVES 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 ,TRANS4 ,V]NON ,RI*>DS4  ,LONDON1 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS  

,MAGON1 ,RIC>DO ,FLORES  #a#i#g#g4 ,L& & ,LIB]TY3 ,AN>*I/ ,9FLU5CES 9 ! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION1 $4 ,DAVID ,POOLE4  ,S&AY1 ,ORKNEY ,ISL&S1 ,CI5FUEGOS ,PRESS  

,MALATE/A1 ,]RICO  #a#i#b#b4  ,9 ,UMANITA ,NOVA1 ,APRIL #f4 ,REPR9T$ 9 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A3 ,HIS ,LIFE & ,IDEAS1 $4 ,V]NON ,RI*>DS1 PP4 #a#a#f-#a#i4  ,LONDON1 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #aife  

,MALEFAKIS1 ,$W>D ,E4  #a#i#g4  ,AGR>IAN ,RE=MS & ,PEASANT ,REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA94  ,NEW ,HAV51 ,YALE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS 

,M>X1 ,K>L  #a#i#f4 ,CAPITAL4 ,*ICAGO1 ,*>LES ,H4 ,K]R @& ,CO4 

,PEIRATS1 ,JOSE  N4D4 ,AN>*I/S 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 7,5GLI% TRANSLATION ( ,LOS AN>QUI/AS 5 LA CRISIS POLITICA ESPANOLA1 #a#i#f#d74  ,TORONTO1 ,SOLID>ITY ,BOOKS 

,PR\DHON1 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH  #a#h#f#c4 ,! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,F$]ATION4 ,REPR9T$ BY ,TORONTO1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,TORONTO ,PRESS1 #aifi 

,RUDIG]1 ,HELMUT  #a#i#d#i4  ,UB] ,PR\DHON1 ,SYNDIKALISMUS UND ,AN>*ISMUS4  ,9 ,AN>*ISMUS ,HEUTE3 ,POSITION51 $4 ,HANS-,JURG5 ,DEG54  ,V]LAG ,S*W>Z] ,NA*TS*ATT51 #aiia 

,/E>NS1 ,PET]  #a#i#g#a4 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM & ,FR5* ,LABOR3 ,A ,CAUSE ,)\T ,REBELS4  ,NEW ,BRUNSWICK1 ,N4,J41 ,RUTG]S ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS 

,WOODCOCK1 ,GEORGE  #a#i#f#b4  ,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,IDEAS & ,MOVEM5TS4 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,WORLD ,PUBLI%+ ,CO4 

,NOTES 

#a4 ,! $ITOR1 ,SAM ,DOLG(F1 9T]POLAT$ 9TO ?IS PASSAGE HIS [N 9T]PRETATIONS1 :I* ,I HAVE OMITT$ H]E4 ,DOLG(F'S [N PREF]5CE = SYNDICALISM (T5 SEEMS TO HAVE COLOR$ HIS 9T]PRETATION ( ,BAKUN9'S WRIT+S4 

#b4 0,S9CE 9 ! FULLY-=M$ PROLET>IAT ! AB/RACTION ( ALL HUMANITY1 EV5 ( ! SEMBLANCE ( HUMANITY1 IS PRACTICALLY COMPLETE2 S9CE ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE ( ! PROLET>IAT SUM UP ALL ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE ( SOCIETY TODAY 9 !IR MO/ 9HUMAN =M2 S9CE MAN HAS LO/ HIMSELF 9 ! PROLET>IAT1 YET AT ! SAME TIME HAS NOT ONLY GA9$ !ORETICAL CONSCI\SNESS ( ! LOSS1 BUT ?R\< URG5T1 NO LONG] REMOVABLE1 NO LONG] DISGUISABLE1 ABSOLUTELY IMP]ATIVE NE$--PRACTICAL EXPRESSION ( NECESSITY--IS DRIV5 DIRECTLY TO REVOLT AGA9/ ?IS 9HUMANITY1 IT FOLL[S ?AT ! PROLET>IAT CAN & MU/ EMANCIPATE ITSELF4 ,BUT IT CANNOT EMANCIPATE ITSELF )\T ABOLI%+ ! CONDITIONS ( ITS [N LIFE40 ,K>L ,M>X & ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS1 ,! ,HOLY ,FAMILY 7,MOSC[3 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]1 #a#i#e#f71 P4 #d#g4 ,A VOLUME C\LD BE WRITT5 ON ! BASES1 NATURE1 & PROGNOSES ( ,M>X & ,5GELS 9 ?IS PASSAGE4 ,IT ESS5TIALLY UND]P9S ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ POSITIONS ON ! HEGEMONY ( ! PROLET>IAT BUT ) GREAT] SOPHI/ICATION4 

#c4  ,IT IS WOR? NOT+ ?AT A PRES5T-DAY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ J\RNALI/1 ,ULRIKE ,HEID]1 DISMISSES ,MALATE/A AS A M]E 0UTOPIAN0 & D]OGATES ,V]NON ,RI*>DS M]ELY = 5GAG+ 9 A DISPUTE ) ,SAM ,DOLG(F1 TO :OM %E RA!R F]V5TLY APPLIES ! SOBRIQUET 0! LA/ AN>*I/40 ,?IS >ROGANT FATUITY1 ,I SUPPOSE1 %\LD F9ALLY SETTLE ! FUTURE ( AN>*ISM = GOOD1 N[ ?AT ,DOLG(F IS NO LONG] ) US1 :I* GIVES US SOME 9SI<T 9TO ! DOGMATISM ( AT LEA/ ONE AN>*O-SYNDICALI/4 ,DESPITE ,DOLG(F'S MUTATIONS FROM AN>*O-SYNDICALISM TO 0FREE SOCIALISM0 9 ! MID-#a#i#fS & !N BACK TO AN>*O-SYNDICALISM AFT] ! ,C,N,T REEM]G$ 9 ! #a#i#gS1 HE SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ,HEID]'S GURU4 ,SEE H] ,DIE ,N>R5 D] ,FREIHEIT 7,B]L93 ,K>9 ,KRAM] ,V]LAG1 #a#i#i#b74 

#d4  ,$U>DO ,PONS ,PRADO1 IT MAY BE NOT$1 ALSO FIGURES PROM95TLY 9 ! EXCELL5T ,GRANADA ,FILMS S]IES ,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 :I* CONTA9S ORIG9AL 9T]VIEWS ) BO? LEAD+ FIGURES & ORD9>Y P>TICIPANTS 9 ! CONFLICT4 

#e4 ,I SPEAK ( ,BR5AN'S 0,&ALUSIAN APPROA*10 BECAUSE HE HAD A /RONG T5D5CY TO OV]/ATE ! 0PRIMITIV5ESS0 ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM AS AN AGR>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,9 FACT1 ,SPANI% AN>*ISM & AN>*O-SYNDICALISM W]E PR$OM9ANTLY URBAN BY ! #a#i#cS & W]E MORE /RONGLY ROOT$1 AT LEA/ 9 MEMB]%IP1 9 ! NOR!A/]N P>T ( ,SPA9 ?AN 9 ! S\?4 

#f4  ,! APPALL+ ?RU/ ( ! ,C,N,T'S SYNDICALI/ LEAD]%IP 9 ! DIRECTION ( A VIRTUALLY AU?ORIT>IAN ORGANIZATION--OR :AT ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN CALL$ 0! ,COMMUNI/ L9E0 7AS CIT$ BY ,PEIRATS7 9 POLICY AS WELL AS 9 /RUCTURE--DRAMATIZES MORE =CEFULY ?AN ,I CAN DESCRIBE ,MALATE/A'S PRESCI5CE & ! FRAGILITY ( ! ORGANIZATION'S COMMITM5T TO 0LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM40 

#g4  ,SEE ,FRAS]'S 9T]VIEW ) ,PONS ,PRADO 9 ,BLOOD ( ,SPA91 P4 #b#b#c4 ,I ALSO RELY H]E ON MY [N 9T]VIEWS ) ,PEIRATS 9 ,T\L\SE & ) ,LAVAL 9 ,P>IS 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#f#g4 

#h4  ,9 O!R RESPECTS1 ,BORK5AU'S BOOK IS ( MU* LESS VALUE1 ESPECIALLY :]E HE CONT5DS ?AT ,SPANI% AN>*ISM WAS ! SUB/ITUTE = A ,SPANI% ,RE=MATION & ?AT ! MOVEM5T WAS 5TIRELY MILL5N>IAN 9 NATURE4  

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bag 3 ,! ,<O/ ( ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM -- ,ADD$4 
,M>* #a#h1 #bb 3 ,! ,<O/ ( ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

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