,! ,GREAT ,EUROPEAN ,W> & ,SOCIALISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,TEXT 3 

,SUDD5LY1 LIKE A METEOR FROM ! SKY OR AN E>?QUAKE1 ! WORLD-W> HAS 
BROK5 \T OV] ! UNSUSPECT+ & T]RIFI$ NATIONS ( ,EUROPE4 ,NO ONE ?\<T 
( W>1 NO ONE REALLY WANT$ IT1 PR9CES & CAB9ET MEMB]S W]E TRAVEL+ OR 
AT BA?+ PLACES -- \T CAME ! ULTIMATUM ( ,AU/RIA TO ! ,S]VIAN 
GOV]NM5T1 & AFT] A WEEK ( /R5U\S EF=TS TO PRES]VE PEACE ! NATIONS 
ONE AFT] ! O!R SLID D[N 9TO ! ABYSS AS IF DRAWN BY AN IRRESI/IBLE 
FATE4 

,NEV] BE=E WAS IT MADE SO PLA9 ?AT MANK9D DOES NOT MAKE HI/ORY 
ACCORD+ TO ITS [N WILL BUT IS DRIV5 BY EXT]NAL SOCIAL =CES MORE P[]FUL 
?AN ITSELF4 ,SUP]FICIAL NEWSPAP] WRIT]S SEEK TO LAY ! BLAME ON 9DIVIDUAL 
P]SONS4 ,ONE ALLEGES AS ! CAUSE ( ! W> ! AMBITION ( ! ,G]MAN ,KAIS]2 
ANO!R ! CRIM9AL FRIVOLITY ( ! ,CZ>2 ANO!R ! JEAL\SY ( ,5GL&4 ,ONE 
:O VIEWS ! WORLD FROM ! /&PO9T ( A PEASANT OR %OPKEEP] ASKS H[ IS 
SU* MADNESS POSSIBLE8 ,GOOD-HE>T$ IDEALOGI/S >E A/ONI%$ ?AT ON ! HI< 
PLANE ( HUMAN CULTURE SU* A S5SELESS BUT*]Y ( HUMAN BE+S CAN TAKE 
PLACE4 

,!Y >E ALL IGNORANT ( ! REAL WORLD2 !Y >E N[ JU/ LE>N+ ?AT ! 
ESS5CE ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY IS OPPRESSION1 HATE1 WORLD COMPETITION1 5MITY & 
! RULE ( =CE4 

,! ,C,A,U,S,E,S ,( ,! ,W,>4 

,! SOCIALI/1 :O HAS LE>N$ TO UND]/& ! ESS5CE ( CAPITALISM1 SEES 
ALSO CLE>LY ! CAUSE ( ?IS W>4 ,IT IS UNNECESS>Y TO DISCUSS IT AT L5G?1 
H]E AS ?IS WAS DONE 9 \R >TICLE 0,W> ,AGA9/ ,W>0 9 ! ,I4 ,S4 ,R4 
= ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#a#c4 ,! ECONOMIC S\RCE ( IMP]IALISM WAS !RE LAID B>E1 & 
IT WAS %[N :Y ! /ATES ( ,EUROPE HAVE =M$ !MSELVES 9TO TWO TRIPLE 
ALLIANCES2 H[ ! MI<TY 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,G]MANY =CES IT TO ACQUIRE 
MORE WORLD P[]1 MORE COLONIES2 H[ 9 ?IS ATTEMPT IT ALWAYS F\ND ,5GL& ITS 
*IEF 5EMY2 & H[ ! REVOLUTIONS 9 ! ,BALKAN P59SULA GAVE ! />T FROM 
:I* ANEW A ,EUROPEAN W> ?REAT5$ TO DEVELOP4 ,WE ONLY NE$ TO CONNECT ) 
\R =M] >TICLE & TAKE UP ! ?READ :]E WE !RE DROPP$ IT4 

,! ,BALKAN W> ( #aiab 9CREAS$ ! SELF-RESPECT ( ! ,BALKAN NATIONS & 
>\S$ 9 !M /RONG NATIONAL FEEL+S1 BUT DID NOT SATISFY !M1 BECAUSE ALL 
! NEW B\ND>IES W]E >TIFICIAL4 ,S]VIA1 ?R\< ! JEAL\SY ( ,AU/RIA1 WAS 
LEFT SMALL & F> FROM ! SEA4 ,AU/RIA WAS TORN BY ! ANTAGONISM ( MANY 
NATIONALITIES )9 H] [N B\ND>IES & FE>$ ?AT ! MILLION ,S]VIANS 9 
,AU/RIA W\LD /RIVE = A UNION ) ,BELGRADE4 

,A DEMOCRATIC AUTONOMY W\LD HAVE WON !M = ,AU/RIA1 BUT ?IS DID NOT SUIT 
! C\RT1 BANK & >MY CAM>ILLA 9 ,VI5NA1 & BECAUSE ?IS RUL+ CLIQUE HAD 
AT H& ALL ! MILIT>Y RES\RCES ( A FIR/-CLASS MOD]N /ATE W> AGA9/ ! 
RE/LESS =EIGN ,S]BS APPE>$ TO BE ! ONLY MEANS = SOLV+ ! ,S]VIAN 
QUE/ION AT HOME4 ,! ASSASS9ATION ( ,CR[N ,PR9CE ,FRANZ ,F]D9& S]V$ AS A 
WELCOME PRETEXT = ?IS SOLUTION ( ! DIFFICULTY4 

,! ATTACK ( ,AU/RIA ON ,S]VIA BR\<T FIR/ ,RUSSIA & !N ,G]MANY TO ITS 
FEET4 ,RUSSIA ALWAYS PLAYS ! ROLE ( PROTECTOR ( ! ,SLAVIC /ATES ( ! 
,BALKAN1 YET LEAVES !M 9 ! LUR* :5 IT SUITS H]2 BUT %E WILL NOT P]MIT 
AN EXT5SION ( P[] 9 ! ,BALKANS BY ,AU/RIA2 = BEH9D ,AU/RIA /&S 
,G]MANY4 

,AU/RIA IS ! ADVANCE GU>D :I* OP5S ! WAY = ,G]MANY 9TO ,ASIA1 :]E 
,G]MANY ON ACC\NT ( ! ,BA<DAD RAILROAD HAS L>GE CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S4 ,9 
,ASIA ,M9OR & ,>M5IA1 ,G]MAN & ,RUSSIAN EXPANSION CAME 9TO CONTACT ) EA* 
O!R4 ,IT WAS ONLY BY ! ?REATS ( ,G]MANY ?AT ! ,CZ> WAS =C$ A YE> AGO 
TO DESI/ FROM A PLAN TO CONQU] ,>M5IA4 

,N[1 AGA91 ,G]MANY DEM&S ?AT HE LEAVE ,AU/RIA ISOLAT$ & !REBY 
CONFESS HIS [N WEAKNESS BE=E ALL ! ,ASIATIC NATIONS4 ,BUT ! ,RUSSIAN >MY1 
?\< ABSOLUTELY WOR?LESS A FEW YE>S AGO1 HAD BECOME 9 ! MEANTIME SOME:AT 
IMPROV$2 ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T CLIQUE NO LONG] FELT ITSELF TO BE :OLLY 
P[]LESS4 ,SO \T ( ! ADVANCE ( ,AU/RIA 7SUPPORT$ BY ,G]MANY7 ON ! 
,BALKANS >OSE ! ATTACK ( ,RUSSIA ON ,AU/RIA & ! ATTACK ( ,G]MANY ON 
,RUSSIA4 ,?US ! ,EUROPEAN W> WAS ON1 = ,FRANCE /OOD 9 A FIRM ALLIANCE ) 
,RUSSIA4 

,G]MANY C\LD HAVE PREV5T$ ! W> IF %E HAD DEM&$ AT ,VI5NA SOME 
RELAXATION T[>DS ,S]VIA2 BUT %E F\ND ! OCCASION FAVORABLE = W>1 
ESPECIALLY AS %E HOP$ ?AT ,5GL& W\LD REMA9 NEUTRAL1 HAV+ ADJU/$ ! 
%>PE/ PO9TS ( DIFF]5CE BY AN AGREEM5T ) H] AS TO ,MESOPOTAMIA4 

,ECONOMICALLY CONSID]$1 ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ,G]MANY & ,FRANCE IS NOT SO 
GREAT AS ?AT BETWE5 ,G]MANY & ,5GL&4 ,9 ,TURKEY ,FR5* CAPITAL WORKS 
FRAT]NALLY ) ,G]MAN4 ,! ,BA<DAD ,RAILROAD IS A JO9T UND]TAK+ BY ,G]MAN 
& ,FR5* CAPITAL1 :I* EV5 9 ! /RUGGLE = M9+ CONCESSIONS 9 ,ASIA 
,M9OR MAKE COMMON CAUSE AGA9/ ! ,5GLI%-,AM]ICAN GR\P 7,]NE/ ,CASSEL1 
,KUHN-,LOEB74 ,:5 !RE WAS A LACK ( CAPITAL 9 ,G]MANY 9 TIMES ( ! HI<E/ 
9DU/RIAL PROSP]ITY1 ,FR5* CAPITAL WAS S5T TO ,G]MANY4 ,G]MANY HAS 
REPEAT$LY TRI$ TO APPROA* CLOS] TO ,FRANCE1 *IEFLY = ! PURPOSE ( 
GETT+ ! RI* SUPPLIES ( ,FR5* CAPITAL = USE 9 H] 9DU/RIES & 
=EIGN 5T]PRISES4 

,BUT 9 ! WAY ( ?IS /OOD ! TRADITIONAL HATE = ,G]MANY & ! HOPE ( 
REV5GE = ,ALSACE-,LORRA9E4 ,BECAUSE ( ?IS REV5GE IDEA ! ALLIANCE ) 
,RUSSIA WAS =M$ & BILLIONS ( ! SAV+S ( SMALL ,FR5* CAPITALI/S W]E 
9VE/$ 9 ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T BONDS4 ,H5CE ,FRANCE REMA9$ FIRMLY *A9$ TO 
,RUSSIA AGA9/ ,G]MANY & =MS 9 ?IS W> ! /RONGE/ & MO/ DANG]\S 
FOE ( ! ,G]MAN >MY4 

,:AT POSITIVE ADVANTAGES ,G]MANY HOP$ = \T ( ?IS W> IS APP>5T FROM 
ITS (F] TO ,5GL& ?AT IT W\LD MAKE NO *ANGE 9 ! B\ND>IES ( ,BELGIUM 
& ,FRANCE 9 ,EUROPE1 BUT W\LD BE SATISFI$ ) ! COLONIES ( !SE 
C\NTRIES1 IF ,5GL& W\LD KEEP \T ( ! CONFLICT4 ,G]MANY HAD LONG HAD ITS 
EYE ON ! ,CONGO /ATE TO R\ND \T ITS ,AFRICAN POSSESSIONS4 ,?IS1 TOGE!R ) 
/RATEGICAL CONSID]ATIONS1 WAS ! REASON = DRAW+ ,BELGIUM 9TO ! 
/RIFE4 

,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>LIAM5T>IANS ( ,BELGIUM1 ,V&EVELDE & HIS 
FRI5DS1 :O SOME YE>S AGO W]E EAG] TO HAVE ! ,CONGO /ATE MADE A ,BELGIAN 
COLONY1 DID A POOR S]VICE = ! ,BELGIAN WORK+ CLASS BY ?IS HI< PLAY ( 
/ATESMAN%IP4 

,BUT IT IS A MI/AKE TO BELIEVE ?AT ,G]MANY'S ATTACK ON ,BELGIUM WAS ! 
REASON ?AT L$ ,5GL& TO TAKE A H& 9 ! W>4 ,HAD ,5GL& DONE NO?+ & 
QUIETLY LOOK$ ON TILL ! P[] ( ,FRANCE & ,RUSSIA WAS BROK5 BY ,G]MANY1 
!N ! RESULT W\LD HAVE BE5 ?AT ,FRANCE1 DISILLUSION$ & LEFT 9 ! 
LUR*1 W\LD HAVE MADE PEACE QUICKLY1 & ?AT !REUPON A CLOS] COMB9ATION ( 
MIDDLE ,EUROPEAN CONT95TAL P[]S W\LD HAVE BE5 =M$1 :I* W\LD 
NECESS>ILY HAVE TURN$ ITS ATTACK T[>D ,5GL&4 ,!N W\LD HAVE FOLL[$ ! 
GREAT /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! OLD FULL-F$ WOLF1 ,5GL&1 & ! Y\NG HUNGRY 
WOLF1 ,G]MANY1 UND] F> MORE UNFAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES = ,5GL&4 ,H5CE 
,5GL& HAD TO JUMP 9 N[ TO DEF5D ITS WORLD-POSITION2 ONLY IT WAS DIFFICULT 
= ! GOV]NM5T1 BECAUSE PUBLIC OP9ION WAS AGA9/ W>4 ,BUT ?IS WAS *ANG$ 
BY ! ,G]MAN ATTACK ON ,BELGIUM1 & !N ! ,5GLI% GOV]NM5T WAS ABLE TO 
COOLLY DECL>E W>4 

,?US ! WORLD W> GREW APACE4 ,IT IS NOT AN ACCID5TAL W>1 SPR++ UP 
BECAUSE ( A P>TICUL> OBJECT ( CONT5TION4 ,AS SOME YE>S AGO ! T5SION OV] 
,MOROCCO BR\<T ON ! DANG] ( A W> ! SOCIALI/ PRESS PO9T$ TO ! 
,MOROCCAN M9+ CONCESSIONS ( ,MANNESMANN ,BRO!RS AS ! OBJECT = :I* 
,G]MAN SOLDI]S W]E TO RISK !IR BONES4 ,N[ ! B\RGEOIS PRESS ASKS ! 
SOCIALI/S ) SCORN1 0,Y\ >E ALWAYS SAY+ ?AT W>S >E WAG$ ONLY = 
CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S2 :]E !N >E ! 9T]E/S ( CAPITAL H]E80 

,! PURE TYPE ( AN IMP]IALI/IC W> IS TO BE RECOGNIZ$ BY ?IS3 ,IT DOES 
NOT BREAK \T ON ACC\NT ( A P>TICUL> OBJECT1 BUT >ISES FROM ! 
G5]AL ANTAGONISMS ( /ATES4 ,!SE ANTAGONISMS >E ROOT$ 9 ! 
COMPETITION TO W9 WORLD P[] OR TO DEF5D IT2 & ?IS /RUGGLE = WORLD 
P[] IS NO?+ ELSE BUT ! /RUGGLE ( EV]Y C\NTRY TO W9 = ITS CAPITAL 
COLONIES1 CONTRACTS1 SPH]ES ( 9FLU5CE & FAVORABLE OPPORTUNITIES = 
9VE/M5T 9 ,ASIA & ,AFRICA4 ,EV]Y C\NTRY HAS = A LONG TIME FELT ITSELF 
?REAT5$ BY O!RS BECAUSE ALL ( !M MAKE HO/ILE PREP>ATIONS AGA9/ ONE 
ANO!R4 ,H5CE EV]Y ONE ( !M BELIEVES ITSELF ATTACK$ BY ! O!RS4 

,ALL ,G]MANS >E CONV9C$ ) GRANITE FIRMNESS ?AT !Y >E ONLY WAG+ A 
W> ( DEF5SE AGA9/ AN IMPUD5T ASSAULT ( ,RUSSIA2 9 ,FRANCE & ,5GL& ! 
TALK IS AB\T ,G]MANY'S 9SATIABLE GRE$ = DOM9ION1 :I* W\LD CONQU] 
,EUROPE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME EV]Y C\NTRY BELIEVES IT IS PROTECT+ CULTURE OR SOME 
O!R HOLY OBJECT AGA9/ =EIGN B>B>IANS1 ?\< 9 REALITY !Y ALL /ICK 
EQUALLY DEEP 9 CAPITALI/ B>B>ISM :I* RU?LESSLY SACRIFICES WEAL? & 
HUMAN LIFE = WORLD P[] & CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S4 

,9 ?IS W> WE SEE CLE>] ?AN EV] BE=E H[ P[]FUL IMP]IALISM IS & 
H[ IMPOT5T >E ALL PEACE CONGRESSES & PEACE SOCIETIES4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! 
=CEFUL /RUGGLE = WORLD-P[] BR+S DIRECT ADVANTAGE TO L>GE CAPITAL ONLY2 
BUT ! :OLE POSSESS+ CLASS FEELS ITSELF 9 H>MONY !RE)4 ,ALL 
CONTRACTORS1 BUS9ESS M51 M]*ANTS & $UCAT$ OR PR(ESSIONAL PEOPLE 
75G9E]S1 TE*NICIANS7 HAVE ! FEEL+ ?AT BETT] BUS9ESS1 BETT] POSITIONS 
AWAIT !M 9 PROPORTION AS !IR C\NTRY 9CREASES ITS REPUTATION 9 ! WORLD 
& AS L>GE 9DU/RY PROSP]S4 ,H5CE AN IMP]IALI/IC POLICY F9DS A S\ND+ 
BO>D 9 ! 5TIRE PROP]TI$ CLASS4 

,TW5TY YE>S AGO 9 ,G]MANY ! LIB]ALS & ! ,CA?OLIC ,C5T] P>TY W]E 
OPPON5TS ( MILIT>ISM & ! COLONIAL POLICY2 BUT S9CE ! ELECTIONS ( #aig 
ALL OPPOSITION ( !SE PETTY B\RGEOIS CIRCLES AGA9/ POLICIES ( VIOL5CE & 
=CE HAS DISAPPE>$4 ,! FIRM DET]M9ATION1 RIS+ AT TIMES EV5 TO JOY\S 
5?USIASM1 ) :I* ! MASS ( ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE N[ 5T] 9TO ! W> 7& 
! SAME DET]M9ATION IS SE5 9 ,AU/RIA1 ,FRANCE1 ,BELGIUM & ,5GL&7 
DEMON/RATES ?AT AT PRES5T ! REQUIREM5T ( L>GE CAPITAL = ROOM 
TO EXP& DOM9ATES ! SPIRIT & WILL ( L>GE MASSES ( ! PEOPLE 
& LEADS !M ) COMPELL+ =CE4 

,BUT H[ IS IT ) ! PROLET>IAT8 

,! ,W,> ,& ,! ,W,O,R,K,+ ,C,L,A,S,S4 

,! SAME EVOLUTION :I* MAKES L>GE CAPITAL MA/] ( ! WORLD ALSO MAKES 
! WORK+ PROLET>IAT ! MO/ NUM]\S CLASS ( SOCIETY4 ,?IS CLASS1 :I* 
SUFF]S ALL ! WRET*$NESS & OPPRESSION ( CAPITALISM1 BUT D]IVES NO 
B5EFITS !REFROM1 ALSO HAS TO BE> ALL ! HORRORS >IS+ FROM W>4 ,IF !Y 
COME HOME FROM ! W> AS VICTORS1 !N CAPITAL HAS ! ADVANTAGES & PR(ITS1 
BUT !Y !MSELVES >E AGA9 ! SAME EXPLOIT$ PROP]TYLESS PROLET>IANS AS 
BE=E4 

,IT IS CLE> !N ?AT WORK+ M5 MU/ BE OPPOS$ TO EV]Y W>4 ,!Y LOOK 
UPON ! PROLET>IANS ( =EIGN L&S AS !IR BRO!RS1 !IR COMRADES1 BUT 
UPON ! [N+ CLASS ( !IR [N C\NTRY AS !IR 5EMIES & OPPRESSORS4 ,H[ 
C\LD !Y BE BR\<T TO %OOT !IR BRO!RS AT ! BEHE/ ( !IR 5EMIES8 
,CLASS-CONSCI\S WORK]S DESIRE TO C>RY ON ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ORD] TO 
ABOLI% CAPITALISM & 9 LIEU !RE( TO E/ABLI% A COOP]ATIVE COMMUNITY1 A 
,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 

,! ,SOCIALI/ WORK]S ( ALL C\NTRIES1 AS WELL AS ! LABOR UNIONS1 HAVE 
REPEAT$LY AT !IR CONGRESSES EXPRESS$ !IR ABHORR5CE ( W> & PROTE/$ 
AGA9/ IT4 ,TWO YE>S AGO ! GREAT 9T]NATIONAL DEMON/RATION AT ,BASEL TOOK 
PLACE4 ,UN=TUNATELY ALL DISCUSSION OV] ! ME?ODS ( COMBAT+ W> WAS 
OMITT$ \T ( FE> ?AT !N ! BEAUTIFUL PICTURE ( UNANIMITY W\LD BE 
DAMAG$2 APPE>ANCE WAS PUT ABOVE ESS5CE1 & N[ IT 
TRANSPIRES H[ MU* WEAK] ! PEACE P[] EXI/+ 9 ! PROLET>IAT IS ?AN 
WE !N HOP$4 

,! UNDEVELOP$ WORK]S )\T CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS >E EASILY /AMP$$ BY 
! OLD CAT*WORDS1 LOVE ( C\NTRY & PATRIOTISM4 ,BUT EV5 ! MORE 
5LI<T5$ ORGANIZ$ WORK]S FALL EASILY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! RU%+ 
TIDE ( IMP]IALISM4 ,9 ! LABOR UNIONS1 :OSE /RUGGLE ALWAYS LOOKS ONLY TO 
DIRECT MAT]IAL ADVANTAGES & NEGLECTS GREAT IDEALS & 9TELLECTUAL 
DEVELOPM5T1 AN OP9ION IS CURR5T ?AT RAW MAT]IALS >E NE$$ = 9DU/RY 
& H5CE ?AT =CIBLE SUBJECTION ( TROPICAL C\NTRIES IS 9 ! 9T]E/ ( 
! WORK+ CLASS4 

,! RE=MI/ POLICY 9 ! MO/ DIV]SE C\NTRIES AIMS AT AN APPROA* T[>D 
! PROGRESSIVE & RE=M-FAVOR+ P>T ( ! B\RGEOISIE & 9 EX*ANGE 
!RE= IS READY TO TAKE P>T 9 ! ADM9I/RATION1 TO VOTE BUDGETS1 & 
APPROVE ( COLONIAL PROJECTS4 ,A BACKW>D MOVEM5T1 GOV]N$ BY OLD B\RGEOIS 
CAT*WORDS1 IT1 TOO1 SPEAKS ( PATRIOTISM & ! DUTY ( WORK+ M5 TO DEF5D 
!IR FA!RL& & ITS 0CULTURE40 

,9 ,G]MANY ! DOM9ANCE ( ?IS RE=MISM WAS PREV5T$ BY ! TRADITIONS ( 
RADICALISM & BY OPPRESSION FROM ABOVE4 ,BECAUSE ! REACTION>Y POLICE /ATE 
TREAT$ WORK]S AS M5 HAV+ 9F]IOR RI<TS1 IT >\S$ !IR KE5 RES5TM5T1 
:I* EXPRESS$ ITSELF 9 UNCOMPROMIS+ & BITT] OPPOSITION TO ! POLICIES 
( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT :OEV] FOLL[$ ! EV5TS ATT5TIVELY C\LD NOT BUT 
NOTICE ?AT H]E RADICALISM BY NO MEANS MEANT A REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT4 ,BEH9D ! 
L>GE & ME*ANICALLY REPEAT$ REVOLUTION>Y PHRASES !RE WAS FREQU5TLY 
NO?+ BUT PETTY B\RGEOIS ,PHILI/9ISM1 :I* DREAD$ EV]Y FRE% 9ITIATIVE1 
& ESPECIALLY WAS !RE A LACK ( UND]/&+ ( MOD]N POLITICS4 

,9 0,VORWA]TZ0 & O!R NEWSPAP]S ! POLICIES ( ! GOV]NM5T 
& MILIT>ISM W]E CRITICIZ$ ACCORD+ TO ! OLD S*$ULE4 ,!Y SCOLD$ ! 
/UPIDITY & RIDICUL$ ! 9COMPET5CE ( (FICIAL P]SONAGES & TRI$ TO 
CONV9CE ! B\RGEOISIE ?AT !IR POLITICS W]E UNREASONABLE1 ?AT !Y W]E 
MAK+ A MI/AKE 9 BUILD+ W>%IPS1 ?AT !IR COLONIES W]E WOR?LESS 
-- 9 %ORT1 ?AT !Y REALLY W\LD DO BETT] TO RESIGN & PUT EFFICI5T 
SOCIAL DEMOCRATS AT ! HELM4 

,?IS :OLE ME?OD WAS AT BOTTOM AN ATTACK ON ! POLITICS ( MOD]N GR& 
CAPITALISM FROM ! PETTY B\RGEOIS /&PO9T ( 0SMALL BUS9ESS0 & %[S 
?AT ALL UND]/&+ ( MOD]N POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T WAS LACK+4 ,& FITT$ 
9 ) ?IS WAS ! !ORY :I* UND]TOOK TO %[ 9 ! SCI5TIFIC-ORGAN ( 
! P>TY1 ! 0,NEUE ,ZEIT10 ?AT ! DOCTR9E ( ,M>X1 ?AT FI]Y1 
REVOLUTION>Y *AMPION1 MEANT A PASSIVE WAIT+ & ?AT ALL 
REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY WAS NO?+ BUT UNSCI5TIFIC AN>*ISM4 

,A SMALL GR\P ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 ) MORE REVOLUTION>Y S5TIM5TS1 S\<T 
TO BR+ AB\T A COMPREH5SION ( IMP]IALISM & ! =EIGN POLICY ( 
,G]MANY 7ESPECIALLY ,K>L ,RADEK1 A Y\NG ,POLI% AU?OR1 & ! ,SOCIALI/ 
NEWSPAP]S ( ,LEIPZIG & ,BREM547 

,!Y %[$ ?AT ! /R5G? ( IMP]IALISM IS MU* GREAT] & IS ROOT$ 
MU* DEEP] 9 ! [N+ CLASS ?AN WAS ?\<T1 & ?AT IT CONTROLS ! :OLE 
DOME/IC POLICY2 & ?AT IT CAN ONLY BE F\<T BY HAV+ ! PROLET>IAT TAKE 
UP ) ALL ITS MI<T AN ACTIVE1 AGGRESSIVE /RUGGLE AGA9/ IT4 ,H[ CAN ! 
PROLET>IAT CONDUCT ?IS /RUGGLE8 ,FIR/1 BY A ?OR\< 5LI<T5M5T ( ! 
MASSES1 & SECONDLY1 BY MASS ACTION4 

,:5 ! WORK+ MASSES HAVE BECOME /RONGLY ORGANIZ$ & DEEPLY IMBU$ ) 
,SOCIALI/ DOCTR9E !Y CAN BY GREAT /REET DEMON/RATIONS & BY POLITICAL MASS 
/RIKES W9 CONCESSIONS FROM !IR GOV]NM5TS & /RONGLY 9FLU5CE !IR 
POLITICS4 ,?IS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE ) REF]5CE TO ! DANG] ( W> \TBREAKS4 
,:ILE ! OLD RADICALS CONT9UALLY REPEAT$ ! PHRASE1 0,GOV]NM5TS DO NOT D>E 
TO BEG9 W> = FE> ( ! PROLET>IAT1 = W> MEANS SOCIAL REVOLUTION10 ! 
REVOLUTION>Y ,LEFT EMPHASIZ$ ! FACT ?AT ! PROLET>IAT CANNOT PREV5T W> 
BY /&+ PAT BUT ONLY BY 5]GETIC1 ACTIVE AGGRESSION4 

,= ?IS PURPOSE AS SOON AS DANG] ( W> APPE>S & NATIONALI/IC 
DEMON/RATIONS 9 FAVOR ( W> BEG9 TO BE MADE ! WORK+ M5 %\LD FILL ! 
/REETS 9 MASSES & *ASE AWAY ! H[L]S4 ,IF ! DANG] BECOMES MORE 
?REAT5+1 ! DEMON/RATIONS MU/ BECOME MORE 5]GETIC2 UND] A G5]AL 
/RIKE ! MASSES MU/ BE S5T 9TO ! /REETS 9/EAD ( GO+ TO ! FACTORY1 
& = !SE FEW DAYS !Y CAN LIVE :OLLY = ! GREAT POLITICAL 
/RUGGLE4 

,IF ! GOV]NM5T TRIES TO =BID ! DEMON/RATIONS & TO PREV5T !M BY 
=CE1 !N ALL ! MORE MU/ !Y BE KEPT UP4 ,EV5 IF ?\S&S !REBY P]I%1 
:AT IS ?AT COMP>$ ) ! HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S :O FALL 9 W>8 ,& 9 W> 
!Y FALL = CAPITAL1 9 ! /REET FI<T !Y FALL = ! PROLET>IAN 
CAUSE4 

,S9CE ! GOV]NM5T IS ALWAYS ABLE TO MA9TA9 PEACE BY SOME CONCESSION 9 
! NEGOTIATIONS1 IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT SU* DEVOT$ SACRIFICES ( ! 
WORK+ MASSES 9 ALL L>GE CITIES W\LD MAKE ! GOV]NM5T CAUTI\S & ?US 
PRES]VE ! PEACE4 

,ALL ?IS APPLIES TO ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT AT ! \TBREAK ( ! PRES5T 
W>4 ,HAD ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TY FIRMLY RESOLV$ TO OPPOSE ! W> ) ALL 
ITS MI<T & HAD IT >\S$ ! MASSES TO OPPOSITION & %UNN$ NO SACRIFICE1 
!N P]HAPS ?IS FE>FUL W> W\LD HAVE BE5 AVOID$4 ,A SUCCESSFUL ACTION LIKE 
?IS W\LD HAVE BE5 AT ! SAME TIME AN IMPORTANT VICTORY1 A /EP =W>D = 
,SOCIALISM4 

,BUT :OEV] HAS FOLL[$ ! TACTICS ( ! ,G]MAN P>TY ( LATE YE>S MU/ 
5T]TA9 /RONG D\BTS :E!R IT WAS CAPABLE ( SU* ACTION4 ,SIX YE>S AGO AN 
ATTEMPT AT MASS ACTIVITY WAS BEGUN 9 ! /RUGGLE = ! ,PRUSSIAN FRAN*ISE1 
BUT IT WAS SOON DROPP$1 BECAUSE ! LEAD]S ( ! P>TY W]E AFRAID ( A CLA% 
) ! P[]FUL MILIT>Y4 

,HAD ?IS BEG9N+ ( REVOLUTION>Y AGGRESSION CONT9U$1 !N ! ,G]MAN 
GOV]NM5T W\LD HAVE HAD TOO MU* TO DO ) ITS 9T]NAL TR\BLES TO ?9K 
AB\T W>4 ,! FACT ?AT ?IS TACTIC CAME TO AN 5D AFT] ! BRILLIANT 
CONFLICTS ( #aia MEANS AN ACKN[L$GM5T ( ITS [N WEAKNESS BY ! P>TY4 
,S9CE !N A LUKE-W>M SPIRIT1 ADV]SE TO %>P CONFLICT1 GOT ! UPP] H& 9 
! MOVEM5T4 ,! BUREAUCRACY AT ! TOP BECAME EV] /RONG] & WAS 
DIS9CL9$ TO RISK ITSELF 9 REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES4 

,IT IS TRUE1 !RE WAS AN EXT]NAL GR[? ( ! ORGANIZATION1 :I* IS ! 
NECESS>Y PR]EQUISITE = A FI<T1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME !Y %UNN$ ?AT FI<T 
MORE & MORE 9 ORD]1 AS !Y CLAIM$1 NOT TO 5DANG] ?IS PRECI\S 
ORGANIZATION4 ,EV]Y 9DEP5D5T 9ITIATIVE ( ! MASSES :I* OCCASIONALLY 
BROKE \T 9 ! /RUGGLES ( ! LABOR UNIONS AGA9/ ! C\NSEL ( ! 
LEAD]S WAS BR&$ AS A 0LACK ( DISCIPL9E0 & 0AN>*ISM40 ,?US !RE WAS 
LACK+ 9 ! ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T ALL ! PR]EQUISITES = COM+ \T BOLDLY 
AGA9/ ! ?REAT5+ W>4 

,TO EXPECT FROM N>R[ P>LIAM5T>IANS & BUREAUCRATS LIKE ,S*EIDEMANN & 
,EB]T ANY REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVE W\LD HAVE BE5 RIDICUL\S1 & JU/ AS 
LITTLE C\LD ONE EXPECT ?AT ! MASSES1 ACCU/OM$ TO DO ONLY :AT ! P>TY 
ORD]$1 W\LD N[ COME =W>D 9DEP5D5TLY )\T ! LEAD]S ( ! 
P>TY4 

,ON ,TUESDAY EV5+1 ! #b#h? ( ,JULY1 WELL ATT5D$ MEET+S W]E HELD TO 
PROTE/ AGA9/ ! W>4 ,?AT WAS ALL4 ,& 9 !SE MEET+S !RE WAS A TOTAL 
LACK ( 5?USIASM4 ,) A FEEL+ ( DEPRESSION1 !Y REALIZ$ ?AT ,FATE WAS 
APPROA*+ )\T BE+ ABLE TO /OP IT4 

,BUT !RE WAS NOT ONLY LACK ( CAPACITY = ACTION AGA9/ ! W>4 ,! 
QUE/ION H[ ! W> C\LD BE RESI/$ WAS NEV] EV5 RAIS$1 BECAUSE 
! QUE/ION :E!R ! W> \<T TO BE RESI/$ WAS NOT EV5 ANSW]$ 
) A DECISIVE ,YES4 ,AMONG ! WORK]S WAS A LACK ( SPIRIT TO COME \T 
AGA9/ ! W>4 ,MORE ?AN ?AT1 9 WIDE CIRCLES1 EV5 AMONG P>TY MEMB]S1 !Y 
W]E = ! W>4 ,9 ! 0,VORWA]TZ0 & MANY O!R P>TY PAP]S ! 
W> WAS SET =? AS A 0W> AGA9/ ! BLOOD-CZ>10 A W> AGA9/ ,RUSSIAN 
B>B>ISM4 ,!Y CIT$ ,K>L ,M>X1 :O 9 #ahdh HAD URG$ ,G]MANY TO A W> AGA9/ 
,RUSSIA2 !Y OV]LOOK$ ! FACT ?AT ?AT APPLI$ ONLY SO LONG AS ,RUSSIA 
DOM9AT$ & ?REAT5$ ,EUROPE AS ITS MO/ P[]FUL MILIT>Y /ATE4 

,?US ! W> WAS MADE POPUL> AMONG ! WORK+ MASSES4 ,9 VA9 DID A FEW 
NEWSPAP]S ( ! ,LEFT LIFT !IR VOICE AGA9/ IT4 ,H]E IS %[N H[ HEAVILY 
! NON-COMPREH5SION ( IMP]IALISM REV5G$ ITSELF4 ,HAD !RE BE5 EV]Y:]E 
A CLE> 9SI<T 9TO ! FACT ?AT TODAY ,RUSSIA1 EQUALLY ) ,G]MANY1 IS A 
CAPITALI/ C\NTRY1 PURSU+ A POLICY ( COMM]CIAL IMP]IALISM1 & ?AT ! 
W> WAS TO BE WAG$ M]ELY AB\T ! EXPANSION ( ,G]MANY 9 ,ASIA1 & HAD ?IS 
TRU? BE5 HAMM]$ 9TO ! MASSES BY \R PRESS DAY 9 & DAY \T1 !N ! 
WORK]S W\LD NOT SO EASILY HAVE BECOME ! VICTIMS ( B\RGEOIS PATRIOTIC 
PHRASES4 

,N[1 H[EV]1 IT APPE>$ TO ! WORK]S1 :O HAD ALWAYS LE>N$ TO HATE MO/ 
( ALL ! GREWSOME ,RUSSIAN CZ>ISM1 ?AT ! ,G]MAN GOV]NM5T1 :I* =M]LY 
CULTIVAT$ AN 9TIMATE FRI5D%IP ) ! CZ>'S REGIME1 HAD REALLY BE5 
CONV]T$ TO ! VIEWS ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ORD] TO WIPE \T ?AT DISGRACE ( 
,EUROPE1 ! BLOODY RULE ( ! ,COSSACK LA%4 ,H5CE1 IT C\LD NOT OCCUR TO ! 
UNDEVELOP$ MASS ( ! ,G]MAN WORK]S TO HOLD BACK ! ,G]MAN GOV]NM5T FROM 
! W> AGA9/ ,RUSSIA4 ,H5CE ! LITTLE B& :O FE>$ ! W> AS A GREAT EVIL 
C\LD DO NO?+4 

,?IS EXPLA9S :Y ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC MEMB]S ( ! ,REI*/AG 7ONLY A 
SMALL M9ORITY OPPOS$ IT7 VOT$ ! EM]G5CY W> CR$IT = ! GOV]NM5T 
UND] ! PLEA ?AT ,G]MANY WAS CONDUCT+ A DEF5SIVE W> = CIVILIZATION 
AGA9/ ,RUSSIAN B>B>ISM4 

,?IS POSITION ( ! ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY M>KS A TURN+ PO9T 9 ITS 
HI/ORY & A BREA* ) ITS PREVI\S TACTICS4 7,9 #ahg 9 A SIMIL> CASE ,BEBEL 
& ,LIEBKNE*T AB/A9$ FROM VOT+1 & ,BEBEL DECL>$ LAT] ?AT HE W\LD 
HAVE VOT$ AGA9/ ! W> APPROPRIATION IF HE HAD DREAM$ ( ,BISM>CK'S 
DECEPTION AS TO ,NAPOLEON'S ALLEG$ ATTACK47 

,FROM LACK ( C\RAGE & /R5G? = RESI/ANCE1 !Y N[ FELL WILL+LY 
9TO ! TRAP :I* ! GOV]NM5T HAD SET = ! PEOPLE1 VIZ41 ?AT IT WAS 
M]ELY WAG+ A W> ( DEF5SE AGA9/ AN IMPUD5T ASSAULT4 ,!RE WAS ALSO ! 
FE> ?AT IF ! P>TY VOT$ AGA9/ ! W> APPROPRIATION1 IT W\LD CALL D[N 
! WRA? ( PUBLIC OP9ION1 & SUFF] VIOL5CE ?R\< ! >RE/ ( ITS 
LEAD]S & ! SUPPRESSION ( ITS P>TY PAP]S BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,!Y AVOID$ 
A CLA% = FE> ( 9JUR+ ! ORGANIZATION4 

,!SE REPRES5TATIVES ( ! P>TY N[ ?9K ?AT BY !IR PRUD5CE !Y 
SAV$ ! P>TY ORGANIZATION4 ,SUP]FICIALLY CONSID]$1 !Y APPE> TO BE 9 ! 
RI<T1 = ! P>TY IS N[ TREAT$ FROM ABOVE MORE FAVORABLY ?AN EV] 
BE=E2 BUT ! SOCIALI/ S\L HAS !REBY BE5 SACRIFIC$4 

,! B\RGEOIS PRESS PRAISES ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY = ITS PATRIOTIC /&4 ,! 
:OLE POSITION ( ! P>TY 9 ! C\NTRY HAS *ANG$2 IT IS N[ RECOGNIZ$ BY 
! GOV]NM5T AS ON AN EQUAL FOOT+ ) O!R P>TIES2 ! NUM]\S 
EXCEPTIONAL LAWS AGA9/ IT >E REPEAL$2 ALL IS FRI5D%IP & UNITY BETWE5 
SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & B\RGEOISIE4 ,! CLASS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE IS 
HE>D NO MORE2 ! ,SOCIALI/ BACKBONE ( ! P>TY IS BROK54 

,MANY A ONE WILL ASK HIMSELF1 H[ C\LD !RE BE SU* A COLLAPSE ( ! ONCE 
SO PR\D & CLASS-CONSCI\S P>TY1 ! /RONGE/ & MO/ RADICAL 9 ! WORLD8 
,WE HAVE ALREADY SAID ?AT )9 ! P>TY ! SYMPTOMS ( A *ANGE W]E LONG 
PRES5T1 BUT DID NOT COME TO ! SURFACE [+ TO ! =CE ( TRADITION & OLD 
HABITUAT$ PHRASES4 ,BUT 9 /ORMY SOCIAL CRISES1 :5 ! PASSIONS ( M5 >E 
/IRR$ TO ! DEP?S1 ! V5]ABLE CAT*WORDS FALL SUDD5LY AWAY LIKE A TORN 
CLOAK & :AT ONE REALLY IS1 :AT LIES 9 ONE'S DEEPE/ NATURE1 IS 
UNEXPECT$LY REVEAL$4 

,! LEAD]S ( ! P>TY1 P>LIAM5T>IANS & (FICEHOLD]S1 W]E AV]SE TO 
KE5 /RIFE &1 ?\< RETA9+ ! ,M>XIAN EXPRESSIONS1 HAD REPEAT$LY S\<T 
9 ELECTIONS TO LET ! P>TY COOP]ATE ) ! LIB]AL PROGRESSIVES4 ,& ! 
MASSES1 ?ANKS TO A TW5TY-YE> ECONOMIC PROSP]ITY1 HAD GRADUALLY BECOME 
DEMORALIZ$4 

,TRUE1 L>GE NUMB]S BECAME MEMB]S ( ! ,SOCIALI/ P>TY1 BECAUSE !Y 
LOOK$ UPON ?IS AS ! CLASS P>TY ( ! WORK]S1 & !Y W]E ALSO = ! 
MO/ P>T OPPOS$ TO POLITICAL COMPROMISES1 BECAUSE !Y W]E SOCIALLY & 
POLITICALLY HEAVILY OPPRESS$4 ,BUT !RE W]E FEW 9DICATIONS ( DEEP 
REVOLUTION>Y FEEL+ ( A REALLY REBELLI\S SPIRIT4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! LABOR 
MOVEM5T %[S H[ 9 TIMES ( CRISIS ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT GR[S1 9 TIMES 
( PROSP]ITY CONT5TM5T4 ,H5CE1 PEOPLE WOND]$ :Y ! LONG & GREAT 
PROSP]ITY %[$ SO LITTLE EFFECT ON ! POLITICAL ATTITUDE ( ! ,G]MAN 
WORK]S4 ,! ANSW] IS F\ND 9 ! PRES5T COLLAPSE1 ! SUDD5 SUBMISSION TO 
IMP]IALISM & ! FRAT]NIZATION ) ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,( C\RSE1 ?IS WILL NOT LA/ =EV]4 ,GOV]NM5T & B\RGEOISIE >E N[ SO 
FRI5DLY TO ! WORK]S ONLY BECAUSE !Y NE$ !M BADLY1 BECAUSE 9 SO 
DANG]\S A W> !Y MU/ RELY ON ! GOOD OP9ION ( ! MASSES4 ,SOON 5\< 
?IS CONDITION WILL *ANGE & :5 ! NECESSITIES ( ! GOV]NM5T >E PA/1 
! P]SECUTIONS WILL BEG9 AGA94 ,BUT :5 ?AT COMES ! P>TY CANNOT SIMPLY 
TURN BACK AGA9 TO ITS OLD WAYS4 ,! SC>S ( ?IS UNNATURAL W> COMPACT WILL 
REMA94 

,IT IS NOT IMPOSSIBLE ?AT A PORTION ( ! P>TY WILL AB&ON P]MAN5TLY ! 
CLASS /RUGGLE & ?AT %>P 9N] CONFLICTS & DIVISIONS WILL >ISE \T ( 
IT4 ,BUT :AT C\RSE ! LABOR MOVEM5T WILL TAKE 9 ! FUTURE CANNOT BE 
DET]M9$ UNTIL ! RESULTS ( ! PRES5T W> >E CLE>LY SE54 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #a1 #bba 3 ,! ,GREAT ,EUROPEAN ,W> & ,SOCIALISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,! ,GREAT ,EUROPEAN ,W> & ,SOCIALISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/