,! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ITS ,LESSON 

#ahhi 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TAGS 3 ABOLITION ( S]FDOM1 B\RGEOIS DU VILLAGE1 MASSES ( P>IS1 RETURN ( MON>*Y1 COMMUNE ( P>IS1 S\S L'ANCI5 REGIME1 NATIONAL ASSEMBLY1 MIDDLE CLASSES1 FEUDAL RI<TS1 PRIVILEG$ CLASSES4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,F]D9& ,FEYS1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,ON ! #e? ( ,MAY LA/ ! CELEBRATION ( ! C5T5>Y ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION BEGAN BY ! COMMEMORATION ( ! OP5+ ( ! ,/ATES-,G5]AL AT ,V]SAILLES1 AT ! SAME DATE1 9 ! MEMORABLE YE> ( #a#g#h#i4 ,& ,P>IS--?AT CITY :I* 9 ,JANU>Y LA/ SO CLE>LY MANIFE/$ ITS DISSATISFACTION ) ,P>LIAM5T>Y RULE--HE>TILY JO9$ 9 ! FE/IVITIES ORGANIZ$ TO CELEBRATE A DAY :5 P>LIAM5T>Y 9/ITUTIONS1 CROSS+ ! ,*ANNEL1 W5T TO TAKE FIRM ROOT ON ! ,CONT95T4 ,MU/ WE SEE 9 ! 5?USIASM ( ! ,P>ISIANS ONE ( ?OSE SEEM+ CONTRADICTIONS :I* >E SO COMMON 9 ! COMPLICAT$ LIFE ( L>GE HUMAN AGGLOM]ATIONS8 ,OR WAS IT ! IRRESI/IBLE ATTRACTION ( A SPR+ FE/IVAL :I* 9DUC$ ! ,P>ISIANS TO RU% 9 FLOCKS TO ,V]SAILLES8 ,OR WAS IT A MANIFE/ATION 9T5D$ TO %[ ?AT ,P>IS PROPOSES BRILLIANTLY TO COMMEMORATE ! ,REVOLUTION1 & ! MORE SO AS ! MON>*IES ( ,EUROPE DO NOT CONCEAL !IR DISGU/ AT ! V]Y REMEMBRANCE ( SU* AN EV5T8 ,LET IT BE AS IT MAY4 ,AT ANY RATE1 ONE :O SURVEYS ! :OLE ( ! GREAT COMMOTION :I* VISIT$ ,FRANCE AT ! 5D ( LA/ C5TURY & EX]CIS$ SO P[]FUL AN 9FLU5CE UPON ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,EUROPE DUR+ ! NEXT HUNDR$ YE>S1 CANNOT BUT LOOK AT ! GA!R+S ( ! ,/ATES-,G5]AL ON ! #e? ( ,MAY1 #a#g#h#i1 AS A DECISIVE /EP 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4  

 ,TRUE ?AT LONG BE=E ?AT DATE ,FRANCE WAS ALREADY 9 FULL 9SURRECTION4 ,IT IS KN[N ?AT ! ADV5T ( ,L\IS ! ,SIXTE5? TO ! ?RONE WAS ! SIGNAL = A S]IES ( FAM9E \TBREAKS :I* LA/$ TILL #a#g#h#c4 ,!N CAME A P]IOD ( RELATIVE TRANQUILITY4 ,BUT FROM #a#g#h#f1 & ESPECIALLY FROM #a#g#h#h1 ! \TBREAKS BEGAN AGA9 ) A NEW =CE4 ,FAM9E WAS ! LEAD+ MOTIVE ( ! =M] S]IES2 IT PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! NEW S]IES AS WELL1 BUT ! REFUSAL TO PAY ! FEUDAL TAXES WAS ITS DI/9CTIVE FEATURE4 ,SMALL \TBREAKS BECAME ALL BUT G5]AL FROM ,JANU>Y #a#g#h#i2 FROM ! MON? ( ,M>* ! FEUDAL R5TS W]E NO LONG] PAID1 & ,TA9E1 :O HAS CONSULT$ ! >*IVES1 SPEAKS ( AT LEA/ ?REE HUNDR$ \TBREAKS :I* TOOK PLACE S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! YE>4 ,! FIR/ ',JACQU]IE' HAD ?US BEGUN LONG BE=E ! GA!R+ ( ! ,/ATES-,G5]AL1 LONG BE=E ! MEMORABLE EV5TS BY :I* ! TI]S ETAT ANN\NC$ ITS FIRM RESOLUTION ( NO LONG] LEAV+ POLITICAL P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! ,C\RT4  

 ,H[EV]1 A ,JACQU]IE IS NOT A REVOLUTION1 ?\< IT BE AS T]RIBLE AS ?AT ( ,PUGA*EV2 NOR IS A SIMPLE *ANGE ( GOV]NM5T1 LIKE ?OSE :I* TOOK PLACE 9 #ahc & #a#h#d#h1 A REVOLUTION4 ,! CONCURR5CE ( TWO ELEM5TS IS NECESS>Y = BR++ AB\T A REVOLUTION2 & BY REVOLUTION ,I DO NOT MEAN ! /REET W>F>E1 NOR ! BLOODY CONFLICTS ( TWO P>TIES--BO? BE+ M]E 9CID5TS DEP5D5T UPON MANY CIRCUM/ANCES--BUT ! SUDD5 OV]?R[ ( 9/ITUTIONS :I* >E ! \TGR[?S ( C5TURIES PA/1 ! SUDD5 UPRIS+ ( NEW IDEAS & NEW CONCEPTIONS1 & ! ATTEMPT TO RE=M ALL POLITICAL & ECONOMICAL 9/ITUTIONS 9 A RADICAL WAY--ALL AT ! SAME TIME4 ,TWO SEP>ATE CURR5TS MU/ CONV]GE TO COME TO ?AT RESULT3 A WIDELY-SPREAD ECONOMIC REVOLT1 T5D+ TO *ANGE ! ECONOMICAL CONDITIONS ( ! MASSES1 & A POLITICAL REVOLT1 T5D+ TO MODIFY ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION--AN ECONOMICAL *ANGE1 SUPPORT$ BY AN EQUALLY IMPORTANT *ANGE ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! CONVOCATION ( ! ,/ATES-,G5]AL AT A MOM5T :5 ! ,FR5* PEASANTRY WAS ALREADY 9 OP5 REVOLT GAVE ! SECOND ELEM5T4 ,T5 YE>S BE=E1 ! MEET+ ( ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! NATION MI<T HAVE PREV5T$ ! REVOLUTION2 IT W\LD HAVE C]TA9LY GIV5 IT ANO!R *>ACT]2 BUT N[1 AMID ! PEASANT REVOLT1 IT MEANT ! BEG9N+ ( A REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD4 ,! REVOLT ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES JO9+ H&S ) ! REVOLT ( ! PEASANTS WAS A REVOLUTION4  

 ,! HI/ORY ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION HAS BE5 WRITT5 & RE-WRITT54 ,WE KN[ ! SLI<TE/ DETAILS ( ! DRAMA PLAY$ ON ! /AGES ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY1 & ! ,CONV5TION4 ,! P>LIAM5T>Y HI/ORY ( ! MOVEM5T IS FULLY ELABORAT$4 ,BUT ITS POPUL> HI/ORY HAS NEV] BE5 ATTEMPT$ TO BE WRITT54 ,SO WE MU/ NOT WOND] ?AT EV5 UPON SU* A SIMPLE SUBJECT AS ! CONDITION ( RURAL ,FRANCE BE=E #a<i OP9IONS /ILL REMA9 DISCORDANT4  

 ,! FACT IS1 ?AT IT WAS NOT ! ,REVOLUTION :I* ABOLI%$ S]FDOM 9 ,FRANCE1 AS IS SOMETIMES MA9TA9$4 ,S]FDOM--?AT IS1 ! BONDAGE TO ! SOIL--HAD ALREADY DISAPPE>$ LONG BE=E4 ,9 #a#g#h#h1 !RE REMA9$ NO MORE ?AN #h1 MA9MORTABLES 9 ! ,JURA1 & LESS ?AN #a1#e1 ALL OV] ,FRANCE2 & EV5 !SE MA9MORTABLES W]E NOT S]FS 9 ! REAL ACCEPTANCE ( ! WORD4 ,AS TO ! GREAT BULK ( ! ,FR5* PEASANTRY1 !Y NO LONG] KNEW ! YOKE ( S]FDOM4 ,BUT1 LIKE ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS ( \R DAYS1 !Y HAD TO PAY1 BO? 9 MONEY & OBLIGATORY WORK1 = !IR P]SONAL LIB]TY4 ,!SE OBLIGATIONS W]E EXCE$+LY HEAVY1 BUT NOT >BITR>Y3 !Y W]E 9SCRIB$ 9 ! T]RI]S :I*1 LAT] ON1 BECAME ! SUBJECT ( SU* FURY ON ! P>T ( ! PEASANTS4  

 ,BESIDES1 ! MANORIAL JURISDICTION HAD BE5 MA9TA9$ TO A V]Y GREAT EXT5T2 & :5 AN OLD WOMAN WAS BEQUEA?+ TO H] HEIRS AN OLD WOOL5 SKIRT & TWO *E/NUT TREES'--,I HAVE SE5 SU* WILLS--%E HAD TO PAY TO ! BAILIFF ( ! NOBLE ET G5]EUSE DAME DU *ATEAU1 OR ! NOBLE ET G5]EUX SEIGNEUR1 A HEAVY TAX4  

 ,TRUE1 ?AT S9CE ! TIME ( ,TURGOT MANY ( ! FEUDAL OBLIGATIONS W]E PAID NO LONG]4 ,! GOV]NORS ( ! PROV9CES REFUS$ TO SUPPORT ?OSE CLAIMS ( ! L&LORDS :I* !Y CONSID]$ AS M]E EXACTIONS4 ,BUT ! HEAVI] TAXES1 :I* REPRES5T$ A REAL VALUE = ! L&LORD OR HIS SUB-T5ANT1 HAD TO BE PAID 9 FULL1 & !Y W]E RU9+ ! PEASANTS1 JU/ AS ! R$EMPTION-TAX IS N[ RA9+ ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTRY4 ,SO !RE IS NOT A WORD ( EXAGG]ATION 9 ! D>K PICTURES ( VILLAGE-LIFE :I* WE F9D 9 ! 9TRODUCTORY *APT] ( NE>LY EV]Y HI/ORY ( ! ,REVOLUTION2 BUT !RE IS ALSO NO EXAGG]ATION 9 ! ASS]TION ?AT 9 EA* VILLAGE !RE W]E 9DIVIDUAL PEASANTS :O W]E ON ! ROAD TO PROSP]ITY1 & !RE=E W]E ! MORE ANXI\S TO %AKE (F ! YOKE ( FEUDALITY4 ,BO? TYPES REPRES5T$ BY ,]CKMANN-,*ATRIAN--?AT ( A B\RGEOIS DU VILLAGE & ?AT ( A MIS]Y-/RICK5 PEASANT-->E TRUE TYPES4 ,FROM ! =M] ! TI]S ETAT BORR[$ ITS REAL =CE2 :ILE ! B&S ( 9SURG5TS :I* FROM ,JANU>Y #a<i W]E EXTORT+ FROM ! NOBLES ! R5\NCEM5T ( ! OBLIGATIONS 9SCRIB$ 9 ! T]RI]S W]E RECRUIT$ AMONG ! D[N-TRODD5 MASSES :O HAD BUT A MUD-HUT TO LIVE 91 & *E/NUTS & OCCASIONAL GLEAN+S TO LIVE UPON4  

 ,! SAME WAS TRUE ) REG>D TO ! CITIES4 ,! FEUDAL RI<TS EXI/$ 9 ! CITIES1 AS WELL AS 9 ! VILLAGES1 & ! POORE/ CLASSES ( ! T[NS W]E AS BURD5$ BY FEUDAL TAXES AS ! PEASANTS4 ,! RI<T ( PATRIMONIAL JURISDICTION WAS 9 FULL VIGOR1 & ! H\SES ( ! >TISANS & WORK]S HAD TO PAY ! SAME FEUDAL TAXES ON 9H]ITANCE & SELL+S AS ! PEASANTS' H\SES2 :ILE MANY T[NS W]E B\ND TO PAY =EV] A TRIBUTE = ! R$EMPTION ( !IR =M] FEUDAL SUBMISSION4 ,MOREOV]1 MO/ CITIES HAD TO PAY ! K+ ! DON GRATUIT = ! RI<T ( MA9TA9+ A %AD[ ( MUNICIPAL 9DEP5D5CE1 & ! :OLE BURD5 ( ! TAXES FELL UPON ! POOR] CLASSES4 ,IF WE ADD TO !SE FEATURES ! HEAVY ROYAL TAXES1 ! CONTRIBUTIONS 9 /ATUTE LABOR1 ! HEAVY TAX ON SALT1 & SO =?1 ! >BITR>9ESS ( ! FUNCTION>IES1 ! HEAVY EXP5SES 9 ! LAW-C\RTS1 & ! IMPOSSIBILITY = A ROTURI] ( F9D+ JU/ICE AGA9/ A H]$IT>Y B\RGEOIS OR A NOBLE1 & ALL K9DS ( OPPRESSION1 WE %ALL HAVE AN IDEA ( ! CONDITION ( ! POOR] CLASSES BE=E #a#g#h#i4  

 ,I NE$ H>DLY M5TION ! GREAT 9TELLECTUAL MOVEM5T :I* PREC$$ ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,NO O!R P]IOD 9 ! HI/ORY ( ?\<T HAS SO MU* BE5 DISCUSS$1 OR IS SO WELL KN[N1 AS ?AT GLORI\S ]A ( REVIVAL :I* WAS BORN 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 & AFT] HAV+ BE5 SY/EMIZ$ & POPUL>IZ$ 9 ,FRANCE1 EX]CIS$ SO P[]FUL AN 9FLU5CE UPON ! M9DS & ACTIONS ( ! POLITICAL LEAD]S ( ! P]IOD4 ,FULL FRE$OM ( ANALYSIS2 FULL CONFID5CE 9 HUMANITY1 & COMPLETE DISDA9 ( ! 9H]IT$ 9/ITUTIONS :I* SPOIL HUMAN NATURE2 ! EQUALITY ( ALL M51 IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR BIR?2 EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW2 ,ROMAN V5]ATION = ! LAW1 & OBLIGATORY SUBMISSION ( EV]Y CITIZ5--BE HE K+ OR PEASANT--TO ! WILL ( ! NATION1 SUPPOS$ TO BE EXPRESS$ BY ITS ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES2 FULL FRE$OM ( CONTRACT & FULL FRE$OM ( RELIGI\S OP9IONS3 ALL ?AT1 C>EFULLY ELABORAT$ 9TO A SY/EM BY ! EM95TLY SY/EMATIC ,FR5* M9D1 PR(ESS$ ) ! FANATICISM ( NEOPHYTES1 READY TO TRANSPORT ! RESULTS ( !IR PHILOSOPHICAL CONVICTIONS 9TO LIFE--ALL ?IS IS WELL KN[N4 ,BUT :AT *IEFLY 9T]E/S ! HI/ORIAN IS NOT SO MU* ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?\<T ITSELF AS ! CAUSES :I* DET]M9$ ! TRANSITION FROM ?\<T TO ACTION--! CIRCUM/ANCES :I* P]MITT$ M5 ( ?\<T TO PASS FROM M]E CRITICISM & !ORETICAL ELABORATION TO ! APPLICATION 9 LIFE ( ! IDEAL :I* HAD GR[N \T ( !IR CRITICISM4 ,TO 9DUCE M5 TO PASS FROM M]E !ORY TO ACTION1 !RE MU/ BE SOME HOPE ( BE+ ABLE TO REALIZE !IR IDEAS4 ,?AT HOPE WAS RAIS$ BY ! PEASANTS' \TBREAKS1 BY ! DISCONT5T ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 & BY ! ?US RESULT+ NECESSITY ( MAK+ AN APPEAL TO ! NATION = ! RE=M ( ITS 9/ITUTIONS4  

 ,IT IS WELL WOR?Y ( NOTE ?AT ! WRIT+S ( ! MO/ POPUL> PHILOSOPH]S & POLITICAL WRIT]S ( ! TIME W]E IMBU$ TO A GREAT EXT5T ) :AT N[ CON/ITUTES ! ESS5CE ( ,SOCIALISM4 ,! WORD WAS NOT KN[N !N1 BUT ! IDEAS W]E MU* MORE WIDELY SPREAD ?AN IS G5]ALLY BELIEV$4 ,! WRIT+S ( ,R\SSEAU & ,DID]OT >E FULL ( SOCIALI/IC IDEAS2 ,SIEYES EXPRESS$ SOME ( !M 9 MO/ VIGOR\S T]MS2 & ! SAY+ LA PROPRIETE C'E/ LE VOL1 :I* LAT] ON BECAME ! BEG9N+ ( ! FAME ( ,PR\DHON1 WAS ! TITLE ( A PAMPHLET WRITT5 BY ! ,GIRONDI/ ,BRISSOT4 ,NATIONALIZATION ( L& IS NOT UNFREQU5TLY MET ) 9 ! PAMPHLETS2 ! TOIL+ MASSES >E UNANIM\SLY RECOGNIZ$ AS ! REAL BUILD]S ( NATIONAL WELF>E1 & '! PEOPLE' BECOMES A SUBJECT ( IDEALIZATION1 NOT 9 ,R\SSEAU'S ROMANCES ONLY1 BUT ALSO 9 A MASS ( NOVELS & ON ! /AGE4 ,ALL ?OSE WRIT+S HAD ! WIDE/ CIRCULATION2 !IR TEA*+S P5ETRAT$ 9TO ! SLUMS & ! MUD-HUTS2 &1 TOGE!R ) ! PROMISES ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES & MANY SECOND>Y CAUSES1 !Y MA9TA9$ 9 ! MASSES ! HOPES ( A NE> *ANGE4 ',I DO NOT KN[ :AT WILL HAPP51 BUT SOME?+ WILL HAPP5 SOME TIME SOON1' AN OLD WOMAN SAID TO ,>?UR ,Y\NG AS HE WAS TRAVEL+ OV] ,FRANCE ON ! EVE ( ! ,REVOLUTION2 & ?AT WAS ! EXPRESSION ( ! /ATE ( M9DS ALL OV] ,FRANCE4 ,HOPES ( *ANGE W]E RIPE AMID ! TOIL+ MASSES2 !Y HAD BE5 MA9TA9$ = YE>S1 BUT !Y HAD ALWAYS BE5 DECEIV$4 ,!Y HAD BE5 R5EW$ BY ! DECL>ATIONS ( NOBILITY DUR+ ! ,ASSEMBLEES DES ,NOTABLES--& DECEIV$ AGA94 ,& SO1 :5 ! T]RIBLE W9T] ( #a<h & ! FAM9E CAME1 :ILE ! REVOLTS ( ! ,P>LIAM5TS W]E /IMULAT+ HOPES1 ! REVOLT ( ! PEASANTS TOOK ! *>ACT] ( A G5]AL \TBREAK4  

 ,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ALREADY HAS ITS LEG5D1 & ?AT LEG5D RUNS AS FOLL[S3--  

 ,ON ! #a#b? ( ,JULY .<,I OMIT ! FACTS ANT]IOR TO ?AT DATE.> ! FALL ( ,NECK]'S ,M9I/RY BECAME KN[N4 ,?AT FOOLI% /EP ( ! ,C\RT PROVOK$ ! \TBREAK 9 ,P>IS :I* L$ TO ! FALL ( ! ,BA/ILLE4 ,AS SOON AS ! NEWS REA*$ ! PROV9CES1 SIMIL> \TBREAKS BEGAN 9 ! CITIES & SPREAD 9TO ! VILLAGES4 ,MANY CA/LES ( ! NOBILITY W]E BURN$4 ,!N1 DUR+ ! FAM\S NI<T ( ! #d? ( ,AUGU/1 ! NOBILITY & ! CL]GY ABDICAT$ !IR FEUDAL RI<TS4 ,FEUDALISM WAS ABOLI%$4 ,S9CE ?AT TIME ! /RUGGLE CONT9U$ BETWE5 ! NATIONAL REPRES5TATION & ! ,C\RT1 & T]M9AT$ 9 ! DEFEAT ( ! >I/OCRACY & ! ROYAL AU?ORITY4 ,AS TO ! PEASANTS' \TBREAKS :I* CONT9U$ AFT] ! #d? ( ,AUGU/1 !Y W]E--! LEG5D SAYS--! WORK ( M]E ROBB]S1 9SPIR$ ) ! SOLE DESIRE ( PLUND]1 :5 !Y W]E NOT 9/IGAT$ BY ! ,C\RT1 ! NOBLES1 & ! ,5GLI%4 ,AT ANY RATE1 !Y HAD NO REASON TO CONT9UE S9CE ! FEUDAL RI<TS HAD BE5 ABOLI%$1 & ! ,DECL>ATION ( ! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN HAD BECOME ! BASIS ( ! ,FR5* ,CON/ITUTION4  

 ,TO BEG9 )1 ! \TBREAK ( ! #a#d? ( ,JULY WAS NOT CAUS$ BY ! FALL ( ,NECK]'S ,M9I/RY4#a ,IT WAS AN \TBREAK ( ! />V+ MASSES ( ,P>IS1 & IT BEGAN1 ) ! WAT*WORD ',BREAD6' ?REE DAYS BE=E ! FALL ( ,NECK]2 BUT ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 AW>E ( ! C\P D'ETAT PREP>$ BY ! ,C\RT1 TOOK ADVANTAGE ( IT1 SUPPORT$ IT1 & DIRECT$ IT AGA9/ ! /RON<OLD ( ROYALTY 9 ,P>IS--! ,BA/ILLE4 ,:5 ! DANG] WAS OV]1 & ! ,BA/ILLE TAK51 !IR >M$ MILITIA CRU%$ ! POPUL> MOVEM5T1 :I* WAS TAK+ ! *>ACT] ( A G5]AL REVOLT ( ! POOR AGA9/ ! RI*4 ,9 ?AT \TBREAK1 :I* HAD SO DECISIVE A MEAN+ = ! SUBSEQU5T EV5TS1 ,P>IS DID NOT TAKE ! LEAD1 BUT FOLL[$ 9 ! WAKE ( ! PROV9CES4 ,H[EV]1 ! SUCCESS ( ! \TBREAK AT ,P>IS PROVOK$ MANY SIMIL> \TBREAKS AGA9/ ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES 9 ! PROV9CIAL T[NS1 & IT 5C\RAG$ ! PEASANTS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,DAUPH9E2 BUT ! ,JACQU]IE1 AS SAID1 HAD ALREADY BEGUN LONG BE=E1 & ,*ASS9 IS QUITE RI<T 9 SAY+ ?AT IF ,P>IS HAD BE5 DEFEAT$ ON ! #a#d? ( ,JULY1 ! \TBREAK ( ! PEASANTS W\LD HAVE CONT9U$ NEV]!LESS4  

 ,AS TO ! NI<T ( ! #d? ( ,AUGU/1 IT IS A PITY TO DE/ROY SO GRACI\S A LEG5D1 BUT ! FACT IS ?AT DUR+ ?AT NI<T ! FEUDAL RI<TS W]E ABOLI%$ 9 WORDS ONLY4 ,ALL ?AT DISPLAY ( PATRIOTIC ABNEGATION WAS NOT S]I\S1 EV5 IF IT WAS S9C]E1 BECAUSE ALREADY ON ! #f? ( ,AUGU/ ! ,ASSEMBLY REEXAM9$ ITS WORK & 9TRODUC$ ! SUBTLE DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! P]SONAL1 HUMILIAT+ OBLIGATIONS ( ! PEASANTRY1 & ! REAL ONES :I* REPRES5T$ A PECUNI>Y 9T]E/ = ! L&LORDS4 ,& :ILE ! DECREE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY BEG9S ) ! WORDS ',! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY 5TIRELY ABOLI%ES ! FEUDAL SY/EM1' WE LE>N FROM ! 5D ( ! SAME DECREE ?AT ! P]SONAL S]VITUDES ONLY >E ABOLI%$1 :ILE ! REAL OBLIGATIONS CAN BE R$EEM$--ON SU* CONDITIONS AS WILL BE E/ABLI%$ LAT] ON4 ,& ?US ! PEASANTS1 MIZ]ABLE AS !Y W]E1 HAD TO PAY1 9 ADDITION TO ALL TAXES OLD & NEW1 A R$EMPTION ! AM\NT ( :I* WAS NOT EV5 FIX$1 BUT WAS LEFT TO AN AGREEM5T BETWE5 ! PEASANTS & ! L&LORDS4 ,! DECREES W]E ?US MU* MORE LIKE A DECL>ATION ( PR9CIPLES ?AN A LAW4 ,NAY1 EV5 !SE DECREES W]E NOT PROMULGAT$ TILL ! 5D ( ,SEPTEMB]1 & ! PROMULGATION CONSI/$ 9 SIMPLY S5D+ !M TO ! ,C\RTS ( ,JU/ICE TOGE!R ) ! OBS]VATIONS ( ! K+4  

 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT SU* CONCESSIONS C\LD NOT SATISFY ! PEASANTS4 ',\R VILLAGES >E MO/ DISSATISFI$ ) ! DECREE UPON ! FEUDAL RI<TS1' ,MADAME ,ROL& WROTE 9 ,MAY #a#g#i4 ,A RE=M WILL BE NECESS>Y1 O!RWISE ! CA/LES WILL BURN AGA94' ,BUT ! LONG$-= RE=MS DID NOT COME4 ,! QUE/ION AS TO ! FEUDAL RI<TS REMA9$ UNSETTL$1 & ONE :O HAS GR[N ACCU/OM$ TO ! LEG5D IS QUITE BEWILD]$ AS HE F9DS1 UND] ! DATE ( #a#h? ( ,JUNE1 #a#g#i1 A DECREE ACCORD+ TO :I* '! TI!S1 BO? FEUDAL & ECCLESIA/ICAL' 7& WE KN[ ?AT ! TI!S SOMETIMES MEANT ONE F\R? ( ! CROP7 HAD TO BE PAID = ! CURR5T YE>1' 9 ! USUAL WAY ?AT IS1 9 EFFECTS & TO ! USUAL AM\NT2 ?AT ! *AMP>TS1 T]RAGES1 & AGRI]S COMPTANTS#b HAD TO BE PAID 9 ! SAME WAY 'UNTIL R$EEM$'2 & ?AT ANY ATTACK UPON !SE RI<TS1 'EI!R 9 WRIT+ OR 9 SPEE*1 OR BY M5ACES' %\LD BE PUNI%$ 9 ! SEV]E/ WAY--?AT IS1 9 ALL APPE>ANCE1 BY H>D LABOR OR DEA?4 ,9 FACT1 ! ABOLITION ( ! FEUDAL RI<TS )\T R$EMPTION WAS VOT$ ONLY 9 ,JUNE #a#g#i#b1 & ?AT VOTE WAS SIMPLY SNAT*$ FROM ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY :ILE TWO HUNDR$ ( ITS MEMB]S W]E NOT PRES5T4  

 ,! PEASANTS ?US HAD NO O!R MEANS ( OBTA9+ A REAL ABOLITION ( FEUDAL RI<TS ?AN !MSELVES TO COMPEL ! L&LORDS TO AB&ON !IR RI<TS1 OR TO /ORM ! CA/LES & BURN ! T]RI]S4 ,SO ! ,JACQU]IE CONT9U$ = NE>LY F\R YE>S4 ,BUT AS SOON AS ! MIDDLE CLASSES HAD OBTA9$ !IR FIR/ SUCCESSES OV] ROYALTY 9 #a#g#h#i1 & AS SOON AS !Y HAD >M$ !IR MILITIA1 !Y BEGAN TO SUPPRESS ! PEASANTS' \TBREAKS ) A CRUELTY WOR?Y ( ! OLD MON>*Y4 ,! MUNICIPALITIES1 AT ! HEAD ( ! B\RGEOIS MILITIA1 EXT]M9AT$ ! B&S ( PEASANTS4 ,9 ! ,DAUPH9E1 :]E ! REVOLT WAS SEV]E/1 ! GR&-PREVOT WAS TRAVEL+ OV] ! VILLAGES BY ! 5D ( #a#g#h#i1 & PITILESSLY HANG+ ! 'REBELS'--! MORE SO AS ?OSE BRIG&S DID NOT RESPECT ! CA/LES ( ! 'PATRIOTS' & ATTACK$ !M AS WELL AS ! CA/LES ( ! NOBLE SUPPORT]S ( ! K+4#c 

 ,ANO!R FEATURE1 RELATIVE TO ! COMMON-L&S1 ALSO MU/ BE M5TION$ UND] ?IS HEAD1 BECAUSE SOME ( MY READ]S MAY NOT BE AW>E ?AT ! COMMUNAL POSSESSION & ADM9I/RATION ( COMMONL&S1 ! COMMUNAL ASSEMBLY ( ALL H\SEHOLD]S ( ! VILLAGE 7! MIR1 ,I %\LD SAY7 & ! COMMON LIABILITY = ! PAYM5T ( TAXES HAD P]SI/$ 9 ,FRANCE TILL ! RE=MS ( ,TURGOT4#d ,IT WAS ,TURGOT :O SUB/ITUT$ = ! COMMUNAL ASSEMBLY 7:I* HE F\ND 'TOO NOISY'7 ELECT$ BODIES ( NOTABLES1 :I* SOON BECAME1 9 ! H&S ( ! RI*] B\RGEOIS DU VILLAGE1 AN 9/RUM5T = TAK+ POSSESSION ( ! COMMON-L&S4 ,A GOOD DEAL ( ! COMMON-L&S HAV+ BE5 5CLOS$ BO? 9 ?IS WAY1 AS WELL AS 9 =M] TIMES BY ! L&LORDS1 ONE ( ! AIMS ( ! PEASANTS' \TBREAKS WAS TO RE/ORE TO ! COMMONS ! POSSESSION ( !IR L&S2 BUT ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY TOOK NO NOTICE ( ?AT DESIRE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT AU?ORIZ$ 7ON ! #a/ ( ,AUGU/1 #a#g#i#a7 ! SALE ( ! COMMON-L&S1 :I* SIMPLY MEANT ! SPOLIATION ( ! POOR] 9HABITANTS ( ! VILLAGES ( !IR LA/ MEANS ( EXI/5CE1 = ! 5RI*M5T ( ! WEAL?I] PEASANTS4 ,ONE YE> LAT] ! SALE ( ! COMMON-L&S WAS SUSP5D$ BY A NEW LAW1 BUT ?AT LAW P]MITT$ !IR DIVISION BETWE5 ! RI*] PEASANTS1 TO ! EXCLUSION ( ! PROLET>IANS2 & IT WAS NOT BE=E ! #a? ( ,JUNE1 #a#g#i#c1 ?AT ! ,CONV5TION1 :ILE ORD]+ ! COMMUNES TO TAKE POSSESSION ( ! L&S >BITR>ILY 5CLOS$ 9 =M] TIMES1 5JO9$ !M EI!R TO KEEP !M UNDIVID$1 OR1 9 CASE ! DIVISION BE DEM&$ BY TWO-?IRDS ( ! 9HABITANTS ( ! COMMUNE1 TO DIVIDE !M BETWE5 ALL 9HABITANTS1 RI* & POOR4 ,! LEGISLATION AB\T ! COMMON-L&S WAS ?US ANO!R CAUSE ( DISCONT5T :I* MA9TA9$ ! AGITATION1 & CONT9UALLY RESULT$ 9 FRE% \TBREAKS TILL ! QUE/ION WAS SETTL$ 9 #a#g#i#c4 ,AS TO ! T[NS1 ! \TBREAKS ( ! POOR] CLASSES BECAME ! MORE UNAVOIDABLE S9CE ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY 5D[$ ! MUNICIPALITIES ) WIDE P[]S1 :ILE ! REAL P[] REMA9$ 9 ! H&S ( A FEW PRIVILEG$ B\RGEOIS & NOBLES4  

 ,I HAVE BE5 COMPELL$ TO 5T] 9TO !SE DETAILS--NOT ALWAYS CLE>LY UND]/OOD--BECAUSE ! UPRIS+ ( ! PEASANTS & ! URBAN PROLET>IANS = ! ABOLITION ( ! LA/ RELICS ( FEUDAL S]VITUDE WAS ! REAL GR\ND UPON :I* ! ,REVOLUTION ?ROVE4 ,?AT UPRIS+ P]MITT$ ! GREAT BATTLE BETWE5 ! MIDDLE CLASS & ! ,C\RT TO BE F\<T2 IT PREV5T$ ANY SOLID GOV]NM5T FROM BE+ 9/ITUT$ = NE>LY FIVE YE>S1 & ?US 5ABL$ ! MIDDLE CLASSES TO SEIZE POLITICAL P[] & TO PREP>E ! ELEM5TS = ITS ULT]IOR ORGANIZATION ON A DEMOCRATIC BASIS4 ,! MIDDLE CLASSES ALT]NATELY FAVOR$ & OPPOS$ ?OSE UPRIS+S4 ,!Y US$ ! POPUL> DISCONT5T AS A BATT]+-RAM AGA9/ MON>*Y1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME !Y W]E ALWAYS ANXI\S TO MA9TA9 ! POPUL> WAVE 9 SU* A *ANNEL AS NOT TO COMPROMISE ! PRIVILEGES :I* !Y %>$ 9 COMMON ) ! NOBLES OR HAD ACQUIR$ DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION4  

 ,! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY ( #a<i BOLDLY ABOLI%$ 9 PR9CIPLE MO/ ( ! ODI\S PRIVILEGES ( ! OLD REGIME4 ,PROCE$+ 9 A MO/ SY/EMATIC WAY1 IT DE/ROY$ ONE AFT] ! O!R ! OLD M$IAEVAL 9/ITUTIONS & EMBODI$ ITS POLITICAL PR9CIPLES 9 ! %APE ( LAWS :I* >E MO/LY DI/+UI%$ BY A REM>KABLE LUCIDITY ( /YLE & CLE>NESS ( CONCEPTION4 ,IT PROCLAIM$ ! RI<TS ( ! CITIZ5 & IT ELABORAT$ A CON/ITUTION2 IT ELABORAT$ ALSO A PROV9CIAL & A COMMUNAL ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW4 ,IT ABOLI%$ = EV] ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! ?REE DIFF]5T 'ORD]S1' & LAID ! BASES ( A COMPLETE RE=M ( TAXATION2 ! TITLES ( NOBILITY W]E ABOLI%$2 ! ,*UR* WAS DIS5D[$1 R5D]$ A DEP>TM5T ( ! ,/ATE1 & ITS E/ATES SEIZ$ AS A GU>ANTEE ( NATIONAL LOANS2 ! >MY WAS REORGANIZ$ SO AS TO MAKE ( IT AN 9/RUM5T ( NATIONAL DEF5SE2 & A JUDICIAL ORGANIZATION :I* C\LD BE ADVANTAGE\SLY CONTRA/$ ) ! PRES5T JUDICIAL ORGANIZATION ( ,FRANCE WAS PROMULGAT$4 ,OV]-C5TRALIZATION HAD BE5 AVOID$ 9 ALL ?OSE S*EMES4 ,! WORK WAS IMM5SE2 IT WAS P]=M$ BY ABLE H&S2 & MANY A HI/ORIAN1 :ILE PASS+ 9 REVIEW ! WORK ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 HAS BE5 BR\<T TO ASK HIMSELF1 ,:Y ! ,REVOLUTION DID NOT /OP !RE8 ,:Y A SECOND REVOLUTION WAS ADD$ TO ! FIR/8  

 ,! ANSW] IS SIMPLE4 ,BECAUSE O!RWISE ALL ?AT SYMMETRICAL /RUCTURE W\LD HAVE REMA9$ :AT IT WAS1 A DEAD LETT]1 A SIMPLE DECL>ATION ( PR9CIPLES1 V]Y 9T]E/+ = PO/]ITY1 BUT )\T ANY MOM5T = ! TIME BE+4 ,BECAUSE !RE IS AN IMM5SE1 (T5 IMMEASURABLE1 DI/ANCE BETWE5 A LAW & ITS APPLICATION 9 LIFE--A DI/ANCE :I* IS GREAT EV5 9 ! C5TRALIZ$1 C>EFULLY ORGANIZ$ ,/ATES ( \R DAYS1 BUT WAS IMM5SE 9 A ,/ATE LIKE OLD ,FRANCE1 :I* REPRES5T$ ! MO/ CURI\S MIXTURE ( CONFLICT+ 9/ITUTIONS 9H]IT$ FROM SEV]AL DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL EPO*S4 ,:O WAS TO EXECUTE ?OSE LAWS8 ,9 \R MOD]N ,/ATES A LAW F9DS A READY C5TRALIZ$ ADM9I/RATION TO EXECUTE IT1 & A :OLE >MY TO 5=CE IT 9 CASE ( NE$4 ,BUT NO?+ ( ! K9D EXI/$ 9 #a#g#h#i2 ! V]Y ORGANIZATION = 5=C+ LAWS HAD TO BE CREAT$1 & ! LAW HAD TO BE 5=C$ BE=E REACTION C\LD SET 9 & ANNIHILATE ALL RE=MATORY WORK4 ,!RE=E1 ! SO-CALL$ 'SECOND REVOLUTION' WAS NOT A SECOND REVOLUTION AT ALL2 IT WAS SIMPLY ! MEANS = TRANS=M+ 9TO FACTS ! !ORIES PROCLAIM$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY4 

 ,AS TO ! OPPOSITION :I* ! NEW MEASURES MET ) 9 ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 F> FROM HAV+ BE5 OV]RAT$ BY HI/ORIANS1 IT NEV] HAS BE5 FULLY TOLD4 ,! CONSPIRACIES ( ! ,C\RT >E PRETTY WELL KN[N4 ,:AT =M]LY W]E REPRES5T$ AS SO MANY CALUMNIES CIRCULAT$ BY ! LIB]AL HI/ORIANS HAVE N[ BECOME HI/ORICAL FACTS4 ,NO S]I\S /UD5T ( ! P]IOD WILL D\BT ANY MORE ?AT EA* ( ! UPRIS+S 9 ,P>IS WAS AN ANSW] TO SOME C\P D'ETAT S*EM$ BY ! ,C\RT4 ,! APPEAL TO ! =EIGN] TO 9VADE ,FRANCE IS NO LONG] A MATT] ( D\BT4 ,BESIDES1 NEW MAT]IALS >E /EADILY COM+ TO LI<T TO %[ ! EXT5SION ( ! CONSPIRACIES PLANN$ TO OPPOSE ! ,REVOLUTION2 & IT IS N[ KN[N ?AT IF ! ,PROTE/ANTS 9 ,S\!RN ,FRANCE HAD NOT SO HE>TILY JO9$ ! ,REVOLUTION1 TWO ,V5DEES1 9/EAD ( ONE1 W\LD HAVE HAD TO BE COMBAT$4 ,BUT ! RESI/ANCE ( ! ,V5DEES WAS BUT A TRIFLE 9 COMP>ISON ) ! RESI/ANCE :I* EV]Y ACT ( EV5 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 7NOT TO SPEAK ( ?OSE ( ! SUBSEQU5T ASSEMBLIES7 MET ) 9 EA* PROV9CIAL DIRECTOIRE1 9 EA* T[N1 L>GE OR SMALL4 ,:5 ASK$ BY ! ,G]MAN HI/ORIAN ,S*LOSS]1 ',H[ WAS IT POSSIBLE ?AT ,ROBESPI]RE C\LD KEEP ALL ,FRANCE 9 HIS H&S8' ! ,ABBE ,GREGOIRE RETORT$3 ',:Y1 9 EA* VILLAGE !RE WAS ITS ,ROBESPI]RE6' ,SURELY SO1 BUT 9 EA* T[N1 9 EA* CA/LE & 9 EA* BI%OP'S PALACE1 !RE WAS ALSO ITS ,COBL5TZ--ITS C5T] ( RESI/ANCE ( ! OLD SY/EM4 ,H5CE ! T]RIBLE /RUGGLES = ! CONQUE/ ( MUNICIPALITIES :I* WE SEE ALL ?R\< ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 ! D5UNCIATIONS1 ! >M$ ATTACKS1 ! LOCAL EXECUTIONS4 ,TAKE1 = 9/ANCE1 SO SIMPLE A ?+ AS ! ASSESSM5T ( ! 9COME-TAX1 :I* HAD BE5 5TRU/$ TO ! MUNICIPALITIES4 ,AS LONG AS ! MUNICIPALITY REMA9$ 9 ! H&S ( A FEW RI* PEOPLE FROM ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 ! NEW TAXATION WAS NOT 9TRODUC$2 !N1 ! PROLET>IANS TOOK POSSESSION ( ! MUNICIPALITY1 NAM$ !IR [N M51 & PROCE$$ TO REALIZE ! PLATONIC DECL>ATIONS ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,BUT IF ! ROYALI/S AGA9 OBTA9$ POSSESSION ( ! MUNICIPAL P[]1 !Y PITILESSLY EXECUT$ ! POPUL> LEAD]S1 RE9TRODUC$ ! OLD SY/EM1 & FRE$ !MSELVES FROM ! BURD5 ( ! TAXES4  

 ,MOREOV]1 ! ,REVOLUTION WAS F> FROM UNIV]SAL4 ,IT HAD F\ND W>M FOLL[]S 9 ! EA/1 ! NOR?-EA/1 & ! S\?-EA/ ( ,FRANCE1 BUT OV] MORE ?AN ONE-HALF ( ! T]RITORY EI!R HO/ILITY OR 9DIFF]5CE PREVAIL$1 & 9 ! BE/ CASE M5 W]E WAIT+ ! ISSUE ( ! EV5TS 9 ORD] TO TAKE ! SIDE ( ! P>TY :I* CAME \T VICTORI\S2 :ILE ! ,/ATE EXP5SES W]E GR[+ EV]Y DAY1 & ! MO/ /R5U\S EF=TS W]E REQUIR$ TO COPE ) ! =EIGN 9VASIONS4#e 

 ,SO IT BECOMES EVID5T ?AT ! ,NATIONAL & ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLIES HAD M]ELY EXPRESS$ DESID]ATA1 & ?AT 9 ORD] TO TRANSSCRIBE ?OSE DESID]ATA 9TO FACTS1 ! 'SECOND REVOLUTION' WAS R5D]$ NECESS>Y ON ACC\NT ( ! RESI/ANCE OPPOS$ TO ANY 9NOVATION BY ADH]5TS ( ! OLD REGIME4 ,NOT ONLY HAD ! FLI<T ( ! K+ & ! CONSPIRACIES ( ! ,C\RT R5D]$ ! REPUBLIC A NECESSITY2 BUT ! PROCLAMATION ( ! REPUBLIC WAS NE$FUL 9 ORD] TO GU>ANTEE TO ,FRANCE ?AT IT %\LD NOT RETURN UND] ! RULE ( ! OLD >I/OCRACY--JU/ AS ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,COMMUNE 9 #ahga PROV$ TO BE ! MEANS ( PREV5T+ ! RETURN ( ,MON>*Y AFT] ! DISA/]S ( ! ,G]MAN W>4 ,!RE WAS A MOM5T ( RELAXATION ( REVOLUTION>Y 5]GY1 ESPECIALLY 9 #a#g#i#a4 ,?AT MOM5T C\LD HAVE BE5 UTILIZ$ = /R5G!N+ :AT HAD BE5 ELABORAT$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,IF ! NOBILITY & ! ,C\RT HAD UND]/OOD ! NECESSITY ( CONCESSIONS1 & MADE !M1 !Y MO/ PROBABLY W\LD HAVE SAV$ P>T ( !IR PRIVILEGES4 ,BUT !Y ADMITT$ NO?+ SAVE A RETURN1 PURE & SIMPLE1 TO ! OLD /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 ,9/EAD ( ACCEPT+ ! COMPROMISE :I* ! MIDDLE CLASSES W]E ONLY TOO WILL+ TO COME TO1 !Y CALL$ =EIGN >MIES 9 ORD] TO REE/ABLI% ! :OLE SY/EM 9 FULL4 ,!Y CONCOCT$ !IR FOOLI% S*EMES ( ! FLI<T ( ! K+1 & ?REAT5$ TO TAKE A BLOODY REV5GE UPON ?OSE :O HAD DI/URB$ !M 9 ! 5JOYM5T ( !IR =M] RI<TS4 ,9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES !RE REMA9$ NO?+ BUT TO FI<T1 & ! FI<T WAS F\<T TO ! BITT] 5D4  

 ,NAY1 ! T]RIBLE /RUGGLES BETWE5 REVOLUTIONI/S !MSELVES 9 ! ,CONV5TION1 :I* HAVE BE5 (T5 REPRES5T$ AS AN \TCOME ( SO MANY P]SONAL RIVALRIES1 W]E NO?+ BUT ! LOGICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! SAME NECESSITY4 ,! FOOLI%NESS ( ! NOBILITY & ! ,C\RT R5D]$ ! V]Y NAME ( ROYALTY HATEFUL4 ,ROYALTY MEANT NO O!R PROGRAM ?AN A DE/RUCTION1 ) ! HELP ( =EIGN]S1 ( EV5 ! MODE/ RE=MATORY WORK ?AT HAD BE5 DONE BY ! FIR/ ,ASSEMBLY ( ! ,/ATES-,G5]AL4 ,A NEW 5?USIASM ONLY1 A NEW REVIVAL ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 5]GY1 C\LD SAVE ! LITTLE ?AT HAD BE5 DONE2 BUT ! ,GIRONDI/S DID NOT UND]/& ?AT NECESSITY4 ,!Y C\LD NOT SEE ?AT ! RETURN ( ,MON>*Y HAD TO BE PREV5T$ 9 ORD] TO GIVE TO ! NEW 9/ITUTIONS TIME TO TAKE ROOT2 ?AT ! PEASANT \<T TO PL[ = ! FIR/ TIME HIS NEWLY CONQU]$ FIELD 9 ORD] TO BE READY TO FI<T = IT2 ?AT ! NEW JUDGE1 ! NEW MUNICIPALITY1 ! NEW TAX-GA!R] HAD TO BE ACCU/OM$ TO !IR FUNCTIONS1 & ?AT ! NATION AS A :OLE HAD TO %AKE (F ITS =M] HABITS ( S]VILITY & SUBMISSIV5ESS4 ,! ,GIRONDI/S DID NOT UND]/& ?AT1 & !Y FELL VICTIMS ( !IR IRRESOLUT5ESS4 ,EV5 SO MOD]ATE A HI/ORIAN AS ,MIGNET1 :O1 H[EV]1 HAD ! ADVANTAGE ( WRIT+ UND] ! FRE% IMPRESSION ( ! EPO*1 JUDICI\SLY REM>KS ?AT A SURE RETURN TO ! OLD REGIME1 A VICTORY ( ! COALITION & ! DISMEMB]M5T ( ,FRANCE W\LD HAVE FOLL[$ IF ! ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS HAD NOT TAK5 ! UPP] H& ON ! #c#a/ ( ,MAY1 #a#g#i#c1 :5 ! ,GIRONDI/S W]E >RE/$ & S5T TO ! SCAFFOLD4 ,)\T FANATICISM1 )\T ! LAW ( MAXIMUM & ! REQUISITIONS1 ! Y\NG REPUBLIC NEV] W\LD HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 REPELL+ ! 9VAD]S & ! OLD REGIME :I* F\ND A REFUGE 9 !IR CAMP4 ,! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! P>TIES 9 ! ,CONV5TION WAS NOT A /RUGGLE = P]SONAL DOM9ATION3 IT WAS A /RUGGLE TO SETTLE ! QUE/ION H[ F> ! ,REVOLUTION %\LD GO4 ,%\LD IT SUCCUMB1 OR LIVE TO 9SURE ITS WORK8 ,& )\T ! TEMPOR>Y TRIUMPH ( ,M>AT & ! ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS1 ! ,REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE BE5 T]M9AT$ 9 ,MAY #a#g#i#c4  

 ,9 FACT1 ! ,REVOLUTION LIV$ AS LONG AS ! D\BLE CURR5T ( POPUL> \TBREAKS 9 ! VILLAGES & ! T[NS CONT9U$4 ,:5 ! FEUDAL 9/ITUTIONS W]E TOTALLY DE/ROY$ BO? 9 T[NS & ! C\NTRY1 & ! FAM\S DECREE ( ! ,CONV5TION ORD]$ ! BURN+ ALL OV] ,FRANCE ( ALL PAP]S RELATIVE TO ! FEUDAL SY/EM1 ! MOVEM5T BEGAN TO EXHAU/ ITS 5]GY4 ,?OSE :O HAD TAK5 POSSESSION ( ! #a1#b#a1 E/ATES 7REPRES5T+ ONE-?IRD ( ! T]RITORY ( ,FRANCE71 :I* HAD *ANG$ H&S DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION1 HA/5$ TO 5JOY ! B5EFITS ( !IR NEWLY ACQUIR$ PROP]TY4 ,?OSE :O HAD 5RI*$ !MSELVES BY ALL DESCRIPTIONS ( SPECULATIONS MONOPOLIZ$ ! FRUITS ( ! RI* CROPS ( #a#g#i#c1 & />V$ ! CITIES4 ,! PROLET>IANS ( ! CITIES ?US SAW !MSELVES R$UC$ TO ! SAME MIS]Y AS BE=E4 ,! M5 :O HAD NEV] REFUS$ TO RESPOND TO ! APPEALS ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES :5 AN 9SURRECTION HAD TO BE OPPOS$ TO A CONSPIRACY ( ! NOBLES1 W]E R$UC$ TO />VATION AGA94  

 ,A ?IRD REVOLUTION1 HAV+ A K9D ( VAGUE ,SOCIALISM = ITS ECONOMICAL PROGRAM1 & ! FULL 9DEP5D5CE ( ! COMMUNES 9/EAD ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,CONV5TION AS A PROGRAM ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 WAS RIP5+4 ,BUT IT WAS NOT AT ! 5D ( A REVOLUTION SO VA/ AS ! PREC$+ ?AT A NEW MOVEM5T C\LD HAVE A *ANCE ( SUCCESS4 ,BESIDES1 ! MIDDLE CLASSES W]E DECID$ NOT TO P>T ) ! CONQU]$ PRIVILEGES1 & ! ,JACOB9S W]E TOO PREOCCUPI$ ) DEF9ITELY E/ABLI%+ ! BUILD+ !Y HAD SO VIGOR\SLY DEF5D$ AGA9/ ITS 5EMIES4 ,! Y\NG ,SOCIALI/ P>TY WAS DEFEAT$1 & ITS *IEF REPRES5TATIVES FOLL[$ ! ,GIRONDI/S ON ! SCAFFOLD4  

 ,FROM ?AT MOM5T ! MASSES ( ,P>IS AB&ON$ ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,!Y UNWILL+LY SUPPORT$ ! ,REIGN ( ,T]ROR4 ,! PEOPLE CAN RESORT TO MASSACRES 9 A MOM5T ( DESPAIR2 BUT IT CANNOT SUPPORT ! DAILY EXECUTIONS P]=M$ 9 COLD BLOOD ) ! APPE>ANCE ( LAW4 ,!SE LEGAL EXECUTIONS WEI<$ UPON ! ,P>ISIANS4 ,9 FACT1 ! ,REVOLUTION HAD ALREADY COME TO AN 5D1 & :5 A LA/ ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO PROVOKE AN 9SURRECTION 9 FAVOR ( ,ROBESPI]RE & AGA9/ ! O!R MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,SALUT PUBLIC1 ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS DID NOT ANSW] TO ! APPEAL4 ,! CONTRE-REVOLUTION .<,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION.>1 HEAD$ BY ! RETURN$ ROYALI/S & ! MUSCAD9S1 HAD ITS H&S FREE3 ! NEWLY-5RI*$ MIDDLE CLASSES HA/5$ TO 5JOY ! FRUITS ( !IR VICTORY & BEGAN ! ORGIES ( ! ,DIRECTOIRE1 & ! URBAN PROLET>IANS C\LD ONLY DO !IR BE/ NOT TO SUCCUMB TO />VATION 9 ! EXPECTATION ( A NEW REVOLUTION 9 :I* FRAT]NITY & EQUALITY W\LD BE VA9 WORDS NO MORE4  

 ,& N[ LET US CA/ A GLANCE AT ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,H]E WE MEET 9 ! FIR/ PLACE ) ! USUAL OBJECTION3 ',:AT WAS ! USE1' IT IS SAID1 '( ALL ?AT BLOOD%$ & DI/URBANCE IF IT HAD TO RESULT 9 ! DESPOTISM ( A ,NAPOLEON & ! RE/ORATION ( ! ,B\RBONS8' ,! ANSW] TO ?AT CURR5T REM>K HAS ALREADY BE5 GIV5 9 ! PREC$+ PAGES4 ,! ABOLITION ( 9/ITUTIONS :I* W]E DOOM$ BY HI/ORY TO DISAPPE> BE+ SO OB/9ATELY OPPOS$1 BLOOD%$ & DI/URBANCES BECAME AN HI/ORICAL NECESSITY4  

 ,AS TO ?OSE :O W\LD LIKE TO KN[ :AT W]E ! RESULTS ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 WE W\LD M]ELY SAY TO !M3 ,GO & TRAVEL OV] ,FRANCE1 CALL AT ! PEASANTS' H\SES1 EXAM9E 9TO ! ECONOMICAL CONDITIONS ( ! PEASANTRY = ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S1 & COMP>E !M ) :AT !Y W]E A HUNDR$ YE>S AGO2 & IF Y\ LIKE TO REALIZE ?OSE CONDITIONS ( ! PA/ 9 A CONCRETE WAY1 GO TO ,RUSSIA2 !RE Y\ WILL SEE CONDITIONS V]Y MU* ! SAME AS ?OSE :I* PREVAIL$ 9 ,FRANCE BE=E #a#g#h#i4 ,GO ESPECIALLY AT A TIME 7LIKE ! YE> #a#h#h#a7 :5 A ?IRD P>T ( ! C\NTRY IS SUFF]+ FROM A SC>CITY ( GRA91 & IS FE$+ ON B>K & GRASS MIX$ ) SOME FL\R4 ,!RE1 ON ! F]TILE SOIL ( S\?-EA/]N ,RUSSIA1 Y\ WILL UND]/& ! FAM\S WORDS ( ! ,FR5* ROYAL 9T5DANT :O ADVIS$ />V+ PEASANTS TO EAT GRASS IF !Y W]E HUNGRY2 BECAUSE !RE Y\ MI<T SEE 7AS IT WAS 9 #a#h#h#a7 :OLE VILLAGES LIV+ ON M\NTA9-SP9A*1 & S5D+ !IR PEOPLE TO FET* SOME ( IT FROM A NEI<BOR+ PROV9CE4 ,!RE Y\ W\LD SEE ! RU9$ BUT >ROGANT NOBILITY PREV5T+ ! PEASANT FROM MAK+ USE ( ! UNCULTIVAT$ L&2 ! >BITR>9ESS ( ! FUNCTION>IES2 ! LAWLESSNESS ( ! M9I/]S2 Y\ W\LD F9D ! ,BA/ILLE AT ,S*LUSSELBURG1 & Y\ W\LD HAVE AN 9SI<T 9TO 'OLD ,FRANCE4' ,P]SONAL RULE RETURN$ 9 ,FRANCE ) ,NAPOLEON1 BUT NOT ! FEUDAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,NEI!R ! LAWS PROMULGAT$ UND] ! ,B\RBONS NOR EV5 ! ,:ITE ,T]ROR C\LD TAKE ! L& FROM ! PEASANTS1 NOR RE9TRODUCE ! FEUDAL S]VITUDES1 NOR RE9TEGRATE ! OLD FEUDAL ORGANIZATION ( ! CITIES4 ,& IF N[1 ESPECIALLY DUR+ ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S1 ! ,FR5* PEASANTS HAVE AGA9 TO COMPLA9 ( ! ACCUMULATION ( L& 9 ! H&S ( CAPITALI/S1 !Y HAVE 5JOY$1 AT LEA/ = MORE ?AN FIFTY YE>S1 A P]IOD ( RELATIVE PROSP]ITY :I* HAS MADE ! REAL MI<T ( ! ,FR5* NATION4 ,MORE ?AN ?AT1 ! :OLE ASPECT ( ! NATION HAS *ANG$4 ,! IDEAS1 ! CONCEPTIONS1 ! :OLE MODE ( ?9K+ & ACT+ >E NO LONG] ?OSE ( ! LA/ C5TURY4 ,9/EAD ( COM+ EXHAU/$ \T ( ! ,NAPOLEONIC W>S1 ,FRANCE CAME \T ( !M A FRE%1 CONSOLIDAT$ NATION1 FULL ( =CE--A NATION :I* SOON TOOK ! LEAD ( ,EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION4 ,! P]IOD ( REACTION WAS SOON OV]1 & 9 #ahdh ,FRANCE ALREADY MADE AN ATTEMPT T[>DS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A ,SOCIALI/ ,REPUBLIC4 ,AS TO ! DEGRAD+ RULE ( ,NAPOLEON ! ,?IRD1 IT WAS ! NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ( ! UNSUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h1 & B\RGEOIS ,IMP]IALISM W\LD APPE> 9 ANY O!R NATION1 IF ?AT NATION REPEAT$ ! ]RORS ( \R ,FR5* =]UNN]S BY ATTEMPT+ ! ,/ATE ORGANIZATION ( LABOR4  

 ,! 9FLU5CE EX]CIS$ BY ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ON ,EUROPEAN ?\<T & 9/ITUTIONS WAS IMM5SE4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y >MIES ( SANS-CULOTTES GAVE TO S]FDOM A MORTAL BL[ ALL OV] ,EUROPE4 ,!IR A/ONI%+ SUCCESSES W]E NOT DUE TO ! MILIT>Y G5IUS ( ,NAPOLEON1 BUT TO ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM 9SCRIB$ ON ! TRICOLOR FLAG4 ,& !Y SUCCE$$ ONLY SO F> AS !Y BR\<T ) !M ! D[NFALL ( FEUDALISM4 ,EV5 ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS CONSID]$ ! APPROA* ( ! ,FR5* >MY AS A MESSAGE ( LIB]ATION FROM ! YOKE ( S]VITUDE4 ,BUT ,NAPOLEON1 :5 HE APPROA*$ ,RUSSIA1 WAS ALREADY TOO MU* ( AN EMP]OR4 ,EV5 9 ,POL& ! LIB]ATION ( ! S]FS WAS M]ELY NOM9AL3 IT WAS NOT EV5 ATTEMPT$ 9 ,RUSSIA2 & ! BLOODIE/ BATTLE ON RECORD1 TAK+ PLACE AT ,BOROD9O1 PUT AN 5D TO ! VICTORI\S REVOLUTION>Y CAMPAIGN4  

 ,! MILIT>Y CAMPAIGN DID NOT EXT5D ! FULL ABOLITION ( S]FDOM F> BEYOND ! EA/]N FRONTI]S ( ,FRANCE4 ,BUT ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION HAD GIV5 ! WAT*WORD TO ! C5TURY1 & ?IS WAT*WORD WAS3 ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM1 LEAD+ TO CAPITALI/ RULE2 & ! ABOLITION ( ABSOLUTE P[]1 LEAD+ TO P>LIAM5T>Y 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! WAVE SL[LY ROLL$ EA/1 & !SE TWO RE=MS HAVE CON/ITUT$ ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ,EUROPEAN HI/ORY DUR+ \R C5TURY4 ,! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM 9 ,G]MANY :I* WAS BEGUN 9 #ahaa WAS ACCOMPLI%$ AFT] #a#h#d#h2 ,RUSSIA ABOLI%$ IT 9 #a#h#f#a2 ! ,BALKAN ,/ATES 9 #a#h#g#h4 ,! CYCLE WAS ?US COMPLET$1 & P]SONAL S]VITUDE DISAPPE>$ 9 ,EUROPE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! NECESS>Y COROLL>Y ( ! ABOVE RE=M1 ! ABOLITION ( ,C\RT RULE1 :I* TOOK A HUNDR$ YE>S TO CROSS ! ,*ANNEL1 TOOK ANO!R HUNDR$ YE>S TO SPREAD ?R\< ,EUROPE4 ,EV5 ! ,BALKAN ,/ATES HAVE P>LIAM5T>Y 9/ITUTIONS1 & ,RUSSIA IS N[ ALONE 9 MA9TA9+ ABSOLUTE RULE--A PHANTOM ( ABSOLUTE RULE4 ,! TWO FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES 5UNCIAT$ 9 ! ,DECL>ATION ( ! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN HAVE ?US BE5 APPLI$ ALMO/ 9 FULL4 ,& IF LIB]TY1 EQUALITY1 & FRAT]NITY DO NOT YET REIGN 9 ,EUROPE1 -- WE MU/ LOOK = SOME IMPORTANT OMISSION 9 ?AT FAM\S ,DECL>ATION4  

 ,ALL ! SUFF]+S :I* ,FRANCE UND]W5T DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION & ! SUBSEQU5T W>S NECESS>ILY SUGGE/ ! QUE/ION :E!R ?AT REVOLUTION MAY NOT BE ! LA/ ( ! S]IES ( REVOLUTIONS :I* HAS M>K$ ! 5DS ( EA* ( ! LA/ FIVE C5TURIES4  

 ,ONE MI<T WI% IT1 BUT :5 WE TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION ! /ATE ( M9DS 9 ,EUROPE1 ! IMM5SE AGR>IAN QUE/ION :I* HAS SUDD5LY GR[N UP 9 ALL C\NTRIES1 ! /ILL GREAT] SOCIAL PROBLEM :I* IMP]I\SLY DEM&S A SOLUTION1 ! DIFFICULTIES PUT 9 ! WAY ( ?AT SOLUTION1 ! 9DIFF]5CE ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES :I* DOES NOT FALL F> %ORT ( ! 9DIFF]5CE ( ! ,FR5* NOBILITY1 &1 F9ALLY1 ! GREAT DISPUTE >IS+ BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! ,/ATE1 WE CANNOT BUT =ESEE ! APPROA* ( A GREAT COMMOTION 9 ,EUROPE1 ) ?IS DIFF]5CE1 ?AT IT CANNOT BE LIMIT$ TO ONE C\NTRY ONLY BUT IS LIKELY TO BECOME 9T]NATIONAL1 LIKE ! UPRIS+ ( #a#h#d#h1 AL?\< IT IS SURE TO ASSUME DIFF]5T *>ACT]S 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES4  

 ,AS TO ,FRANCE1 ITS PRES5T SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T IS SO UND]M9$ ?AT IT CAN H>DLY BE EXPECT$ TO LIVE MORE ?AN ! USUAL TWO DECADES :I* REPRES5T ! MAXIMUM DURATION ( A GOV]NM5T 9 ,FRANCE DUR+ \R C5TURY4 ,H[EV]1 HI/ORICAL PREVISIONS CANNOT GO SO F> AS TO =ETELL ! DATES ( COM+ EV5TS4 ,! *>ACT] ( ! NEXT MOVEM5T 9 ,FRANCE IS ALMO/ SURE TO BE 9 ! DIRECTION ( 9DEP5D5T F$]AT$ COMMUNES TRY+ TO 9TRODUCE A LIFE BAS$ ON SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE BEQUEA!D BY ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION IS FULL FRE$OM ( *OICE ( OCCUPATION & FRE$OM ( CONTRACTS2 BUT NEI!R CAN BE REALIZ$ AS LONG AS ! NECESS>IES = PRODUCTION REMA9 ! PROP]TY ( ! FEW4 ,TO REALIZE ?OSE CONDITIONS WILL SURELY BE ! AIM ( ! FUTURE REVOLUTIONS4 ,AS TO :E!R ANY ( !M WILL TAKE ! ACUTE *>ACT] ( ! GREAT MOVEM5T ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 ALL WILL DEP5D UPON ! 9TELLIG5CE ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 & !IR CAPACITIES = UND]/&+ 9 TIME ! IMPORTANCE ( ! HI/ORICAL MOM5T WE >E LIV+ 94 ,ONE ?+1 H[EV]1 SEEMS C]TA93 NAMELY1 ?AT 9 NO C\NTRY CAN ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES ( \R TIMES BE AS FOOLI% AS ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES W]E 9 ,FRANCE A HUNDR$ YE>S AGO4  

 ,P4 ,K,R,O,P,O,T,K,94  

,F,O,O,T,N,O,T,E,S 
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 #a ,ONE MAY SEE 9 ! ,MONITEUR ?AT ! DISORD]S BEGAN ON ! #f? ( ,JULY1 AMID ! TW5TY ?\S& UNEMPLOY$ 5GAG$ 9 RELIEF-WORKS AT ,MONTM>TRE4 ,TWO DAYS LAT]1 ! POOR] CLASSES ( ! SUBURBS1 TOGE!R ) ! SAME UNEMPLOY$1 ATTEMPT$ TO BURN ! OCTROIS4 ,5C\NT]S ) ! TROOPS >E M5TION$ 9 ! ,MONITEUR UND] ! #a? ( ,JULY2 & ON ! #a#a? ( ,JULY ! PEOPLE ( ! SUBURBS BURN$ ! OCTROI ( ,*AUSSEE D',ANT94 ,NEXT DAY1 :5 ! DEP>TURE ( ,NECK] BECAME KN[N1 ! MIDDLE CLASSES TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! MOVEM5T1 ORGANIZ$ IT1 & DIRECT$ IT AGA9/ ROYALTY4  

 #b  ,! OBLIGATION ( GIV+ A C]TA9 AM\NT ( ! CROP TO ! L&LORD4  

 #c  ,TW5TY PEASANTS W]E HANG$ 9 ! ,DAUPH9E1 TWELVE AT ,D\AI1 EI<TY AT ,LYONS1 & SO ON 7,BU*EZ ET ,R\S1 II474 ,! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY FULLY APPROV$ ! SUMM>Y JU/ICE ( ! MUNICIPALITIES4 ,! V]SION REPRES5T+ ! REVOLT$ PEASANTS AS PAID ROBB]S ALREADY APPE>S 9 ! HI/ORY WRITT5 BY ! ',AMIS DE LA ,LIB]TE1' AS WELL AS 9 ! ,HI/OIRE ,P>LEM5TAIRE1 BY ,BU*EZ & ,IT\X4  

 #d ,= MORE DETAILS SEE ,BABEAU'S ,LE ,VILLAGE S\S L',ANCI5 ,REGIME1 & ,LA ,VILLE S\S L',ANCI5 ,REGIME4 ,! G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ALL 9HABITANTS WAS MA9TA9$ 9 SMALL] T[NS TILL #a#g#h#d4  

 #e ,I ONCE DREW A MAP ON :I* ,I M>K$ ! LOCALITIES ! NAMES ( :I* OCCUR 9 CONNECTION ) 9SURRECTIONS 9 G5]AL WORKS & WORKS ( LOCAL HI/ORY ( ,FRANCE DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT APPE>$ ?AT ONLY ! NOR?-EA/]N1 EA/]N1 & S\?- EA/]N P>TS ( ,FRANCE W]E M>K$ ON MY MAP1 & ?AT SPORADIC SPOTS ONLY OCCURR$ 9 WE/]N & C5TRAL ,FRANCE4 ,:5 ,I SAW1 LAT] ON1 ! MAP ON :I* ! ELECTORAL DI/RICTS :I* HAD REELECT$ '! ?REE HUNDR$ & SIXTY-?REE ' 7UND] ,MC,MAHON'S PRESID5CY7 W]E REPRES5T$ BY A SPECIAL COLOR1 ,I WAS /RUCK ) ! LIK5ESS ( BO? MAPS4 ,REVOLUTION>Y TRADITIONS >E TRANSMITT$1 LIKE ALL O!R K9DS ( TRADITION4  

7,S\RCE3 ,KROPOTK9 7#a#h#h#i74 0,! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ITS ,LESSON40 ,! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY4 ,V4#b#e1 PP4 #h#c#h-#e#a47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahhh 3 ,! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ITS ,LESSON -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#i1 #bag 3 ,! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ITS ,LESSON -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ITS ,LESSON -- ,UPDAT$4 

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