,*APT] #a 
,! ,TWO ,GREAT ,CURR5TS ( ! ,REVOLUTION 

#aiiaii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,CURTIS ,CRONN1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,MA9 CAUSES ( ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION -- ,PREVI\S RIS+S -- ,UNION ( MIDDLE CLASSES & PEOPLE NECESS>Y -- ,IMPORTANCE ( P>T PLAY$ BY PEOPLE 

  

,TWO GREAT CURR5TS PREP>$ & MADE ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,ONE 
 ( !M1 ! CURR5T ( IDEAS1 CONC]N+ ! POLITICAL 
 REORGANIZATION ( ,/ATES1 CAME FROM ! MIDDLE CLASSES2 ! 
 O!R1 ! CURR5T ( ACTION1 CAME FROM ! PEOPLE1 BO? 
 PEASANTS4 & WORK]S 9 T[NS1 :O WANT$ TO OBTA9 IMM$IATE 
 & DEF9ITE IMPROVEM5TS 9 !IR ECONOMIC CONDITION4 ,& :5 
 !SE TWO CURR5TS MET & JO9$ 9 ! 5DEAVOR TO REALIZE AN 
 AIM4 WLLI* = SOME TIME WAS COMMON TO BO?1 :5 !Y HAD 
 HELP$ EA* O!R = A C]TA9 TIME1 ! RESULT WAS ! 
 ,REVOLUTION4 

,! EI<TE5?-C5TURY PHILOSOPH]S HAD LONG BE5 SAPP+ ! 
 F\NDATIONS ( ! LAW-&-ORD] SOCIETIES ( ?AT P]IOD1 
 :]E9 POLITICAL P[]1 AS WELL AS AN IMM5SE %>E ( ! 
 WEAL? BELONG$ TO ! >I/OCRACY & ! CL]GY1 :IL/ ! 
 MASS ( ! PEOPLE W]E NO?+ BUT BEA/S ( BURD5 TO ! 
 RUL+ CLASSES4 ,BY PROCLAIM+ ! SOV]EIGNTY ( REASON2 BY 
 PREA*+ TRU/ 9 HUMAN NATURE--CORRUPT$1 !Y DECL>$1 BY 
 ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT HAD R$UC$ MAN TO S]VITUDE1 BUT1 
 NEV]!LESS1 C]TA9 TO REGA9 ALL ITS QUALITIES :5 IT HAD 
 RECONQUR$ LIB]TY--!Y HAD OP5$ UP NEW VI/AS TO MANK9D4 
 ,BY PROCLAIM+ EQUALITY AMONG M51 )\T DI/9CTION ( BIR?2 
 BY DEM&+ FROM EV]Y CITIZ51 :E!R K+ OR PEASANT1 
 OB$I5CE TO ! LAW1 SUPPOS$ TO EXPRESS ! WILL ( ! NATION 
 :5 IT HAS BE5 MADE BY ! REPRES5TATIVES( 
 ! PEOPLE2 F9ALLY1 BY DEM&+ FRE$OM ( CONTRACT BETWE5 
 FREE M51 & ! ABOLITION ( FEUDAL TAXES & S]VICES--BY 
 PUTT+ =W>D ALL !SE CLAIMS1 L9K$ TOGE!R ) ! SY/EM 
 & ME?OD *>ACT]I/IC ( ,FR5* ?\<T1 ! PHILOSOPH]S HAD 
 UND\BT$LY PREP>$1 AT LEA/ 9 M5'S M9DS1 ! D[NFALL ( 
 ! OLD REGIME4 

,?IS ALONE1 H[EV]1 W\LD NOT HAVE SUFFIC$ TO CAUSE ! \TBREAK ( 
 ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,!RE WAS /ILL ! /AGE ( PASS+ FROM !ORY 
 TO ACTION1 FROM ! CONCEPTION ( AN IDEAL TO PUTT+ IT 9TO 
 PRACTICE4 ,& ! MO/ IMPORTANT PO9T 9 ! /UDY ( ! 
 HI/ORY ( ?AT P]IOD IS TO BR+ 9TO RELIEF ! CIRCUM/ANCES 
 ?AT MADE IT POSSIBLE = ! ,FR5* NATION AT A GIV5 MOM5T TO 
 5T] ON ! REALIZATION ( ! IDEAL--TO ATTEMPT ?IS 
 PASSAGE FROM !ORY TO ACTION4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 LONG BE=E #a#g#h#i1 ,FRANCE HAD ALREADY 5T]$ UPON AN 
 9SURRECTION>Y P]IOD4 ,! ACCESSION ( ,L\IS ,X,V,I TO ! ?RONE 
 9 #aggd WAS ! SIGNAL = A :OLE S]IES ( HUNG] RIOTS4 ,!SE 
 LA/$ UP TO #a#g#h#c2 & !N CAME A P]IOD ( COMP>ATIVE QUIET4 
 ,BUT AFT] #a#g#h#f1 & /ILL MORE AFT] #a#g#h#h1 ! PEASANT 
 9SURRECTIONS BROKE \T AGA9 ) R5EW$ VIGOR4 ,FAM9E HAD 
 BE5 ! *IEF S\RCE ( ! E>LI] DI/URBANCES1 & ! LACK 
 ( BREAD ALWAYS REMA9$ ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL CAUSES ( ! 
 RIS+S4 ,BUT IT WAS *IEFLY DIS9CL9ATION ON ! P>T ( ! 
 PEASANTS TO PAY ! FEUDAL TAXES :I* N[ SPURR$ !M TO 
 REVOLT4 ,! \TBREAKS W5T ON 9CREAS+ 9 NUMB] UP TO #a#g#h#i1 
 & 9 ?AT YE> !Y BECAME G5]AL 9 ! EA/1 NOR?-EA/ & 
 S\?-EA/ ( ,FRANCE4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! DISAGGREGATION ( ! BODY 
 SOCIAL CAME AB\T4 ,A JACQU]IE IS NOT1 H[EV]1 A 
 REVOLUTION1 EV5 :5 IT TAKES SU* T]RIBLE =MS AS DID ! 
 RIS+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS 9 #aggc UND] ! BANN] ( 
 ,P\GAT*(F4 ,A REVOLUTION IS 9F9ITELY MORE ?AN A S]IES ( 
 9SURRECTIONS 9 T[N & C\NTRY4 ,IT IS MORE ?AN A SIMPLE 
 /RUGGLE BETWE5 P>TIES1 H[EV] SANGU9>Y2 MORE ?AN M]E 
 /REET-FI<T+1 & MU* MORE ?AN A M]E *ANGE ( GOV]NM5T1 
 SU* AS WAS MADE 9 ,FRANCE 9 #ahc & #a#h#d#h4 ,A REVOLUTION IS A 
 SWIFT OV]?R[1 9 A FEW YE>S1 ( 9/ITUTIONS :I* HAVE 
 TAK5C5TURIES TO ROOT 9 ! SOIL1 & SEEM SO 
 FIX$ & IMMOVABLE ?AT EV5 ! MO/ >D5T RE=M]S H>DLY 
 D>E TO ATTACK !M 9 !IR WRIT+S4 ,IT IS ! FALL1 ! 
 CRUMBL+ AWAY 9 A BRIEF P]IOD1 ( ALL ?AT UP TO ?AT TIME 
 COMPOS$ ! ESS5CE ( SOCIAL1 RELIGI\S1 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 
 LIFE 9 A NATION4 ,IT MEANS ! SUBV]SION ( ACQUIR$ IDEAS & 
 ( ACCEPT$ NOTIONS CONC]N+ EA* ( ! COMPLEX 9/ITUTIONS 
 & RELATIONS ( ! HUMAN H]D4 

,9 %ORT1 IT IS ! BIR? ( COMPLETELY NEW IDEAS CONC]N+ ! 
 MANIFOLD L9KS 9 CITIZ5%IP--CONCEPTIONS :I* SOON BECOME 
 REALITIES1 & !N BEG9 TO SPREAD AMONG ! NEI<BOR+ 
 NATIONS1 CONVULS+ ! WORLD & GIV+ TO ! SUCCE$+ AGE 
 ITS WAT*WORD1 ITS PROBLEMS1 ITS SCI5CE1 ITS L9ES ( ECONOMIC1 
 POLITICAL & MORAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,TO >RIVE AT A RESULT ( ?IS IMPORTANCE1 & = A MOVEM5T TO ASSUME 
 ! PROPORTIONS ( A REVOLUTION1 AS HAPP5$ 9 ,5GL& BETWE5 
 #afdh & #a#f#h#h1 & 9 ,FRANCE BETWE5 #a<i & #a#g#i#c1 IT IS NOT 
 5\< ?AT A MOVEM5T ( IDEAS1 NO MATT] H[ PR(\ND IT MAY 
 BE1 %\LD MANIFE/ ITSELF AMONG ! $UCAT$ CLASSES2 IT IS NOT 
 5\< ?AT DI/URBANCES1 H[EV] MANY OR GREAT1 %\LD TAKE 
 PLACE 9 ! V]Y HE>T ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y ACTION 
 COM+ FROM ! PEOPLE MU/ CO9CIDE ) A MOVEM5T ( 
 REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T COM+ FROM ! $UCAT$ CLASSES4 ,!RE 
 MU/ BE A UNION ( ! TWO4 

,?AT IS :Y ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 LIKE ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION ( ! 
 PREC$+ C5TURY1 HAPP5$ AT ! MOM5T :5 ! MIDDLE 
 CLASSES1 HAV+ DRUNK DEEP AT ! S\RCES ( CURR5T PHILOSOPHY1 
 BECAME CONSCI\S ( !IR RI<TS1 & CONCEIV$ A NEW S*EME ( 
 POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,/RONG 9 !IR KN[L$GE & EAG] = 
 ! TASK1 !Y FELT !MSELVES QUITE CAPABLE ( SEIZ+ ! 
 GOV]NM5T BY SNAT*+ IT FROM A PALACE >I/OCRACY :I*1 BY 
 ITS 9CAPACITY1 FRIVOLITY & DEBAU*]Y1 WAS BR++ ! 
 K+DOM TO UTT] RU94 ,BUT ! MIDDLE & $UCAT$ CLASSES C\LD 
 NOT HAVE DONE ANY?+ ALONE1 IF1 CONSEQU5T ON A COMPLETE *A9 
 ( CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! MASS ( ! PEASANTS HAD NOT ALSO BE5 
 /IRR$1 &1 BY A S]IES ( CON/ANT 9SURRECTIONS LA/+ = 
 F\R YE>S1 GIV5 TO! DISSATISFI$ AMONG ! 
 MIDDLE CLASSES ! POSSIBILITY ( COMBAT+ BO? ,K+ & ,C\RT1 
 ( UPSETT+ OLD 9/ITUTIONS & *ANG+ ! POLITICAL 
 CON/ITUTION ( ! K+DOM4 

,! HI/ORY ( ?IS D\BLE MOVEM5T REMA9S /ILL TO BE WRITT54 ,! 
 HI/ORY ( ! GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION HAS BE5 TOLD & RE-TOLD 
 MANY TIMES1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( AS MANY DIFF]5T P>TIES2 
 BUT UP TO ! PRES5T ! HI/ORIANS HAVE CONF9$ !MSELVES TO 
 ! POLITICAL HI/ORY1 ! HI/ORY ( ! TRIUMPH ( ! MIDDLE 
 CLASSES OV] ! ,C\RT P>TY & ! DEF5D]S ( ! 
 9/ITUTIONS ( ! OLD MON>*Y4 

,?US WE KN[ V]Y WELL ! PR9CIPLES :I* DOM9AT$ ! ,REVOLUTION 
 & W]E TRANSLAT$ 9TO ITS LEGISLATIVE WORK4 ,WE HAVE BE5 
 5RAPTUR$ BY ! GREAT ?\<TS IT FLUNG TO ! WORLD1 ?\<TS 
 :I* CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES TRI$ TO PUT 9TO PRACTICE DUR+ ! 
 N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,! ,P>LIAM5T>Y HI/ORY ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 
 ITS W>S1 ITS POLICY & ITS DIPLOMACY1 HAS BE5 /UDI$ & SET 
 =? 9 ALL ITS DETAILS4 ,BUT ! POPUL> HI/ORY ( ! 
 ,REVOLUTION REMA9S /ILL TO BE TOLD4 ,! P>T PLAY$ BY ! 
 PEOPLE ( ! C\NTRY PLACES & T[NS 9 ! ,REVOLUTION 
 HAS NEV] BE5 /UDI$ & N>RAT$ 9 ITS 5TIRETY4 ,( ! TWO 
 CURR5TS :I* MADE ! ,REVOLUTION1 ! CURR5T ( ?\<T 
 IS KN[N2 BUT ! O!R1 ! CURR5T ( POPUL> ACTION1 
 HAS NOT EV5 BE5 SKET*$4 

,IT IS = US1 ! DESC5DANTS ( ?OSE CALL$ BY !IR CONTEMPOR>IES 
 ! 0AN>*I/S10 TO /UDY ! POPUL> CURR5T1 & TO TRY TO 
 RECON/RUCT AT LEA/ ITS MA9 FEATURES4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aih 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

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