,*APT] #ai 
,! ,DECL>ATION ( ! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN 

#aiiaii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,JEANNE ,M5J\LET1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,MEAN+ & SIGNIFICANCE ( ,DECL>ATION -- ,MODEL$ ON ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE -- ,ITS DEFECTS -- ,ITS 9FLU5CE -- 0,PREAMBLE TO ! ,CON/ITUTION0 -- ,DEFIANCE ( FEUDALISM 

,A FEW DAYS AFT] ! TAK+ ( ! ,BA/ILLE ! ,CON/ITUTION ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY MET TO DISCUSS ! 0,DECL>ATION ( ! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN & ( ! ,CITIZ540 ,! IDEA ( ISSU+ SU* A DECL>ATION1 SUGGE/$ BY ! FAM\S ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 WAS P]FECTLY RI<T4 ,S9CE A REVOLUTION WAS 9 C\RSE ( ACCOMPLI%M5T1 A COMPLETE *ANGE 9 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! V>I\S RANKS ( SOCIETY W\LD RESULT FROM IT1 IT WAS WELL TO /ATE ITS G5]AL PR9CIPLES BE=E ?IS *ANGE WAS EXPRESS$ 9 ! =M ( A ,CON/ITUTION4 ,BY ?IS MEANS ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE W\LD BE %[N H[ ! REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITIES CONCEIV$ ! REVOLUTION1 & = :AT NEW PR9CIPLES !Y W]E CALL+ ! PEOPLE TO /RUGGLE4 

,IT W\LD NOT BE F9E PHRASES M]ELY2 IT W\LD BE A BRIEF SUMM>Y ( ! FUTURE ?AT IT WAS PROPOS$ TO CONQU]2 & UND] ! SOLEMN =M ( A DECL>ATION ( RI<TS1 MADE BY AN PEOPLE1 ?IS SUMM>Y W\LD BE 9VE/$ ) ! SIGNIFICANCE ( A NATIONAL OA?4 ,PROCLAIM$ 9 A FEW WORDS1 ! PR9CIPLES ?AT !Y W]E GO+ TO PUT 9TO PRACTICE W\LD K9DLE ! PEOPLE'S C\RAGE4 ,IT IS ALWAYS IDEAS ?AT GOV]N ! WORLD1 & GREAT IDEAS PRES5T$ 9 A VIRILE =M HAVE WAYS TAK5 HOLD ( ! M9DS ( M54 ,9 FACT ! Y\NG ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN REPUBLICANS1 AT ! TIME :5 !Y W]E 9T5D+ TO CONQU] !IR 9DEP5D5CE1 HAD ISSU$ JU/ SU* DECL>ATIONS1 & EV] S9CE1 ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAD BECOME ! *>T]1 ONE MI<T ALMO/ SAY ! ,DECALOGUE1 ( ! Y\NG ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN NATION#a4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 AS SOON AS ! ,ASSEMBLY NOM9AT$ 7ON ,JULY #i7 A COMMITTEE = ! PREP>ATORY WORK ( ! ,CON/ITUTION1 IT WAS F\ND NECESS>Y TO DRAW UP A ,DECL>ATION ( ! ,RI<TS1 ( ,MAN1 & ! WORK WAS BEGUN AFT] ,JULY #a#d4 ,! COMMITTEE TOOK = !IR MODEL ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :I* HAD ALREADY BECOME FAM\S1 S9CE #a#g#g#f1 AS A /ATEM5T ( DEMOCRATIC BELIEF#b4 ,UN=TUNATELY ! DEFECTS 9 IT W]E ALSO COPI$2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 LIKE ! ,AM]ICAN ,CON/ITUTIONALI/S ASSEMBL$ 9 ! ,CONGRESS ( ,PHILADELPHIA1 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY KEPT \T ( ITS DECL>ATION ALL ALLUSIONS TO ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWE5 CITIZ5S2 IT CONF9$ ITSELF TO AFFIRM+ ! EQUALITY ( ALL BE=E ! LAW1 ! RI<T ( ! NATION TO GIVE ITSELF :ATEV] GOV]NM5T IT WI%$1 & ! CON/ITUTIONAL LIB]TIES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,AS TO PROP]TY1 ! ,FR5* ,DECL>ATION TOOK C>E TO AFFIRM ITS 09VIOLABLE & SACR$0 *>ACT] & IT ADD$ ?AT 0NOBODY C\LD BE DEPRIV$ HIS PROP]TY IF IT W]E NOT ?AT PUBLIC NECESSITY1 LEGALLY E/ABLI%$1 CLE>LY EXACT$ IT1 & UND] ! CONDITION ( A JU/ & PREVI\S 9DEMNITY40 ,?IS WAS TO REPUDIATE ! RI<T ( ! PEASANTS TO ! L& & TO ! ABOLITION ( ! EXACTIONS ( FEUDAL ORIG94 

,! MIDDLE CLASSES PUT =? 9 ?IS WAY !IR LIB]AL PROGRAM ( EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW 9 JUDICIAL MATT]S & ( GOV]NM5T CONTROLL$ BY ! NATION & EXI/+ ONLY BY ITS WILL4 ,&1 AS 9 ALL M9IMUM PROGRAMS1 ?IS SIGNIFI$ IMPLICITLY ?AT ! NATION MU/ NOT GO FUR!R2 IT MU/ NOT T\* UPON ! RI<TS ( PROP]TY E/ABLI%$ BY FEUDALISM & DESPOTIC ROYALTY4 

,IT IS PROBABLE ?AT DUR+ ! DISCUSSIONS RAIS$ BY ! DRAW+-UP ( ! ,DECL>ATION ( ! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN1 SOME IDEAS ( A SOCIAL & EQUALIZ+ *>ACT] W]E BR\<T =W>D4 ,BUT !Y MU/ HAVE BE5 SET ASIDE4 ,9 ANY CASE WE F9D NO TRACE ( !M 9 ! ,DECL>ATION ( #a#g#h#i4#c ,SIEYES' PROPOSAL ?AT 0IF M5 >E NOT EQUAL 9 MEANS1 ?AT IS 9 RI*ES1 9TELLECT1 & /R5G?1 @&C41 IT DOES NOT FOLL[ ?AT !Y MAY NOT BE EQUAL 9 RI<TS40#d--EV5 ?IS IDEA1 SO MODE/ 9 ITS CLAIM1 IS NOT TO BE F\ND 9 ! ,DECL>ATION ( ! ,ASSEMBLY4 ,9/EAD ( ! =EGO+ WORDS ( ,SIEYES1 ! FIR/ >TICLE ( ! ,DECL>ATION WAS CONCEIV$ 9 !SE T]MS3 0,M5 >E BORN & LIVE FREE & EQUAL UND] ! LAWS4 ,SOCIAL DI/9CTIONS MAY BE E/ABLI%$ ONLY ON GR\NDS ( COMMON UTILITY02 :I* ALL[S ?AT SOCIAL DI/9CTIONS MI<T BE E/ABLI%$ BY LAW 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! COMMUNITY1 &1 BY MEANS ( ?AT FICTION1 OP5S ! DOOR TO ALL 9EQUALITIES4 

,ALTOGE!R1 :5 READ+ TODAY ! 0,DECL>ATION ( ! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN & ( ! ,CITIZ510 WE >E TEMPT$ TO ASK IF ?IS DECL>ATION HAD REALLY ! 9FLU5CE OV] ! M9DS ( ! P]IOD :I* HI/ORIANS ATTRIBUTE TO IT4 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT ,>TICLE #a1 :I* AFFIRMS ! EQUALITY ( RI<TS = ALL M52 ,>TICLE #f1 :I* SAYS ?AT ! LAW %\LD BE 0! SAME = ALL10 & ?AT 0ALL ! CITIZ5S HAVE A RI<T TO COOP]ATE1 EI!R P]SONALLY OR ?R\< !IR REPRES5TATIVES1 9 ITS =MATION02 ,>TICLE #a1 BY VIRTUE ( :I* 0NO ONE %\LD BE MOLE/$ = HIS OP9IONS1 PROVID$ ?AT !IR MANIFE/ATION DOES NOT DI/URB ! PUBLIC ORD] E/ABLI%$ BY LAW02 & F9ALLY1 ,>TICLE #b :I* DECL>ES ?AT ! PUBLIC =CE WAS 09/ITUT$ = ! ADVANTAGE ( ALL--NOT = ! SPECIAL USE ( ?OSE TO :OM IT IS 5TRU/$ 0--!SE AFFIRMATIONS1 MADE 9 ! MID/ ( SOCIETY :]E9 FEUDAL SUBJECTION /ILL EXI/$1 & :ILE ! ,ROYAL FAMILY /ILL CONSID]$ ITSELF ! [N] ( ,FRANCE1 WORK$ A COMPLETE REVOLUTION 9 ! M9DS ( M54 

,BUT IT IS ALSO C]TA9 ?AT ! ,DECL>ATION ( #a<i W\LD HAVE NEV] HAD ! 9FLU5CE IT EX]CIS$ LAT] ON 9 ! C\RSE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY IF ! ,REVOLUTION HAD /OPP$ %ORT A ! LIMITS ( ?IS PR(ESSION ( MIDDLE-CLASS LIB]ALISM4 ,LUCKILY ! ,REVOLUTION W5T MU* FUR!R4 ,& :51 TWO YE>S LAT]1 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#g#i#a1 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY DREW UP ! ,CON/ITUTION1 IT ADD$ TO ! ,DECL>ATION ( ! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN A 0,PREAMBLE TO ! ,CON/ITUTION10 :I* CONTA9$ ALREADY !SE WORDS3 0,! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY444 ABOLI%ES IRREVOCABLY ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT >E HURTFUL TO LIB]TY & ! EQUALITY ( RI<TS40 ,& FUR!R1 0,!RE NO LONG] EXI/S EI!R NOBILITY1 OR PE]AGE1 OR H]$IT>Y DI/9CTIONS1 OR DI/9CTIONS ( ORD]S1 OR FEUDAL SY/EM1 OR PATRIMONIAL C\RTS ( JU/ICE1 NOR >E !RE ANY TITLES1 D5OM9ATIONS & PR]OGATIVES :I* W]E D]IV$ FROM !M1 NOR ANY ORD] ( *IVALRY1 NOR ANY SU* CORPORATIONS :I* REQUIR$ PRO(S ( NOBILITY = 5T]+ !M1 OR DECORATIONS :I* SUPPOS$ DI/9CTIONS ( BIR?1 NOR ANY O!R SUP]IORITY EXCEPT ?AT ( ! PUBLIC FUNCTION>IES 9 ! EX]CISE ( !IR FUNCTIONS4 ,!RE >E NO LONG] ANY GUILDS1 NOR CORPORATIONS ( PR(ESSIONS1 >TS & CRAFTS .<! MIDDLE-CLASS IDEAL ( ! ,/ATE ,OMNIPOT5T APPE>S 9 !SE TWO P>AGRAPHS.>4 ,! LAW DOES NOT RECOGNIZE ANY LONG] EI!R RELIGI\S V[S OR ANY O!R PL$GE :I* BE CONTR>Y TO NATURAL LAWS & TO ! ,CON/ITUTION40 

,:5 WE ?9K ?AT ?IS DEFIANCE WAS FLUNG TO A /ILL PLUNG$ 9 ! GLOOM ( ALL-P[]FUL ROYALTY & SUBJECTION1 WE UND]/& :Y ! ,FR5* ,DECL>ATION ( ! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN1 (T5 CONF\ND$ ) ! ,PREAMBLE ( ! ,CON/ITUTION :I* FOLL[$ IT1 9SPIR$ ! PEOPLE DUR+ ! W>S ( ! ,REPUBLIC & BECAME LAT] ON ! WAT*WORD ( PROGRESS = EV]Y NATION 9 ,EUROPE DUR+ ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,BUT IT MU/ NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT IT WAS NOT ! ,ASSEMBLY1 NOR EV5 ! MIDDLE CLASSES ( #a<i :O EXPRESS$ !IR DESIRES 9 ?IS1 ,PREAMBLE4 ,IT WAS ! POPUL> REVOLUTION :I* WAS =C+ !M BIT BY BIT TO RECOGNIZE ! RI<TS ( ! PEOPLE & TO BREAK ) FEUDALISM--AT ! CO/ ( :AT SACRIFICES WE %ALL SEE PRES5TLY4 

#a3 0,:5 9 ! C\RSE ( HUMAN EV5TS10 SAID ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 0IT BECOMES NECESS>Y = ONE PEOPLE TO DISSOLVE ! POLITICAL B&S :I* HAVE CONNECT$ !M ) ANO!R1 & TO ASSUME AMONG ! ,P[]S ( ! ,E>? ! SEP>ATE & EQUAL /ATION TO :I* ! ,LAWS ( ,NATURE & ( ,NATURE'S ,GOD 5TITLE !M1 A DEC5T RESPECT TO ! OP9IONS ( MANK9D REQUIRES ?AT !Y %\LD DECL>E ! CAUSES :I* IMPEL !M TO ! SEP>ATION4 

0,WE HOLD !SE ,TRU?S TO BE SELF-EVID5T1 ?AT ALL M5 >E CREAT$ EQUAL1 ?AT !Y >E 5D[$ BY !IR ,CREATOR ) C]TA9 UNALI5ABLE ,RI<TS1 ?AT AMONG !SE >E ,LIFE1 ,LIB]TY & ! ,PURSUIT ( ,HAPP9ESS--?AT TO SECURE !SE RI<TS1 ,GOV]NM5TS >E 9/ITUT$ AMONG M51 D]IV+ !IR JU/ P[]S FROM ! CONS5T ( ! GOV]N$1 ?AT :5EV] ANY =M ( GOV]NM5T BECOMES DE/RUCTIVE ( !SE 5DS IT IS ! RI<T ( ! PEOPLE TO ALT] OR TO ABOLI% IT1 & TO 9/ITUTE NEW GOV]NM5T1 LAY+ ITS F\NDATION ON SU* PR9CIPLES1 & ORGANIZ+ ITS P[]S 9 SU* =M1 AS TO !M %ALL SEEM MO/ LIKELY TO EFFECT !IR SAFETY & HAPP9ESS0 7,DECL>ATION MADE 9 ,PHILADELPHIA1 ,JULY #d1 #a#g#g#f74 ,?IS DECL>ATION C]TA9LY DOES NOT CORRESPOND TO ! COMMUNI/ ASPIRATIONS PROCLAIM$ BY NUM]\S GR\PS ( CITIZ5S4 ,BUT IT EXPRESSES & 9DICATES EXACTLY !IR IDEAS CONC]N+ ! POLITICAL =M :I* !Y WI%$ TO OBTA91 & IT 9SPIR$ ! ,AM]ICAS ) A PR\D ,SPIRIT ( 9DEP5D5CE4 

#b3 ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME HAS RECALL$ ?IS FACT 9 HIS WORK1 ,LA DECL>ATION DES DROITS DE ,I'HOMME ET DU CITOY51 ,P>IS1 #a#i1 P4 #i4 ,! ,REPORT] ( ! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,COMMITTEE HAD 9DE$ M5TION$ ?IS FACT4 ,TO BE ASSUR$ ( ?IS ONE HAS ONLY TO COMP>E ! TEXTS ( ! ,FR5* DRAFTS ) ?OSE ( ! ,AM]ICAN DECL>ATION GIV5 9 ,J4 ,GUILLAUME'S BOOK4 

#c3 ,9 ,AM]ICA ! PEOPLE ( C]TA9 ,/ATES DEM&$ ! PROCLAMATION ( ! COMMON RI<T ( ! :OLE NATION TO ! :OLE ( ! L&2 BUT ?IS IDEA1 DETE/ABLE FROM ! MIDDLE-CLASS PO9T ( VIEW1 WAS EXCLUD$ FROM ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE4 

#d3 ,>TICLE #af ( ,SIEYES PROPOSAL 7,LA DECL>ATION DES DROITS DE ,I'HOMME ET DU CITOY51 BY ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME1 P4 #c74 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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