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,! ,V5DEE--,LYONS--,! ,RIS+S 9 ,S\!RN ,FRANCE 

#aiiaii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY JOY G>NETT1,C,C ,B,Y-,S,A ,LIC5SE ,ROYALI/ CONSPIRACIES 9 ,S\? -- ,RIS+S AGA9/ ,CONV5TION -- ,T\LON SURR5D]S TO ,5GLI% & ,SPANI% FLEET -- ,CAUSES ( RIS+ 9 ,LA ,V5DEE -- ,DISAFFECTION ( PEASANTS -- ,ILL-FEEL+ ( VILLAGES AGA9/ T[NS -- ,GIROND9S HELP 9SURRECTION -- ,PLAN ( ,V5DEANS -- ,!Y TAKE ,SAUMUR & ,ANG]S1 BUT >E =C$ TO RETIRE AT ,NANTES -- ,V5DEANS EXT]M9AT$ -- ,RIS+S 9 ,PROV5CE & AT ,LYONS -- ,*ALI] -- ,M>SEILLES & O!R S\!RN T[NS JO9 MOVEM5T -- ,ROYALI/S DEFEAT$ -- ,SIEGE & CAPTURE ( ,LYONS -- ,ACTION ( REPUBLICANS 9 ,LYONS -- ,BORDEAUX SURR5D]S TO ,CONV5TION 

,IF ! ROYALI/ RIS+ FAIL$ 9 ,NORM&Y & ,BRITTANY1 ! RECTION>IES MET ) MORE SUCCESS 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,POIT\1 9 ! DEP>TM5TS ( ,DEUA-,SEVRES1 ,VI5NE1 & ,V5DEE1 AT ,BORDEAUX1 ,LIMOGES1 & P>TLY 9 ,EA/]N ,FRANCE1 :]E RIS+S AGA9/ ! ,CONV5TION BEGAN AT ,BESANCON1 ,DIJON & ,MACON4 ,9 !SE P>TS ( ,FRANCE ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 AS WE HAVE SE51 HAD ACT$ ) F]OCITY AGA9/ ! REVOLT$ PEASANTS 9 #a#g#h#i4 

,9 ! ,S\?1 :]E ROYALI/ CONSPIRACIES HAD BE5 GO+ ON = A LONG TIME1 REVOLTS BROKE \T 9 SEV]AL PLACES4 ,M>SEILLES FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTIONI/S--,GIROND9S & ROYALI/S--:O ELECT$ A PROVISORY GOV]NM5T1 & 9T5D$ TO M>* AGA9/ ,P>IS4 ,T\L\SE1 ,NIMES & ,GR5OBLE ROSE ALSO AGA9/ ! ,CONV5TION4 

,T\LON SURR5D]$ TO AN ,5GLI% & ,SPANI% FLEET1 :I* TOOK POSSESSION ( ?IS =TRESS 9 ! NAME ( ,L\IS ,X,V,I,I4 ,BORDEAUX1 A TRAD+ T[N ( GREAT IMPORTANCE1 SEEM$ ALSO TO BE READY TO RISE AT ! CALL ( ! ,GIROND9S2 & ,LYONS1 :]E ! 9DU/RIAL & M]*ANT B\RGEOISIE WAS SUPREME  S9CE ,MAY #b#i1 REVOLT$ OP5LY AGA9/ ! ,CONV5TION1 & )/OOD A LONG SIEGE2 :IL/ ! ,PI$MONTESE1 PR(IT+ BY ! DISORD] 9 ! >MY1 :I* HAD ,LYONS AS ITS BASE ( OP]ATIONS1 CROSS$ ! FRONTI] ( ,FRANCE4 

,UP TO ! PRES5T DAY1 ! TRUE CAUSES ( ! RIS+ 9 ,LA ,V5DEE HAVE NOT BE5 MADE QUITE CLE>4 ,( C\RSE ! DEVOTION ( ! PEASANTS TO !IR CL]GY1 CLEV]LY MADE USE ( BY ,ROME1 DID MU* TO FO/] !IR HATR$ AGA9/ ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,C]TA9LY !RE WAS ALSO 9 ! VILLAGES ( ,LA ,V5DEE A VAGUE ATTA*M5T TO ! ,K+1 & IT WAS EASY = ! ROYALI/S TO R\SE ! PITY ( ! PEASANTS = 0! POOR ,K+ :O HAD DESIR$ ONLY ! GOOD ( ! PEOPLE1 & HAD BE5 EXECUT$ BY ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS02 MANY TE>S ALSO W]E !N %$ BY ! WOM5 OV] ! FATE ( ! POOR *ILD1 ! ,DAUPH91 %UT UP 9 A PRISON4 ,! EMISS>IES :O CAME FROM ,ROME1 ,COBL5TZ & ,5GL&1 BR++ ) !M PAPAL BULLS1 ROYAL DECREES & GOLD1 HAD A CLE> FIELD UND] SU* CONDITIONS1 ABOVE ALL :5 !Y W]E PROTECT$ BY ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 ! EX-SLAVE-TRAD]S ( ,NANTES1 & ! M]*ANTS ON :OM ,5GL& %[]$ PROMISES ( AID AGA9/ ! SANS-CULOTTES4 

,& F9ALLY1 !RE WAS ?IS REASON1 9 ITSELF SUFFICI5T TO BR+ :OLE PROV9CES TO >MS--! LEVY ( ?REE HUNDR$ ?\S& M5 ORD]$ BY ! ,CONV5TION4 ,?IS LEVY WAS REG>D$ 9 ,LA ,V5DEE AS A VIOLATION ( ! MO/ SACR$ RI<T ( EV]Y HUMAN BE+--?AT ( REMA9+ 9 HIS NATIVE L&4 

,IT IS NEV]!LESS P]MISSIBLE TO BELIEVE ?AT !RE W]E YET O!R CAUSES TO R\SE ! PEASANTS ( ,LA ,V5DEE AGA9/ ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,CONT9UALLY1 :IL/ /UDY+ V>I\S DOCUM5TS ( ! P]IOD1 ONE COMES ACROSS SU* CAUSES AS MU/ C]TA9LY HAVE PRODUC$ A FEEL+ ( RES5TM5T AMONG ! PEASANTS AGA9/ ! ,CON/ITU5T & ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLIES4 ,! FACT ALONE ?AT ! =M] HAD ABOLI%$ ) A /ROKE ( ! P5 ! FOLK-MOTES ( ! VILLAGES1 :I* HAD EXI/$ = C5TURIES UNTIL ,DECEMB] #a#g#h#i1 AS ALSO ! FACT ?AT ! PEASANTS W]E DIVID$ 9TO TWO CLASSES--ACTIVE & PASSIVE--& ?AT1 ! ADM9I/RATION ( COMMUNAL AFFAIRS WAS GIV5 TO ?OSE ELECT$ BY ! RI* ONLY--!SE FACTS ALONE W]E SUFFICI5T TO  AWAKE DISCONT5T 9 ! VILLAGES AGA9/ ! ,REVOLUTION1 & AGA9/ ! T[NS 9 G5]AL & !IR MIDDLE CLASSES4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ON ,AUGU/ #d ! ,REVOLUTION HAD PROCLAIM$ 9 PR9CIPLE ! ABOLITION ( FEUDAL RI<TS & MORTMA91 BUT ! LATT]1 IT APPE>S1 NO LONG] EXI/$ 9 ! ,WE/1 & FEUDAL RI<TS W]E ONLY ABOLI%$ ON PAP]2 & AS ! RIS+S ( ! VILLAGES W]E NOT WIDESPREAD 9 ! WE/]N PROV9CES1 ! PEASANTS ( !SE PROV9CES SAW ?AT !Y W\LD HAVE TO CONT9UE PAY+ FEUDAL DUES AS BE=E4 

,ON ! O!R H&--& ?IS WAS ( GREAT IMPORTANCE TO ! VILLAGES--! SALE ( ! ,/ATE L&S1 ( :I* ! GREAT] P>T1 ALL ! ,*UR* L&S1 %\LD HAVE REV]T$ TO ! POOR1 W]E N[ BE+ B\<T BY WEAL?Y PEOPLE 9 ! T[NS1 & ?IS T5D$ TO /R5G!N ! G5]AL ILL-FEEL+ ( ! VILLAGES AGA9/ ! T[NS4 ,TO ?IS MU/ ALSO BE ADD$ ! PILF]+ ( ! COMMUNAL L&S = ! B5EFIT ( ! MIDDLE CLASS1 :I* WAS 9CREAS$ BY ! DECREES ( ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY4#a 

,IT ?US HAPP5$ ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION1 :ILE IMPOS+ NEW BURD5S ON ! PEASANTS--FRE% TAXES1 RECRUIT+1 & REQUISITIONS--HAD GIV5 NO?+ TO ! VILLAGES UP TO ,AUGU/ #a#g#i#c1 EXCEPT :5 ! PEASANTS !MSELVES HAD TAK5 ! L&S ( ! NOBLES OR ! E/ATES ( ! CL]GY4 ,9 CONSEQU5CE1 A DEEPLY SEAT$ HATR$ WAS GR[+ 9 ! VILLAGES AGA9/ ! T[NS1 & WE SEE 9DE$ ?AT ! RIS+ 9 ,LA ,V5DEE WAS A W> DECL>$ BY ! VILLAGES AGA9/ ! T[NS1 ESPECIALLY AGA9/ ! MIDDLE CLASSES ( ! T[NS4#b 

,) ! HELP ( ,ROME1 ! 9SURRECTION BROKE \T1 WILD & BLOODY1 UND] ! GUIDANCE ( ! CL]GY4 ,& ! ,CONV5TION C\LD ONLY S5D \T AGA9/ IT SOME 9SIGNIFICANT TROOPS1 COMM&$ BY G5]ALS EI!R 9CAPABLE OR ELSE 9T]E/$ 9 MAK+ ! W> DRAG ON2 :ILE ! ,GIRONDI/ DEPUTIES DID !IR BE/ TO HELP ! 9SURRECTION BY ! LETT]S !Y ADDRESS$  TO ,NANTES & ! O!R T[NS4 ,ALL !SE =CES1 ACT+ 9 ! SAME DIRECTION1 MADE IT POSSIBLE = ! RIS+ TO SPREAD & F9ALLY TO BECOME SO M5AC+ ?AT ! 0,M\NTA910 9 ORD] TO CRU% IT1 HAD REC\RSE TO ! MO/ ABOM9ABLE MEASURES4 

,! PLAN ( ! ,V5DEANS WAS TO TAKE ALL ! T[NS1 TO EXT]M9ATE ! REPUBLICAN 0PATRIOTS10 TO C>RY ! 9SURRECTION 9TO ! NEI<BOR+ PROV9CES1 & !N TO M>* AGA9/ ,P>IS4 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,JUNE #a#g#i#c1 ! ,V5DEAN LEAD]S1 ,CA!L9EAU1 ,LESCURE1 ,/(LET1 & ,LA ,RO*E-,JACQUELE91 AT ! HEAD ( #d1 M51 TOOK ! T[N ( ,SAUMUR1 :I* GAVE !M COMM& OV] ! ,LOIRE4 ,!N1 CROSS+ ! ,LOIRE1 !Y TOOK ,ANG]S 7,JUNE #a#g71 & DEXT]\SLY DISGUIS+ !IR MOVEM5TS1 !Y IMM$IATELY M>*$ ON ,NANTES1 ! SEAPORT ( ! ,LOIRE1 ! POSSESSION ( :I* W\LD HAVE PUT !M 9TO DIRECT COMMUNICATION ) ! ,5GLI% FLEET4 ,ON ,JUNE #bi & #c1 !IR >MIES1 RAPIDLY MASS$1 ATTACK$ ,NANTES4 ,BUT 9 ?IS 5T]PRISE !Y W]E R\T$ BY ! REPUBLICANS4 ,!Y LO/ ,CA!L9EAU1 ! REAL & DEMOCRATIC LEAD] ( ! RIS+1 & !Y W]E =C$ TO AB&ON ,SAUMUR & RETIRE TO ! LEFT BANK ( ! ,LOIRE4 

,A SUPREME EF=T WAS MADE N[ BY ! ,REPUBLIC TO ATTACK ! ,V5DEANS 9 !IR [N C\NTRY4 ,! W> BECAME A W> ( EXT]M9ATION1 & F9ALLY TW5TY TO ?IRTY ?\S& ,V5DEANS1 FOLL[$ BY !IR FAMILIES1 DECID$ TO EMIGRATE TO ,5GL& AFT] CROSS+ ,BRITTANY4 ,!Y CONSEQU5TLY CROSS$ ! ,LOIRE FROM S\? TO NOR?1 & W5T NOR?W>DS4 ,BUT ,5GL& HAD NO DESIRE TO RECEIVE SU* IMMIGRANTS1 & ! ,BRETONS1 = !IR P>T1 RECEIV$ !M COLDLY1 ! MORE SO AS ! ,BRETON ,PATRIOTS W]E GA9+ ! UPP] H& 9 ! T[NS & VILLAGES2 !RE=E ALL !SE />V+ & RAGG$ PEOPLE1 ) !IR WOM5 & *ILDR51 W]E DRIV5 BACK T[>DS ! ,LOIRE4 

,WE HAVE M5TION$ ALREADY ! SAVAGE >DOR ) :I* ! ,V5DEANS1 5C\RAG$ BY !IR CL]GY1 W]E ANIMAT$ AT ! \TSET ( !IR REVOLT4 ,N[1 ! W> WAS BECOM+ ONE ( MUTUAL EXT]M9ATION4 ,9 ,OCTOB] #a#g#i#c--IT IS ,MADAME DE LA ,RO*E-,JACQUELE9 :O WRITES ?US--!IR WAT*WORD1 WAS 0,NO QU>T]40 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #b1 #a#g#i#c1 ! ,V5DEANS FILL$ ! WELLS AT ,MONTAIGNE ) ! BODIES ( REPUBLICAN SOLDI]S1 MANY ( !M /ILL ALIVE & ONLY /UNN$ OR DISABL$ BY BL[S4 ,*>ETTE1 ON TAK+ ,NOIRM\TI]S1 ON ,OCTOB] #a#e1 HAD ALL ?OSE :O SURR5D]$ %OT4 ,LIV+ M5 W]E BURI$ UP TO ! NECK1 & !IR CAPTORS AMUS$ !MSELVES BY 9FLICT+ ALL K9DS ( TORTURES ON ! UNBURI$ HEADS4#c 

,ON ! O!R H&1 :5 ALL ?IS MASS ( M51 WOM5 & *ILDR51 DRIV5 BACK TO ! ,LOIRE1 P\R$ 9TO ,NANTES1 ! PRISONS ( ?IS T[N BEGAN TO BE DANG]\SLY OV]CR[D$4 ,9 !SE D5S1 SW>M+ ) HUMAN BE+S1 TYPHOID FEV] & V>I\S O!R 9FECTI\S DISEASES RAG$1 & SOON SPREAD 9TO ! T[N :I* WAS ALREADY EXHAU/$ BY ! SIEGE4 ,BESIDES1 JU/ AS 9 ,P>IS1 AFT] ,AUGU/ #a1 ! IMPRISON$ ROYALI/S ?REAT5$ TO SET FIRE TO ! CITY & TO MURD] ALL ! ,JACOB9S1 SO ! ,V5DEANS IMPRISON$ AT ,NANTES LIKEWISE ?REAT5$ TO EXT]M9ATE ALL ! REPUBLICANS AS SOON AS ! 0,ROYAL ,>MY0 ( ,V5DEANS %\LD APPROA* ,NANTES4 ,IT MU/ BE NOT$ ?AT ! PATRIOTS NUMB]$ BUT A FEW HUNDR$S 9 ?IS T[N1 :I* HAD GA9$ ITS WEAL? 9 ! SLAVE TRADE & SLAVE LABOR 9 ,SA9T ,DOM+O1 & WAS LOS+ IT N[ ?AT SLAV]Y HAD BE5 ABOLI%$4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! PATRIOTS HAD TO DISPLAY AN EXTRAORD9>Y VIGILANCE & 5]GY TO PREV5T ,NANTES FROM BE+ TAK5 BY A SUDD5 ATTACK ( ! 0,ROYAL ,>MY10 & ! REPUBLICANS FROM BE+ MASSACR$4 ,!IR EF=TS HAD BE5 SO GREAT ?AT ! M5 ( ! REPUBLICAN PATROLS W]E QUITE WORN \T4 

,I ,!N ! CRY ( 0,DR[N !M ALL10 :I* HAD ALREADY BE5 HE>D 9 #a#g#i#b1 BECAME MORE & MORE M5AC+4 ,A PANIC1  :I* ,MI*ELET COMP>ES TO ! PANIC :I* TAKES HOLD ( M5 9 A PLAGUE-/RICK5 T[N1 SEIZ$ ON ! POORE/ AMONG ! POPULATION ( ,NANTES1 & ! COMMISSION] ( ! ,CONV5TION1 ,C>RI]1 :OSE TEMP]AM5T MADE HIM ONLY TOO SUSCEPTIBLE TO SU* A PANIC1 LET !M HAVE !IR [N WAY4 

,! PEOPLE BEGAN BY DR[N+ ! >RE/$ PRIE/S1 & 5D$ BY EXT]M9AT+ OV] #b M51 WOM5 & *ILDR51 9C>C]AT$ 9 ! PRISONS ( ,NANTES4 

,AS TO ,LA ,V5DEE1 ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,WELF>E 7COMITE DE ,SALUT PUBLIC71 )\T GO+ DEEP] 9TO ! SCRUT9Y ( ! CAUSES :I* MI<T HAVE BR\<T A :OLE PROV9CE TO REVOLT1 & CONT5T+ !MSELVES W? A HACKNEY$ EXPLANATION ( ! 0FANATICISM ( !SE PEASANT BRUTES10 )\T 5DEAVOR+ TO UND]/& ! PEASANTS OR TO R\SE !IR 9T]E/ 9 ! ,REPUBLIC1 CONCEIV$ ! ABOM9ABLE IDEA ( EXT]M9AT+ ! ,V5DEANS & DEPOPULAT+ ! DEP>TM5T4 

,SIXTE5 5TR5*$ CAMPS W]E MADE1 & TWELVE 09F]NAL COLUMNS0 W]E S5T 9TO ! C\NTRY TO RAVAGE IT1 TO BURN ! PEASANTS' HUTS1 & TO EXT]M9ATE ! 9HABITANTS4 ,IT IS EASY TO CONCEIVE :AT A H>VE/ SU* A SY/EM GAVE6 ,LA ,V5DEE BECAME A BLE$+ W\ND ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 & ONE :I* BL$ = TWO YE>S4 ,AN IMM5SE REGION WAS LO/ 5TIRELY TO ! ,REPUBLIC1 & ,LA ,V5DEE WAS ! CAUSE ( ! MO/ PA9FUL DIVISIONS BETWE5 ! ,MONTAGN>DS !MSELVES4 

,! RIS+S 9 ,PROV5CE & AT ,LYONS HAD AN EQUALLY FATAL 9FLU5CE ON ! PROGRESS ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,LYONS WAS AT ?AT TIME A CITY ( 9DU/RIES = ! WEAL?Y4 ,GREAT NUMB]S ( >TI/-WORKM5 WORK$ 9 !IR HOMES AT WEAV+ F9E SILKS & ALSO AT MAK+ GOLD & SILV] EMBROID]IES4 

,N[1 ! :OLE ( ?IS 9DU/RY CAME TO A /&/ILL DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION1 & ! POPULATION ( ,LYONS BECAME DIVID$ 9TO TWO HO/ILE CAMPS4 ,! MA/]-WORK]S1 ! SMALL EMPLOY]S1 & ! LEISUR$ CLASSES1 HI<] & MIDDLE1 W]E AGA9/ ! ,REVOLUTION2 :]EAS ! ORD9>Y WORKM51 ?OSE :O WORK$ = ! SMALL EMPLOY]S1 OR :O F\ND WORK 9 ! 9DU/RIES CONNECT$ ) WEAV+1 W]E :OLE-HE>T$LY = ! ,REVOLUTION1 & W]E ALREADY K9DL+ !  BEACONS ( SOCIALISM1 :I* W]E TO FL>E UP DUR+ ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,!Y WILL+LY FOLL[$ ,*ALI]1 A MY/ICAL COMMUNI/ & A FRI5D ( ,M>AT1 A MAN ( MU* 9FLU5CE 9 ! MUNICIPAL C\NCIL1 ! DEMOCRATIC ASPIRATIONS ( :I* RESEMBL$ ?OSE ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,AN ACTIVE COMMUNI/ PROPAG&A WAS ALSO BE+ C>RI$ ON BY ,L',ANGE--A PRECURSOR ( ,F\RI] & HIS FRI5DS4 

,! MIDDLE CLASSES1 = !IR P>T1 LI/5$ WILL+LY TO ! NOBLES1 & ABOVE ALL TO ! PRIE/S4 ,! LOCAL CL]GY HAD ALWAYS HAD A /RONG 9FLU5CE AT ,LYONS1 & !Y W]E RE9=C$ N[ BY A NUMB] ( PRIE/S :O HAD RETURN$ FROM !IR EMIGRATION TO ,SAVOY4 

,TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ALL ?IS1 ! MIDDLE-CLASS ,GIROND9S BEH9D :OM W]E ! ROYALI/S1 HAD 9VAD$ ! GREAT]1 P>T ( ! SECTIONS ( ,LYONS1 & W]E PREP>+ A RIS+ AGA9/ ! ,JACOB9S4 

,! CONFLICT BROKE \T ON ,MAY #b#i1 #a#g#i#c4 ,!RE WAS FI<T+ 9 ! /REETS1 & ! MIDDLE CLASSES GOT ! UPP] H&4 ,*ALI] WAS >RE/$1 & AFT] BE+ TAMELY DEF5D$ AT ,P>IS BY ,ROBESPI]RE & ,M>AT1 HE WAS EXECUT$ ON ,JULY #a#f1 AFT] :I* ! REPRESSION ON ! P>T ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES & ! ROYALI/S BECAME T]RIBLE4 ,! WEAL?Y PEOPLE ( ,LYONS :O HAD BE5 ,GIROND9S UP TILL !N1 5C\RAG$ BY ! REVOLTS 9 ! ,WE/1 N[ OP5LY MADE COMMON CAUSE ) ! ROYALI/ EMIGRES4 ,!Y >M$ #b1 M5 & =TIFI$ ! T[N AGA9/ ! ,CONV5TION4 

,AT ,M>SEILLES ! ,GIROND9S HAD 9T5D$ TO SUPPORT ,LYONS4 ,H]E !Y HAD RIS5 AFT] ,MAY #c#a4 ,9SPIR$ BY ! ,GIROND9 ,REBECQUI1 :O HAD COME H]E FROM ,P>IS1 ! SECTIONS ( ,M>SEILLES1 ! GREAT] P>T ( :I* W]E ALSO 9 ! H&S ( ! ,GIROND9S1 HAD RAIS$ AN >MY ( #a1 M51 :I* WAS GO+ TO M>* T[>DS ,LYONS1 & !NCE TO ,P>IS1 TO COMBAT ! ,MONTAGN>DS !RE4 ,O!R S\!RN T[NS1 ,T\LON1 ,NIMES1 ,MONTAUBAN1 JO9$ ! MOVEM5T1 :I* SOON ACQUIR$1 AS MI<T HAVE BE5 EXPECT$1 AN OP5LY ROYALI/ *>ACT]4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,M>SEILLES >MY WAS SOON R\T$ BY ! TROOPS ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 COMM&$ BY ,C>TEAUX1 :O 5T]$ ,M>SEILLES ON ,AUGU/ #b#e4 

,REBECQUI DR[N$ HIMSELF2 BUT A P>TY ( ! DEFEAT$ ROYALI/S TOOK REFUGE AT ,T\LON1 & ?IS BIG MILIT>Y PORT WAS GIV5 UP TO ! ,5GLI%4 ,! ,5GLI% ADMIRAL TOOK POSSESSION ( ! T[N1 PROCLAIM$ ,L\IS ,X,V,I,I4 ,K+ ( ,FRANCE1 & HAD AN >MY ( #h ,SPANI>DS BR\<T OV] BY SEA1 TO HOLD ,T\LON & ITS =TS4 

,MEAN:ILE AN >MY ( #b1 ,PI$MONTESE HAD 5T]$ ,FRANCE TO RESCUE ! ROYALI/S AT ,LYONS1 & !Y W]E N[ COM+ D[N T[>DS ,LYONS1 BY WAY ( ! VALLEYS ( ! ,SALL5*E1 ! ,T>5TAISE1 & ! ,MAURI5NE4 

,! ATTEMPTS ( ,DUBOIS-,CRANCE1 A MEMB] ( ! ,CONV5TION1 TO TREAT ) ,LYONS1 FAIL$1 BECAUSE ! MOVEM5T HAD FALL5 BY N[ 9TO ! H&S ( ! ROYALI/S1 & !Y W\LD NOT LI/5 TO ANY (F]S4 ,! COMM&ANT ,PRECY1 :O HAD F\<T AMONG ! ,SWISS ON ,AUGU/ #a1 WAS ONE ( ! FAI?FUL ADH]5TS ( ,L\IS ,X,V,I4 ,MANY ( ! EMIGRES HAD ALSO COME TO ,LYONS TO FI<T AGA9/ ! ,REPUBLIC1 & ! LEAD]S ( ! ROYALI/ P>TY W]E CONTRIV+ ) AN AG5T ( ! ROYAL H\SE1 ,IMB]T-,COLOMIES1 AS TO ! MEANS ( CONNECT+ ! ,LYONS 9SURRECTION ) ! OP]ATIONS ( ! ,PI$MONTESE >MY4 ,F9ALLY1 ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PUBLIC ,WELF>E = ,LYONS HAD = SECRET>Y ,G5]AL ,REUBIES1 ONE ( ! 0,P]ES DE L',ORATOIRE10 :ILE ! COMM&ANT ,PRECY WAS 9 T\* ) ! AG5TS ( ! ROYAL H\SE1 & WAS ASK+ !M = RE9=CEM5TS ( ,PI$MONTESE & ,AU/RIAN SOLDI]S4 

,9 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES NO?+ REMA9$ TO DO BUT TO BESIEGE ,LYONS 9 DUE =M2 & ! SIEGE WAS BEGUN ON ,AUGU/ #h BY SEASON$ TROOPS1 DETA*$ = ?IS PURPOSE FROM ! >MY ( ! ,ALPS1 & ) CANNON BR\<T FROM ,BESANCON & ,GR5OBLE4 ,! WORKM5 ( ,LYONS HAD NO DESIRE = ?IS C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y W>1 BUT !Y DID NOT FEEL !MSELVES /RONG 5\< TO REVOLT4 ,!Y ESCAP$ FROM ! BESIEG$ T[N1 & CAME TO JO9 ! >MY ( ! SANS-CULOTTES1 :O1 AL?\< !Y LACK$ BREAD !MSELVES1 /ILL %>$ IT ) #b1 ( !SE FUGITIVES4 

,9 ! MEANTIME1 ,KELL]MAN HAD SUCCE$$1 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 9 DRIV+ BACK ! ,PL$MONTESE1 & ,C\?ON & ,MAIGNET1 TWO COMMISSION]S ( ! ,CONV5TION1 :O HAD RAIS$ AN >MY  ( PEASANTS 9 ! ,AUV]GNE1 >M$ ) SCY!S1 PICKAXES & PIT*=KS1 >RIV$ ON ,OCTOB] #b TO RE9=CE ,KELL]MAN4 ,SEV5 DAYS LAT] ! >MIES ( ! ,CONV5TION AT LA/ TOOK POSSESSION ( ,LYONS4 

,IT IS SAD TO RECORD ?AT ! REPRESSION BY ! ,REPUBLICANS WAS T]RIBLE4 ,C\?ON APP>5TLY FAVOR$ A POLICY ( PACIFICATION1 BUT ! T]RORI/S GOT ! UPP] H& 9 ! ,CONV5TION4 ,IT WAS PROPOS$ TO APPLY TO ,LYONS ! ME?OD :I* ! ,GIROND9 ,ISN>D HAD PROPOS$ TO APPLY TO ,P>IS--?AT IS TO SAY1 TO DE/ROY ,LYONS1 SO ?AT NO?+ BUT RU9S %\LD REMA91 :I* W\LD BE> ! FOLL[+ 9SCRIPTION0 0,LYONS MADE W> AGA9/ LIB]TY--,LYONS EXI/S NO MORE40 ,BUT ?IS ABSURD PLAN WAS NOT ACCEPT$1 & ! ,CONV5TION DECID$ ?AT ! H\SES ( ! WEAL?Y W]E TO BE DE/ROY$1 & ?AT ?OSE ( ! POOR %\LD BE LEFT 9TACT4 ,! EXECUTION ( ?IS PLAN WAS PLAC$ 9 ! H&S ( ,COLLOT D',H]BOIS1 & IF HE DID NOT C>RY IT \T1 ?IS WAS BECAUSE ITS REALIZATION WAS PRACTICALLY IMPOSSIBLE2 A ,CITY IS NOT SO EASILY DE/ROY$ AS ?AT4 ,BUT BY ! TREM5D\S NUMB] ( EXECUTIONS & ! PRISON]S BE+ %OT 09 A HEAP10 ,COLLOT MANAG$ TO SURPASS EV5 ! ,M>SEILLES C\NT]-REVOLUTIONI/S1 & DID1 ( C\RSE1 IMM5SE H>M TO ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,! ,GIROND9S HAD C\NT$ GREATLY ON ! RIS+ 9 ,BORDEAUX1 & ?IS M]*ANT T[N ROSE 9DE$1 BUT ! 9SURRECTION DID NOT LA/4 ,! PEOPLE W]E NOT TO BE C>RI$ AWAY2 !Y DID NOT BELIEVE 9 ! ACCUSATIONS ( 0ROYALISM & ,ORLEANISM0 HURL$ AGA9/ ! 0,M\NTA910 & :5 ! ,GIRONDI/ MEMB]S :O HAD ESCAP$ FROM ,P>IS >RIV$ AT ,BORDEAUX1 !Y W]E =C$ TO GO 9TO HID+ 9 ?IS CITY1 :I* 9 !IR DREAMS WAS TO HAVE BE5 ! C5T] ( !IR RIS+4 ,BORDEAUX SOON GAVE ITSELF UP TO ! COMMISSION]S ( ! ,CONV5TION4 

,AS TO ,T\LON1 :I* HAD BE5 LONG S9CE WORK$ UPON BY ,5GLI% AG5TS1 & :]E ! NAVAL (FIC]S W]E ALL ROYALI/S1 IT SURR5D]$ COMPLETELY TO AN ,5GLI% SQUADRON4 ,! FEW REPUBLICANS ( ?IS CITY W]E IMPRISON$1 & AS ! ,5GLI%1 )\T LOS+ TIME1 HAD >M$ ! =TS & BUILT NEW ONES1 A REGUL> SIEGE WAS NECESS>Y TO RETAKE ! T[N4 ,?IS WAS ONLY DONE 9 ! ,DECEMB] FOLL[+4 

#a,SEE *4 XXVI4 

#b,C]TA9 9DICATIONS ( A SOCIAL *>ACT] 9 ! ,V5DEAN RIS+ >E TO BE F\ND1 SAYS ,AV5EL1 9 ! WORK ( ,ANTON9 ,PR\/ 7,LA JU/ICE REVOLUTIONNAIRE A ,NIORT74 ,IT WAS A W> ( ! PEASANTS AGA9/ ! B\RGEOIS--! PEASANTS S5D+ !IR DELEGATES TO ! B\RGEOIS CR$ITORS 0TO GET ! TITLE-DE$S & BURN !M0 7,LUNDIS REVOLUTIONNAIRES1 ,P4 #b#h#d74 

#c,SEE ,MI*ELET1 :O /UDI$ ! ,V5DEAN W> FROM LOCAL DOCUM5TS ON ! SPOT4 0,! SAD QUE/ION10 HE SAYS1 0HAS (T5 BE5 DISCUSS$ AS TO :O HAD TAK5 ! 9ITIATIVE 9 !SE B>B>\S ACTS1 & :I* ( ! TWO SIDES W5T FUR!/ 9 SU* CRIMES4 ,! :OLESALE DR[N+ ( ! ,V5DEANS 9 ! ,LOIRE BY ,C>RI] IS SPOK5 ( 5DLESSLY1 BUT :Y %\LD ! MASSACRES ( ,*>ETTE BE PASS$ OV] 9 SIL5CE8 ,OLD ,V5DEAN VET]ANS HAVE TOLD !IR DOCTOR1 :O RETOLD IT TO ME1 ?AT NEV] HAD !Y TAK5 A SOLDI] 7ESPECIALLY ONE ( ! >MY ?AT CAME FROM ,MAY5CE7 )\T KILL+ HIM UND] TORTURE1 PROVID$ !Y HAD TIME = ?AT2 & :5 ! M5 FROM ,NANTES >RIV$1 9 ,APRIL #a#g#i#c1 AT ,*ALLANS1 !Y SAW NAIL$ TO A DOOR SOME?+ :I* RESEMBL$ A GREAT BAT2 ?IS WAS A REPUBLICAN SOLDI] :O = SEV]AL H\RS HAD BE5 NAIL$ !RE1 SUFF]+ T]RIBLE AGONIES & UNABLE TO DIE0 7,MI*ELET'S ,HI/ORY ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 ,BOOK ,X,I4 *4 V474 

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,NOVEMB] #c1 #aih 3 ,*APT] #$ -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #$ -- ,ADD$4 

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