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,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MOVEM5T 

#aiiaii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,SMI?SONIAN ,AM]ICAN ,>T1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,EGALITE DE FAIT -- ,SOCIALI/IC PROBLEMS -- ,PROPOSITION ( ,BILLAUD-,V>5NE--,COMMUNALI/ MOVEM5T -- ,MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE & L& QUE/ION -- ,LEAD+ APO/LES ( COMMUNISM -- ,JACQUES ,R\X -- ,LECL]C -- ,V>LET-- ,BOISSEL -- ,BABEUF 

,9 ! CAHI]S ( #a#g#h#i1 IDEAS W]E ALREADY TO BE F\ND :I*1 AS ,*ASS9 HAS PO9T$ \T1 W\LD TO-DAY BE CLASS$ AS SOCIALI/IC4 ,R\SSEAU1 ,HELVETIUS1 ,MABLY1 ,DID]OT & O!RS HAD ALREADY DEALT ) ! 9EQUALITIES ( =TUNES & ! ACCUMULATION ( SUP]FLU\S WEAL? 9 ! H&S ( ! FEW1 AS ! GREAT OB/ACLE TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( DEMOCRATIC LIB]TY4 ,!SE IDEAS CAME ONCE MORE TO ! FRONT DUR+ ! FIR/ H\RS ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,TURGOT1 ,SIEYES & ,CONDORCET ASS]T$ ?AT ! EQUALITY ( POLITICAL RI<TS MEANT NO?+ )\T REAL EQUALITY 9 FACT 7EGALITE DE FAIT76 ,?IS1 SAID ,CONDORCET1 WAS ! 0F9AL AIM ( SOCIAL >T1 S9CE 9EQUALITY 9 RI*ES1 9EQUALITY ( /ATE1 & 9EQUALITY ( $UCATION >E ! MA9 CAUSE ( ALL EVILS40#a ,& ! SAME IDEAS F\ND AN E*O 9 SEV]AL CAHI]S ( ! ELECTORS 9 #a#g#h#i1 :O DEM&$ ! RI<T ( ALL TO ! POSSESSION ( ! L&1 OR 0! EQUALIZATION ( WEAL?40 

,IT MAY EV5 BE SAID ?AT ! ,P>ISIAN PROLET>IAT HAD ALREADY =M$ A CONCEPTION ( ITS CLASS 9T]E/S & HAD F\ND M5 TO EXPRESS !M WELL4 ,! IDEA ( SEP>ATE CLASSES1 HAV+ OPPOS+ 9T]E/S1 IS CLE>LY /AT$ 9 ! CAHI]S DES PAUVRES ( ! DI/RICT ( ,SA9T-,ETI5NE-DU-,MONT1 BY A C]TA9 ,LAMB]T1 0A FRI5D ( ?OSE :O HAVE NO?+40 ,PRODUCTIVE WORK1 ADEQUATE SAL>IES 7! LIV+ WAGE ( ! MOD]N ,5GLI% ,SOCIALI/S71 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! LAISS] FAIRE ( ! MIDDLE-CLASS ECONOMI/S1 & A PLA9 DI/9CTION TRAC$ BETWE5 ! SOCIAL QUE/ION & ! POLITICAL ONE--ALL !SE >E TO BE F\ND 9 ?IS CAHI] DES PAUVRES4#b 

,BUT IT WAS *IEFLY AFT] ! TAK+ ( ! ,TUIL]IES1 & /ILL MORE AFT] ! EXECUTION ( ! ,K+--9 ,FEBRU>Y & 9 ,M>* #a#g#i#c--?AT !SE IDEAS BEGAN TO BE OP5LY PROPAGAT$4 ,IT W\LD EV5 SEEM--SO AT LEA/ IT IS SAID BY ,BAUDOT--?AT IF ! ,GIROND9S APPE>$ AS SU* PASSIONATE DEF5D]S ( PROP]TY1 IT WAS BECAUSE !Y FE>$ ! 9FLU5CE :I* ! PROPAG&A ( EQUALITY & COMMUNISM WAS ACQUIR+ 9 ,P>IS4#c 

,A FEW ,GIROND9S1 ESPECIALLY ,RABAUT DE ,SA9T-,ETI5NE & ,CONDORCET1 FELL UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,CONDORCET1 ON HIS DEA?-B$1 WAS WORK+ \T ! S*EME ( A 0MUTUALITY0 7MUTUALITE71 I4E41 ( A MUTUAL 9SURANCE LEAGUE AMONG ALL CITIZ5S1 AGA9/ EV5TUALITIES :I* MI<T ?R[ ! RELATIVELY WELL-(F WORK] 9TO CONDITIONS UND] :I* HE W\LD BE =C$ TO SELL HIS WORK AT NO MATT] :AT PRICE4 ,AS TO ,RABAUT1 HE DEM&$ ?AT ! GREAT =TUNES BE TAK5 FROM ! RI*1 EI!R BY MEANS ( A PROGRESSIVE TAX OR BY A LAW :I* W\LD CAUSE ! NATURAL FL[ ( ! RI* MAN'S SUP]FLU\S WEAL? 09TO E/ABLI%M5TS ( PUBLIC UTILITY40 0,GREAT RI*ES >E A DRAWBACK TO LIB]TY10 HE WROTE1 REPEAT+ A SAY+ V]Y MU* 9 VOGUE AT ?AT TIME4 ,EV5 ,BRISSOT AT ONE TIME TRI$ TO COME TO SOME SORT ( AGREEM5T ) ?IS POPUL> !ORY--:I* SOON AFT] HE ATTACK$ ) F]OCITY4#d 

,A FEW ,MONTAGN>DS W5T FUR!R4 ,?US ,BILLAUD-,V>5NE1 9 A TRACT PUBLI%$ 9 #a#g#i#c1 SPOKE OP5LY AGA9/ GREAT WEAL?4 ,HE PROTE/$ AGA9/ ,VOLTAIRE'S IDEA ?AT ! WORK] %\LD BE SPURR$ TO WORK BY HUNG]1 & HE DEM&$ ?AT IT BE DECL>$ ?AT NO CITIZ5 %\LD H5CE=? BE P]MITT$ TO POSSESS MORE ?AN A FIX$ AM\NT ( L&1 & ?AT NO ONE BE ALL[$ TO 9H]IT MORE ?AN FROM #b1 TO #b#e1 LIVRES4#e ,HE UND]/OOD ?AT ! PRIMAL CAUSE ( SOCIAL ILLS LAY 9 ! FACT ?AT !RE W]E M5 :O EXI/$ 09 A DIRECT BUT NOT MUTUAL DEP5D5CY UPON SOME O!R HUMAN BE+4 ,= ?IS IS ! FIR/ L9K 9 ! *A9 ( SLAV]Y40 ,HE D]ID$ SMALL PEASANT PROPRIETOR%IP :I* SOME WI%$ TO 9TRODUCE = ! POOR1 0:OSE EXI/5CE 9 SU* CONDITIONS W\LD NEV] BE ANY?+ BUT PREC>I\S & MIS]ABLE40 ,A CRY WAS MAK+ ITSELF HE>D1 HE SAID LAT] ON 7P4 #a#b#i73 0,W> TO ! *ATEAUX1 PEACE TO ! HUTS6 ,LET US ADD TO ?IS ! CONSECRATION ( ?IS FUNDAM5TAL RULE3 ,LET !RE BE NO CITIZ5 :O CAN DISP5SE ) EMPLOYM5T1 & LET !RE BE NO CITIZ5 UNABLE TO LE>N A TRADE & PRACTICE IT40 

,BILLAUD-,V>5NE'S PROPOSITION CONC]N+ 9H]ITANCES WAS TAK5 UP1 AS IS KN[N1 BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION AT ITS ,CONGRESS AT ,BALE 9 #a#h#f#i4 ,BUT IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT ,BILLAUD-,V>5NE WAS ONE ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ AMONG ! ,MONTAGN>DS4 ,SOME1 AS = 9/ANCE1 ,LEPELLETI]1 LIMIT$ !MSELVES TO ASK+ :AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL ASK$ UND] ! NAME ( 09TEGRAL $UCATION0--?AT IS TO SAY1 ! TEA*+ ( A H&ICRAFT TO EA* Y\NG MAN2 :IL/ O!RS LIMIT$ !MSELVES TO ASK+ = 0! REVOLUTION>Y RE/ITUTION ( PROP]TIES10 OR ! LIMITATION ( ! RI<T ( PROP]TY4 

,IT IS1 H[EV]1 *IEFLY \TSIDE ! ,CONV5TION--AMONG ! PEOPLE1 9 SOME SECTIONS1 SU* AS ?AT ( ,GRAVILLI]S1 & 9 ! ,CORDELI]S' ,CLUB--C]TA9LY NOT AMONG ! ,JACOB9S--?AT ONE MU/ LOOK = ! *AMPIONS ( ! COMMUNALI/ & COMMUNI/ MOVEM5TS ( #agic & #a#g#i#d4 ,!RE WAS EV5 AN ATTEMPT AT FREE ORGANIZATION AMONG ?OSE :O W]E KN[N AT ?AT TIME AS ! ,5RAGES--?AT IS TO SAY1 ! EXTREMI/S--?OSE :O AIM$ AT A REVOLUTION ?AT W\LD T5D T[>DS EQUALITY4 ,AFT] ,AUGU/ #a1 #a#g#i#b1 !RE WAS F\ND$--APP>5TLY AT ! SUGGE/ION ( ! F$]ATES :O HAD COME TO ,P>IS--A SORT ( LEAGUE BETWE5 ! DELEGATES ( ! =TY-EI<T SECTIONS ( ,P>IS1 ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,COMMUNE & ! 0,UNIT$ ,DEF5D]S ( ! EI<TY-F\R DEP>TM5TS40 ,& :5 9 ,FEBRU>Y #agic ! MOVEM5TS AGA9/ /OCK-JOBB]S BEGAN1 ( :I* WE HAVE ALREADY SPOK51#f ! DELEGATES ( ?IS LEAGUE DEM&$ FROM ! ,CONV5TION1 ON ,FEBRU>Y #c1 5]GETIC MEASURES AGA9/ /OCK-JOBB+4 ,9 !IR ADDRESS CAN ALREADY BE SE5 A G]M ( ! IDEA :I* LAT] ON WAS ! BASE ( ,PR\DHON'S ,MUTUALISM & HIS ,BANK ( ! ,PEOPLE3 ! IDEA ?AT ALL PR(IT RESULT+ FROM EX*ANGE 9 ! BANKS1 IF !RE BE ANY PR(IT1 %\LD RETURN TO ! :OLE NATION--NOT TO SEP>ATE 9DIVIDUALS--S9CE !Y >E PRODUC$ BY PUBLIC CONFID5CE ( ALL 9 ALL4 

,\R KN[L$GE AB\T ! DIFF]5T MOVEM5TS :I* W]E GO+ ON AMONG ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS & ( ! L>GE T[NS 9 #agic & #agid /ILL REMA9S IMP]FECT4 ,IT IS ONLY N[ ?AT !Y >E BE+ /UDI$4 ,BUT :AT IS 9DISPUTABLE IS1 ?AT ! COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T REPRES5T$ 9 ,JACQUES ,R\X1 ,V>LET1 ,DOLIVI]1 ,*ALI]1 ,LECL]C1 ,L',ANGE 7OR ,LANGE71 ,ROSE ,LACOMBE1 ,BOISSEL1 & SOME O!RS1 WAS ( A DEP? :I* PASS$ UNP]CEIV$ AT FIR/1 BUT :I* ,MI*ELET HAD ALREADY SURMIS$4#g 

,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT COMMUNISM 9 #agic DID NOT APPE> ) ?AT COMPLET5ESS ( DOCTR9E :I* IS F\ND ) ! ,FR5* FOLL[]S ( ,F\RI] & ,SA9T-,SIMON1 & ESPECIALLY ) ,CONSID]ANT1 OR EV5 ,VIDAL4 ,9 #a#g#i#c1 COMMUNI/ IDEAS W]E NOT WORK$ \T 9 ! QUIET ( A PRIVATE /UDY2 !Y W]E BORN FROM ! NE$S ( ! MOM5T4 ,?IS IS :Y ! SOCIAL PROBLEM %[$ ITSELF DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION ESPECIALLY 9 ! =M ( A QUE/ION AB\T ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 & ( A L& QUE/ION4 ,BUT 9 ?IS ALSO LIES :AT MAKES ! COMMUNISM ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION SUP]IOR TO ! SOCIALISM ( #ahdh & ( ITS LAT] =MS4 ,IT W5T /RAI<T TO ! ROOT 9 ATTACK+ ! DI/RIBUTION ( PRODUCE4 

,?IS COMMUNISM C]TA9LY APPE>S FRAGM5T>Y TO US1 ESPECIALLY AS /RESS WAS LAID BY ITS EXPON5TS UPON ITS DIFF]5T SEP>ATE ASPECTS2 & !RE ALWAYS REMA9$ 9 IT :AT WE MI<T CALL P>TIAL COMMUNISM4 ,IT ADMITT$ 9DIVIDUAL POSSESSION SIDE BY SIDE ) COMMON PROP]TY1 & :ILE PROCLAIM+ ! RI<T ( ALL TO ! 5TIRE SUM ( ! FRUITS ( PRODUCTION1 IT YET RECOGNIZ$ AN 9DIVIDUAL RI<T TO ! 0SUP]FLU\S10 BY ! SIDE ( ! RI<T ( ALL TO ! PRODUCTS ( 0FIR/ & SECOND NECESSITY40 ,NEV]!LESS ! ?REE PR9CIPAL ASPECTS ( COMMUNISM >E ALREADY TO BE F\ND 9 ! TEA*+S ( #a#g#i#c3 ,L& COMMUNISM1 9DU/RIAL COMMUNISM1 & COMMUNISM 9 COMM]CE & 9 CR$IT4 ,& 9 ?IS1 ! CONCEPTION ( #agic WAS BROAD] ?AN ! ONE ( #a#h#d#h4 ,=1 IF EA* ONE ( ! AGITATORS ( #agic USUALLY LAID MORE /RESS ON ONE ( !SE ASPECTS ?AN ON ! O!RS1 !SE ?REE ASPECTS DO NOT EXCLUDE ONE ANO!R4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 BE+ BORN FROM ! SAME CONCEPTION ( EQUALITY1 !Y COMPLETE EA* O!R4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! AGITATORS ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION 5DEAVOR$ TO ATTA9 ! PRACTICAL C>RY+ \T ( !IR IDEA BY ! ACTION ( LOCAL =CES1 BY IMM$IATE PRACTICAL REALIZATION1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME !Y TRI$ TO />T SOME SORT ( A DIRECT UNION ( ! #d1 COMMUNES4 ,9 ,SYLVA9 ,M>E*AL ONE F9DS EV5 A VAGUE ASPIRATION T[>DS :AT WE DESCRIBE N[ AS AN>*I/ COMMUNISM--EXPRESS$1 ( C\RSE1 ) MU* CAUTION1 = ONE RISK$ PAY+ ) ONE'S HEAD = ! USE ( TOO FRANK LANGUAGE4 

,! IDEA ( REA*+ COMMUNISM BY MEANS ( A CONSPIRACY ?R\< A SECRET SOCIETY :I* %\LD GRASP ! RE9S ( GOV]NM5T--! IDEA ( :I* ,BABEUF BECAME ! APO/LE--WAS =MULAT$ LAT] ON1 9 #a#g#i#d4 & #a#g#i#e1 :5 ! ,!RMIDOR REACTION HAD CRU%$ ! ASC5D+ MOVEM5T ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION4 ,?IS WAS ! RESULT ( A LOSS ( =CE--NOT AN EFFECT ( ! GR[+ P[] ( ! YE>S FROM #a<i TO #a#g#i#c4 

,( C\RSE !RE WAS PL5TY ( DECLAMATORY EFFECT 9 ! PREA*+S ( ! POPUL> COMMUNI/S4 ,IT WAS A FA%ION ( ! TIMES--ONE TO :I* \R MODEM ORATORS ALSO PAY A TRIBUTE4 ,BUT EV]Y?+ ?AT IS KN[N AB\T ! COMMUNI/S ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION T5DS TO %[ !M AS M5 PR(\NDLY DEVOT$ TO !IR IDEAS4 

,JACQUES ,R\X HAD BE5 A PRIE/4 ,HE WAS EXTREMELY POOR & LIV$ ) HIS SOLE COMPANION1 A DOG1 ALMO/ 5TIRELY ON HIS 9COME ( TWO HUNDR$ LIVRES 7FRANCS7 9 A GLOOMY H\SE 9 ! C5T] ( ,P>IS1#h & PREA*$ COMMUNISM 9 ! WORK+-M5'S QU>T]S4 ,HE WAS V]Y POPUL> 9 ! ,GRAVILLI]S SECTION TO :I* HE BELONG$1 & HAD GREAT 9FLU5CE ON ! ,CORDELI]S' ,CLUB--UNTIL ! 5D ( ,JUNE #a#g#i#c1 :5 HIS 9FLU5CE WAS DE/ROY$ BY ! 9T]V5TION ( ,ROBESPI]RE4 ,AS TO ,*ALI]1 WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 ! P[] :I* HE HAD 9 ,LYONS1 & WE KN[ ?R\< ,MI*ELET ?AT ?IS MY/IC-COMMUNI/ WAS A REM>KABLE MAN--EV5 MORE A 0FRI5D ( ! PEOPLE 0 ?AN ,M>AT4 ,HE WAS SIMPLY ADOR$ BY HIS PUPILS4 ,AFT] HIS DEA?1 HIS FRI5D ,LECL]C CAME TO ,P>IS & CONT9U$ ! PROPAG&A ( COMMUNISM ) ,R\X1 ,V>LET1 A Y\NG ,P>ISIAN WORK+ MAN1 & ,ROSE ,LACOMBE1 A LEAD] ( ! WOM5 REVOLUTIONI/S4 ,AB\T ,V>LET PRACTICALLY NO?+ IS KN[N1 EXCEPT ?AT HE WAS POPUL> AMONG ! POOR ( ,P>IS4 ,HIS PAMPHLET1 ,DECL>ATION SOL5NELLE DES DROITS DE L'HOMME DANS L'ETAT SOCIAL1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#g#i#c1 WAS V]Y MOD]ATE 9 TONE4#i ,BUT IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ) ! DECREE ( ,M>* #a1 #a#g#i#c1 HANG+ OV] !IR HEADS1 ! REVOLUTIONI/S DID NOT D>E TO SAY 9 PR9T EV]Y?+ !Y ?\<T4 

,! COMMUNI/S ALSO HAD !IR !ORI/S1 SU* AS ,BOISSEL1 :O PUBLI%$ HIS ,CATE*ISME DU G5RE HUMA9 9 ! E>LY DAYS ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 & A SECOND $ITION ( ! SAME WORK 9 #a#g#i#a2 ! ANONYM\S AU?OR ( A WORK PUBLI%$ ALSO 9 #agia & 5TITL$ ,DE LA PROPRIETE1 \ LA CAUSE DU PAUVRE PLAIDEE AU TRIBUNAL DE LA ,RAISON1 DE LA ,JU/ICE ET DE LA ,V]ITE2 & ,PI]RE ,DOLIVI]1 CURE ( ,MAU*AMP1 :OSE REM>KABLE WORK1 ,ESSAI SUR LA JU/ICE PRIMITIVE P\R S]VIR DE PR9CIPE G5]ATEUR AU SEUL ORDRE SOCIAL QUI PEUT ASSUR] A L'HOMME T\S SES DROITS ET T\S SES MOY5S DE BONHEUR1 WAS PUBLI%$ AT ! 5D ( ,JULY #agic BY ! CITIZ5S ( ! ,COMMUNE ( ,ANV]S1 A DI/RICT ( ,ETAMPES4#a 

,!RE WAS ALSO ,L',ANGE 7OR ,LANGE71 :O WAS1 AS ,MI*ELET HAD ALREADY PO9T$ \T1 A REAL PRECURSOR ( ,F\RI]4 ,BABEUF WAS ALSO 9 ,P>IS 9 #a#g#i#c4 ,HE WAS EMPLOY$ UND] ! PROTECTION ( ,SYLVA9 ,M>E*AL 9 ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 & MADE A SECRET COMMUNI/ PROPAG&A4 ,=C$ TO /AY 9 HID+1 S9CE HE HAD BE5 PROSECUT$ = A SUPPOS$ =G]Y--WRONGLY PROSECUT$ BY ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 AS HAS BE5 PROV$ BY ,DEVILLE1 :O HAS F\ND ! ORIG9AL M9UTES ( ! TRIAL#a#a--HE WAS COMPELL$ TO BE V]Y DISCREET4 #ab 

,LAT] ON COMMUNISM WAS CONNECT$ ) ,BABEUF'S CONSPIRACY4 ,BUT ,BABEUF1 SO F> AS ONE MAY JUDGE FROM HIS WRIT+S & LETT]S1 WAS ONLY AN OPPORTUNI/ ( ! COMMUNISM ( #a#g#i#c4 ,HIS CONCEPTIONS1 AS WELL AS ! MEANS ( ACTION :I* HE ADVOCAT$1 BELITTL$ ! IDEA4 ,:ILE IT WAS WELL UND]/OOD BY MANY ?AT A MOVEM5T HAV+ A COMMUNI/ T5D5CY W\LD BE ! ONLY MEANS TO ASSURE ! VICTORIES ( ! DEMOCRACY1 ,BABEUF1 AS ONE ( HIS REC5T APOLOGI/S--QUITE CORRECTLY--PUT IT1 S\<T TO %UFFLE COMMUNISM 9TO DEMOCRACY 7GLISS] LE COMMUNISME DANS LE DEMOCRATIE74 ,:ILE IT HAD BECOME EVID5T ?AT DEMOCRACY W\LD LOSE ITS VICTORIES IF ! PEOPLE DID NOT 5T] ! >5A ) ITS DEM&S & IDEALS1 ,BABEUF WANT$ DEMOCRACY FIR/1 & !N TO 9TRODUCE COMMUNISM 9TO IT1 LITTLE BY LITTLE4#a#c 

,ALTOGE!R ,BABEUF'S CONCEPTION ( COMMUNISM WAS SO N>R[1 SO UNREAL1 ?AT HE ?\<T IT POSSIBLE TO REA* COMMUNISM BY ! ACTION ( A FEW 9DIVIDUALS :O W]E TO GET ! ,GOV]NM5T 9TO !IR H&S BY MEANS ( ! CONSPIRACY ( A SECRET SOCIETY4 ,HE W5T SO F> AS TO BE READY TO PUT HIS FAI? 9 ONE S+LE P]SON1 PROVID$ ?IS P]SON HAD A WILL /RONG 5\< TO 9TRODUCE COMMUNISM1 & ?US SAVE ! WORLD6 ,A SAD ILLUSION1 :I* PAV$ ! WAY = ,BONAP>TE &1 CONT9U+ TO BE *]I%$ BY A GREAT NUMB] ( SOCAILI/S DUR+ ! :OLE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 GAVE US ,CAES>ISM--! FAI? 9 A ,NAPOLEON OR A ,DISRAELI-! FAI? 9 A SAVIOR :I* /ILL P]SI/S EV5 TO ?IS DAY4 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a,ALREADY ,CABET1 9 HIS ,APP5DIX TO ,VOYAGE 5 ,IC>IE1 $ITION ( #a#h#d#b1 HAD PO9T$ \T1 ) QUOTATIONS 9 SUPPORT1 ?IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ! EI<TE5?-C5TURY ?9K]S2 ( REC5T WORKS SEE ,&RE ,LI*T5B]G]1 ,LE ,SOCIALISME ET LA ,REVOLUTION FRANCAISE1 ,P>IS1 #a#h#i#i4 

#b0,!RE HAS NEV] BE5 & !RE W9 NEV] BE ANY BUT TWO REALLY DI/9CT CLASSES ( CITIZ5S1 ! PROP]TY-[N]S & ?OSE :O HAVE NO PROP]TY--( :OM ! =M] HAVE EV]Y?+ & ! LATT] NO?+10 SO IT WAS SAID 9 ! CAHI] DES PAUVRES4 0,( :AT USE WILL A WISE CON/ITUTION BE TO A NATION R$UC$ BY HUNG] TO ! /ATE ( SKELETONS80 QU]I$ ! AU?OR ( ! ,QUATRE CRIS D'UN PATRIOTE4 7,*ASS91 ,LE ,G5IE DE LA ,REVOLUTION1 ,P>IS1 #a#h#f#c1 VOL4 I4 PP4 #b#h#g1 #b#h#i47 

#c,WE F9D 9 ! ,NOTES HI/ORIQUES SUR LA ,CONV5TION NATIONALE1 LE ,DIRECTOIRE1 L',EMPIRE ET L'EXIL DES VOTANTS1 BY ,M4,A4 ,BAUDOT1 $IT$ BY ,MME4 ,$G> ,QU9ET 7,P>IS1 #a#h#i#c71 A V]Y 9T]E/+ NOTE :]E IT IS SAID ?AT ,+R&'S1 OP9ION ?AT ! SY/EM 0( COMMON PROP]TY0 7COMMUNISM71 DEVELOP$ BY ,BUON>ROTI1 0WAS BR\<T =W>D SOME TIME BE=E ! EV5TS ( ,JUNE #b2 & ?AT !SE EV5TS [$ !IR ORIG9 TO ?IS SPIRIT ( ASSOCIATION0 7PP4 #a-#a#a 74 ,PETION IS SAID TO HAVE W>N$ A GREAT NUMB] ( DEPUTIES AB\T IT4 0,IT SEEMS10 CONT9UES ,BAUDOT1 0?AT ! ,GIROND9S PUT SO MU* ACRIMONY & BITT]NESS 9TO !IR POLICY FROM FE> ( SEE+ ! DOCTR9E ( ! COMMUNI/S PR$OM9ATE40 ,LAT] ON C]TA9 MEMB]S ( ! ,CONV5TION TOOK UP !SE IDEAS1 AS IS KN[N1 & JO9$ ! CONSPIRACY ( ,BABEUF4 

#d,! BETT] TO FI<T 0! DIVISION ( L&S PROPOS$ BY AN>*I/S OR ! ,COBL5TZIANS0 7,ROBESPI]RE AFT]W>DS TOOK UP ?IS 9S9UATION ( ,BRISSOT'S AGA9/ ! COMMUNI/S & MADE IT HIS [N71 ,BRISSOT DECL>$1 9 ,DECEMB] #a#g#i#b1 ?AT ! EQUALITY ( ! RI<TS ( CITIZ5S W\LD BE A FICTION IF ! LAWS DID NOT ABOLI% & PREV5T ! TOO GREAT REAL 9EQUALITIES AMONG ! CITIZ5S4 ,BUT SU* 9/ITUTIONS1 FAVORABLE TO 0EQUALITY10 ADD$ ,BRISSOT1 0MU/ BE 9TRODUC$ )\T COMMOTION1 )\T VIOL5CE1 )\T %[+ DISRESPECT TO ! FIR/ ( ALL SOCIAL RI<TS1 ! RI<T ( PROP]TY40 

#e,SPEAK+ ( PROP]TY1 HE REPRES5T$ IT 9 ?IS 9T]E/+ GUISE4 0,PROP]TY10 SAID HE1 0IS ! PIVOT ( CIVIL ASSOCIATIONS4 ,IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT1 ESPECIALLY 9 A GREAT EMPIRE1 ! BALANCE ( =TUNES CANNOT BE QUITE EXACT & IMMOVABLE1 & ?AT ! IMPULSE ( AN IMM5SE COMM]CE1 AID$ BY A VA/ 9DU/RY & BY RI*ES PRODUC$ BY AGRICULTURE NECESS>ILY KEEP IT CONT9UALLY OSCILLAT+2 BUT ! BALANCE %\LD NEV] FALL ON EI!R SIDE TOO DECID$LY40 7,LES ELEM5TS DE REPUBLICANISME1 ,P>IS1 #a#g#i#c1 P4 #e#g4 ,PAMPHLETS ( ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM1 VOL4 ,F4 #a#i#g47 

#f,*AP4 XLIII4 

#g,IT IS PROBABLE ?AT BESIDES ! ADVOCAT+ ( COMMUNISM 9 ! SECTIONS & ,POPUL> ,SOCIETIES1 !RE W]E ALSO1 FROM ,AUGU/ #a1 #a#g#i#b1 ATTEMPTS TO CON/ITUTE SECRET COMMUNI/ SOCIETIES1 :I* W]E EXT5D$ AFT]W>DS1 9 #a#g#i#e1 BY ,BUON>ROTI & ,BABEUF1 & :I*1 AFT] ! REVOLUTION ( ,JULY #a#h#c1 GAVE BIR? TO ! SECRET SOCIETIES ( ! ,BLANQUI/S4 

#h,JAURES1 ,LA ,CONV5TION1 P4 #afi 7NOTES ( ,B]N>D ,LAZ>E74 

#i,HE LIMIT$ HIMSELF TO ASK+ 9 ?IS DECL>ATION ?AT ! RI<T ( POSSESSION ( L& BE LIMIT$2 ?AT ! 5ORM\S 9EQUALITY ( =TUNES BE ABOLI%$ 0BY FAIR MEANS10 SO ?AT ! POOR C\LD PROTECT !MSELVES FROM OPPRESSION BY ! RI*1 & ?AT 0! POSSESSIONS AMASS$ AT ! CO/ ( ! PUBLIC1 BY !FT1 /OCK-JOBB+1 MONOPOLY1 @&C41 %\LD BECOME NATIONAL PROP]TY1 ! 9/ANT SOCIETY OBTA9$ CONCLUSIVE & RELIABLE PRO(S ( PECULATION40 7,PAMPHLETS 9 ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM1 ,F4 #d#i#i47 ,9 ANO!R PAMPHLET1 ,VAEUX =MES P> DES FRANCAIS LIBRES1 @&C41 HE ALSO ASK$ = SEV]E LAWS AGA9/ MONOPOLI/S 7SAME COLLECTION ,F4 #f#e47 

#a,9 HIS ,DISC\RS SUR LES MOY5S DE SAUV] LA ,FRANCE ET LA LIB]TE1 DELIV]$ AT ! TIME ( ! ELECTIONS = ! ,CONV5TION 7?IS PAMPHLET MAY BE F\ND AT ! ,BIBLIO!QUE ,NATIONALE71 ,JACQUES ,R\X MA9TA9$ ?AT A PROLONG$ DICTATOR%IP MEANS ! DEA? ( LIB]TY1 & HE WI%$ 7PP4 #db & #d#c7 ?AT IT %\LD BE MADE OBLIGATORY = ! GREAT L&[N]S TO BE ALL[$ TO SELL !IR H>VE/ ONLY 9 ?OSE M>KETS 9DICAT$ TO !M 9 !IR RESPECTIVE DI/RICTS2 0E/ABLI%10 HE SAID1 09 ALL ! CITIES & L>GE M>KET T[NS PUBLIC /ORES :]E ! PRICE ( GOODS WILL BE E/ABLI%$ BY PUBLIC AUCTION 7AU CONC\RS740 ,MI*ELET1 :O HAD ALREADY M5TION$ ?IS ,DISC\RS 7,BOOK ,X,V4 *4 VI471 ADD$ ?AT ?IS DOCTR9E ( ,R\X WAS V]Y POPUL> 9 ! ,GRAVILLI]S1 ,>CIS1 & O!R SECTIONS ( ! ,C5T] DE ,P>IS4 

#a#a,!RMIDOR ET ,DIRECTOIRE1 #a#g#i#d-#a#g#i#i 7,HI/OIRE SOCIALI/E1 VOL4 V4 PP4 #ad & FOLL[+74 

#a#b,9 HIS ,CATE*ISME1 ,BOISSEL ALREADY EXP\ND$ ! IDEAS :I* BECAME CURR5T AMONG SOCIALI/S T[>DS #a#h#d#h4 ,?US1 TO ! QUE/ION 0,:I* >E ! PR9CIPAL 9/ITUTIONS ( ?IS M]C5>Y1 HOMICIDAL1 ANTI-SOCIAL ,/ATE80 HE ANSW]S1 0,PROP]TY1 M>RIAGE1 & RELIGIONS >E :AT M5 HAVE 9V5T$1 E/ABLI%$1 & CONSECRAT$ TO LEGITIMATE !IR IMPO/URES40 ,9 SPECIFY+ ! ?+S OV] :I* M5 HAVE EXT5D$ !IR PROP]TY RI<TS1 HE SAID3 0,IT IS ?OSE ?+S ( :I* !Y HAVE ?\<T IT NECESS>Y TO BECOME POSSESS$1 OR TO MAKE O!RS BELIEVE ?AT !Y W]E POSSESS$1 SU* AS L&S1 WOM51 EV5 M51 ! SEA1 ! RIV]S1 & M\NTA9S1 ! SKY1 ! NE!R REGIONS1 ! GODS !MSELVES1 \T ( :OM !Y HAVE ALWAYS MADE & /ILL MAKE CAPITAL40 ,HE WAS NOT T5D] EI!R TO ! LAWS1 ( :I* HE SAID3 0,!Y >E ! OBLIGATIONS :I* ! /RONG1 ! MORE %REWD1 ! MORE CUNN+ HAVE IMPOS$ ON ! WEAK]1 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 !IR DISA/R\S 9/ITUTIONS1 OR EV5 TO PREV5T ! BAD EFFECTS ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS1 SO F> AS IT WAS POSSIBLE40 ,HIS DEF9ITIONS ( AU?ORITY & JU/ICE MI<T BE ACCEPT$ BY MODEM AN>*I/S4 ,SEE ,LE ,CATE*ISME DU G5RE HUMA9 P\R L'ETABLISSEM5T ESS5TIEL ET 9DISP5SABLE DU V]ITABLE ORDRE MORAL ET DE L'$UACATION SOCIALE DES HOMMES4 7,P>IS #a#g#h#i71 P4 #a#c#b4 ,PAMPHLETS ( ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM1 ,F4 #eac 7#c747 

#a#c,?US1 = 9/ANCE1 ! PEOPLE1 >M$ ) A DEMOCRATIC ,CON/ITUTION W\LD VETO ALL ! LAWS1 UNTIL ! MA9T5ANCE ( ALL CITIZ5S %\LD BE ASSUR$ BY LAW6 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aih 3 ,*APT] #eh -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #eh -- ,ADD$4 

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