,! ,HIDD5 ,HI/ORY ( ,H\S+ #bd ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,COL9 ,W>D ,TEXT 3 ,PHOTO BY ,&Y ,HYDE1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,EXECUTIVE SUMM>Y ,UP TO #aide 'PLOTL&]S' W]E ABLE TO MAKE USE ( SMALL PAT*ES ( L& NOT NE$$ = AGRICULTURE1 GRADUALLY BUILD+ UP WEEK5D %ACKS 9TO P]MAN5T RESID5CES1 BY US+ !IR [N TIME & LABOR RA!R ?AN L>GE SUMS ( MONEY4 ,IMM$IATELY AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 HOMELESS PEOPLE 9 !IR ?\S&S SQUATT$ 9 REC5TLY-VACAT$ MILIT>Y CAMPS1 ORGANIZ+ !IR [N COMMUNAL S]VICES4 ,!N1 9 ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS1 A SIMIL> MOVEM5T ]UPT$ ACROSS VACANT LOCAL-AU?ORITY PROP]TIES1 EVOLV+ 9TO LONG-T]M H\S+ COOP]ATIVES4 ,TODAY V>I\S K9DS ( TRAVEL]S >E ATTEMPT+ TO SETTLE ON !IR [N L&1 LIV+ \TSIDE ! =MAL ECONOMY & EXP]IM5T+ ) A WIDE RANGE ( UNCONV5TIONAL DWELL+ TYPES4 ,?IS SORT ( SELF-HELP H\S+ PROVISION IS FLEXIBLE1 *EAP & CREATIVE4 ,IT T5DS TO USE HUMAN CAPITAL RA!R ?AN F9ANCIAL CAPITAL1 & TO EVOLVE SL[LY FROM ! MO/ BASIC PROVISION BY DEVIS+ +5I\S NEW SOLUTIONS4 ,WE %\LD ALL[ ?IS TO FL\RI%1 BY RE/RA9+ GOV]NM5T'S IMPULSE TO \TLAW UNCONV5TIONAL BEHAVIOR ?R\< SU* LEGISLATION AS ! ,CRIM9AL ,JU/ICE ,ACT #a#i#i#d4 ,9 ADDITION1 PLANN+ AU?ORITIES %\LD BE MORE SYMPA!TIC TO EXP]IM5TATION1 P]HAPS EV5 REVIV+ ! IDEA ( RELAX$ PLANN+ ZONES ASSOCIAT$ ) SOME ( ! ,NEW ,T[NS 9 ! #a#i#fS4 ,9TRODUCTION ,MY PURPOSE 9 ?IS PAP] IS TO EXPLORE ASPECTS ( ! HI/ORY ( H\S+1 9 T]MS ( H\S+ BAS$ ON LOCAL & POPUL> 9ITIATIVE1 SELF-HELP & MUTUAL AID4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO REMEMB] ?AT MO/ ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION LIVES 9 H\SES BUILT BY !MSELVES1 !IR P>5TS & GR&P>5TS & ?AT ! WORLD'S MO/ WIDELY US$ BUILD+ MAT]IALS >E GRASS 9 ITS V>I\S =MS FROM /RAW TO BAMBOO1 & MUD 9 ITS 9NUM]ABLE =MS FROM RAMM$ E>? TO BRICK4 ,9 ,5GLI% HI/ORY1 A KEY EV5T WE HAVE TO GRAPPLE ) IS ?AT ( ! ,5CLOSURE ( ! COMMON FIELDS1 COMMON L&S & WA/ES1 :I* WAS NOT A SUDD5 TRANS=MATION 9 ! EILIAM5T>Y ,5CLOSURES ( #a#g#e-#a#h#e4 ,BUT !RE W]E PL5TY ( PLACES1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! H9T]L& ( T[NS :]E ! PROCESS ( 5CLOSURE WAS LESS IMPORTANT ?AN ! ACCESSIBILITY ( SMALL PAT*ES ( L& :]E A LIV+ C\LD BE MADE 9 A V>IETY ( 9DU/RIES MEET+ ! NE$S ( T[N-DWELL]S1 :E!R 9 KEEP+ *ICK5S OR C[S1 GR[+ VEGETABLES1 OR 9 QU>RY+ /ONE OR MAK+ BRICKS1 OR TAK+ 9 LAUNDRY4 ,!RE W]E 9 O!R WORDS A LOT ( PEOPLE :O SCRAP$ A LIV+ 9 SEV]AL1 (T5 SEASONAL1 OCCUPATIONS 9CLUD+ CULTIVAT+ !IR [N PAT*4 ,HEAD+TON ,QU>RY1 JU/ \TSIDE ,OX=D1 WAS ONE ( ! FEW SU* SETTLEM5TS :OSE /ORY WAS GA!R$ FROM SURVIVORS BE=E IT DISAPPE>$ 9 ! USUAL SUBURBAN EXPANSION4 ,RAPHAEL ,SAMUEL PROVID$ A C>EFUL L9K BETWE5 ORAL RECOLLECTIONS & >*IVES :I* REVEAL$ A COMMUNITY ( SQUATT]S :I* HAD BO? /ONE & CLAY1 & SKILLS TO MEET ! CITY'S DEM&S1 & !SE1 ) ! EQUIVOCAL LEGAL [N]%IP ( L&1 L$ TO H\SE-BUILD+ & ! %>+-\T ( CON/RUCTIONAL SKILLS4 ,EV]Y FAMILY HAD AN ALLOTM5T G>D5 & US$ AN 9VOLV$ S]IES ( GA!R+ TE*NIQUES TO EX*ANGE )9 ! COMMUNITY OR TO SELL TO ! F>M]S OR ! CITY4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( ?IS VA/ V>IETY ( ACTIVITIES WAS ?AT1 H[EV] POOR1 ,QU>RY PEOPLE /AY$ ALIVE \TSIDE ! (FICIAL SY/EM ( POOR RELIEF4 ,/AY+ \TSIDE !SE HAT$ & FE>$ 9/ITUTIONS WAS A REM>KABLE A*IEVEM5T1 & ?IS WAS ALSO1 AS ,SAMUEL NOT$1 A VILLAGE :I* HAD >IS5 S+UL>LY FREE ( L&LORDS3 '= C5TURIES IT HAD 5JOY$ :AT WAS VIRTUALLY AN EXTRA-P>O*IAL EXI/5CE1 A K9D ( AN>*Y1 9 :I* ! VILLAG]S W]E RESPONSIBLE TO NOBODY BUT !MSELVES4' ,COMMUNITIES ( ?IS TYPE NOT ONLY SURVIV$ UNTIL ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 BUT CONT9U$ TO REEM]GE 9 NEW CIRCUM/ANCES ?R\<\T ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,9 ! RE/ ( ?IS PAP] ,I WILL EXAM9E ?REE EXAMPLES 9 MORE DETAIL3 ! PLOTL&]S ( ! 9T]-W> YE>S1 ! SQUATT]S ( ! PO/W> YE>S1 9 ! #a#i#dS & AGA9 9 ! #a#i#fS1 & ! V>I\S K9DS ( TRAVEL]S /ILL EXPLOR+ UNCONV5TIONAL WAYS ( LIV+ TODAY4 ,PLOTL&]S 9 ! E>LY-TW5TIE? C5TURY ,! WORD 'PLOTL&S' WAS CO9$ BY PLANN]S = ?OSE PLACES :]E1 UNTIL #a#i#c#i1 L& WAS DIVID$ 9TO SMALL PLOTS & SOLD1 (T5 9 UNOR?ODOX WAYS1 TO PEOPLE WANT+ TO BUILD !IR HOLIDAY HOME1 C\NTRY RETREAT OR W\LD-BE SMALLHOLD+4 ,IT EVOKES A L&SCAPE ( A GRID-IRON ( GRASSY TRACKS1 SP>SELY FILL$ ) BUNGAL[S MADE FROM >MY HUTS1 OLD RAILWAY COA*ES1 %$S1 *ANTIES & *ALETS1 SL[LY EVOLV+ 9TO ORD9>Y SUBURBAN DEVELOPM5T4 ,! PLOTL&S W]E ! RESULT ( SEV]AL FACTORS4 ,FIR/1 ! AGRICULTURAL DECL9E ?AT BEGAN 9 ! #a#h#gS & CONT9U$ UNTIL #a#i#c#i1 ) A BREAK 9 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 =C$ ! SALE ( BANKRUPT F>MS AT ?R[-AWAY PRICES4 ,ADD$ TO ?IS WAS ! SPREAD D[N ! SOCIAL SCALE ( ! HOLIDAY HABIT & ! 'WEEK5D' IDEA4 ,BE=E ! #ai* ,HOLIDAYS ,) ,PAY ,ACT1 ?OSE :O TOOK A HOLIDAY )\T BE+ PAID = ?AT WEEK OR =TNIE Y>DS ( ,5GL& HAD ITS APPEAL4 ,! PLOTL&S HAD SEV]AL *>ACT]I/ICS 9 COMMON4 ,!Y W]E 9V>IABLY ON M>G9AL L&4 ,! ,ESSEX PLOTL&S W]E ON ! HEAVY CLAY KN[N TO F>M]S AS '?REE-HORSE L&'1 :I* WAS ! FIR/ TO GO \T ( CULTIVATION 9 ! AGRICULTURAL DEPRESSION2 O!RS GREW UP ON VULN]ABLE COA/AL SITES LIKE ,JAYWICK ,S&S & ,CANVEY ,ISL&4 ,ANO!R *>ACT]I/IC WAS ?AT ! PLOTL&]S WANT$ !IR HOLIDAY HOMES TO /AY 9 ! SAME FAMILY & EV5TUALLY TO BECOME ! [N]S' RETIREM5T HOME4 ,:AT SEEM$ TO ! \TSIDE OBS]V] TO BE 9CONV5I5T1 SUB/&>D & F> FROM ! %OPS1 WAS = !M LOAD$ ) MEMORIES ( HAPPY SUMM] DAYS :5 ! *ILDR5 W]E SMALL4 ,F9ALLY1 ! PLOTL&S T5D$ TO BE UPGRAD$ OV] TIME4 ,EXT5SIONS1 ! ADDITION ( BA?ROOMS1 P>TIAL OR TOTAL REBUILD+1 ! PROVISION ( MA9S S]VICES & ! MAK+-UP ( ROADS >E P>T ( ! CONT9U\S IMPROVEM5T PROCESS 9 ANY OLD SETTLEM5T ?AT HAS NOT BE5 ECONOMICALLY UND]M9$ OR SUBJECT$ TO ! RE/RA9T ON IMPROVEM5TS KN[N AS PLANN]S' BLIDY & ,I W]E 5ABL$ TO EXPLORE ! PLOTL&S1 :ILE PL5TY ( ! ORIG9AL SETTL]S W]E /ILL LIV+1 :AT /RUCK US WAS !IR 5ORM\S ATTA*M5T TO !IR HOMES1 !IR DEF5SIVE 9DEP5D5CE & !IR /RONG COMMUNITY BONDS4 ,! RESID5TS ( ,JAYWICK ,S&S1 = EXAMPLE1 HAD = DECADES ORGANIZ$ A S]VICE = EMPTY+ ,ELSAN CLOSETS1 KN[N LOCALLY AS ! ',BI/O ,KIDS'1 UNTIL1 AFT] FIFTY YE>S1 A SEW] WAS BUILT4 ,\R OV]:ELM+ IMPRESSION WAS ( ! WAY ?AT ! PLOTL& SELF-BUILD]S1 :O />T$ ) V]Y LITTLE1 OV] ! YE>S TURN$ !IR [N LABOR & +5UITY 9TO CAPITAL1 ) NO HELP AT ALL FROM LOCAL C\NCILS1 BUILD+ SOCIETIES OR ANY O!R F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,9 ! PO/W> DECADES1 :AT HAVE PLANN+ AU?ORITIES DONE AB\T ! PLOTL&S8 ,SOMETIMES !IR AIM WAS TO ELIM9ATE !M TOTALLY & RETURN ! L&1 IF NOT TO AGRICULTURE1 TO PUBLIC RECREATIONAL USE4 ,9 MO/ PLACES ?IS POLICY HAS FAIL$ & RESULT$ 9 EMPTY SCRUBBY WA/EL& BETWE5 ?OSE PLOTS /ILL OCCUPI$ BY OB/9ATE PEOPLE :O F\K1 ,ESSEX1 ! ,GREAT] ,LONDON ,C\NCIL B\K4 ,NE>BY1 ! NEW T[N ( ,BASILDON WAS DESIGNAT$ 9 #aidi TO MAKE SOME K9D ( URBAN 5TITY \T ( ,PITSEA & ,LA9DON1 :]E BY ! 5D ( ! W> !RE WAS A SETTL$ POPULATION ( AB\T #b#e1 S]V$ BY #ge MILES ( GRASS-TRACK ROADS1 MO/LY ) NO SEW]S & ) /&PIPES = WAT] SUPPLY4 ,! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> & ! OV]:ELM+ P[]S TO CONTROL DEVELOPM5T GIV5 TO PLANN+ AU?ORITIES BY ! #aidg ,T[N & ,C\NTRY ,PLANN+ ,ACT & ITS SUCCESSORS PUT AN 5D TO ?IS K9D ( SELF-HELP H\SE-BUILD+ 9 ,BRITA94 ,EV5 SELF-BUILD H\S+1 :I* PROVIDES MORE HOMES ANNUALLY TODAY ?AN ANY ( ! MULTIPLE 'VOLUME H\SE-BUILD]S'1 HAS TO PRODUCE A FULLY-F9I%$1 FULLY-S]VIC$ H\SE RIT4 ,O!RWISE !RE IS NO PLANN+ P]MISSION1 NO APPROVAL UND] ! ,BUILD+ ,REGULATIONS & NO MORTGAGE LOAN TO PAY = ! SITE & MAT]IALS4 ,SQUATT]S 9 ! PO/W> YE>S ,9 ! PO/W> DECADES ! WORD 'SQUATT+' HAS BE5 US$ TO DESCRIBE ! UNAU?ORIZ$ OCCUPATION ( EMPTY PROP]TY 7ALMO/ 9V>IABLY PUBLICLY-[N$7 BY HOMELESS PEOPLE4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT SQUATT+ CAN BE SE5 AS IDEOLOGICAL OR PRAGMATIC4 ,:AT ,I MEAN BY ?IS IS ?AT :5 ,W9/ANLEY & ! ,DIGG]S SETTL$ ON L& AT ,WALTON-ON-,?AMES 9 ,SURREY 9 #a#f#d#i1 !Y W]E IDEOLOGI/S1 DRAMATIZ+ A C5TURY ( UNAU?ORIZ$ 5CROA*M5TS BY L&LORDS4 ,BUT !RE HAVE ALSO ALWAYS BE5 PRAGMATIC SQUATT]S1 RELY+ ON DI/ANT & ABS5TEE PROP]TY-[N]S1 TO ALL[ !M ! OCCUPATION ( PREMISES BY DEFAULT4 ,! LA/ ?+ !Y DESIR$ WAS PUBLICITY & ! ?+ !Y MO/ DESIR$ WAS A R5T-BOOK & SECURITY ( T5URE4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> ?IS K9D ( SQUATT+ />T$ ) :AT WAS KN[N AS ! ',VIGILANTE CAMPAIGN' :I* SPREAD FROM ,BRIGELY1 EX-S]VICEM51 UND] COV] ( NIS ! CAMPAIGN GREW BECAUSE ( ! ANOMALY ( ! EMPTY+-\T ( HUNDR$S ( >MY & AIR-=CE CAMPS DUR+ ! WOR/ H\S+ %ORTAGE ! C\NTRY HAD KN[N4 ,SPONTANE\S 9DIVIDUAL ACTIONS BEGAN 9 ,SCUN?ORPE1 SPREAD QUICKLY TO TWO O!R CAMPS 9 ,L9COLN%IRE1 & W]E FOLL[$ BY ! OCCUPATION ( SEV]AL CAMPS >\ND ,%EFFIELD1 :]E SETTL]S =M$ A ,SQUATT]S' ,PROTECTION ,SOCIETY & L9K$ UP ) ! PIONE] SQUATT]S AT ,SCUN?ORPE4 ,!SE EV5TS W]E RAPIDLY FOLL[$ BY ! SEIZURE ( HUNDR$S ( CAMPS EV]Y:]E 9 ,BRITA94 ,! AU?ORITIES :O AT FIR/ DISCLAIM$ ANY RESPONSIBILITY = ! SQUATT]S -- PASS+ ! BUCK FROM ONE DEP>TM5T TO ANO!R -- W]E =C$ TO RECOGNIZE ! OCCUPATIONS1 & LOCAL AU?ORITIES W]E 9/RUCT$ TO TURN ON WAT] & ELECTRICITY SUPPLIES4 ,LAT] 9 ! YE> ! ,M9I/RY ( ,WORKS1 :I* HAD PREVI\SLY DECL>$ ITSELF 'NOT 9T]E/$' F\ND IT POSSIBLE TO (F] ! ,M9I/RY ( ,HEAL? 7!N ! DEP>TM5T RESPONSIBLE = H\S+7 #he =M] S]VICE CAMPS4 ,! GOV]NM5T ANN\NC$ ON #a#a? ,OCTOB] #aidf ?AT #a1#c#h CAMPS 9 ,5GL& & ,WALES HAD BE5 OCCUPI$ BY #c#i1#e#c#e PEOPLE1 & ON #e? ,SEPTEMB] IT WAS /AT$ ?AT F\R ?\S& PEOPLE HAD SQUATT$ 9 ,SCOTL&4 ,S9CE ! GOV]NM5T C\LD NOT DE/ROY ! MOVEM5T1 IT TRI$ TO ABSORB IT1 & EXPRESS$ ITSELF CONFID5T ?AT ! SETTL]S W\LD 'SEE REASON' & 'MOVE \T :5 ! SITUATION HAD BE5 EXPLA9$ TO !M'4 ,ON ,SATURDAY #a#d? ,SEPTEMB]1 ! ,M9I/] ( ,HEAL?1 ,ANEUR9 ,BEVAN1 JU/ BACK FROM HIS HOLIDAY 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 HAD 9/RUCT$ LOCAL AU?ORITIES TO CUT (F GAS & ELECTRICITY SUPPLIES TO PROP]TY UND] !IR CONTROL OCCUPI$ BY SQUATT]S4 ,BUT 9 FACT1 BY ?IS TIME1 C\NCILS W]E ALREADY DIRECT+ HOMELESS PEOPLE TO OCCUPY EMPTY HUTS :]E SETTL]S W]E ORGANIZ+ COMMUNAL COOK+ & NURS]Y FACILITIES & =M+ ROTAS TO /OKE ! BOIL]S LEFT BEH9D BY ! >M$ =CES4 ,9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#d#f1 ,BEVAN /ILL S\S TO GET 9TO ?AT 'H\S+ QUEUE'4 ,?US 9 ONE CASE OV] A HUNDR$ FAMILIES :O 9 #aidf OCCUPI$ A CAMP CALL$ ,FIELD ,F>M 9 ,OX=D%IRE1 /AY$ TOGE!R & OV] T5 YE>S LAT] 9 #a#i#e#h-#i W]E RE-H\S$ 9 ! NEW VILLAGE ( ,B]9SFIELD ON ! SAME SITE4 ,9 PRACTICE ! SQUATT]S HAD WON1 & BE=E LONG C5TRAL GOV]NM5T WAS CRITICIZ+ LOCAL AU?ORITIES = NOT H\S+ HOMELESS FAMILIES 9 =M] MILIT>Y CAMPS4 ,BUT NE$LESS TO SAY1 PRAGMATIC SQUATT+ CONT9U$1 ESPECIALLY AS LOCAL C\NCILS ACQUIR$ VA/ TRACTS ( URBAN H\S+ = EV5TUAL COMPREH5SIVE R$EVELOPM5T4 ,IT REEM]G$ AS A PUBLIC ISSUE 9 #aifh ?ANKS TO TWO ACTIVI/S1 ,RON ,BAILEY & ,JIM ,RAD=D4 ,!Y W]E BUSY AGITAT+ AB\T ! FAILURE ( LOCAL AU?ORITIES TO COMPLY ) !IR /ATUTORY DUTY TO ! HOMELESS1 TRY+ AFT] LONG & BITT] CAMPAIGNS TO DRAW PUBLIC ATT5TION TO CONDITIONS 9 HO/ELS = HOMELESS FAMILIES 9 ,K5T & ,ESSEX & 9 ! ,LONDON ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL >EA4 ,SO !Y 9/ALL$ HOMELESS FAMILIES 9 UNOCCUPI$ H\SES :I* HAD BE5 PUBLICLY ACQUIR$ & E>M>K$ = DEMOLITION 9 ! FUTURE = PROJECT$ ROAD IMPROVEM5TS1 OR C> P>K+ OR MUNICIPAL (FICES4 ,?IS \TRAG$ ! LOCAL AU?ORITIES1 :O RESPOND$ VIOL5TLY4 ,!Y US$ ?UGS DESCRIB$ AS 'PRIVATE 9VE/IGATORS' AS !IR AG5TS TO T]RORIZE & 9TIMIDATE ! SQUATT+ FAMILIES4 ,?IS WAS WIDELY REPORT$ & PHOTOGRAPH$ 9 ! PRESS & ON TELEVISION1 & ?IS 9 TURN DREW PUBLIC OP9ION T[>DS SUPPORT = ! SQUATT]S1 AS DID ! POLICY ( DELIB]ATELY WRECK+ ! 9T]IORS ( EMPTY H\SES TO KEEP ! SQUATT]S \T4 ,H[EV]1 AFT] ?IS OV]-REACTION ! C\NCILS1 APP>5TLY A%AM$ ( !IR MISMANAGEM5T ( ! EMPTY H\S+ !Y [N$1 GLADLY 5T]$ 9TO AGREEM5TS = %ORT-LIFE H\S+ COOP]ATIVES1 SOME ( :I*1 BECAUSE ( ! *ANG$ CLIMATE ( H\S+ POLICY1 HAVE HAD A V]Y LONG LIFE4 ,= EXAMPLE 9 ,LONDON1 SOME ( ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL H\S+ CO-OPS HAVE GR[N \T ( SQUATT+ GR\PS4 ,LOCAL POLITICIANS MAY HAVE COME TO AGREEM5TS ) SQUATT]S1 BUT C5TRAL GOV]NM5T POLITICIANS ( BO? MAJOR P>TIES HAVE BE5 UNREMITT+LY HO/ILE4 ,ONCE !Y DISCOV]$ ?AT SQUATT+ WAS A CIVIL1 RA!R ?AN A CRIM9AL (F5SE1 GOV]N$ BY LEGISLATION DAT+ BACK TO ! YE> #a#c#h#a1 !Y SET AB\T *ANG+ ! SITUATION4 ,! ,LAW ,COMMISSION RESPOND$ 9 #aigd ) A DOCUM5T ON ,CRIM9AL ,LAW ,(F5SES ( ,5T]+ & ,REMA9+ ON ,PROP]TY1 :I* WAS 9CORPORAT$ 9TO LEGISLATION BY ! ,CRIM9AL ,LAW ,ACT ( #a#i#g#g4 ,?IS FAIL$ TO DET] ?IS C\NTRY'S #e1 OR SO SQUATT]S1 & 9 PRACTICE1 SO HAS ITS ,CONS]VATIVE SUCCESSOR1 ! ,CRIM9AL ,JU/ICE ,ACT ( #a#i#i#d4 ,! GOV]NM5T IGNOR$ ! REPRES5TATION ( ?OSE :O HAD TRI$ TO SEEK SOME ACCOMMODATION = ! HOMELESS 9 (FICIAL POLICY1 & ! #aiid ACT 9CORPORAT$ AN ECLECTIC RANGE ( LEGISLATION DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! POOR4 ,:AT SQUATT]S SEEK1 & HAVE ALWAYS S\K$ DET]IORATION 9 ! PUBLIC MOOD :I* 5ABL$ LOCAL AU?ORITIES 9 ! #a#i#dS & AGA9 9 ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS TO MAKE CREATIVE DEALS ) SQUATT]S1 BUT 9 ! #a#i#iS L$ C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 RELY+ = SUPPORT ON :AT IT SAW AS ! SELF-PROTECTIVE 9/9CTS ( A PROP]TY-[N+ DEMOCRACY1 TO ADOPT POLICIES :I* HAVE HAD ! EFFECT ( CRIM9ALIZ+ !M4 ,TRAVEL]S & SETTL]S TODAY ,ALL ?R\< ,5GLI% HI/ORY !RE HAVE ALWAYS BE5 TRAVEL+ PEOPLE ) AN 9DISP5SABLE ROLE 9 ! TRADITIONAL LABOR-9T5SIVE RURAL ECONOMY 9 SEASONAL WORK AT H>VE/-TIME1 & EV5 TODAY1 :5 >ABLE F>M]S AIM TO DO )\T ANY P]MAN5T LABOR =CE1 !Y HAVE A VITAL PLACE 9 POTATO-LIFT+1 FRUIT-PICK+1 & 9 HOPFIELDS & OR*>DS4 ,PLANN+ LEGISLATION1 ALLOCAT+ AN APPROV$ USE TO EV]Y PAT* ( L&1 HAS ADD$ TO ! PROBLEMS FAC$ BY TRAVEL+ PEOPLE4 ,IT WAS RECOGNITION ( !SE DILEMMAS = A M9ORITY ?AT L$ TO ! PASS+ ( ! ,C>AVAN ,SITES ,ACT ( #a#i#f#h1 :I* REQUIR$ LOCAL C\NCILS TO PROVIDE SITES = GYPSIES ) A #a P] C5T GRANT FROM C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 ,LESS ?AN TWO-FIF?S ( !M ACTUALLY DID SO & ! ,ACT WAS NOT 5=C$4 ,9 #ai< ! GOV]NM5T ASK$ ! LATE ,PR(ESSOR ,G]ALD ,WIBB]LEY1 A MU* RESPECT$ AU?ORITY ON C\NTRYSIDE PLANN+1 TO REPORT ON ITS WORK+S4 ,HE CONCLUD$ ?AT '! ,ACT IS WORK+1 SL[LY1 BUT QUITE WELL 9 A FEW >EAS1 EV5 ?\< C\NCILS & ! GOV]NM5T DIDN'T HAVE !IR HE>T 9 IT'4 ,H[EV]1 ON #a#h? ,AUGU/ #a#i#i#b1 :5 P>LIAM5T WAS 9 RECESS ,SIR ,GEORGE ,Y\NG1 !N ,M9I/] ( ,/ATE = ,H\S+ & ,PLANN+1 ANN\NC$ HIS 9T5TION TO MAKE IT A CRIM9AL (F5SE TO P>K A C>AVAN OR SIMIL> VEHICLE ON ANY L&1 )\T ! L&[N]'S CONS5T1 & TO REMOVE ! OBLIGATION ON LOCAL AU?ORITIES TO PROVIDE SITES4 ,SIR ,GEORGE SAID1 ) A /RAID ,OAKLEY1 :O HAD US$ ! C\NCIL SITE \TSIDE ,BURY ,/ ,$MUND'S 9 ,SUFFOLK1 B\BY PLOT :]E HE HAD GRAZ$ HIS HORSES1 & 9/ALL$ HIS MOBILE HOME & T\R+ C>AVAN !RE4 ,H[EV]1 ! C\NCIL'S COMMITTEE REFUS$ HIM PLANN+ P]MISSION & ! PLANN+ ,9SPECTOR DISMISS$ HIS APPEAL1 AS HIS PREMISES 'W]E 5TIRELY 9APPROPRIATE FEATURES 9 A ,SPECIAL ,L&SCAPE ,>EA 444 & ! CONIF] H$GE1 TRIMM$ 9 NEAT1 SUBURBAN /YLE1 WAS TOTALLY \T ( PLACE 9 ! ,SUFFOLK C\NTRYSIDE'4 ,SIMIL>LY1 NE> ,NORTON ,SUB ,HAMDON 9 ,SOM]SET1 A GR\P ( ,NEW ,AGE ,TRAVEL]S APPLI$ = PLANN+ P]MISSION = SEV5 B5D]S & T5TS TO ACCOMMODATE UP TO TWELVE ADULTS ON A #d-ACRE WOODL& SITE :I* 9CLUD$ A #a1 TREE APPLE OR*>D1 SOME F>M ANIMALS & ORGANIC ALLOTM5TS ON L& ?AT !Y ALREADY [N$4 ,S\? ,SOM]SET ,DI/RICT ,C\NCIL REFUS$ P]MISSION &1 9 SPITE ( A PLANN+ 9SPECTOR RECOMM5D+ ?AT AN APPEAL AGA9/ ?IS DECISION BE ALL[$1 ! !N ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE1 ,JOHN ,GUMM]1 DISMISS$ IT ON ! GR\NDS ?AT '! PROVISION ( GR\PS ( T5TS OR SIMIL> RESID5TIAL ACCOMMODATION 9 ! OP5 C\NTRYSIDE1 M]ELY TO PROVIDE A SUBSI/5CE LIV+ = ! OCCUPANTS1 IS NOT A PRACTICAL PATT]N ( L& USE'4 ,HAV+ WON ! DAY1 ! C\NCIL SUBSEQU5TLY *ANG$ ITS M9D & 9 #aiih GRANT$ A #e-YE> P]MISSION = ?IS USE ( ! L&4 ,AT ! TIME ( WRIT+1 9 #b#d1 NO DECISION HAS YET BE5 REA*$ ON ! APPLICATION TO R5EW ?IS CONS5T1 BUT ! VOCIF]\S LOCAL OBJECTORS ( ! MID-#a#i#iS SEEM TO HAVE MELT$ AWAY1 NO D\BT BECAUSE !IR FE>S ( NOISE1 NUISANCE ETC4 TURN$ \T TO BE UNF\ND$4 ,!RE >E HOPES ?AT ',T9K]'S ,BUBBLE'1 AS IT IS KN[N1 MAY BECOME A P]MAN5T FEATURE ( ! LOCAL L&SCAPE4 ,BUT ,T9K]'S ,BUBBLE IS A R>E EXCEPTION TO ! RULE & !RE IS /ILL MU* TRU? 9 ! COMM5T ( ,SIMON ,FAIRLIE1 ONE ( ! ,SOM]SET SETTL]S1 ?AT 'IT IS ! PLANN+ SY/EM1 RA!R ?AN [N]%IP1 ?AT IS N[ ! MA9 WAY 9 :I* ORD9>Y PEOPLE >E PREV5T$ FROM 0RECLAIM+ ! L&0'4 ,DRAW+ UPON ! EXP]I5CE ( ! PRE-W> PLOTL&S1 ,I TOOK UP ?IS !ME SOME YE>S AGO :5 ,I HAD ! *ANCE TO ADDRESS MEMB]S ( ! ,NEW ,T[N HI]>*Y 9 #a#i#g#e4 ,I URG$ ?AT S9CE ! !N /ILL EXI/+ ,NEW ,T[N ,DEVELOPM5T ,CORPORATIONS CONTROLL$ V]Y L>GE >EAS ( L&1 ONE ( !M %\LD SPONSOR AN EXP]IM5T 9 ! RELAXATION ( PLANN+ & BUILD+ CONTROLS TO MAKE IT POSSIBLE = ?OSE :O WANT$ TO1 TO EXP]IM5T 9 ALT]NATIVE WAYS ( BUILD+ & S]VIC+ H\SES1 & 9 P]MITT+ A DWELL+ TO BE OCCUPI$ 9 A MO/ RUDIM5T>Y CONDITION = GRADUAL COMPLETION4 ,I >GU$ ?AT IT %\LD BE POSSIBLE TO OP]ATE SOME K9D ( 'USUFRUCT'1 SOME SORT ( LEASEHOLD ) SAFEGU>DS AGA9/ PURELY CYNICAL EXPLOITATION1 :I* W\LD 5ABLE PEOPLE TO H\SE !MSELVES 9 !IR [N /YLE :ILE NOT DRA9+ IMM5SE SUMS FROM C5TRAL OR LOCAL GOV]NM5T4 ,! NOTION GA9$ SOME SUPPORT )9 ,MILTON ,KEYNES ,DEVELOPM5T ,CORPORATION & !RE W]E 5DLESS NEGOTIATIONS ) A LOCAL BODY1 ! ,GRE5 ,T[N ,GR\P1 & ! ,T[N & ,C\NTRY ,PLANN+ ,ASSOCIATION4 ,IT ALL CAME TO NO?+ BECAUSE IT WAS A MATT] ( PR9CIPLE = ! ,DEVELOPM5T ,CORPORATION TO AVOID >GUM5T ) ! LOCAL PLANN+ AU?ORITY1 ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL4 ,AS ,DON ,RITSON ( ! ,DEVELOPM5T ,CORPORATION REM>K$3 ',WE CAN'T GET PLANN+ P]MISSION1 EV5 9 \TL9E1 )\T A CLE> /ATEM5T ( :AT IS TO HAPP5 ON ! SITE1 BUT IF WE SPECIFY :AT IS TO HAPP5 WE >E LIMIT+ 9 ADVANCE ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! PEOPLE WE EXPECT TO SETTLE !RE4 ,& ! :OLE IDEA IS TO GIVE !M ! FRE$OM ( *OICE4' ,MEAN:ILE1 ! CONCEPT WAS TAK5 UP AT ,TEL=D ,NEW ,T[N = A SITE ?AT HAD BE5 RAVAG$ BY OLD COAL WORK+S & WAS UNSUITABLE = ORD9>Y DEVELOPM5T4 ,AT ,LIG9AL SETTLEM5T4 ,AS 9 ! CASE ( ! SQUATT]S ( ! #a#i#fS1 SOME?+ HAS TO YIELD4 ,! ,CRIM9AL ,JU/ICE ,ACT IS TOO V9DICTIVE & PUNITIVE A LAW TO BECOME ! DET]M9ANT ( :O IS 5TITL$ TO LIVE :]E4 ,& 9 PLANN+ PROC$URES !RE HAS TO BE SOME K9D ( AN ACCOMMODATION BETWE5 ! IDEOLOGY ( ',NIMBYISM' -- ,NOT 9 ,MY ,BACK ,Y>D- & ! ORD9>Y BASIC NE$S ( ! PEOPLE EXCLUD$ FROM ! 5T]PRISE ECONOMY4 ,CONCLUSIONS ,9 ! PO/W> DECADES POPUL> MY?OLOGY HELD ?AT EV]Y ACRE ( ,BRITA9 WAS PRECI\S 9 ! 9T]E/S ( AGRICULTURE4 ,F>M]S W]E FREE TO DE/ROY WOODL&S & H$GES1 DRA9 WETL&S & POLLUTE RIV]S & WAT] SUPPLIES 9 ! 9T]E/S ( 9CREAS$ PRODUCTION4 ,N[ ?AT ! BUBBLE ( OV]-PRODUCTION HAS BUR/1 ! SAME PEOPLE >E SUBSIDIZ$ = NOT GR[+ & = RETURN+ HABITATS TO :AT IS SE5 AS NATURE4 ,?IS RESULTS 9 GOLF C\RSES & PUBLICLY-F9ANC$ SET-ASIDE4 ,UN(FICIAL SETTLEM5TS >E SE5 AS A ?REAT TO WILDLIFE1 :I* IS SACROSANCT4 ,! PLANN+ SY/EM IS ! VEHICLE ?AT SUPPORTS F\R-:EEL-DRIVE ,RANGE ,ROV]S1 BUT NOT ! LOCAL ECONOMY1 & C]TA9LY NOT ?OSE TRAVEL]S & SETTL]S SEEK+ !IR [N MODE/ PLACE 9 ! SUN4 ,!SE PEOPLE HAVE BYPASS$ ! SACR$ RIE ! DIRECT RESULT ( PUBLIC POLICY4 ,SOME?+ HAS TO BE DONE TO *ANGE IT1 & ! HIDD5 HI/ORY ( TW5TIE?-C5TURY H\S+ (F]S SOME CURR5TLY UNCONV5TIONAL MODELS4 ,SEPTEMB] #bd ,FUR!R ,READ+ ,RON ,BAILEY1 ,! ,SQUATT]S 7#a#i#g#c74 ,RON ,BAILEY1 ,HOMELESSNESS3 ,:AT CAN BE DONE8 ,AN ,IMM$IATE ,PROGRAM ( ,SELF-,HELP & ,MUTUAL ,AID 7#a#i#i#d74 ,D5NIS ,H>DY & ,COL9 ,W>D1 ,>CADIA = ,ALL4 ,! ,LEGACY ( A ,MAKE%IFT ,L&SCAPE 7#a#i#h#d74 ,RAPHAEL ,SAMUEL1 ',QU>RY R\RY1 #a#h#f-#a#i#b -- AN ESSAY 9 ORAL HI/ORY'1 9 ,RAPHAEL ,SAMUEL 7$471 ,VILLAGE ,LIFE & ,LABOR 7#a#i#g#e74 ,COL9 ,W>D1 ',! 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