,! ,HI/ORICAL ,FAILURE ( ,AN>*ISM ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,*RI/OPH] ,DAY ,TEXT 3 ,9 ! ,SPR+ #aiif ISSUE ( ,WORK]S ,SOLID>ITY 7J\RNAL ( ,IREL&'S ,WORK]S ,SOLID>ITY ,MOVEM5T7 !RE IS A REVIEW BY ,CONOR ,MC,L\TICLE 9 !MSELVES TO EXPLA91 RANG+ FROM ! MILIT>Y P[] ( ! FASCI/S 7& !IR \TSIDE AID7 TO ! BETRAYALS BY ! COMMUNI/S & SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 & ?IS IS NOT MY PURPOSE H]E4 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT IS ?AT ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION DID NOT COLLAPSE DUE TO ANY 9T]NAL PROBLEMS OR FLAWS 9 HUMAN NATURE4 ,IT WAS DEFEAT$ FROM )\T4 ,AN>*ISM HAD NOT FAIL$4 ,AN>*I/S HAD PROV$ ?AT IDEAS :I* LOOK GOOD 9 ! PAGES ( !ORY BOOKS LOOK EV5 BETT] ON ! CANVAS ( LIFE4 ,?IS QUOTE NEATLY SUMS UP ! LESSONS ?AT MO/ AN>*I/S SEEM TO HAVE DRAWN FROM ! HI/ORY ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,IT ALSO NEATLY SUMS UP :AT IS WRONG ) ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,IT IS NO?+ %ORT ( A COMPLETE ABDICATION ( ONE ( ! MO/ BASIC RESPONSIBILITIES ( REVOLUTION>IES3 ! RESPONSIBILITY TO SUBJECT ! DEFEATS & FAILURES ( ! MOVEM5T TO ! MO/ ?OR\Y1 ! ONE TRUE PA? ( AN>*ISM IS V9DICAT$ BY ! EXP]I5CE4 ,:5 AN>*I/S 5C\NT] ?IS SORT ( ?+ 9 O!R IDEOLOGIES !Y NEV] FAIL TO TE> IT TO %R$S4 ,DOES ,COMMUNISM BE> RESPONSIBILITY = ! HEAP+ PILES ( CORPSES PRODUC$ BY ,COMMUNI/ REGIMES8 ,IS ,*RI/IANITY TO BE BLAM$ = ! ,CRUSADES1 ! ,9QUISITION & ! ,WIT* ,HUNTS8 ,( C\RSE4 ,WE JUDGE IDEOLOGIES BY !IR PRACTICAL RESULTS 9 PEOPLE'S LIVES NOT BY !IR PIE-9-!-SKY PROMISES4 ,AN>*ISM 9 ,SPA9 RAIS$ ! HOPES ( MILLIONS ?AT A CLASSLESS /ATELESS SOCIETY C\LD BE A*IEV$ 9 ! H]E & N[1 LEAD !M TO ! B>RICADES TO MAKE IT REAL1 & FAIL$ ABYSMALLY4 ,! ,SPANI% PEOPLE W]E CONDEMN$ TO =TY YE>S ( FASCI/ RULE BECAUSE ( ! FAILURE4 ,& YET :ILE ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ( ! PA/ HALF C5TURY HAS PRODUC$ AN EXT5SIVE LIT]ATURE EXTOLL+ ! MOM5T>Y SUCCESSES ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 9 ! CREATION ( PEASANT & WORK]S COLLECTIVES1 !RE HAS BE5 ALMO/ NO S]I\S EF=T TO ANALYZE H[ ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T CONTRIBUT$ TO ITS [N DEFEAT4 ,BLAM+ ONES POLITICAL 5EMIES 7FASCI/S1 ,COMMUNI/S1 OR SOCIAL-DEMOCRATS7 = BEHAV+ EXACTLY AS ONE W\LD EXPECT !M TO BEHAVE ONLY FUR!R CONFUSES MATT]S4 ,BETRAYAL1 AFT] ALL1 IS ONLY POSSIBLE ON ! P>T ( SOMEONE TRU/$4 ,! ,RESPONSIBILITIES ( ,REVOLUTION>IES ,?IS PAP] IS NOT PRIM>ILY AB\T ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 ,RA!R IT IS AN ATTEMPT TO POSE SOME S]I\S & DIFFICULT QUE/IONS ?AT ,I BELIEVE AN>*ISM HAS IRRESPONSIBLY AVOID$4 ,IT IS ADDRESS$ TO ?OSE 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T :O >E S]I\S AB\T MAK+ AN ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS NOT ADDRESS$ TO ?OSE :O DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT SU* A REVOLUTION IS POSSIBLE4 ,IT IS NOT ADDRESS$ TO ?OSE :OSE POLITICAL HORIZONS EXT5D NO FUR!R ?AN E/ABLI%+ EI!R A 0TEMPOR>Y AUTONOM\S ZONE0 OR A SEMI-P]MAN5T BOHEMIAN 5CLAVE4 ,NEI!R IS IT ADDRESS$ TO ?OSE = :OM BE+ A REVOLUTION>Y MEANS AFFECT+ A MORE MILITANT ?AN ?\ POSE4 ,! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T IS FILL$ ) PEOPLE :O >E LESS 9T]E/$ 9 OV]?R[+ ! EXI/+ OPPRESSIVE SOCIAL ORD] ?AN ) WA%+ !IR H&S ( IT4 ,?IS CONC]N ) 5SUR+ ! PASSAGE ( ONES S\L TO AN>*I/ HEAV5 CAN RANGE FROM ! OBSESSIVE EF=TS TO PURIFY ONE'S P]SONAL HABITS TO ! SECT>IAN REFUSAL TO JO9 ANY GR\P OR ORGANIZATION ?AT %[S ANY SIGN ( BE+ A PRODUCT ( ?IS SOCIETY4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT AN 5ORM\S AM\NT ( HUMAN SUFF]+ IS ! DIRECT CONSEQU5CE ( ! FACT ?AT ! MAJORITY ( HUMANITY DOES NOT HAVE CONTROL OV] ! DECISIONS ?AT AFFECT !IR LIVES4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT PEOPLE >E ULTIMATELY CAPABLE ( EX]CIS+ ?AT CONTROL OV] !IR [N LIVES4 ,CONSEQU5TLY ! REVOLUTION>Y OV]?R[ ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS & SOCIAL RELATION%IPS ?AT /& 9 ! WAY ( REALIZ+ ?AT CONTROL IS A NECESS>Y UND]TAK+4 ,PEOPLE :O >E 5GAG$ 9 ?AT PROJECT >E REVOLUTION>IES & AS REVOLUTION>IES ,I BELIEVE WE HAVE C]TA9 RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO SPEAK ( ?REE ( ?OSE RESPONSIBILITIES BE=E GETT+ 9TO SOME ( ! ?ORNI] QUE/IONS ?IS PAP] AIMS TO ADDRESS4 ,TO ,W9 ,FRE$OM ,! /R5G? ( AN>*ISM IS ITS MORAL 9SI/5CE ON ! PRIMACY ( HUMAN FRE$OM OV] POLITICAL EXP$I5CY4 ,BUT HUMAN FRE$OM EXI/S 9 A POLITICAL CONTEXT4 ,IT IS NOT SUFFICI5T1 H[EV]1 TO SIMPLY TAKE ! MO/ UNCOMPROMIS+ POSITION 9 DEF5SE ( FRE$OM4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO ACTUALLY W9 FRE$OM4 ,ANTI-CAPITALISM DOESN'T DO ! VICTIMS ( CAPITALISM ANY GOOD IF Y\ DON'T ACTUALLY DE/ROY CAPITALISM4 ,ANTI-/ATISM DOESN'T DO ! VICTIMS ( ! /ATE ANY GOOD IF Y\ DON'T ACTUALLY SMA% ! /ATE4 ,AN>*ISM HAS BE5 V]Y GOOD AT PUTT+ =? VISIONS ( A FREE SOCIETY & ?AT IS = ! GOOD4 ,BUT IT IS WOR?LESS IF WE DON'T DEVELOP AN ACTUAL /RATEGY = REALIZ+ ?OSE VISIONS4 ,IT IS NOT 5\< TO BE RIN FROM ! ,PA/ ,PEOPLE HAVE BE5 /RUGGL+ = FRE$OM =EV]4 ,! S+LE MO/ VALUABLE ASSET ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T IS ?IS EXP]I5CE4 ,WE >E NOT ! FIR/ PEOPLE TO GRAPPLE ) ! PROBLEM ( H[ TO MAKE REVOLUTION & CREATE A FREE SOCIETY4 ,WE HAVE AN OBLIGATION TO SUBJECT EV]Y *APT] 9 ! FI+ ANALYSIS WE >E CAPABLE (4 ,?IS IS ! ONLY WAY ?AT WE CAN HOPE TO AVOID REPEAT+ ! ]RORS ( ! PA/4 ,! AN>*I/ APPROA* TO HI/ORY1 UN=TUNATELY1 CONSI/S L>GELY ( LOOK+ = ! LESSONS WE WANT TO F9D4 ,! VIEW ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION CRITIQU$ ABOVE IS A FAIRLY TYPICAL EXAMPLE4 ,?IS FEEL GOOD APPROA* TO \R [N HI/ORY 7OR TO SOME IMAG9>Y PREHI/ORIC AN>*I/ ,$57 IS G5]ALLY C\PL$ ) A COMPLETE DIS9T]E/ 9 ! HI/ORY ( /RUGGLES ?AT CAN'T BE NEATLY CONTA9$ )9 \R [N IDEOLOGICAL BORD]S 7H[EV] ANY 9DIVIDUAL MIIAN M>TYRS TO BE 9VOK$ 9 POLITICAL DEBATES4 ,H[ MANY AN>*I/S ONCE !Y HAVE READ AN ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN ACC\NT ( SOME HI/ORICAL EPISODE ACTUALLY GO & READ ACC\NTS FROM O!R P]SPECTIVES8 ,IF \R HI/ORY W]E AN UN9T]RUPT$ TRA9 ( SUCCESSES ?IS C]TA9TY ?AT !RE IS NO?+ TO LE>N FROM O!RS W\LD BE A BIT MORE DEF5SIBLE4 ,TO ,HAVE A ,PLAN ,F9ALLY REVOLUTION>IES HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO HAVE A PLAUSIBLE PLAN = MAK+ REVOLUTION4 ,OBVI\SLY !RE >E NOT 5\< REVOLUTION>IES TO MAKE A REVOLUTION AT ?IS MOM5T4 ,WE CAN REASONABLY ANTICIPATE ?AT ! FUTURE WILL BR+ UPSURGES 9 POPUL> OPPOSITION TO ! EXI/+ SY/EM4 ,)\T BE+ ANY MORE SPECIFIC AB\T :]E ?OSE UPSURGES MI ?AT IT IS FROM ! RANKS ( SU* UPSURGES ?AT ! NUMB]S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T WILL BE 9CREAS$1 EV5TUALLY LEAD+ TO A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION 7:I* IS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! NORMAL CRISES ( ! CURR5T ORD] ONLY BY ! EXI/5CE ( A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T READY TO PU% ?+S FUR!R74 ,PEOPLE :O >E F$ UP ) ! EXI/+ SY/EM & :O >E WILL+ TO COMMIT !MSELVES TO ITS OV]?R[ WILL LOOK >\ND = LIKEM9D$ PEOPLE :O HAVE AN IDEA ( :AT TO DO4 ,IF WE DON'T HAVE A PLAUSIBLE PLAN = MAK+ REVOLUTION WE CAN BE SURE ?AT !RE WILL BE SOMEBODY ELSE !RE :O WILL4 ,!RE IS NO GU>ANTEE ?AT REVOLUTION>Y-M9D$ PEOPLE WILL BE SPONTANE\SLY DRAWN TO ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN POLITICS4 ,! PLAN DOESN'T HAVE TO BE AN EXACT BLUEPR9T4 ,IT %\LDN'T BE TREAT$ AS SOME?+ SACR$4 ,IT %\LD BE SUBJECT TO CON/ANT REVISION 9 LIE P]SI/5T ONES & ?AT IF WE CAN'T SAY :AT WE W\LD HAVE DONE 9 ! PA/ WE %\LD NOT EXPECT PEOPLE TO ?9K MU* ( \R ABILITY TO FACE ! FUTURE4 ,!RE IS A WIDESPREAD T5D5CY 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 7& ON ! LEFT 9 G5]AL7 TO SAY ?AT ! QUE/ION ( H[ WE >E GO+ TO ACTUALLY MAKE A REVOLUTION IS TOO DI/ANT & !RE=E TOO AB/RACT TO DEAL ) N[4 ,9/EAD IT IS ASS]T$ ?AT WE %\LD FOCUS ON PRACTICAL PROJECTS OR IMM$IATE /RUGGLES4 ,BUT ! PRACTICAL PROJECTS OR IMM$IATE /RUGGLES WE DECIDE TO FOCUS ON >E PRECISELY :AT WILL DET]M9E IF WE EV] MOVE ANY CLOS] TO MAK+ REVOLUTION4 ,IF WE ABDICATE \R RESPONSIBILITY TO TRY TO FIGURE \T :AT IT WILL TAKE TO ACTUALLY MAKE REVOLUTION & TO DIRECT \R CURR5T WORK ACCORD+LY WE WILL BE CAUY SITUATION WE WILL BE PU%$ TO ! SIDE BY MORE POLITICALLY PREP>$ =CES 7:O UND\BT$LY WE WILL ACCUSE ( 0BETRAY+0 ! REVOLUTION IF !Y DON'T %OOT ALL ( US74 ,WE WILL BE C>RI$ BY ! TIDE ( HI/ORY 9/EAD ( ATTEMPT+ TO /E] \R [N C\RSE4 ,& BY ALL[+ ?IS TO HAPP5 AGA9 IT WILL BE WE :O HAVE REALLY BETRAY$ ! REVOLUTION4 ,! NET RESULT ( ! REFUSAL TO DEAL ) :AT IT WILL ACTUALLY TAKE TO MAKE A REVOLUTION IS ?AT AN>*ISM HAS BECOME A SORT ( DIRECTIONLESS BUT MILITANT RE=MISM4 ,WE >E EI!R BUILD+ V>I\S 0C\NT]-9/ITUTIONS0 ?AT RESEMBLE NO?+ SO MU* AS GRUNGI] V]SIONS ( ! SOCIAL S]VICES ADM9I/]$ BY DIFF]5T *UR*ES2 OR WE >E ?R[+ \RSELF 9TO SOME L>GELY REACTIVE SOCIAL /RUGGLE 9 :I* \R ACTIONS >E FREQU5TLY BOLD & C\RAGE\S1 BUT FROM :I* WE NEV] BUILD ANY SORT ( ONGO+ SOCIAL MOVEM5T 7LET ALONE A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION74 ,! ,!ORETICAL ,POV]TY ( ,AN>*ISM ,BY ! /&>DS ( !SE ?REE RESPONSIBILITIES ALONE AN>*ISM HAS BE5 A FAILURE4 ,NOT ONLY HAS AN>*ISM FAIL$ TO W9 LA/+ FRE$OM = ANYBODY ON E>?1 MANY AN>*I/S TODAY SEEM ONLY NOM9ALLY COMMITT$ TO ?AT BASIC PROJECT4 ,MANY MORE SEEM 9T]E/$ PRIM>ILY 9 C>V+ \T = !MSELVES1 !IR FRI5DS1 & !IR FAVORITE B&S A ZONE ( P]SONAL FRE$OM1 0AUTONOM\S0 ( MORAL RESPONSIBILITY = ! L>G] CONDITION ( HUMANITY 7BUT1 9CID5TALLY1 NOT ( ! ELECTRICAL GRID OR ! PRODUCTION ( ELECTRONIC COMPON5TS74 ,AN>*ISM HAS QUITE SIMPLY REFUS$ TO LE>N FROM ITS HI/ORIC FAILURES1 PREF]R+ TO REWRITE !M AS SUCCESSES4 ,F9ALLY ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T (F]S PEOPLE :O WANT TO MAKE REVOLUTION V]Y LITTLE 9 ! WAY ( A COH]5T PLAN ( ACTION4 ,PROJECTS1 S*EMES1 & REASONS TO RIOT AB\ND -- BUT !IR PLACE 9 A L>G] COH]5T /RATEGY = ACTUALLY OV]?R[+ ! EXI/+ ORD] IS ANYBODY'S GUESS4 ,AN>*ISM IS !ORETICALLY IMPOV]I%$4 ,= ALMO/ #h YE>S1 ) ! EXCEPTIONS ( ,UKRA9E & ,SPA91 AN>*ISM HAS PLAY$ A M>G9AL ROLE 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY ( OPPRESS$ HUMANITY4 ,AN>*ISM HAD ALMO/ NO?+ TO DO ) ! ANTI-COLONIAL /RUGGLES ?AT DEF9$ REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS 9 ?IS C5TURY4 ,?IS M>G9ALIZATION HAS BECOME SELF-REPRODUC+4 ,R$UC$ BY DEVA/AT+ DEFEATS TO CRITIQU+ ! AU?ORIT>IANISM ( ,M>XI/S1 NATIONALI/S & O!RS1 AN>*ISM HAS BECOME DEF9$ BY ?IS GADFLY ROLE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY AN>*I/ ?9K+ HAS NOT HAD TO ADAPT 9 RESPONSE TO ! RESULTS ( S]I\S EF=TS TO PUT \R IDEAS 9TO PRACTICE4 ,9 ! PROCESS AN>*I/ !ORY HAS BECOME OSSIFI$1 /]ILE & ANEMIC4 ,9 ! PLACE ( SUB/ANTIVE POLITICAL DEBATE ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAS RAIS$ ! P]SONAL QU>REL TO AN >T =M4 ,ON ! R>E OCCASIONS ?AT SUB/ANTIVE ISSUES >E BROA*$ ! RESPONSE IS 9V>IABLY CONC]N$ MORE ) ! PROCESS BY :I* !Y W]E BROA*$ OR SPECULATION ON ! *>ACT]-/RUCTURE ( ANYBODY :O W\LD QUE/ION ! RECEIV$ AN>*I/ WISDOM ?AN ) ! POLITICAL CONT5T ( :AT HAS BE5 SAID4 ,?IS IS A REFLECTION ( AN>*ISM'S EFFECTIVE REMOVAL FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 ,BAKUN9'S BRILLIANT PR$ICTIONS ( ! CONSEQU5CES ( ,M>X'S /ATISM HAVE NOT BECOME ! F\NDATION = A DEVELOP+ ANTI-/ATI/ PRAXIS1 BUT RA!R A HOLL[ *ORUS ( 0WE TOLD Y\ SO40 ,ONE ( ! CONSEQU5CES ( ,M>XISM'S 0SUCCESSES0 HAS BE5 ?AT !RE HAS BE5 GREAT] OPPORTUNITY TO SEE ITS LIMITATIONS4 ,ONE ( ! CONSEQU5CES ( AN>*ISM'S MEAG] & %ORT LIV$ VICTORIES HAS BE5 ?AT MANY ( \R IDEAS HAVE NOT BE5 PUT TO ! TE/ ( PRACTICE4 ,ONCE WE >E WILL+ TO ACCEPT ?AT GOOD ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN 9T5TIONS DO NOT GET US (F ! HOOK = ! AU?ORIT>IAN CONSEQU5CES ( AN>*I/ 9COMPET5CE IT BECOMES POSSIBLE TO APPROA* ! :OLE HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 A CONSID]ABLY LESS SELF-RI*ISM 7:I* IS NOT TO REPUDIATE \R ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN CRITIQUE ( O!R O/5SIBLY REVOLUTION>Y CURR5TS7 WE CAN BEG9 ! WORK ( REBUILD+ A REVOLUTION>Y LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,AN>*ISM & ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MOVEM5T ,I BELIEVE ?AT IF WE WANT TO UND]/& ! MOM5T WE >E 9 WE NE$ TO UND]/& \RSELVES AS ONE P>T ( A MU* BROAD] REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT ( HUMAN LIB]ATION ?AT EV]Y:]E >\ND ! WORLD HAS EI!R BE5 DEFEAT$ OR IS 9 RETREAT4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T IS NOT DEF9$ BY ! EMBRACE ( A P>TICUL> IDEOLOGY1 BUT RA!R BY ! OBJECTIVE MOVEM5T ( OPPRESS$ PEOPLE RESI/+ !IR OPPRESSION & FIIETY ( IDEOLOGICAL =MS 7AN>*ISM1 M>XISM1 FEM9ISM1 REVOLUTION>Y NATIONALISM1 LIB]ATION !OLOGY74 ,AT EV]Y MOM5T 9 ITS HI/ORY ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T HAS CONTA9$ ! CONTRADICTIONS ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY FROM :I* IT IS CON/ANTLY BE+ REBORN4 ,SO ITS EV]Y !ORETICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL EXPRESSION HAS ALWAYS CONTA9$ BO? REVOLUTION>Y & C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y1 BO? LIB]ATORY & OPPRESSIVE1 BO? LIB]T>IAN & AU?ORIT>IAN ASPECTS & POT5TIALITIES4 ,AS AN>*I/S WE HAVE T5D$ TO DIVIDE ! LEFT NEATLY 9TO LIB]T>IAN & AU?ORIT>IAN CAMPS4 ,I BELIEVE ! T]MS ( ?IS DIVISION CORRECTLY ID5TIFY ! ESS5CE ( ! CONTRADICTIONS ?AT CON/ANTLY REAPPE> 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,BUT ,I ALSO ?9K ?AT !RE HAS BE5 A G5]AL T5D5CY TO MAKE ?IS DIVISION 9 A ME*ANICAL WAY4 ,!RE IS A T5D5CY1 = EXAMPLE1 TO VIEW ! SPLIT 9 ! #a/ ,9T]NATIONAL BETWE5 ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 AS SETT+ ! T]MS BY :I* WE ANALYZE ! :OLE 9T]V5+ HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE4 ,AS ! 9H]ITORS ( ,BAKUN9'S AN>*ISM WE UPHOLD ! GOOD WORKS ( ALL AN>*I/S S9CE HIM & RITUALI/ICALLY D5\NCE ! ACTIONS ( ALL ,M>XI/S 9 ! SAME P]IOD4 ,! CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS IS TO BL9D \RSELVES TO ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS 9 AN>*I/ !ORY & PRACTICE & ! LEGITIMATE ACCOMPLI%M5TS ( MANY M>XI/S 7OR O!R 0AU?ORIT>IAN0 CURR5TS74 ,9 OPPOSITION TO ?IS ME*ANICAL OR S*OLA/IC APPROA* ,I BELIEVE WE %\LD LOOK AT ! :OLE EXP]I5CE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T DIALECTICALLY4 ,WE NE$ TO ID5TIFY ! ASPECTS ( AN>*ISM ?AT EFFECTIVELY CRIPPL$ IT AS A CR$IBLE REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE TO M>XISM4 ,WE NE$ TO EXAM9E :5 & H[ LIB]ATORY CURR5TS ASS]T$ !MSELVES )9 M>XISM4 ,WE NE$ TO LOOK AT ! V>I\S QUE/IONS ?AT DI/+UI% V>I\S CURR5TS )9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,WE NE$ TO LOOK AT !SE QUE/IONS NOT SIMPLY 9 ! AB/RACT BUT 9 ! REAL HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS 9 :I* !Y >OSE & DEVELOP$4 ,WE NE$ TO LOOK NOT JU/ AT ! FEW TIMES AN>*I/S HAVE PLAY$ A SIGNIFICANT ROLE 9 A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION BUT AT ALL ! REVOLUTIONS ( ! PA/ C5TURY4 ,MANY AN>*I/S1 ( C\RSE1 HAVE BE5 WILL+ TO EMBRACE P>TICUL> EPISODES 7WORK]S C\NCILS 9 PO/-,W,W#a ,EUROPE1 ,HUNG>Y '#e#f1 ! ,%AN*I/ =CES W]E NOT MAJOR PLAY]S1 AS P>T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y LIB]T>IAN TRADITION4 ,OBVI\SLY ?IS BROAD5S ! PO9TS ( HI/ORICAL REF]5CE & IS = ! GOOD4 ,BUT ! %ORT-LIV$ NATURE ( EA* ( !SE EXP]I5CES MEANS ?AT BY BLAM+ ! APPROPRIATE ,/AL9I/S OR SOCIAL-DEMOCRATS = !IR BETRAYALS1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO AVOID ANSW]+ ! H>D] QUE/IONS SOMETIMES POS$ MORE %>PLY BY ?OSE EPISODES 9 :I* CLE>LY DEF9$ LIB]T>IAN =CES DID NOT P>TICIPATE4 ,OBJECTIVE ,CONDITIONS ,IT IS PRACTICALLY AN>*I/ DOGMA ?AT EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION HAS ! POT5TIAL TO BECOME AN AU!NTIC LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,ON ! BASIS ( ?IS POSITION ! FAILURE ( ANY SITUATION TO DEVELOP 9 SU* A DIRECTION IS ! CONSEQU5CE ( ! AU?ORIT>IANISM ( ! V>I\S O/5SIBLY REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS & P>TIES4 ,! SUGGE/ION ?AT ! 0OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS0 FAC$ BY V>I\S REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ACC\NT = ! TURNS !Y TOOK IS R\T9ELY RIDICUL$ BY AN>*I/S AS SIMPLY MAK+ EXCUSES = ! CRIMES ( ?OSE AU?ORIT>IAN =CES4 ,& C]TA9LY !RE IS NO %ORTAGE ( CASES 9 :I* ! SUPPRESSION ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T1 POLITICAL EXECUTIONS1 ! IMPRISONM5T ( D$ICAT$ REVOLUTION>IES1 & SO ON HAVE BE5 DISMISS$ ) CASUAL REF]5CE TO ! 0OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS40 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS HAV5'T IMPOS$ 9SURM\NTABLE OB/ACLES = ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,REVOLUTION>Y SITUATIONS DO NOT PRES5T !MSELVES TO US ONLY AFT] WE HAVE MADE P]FECT PREP>ATIONS = !M4 ,!Y >ISE SUDD5LY :5 ! OLD ORD] IS UNABLE TO MA9TA9 ITS RULE4 ,IT W\LD BE IRRESPONSIBLE 9 SU* SITUATIONS NOT TO TRY TO C>RY \T A ?OR\< LIB]T>IAN SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,BUT IT ISN'T NECESS>ILY ! CASE ?AT IT IS ALWAYS ACTUALLY POSSIBLE TO W9 EV]Y?+ WE WANT4 ,9 ?IS CASE ! REVOLUTION WILL BE CONFRONT$ ) *OOS+ BETWE5 DIFF]5T K9DS ( COMPROMISES OR HALF-MEASURES 9 ORD] TO 0SURVIVE40 ,! QUE/ION ?AT CONFRONTS REVOLUTION>IES IS NEV] SIMPLY :E!R ! WORK]S 7OR PEASANTS7 >E CAPABLE ( TAK+ CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & REORGANIZ+ PRODUCTION ON DEMOCRATIC & LIB]T>IAN L9ES 7LIKE ! WORK]S & PEASANTS COLLECTIVES 9 ,SPA974 ,NOR IS IT EV5 :E!R !Y >E CAPABLE ( E/ABLI%+ )9 CITIES & VILLAGES ORGANS ( SELF-GOV]NM5T 7AS 9 ! MANY CASES ( WORK]S C\NCILS74 ,FROM ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE TO ! ,ZAPATI/A REBELLION WE KN[ ?AT !SE ?+S CAN BE DONE4 ,! QUE/ION IS ALMO/ ALWAYS :E!R !Y CAN DO !SE ?+S OV] A PROLONG$ P]IOD ( TIME UND] CONDITIONS ( W> & G5]AL SOCIAL BREAKD[N4 ,!SE >E ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* REVOLUTION>Y OPPORTUNITIES >E MO/ LIKELY TO OCCUR4 ,IT IS PRECISELY UND] !SE CONDITIONS ?AT ! LIMITS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T AS A :OLE HAVE REVEAL$ !MSELVES4 ,AN>*I/S (T5 LIKE TO POSE ! 0SOCIAL REVOLUTION0 9 CONTRA/ TO ! M]ELY 0POLITICAL REVOLUTION40 ,= ! PURPOSE ( DI/+UI%+ REAL SOCIAL UPHEAVALS FROM M]E C\P D'ETATS ?IS DI/9CTION MIE NOT PREP>$ = ! FACT ?AT FUTURE REVOLUTION>Y SITUATIONS >E GO+ TO PRES5T US ) UNPLEASANT *OICES !N WE >E NOT REALLY 9T]E/$ 9 MAK+ REVOLUTION4 ,ATTITUDE ,ADJU/M5T ,TIME ,I WANT TO PUT =W>D H]E SEV]AL CONNECT$ PROPOSITIONS ON ! NATURE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT ?AT ,I BELIEVE *ALL5GE SOME BASIC AN>*I/ PREJUDICES4 ,! FIR/ PROPOSITION IS ?AT 9 A WORLD *>ACT]IZ$ BY GROSS DISP>ITIES 9 ! LEVEL ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T AS A CONSEQU5CE ( IMP]IALISM IT HAS SIMPLY NOT BE5 POSSIBLE TO OV]?R[ CAPITALISM 9 MO/ 7IF NOT ALL7 ( ! IMP]IALIZ$ C\NTRIES4 ,REVOLUTIONS 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES HAVE BE5 ( NECESSITY CAPITALI/ 7& USUALLY /ATE CAPITALI/7 REVOLUTIONS ?AT HAVE SWEPT AWAY C]TA9 7HORRIBLY OPPRESSIVE7 PRE-CAPITALI/ FEATURES ( ?OSE SOCIETIES & R5EGOTIAT$ ! T]MS ( CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION4 ,! SECOND PROPOSITION IS ?AT ! A*IEVEM5T ( A /ATELESS CLASSLESS SOCIETY )9 ! T]RITORIAL LIMITS ( A S+LE C\NTRY 7OR O!RWISE DEF9$ T]RITORY7 9 A WORLD ( NATION-/ATES IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,REVOLUTIONS SO CONF9$ TO A NATIONAL T]RITORY BECOME NATIONAL REVOLUTIONS OR >E CRU%$4 ,NATIONAL REVOLUTIONS CAN ACCOMPLI% C]TA9 ?+S BUT NOT O!RS4 ,! REPLACEM5T ( ! OLD /ATE APP>ATUS ) A NEW O/5SIBLY REVOLUTION>Y /ATE IS NECESS>Y TO SECURE MANY ( ?OSE ACCOMPLI%M5TS BUT WE %\LD HAVE NO ILLUSIONS AB\T SU* A /ATE 0WI!R+ AWAY0 ON ITS [N ACCORD4 ,IT TOO WILL HAVE TO BE SMA%$4 ,ONE ( ! MA9 ?+S ?AT NATIONAL REVOLUTIONS GIVE PEOPLE IS EXP]I5CE 9 ! PROCESS ( MAK+ REVOLUTION & A DEEP] UND]/&+ ( ! COMPLEX DYNAMICS ( REVOLUTIONS4 ,! ?IRD PROPOSITION 7RELAT$ CLOSELY TO ! SECOND7 IS ?AT A REGUL> >MY CAN ONLY BE DEFEAT$ BY ANO!R >MY4 ,MILITIAS OR O!R IRREGUL> =MS ( MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION ALONE1 :ILE CAPABLE ( H]OIC RESI/ANCE1 WILL ULTIMATELY COLLAPSE BE=E A REGUL> >MY4 ,! COLLAPSE ( A NATIONAL >MY 7ALMO/ ALWAYS PRECIPITAT$ BY A MILIT>Y DEFEAT7 CAN CREATE AN OP5+ = A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,BUT IF ?AT MOVEM5T DOES NOT CREATE ITS [N >MY ! OLD ORD] WILL RECON/ITUTE ITS >MY OR A =EIGN P[] WILL DO IT = !M4 ,! F\R? PROPOSITION IS ?AT ONLY ONE CLASS HAS ! POT5TIAL TO OV]?R[ CAPITALISM -- ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT MU/ ACT 9 CONJUNCTION ) O!R CLASSES & SOCIAL MOVEM5TS TO W9 & ! P>TICIPATION ( ?OSE =CES IS CRUCIAL TO C>RY+ \T ! MO/ ?OR\Y CLASS IS ! ONLY S+LE =CE )\T :I* ! OV]?R[ ( CAPITALISM IS ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! FI*Y & RACIAL_/NATIONAL OPPRESSION )9 ! WORK+ CLASS IS NECESS>Y = A*IEV+ UNITY )9 ! CLASS4 ,! RE/ ( ?IS PAP] WILL DEAL ) !SE F\R PROPOSITIONS 9 LI$ 9ITIALLY 9 ! RELATIVE ISOLATION ( P>TICUL> NATIONAL SETT+S1 !Y ONLY CAME TOGE!R TO =M :AT WE W\LD RECOGNIZE AS CAPITALISM AS ! RESULT ( ! UNP>ALLEL$ GLOBAL 9TEGRATION ( TRADE ?AT BEGAN 9 ! #a#e? C5TURY ) ! ,EUROPEAN CONQUE/ ( ! ,AM]ICAS & DOM9ATION ( ! TRADE R\TES ( ! ,9DIAN ,OCEAN1 & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! TRANS-,ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE & PLANTATION COMPLEX4 ,FROM ITS 9CEPTION CAPITALISM HAS 5RI*$ C]TA9 C\NTRIES & 5ABL$ !M TO REVOLUTIONIZE PRODUCTION BY LOOT+ & SUBJUGAT+ O!R C\NTRIES TO ! ECONOMIC NE$S ( ! RUL+ CLASSES ( ! IMP]IALI/ MO!R C\NTRIES4 ,9ITIALLY ?IS RELATION%IP TOOK ! =M ( EXTRACT+ WEAL? FROM L>GELY SELF-SUFFICI5T SOCIETIES4 ,OV] TIME IT DEVELOP$ 9TO A RELATION%IP ( DEP5D5CY 9 :I* ! IMP]IALIZ$ C\NTRIES W]E NOT ONLY A S\RCE ( RAW MAT]IALS BUT ALSO CRUCIAL M>KETS = F9I%$ GOODS4 ,?IS DEP5D5CY MEANT ! DELIB]ATE DE/RUCTION ( ! SELF-SUFFICI5CY ( ! IMP]IALIZ$ C\NTRIES4 ,MORE REC5TLY C]TA9 IMP]IALIZ$ C\NTRIES HAVE BECOME C5T]S ( MANUFACTURE )9 A GLOBAL M>KET4 ,DEP5D5CY ON ! IMP]IALI/ C5T]S HAS BE5 MA9TA9$ SO F> ?R\< CONTROL ( DEVELOPM5TAL CAPITAL 7! ,I,M,F & ! ,WORLD ,BANK7 & ! SPECIALIZATION ( DIFF]5T TYPES ( MANUFACTURE 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES4 ,! CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS UNEQUAL DEVELOPM5T = ! PROJECT ( ANTI-CAPITALI/ REVOLUTION >E HUGE4 ,UNTIL REC5TLY ! EXPLOITATION ( MU* ( ! ,?IRD ,WORLD WAS C>RI$ \T ?R\< PRE-CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC =MS 7USUALLY & IMPRECISELY CALL$ SEMI-FEUDAL7 PLUGG$ 9TO & SUBORD9ATE TO ! WORLD CAPITALI/ M>KET4 ,?IS MEANT ?AT ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 CAPITALISM & ! PRODUC]S 9 MU* ( ! WORLD TOOK ! IMM$IATE =M ( UNEQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( L& & ! RESULT+ SUP]-EXPLOITIVE L&LORD-T5ANT RELATIONS4 ,*9A IS A GOOD EXAMPLE ( ?IS4 ,9 O!R >EAS =C$ LABOR WAS US$ 7AS 9 MANY P>TS ( ,AFRICA UND] COLONIALISM7 OR PLANTATION AGRICULTURE EXI/$ SIDE BY SIDE ) ! PEASANT ECONOMY 7AS 9 ,CUBA74 ,CAPITALI/ =MS ( PRODUCTION CON/ITUT$ A SMALL FRACTION ( ! ECONOMY & 9VOLV$ AN EV5 SMALL] FRACTION ( ! POPULATION4 ,MOREOV] MANY ( ! CAPITALI/S 9VOLV$ 9 ?IS SMALL SECTOR UND]/OOD ?AT ! SEMI-FEUDAL /RUCTURE ( ! SOCIETY & ! DOM9ATION ( !IR C\NTRY BY ! IMP]IALI/S WAS AN IMP$IM5T TO !IR [N 9T]E/S4 ,!Y W]E POT5TIAL ALLIES ( ANY PEASANT MOVEM5T TO SEIZE ! L& & OV]?R[ ! L&LORDS4 ,! ,*9ESE ,REVOLUTION MU/ BE UND]/OOD 9 ?IS CONTEXT4 ,IT WAS OV]:ELM+LY A PEASANT REVOLUTION ?AT DE/ROY$ A V]Y ROTT5 OLD SY/EM1 R$I/RIBUT$ ! L&1 & E/ABLI%$ ,*9A'S RELATIVE ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE FROM IMP]IALI/ DOM9ATION4 ,ONLY ONCE !SE FUNDAM5TAL TASKS HAD BE5 C>RI$ \T DID IT EV5 BECOME POSSIBLE = ! ,*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TO TALK AB\T :AT TO DO ) ,*9A'S PUNY CAPITALI/ SECTOR4 ,! CITIES HAD BE5 CONTROLL$ BY ! ,KUOM9TANG & ! ONLY SIGNIFICANTLY 9DU/RIALIZ$ REGION1 ,MAN*URIA1 HAD BE5 UND] ,JAPANESE CONTROL4 ,! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 SU* AS IT WAS1 DID NOT HAVE EI!R ! EXP]I5CE OR ! ORGANIZATION TO TAKE MATT]S 9TO !IR [N H&S4 ,ANY MOVE TO DO SO W\LD NE$ ! ACTIVE SUPPORT IF NOT ( ! PEASANTRY1 !N ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY WAS CRUCIAL TO SOLV+ A NUMB] ( ,*9A'S MO/ PRESS+ PROBLEMS4 ,! LACK ( TRANSPORTATION & COMMUNICATIONS MEANT ?AT FAM9E-PLAGU$ REGIONS W]E DIFFICULT TO REA* ) RELIEF4 ,MASS PRODUCTION TE*NIQUES W]E NECESS>Y TO MEET ! HUGE DEM& = ! MO/ RUDIM5T>Y F>M IMPLEM5TS 7PL[S1 C>TS7 & TO RAISE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY SUFFICI5TLY TO BREAK ! CON/ANT CYCLE ( FAM9E4 ,SUP]FICIALLY IT MIGUM5T ?AT A PROBLEM ) SOCIAL-/RUCTURAL CAUSES 7FAM9E7 REQUIR$ ONLY A TE*NOLOGICAL SOLUTION4 ,BUT ! SOCIAL-/RUCTURAL CAUSES 7FEUDAL L& /RUCTURE & DEP5D5CY ON =EIGN MANUFACTURES7 EXPRESS$ !MSELVES SIGNIFICANTLY 9 ! L[ TE*NOLOGICAL LEVEL ( AGR>IAN ,*9A4 ,! L& C\LD SIMPLY NOT SU/A9 ITS !N CURR5T POPULATION )\T A TE*NOLOGICAL AS WELL AS A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT ! SECTION ( ! CAPITALI/S :O HAD SID$ ) ! AGR>IAN REVOLUTION W]E CRUCIAL4 ,!Y CONC5TRAT$ TE*NICAL & MANAG]IAL EXP]TIZE )\T :I* ! DEVELOPM5T ( NEW 9DU/RY W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE4 ,TO SIMPLY EXPROPRIATE !M W\LD HAVE MEANT TO DRIVE !M 9TO ! >MS ( ! ,KUOM9TANG4 ,C\LD ! WORK]S :O HAD WORK$ UND] !M TAKE UP ! SLACK & RUN EXI/+ 5T]PRISES8 ,TO A C]TA9 EXT5T4 ,BUT IT %\LD BE KEPT 9 M9D ?AT 9 ! WAKE ( A CIVIL W> MANY 5T]PRISES W]E OP]AT+ SPORADICALLY & ! WORK]S ) ! TE*NICAL EXP]TIZE TO RUN !M W]5'T NECESS>ILY EASILY F\ND4 ,MORE IMPORTANTLY ! ,*9ESE PROLET>IAT WAS H>DLY A MATURE CLASS ) A L5G?Y EXP]I5CE ( COMMON /RUGGLE 9=M+ ITS SELF-ACTIVITY4 ,BUT ! QUE/ION WASN'T SIMPLY ONE ( RUNN+ ! EXI/+ 5T]PRISES1 IT WAS ONE ( DRAMATICALLY & IMM$IATELY EXP&+ ! 9DU/RIAL BASE TO =E/ALL FAM9E & = ?AT ! EXP]TIZE ( ! T9Y CAPITALI/ CLASS WAS 9DISP5SABLE4 ,TIME WAS ( ! ESS5CE4 ,! EXPANSION ( 9DU/RY WAS ALSO NECESS>Y TO PREV5T ! MASSES ( L&LESS PEASANTS :O HAD CR[D$ ! CITIES AS A RESULT ( FAM9E & W> FROM RETURN+ TO A C\NTRYSIDE ?AT WASN'T PREP>$ TO ABSORB !M4 ,FUR!RMORE !RE WAS A SIGNIFICANT ?REAT ( =EIGN 9VASION OR A ,U4,S4 BACK$ ,KUOM9TANG 9VASION FROM ,TAIWAN4 ,DUR+ ! ,KOREAN ,W> ,MAC,>?UR OP5LY ?REAT5$ TO 9VADE ,*9A4 ,FUR!RMORE WE NE$ TO CONFRONT ! LIMIT$ POLITICAL CAPACITIES ( ! PEASANTRY4 ,C\LD ! ,*9ESE PEASANTRY HAVE ABOLI%$ CAPITALI/ RELATIONS 7WAGE LABOR 9 P>TICUL>7 & SET AB\T A NON-CAPITALI/ PROCESS ( DEVELOPM5T TO SOLVE !IR CONSID]ABLE PROBLEMS8 ,! PEASANTRY HAD ACCOMPLI%$ MANY ?+S4 ,ON ! VILLAGE LEVEL !Y HAD TAK5 OV] CONTROL ( ! ADM9I/RATION ( VILLAGE AFFAIRS FROM ! CORRUPT L&LORD ELITES & HAD C>RI$ \T ! DRAMATIC R$I/RIBUTION ( L&4 ,LEAV+ ASIDE = ! MOM5T ! CRUCIAL ROLE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 !SE ACCOMPLI%M5TS WE CAN NOTE ?AT ?IS PEASANT CONTROL ( ADM9I/RATION EXT5D$ TO GREAT] & LESS] DEGREES UPW>DS TO ! C\NTY OR EV5 PROV9CIAL LEVEL4 ,BUT AS ONE MOVES UP ! HI]>*Y ONE 5C\NT]S MORE & MORE RELIANCE ON ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY CADRES1 & MORE & MORE RELIANCE ON $UCAT$ CADRES FROM NON-PEASANT BACKGR\NDS4 ,WE CAN 9T]PRET ?IS FACT TWO WAYS4 ,ON ! ONE H& IT IS AN EXPRESSION ( ! ULTIMATE DOM9ANCE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ITS REGIME BY A RELATIVE H&FUL ( 9TELLECTUALS FROM MIDDLE-CLASS OR L&LORD BACKGR\NDS4 ,ON ! O!R IT IS A SIMPLE REFLECTION ( ! FACT ?AT ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ! ,*9ESE PEASANTS W]E ILLIT]ATE & ?AT ! LIT]ATE SUPPORT]S ( ! REVOLUTION 7:E!R ( NON-PEASANT BACKGR\ND OR TAUTY OR ! ,PEOPLE'S ,LIB]ATION ,>MY7 W]E 9 ! ,P>TY4 ,!SE DIFF]5T WAYS ( LOOK+ AT ! SAME FACT >E NOT CONTRADICTORY4 ,TOGE!R !Y REVEAL ! CLASS *>ACT] ! ,*9ESE ,REVOLUTION HAD & ALSO :Y IT PROBABLY C\LDN'T HAVE HAD ANY O!R4 ,! ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ ,ANTON ,PANNNEKOEK 9 HIS #aid >TICLE 0,:Y ,PA/ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MOVEM5TS ,HAVE ,FAIL$0 L9K$ ! 9H]5TLY CAPITALI/ NATURE ( REVOLUTIONS 9 ! P]IPH]Y TO ! PROBLEMS ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ! IMP]IALI/ C5T]S4 ,HE >GU$ ?AT ! UND]DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIA MEANT ?AT ! CAPITALI/ REVOLUTION !RE C\LD NOT BE C>RI$ \T BY ! B\RGEOISIE BUT RA!R BY A NEW BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALI/ CLASS DRAWN MA9LY FROM ! 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,?IS NEW CAPITALI/ CLASS LEV]AG$ ! PRE/IGE ( ! ?W>T$ PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA TO DOM9ATE ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S MOVEM5T 9 ! ,WE/ & !REBY DIV]T+ ! SELF-ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! MO/ ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES4 ,?IS IS ONE WAY 9 :I* ! UNEQUAL DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM HAS RESULT$ 9 ! UNEQUAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,PANNEKOEK DOESN'T DEAL ) ! ROLE ( IMP]IALI/ SUP]-PR(ITS 9 EFFECTIVELY BUY+ (F AT LEA/ A SECTION ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T1 BUT ?AT FACT TOO MU/ 9=M \R UND]/&+ ( :Y ! #b? C5TURY HAS BE5 *>ACT]IZ$ NOT BY 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION BUT BY PEASANT-BAS$ NATIONAL CAPITALI/ REVOLUTIONS4 ,ONLY AS AN AB/RACTION CAN FRE$OM BE ABSOLUTE4 ,9 ! REAL WORLD FRE$OM IS ALWAYS CONDITION$ BY ! SOCIAL CONTEXT 9 :I* IT EXI/S4 ,FRE$OM CAN NOT BE DEF9$ SIMPLY 9 T]MS ( ! ABS5CE ( CON/RA9T BUT MU/ ALSO REF] TO ! P[] TO MAKE ! DECISIONS ?AT AFFECT ONE'S LIFE4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO RULE A SOCIETY IF Y\ DON'T UND]/& H[ IT WORKS4 ,SO1 9 A HUNT]-GA!R] SOCIETY ?AT SORT ( P[] DEP5DS ON DIFF]5T ?+S ?AN IT DOES 9 AN 9DU/RIALIZ$ SOCIETY4 ,A CRUCIAL FEATURE ( CLASS SOCIETIES IS ?AT !Y D5Y ! EXPLOIT$ CLASSES ACCESS TO ! ?+S !Y W\LD NE$ TO RULE4 ,REVOLUTIONS 9 A C]TA9 S5SE >E ! PROCESS BY :I* AN OPPRESS$ CLASS OBTA9S ?OSE ?+S4 ,BUT1 BECAUSE CLASS SOCIETIES 9EVITABLY COMB9E OLD & NEW ME?ODS ( EXPLOITATION1 DIFF]5T OPPRESS$ CLASSES >E BETT] POSITION$ TO MAKE ! REVOLUTION>Y LEAP & TO TAKE CONTROL ( SOCIETY4 ,9 ! #a#c? C5TURY ! TE*NOLOGICAL LEVEL ( SOCIETY WAS SU* ?AT ONE C\LD P]HAPS IMAG9E ! PEASANTRY TAK+ CONTROL ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE & E/ABLI%+ SOME SORT ( AGR>IAN COMMUNISM4 ,9 ! #b? C5TURY IT IS AN IMPOSSIBILITY 7?\< ,POL ,POT GAVE IT A %OT74 ,! PEASANT IS 5ME%$ 9 A GLOBAL SY/EM ( CAPITALISM1 ! DEEP] WORK+S ( :I* >E OBSCUR$ FROM ! VANTAGE PO9T ( LIFE 9 A SMALL VILLAGE4 ,9 CONTRA/ ! URBAN WORK] IS EXPOS$ 9 A ?\S& WAYS TO ! COMPLEX OP]ATIONS ( ! WORLD SY/EM4 ,! PROBLEM ( C\RSE IS ?AT1 AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! UNEQUAL DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM >\ND ! WORLD1 IT HAS BE5 ! LIFE CONDITIONS ( ! PEASANT & NOT ! PROLET>IAN ?AT HAVE FUEL$ ! MAJOR REVOLUTIONS ( ! C5TURY4 ,BUT PRECISELY BECAUSE ! PEASANTRY AS A CLASS IS SO POORLY PREP>$ TO ADM9I/] A CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 7EV5 AN UND]DEVELOP$ ONE71 ?AT ?OSE REVOLUTIONS HAVE ULTIMATELY C>RI$ NEW M9ORITY RUL+ CLASSES TO P[]4 ,AN>*ISM 9 ,ONE ,C\NTRY8 ,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION & ITS SUPPRESSION DEMON/RAT$ 9 ! />KE/ T]MS ONE ( ! C5TRAL PROBLEMS ( AN>*ISM4 ,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION WAS ! PRODUCT NOT SIMPLY ( ! GLOBAL CLASS /RUGGLE1 BUT ( ITS P>TICUL> FEATURES 9 ,SPA94 ,A P>TICUL> *A9 ( EV5TS REFLECT+ ! P>TICUL> *>ACT] & HI/ORY ( ,SPA9 LEAD UP TO ! MOM5T :5 ! ,SPANI% PEASANTS & WORK]S W]E ABLE TO SEIZE CONTROL ( ! FIELDS1 FACTORIES & WORK%OPS4 ,EV]Y REVOLUTION >ISES FROM ! FAILURE ( A P>TICUL> /ATE 9 A P>TICUL> MOM5T4 ,9 ,SPA9 ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T CRUMBL$ 9 ! WAKE ( ,FRANCO'S MILIT>Y REVOLT4 ,P[] WAS LY+ 9 ! /REET1 & ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 ! MO/ P[]FUL =CE AMONG ! WORK]S & PEASANTS1 TOOK IT4 ,I AM EMPHASIZ+ ! P>TICUL>LY ,SPANI% *>ACT] ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION TO MAKE CLE> ! SIMPLE FACT ?AT :ILE ! ,REVOLUTION WAS ABLE TO C\NT ON A C]TA9 AM\NT ( 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY1 ! CONDITIONS ?AT HAD PRODUC$ ! REVOLUTION W]E NOT TO BE F\ND ELSE:]E & !RE=E ! PROSPECTS = ! REVOLUTION TO SPREAD W]E LIMIT$4 ,BUT ?AT DIDN'T MEAN ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION TOOK PLACE 9 ISOLATION4 ,ITALIAN & ,G]MAN FASCISM S5T TROOPS1 >MS1 & PLANES TO SUPPORT ,FRANCO'S >MIES4 ,! ,SOVIET ,UNION LEV]AG$ ITS SUPPORT = ! ,REPUBLIC = ! CREATION & CONTROL ( A C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y REGUL> >MY4 ,IF ! ,REPUBLICAN ,GOV]NM5T C\LDN'T SUBDUE ! ,REVOLUTION & ! FASCI/S C\LDN'T DR[N IT 9 BLOOD !RE IS NO REASON TO EXPECT ?AT O!R =EIGN P[]S W\LDN'T 9T]V5E4 ,!IR %ORT-T]M 9T]E/S 9 RETRIEV+ CONTROL OV] EXPROPRIAT$ 5T]PRISES & !IR LONG-T]M 9T]E/S 9 PREV5T+ ! ,REVOLUTION FROM BECOM+ AN 9T]NATIONAL EXAMPLE MEANT !Y W\LD HAVE NO *OICE BUT TO 9T]V5E MILIT>ILY4 ,!RE >E BASICALLY TWO REASONS IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO CREATE A /ATELESS CLASSLESS SOCIETY )9 ! CONF9ES ( S+LE C\NTRY4 ,! FIR/ IS ECONOMIC & ! SECOND IS MILIT>Y4 ,! ECONOMIC REASONS >E IMPORTANT4 ,AS DISCUSS$ ABOVE CAPITALISM IS A WORLD SY/EM4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT NO C\NTRY IS SELF-SUFFICI5T4 ,OBVI\SLY SOME C\NTRIES HAVE MORE OR LESS POT5TIAL = SELF-SUFFICI5CY1 BUT C]TA9 PROBLEMS >E EFFECTIVELY UNIV]SAL4 ,SOME C\NTRIES1 AS A CONSEQU5CE ( !IR POPULATION1 SIMPLY C\LD NOT HOPE TO MEET !IR [N FOOD NE$S4 ,?IS IS ! CASE = MANY ( ! SMALL] MORE D5SELY POPULAT$ 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRIES4 ,SOME C\NTRIES1 AS A CONSEQU5CE ( !IR UND]DEVELOPM5T UND] COLONIALISM1 DON'T HAVE ! MEANS ( PRODUC+ MANUFACTUR$ GOODS 7CLO?+1 TRACTORS1 ETC4447 ON :I* !Y DEP5D4 ,& PRACTICALLY ALL C\NTRIES >E DEP5D5T ON AT LEA/ A FEW /RATEGIC M9]ALS ?AT SIMPLY DON'T EXI/ )9 !IR BORD]S4 ,*ROMIUM1 = EXAMPLE1 IS NECESS>Y = ALL SORTS ( MA*9E P>TS4 ,IT IS CONC5TRAT$ L>GELY 9 ,S\!RN ,AFRICA4 ,SIMIL>LY MU* ( ! WORLD IS DEP5D5T ON =EIGN PETROLEUM4 ,! PO9T H]E ISN'T ?AT ONE CAN'T IMAG9E ! EV5TUAL CREATION ( A SELF-SUFFICI5T ECONOMY )9 A P>TICUL> C\NTRY1 BUT RA!R ?AT ! ECONOMIES ?AT REVOLUTION>IES 9H]IT >E NOT SELF-SUFFICI5T & ! SEV]+ ( 9T]NATIONAL TRADE 7BY EI!R ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES OR BY =EIGN P[]S7 WILL HAVE V]Y DISRUPTIVE CONSEQU5CES4 ,!SE >E TWO-SID$4 ,FIR/1 9DU/RIES ?AT DEP5D ON =EIGN MAT]IALS WILL /OP FUNCTION+ & PEOPLE WILL NO LONG] HAVE ACCESS TO GOODS ?AT >E ONLY AVAILABLE FROM ABROAD4 ,SECOND1 ECONOMIC SECTORS ?AT PRODUCE = ! 9T]NATIONAL M>KET1 WILL EI!R CEASE TO PRODUCE OR WILL PRODUCE GOODS = :I* !RE IS NO DOME/IC DEM&4 ,! SITUATION ( ,CUBA IS 9/RUCTIVE H]E4 ,MANY ( ! ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ?AT CONFRONT$ ! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE BE5 JU/ AS PRES5T IF ?AT REVOLUTION HAD A LIB]T>IAN *>ACT]4 ,CUBA'S ECONOMY WAS CLASSICALLY DEP5D5T4 ,SUG> & T\RISM BR\S IT IS A SC&AL\S CONSEQU5CE ( ! RELATIONS DEVELOP$ ) ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ?AT ,CUBA HAS NOT CONV]T$ ITS AGRICULTURAL SECTOR TO BECOME SELF-SUFFICI5T 9 FOOD4 ,! RESULT IS ?AT ,CUBA N[ FACES ! SAME PROBLEM IT W\LD HAVE FAC$ !N3 H[ TO MAKE ?AT CONV]SION )\T ACCESS TO =EIGN CAPITAL4 ,! TE*NOLOGY 9VOLV$ 9 GR[+1 H>VE/+ & PROCESS+ SUG> IS NOT ! SAME AS ?AT 9VOLV$ 9 PRODUC+ RICE OR PRODUCE4 ,IT IS NOT A SIMPLE MATT] TO KNOCK D[N ALL ! SUG> CANE & BEG9 GR[+ GRA9S & VEGETABLES4 ,IT TAKES TIME TO GET A :OLE NEW K9D ( AGRICULTURE GO+4 ,H[ >E PEOPLE GO+ TO EAT 9 ! MEANTIME8 ,! PRACTICAL ANSW] 9EVITABLY IS ?AT DEP5D5CE ON ! WORLD M>KET CAN ONLY BE R$UC$ 9 /EPS4 ,BUT SO LONG AS PEOPLE >E PRODUC+ = ! WORLD M>KET !Y CAN NOT BE SAID TO HAVE SMA%$ CLASS SOCIETY ALTOGE!R -- !Y CONT9UE TO BE EXPLOIT$ BY AN 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,TO MAKE MATT]S WORSE ! REFUSAL ( P>TS ( ! WORLD M>KET TO TRADE 7AS 9 ! CASE ( ! ,U4,S4 EMB>GO ( ,CUBA7 DRIVES D[N ! PRICE ?AT ! GOODS WILL COMM& ON ! WORLD M>KET4 ,! ONLY WAY TO RECOV] ?AT LO/ PR(IT 7= !RE IS NO PO9T 9 5GAG+ 9 9T]NATIONAL TRADE IF IT DOESN'T G5]ATE PR(ITS ?AT CAN BE 9VE/$ 9 MAK+ ! C\NTRY SELF-SUFFICI5T7 IS TO RAISE ! LEVEL ( EXPLOITATION ( ! PRODUC]S4 ,WORSE1 ! ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y REGIME1 :E!R IT IS CALL$ A 0WORK]S /ATE0 OR 0A F$]ATION ( FREE COLLECTIVES0 IS ! BODY ?AT MU/ DO ! EXPLOIT+4 ,GOOD 9T5TIONS >E FEEBLE PROTECTION AGA9/ ! LOGIC ( ! WORLD M>KET4 ,H[ DOES ! APP>ATUS RESPOND :5 ! PRODUC]S1 5TIRELY 9 ! SPIRIT ( ! REVOLUTION1 SAY ?AT !Y WILL NOT BE EXPLOIT$ & GO ON /RIKE8 ,?IS IS PRECISELY ! DILEMMA ?AT HAS CONFRONT$ EV]Y REVOLUTION ?AT HAS SURVIV$ LONG] ?AN A YE>4 ,= AV[$ /ATI/S LIKE ,M>XI/S IT IS NOT MU* ( A DILEMMA4 ,BUT = AN>*I/S IT IS PR(\ND4 ,! SECOND OB/ACLE TO ! CREATION ( A /ATELESS CLASSLESS SOCIETY 9 A S+LE C\NTRY IS MILIT>Y4 ,?OR\E A PR(\ND ?REAT TO ! 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALI/ ORD]4 ,EV]Y SU* REVOLUTION ?AT HAS NOT BE5 CRU%$ 9T]NALLY HAS HAD TO FACE SOME DEGREE ( =EIGN MILIT>Y 9T]V5TION4 ,! MOTIVATIONS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL C\NTRIES DON'T EV5 HAVE TO BE SO F>SI*I/S HAD GOTT5 !IR %IT TOGE!R1 OR IF ! ,SOVIETS HAD BE5 ABLE TO RESI/ SUBORD9ATION TO ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY /RUCTURE71 ?AT IT W\LDN'T HAVE FAC$ 9VASIONS BY #ad =EIGN P[]S 9 SUPPORT ( ! ,:ITES 9 ! CIVIL W>4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO REPEL A =EIGN 9VASION )\T A MILIT>Y =CE ( ONE'S [N4 ,MAK+ W>1 EV5 A W> ( RESI/ANCE1 HAS A C]TA9 AU?ORIT>IAN LOGIC TO IT4 ,W> IS AB\T KILL+ PEOPLE & S5D+ SOME PEOPLE (F TO DIE SO ?AT O!RS MIMY4 ,EV5 IF ONE'S /RATEGY DEP5DS ON MUT9Y OR MASS DEFECTIONS )9 ! 5EMIES >MY IT WILL /ILL BE NECESS>Y TO KILL PEOPLE4 ,! REASON IS SIMPLE4 ,SOLDI]S MUT9Y OR DEFECT 9 SIGNIFICANT NUMB]S ONLY :5 ! ?REAT ( BE+ KILL$ 9 BATTLE IS PLAUSIBLY GREAT] ?AN ! ?REAT ( BE+ %OT = 9SUBORD9ATION4 ,?IS IS ! SM>T ?+ TO DO4 ,!RE=E >MIES MA9TA9 !IR 9T]NAL DISCIPL9E 9 P>T BY CONV9C+ !IR TROOPS ?AT BE+ %OT = 9SUBORD9ATION IS A C]TA9TY4 ,= AN >MY TO FALL AP>T IT MU/ FACE SOME SORT ( MILIT>Y DEFEAT4 ,AN>*I/S SOMETIMES CLAIM ?AT DEC5TRALIZ$1 NON-AU?ORIT>IAN /RUCTURES >E 9H]5TLY SO MU* MORE EFFICI5T ?AN C5TRALIZ$ AU?ORIT>IAN ONES ?AT !SE PR9CIPLES %\LD BE APPLI$ TO MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS4 ,?IS IS ! EXPRESS R\TE TO AN>*I/ M>TYRDOM4 ,IF AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES CAN ACCOMMODATE TURN+ GR\PS ( HUMAN BE+S 9TO EFFICI5T KILL+ MA*9ES !RE IS A PROBLEM4 ,BUT IF !Y CAN'T !RE IS ANO!R PROBLEM4 ,IT IS ! SECOND SITUATION ?AT WE FACE3 MAK+ W> MEANS COMPROMIS+ ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN PR9CIPLES4 ,9 SO F> AS A MILIT>Y =CE HAS AS ITS AIM ! DEFEAT ( O!R MILIT>Y =CES )9 A GIV5 T]RITORY IT IS ACT+ TO CREATE A MONOPOLY ON ORGANIZ$ VIOL5CE -- A DEF9+ FEATURE ( ! /ATE4 ,IS IT POSSIBLE TO CREATE A TRULY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN MILIT>Y /RUCTURE ?AT CORRESPONDS ) ! RELATIVE DEC5TRALISM ( A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY & ?AT IS ABLE TO DEF5D ?AT SOCIETY FROM EXT]NAL 7OR 9T]NAL7 MILIT>Y ?REATS8 ,I WILL TRY TO ANSW] ?AT QUE/ION 9 ! NEXT SECTION4 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,>MY ,! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAS BASICALLY TWO MAJOR EXP]I5CES ) TRY+ TO ORGANIZE ITS MILIT>Y P[] 9 DEF5SE ( ITS REVOLUTION>Y GA9S3 9 ,UKRA9E & 9 ,SPA94 ,! AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE ON ! ,UKRA9IAN EXP]I5CE IS CONSID]ABLY LESS EXT5SIVE ?AN ?AT ON ! ,SPANI% EXP]I5CE1 BUT A C\PLE PO9TS >E WOR? MAK+ AB\T IT4 ,:ILE ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURG5T ,>MY ( ! ,UKRA9E 7,MAKHNOVI/S7 CONDUCT$ MASSIVE COLLECTIVIZATION ( L& 9 ! ZONES ( ITS CONTROL1 ! ,UKRA9IAN PEASANTRY WAS NOT HEAVILY IMBU$ ) AN>*I/ ?9K+4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T ROSE UP AS A RESULT ( ! ,BRE/-,LITOVSK AGREEM5T 9 :I* ! ,BOL%EVIKS C$$ ,UKRA9E TO ,AU/RIAN & ,G]MAN ,IMP]IALISM4 ,BUT LIKE ! RE/ ( ! OLD ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE ,UKRA9E WAS 9 ! ?ROES ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION AS ! PEASANTRY WAS SEIZ+ ! L&4 ,! ,UKRA9IAN ,CONF$]ATION ( ,AN>*I/ ,ORGANIZATIONS 7,NABAT7 SAW 9 ?IS SITUATION AN OPPORTUNITY TO BUILD UND] AN>*I/ LEAD]%IP A MILIT>Y =CE ?AT MIRY =W>D ! REVOLUTION & EXPEL ! =EIGN IMP]IALI/S4 ,& ?AT IS PRECISELY :AT !Y DID BE=E !Y W]E CRU%$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIK ,R$ ,>MY4 ,! ,UKRA9IAN PEASANTRY EMBRAC$ AN>*ISM 9 SO F> AS ! AN>*I/ >MY C\LD PROTECT :AT !Y HAD WON 9 ! REVOLUTION4 ,! ,9SURG5T ,>MY WAS A GU]RILLA >MY4 ,IT OP]AT$ )9 A REGION AB\T #ae MILES 9 DIAMET]1 POPULAT$ BY #g11 PEOPLE4 ,9 ORGANIZATION IT /OOD MIDWAY BETWE5 ! SORT ( 9DIG5\S 0B&IT0 =MATIONS ?AT CONSI/5TLY >ISE FROM PEASANTS 9 REMOTE OR UN/ABLE REGIONS & :AT ,I WILL LAT] DEF9E AS A MATURE REVOLUTION>Y >MY4 ,IT DID NOT HAVE ! SAME WORK$ \T ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN /RUCTURE AS ! AN>*I/ MILITIAS 9 ,SPA9 />T$ \T )4 ,ONCE ! ,MAKHNOVI/S HAD DEFEAT$ ! ,:ITE =CES ( ,G5]ALS ,D5IK5 & ,WRANGEL !Y W]E 9 TURN DEFEAT$ BY ! ,R$ ,>MY4 ,! T]RITORY CONTROLL$ BY ! ,MAKHNOVI/S WAS HIMY WAS BEAT+ D[N & ABSORB+ IRREGUL> PEASANT =CES ALL OV] ! =M] ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE4 ,MAKHNO'S PROV$ ! MO/ DIFFICULT TO DEFEAT1 BUT ULTIMATELY !Y TOO FELL4 ,! MILIT>Y REASONS >E /RAID4 ,IRREGUL> =CES LIKE ,MAKHNO'S CAN SU/A9 !MSELVES P]HAPS 9DEF9ITELY 9 GEOGRAPHICALLY REMOTE H9T]L&S4 ,BUT ,UKRA9E WAS NOT SU* A REGION4 ,! ,BRE/-,LITOVSK AGREEM5T & ! G5]AL SOCIAL COLLAPSE ( ,RUSSIA CREAT$ A MOM5T>Y OP5+ 9TO :I* ,MAKHNO'S =CES /EPP$4 ,BUT ! CONSOLIDATION ( ,BOL%EVIK RULE 9 ! RE/ ( ,RUSSIA & ! DECISION ( ! IMP]IALI/S TO AB&ON ,UKRA9E MEANT ! CLOS+ ( ?AT W9D[4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT 9 SPITE ( ALL ! AN>*I/ SLOGANS ! PROGRAM ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S 9 PRACTICE WAS NOT MU* DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( LAT] PEASANT REVOLUTIONS 7LIKE ! ,*9ESE71 NAMELY3 R$I/RIBUTION ( ! L&1 MORE OR LESS VOLUNT>Y COLLECTIVIZATION1 & EXPULSION ( ! IMP]IALI/S 7NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE74 ,IF !RE IS ANY D\BT ?AT ! ,UKRA9IAN ,REVOLUTION WAS LIMIT$ 9 :AT IT C\LD HOPE TO A*IEVE )9 ITS [N BORD]S ! WORDS ( ! ,NABAT 9 CALL+ = ! CREATION ( ! ,9SURG5T ,>MY %\LD SETTLE ! MATT]3 0#d4 ,) REG>D TO ! EXT]NAL ATTACK ON ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION BY ,WE/]N & O!R IMP]IALI/ P[]S1 ! AN>*I/S HAVE ALWAYS RELI$ & WILL CONT9UE TO RELY NOT ON ! REGUL> ,R$ ,>MY1 NOT EV5 ON AN 9SURG5T W>1 BUT ON ! 9EVITABLE COLLAPSE ( IMP]IALISM & ITS >M$ =CES ?R\< ! UNFOLD+ WORLD-WIDE REVOLUTION0 ,IT %\LDN'T BE NECESS>Y TO NOTE ?AT !RE WASN'T ANY?+ 9EVITABLE AB\T ! COLLAPSE ( IMP]IALISM ON :I* ! ,UKRA9IAN AN>*I/S W]E RELY+4 ,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION HAD A SOME:AT DIFF]5T *>ACT]4 ,ALMO/ #g YE>S ( AN>*I/ $UCATION & AGITATION HAD PREP>$ SIGNIFICANT SECTIONS ( ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY = A LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,:5 ! MOM5T CAME 9 ,JULY #aicf MILLIONS ( ,SPANI>DS HAD 9 !IR M9DS :AT ! AN>*I/ REORGANIZATION ( !IR SOCIETY W\LD 5TAIL4 ,& !Y APPLI$ ! SAME LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES TO ! MILIT>Y =MATIONS !Y CREAT$3 ! MILITIAS4 ,! MILITIAS W]E DRAWN FROM V>I\S FACTORIES OR NEIRY \T SOME ( ! FUNCTIONS ( (FIC]S1 BUT )\T ! AUTOMATIC AU?ORITY ?AT (FIC]S COMM&$4 ,! AN>*I/S W]E NOT ! ONLY ONES TO ORGANIZE MILITIAS4 ,! SOCIALI/ WORK]S ( ! ,U,G,T1 & ! V>I\S P>TIES LIKE ! ,P,\,M1 ALSO ORGANIZ$ MILITIAS4 ,! MILITIAS1 AT LEA/ 9ITIALLY1 W]E ! PICTURE ( DEC5TRALISM & NON-AU?ORIT>IANISM4 ,& ! MILIT>Y CONSEQU5CES W]E DISA/R\S4 ,AN>*I/ ACC\NTS ( ! OP]ATIONS ( ! MILITIAS HEAVILY OV]EMPHASIZE !IR OCCASIONAL H]OIC VICTORIES & M9IMIZE !IR FREQU5T DEFEATS OR SIMPLY BLAME !M ON ! REFUSAL ( O!R =CES TO PROVIDE !M ) ! >MS !Y NE$$4 ,BUT :ILE ! MILITIAS C]TA9LY F\*I/S /UDY+ ,SPA9 %\LD BE C>EFUL AB\T TAK+ !IR [N PROPAG&A TOO S]I\SLY4 ,! LACK ( 9T]NAL DISCIPL9E MADE = ACTS ( TREM5D\S /UPIDITY FROM A MILIT>Y PO9T ( VIEW4 ,MILITIA MEMB]S W\LD REGUL>LY AB&ON !IR POSITIONS :5 BOR$OM SET 94 ,! ABS5CE ( ANY SORT ( UNIFI$ COMM& /RUCTURE MEANT ?AT EV]Y PROPOS$ COORD9AT$ MILIT>Y ACTION 9VOLV+ DIFF]5T MILITIAS1 LET ALONE ONES FROM DIFF]5T POLITICAL T5D5CIES1 HAD TO BE DISCUSS$ & MODIFI$ & APPROV$ BE=E IT C\LD BE C>RI$ \T4 ,9 ?IS PROCESS CRUCIAL TIME WAS (T5 WA/$ & MILIT>Y OPPORTUNITIES LO/4 ,:5 COORD9AT$ ACTIONS W]E C>RI$ \T ! MODIFI$ PLANS W]E (T5 GREATLY R$UC$ 9 SCALE1 (T5 TO ! PO9T ( MAK+ !M IRRELEVANT4 ,MILITIAS JEAL\SLY REFUS$ TO %>E MAT]IEL ) EA* O!R4 ,OBS]V]S ( ALL P]SPECTIVES NOT$ H[ MILITIAS ( EA* ORGANIZATION TOOK A C]TA9 DELIS CAN NOT BE WON 9 ?IS WAY4 ,MILITIAS CAN PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 DEF5D+ ! GA9S ( A REVOLUTION1 9 ORGANIZ+ IRREGUL> W>F>E )9 A CIRCUMSCRIB$ REGION1 & 9 SUPPRESS+ C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY )9 ! ZONE ( A REVOLUTION4 ,BUT )\T A REGUL> >MY ( ITS [N ! REVOLUTION CAN NOT HOLD BACK ! ADVANCES ( AN 9VAD+ >MY4 ,! REASONS >E SIMPLE & IT IS BORNE \T BY ! :OLE HI/ORY ( MILIT>Y CONFLICT4 ,AN >MY ) A UNIFI$ COMM& GO+ UP AGA9/ A 0DEC5TRALIZ$0 =CE WILL SET AB\T TO ID5TIFY ITS WEAKE/ UNITS & CONC5TRATE ITS FIR/ ATTACKS ACCORD+LY4 ,! DEC5TRALIZ$ =CES LACK+ A UNIFI$ COMM& WILL BE UNABLE TO QUICKLY R$EPLOY TROOPS TO ! WEAK >EA 9 ! WAY ?AT A REGUL> >MY CAN4 ,SIMIL>LY :5 A COORD9AT$ (F5SIVE NE$S TO BE C>RI$ \T C]TA9 TROOPS WILL BE PUT 9 CONSID]ABLY GREAT] DANG] ?AN O!RS4 ,9 A DEC5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURE SU* DECISIONS >E SUBJECT TO REJECTION BY ! UNITS MO/ LIKELY 7OR EV5 C]TA97 TO TAKE ! HEAVIE/ LOSSES4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ! DEC5TRALIZ$ MILIT>Y /RUCTURE CAN ONLY DEPLOY ITS MO/ C\RAGE\S OR SELFLESS UNITS 9 SU* SITUATIONS4 ,IT'S NOT DIFFICULT TO SEE H[ SU* A PRACTICE W\LD RESULT 9 ! RAPID WEAK5+ ( ! DEC5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURE AS IT SACRIFICES ITS BE/ =CES OR BACKS (F FROM BATTLES ?AT CAN BE WON4 ,CONV]SELY ! BOLDE/ UNITS 9 A DEC5TRALIZ$ =CE >E MORE LIKELY TO EXP5D !MSELVES 9 H]OIC BUT ULTIMATELY PO9TLESS ACTS ( SELF-SACRIFICE4 ,!RE IS A REASON ?AT ! WORLD IS DOM9AT$ BY REGUL> >MIES ) UNIFI$ COMM& /RUCTURES4 ,IT IS NOT BECAUSE ! /ATES ( ! WORLD SIMPLY F9D !IR AU?ORIT>IAN =M MORE AGREEABLE 9 SPITE ( ITS COMP>ATIVE MILIT>Y 9EFFICI5CIES4 ,IF ?AT W]E SO /ATES W\LD BE CON/ANTLY /RIV+ TO OBTA9 ! B5EFITS ( DEC5TRALISM 9 MILIT>Y MATT]S 7AS !Y SOMETIMES DO 9 O!R MATT]S 9 :I* DEC5TRALISM IS 9 FACT MORE EFFICI5T74 ,BUT ! MILIT>Y REMA9S ! MO/ C5TRALIZ$ 9/ITUTION 9 ANY SOCIETY1 IT AU?ORIT>IANISM ! MODEL BY :I* LESS AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS >E JUDG$4 ,ONE CAN ( C\RSE CONCEIVE ( A P]FECTLY FUNCTION+ DEC5TRALIZ$ MILIT>Y /RUCTURE 9 :I* ! GRASP ( MILIT>Y SCI5CE IS SO EV5LY SPREAD \T ?AT IT MAKES NO ]RORS & GOES ON TO W94 ,BUT 9 ! REAL WORLD ALL SU* PLANS RUN 9TO FRICTION FROM ! FLE% & BLOOD PEOPLE :O >E SUPPOS$ TO C>RY !M \T4 ,W>S >E WON NOT BY ?OSE :O CONCOCT P]FECT PLANS1 BUT RA!R BY ?OSE :OSE PLANS >E BE/ ABLE TO ABSORB ! CONSEQU5CES ( !IR [N IMP]FECTION4 ,9 MILIT>Y MATT]S A RELIABLE COMM& /RUCTURE 5ABLES ! MO/ RAPID RESPONSE TO SETBACKS4 ,IF WE >E READY TO CONC$E 7AS ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S ULTIMATELY DID7 ?AT MAK+ W> 9VOLVES COMPROMIS+ ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN PR9CIPLES WE NE$ TO LOOK AT PRECISELY :AT MEASURES NE$ TO BE TAK5 TO PREV5T ?OSE COMPROMISES FROM UNDO+ ! :OLE REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT4 ,IT SEEMS ?AT !RE >E A NUMB] ( BASIC ?+S H]E3 ! ELECTION ( (FIC]S1 ! ELIM9ATION ( UNNECESS>Y SOCIAL DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 (FIC]S & !IR TROOPS1 A COMMITM5T TO DEVELOP+ ! LEAD]%IP SKILLS ( ! RANK & FILE 9 OPPOSITION TO RELY+ ON (FIC]S FROM ! OLD REGIME & ! LIKE4 ,BUT !SE ?+S CAN'T HIDE ! FUNDAM5TALLY AU?ORIT>IAN NATURE ( AN >MY3 ABSOLUTE SUBORD9ATION TO ! COMM& /RUCTURE1 DRILLS ?AT PSY*OLOGICALLY PREP>E SOLDI]S TO TAKE ORD]S1 ! SUSP5SION ( BASIC DEMOCRATIC RIY 5GAGEM5TS & SO ON4 ,RECOGNIZ+ ! NECESSITY ( AN >MY DOESN'T MEAN ACCEPT+ ANY OLD >MY4 ,ONE ( ! C5TRAL ISSUES 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION WAS ! ATTEMPT TO 9CORPORATE ! MILITIAS 9TO A NEW REGUL> ,REPUBLICAN >MY4 ,MU* ( ! IMPETUS = ?IS MILIT>IZATION CAME FROM ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 :I* BY VIRTUE ( ITS CONNECTIONS ) ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 WAS PREP>$ TO DOM9ATE ! COMM& ( SU* AN >MY4 ,! AN>*I/ & ,P,\,M MILITIAS RESI/$ ?IS PROCESS 9 V>Y+ DEGREES4 ,ULTIMATELY MO/ ( ! AN>*I/ MILITIAS W]E EI!R 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! NEW >MY OR BROK5 UP BY IT4 ,ONE GR\P ?AT RESI/$ MILIT>IZATION W]E ! MILITIAS AT ! ,GELSA FRONT4 ,9/EAD ( JO9+ ! >MY !Y RETURN$ TO ,B>CELONA & CON/ITUT$ !MSELVES AS ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI PLAY$ A PIVOTAL ROLE 9 ! ,MAY #aicg EV5TS 9 ,B>CELONA1 CALL+ ON ! AN>*I/ =CES TO MA9TA9 !IR B>RICADES :5 ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP WAS PREA*+ CONCILIATION ) ! ,COMMUNI/S4 ,AFT] !SE EV5TS ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ISSU$ A PAMPHLET 0,T[>DS A ,FRE% REVOLUTION0 ?AT ANALYZ$ ! DEFEAT ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION & PUT =W>D PROPOSALS = ITS REG5]ATION4 ,UNLIKE AN>*I/S TODAY :O SEE ! ,SPANI% MILITIAS AS ! MODEL ( AN>*I/ MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI HAD SE5 !M 9 ACTION & PROPOS$ 9 OPPOSITION TO EI!R ! ,REPUBLICAN >MY OR AN EXCLUSIVE RELIANCE ON ! MILITIAS ! REVOLUTION>Y >MY3 0,) REG>D TO ! PROBLEM ( ! W>1 WE BACK ! IDEA ( ! >MY BE+ UND] ! ABSOLUTE CONTROL ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,(FIC]S ) !IR ORIG9S 9 ! CAPITALI/ REGIME DO NOT DES]VE ! SLIMY1 WE WANT A REVOLUTION>Y ONE L$ EXCLUSIVELY BY WORK]S2 & %\LD ANY (FIC] BE RETA9$1 IT MU/ BE UND] ! /RICTE/ SUP]VISION40 ,9 ?IS QUOTE !RE IS ! USUAL AN>*I/ EQUIVOCATIONS4 ,! DEFEATS ( ! MILITIAS >E ! RESULT ( BETRAYALS1 BUT ! SOLUTION IS A REVOLUTION>Y >MY4 ,WE WANT ! WORK]S 9 CONTROL BUT WE KN[ WE WILL NE$ ! EXP]TIZE ( PR(ESSIONAL (FIC]S4 ,?IS IS NONE!LESS A CONSID]ABLE IMPROVEM5T ON ! NAIVE CELEBRATION ( ! MILITIAS ?AT PASSES = AN>*I/ MILIT>Y ?9K+ TODAY4 ,! QUE/ION ( ! *>ACT] ( AN AU!NTICALLY REVOLUTION>Y >MY IS IMPORTANT4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI CORRECTLY ID5TIFY ! CLASS *>ACT] ( ! >MY & ITS COMM& AS CRUCIAL 9 DET]M9+ ITS ROLE 9 ! REVOLUTION4 ,SO F> WE HAVE SPOK5 ( ! >MY 5TIRELY 9 ITS ROLE AS DEF5D] ( GA9S ALREADY MADE BY ! REVOLUTION4 ,! OBVI\S NEXT QUE/ION IS :AT ROLE CAN A REVOLUTION>Y >MY PLAY 9 5L>G+ ! REVOLUTION>Y ZONE1 9 EFFECT BR++ ! REVOLUTION TO NEW >EAS4 ,?IS W\LD C]TA9LY HAVE BE5 A QUE/ION IF A REVOLUTION>Y >MY 9 ,SPA9 HAD BE5 ABLE TO DEFEAT ,FRANCO'S =CES & TAKE T]RITORY ?AT HAD UP TO ?AT PO9T NOT BE5 T\*$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,HI/ORICALLY MANY >MIES HAVE />T$ \T ) REVOLUTION>Y OBJECTIVES4 ,JOHN ,ELLIS'S ,>MIES 9 ,REVOLUTION1 IS A VALUABLE TREATM5T ( MU* ( ?AT EXP]I5CE FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( A MILIT>Y HI/ORIAN4 ,ELLIS >GUES ?AT EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y >MY FROM ,OLIV] ,CROMWELL'S ,NEW ,MODEL ,>MY TO & 9CLUD+ ! ,SOVIET ,R$ ,>MY WAS AN >MY 9 ! S]VICE ( A M9ORITY CLASS4 ,HE UPHOLDS ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ,MAKHNO'S ,9SURG5T ,>MY 9 ! FACE ( CRITICISMS BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,HE DOESN'T TREAT ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 7P]HAPS BECAUSE IT (F]S NO EXAMPLE ( AN AU!NTICALLY REVOLUTION>Y >MY74 ,F9ALLY HE PO9TS TO ! ,PEOPLE'S ,LIB]ATION ,>MY 9 ,*9A AS ! S+LE EXAMPLE ( AN >MY ?AT C>RI$ \T ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS PROGRAM ( ! OPPRESS$ MAJORITY1 NAMELY ! COMPREH5SIVE R$I/RIBUTION ( L& TO ! POOR PEASANTRY4 ,I HAVE >GU$ E>LI] ?AT ! ,*9ESE ,REVOLUTION WAS ULTIMATELY A CAPITALI/ REVOLUTION1 & ,I W\LD >GUE ?AT ! ,P,L,A C>RI$ \T1 AT LEA/ UP UNTIL #a#i#d#i1 A PROGRAM ?AT WAS CONSI/5T ) ! COMMON 9T]E/S ( ! PEASANTRY & ! ASPIR+ NEW CAPITALI/ CLASS REPRES5T$ BY ! LEAD]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,9 SPITE ( !SE QUALIFICATIONS ,I W\LD >GUE ?AT ! ,*9ESE EXP]I5CE IS /ILL AN IMPORTANT ONE FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( TRY+ TO DEVELOP A REVOLUTION>Y LIB]T>IAN MILIT>Y /RATEGY4 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,CLASS ,! PROBLEMS POS$ BY ! ,*9ESE EXP]I5CE >E FUNDAM5TALLY ! PRODUCT ( ,*9A'S UND]DEVELOPM5T & ! FACT ?AT ! ONLY CLASS ?AT CAN HOPE TO OV]?R[ CAPITALISM1 ! PROLET>IAT1 WAS ALMO/ ABS5T FROM ! ,*9ESE POLITICAL L&SCAPE4 ,I HAVE REF]R$ E>LI] TO ! PROBLEMS POS$ BY A CLASS :I* DEVELOP$ HI/ORICALLY UND] PRE-CAPITALI/ CONDITIONS TAK+ OV] A NATIONAL ECONOMY ?AT IS ALREADY 9TEGRAT$ 9TO WORLD CAPITALISM4 ,!RE IS 9 AN>*ISM A C]TA9 T5D5CY 9 UPHOLD+ PEASANT REVOLTS TO AVOID !IR 9H]5T LIMITATIONS4 ,:ATEV] ! SITUATION ONCE WAS IT %\LD BE CLE> N[ AS ! GLOBALIZATION ( CAPITALISM ACCEL]ATES \T ( ! CONTROL ( ANY S+LE NATIONAL CAPITAL ?AT ! ONLY CLASS ?AT HAS A HOPE TO TAKE ON ?IS SY/EM IS ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+ CLASS4 ,! OV]:ELM+LY MIDDLE-CLASS COMPOSITION ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ! ,U4,S41 & ! DOGMATIC 9VOCATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS BY ! V>I\S M>XI/ SECTS1 MAKE MANY AN>*I/S RELUCTANT TO TAKE AN EXPLICIT /& 9 FAVOR ( A WORK+ CLASS ORI5TATION4 ,9/EAD ! WORK+ CLASS IS SE5 AS ONE ( MANY PO9TS ( REF]5CE OR 0ID5TITIES0 ?AT TAK5 TOGE!R >E GO+ TO C>RY \T ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,! PLURALISM ( ?IS POSITION IS ITS S+UL> VIRTUE4 ,BUT BY TREAT+ ECONOMIC CLASSES 9 ! SAME WAYS ?AT WE TREAT E?NIC OR SEXUAL ID5TITIES WE LOSE SIEAS ( \R LIVES 79CLUD+ E?NIC & SEXUAL ID5TITY74 ,IMMIGRATION & ! TRANSNATIONAL MOVEM5TS ( CAPITAL >E 9CREAS+LY MAK+ ! AB/RACT NOTION ( AN 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT A LIV$ REALITY = HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( PEOPLE4 ,! RAPID URBANIZATION ( ! ,?IRD ,WORLD 9CREAS+LY MEANS ?AT IT IS ! PROLET>IAT & NOT ! PEASANTRY 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES ?AT IS BE/ POSITION$ TO *ALL5GE NEOCOLONIALISM4 ,! PROLET>IAT %\LD NOT BE VIEW$ AS A MONOLI?IC 5TITY REPRES5T$ BY A S+LE P>TY 7A LA ! V>I\S CURR5TS ( ,M>XISM7 BUT RA!R AS A CONTE/$ BODY :OSE UNITY IS CONT+5T ON ! FRE$OM ( ITS DIFF]5T P>TS TO FII\S E?NIC GR\PS !N >E NOT BATTLES TO BE PUT (F UNTIL AFT] ! PROLET>IAT SEIZES P[] GLOBALLY1 BUT >E NECESS>Y PRECURSORS TO ?AT SEIZURE ( P[] ?AT CL>IFY ! REVOLUTION>Y ORI5TATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,CONCLUSION ,I HAVE S\*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,I AM NOT >GU+ H]E = ! AB&ONM5T ( A G5]ALLY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN ORI5TATION1 OR A MODIFICATION ( ! ULTIMATE GOALS ( AN>*ISM4 ,I AM >GU+ H[EV] ?AT ! VIABILITY ( ?OSE GOALS IS CONT+5T ON A NUMB] ( FACTORS & ?AT AN>*I/S HAVE RESI/$ FAC+ !SE POLITICAL REALITIES ) ! RESULT ?AT AN>*ISM HAS WI!R$ AS A CR$IBLE REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE TO ! FAIL$ IDEOLOGIES ( M>XISM & ! V>I\S NATIONALISMS4 ,IT IS NOT CLE> TO ME ?AT AN>*ISM1 AS DEF9$ BY ITS HI/ORICAL PRACTICE OV] ! PA/ C5TURY1 (F]S AN ADEQUATE FRAMEWORK = REBUILD+ ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT ON LIB]T>IAN F\NDATIONS4 ,IT IS CLE> TO ME ?AT :ILE ! HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE ( M>XISM IS 9VALUABLE1 & :ILE M>XISM (F]S IMPORTANT ANALYTICAL TOOLS = UND]/&+ ! WORLD WE LIVE 91 ?AT M>XISM AS AN OV]>*+ PHILOSOPHICAL FRAMEWORK HAS PROV5 TO BE IRRETRIEVABLY AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,!RE IS A CRY+ NE$ = ! DEVELOPM5T ( A NEW BODY ( REVOLUTION>Y !ORY ?AT BREAKS DECISIVELY ) ! DOGMATISM & POLITICAL %ALL[NESS ( AN>*ISM AS WELL AS ) ! AU?ORIT>IAN ESS5CE ( M>XISM4 ,ANY NEW !ORETICAL APPROA* TO ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT MU/ CONFRONT NOT JU/ ! IMPORTANT HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES ADDRESS$ 9 ?IS PAP] BUT ALSO ! NEW CONDITIONS WE FACE1 9 P>TICUL> ! NEW POSSIBILITIES = BUILD+ AU!NTICALLY 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS ROOT$ 9 AN 9CREAS+LY MOBILE & 9T]NATIONAL WORK+ CLASS4 7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON #b ,SEPTEMB] #bae FROM LOVE&RAGE4ORG447 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,! ,HI/ORICAL ,FAILURE ( ,AN>*ISM -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/