,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #c ,! ,P]IOD ( ,L>GE-,SCALE ,9DU/RY 9 ,POL& ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG ,TEXT 3 ,P>T ,I3 ,! ,HI/ORY & ,PRES5T ,/ATE ( ,POLI% ,9DU/RY #a4#c ,! ,P]IOD ( ,L>GE-,SCALE ,9DU/RY 9 ,POL& ,S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY1 ,RUSSIA1 AS WAS M5TION$1 ADH]$ TO A HI1 H[EV]1 CAUS$ A *ANGE H]E AS 9 ALL O!R >EAS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,9 ! 0LIB]AL P]IOD0 ( ! #a#h#fS T>IFFS W]E SIGNIFICANTLY R$UC$4 ,?IS FREE-TRADE TURN DID NOT LA/ LONG1 H[EV]4 ,BECAUSE ( ! RE=MS !MSELVES1 ESPECIALLY ! CO/LY RAILROAD CON/RUCTION1 ! GOV]NM5T RAN 5ORM\SLY 9TO DEBT TO =EIGN C\NTRIES1 & ! GOLD T>IFF WAS 9TRODUC$ 9 #ahgg ) ! OBJECT ( GETT+ HOLD ( GOLD4 ,) ?IS1 ,RUSSIA 5T]$ ONTO A C\RSE ( EV5 /RICT] PROTECTIONI/ POLICIES4 ,) ! EX*ANGE RATE ( ! PAP] RUBLE FALL+1 ! GOLD T>IFF MEANT AN 9CREASE 9 ! T>IFF RATE ( #c P] C5T 9 ! FIR/ YE>S & ( #d TO #e P] C5T 9 FOLL[+ YE>S4 ,9 #ahh A DEFICIT 9 ! /ATE TREASURY DEVELOP$ ONCE MORE AS A RESULT ( ! ABOLITION ( ! SALT TAX4 ,A G5]AL T>IFF 9CREASE ( #a P] C5T 5SU$ 9 #ahha AS A REPLACEM5T4 ,9 #a#h#h#b1 SEV]AL 9DIVIDUAL T>IFF RATES W]E RAIS$1 SU* AS ?OSE = L951 WOOL Y>N1 *EMICAL PRODUCTS1 DYES1 ETC42 9 #a#h#h#d1 A REPEAT$ 9CREASE 9 V>I\S 9DIVIDUAL T>IFF RATES OCCURR$1 = EXAMPLE ?AT = SILK Y>N2 9 #a#h#h#e1 AN ALMO/ G5]AL 9CREASE ( ! T>IFF ( #b P] C5T2 9 #a#h#h#g1 ONCE AGA9 A P>TIAL CLIMB 9 9DIVIDUAL T>IFFS1 & ! SAME 9 #a#h#i#a4 ,OBVI\SLY ! PURPOSE ( PROTECTIONISM1 :5 NOT FISCAL REV5UE1 WAS ABOVE ALL PROTECTION ( DOME/IC 9DU/RY FROM =EIGN COMPETITION4 ,! RESULTS ( SU* A SUB/ANTIAL =C+ UP ( ! T>IFF W]E TW(OLD4 ,FIR/1 ! IMPORT ( =EIGN MANUFACTUR$ & HALF-F9I%$ GOODS DECL9$ RAPIDLY4 ,! TOTAL IMPORTS OV] ,RUSSIA'S ,EUROPEAN BORD]S 9 MILLIONS ( GOLD RUBLES ANNUALLY AM\NT$ TO3 #a#h#e#a-#e#f #gd #a#h#e#f-#f#a #ab #a#h#f#a-#f#f #aba #a#h#f#f-#g#a #bab #a#h#g#a-#g#f #cfd #a#h#g#f-#h#a #cbf #a#h#h#a-#h#f #cd #a#h#h#f-#i#a #bbd #ahia #bb #ahib #bai ,! IMPORT ( MANUFACTUR$ & HALF-F9I%$ GOODS1 :I* W]E DUTI$ MU* HI<] ?AN RAW MAT]IALS1 %RIVEL$ UP EV5 MORE SEV]ELY ?AN ! ABOVE TABLE 9DICATES4 ,?US A PLACE WAS MADE 9 ,RUSSIAN M>KETS = NATIVE - ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% - 9DU/RY1 :I* WAS FRE$ TO A GREAT EXT5T FROM =EIGN COMPETITION4 ,! O!R NATURAL RESULT WAS ! G5]AL CLIMB 9 COMMODITY PRICES4 ,IT HAS REC5TLY BE5 CALCULAT$ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN CONSUM] MAY PAY MU* MORE = MO/ COMMODITIES ?AN1 E4G41 ! ,G]MAN CONSUM]2 ?US = TEA #c#d.0 = TOBACCO #f#h#g.0 = COAL #b.0 = PAP] #f#i.0 = L95 #b#b#e.0 = COTTON PRODUCTS #c#e#g.0 = AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y #a#e#i.0 ,AS = ! METAL 9DU/RY3 A POOD ( WIRE NAILS ( M$IUM SIZE1 = EXAMPLE1 CO/S AN ,AM]ICAN #a TO #a4#e RUBLES1 :ILE A ,RUSSIAN PAYS #c4#b RUBLES 9 T>IFFS ALONE ON !SE >TICLES & #d TO #h RUBLES = ! :OLE PRODUCT4 ,9 RELATION TO ! VALUE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT METALS1 ! T>IFF 9 #ahif MADE UP3 IRON ORE1 #g P] C5T2 IRON1 #de P] C5T2 & /EEL1 #ce P] C5T4 ,UND] SU* MONOPOLY CONDITIONS ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% 9DU/RY BEGAN TO RAKE 9 COLOSSAL PR(ITS FROM ! DOME/IC M>KET4 ,WE CAN GET AN APPROXIMATE NOTION ( !SE PR(ITS FROM ! (FICIAL /ATEM5TS ( ! MANUFACTUR]S !MSELVES4 ,9 #a#h#h#g1 = EXAMPLE1 NET PR(ITS W]E DECL>$3 BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,COTTON ,SP9N+ ,MILLS1 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG #a#e4.0 BY ! ,MOSC[ ,MANUFACTUR+ ,COMPANY #a#f4.0 BY ! ,BAL9 ,MANUFACTUR+ ,COMPANY #a#f4.0 BY ! ,N>VA ,L95 ,SP9N+ ,MILL #a#h4.0 BY ! ,SAMPSON ,COTTON ,SP9N+ ,MILL #b#a4#c.0 BY ! ,YEKAT]9H( ,COTTON ,SP9N+ ,MILL #b#c4.0 ,RAB5ECK ,COTTON ,DYE ,WORKS #b#e4#d.0 BY ! ,IZMAILOV ,COTTON ,SP9N+ ,MILL #b#f4.0 BY ! ,S4 ,MOROSOV ,WORKS #b#h4.0 ,NEVA ,COTTON ,WEAV+ ,MILL #c#h4.0 BY ! ,KR5HOLM ,WORKS #d#d4#i.0 BY ! ,?ORNTON ,WOOL ,WORKS #d#e4.0 ,FROM MORE REC5T TIMES WE HAVE NO LESS SURPRIS+ /ATEM5TS ( PR(ITS 9 ! ,RUSSIAN METAL 9DU/RY4 ,! METALLURGICAL 5T]PRISES ( ! S\!RN DI/RICT YIELD ON ! AV]AGE A PR(IT ( #e P] C5T1 ! COLOSSAL WORKS ( ! ,5GLI%MAN ,HUE AS IT W]E UNC]TA9 :AT TO DO ) !M10 I4E41 UND] :I* COLUMN 9 ! (FICIAL REPORTS TO 5T] ! W9N+S SO AS TO CONCEAL !IR /AGG]+ SIZE4 ,! 9FLU5CE ( MONOPOLY PRICES ON ! SIZE ( CAPITALI/ PR(ITS1 TOGE!R ) ! RELATION%IP ( ! LATT] TO \TLAYS = LABOR P[]1 IS MO/ /RIK+LY %[N BY ! FOLL[+ LITTLE JUXTAPOSITION4 ,! M>KET PRICE ( RAW IRON 9 ,KIEV 9 ,JULY #ahig AM\NT$ TO #he KOPECKS P] POOD2 ( ?AT1 ! CO/S ( PRODUCTION 9 ,RUSSIA MADE UP #de KOPECKS1 9CLUD+ WAGES AT #d KOPECKS P] POOD - ) A NET PR(IT ( #d KOPECKS4 ,! RELATION ( PR(ITS TO CO/ ( PRODUCTION & TO WAGES WAS ?US #a3#a#a & #a3#a RESPECTIVELY4 ,! PR(ITS ( ,POLI% 5TREPR5EURS W]E 9 NO WAY 9F]IOR TO ! 5ORM\S PR(ITS ( ! ,RUSSIANS1 AS WE WILL SEE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#h#iS ! DIVID5DS ( ! SUG> FACTORIES 9 ,POL& AM\NT$ TO AS MU* AS #bi P] C5T4 ,9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 #d P] C5T PR(ITS W]E REG>D$ AS A NORMAL PH5OM5ON4 ,BUT !SE (FICIAL MANUFACTUR]S' /ATEM5TS >E NOTORI\SLY #c TO #e P] C5T SMALL] ?AN ! PR(ITS ACTUALLY OBTA9$4 ,?US1 AFT] ALL ! MA9 CONDITIONS ( 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T - A DOME/IC M>KET1 MEANS ( TRANSPORT1 AN 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY - HAD BE5 CALL$ TO LIFE 9 ! YE>S #a#h#f-#a#h#g#g1 ! SUP]V5+ T>IFF POLICY CREAT$ A HOT-H\SE ATMOSPH]E ( MONOPOLY PRICES ?AT PLAC$ ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% 9DU/RY 9 AN ABSOLUTE ,EL ,DORADO ( PRIMITIVE CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION4 ,9 ! YE> #ahgg AN ]A ( FEV]I% 5T]PRISE & GR&IOSE ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL BEGAN1 COMB9$ ) ! B\ND+ GR[? ( PRODUCTION4 ,! TOTAL PICTURE ( ,POL&'S 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T UND] ! EFFECT ( ! RELATION%IPS SKET*$ ABOVE %[S ITSELF AS FOLL[S3 ,9 MILLIONS ( RUBLES ,TOTAL ,PRODUCTION ,COTTON ,9DU/RY ,WOOL ,9DU/RY ,L95 ,9DU/RY #ahf #e4 7#a#h#f#d7 #h4#a #d4#c #a4#b #ahg #f#c4#i #a4#b #d4 #a4#b #ahh #a#g#a4#h #c#c4 #b#b4 #e4 #ahi #b#d4 #d#g4#f 7#a#h#i#a7 #c#e4#e #f4#e ,! /RONGE/ UPSW+ BETWE5 #ahg & #ahh - = ALL 9DU/RY "4#a#f#i P] C5T1 = ! COTTON 9DU/RY "4#b#b#c P] C5T1 = ! WOOL 9DU/RY "4#d#e P] C5T1 = ! L95 9DU/RY "4#c#a#g P] C5T - IS *IEFLY A RESULT ( ! FIR/ ?REE YE>S 7#a#h#g#g-#h7 ( ! NEW ]A 9 T>IFF POLICY4 ,AS WE WILL SEE BEL[1 ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! GOLD T>IFF BR\T ( ,POL&4 ,( ! L>GE/ FACTORIES :I* ! (FICIAL 9QUIRY ORGANIZ$ 9 #ahhf F\ND 9 ,POL&1 #a#h4#a.0 W]E F\ND$ BE=E #a#h#e1 #f4#h.0 9 #a#h#e-#f #a#c4#f.0 9 #a#h#f-#g #b#i.0 9 #a#h#g-#h #c#b4#e.0 9 #a#h#h-#h#f4 ,?US #fa P] C5T ( ALL L>GE FACTORIES W]E E/ABLI%$ AFT] #a#h#g4 ,AS = ! EXT5T ( PRODUCTION1 9 ! P]IOD #a#h#g-#a#h#i IT HAD ALMO/ SEXTUPL$ 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY AS A :OLE4 ,! FOLL[+ TABLE %[S QUITE SPECIFICALLY ! 9FLU5CE ( ! T>IFF POLICY3 ( ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT FACTORIES1 #a#h4#a.0 W]E F\ND$ BE=E #a#h#e1 #c#g4#b.0 9 #a#h#e-#a#h#g#g #d#d4#g.0 9 #a#h#g#g-#a#h#h#f4 ,?US ALMO/ HALF 7TODAY EV5 MORE7 ( ALL ! L>GE FACTORIES 9 ,POL& ORIG9AT$ S9CE #ahgg AS DIRECT RESULTS ( ! PROTECTIONI/ T>IFF POLICY4 ,?IS EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION W5T H&9H& ) A REVOLUTION 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION !MSELVES4 ,EV]Y:]E 9 PLACE ( ! SMALL1 SCATT]$ FACTORIES APPE>$ MOD]N 9DU/RIAL L>GE-SCALE 5T]PRISES ) EXT5SIVE USE ( /EAM P[] & ! NEWE/ TE*NICAL EQUIPM5T 9 CON/RUCTION & OP]ATION4 ,! CONC5TRATION 9 9DU/RY 9 G5]AL 9 ,POL& PRES5TS ITSELF AS FOLL[S3 #ahga #ahh #ahi ,NUMB] ( WORK]S #g#f1#f#a#f #a#b1#g#f#c CA4 #a#e1 ,VALUE ( PRODUCTION 79 MILLION RUBLES7 #f#f4#g #a#g#a4#h #bd ,= ONE FIRM 79 RUBLES7 #c1#b#c#i #h1#f#c #g#a1#b#d#h ,= ONE WORK] 79 RUBLES7 #hhb #a1#d#b#b #a1#f ,H[EV] H]E ! AV]AGE FIGURES >E1 AS USUAL1 NOT SUIT$ TO GIV+ A TRUE IDEA ( ! REVOLUTION TAK+ PLACE1 S9CE ?IS WAS ( C\RSE NOT ACCOMPLI%$ EQUALLY 9 ALL BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY4 ,MO/ *>ACT]I/IC >E ! FIGURES = ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY4 ,H]E WE F9D3 #ahga #ahh #ahi ,NUMB] ( FACTORIES #a#a1#b#b#g #a1#h#g#a #fce ,NUMB] ( WORK]S #b#h1#d#f #d#e1#g#e#c #f1#b#h#h ,PRODUCTION 79 MILLION RUBLES7 #a#h4#a #e#g4#f #h#h4#d ,WORK]S P] FACTORY #b4#e #d4#b #ie ,PRODUCTION P] FACTORY 79 RUBLES7 #a1#f#a#b #e1#c#c #a#c#i1#b#i#h ,BUT )9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY ! COTTON 9DU/RY %[S ! REVOLUTION 9 ! MO/ VIVID WAY3 #ahga #ahh #ahia ,NUMB] ( FACTORIES #a1#d#i#i #c1#h#h#a #afc ,NUMB] ( WORK]S #a#i1#h#i#d #a#i1#e#g#f #b#f1#c#g ,PRODUCTION 79 MILLION RUBLES7 #a4#d #c4#h #d#g4#f ,WORK]S P] FACTORY #a4#i #e #afb ,PRODUCTION P] FACTORY 79 RUBLES7 #iid #g1#i#e #b#i#a1#g#c#f ,! SURPRIS+ GR[? ( ! COTTON 9DU/RY CAN ALSO BE MEASUR$ 9 ! NUMB] ( SP9DLES4 ,!SE AM\NT TO3 #ahcf #g1#c #ahd #b#g1#c #ahe #f#a1#c #ahfc #a#a#f1#b #ahg #b#h#i1#e #ahge #c#h#e1#e #ahgi #d#d#i1#f #ahhb #d#f#g1#f #ahhh CA4 #f1 ,ACCORD+ TO O!R S\RCES ! NUMB] ( SP9DLES GREW DUR+ A P]IOD ( T5 YE>S 7#a#h#g#g-#a#h#h#f7 FROM #b#a#f1#f#d TO #e#e1#f#b#b1 I4E41 #acd P] C5T4 ,9 ! SAME P]IOD1 ! NUMB] ( SP9DLES 9 ! ,RUSSIAN COTTON 9DU/RY %[S AN 9CREASE ( #cb P] C5T 79 P>TICUL>1 #de P] C5T 9 ! ,MOSC[ DI/RICT1 #a P] C5T 9 ! ,PET]SBURG DI/RICT72 ?AT 9 ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN 9DU/RY 7#a#h#h#a-#a#h#i#a71 #c P] C5T2 & 9 ! ,5GLI%1 #h P] C5T4 ,! NUMB] ( LOOMS GREW FROM #ahgg TO #a#h#h#f3 9 ! ,RUSSIAN COTTON 9DU/RY1 #df P] C5T 79 P>TICUL>4 #e P] C5T 9 ! ,MOSC[ DI/RICT1 #be P] C5T 9 ! ,PET]SBURG DI/RICT72 BUT 9 ,POL&1 #aci P] C5T4 ,! USE ( /EAM P[] TO A GREAT] EXT5T BEG9S ONLY 9 ! #a#h#gS1 BUT S9CE !N IT HAS GR[N QUICKLY4 #ahge #ahi ,/EAM HORSEP[] 9 9DU/RY AS A :OLE #a#d1#f#e#g #e#a1#h ( ?AT3 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY #d1#b#b #b#f1#g#g#b 9 M9+ #a1#h#c #a1#d#i#g ,9 ! BRAN*ES ON :I* AN EXCISE WAS NOT LEVI$1 /EAM HORSEP[] ALMO/ D\BL$ AGA9 9 ! TWO-YE> P]IOD FROM #ahi TO #a#h#i#b1 GR[+ FROM #d#a1#c#c TO #h#a1#c#d#f4 ,9 #be YE>S1 ! :OLE \TW>D APPE>ANCE ( ! C\NTRY HAD *ANG$ FROM ! GR\ND UP4 ,9 ! MID/ ( ?IS1 ! LITTLE T[N ( ,LODZ QUICKLY GREW UP 9TO A L>GE C5T] ( ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 9TO A 0,POLI% ,MAN*E/]10 ) ! TYPICAL APPE>ANCE ( A MOD]N FACTORY CITY - C\NTLESSSMOK+ FACTORY *IMNEYS PACK$ TI\ND 9DU/RY & TRADE4 ,H]E WE F9D A S]IES ( GIANT E/ABLI%M5TS1 AMONG :I* ! ,S*EIBL] FACTORY1 ) ITS YE>LY PRODUCTION ( #ae MILLION & ITS #g1 WORK]S1 CLAIMS FIR/ PLACE4 ,9 ! S\?WE/]N CORN] ( ! C\NTRY1 ON ! ,PRUSSIAN BORD]1 A :OLE NEW 9DU/RIAL >EA SPRANG UP AS ?\< *>M$ \T ( ! GR\ND1 :]E FACTORIES SUDD5LY EM]G$ AMID =E/S & RIV]S1 PREC$+ ! BUILD+ ( CITIES1 ) EV]Y?+ GR\P$ >\ND !M FROM ! BEG9N+4 ,9 ! OLD CAPITAL1 ,W>SAW1 ! COLLECTION PO9T = ALL H&ICRAFTS1 H&ICRAFT GREATLY ELEVAT$ ITSELF4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME IT FREQU5TLY FELL UND] ! DOM9ATION ( M]*ANTS' CAPITAL4 ,SMALL- & MIDDLE-SIZ$ 9DEP5D5T WORK%OPS DISSOLV$ !MSELVES 9TO COTTAGE 9DU/RY1 & L>GE W>EH\SES ( F9I%$ H&CRAFT$ GOODS /EPP$ 9TO ! =EGR\ND AS COLLECTION PO9TS = SMALL PRODUCTION4 ,! TRADE ( ! :OLE C\NTRY WAS CONC5TRAT$ FROM N[ ON 9 ! ,/OCK ,EX*ANGE & 9 C\NTLESS BANK+ & COMMISSION FIRMS4 ,PRAGA1 A SUBURB ( ,W>SAW1 BECAME ! C5T] ( L>GE-SCALE METAL 9DU/RY1 & ! GIGANTIC ,ZYR>D[ L95 FACTORY 9 ,W>SAW1 ) ITS #h1 WORK]S1 TRANS=M$ ITSELF 9TO ITS [N LITTLE CITY4 ,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,M>* #e1 #bba 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/