,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #d 
,POL&'S ,MA9 ,9DU/RIAL ,DI/RICTS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,P>T ,I3 

 ,! ,HI/ORY & ,PRES5T ,/ATE ( ,POLI% ,9DU/RY 

#a4#d ,POL&'S ,MA9 ,9DU/RIAL ,DI/RICTS 

,N[ ?AT WE HAVE GIV5 A G5]AL SUMM>Y ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY1 IT REMA9S = US TO ILLU/RATE ?IS 9 DETAIL 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL HI/ORIES ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY1 & TO SKET* ! \TW>D LOCAL GR\P+ ( FACTORY PRODUCTION4 

,IF WE DISREG>D ! SCATT]$1 9SIGNIFICANT FACTORIES TO ! RI<T ( ! ,VI/ULA & ALONG ! ,PRUSSIAN BORD]1 ! 9DU/RY ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,POL& IS CONC5TRAT$ 9 ?REE DI/RICTS ) /RONGLY /AMP$ PHYSIOGNOMIES1 DIFF]5T *>ACT]S1 & DIFF]5T HI/ORIES4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT AMONG !M IS ! ,LODZ DI/RICT4 ,IT 9CLUDES ! CITY ( ,LODZ & ITS REGION1 ! CITIES ( ,PABIANICE1 ,TOMASZ[1 & SOME DI/RICTS ( ! ,KALIS* ,GUB]NIA4 ,! PRODUCTION ( ?IS DI/RICT AM\NT$ TO #di MILLION RUBLES 9 #a#h#h#e1 & TODAY AT LEA/ #ab MILLION4 ,?IS IS ! REAL TEXTILE 9DU/RY DI/RICT4 ,! HI/ORY ( ITS MA9 C5T]1 ,LODZ1 IS EXTREMELY TYPICAL = ALL ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY4 

,IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO IMAG9E A LESS FAVORABLE PLACE = ! F\ND+ ( AN 9DU/RIAL CITY ?AN ,LODZ4 ,IT LIES 9 A TREELESS1 WAT]LESS PLA91 9 ! MID/ ( BOGS ?AT ONLY AB\T T5 YE>S AGO LAY ON BO? SIDES ( ! MA9 /REET H]E & !RE1 SO ?AT 9 !SE PLACES ! CITY WAS B>ELY #b PACES WIDE4 ,! T9Y ,LODKA ,RIV] IS COMPLETELY F\L$ BY FACTORY WA/E1 & ALL NECESS>Y WAT] COMES TO ! FACTORIES FROM >TESIAN WELLS & PONDS4 ,9 ! YE> #ahba ,LODZ HAD ONLY #aab H\SES ) #h 9HABITANTS1 ,BUT 9 #ahbc COLONIZATION BEGAN1 ,SILESIAN & ,SAXON CLO?MAK]S SETTL$ D[N1 & BY #ahbg ,LODZ C\NT$ #b1#h#d 9HABITANTS1 AMONG !M #cbb MANUFACTUR+ WORK]S4 ,9 #ahcg IT HAD MORE ?AN #a11 9 #ahd #a#h1#f 9HABITANTS & OV] #a4#a MILLION RUBLES' PRODUCTION ANNUALLY4 

,AS A RESULT ( ! 9CREASE ( ! ,RUSSIAN CU/OMS T>IFF 9 #a#h#c#a1 H[EV]1 & ! CRISIS :I* !RE=E OCCURR$ 9 CLO?-MAK+1 ! GR[? ( ! CITY WAS CURB$1 & ! NUMB] ( 9HABITANTS EV5 DECL9$ 9 #ahe TO #a#e1#f4 ,BUT S9CE ! #a#h#fS1 AS A RESULT ( ! CAUSES DESCRIB$ ABOVE1 :I* TOGE!R AM\NT$ TO ! OP5+ UP ( ! ,RUSSIAN M>KET1 !RE BEG9S = ,LODZ AN EPO* ( RAPID DEVELOPM5T ?AT HAS BECOME TORR5TIAL S9CE ! #a#h#gS4 ,= 9 ,LODZ WE SEE3 

#ahf 
  
  #c#b1 9HABITANTS 
  
& 
  #b1#f1 RUBLES' PRODUCTION 
#ah< 
#a1 9HABITANTS 
& 
#b#f11 RUBLES' PRODUCTION 
#ahhe 
#a#e1 9HABITANTS 
& 
#c#f1#e1 RUBLES' PRODUCTION 
#ahie 
#c#a#e1 9HABITANTS 
& 
#i11 RUBLES' PRODUCTION 

,9 ! LA/ #be YE>S1 PRODUCTION 9 ,LODZ WAS ALSO TRANS=M$4 ,UP UNTIL ! #a#h#gS1 COTTON GOODS W]E MADE = A LIMIT$ M>KET1 PRIM>ILY = ! WELL-TO-DO CLASSES4 ,BUT :5 ! ,RUSSIAN M>KET WAS OP5$ TO ,POLI% 9DU/RY & GRADUALLY A NEW CLASS ( CU/OM]S1 ! WORK+ POPULATION1 BEGAN TO PLAY ! LEAD+ ROLE 9 DEM&1 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY 9 ,LODZ HAD TO ADJU/ ITSELF TO ! NEW CU/OM]S4 ,SO ! ,LODZ FACTORIES W5T OV] TO ! PRODUCTION ( *EAP] & SIMPL] COTTON GOODS1 SU* AS TRICOT & O!R CRUDELY PR9T$ MAT]IAL1 BUT ABOVE ALL TO ! PRODUCTION ( FU/IAN4 ,FABRICATION ( ?IS CLO? WAS FIR/ TRANSPLANT$ FROM ,SAXONY TO ! CITY ( ,PABIANICE 9 #a#h#g#c4 ,TODAY IT DOM9ATES ! 5TIRE PRODUCTION ( ! DI/RICT1 AS ! FOLL[+ FIGURES %[4 ,LODZ MANUFACTUR$3 

  
#ahha 
  
#ahhf 
,LANCORT 
 #b#i.0    
 #b#g.0 
,BJAS 
 #d#d.0    
 #b#i.0 
,FU/IAN 
 #a.0    
 #c#e.0 
,MITKAL 
   #e4#e.0 
   #e.0 
,MISCELLANE\S 
 #a#a4#e.0 
   #d.0 

#a4.0 
#a.0 

,! SUDD5 TURN 9 ! T>IFF POLICY 9 #ahgg ALSO CALL$ TO LIFE A NEW BRAN* ( ! COTTON 9DU/RY 9 ! ,LODZ DI/RICT1 NAMELY ! FABRICATION ( SO-CALL$ MIX$ Y>N FROM COTTON & WOOL 7VIGNONE74 ,UNTIL ?AT TIME MASSIVELY IMPORT$ TO ,RUSSIA FROM ,W]DAU & ,CRIMMITS*AU1 ?IS PRODUCT F\ND ITS 5TRY 9TO ,RUSSIA CLOS$ %ORTLY AFT] ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! GOLD T>IFF4 ,TO CIRCUMV5T ?IS T>IFF WALL1 SEV]AL FACTORIES W]E N[ TRANSF]R$ DIRECTLY FROM ,SAXONY TO ,LODZ BY ,G]MAN 5TREPR5EURS1 & BY #ahhf OV] #c#i1 SP9DLES ( MIX$ Y>N W]E MANUFACTUR$ H]E4 

,9 ?IS WAY ! CURR5T CONFIGURATION ( ! L>GE COTTON 9DU/RY 9 ! ,LODZ DI/RICT APPE>S AS A PRODUCT ( ! OP5+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN M>KET & ( ,RUSSIAN CU/OMS POLICY 9 ! #a#h#gS4 

,! DI/RICT'S WOOL 9DU/RY IS DOM9AT$ NO LESS BY ! SAME FACTORS4 ,! P[]FUL JUMP 9 PRODUCTION FROM #d MILLIONS 9 #ahg TO #bb MILLIONS 9 #ahh %[S :AT 9FLU5CE ! ,RUSSIAN M>KET EX]T$ ON ?IS ,POLI% 9DU/RIAL BRAN*4 ,AS = WOOL SP9N+ 9 P>TICUL>1 IT [ES ITS CURR5T DEVELOPM5T QUITE P>TICUL>LY TO ,RUSSIA'S CU/OMS POLICY4 ,! 9TRODUCTION ( ! GOLD T>IFF 9 #ahgg HAD ! TRANSPLANTATION ( MANY =EIGN SP9N+ MILLS TO ,LODZ AS AN IMM$IATE CONSEQU5CE2 ! L>GE/1 ) #b#b1 SP9DLES1 WAS F\ND$ 9 #ahgi BY ,ALL>T ,R\SSEAU ,FILS & IS TODAY /ILL AN AFFILIATE ( ?IS FIRM 9 ,R\BAIX1 :]E IT ALSO OBTA9S ITS HALF-F9I%$ GOODS4 ,S9CE ! #a#h#gS1 ,POL& BECAME ! S\RCE ( SUPPLY ( Y>N = ,RUSSIA1 & ITS PRODUCTION 9 ?IS BRAN* SURPASSES ! ,RUSSIAN BY MORE ?AN #bag P] C5T2 9 ,POL& IT AM\NT$ TO #a#h1#g#d#i1 RUBLES 9 #a#h#i1 9 ,RUSSIA #e1#i#i1 RUBLES4 ,9 ! MO/ REC5T P]IODS1 ! CU/OMS POLICY HAS HELP$ TWO O!R BRAN*ES ( ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY 9 ,LODZ - /OCK+ & KNITT+ MILLS - TO BLOSSOM4 

,A /ILL MORE 9T]E/+ ILLU/RATION ( ! EFFECT ( ,RUSSIAN CU/OMS POLICY ON ,POLI% 9DU/RY IS (F]$ BY ! HI/ORY ( ! SECOND DI/RICT1 ,SOSN[IEC4 

,?IS 9CLUDES ! S\?WE/]N P>T ( ! ,PIOTRKOV ,GUB]NIA1 LY+ CLOSE TO ! ,PRUSSIAN BORD]1 & ! CITIES ( ,CZE/O*OVA1 ,B$Z91 ,ZAVI]CIE1 ,SIELCE1 & ,SOSN[IEC4 ,:ILE ! ,LODZ DI/RICT BEGAN ITS 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! #a#h#bS1 ! 9DU/RY ( ! ,SOSN[IEC DI/RICT1 AS WAS M5TION$1 REPRES5TS A PH5OM5ON ( QUITE REC5T DATE4 

,UP UNTIL ! #a#h#fS !RE WAS NO?+ TO BE SE5 H]E BUT MILES ( ?ICK P9E =E/S1 BUT )9 #ae YE>S ?IS =E/ REGION TRANS=M$ ITSELF 9TO A LIVELY 9DU/RIAL >EA :OSE TEXTILE 9DU/RY IS ALREADY BEG9N+ TO GIVE S]I\S COMPETITION TO ?AT ( OLD ,LODZ4 

,TWO IMPORTANT CIRCUM/ANCES GREATLY FAVOR$ ! RAPID DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY 9 ! ,SOSN[IEC DI/RICT4 ,FIR/1 ! *EAPNESS ( FUEL4 ,! S\!RN P>T ( ! ,PIOTRKOV ,GUB]NIA =MS ! COAL BAS9 ( ,POL&1 & ITS NE>NESS PUT Y\NG ,SOSN[IEC 9DU/RY 9 AN \T/&+LY ADVANTAGE\S POSITION 9 COMP>ISON ) NOT ONLY ,RUSSIA BUT ALSO ! O!R P>TS ( ,POL&4 ,! AV]AGE PRICE ( ONE POOD ( COAL 9 ! DI/RICTS CONC]N$1 BY PLACE1 AM\NTS TO3 

,SOSN[IEC DI/RICT 
  #b4#d -   #i4#g KOPECKS 
,W>SAW DI/RICT 
#a#a4#b#b - #a#c4 KOPECKS 
,LODZ DI/RICT 
#a#a4#e - #a#d4#i KOPECKS 

,SECOND1 ! *EAPNESS ( LABOR4 ,FROM ! \TSET1 ?IS COAL 9DU/RY PLAC$ A CONT+5T ( 0FREE0 FEMALE LABOR P[] AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! FACTORIES ( ! DI/RICT1 9 ! P]SONS ( ! MEMB]S ( ! M9]S' FAMILIES4 ,H]E TOO ! ,SOSN[IEC DI/RICT F9DS ITSELF 9 A SIGNIFICANTLY MORE ADVANTAGE\S POSITION ?AN ! ,LODZ DI/RICT4 ,SPECIFICALLY1 WAGES P] MON? 9 RUBLES AM\NT TO3 

  
,SOSN[IEC ,DI/RICT 
  
,LODZ ,DI/RICT 
,M5 
,WOM5 
,*ILDR5 
,M5 
,WOM5 
,*ILDR5 
,F9I%+ 
#a#c4#e 
#a4#g#e 
#h4#e 
#b#f4 
#a#h4   
#i4#g#e 
,WOOL SP9N+ 
#b#i4#b#e 
#i4 
#f4   
#b#h4#b#e 
#a#h4#b#e 
#f4   
,MIX$ SP9N+ 
#b#a4#b#e 
#a4#b#e 
- 
#b#b4   
#a#c4   
- 
,COTTON SP9N+ 
#a#e4#g#e 
#a#a4   
#d4#g#e 
#b#a4   
#a#g4#g#e 
#d4#e 
,AV]AGE 
#b4   
#a4#b#e 
#f4#b#e 
#b#d4#c 
#a#f4#f   
#f4#g   

,! DIFF]5CE = ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY 9 ,LODZ 9 COMP>ISON ) ,SOSN[IEC AM\NTS TO "4 #b#a4#e P] C5T = M51 = WOM5 "4 #f#a4#i P] C5T1 = *ILDR5 "4 #d4#g P] C5T4 

,! REAL REASON = ! RISE ( 9DU/RY 9 ! ,SOSN[IEC DI/RICT1 H[EV]1 WAS ! NEW ]A 9 ,RUSSIAN CU/OMS POLICY4 ,RI<T AFT] #ahgg A :OLE S]IES ( ,PRUSSIAN & ,SAXON FACTORIES W]E SIMPLY MOV$ FROM ,G]MANY TO ,POL&4 ,CONSID]ABLE 9DU/RY WAS SOON CONC5TRAT$ 9 ONE ZONE ( ?REE ,RUSSIAN MILES ALONG ! BORD]4 ,( ! #bg MO/ SIGNIFICANT FACTORIES ?AT C\LD BE C\NT$ H]E 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ! BORD] 9 #a#h#h#f1 FIVE HAD BE5 F\ND$ BE=E #a#h#g#g1 #bb 9 #a#h#g#g-#a#h#h#f 7#h#a4#e P] C5T74 ,! PRODUCTION ( ! FACTORIES 9 ,SOSN[IEC AM\NT$ TO HALF A MILLION RUBLES 9 #a#h#g#i1 #ac MILLION RUBLES 9 #a#h#h#f1 MAK+ AN 9CREASE ( #b1#e P] C5T 9 SEV5 YE>S4 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( FACTORY PRODUCTION 9 ! ,SOSN[IEC DI/RICT W5T H& 9 H& ) A SURPRIS+ GR[? ( ! COAL 9DU/RY4 ,SUPPORT$ &1 9 ! #a#h#cS 7#a#h#c#c-#a#h#d#b71 EV5 DIRECTLY RUN BY ! ,POLI% ,BANK1 ?IS 9DU/RY DEVELOP$ QUITE SL[LY UP UNTIL ! #a#h#fS & 9 #ahf PRODUC$ A YIELD ( #c4#f MILLION POODS ( COAL4 ,S9CE ?IS TIME1 ?REE IMPORTANT FACTORS HAVE COME 9TO PLAY ONE AFT] ! O!R1 :I* P[]FULLY FUR!R$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( M9+3 FIR/1 ! CON/RUCTION ( RAILROADS 9 ! #a#h#fS & #a#h#gS2 SECOND1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( FACTORY 9DU/RY2 & ?IRD1 ! PROHIBITIVE T>IFF SY/EM4 ,! UPSW+ IS EXPRESS$ 9 ! FOLL[+ FIGURES3 

,COAL PRODUCTION1 9 MILLIONS ( POODS1 WAS3 

#ahf 
  
    #c4#f 
#ahg 
  #a#c4#h 
#ahh 
  #g#h4#d 
#ahi 
#a#e4#h 

,?US1 DUR+ ! #b YE>S FROM #ahg TO #a#h#i1 PRODUCTION 9CREAS$ BY #iic P] C5T4 

,! RAILROADS =M ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT BUY]S ( COAL4 ,! ,POLI% AS WELL AS ! ,S\? ,RUSSIAN COAL BAS9S SUPPLY ,RUSSIA'S RAILWAYS ) FUEL4 ,! CONSUMPTION ( ! LATT] AM\NT$ TO3 

  
,9 MILLIONS ( POODS 
#ahh 
#ahhe 
#ahi 
( ,S\? ,RUSSIAN COAL 
#b#b4#b 
#c#d4#c 
#c#i4#h 
( ,POLI% COAL 
#a4#h 
#a#c4#h 
#a#g4#e 

,BUT FACTORY 9DU/RY IS A /ILL MORE IMPORTANT BUY] ( COAL4 ,9 #ahi ! ,LODZ DI/RICT ALONE US$ #c4#f MILLION POODS ( COAL1 ! ,W>SAW DI/RICT #bf MILLION1 & ! ,SOSN[IEC DI/RICT #d MILLION POODS1 9 :I* ! IRON WORKS PLAY$ A GREAT ROLE4 ,9 #a#h#i#c1 COAL CONSUMPTION 9 ,W>SAW CAME TO #c#e4#e MILLION POODS1 9 ,LODZ 9 ! SAME YE> #c#f4#b MILLION1 & 9 ! YE> #ahif #da MILLION POODS4 

,A NEW EPO* 9 ! ,POLI% COAL 9DU/RY BEG9S ) ! EXT5SION ( ! PROTECTIVE T>IFF POLICY TO ?IS BRAN* ( PRODUCTION 9 #a#h#h#d1 :I* HIT ! UNTIL !N DUTY-FREE IMPORT ( =EIGN COAL ) A T>IFF ( ONE-HALF TO TWO KOPECKS 9 GOLD P] POOD4 ,! IMM$IATE RESULT WAS A GREAT 0COAL CRISIS0 9 ,RUSSIA1 I4E41 A GREAT COAL %ORTAGE AS A RESULT ( ! BACKW>D ME?ODS ( ! ,RUSSIAN COAL WORKS & !IR 9ABILITY TO TAKE ! PLACE ( ,5GLI% COAL ) !IR [N1 RELATIVE TO GR[+ DEM&4 

,?IS WAS TURN$ TO ! ADVANTAGE ( ! ,POLI% COAL WORKS1 :I* RAPIDLY EXP&$ !IR ACTIVITY & 9 A FEW YE>S CONQU]$ ALL ! IMPORTANT M>KETS 9 ,RUSSIA3 ,ODESSA1 ,MOSC[1 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 EV5 ,S\? ,RUSSIA4 ,AL?\< ! CRISIS HAS LONG S9CE BE5 OV]COME1 ,POLI% COAL HAS S9CE !N BEAT5 ,S\? ,RUSSIAN COAL /EPBY/EP \T ( ! FIELD 9 ,RUSSIA1 ON ! ,MOSC[-,KURSK1 ,MOSC[-,BRE/1 ,KIEV-,VORONE%1 ,FA/[1 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG-,W>SAW RAILWAY L9ES & 9 P>T ON ! S\?WE/]N L9ES4 ,9 #a#h#i#d1 #e1#h#b#d1 POODS ( COAL CAME TO ,ODESSA FROM ,POL&1 AS AGA9/ #e1#c1 FROM ! ,S\? ,RUSSIAN BAS94 

,IT /ILL REMA9S TO CA/ A GLANCE AT ! DI/RICT'S IRON 9DU/RY4 ,?IS HAS A LONG] HI/ORY BEH9D IT1 = ALREADY 9 ! ,DU*Y ( ,W>SAW 9 ! YE> #ahad !RE W]E #df BLA/ FURNACES = IRON ORE4 ,DEVELOPM5T PROCE$$ SO SL[LY1 H[EV]1 ?AT UP TO ! #a#h#hS ,POL& HAD NOT BR\<T ?IS 9DU/RY BEYOND A PRODUCTION ( #b4#e MILLION POODS ( RAW IRON1 #a4#d MILLION POODS ( IRON1 & #c4#i MILLION POODS ( /EEL4 

,A NEW PAGE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,POLI% IRON 9DU/RY BEG9S ) ! TURN 9 ,RUSSIAN CU/OMS POLICY4 ,! BRIEF FREE-TRADE P]IOD AFT] ! ,CRIMEAN ,W> LA/$ SOME:AT LONG] = IRON ?AN = O!R COMMODITIES1 S9CE ! ,RUSSIAN IRON WORKS C\LD NOT HAVE SATISFI$ ! 5ORM\S DEM& CREAT$ BY RAILWAY CON/RUCTION EV5 ) ! /RONGE/ PROTECTIVE T>IFF POLICY4 ,BUT S9CE #ahha ! PROTECTIVE T>IFF HAS TAK5 ! PLACE ( FREE TRADE H]E1 TOO1 & AFT] A GRADUAL 9CREASE ! CU/OMS RATE WAS SET 9 #ahhg AT #be & #c KOPECKS 9 GOLD P] POOD ( RAW IRON1 AT #e KOPECKS TO #a4#a RUBLES = IRON1 & AT #g KOPECKS = /EEL2 ! T>IFF ( #ahia BR\<T A NEW 9CREASE 9 CU/OMS4 ,AS ! IMM$IATE EFFECT ( ! REVISION ( ! T>IFF WE SEE ! IMPORT ( =EIGN METALS TO ,RUSSIA DECL9E 9 ! FOLL[+ WAY3 

  
,9 MILLIONS ( POODS 
,RAW ,IRON 
,IRON 
  
,/EEL 
#ahha 
#a#d4#c 
#f4#e 
#a4#d 
#ahia 
#g4#a 
#e4 
#a4 

,CORRESPOND+LY1 METAL PRODUCTION 9 ,RUSSIA & ,POL& GREW - 9 ! LATT]1 AS FOLL[S3 

  
,9 MILLIONS ( POODS 
,RAW ,IRON 
,IRON & ,/EEL 
#ahf 
4#g 
4#c 
#ahg 
#a4#c 
7#a.07 
4#f 
7#a.07 
#ahh 
#b4#d 
#e4#e 
#ahi 
#g4#d 
7"4#d#h#h.07 
#g4#e 
7"4#a#e#d.07  

,! ?IRD 9DU/RIAL DI/RICT1 ! ,W>SAW DI/RICT1 DOES NOT HAVE SO /RONGLY /AMP$ A PHYSIOGNOMY AS ! TWO ALREADY DESCRIB$4 ,H]E WE F9D A GREAT DIV]SITY ( 9DU/RIAL BRAN*ES1 BUT ! MO/ IMPORTANT >E MA*9E PRODUCTION & ! SUG> 9DU/RY4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! FIR/ IS COMPLETELY TOLD 9 ! FOLL[+ SIMPLE COMP>ISON4 ,:ILE UNTIL #ahf ONLY N9E FACTORIES PRODUC+ AGRICULTURAL MA*9ES EXI/$ 9 ,POL&1 9 #a#h#f-#a#h#h#e #db NEW ONES W]E E/ABLI%$4 ,H]E1 AS 9 ALL E>LI] CASES1 WE SEE ! SAME UPSW+ AS A RESULT ( ! TRANS=MATION ( ! M>KET 9 ! #a#h#fS & #a#h#gS4 

,F9ALLY1 LET'S TAKE A LOOK AT ! HI/ORY ( ! SUG> 9DU/RY4 ,IT HAD ALREADY MADE ITS />T 9 ! #a#h#bS BUT UNTIL ! #a#h#eS WAS ONLY A SUBSIDI>Y BRAN* ( AGRICULTURE1 ( SMALL DIM5SIONS & (T5 RUN BY ! L&[N]S !MSELVES4 ,! PRODUCTION ( ! #ca PLANTS 9 OP]ATION 9 #ahdh DID NOT EXCE$ #a#g#g1#e POODS1 AM\NT+ TO NO MORE ?AN #e1 TO #f1 POODS P] FACTORY4 ,! YE> #ah$ %[S ! GREATE/ NUMB] ( SUG> FACTORIES1 :5 !RE W]E #e#e4 ,S9CE ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM & ! REVOLUTION 9 AGRICULTURE1 SUG> PRODUCTION SEV]$ ITSELF FROM AGRICULTURE & BECAME AN 9DEP5D5T BRAN* ( 9DU/RY4 ,! NUMB] ( E/ABLI%M5TS GRADUALLY DECREAS$ ?R\< ! SIMULTANE\S CONC5TRATION ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 #ahg WE F9D /ILL ONLY #da SUG> FACTORIES ) #a4#b MILLION POODS' ANNUAL PRODUCTION4 

,BUT A TRUE REVOLUTION WAS BR\<T AB\T 9 ! SUG> 9DU/RY BY ! TAX & CU/OMS POLICY ( ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T4 ,NAMELY1 9 #ahfg ! S+UL> SY/EM ( SUG> TAXATION ?AT HAD APPLI$ 9 ,POL& UNTIL !N WAS ANNULL$ & REPLAC$ BY ?AT ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE4 ,! LATT] WAS BAS$ ON TAXATION NOT ( ! F9I%$ PRODUCT ACTUALLY PRODUC$1 BUT ON ! AM\NT ( F9I%$ PRODUCT :I* WAS ASSUM$ TO BE PRODUC$ 9 EV]Y FACTORY1 MEASUR$ BY ! FIX$ /&>D PRODUCTIVITY ( ! PRESS APP>ATUS4 

,9 ?IS =M ! SUG> TAX NATURALLY BECAME ! SPUR TO ! IMPROVEM5T ( PRODUCTION2 IT SOON MOV$ ALL SUG> FACTORIES TO 9TRODUCE ! DIFFUSION ME?OD1 :I* PU%$ PRODUCTIVITY ABOVE ! NORM TAK5 AS ! BASIS = ! TAX1 MAK+ ! NOM9AL TAX ( #h KOPECKS P] POOD 9 REALITY ONLY #ce OR EV5 #b4 ,9 #a#h#g#f1 TO 5C\RAGE SUG> EXPORTS1 ! REBATE ON ! EXCISE ON EXPORT$ SUG> WAS ORD]$1 :I* 9 VIEW ( ! ABOVE CIRCUM/ANCES CAME TO ! SAME ?+ AS A COLOSSAL EXPORT SUBSIDY4 ,?IS WAS YET ANO!R SPUR TO A FEV]I% IMPROVEM5T ( PRODUCTION ME?ODS & TO EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION4 

,9 A FEW YE>S ! SUG> 9DU/RY 9 ,RUSSIA & 9 ,POL& TRANS=M$ !MSELVES 9TO L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY4 ,:ILE ,RUSSIA HAD ONLY EXPORT$ #d POODS ( SUG> 9 #a#h#g#d1 SUG> EXPORTS 9 #ahgg ALREADY AM\NT$ TO #c1#h#i#f1#i#b POODS1 = :I* ! GOV]NM5T HAD TO 0REFUND0 R\<LY #c MILLION RUBLES - HALF ( ! 5TIRE SUG> EXCISE LEVI$ 9 ! ,EMPIRE4 ,9 #ahha ! GOV]NM5T TOOK /EPS T[>D ?OR\< RE=M ( TAXATION ( ! SUG> 9DU/RY1 BUT 9 ! MEANTIME ! 9DU/RY HAD REA*$ V]Y HI< LEVELS ( TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 ,POL& !RE W]E3 

,9 #a#h#f#i-#g #da FACTORIES ) #a4#b MILLION POODS' PRODUCTION2 

 ,9 #a#h#i-#i#a #d FACTORIES ) #d4#h MILLION POODS' PRODUCTION4 

,FROM ?IS FEV]I% EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION !RE FOLL[$ A CRISIS 9 #a#h#h#e1 :I* BR\<T 9 ITS WAKE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A SUG> C>TEL EMBRAC+ ALL ( ,RUSSIA & ,POL& & SO IMPR9T$ ?IS BRAN* ( PRODUCTION ) ! CLE>E/ /AMP ( A L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY4 ,ONE FRUIT ( ?IS C>TEL IS ! FACT ?AT ,RUSSIAN SUG>1 :OSE PRODUCTION CO/ AM\NTS TO ONE & FIVE-SIX?S D P] P\ND1 IS B\<T \TSIDE ! ,EMPIRE = ONE & TWO-?IRDS D1 BUT 9 ,KIEV = F\R D P] P\ND4 ,NO WOND] ?AT ) SU* MONOPOLY PRICES ! SUG> FACTORIES >E ABLE TO YIELD 5ORM\S DIVID5DS4 

,! =EGO+ PICTURE ( 9DU/RY 9 ,POL& W\LD NOT BE COMPLETE IF IT W]E NOT AT LEA/ SUPPLEM5T$ ) SOME 9=MATION AB\T ! ROLE ( ?IS 9DU/RY 9 ! ECONOMY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE 9 G5]AL &1 9 P>TICUL>1 9 COMP>ISON ) O!R IMPORTANT 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS4 ,! SIGNIFICANCE ( ,POL& & ! TWO CAPITALS ( ,RUSSIAN FACTORY PRODUCTION - ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & ,MOSC[ - 9 T]MS ( 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY CAN BE G5]ALLY REPRES5T$ BY ! FOLL[+3 

#ahi 
,TOTAL ,PRODUCTION 
79 MILLIONS ( RUBLES7 
,P] ,CAPITA 
79 RUBLES7 
,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE 
#a1#e#i#g 
   #a#c4#e 
,MOSC[ DI/RICT 
   #df 
#* 
,PET]SBURG DI/RICT 
   #bdb 
#d 
,POL& 
   #ba 
#bc 

,AS CAN BE SE51 ,POLI% 9DU/RY TAKES ?IRD PLACE 9 ! ,EMPIRE1 9 ABSOLUTE AS WELL AS 9 RELATIVE T]MS1 :ILE ,MOSC[ 9 ABSOLUTE T]MS & ,PET]SBURG 9 RELATIVE T]MS CLAIMS FIR/ PLACE4 ,IF WE S+LE \T ! TWO MO/ IMPORTANT BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION1 TEXTILES & M9+1 WE OBTA9 ! FOLL[+ COMP>ISON3 

,( ! TOTAL PRODUCTION ( ! ,EMPIRE 7)\T ,F9L&71 :I* AM\NT$ TO #h#b4 MILLION POODS ( RAW IRON1 #b#e4#g MILLION ( IRON1 #c#d4#e MILLION ( /EEL1 & #ee MILLION ( COAL1 ! %>E FALL+ TO3 

  
,RAW ,IRON 
,IRON 
  
,/EEL 
  
,COAL 
,URAL DI/RICT 
#c#f.0 
#e#f.0 
  #g4#g.0 
  #b4#i.0 
,DONETS DI/RICT 
#d.0 
  #f.0 
#d#b4.0 
#e#d4.0 
,POL& 
#a#d.0 
#a#d.0 
#b#c4.0 
#d4.0 

,SPECIFICALLY1 9 METAL & COAL PRODUCTION ! ,DONETS 7,S\? ,RUSSIAN7 BAS9 & ! ,URALS >E ! MO/ IMPORTANT ,RUSSIAN DI/RICTS1 & ,POL& IS 9 COMPETITION ) PRIM>ILY ! =M] BUT 9 P>T ALSO ) ! LATT] = ! ,RUSSIAN M>KET4 ,AS WE SEE1 ,POL& /&S 9 SECOND PLACE 9 ! ,EMPIRE 9 M9+1 RI<T BEH9D ! ,DONETS DI/RICT1 EXCLUD+ ! PRODUCTION ( RAW IRON1 :]E IT TAKES ?IRD PLACE4 ,AL?\< ,POL& HAS ONLY #g4#c P] C5T ( ! ,EMPIRE'S TOTAL POPULATION1 IT HAS A QU>T] ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE'S /EEL PRODUCTION & TWO-FIF?S ( ITS COAL PRODUCTION4 

,SIMIL>LY1 9 ! ,EMPIRE'S TEXTILE 9DU/RY ,POL& PLAYS A V]Y SIGNIFICANT ROLE QUITE \T ( PROPORTION ) ! SIZE ( ITS POPULATION4 ,! %>E ( ! TOTAL NUMB] ( SP9DLES & LOOMS 9 ! ,EMPIRE'S COTTON 9DU/RY1 :I* 9 #ahhf AM\NT$ TO #c1#i#a#c1 & #h#d1#e RESPECTIVELY1 FELL TO3 

,SP9DLES 
,LOOMS 
,MOSC[ DI/RICT 
#e#e.0 
#g#a4#f.0 
,PET]SBURG DI/RICT 
#b#i.0 
#a#b4#h.0 
,POL& 
#a#c.0 
#a#b4#e.0 

,H]E1 TOO1 ,POL& /&S 9 ?IRD PLACE4 ,9 ! O!R BRAN*ES IT HAS A MU* GREAT] SIGNIFICANCE1 AS IS SE5 FROM ! FOLL[+3 ,( ! TOTAL TEXTILE 9DU/RY 9 ! ,EMPIRE1 :OSE VALUE ( PRODUCTION AM\NT$ TO #e#h4#i MILLION RUBLES 9 #a#h#i#b1 #a#i4#e P] C5T FELL TO ,POL&2 ITS %>E 9 9DIVIDUAL BRAN*ES1 H[EV]1 AM\NT$ 9 COTTON SP9N+ TO #a#e4#f P] C5T1 9 COTTON WEAV+ TO #af P] C5T1 9 L95 MAK+ TO #db P] C5T1 9 WOOL WEAV+ & CLO? MAK+ TO #b#i4#f P] C5T1 9 WOOL SP9N+ TO #gg P] C5T1 & 9 KNITT+ TO #< P] C5T4 

,IF ,POL& IS ON ! :OLE \T/RIPP$ BY ! 9DU/RIES ( ! C5TRAL & ,PET]SBURG >EAS1 NEV]!LESS IT LEADS ALL ! O!R P>TS ( ! ,EMPIRE 9 C]TA9 IMPORTANT BRAN*ES ( ! ECONOMY4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 ,POL&'S GREAT SIGNIFICANCE 9 !SE BRAN*ES PO9TS TO A F>-REA*+ DIVISION ( LABOR BETWE5 ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #e1 #bba 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

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