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,RUSSIA'S ,POLITICAL ,9T]E/S 9 ,POL& 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

#b4#d ,RUSSIA'S ,POLITICAL ,9T]E/S 9 ,POL& 

,AL?\< ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWE5 ,RUSSIA & ,POL& TREAT$ ABOVE UNQUE/IONABLY REPRES5T ! LEAD+ FEATURE 9 ! %APE ( ,RUSSIA'S ECONOMIC POLICY T[>D ,POL&1 IT W\LD NEV]!LESS BE ONE-SID$ TO SEE ?IS POLICY AS DET]M9$ SIMPLY & SOLELY BY ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE4 ,= ! PRES5T1 ! ABSOLUTI/ GOV]NM5T ( ,RUSSIA IS MORE ABLE ?AN ?AT ( ANY O!R C\NTRY TO C>RY ?R\< ITS [N POLITICAL 9T]E/S1 ITS SOV]EIGN 9T]E/S1 AS WELL4 ,9 ?IS CONNECTION1 H[EV]1 ! HI/ORIC /ATE ( AFFAIRS BETWE5 ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T & ,POLI% 9DU/RY HAS =M$ A UNIQUE RELATION%IP4 ,IT IS EASY TO SEE ?AT ABSOLUTISM'S 9T]E/S 9 T]MS ( ,POL& >E BAS$ ABOVE ALL ON MA9TA9+ & =TIFY+ ! ANNEXATION4 ,S9CE ! ,VI5NA ,CONGRESS1 ,RUSSIA'S SPECIAL ATT5TION HAS BE5 DIRECT$ TO T5ACI\SLY SUPPRESS+ ALL TRACES ( NATIONAL OPPOSITION 9 ,POL&1 P>TICUL>LY ?AT ( ! SOCIAL CLASS :I* IS ! PILL> ( ! OPPOSITION1 ! NOBILITY4 ,9 ?IS 5DEAVOR ,RUSSIAN ABSOLUTISM SAW 9 ,POL&'S 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE A DESIRABLE ALLY4 ,TO B9D ,POL& TO ,RUSSIA ?R\< MAT]IAL 9T]E/S1 & TO CREATE A C\NT]WEI<T TO ! NATIONALI/ F]M5T ( ! NOBILITY 9 A CAPITALI/ CLASS >IS5 UND] ! V]Y W+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN EAGLE1 A CLASS DISPOS$ T[>D S]VILITY NOT ?R\< ANY TRADITION ( A NATIONAL PA/ BUT ?R\< AN 9T]E/ 9 ITS FUTURE - ?IS WAS ! AIM ( ,RUSSIAN POLICY1 :I* IT FOLL[$ ) ITS USUAL IRON CONSI/5CY4 ,IT MU/ BE ADMITT$ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T DID NOT ]R 9 ITS *OICE ( MEANS1 & ?AT IT HAD CORRECTLY S5S$ ! NATURE ( ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE4 ,H>DLY HAD MANUFACTURE SPR\T$ 9 ,POL&1 H>DLY HAD IT TA/$ ! HONEY ( ! ,RUSSIAN M>KET1 :5 ! ,POLI% 5TREPR5EURS FELT !MSELVES READY = !IR HI/ORIC MISSION3 TO S]VE AS ! SUPPORT 9 ,POL& = ! ,RUSSIAN ANNEXATION4 ,ALREADY 9 #ahbf ! ,POLI% ,F9ANCE ,M9I/] ,DRUCKI-,LUBECKI WAS DELEGAT$ TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ) ! MO/ HUMBLE 5TREATY TO COMPLETELY ABOLI% ! CU/OMS BORD] BETWE5 ,RUSSIA & ,POL&1 0S9CE 9DE$ ! TWO C\NTRIES =M ONE :OLE & ,POL& BELONGS TO ,RUSSIA40 ,9 ?IS DECL>ATION1 ! 5TIRE POLITICAL PROGRAM ( ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE WAS CONCISELY 5UNCIAT$3 ! COMPLETE R5UNCIATION ( NATIONAL FRE$OM 9 EX*ANGE = ! MESS ( POTTAGE ( ! ,RUSSIAN M>KET4 ,S9CE ?AT TIME1 ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T HAS NEV] CEAS$ SUPPORT+ ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE4 ,WE HAVE CIT$ ! LONG LI/ ( LAWS ?AT HAVE BE5 ISSU$ S9CE ! #a#h#bS TO AID 9DU/RIAL COLONIZATION ( ,POL& & ! DEVELOPM5T ( MANUFACTURE1 ! 0IRON FUND0 = ! SUBSIDY ( 9DU/RY1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,POLI% ,BANK1 5D[$ ) EV]Y CONCEIVABLE PRIVILEGE1 ETC41 ETC4 

,?IS POLICY WAS MO/ 5]GETICALLY MA9TA9$ 9 ! LAT] P]IOD2 EV5 9 ! TIME ( ,NI*OLAS ,I WE SEE ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T ISSUE NEW DECREES TO ! SAME EFFECT4 ,NO?+ WAS NEGLECT$ :I* MI<T TRANS=M ! NOBLE1 REBELLI\S ,POLE 9TO A CAPITALI/1 TAME ,POLE4 ,& ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE %[$ ?AT IT POSSESSES A GRATEFUL HE>T1 = IT HAS NEV] CEAS$ TO ?W>T & BETRAY NATIONAL /IRR+S 9 ,POL& ) ALL ITS MI<T2 ITS DISGRACEFUL CONDUCT 9 ! ,POLI% UPRIS+S SUPPLIES SUFFICI5T EVID5CE ( ?IS FACT4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT MILE/ONE ( ?IS T5D5CY 9 ,RUSSIAN POLICY WAS ! ABOLITION ( ! ,RUSSIAN-,POLI% CU/OMS BORD] 9 #a#h#e#a4 ,A HI/ORIAN 9TIMATE ) ! P]T95T >*IVES ( ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T & ! BE/ AU?ORITY ON ! HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIAN CU/OMS T>IFFS1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,LODY%5KI1 WROTE ON ?IS SUBJECT3 

0,! LIFT+ ( ! CU/OMS L9E BETWE5 ! ,EMPIRE & ! ,K+DOM WAS PRIM>ILY ! RESULT ( MOTIVES ( A POLITICAL *>ACT]4 ,AS IS WELL KN[N1 AN 9TELLECTUAL F]M5T ( P>TLY NATIONAL & P>TLY SOCIALI/ *>ACT] BEGAN 9 ,EUROPE 9 ! #a#h#dS4 ,?IS F]M5T1 9 :I* ! POPULATION ( ,RUSSIAN ,POL& ALSO P>TICIPAT$1 DI/URB$ ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T UP TO A C]TA9 PO9T & MOV$ IT TO SEEK \T WAYS TO UNITE ,POL& ) ,RUSSIA AS FIRMLY AS POSSIBLE4 ,ONE ( ! MA9 FACTORS :I* H9D]$ ! DRAW+ TOGE!R ( ! TWO C\NTRIES WAS !IR ECONOMIC SEP>ATION40 

,?US TO ELIM9ATE ?IS 0SEP>ATION10 TO FETT] ,POL& TO ,RUSSIA BY ! MAT]IAL 9T]E/S ( ITS B\RGEOISIE1 ! CU/OMS BORD] WAS ABOLI%$4 ,! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T /ILL HOLDS TO ! SAME /&PO9T TODAY1 & /ILL GREETS ! GR[+ ,POLI% M>KET 9 ,RUSSIA AS ! *A9 ?AT MO/ TI<TLY %ACKLES ! ANNEX$ C\NTRY TO ,RUSSIA4 ,?US ,M5DELEYEV WROTE 9 HIS PREFACE TO ! (FICIAL REPORT ON ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY TO ! ,*ICAGO ,WORLD'S ,FAIR 9 #a#h#i#c3 0,! PRODUCTS ( ?IS & MANY O!R ,POLI% FACTORIES F9D A CON/ANTLY GR[+ M>KET ALL OV] ,RUSSIA4 ,?R\< ! COMPETITION ( ?IS 9DU/RIAL DI/RICT ) ! ,MOSC[ DI/RICT1 ! BASIC GOAL ( ,RUSSIA'S PROTECTIONI/ POLICY WAS A*IEV$ ON ! ONE H& &1 ON ! O!R1 ! ASSIMILATION ( ,POL& ) ,RUSSIA1 :I* IS APPROPRIATE TO ! PEACEABLE \TLOOK ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE0 7READ3 ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T74 

,?IS SPECIAL ROLE ?AT ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE PLAYS T[>D ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T AS ! BULW>K ( ! ANNEXATION ALSO IS IMPORTANT 9 EXPLA9+ ! MA9 PO9T UND] QUE/ION1 I4E41 ! FUTURE ( ,POLI% CAPITALISM4 ,IT REQUIRES1 9 FACT1 AN 5ORM\S DOSE ( NAIVETE TO ASSUME ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T1 :I* HAS GIV5 ITSELF PRECISELY ! TASK ( CULTIVAT+ CAPITALISM 9 ,POL& & HAS = MORE ?AN HALF A C5TURY US$ ALL ! MEANS AT ITS DISPOSAL TO DO SO1 N[ 9T5DS TO DEMOLI% ?AT SAME CAPITALISM1 =CE ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE OV] TO ! OPPOSITION1 & ?US WANTONLY DE/ROY ITS [N H&IWORK4 ,& 9DE$1 SOLELY \T ( LOVE = ! ,MOSC[ 5TREPR5EURS1 TO :OSE COMPLA9TS & LAM5TATIONS ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T HAS TURN$ A DEAF E> = HALF A C5TURY6 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T KN[S BETT] H[ TO PROTECT ITS RUL+ 9T]E/S4 ,:AT !SE 9T]E/S >E 9 REG>D TO ,POL& WE KN[ FROM ! M\?S ( ITS REPRES5TATIVES3 0! PEACEABLE ASSIMILATION0 ( ,POL& ) ,RUSSIA1 I4E41 ! /R5G!N+ ( ITS RULE 9 ,POL& AT ANY PRICE4 ,?IS DECL>ATION WAS MADE 9 #a#h#i#c1 LONG AFT] ! PRESUM$ NEW C\RSE ( ,RUSSIAN POLICY WAS SUPPOS$ TO HAVE BEGUN4 

,! BE/ EVID5CE ( \R 9T]PRETATION IS PROVID$ BY ! REC5T HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIA'S RELATIONS ) ,F9L&4 ,H]E WE F9D ON A SMALL SCALE AN EXACT REPETITION ( ,RUSSIA'S E>LI] POLICY 9 ,POL&4 ,F9L&1 AT PRES5T1 REMA9S CUT (F FROM ! ,CZ>I/ ,EMPIRE BY A CU/OMS BORD] & MA9TA9S AN 9DEP5D5T CU/OMS POLICY T[>D =EIGN C\NTRIES MU* MORE LIB]AL ?AN ,RUSSIA'S4 ,F9NI% 9DU/RY IS N[ 5JOY+ ALL ! ADVANTAGES ?AT HAVE ALREADY HELP$ ,POLI% 9DU/RY TO BLOSSOM4 ,LIKEWISE ,F9NI% PRODUCTS1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE ( ! METAL 9DU/RY1 HAVE F\ND ACCESS TO ,RUSSIA ?ANKS TO1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 L[] CU/OMS AT ! ,RUSSO-,F9NI% BORD] ?AN AT ,RUSSIA'S O!R BORD]S1 & IS N[ GIV+ ,RUSSIA'S DOME/IC 9DU/RY FI]CE COMPETITION4 ,! ,RUSSIAN 5TREPR5EURS1 TO :OM ?IS IS A ?ORN 9 ! SIDE1 HAVE1 ( C\RSE1 NOT NEGLECT$ TO SET 9 MOTION A 0MO/ HUMBLE & OB$I5T0 CAMPAIGN TO PROTECT ! 0,FA!RL&'S0 9DU/RIES AGA9/ 0=EIGN0 RIVALS - EXACTLY LIKE ! CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,POL&4 ,! GOV]NM5T HAS1 UND] ?IS PRESSURE1 LIKEWISE TWICE RAIS$ ! T>IFFS AGA9/ ,F9L& AS AN ECONOMICALLY =EIGN REGION1 BECAUSE ( ITS 9DEP5D5T CU/OMS POLICY1 9 #ahhe & #a#h#i#g4 

,IF ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T W]E N[ TO MAKE ! 9T]E/S ( ?IS OR ?AT GR\P ( 5TREPR5EURS ! CONSI/5T PLUMBL9E = ITS ECONOMIC POLICY T[>D ! NON-,RUSSIAN-SPEAK+ SECTIONS ( ! ,EMPIRE1 !N IT W\LD CONSEQU5TLY HAVE HAD TO CONT9UE ALONG ! ROAD TO CUTT+ ,F9L& (F FROM ,RUSSIA ) A ,*9ESE WALL4 ,BUT PRECISELY ! OPPOSITE IS 9 FACT ! CASE4 ,! GOV]NM5T HAS ALREADY ORD]$ ! TOTAL LIFT+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN-,F9NI% CU/OMS BORD] = ! YE> #aic & ! ABSORPTION ( ,F9L& 9TO ! IMP]IAL ,RUSSIAN CU/OMS ZONE4 ,?US WILL ! 0,FA!RL&'S0 9DU/RIES BE FRE$ ( UN9HIBIT$ 0=EIGN0 COMPETITION4 ,& IF ?IS HAS NOT HAPP5$ EV5 SOON]1 IT IS NOT CONSID]ATION = ! LAM5TATIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN MILL-[N]S ?AT IS RESPONSIBLE1 BUT ! TRADE AGREEM5T ) ,G]MANY1 ?R\< :I* ! ,CZ>I/ ,EMPIRE HAS B\ND ITSELF = A NUMB] ( YE>S4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT ! IMP5D+ RE=M MEANS ! BEG9N+ ( ! 5D ( ,F9NI% 9DEP5D5CE 9 POLITICAL T]MS1 EV5 IF IT PROCE$S FIR/ T[>D DEMOLI%+ ITS ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE4 ,H]E WE HAVE BE=E US ONCE MORE A PORTION ( ! G5]AL POLICY ( ,CZ>ISM1 :I* PASSES OV] ALL P>TICUL> 9T]E/S 9 ORD] TO SPIRITUALLY LEVEL ! V>I\S P>TS ( ! ,EMPIRE ?R\< ! SY/EM ( ,RUSSIFICATION ON ! ONE H& &1 ON ! O!R1 TO GIVE ! UNITY ( ! ,EMPIRE A FIRM MAT]IAL FRAME BY ?IS ECONOMIC WELD+ PROCESS1 & TO PRESS ! :OLE ?+ TOGE!R 9 ! IRON CLAMPS ( ABSOLUTE P[] - A POLICY :I* WE HAVE ALREADY BECOME ACQUA9T$ ) 9 ,POL&4 

,( C\RSE NOT EV]Y?+ 9 ! WORLD GOES ACCORD+ TO ! WI%ES ( ! RUL]S4 ,:ILE ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T ECONOMICALLY 9CORPORATES ,POL& 9TO ! ,EMPIRE & CULTIVATES CAPITALISM AS ! 0ANTIDOTE0 TO NATIONAL OPPOSITION1 AT ! SAME TIME IT RAISES UP A NEW SOCIAL CLASS 9 ,POL& - ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT - A CLASS ?AT IS =C$ BY ITS SITUATION TO BECOME ! MO/ S]I\S OPPON5T ( ! ABSOLUTI/ REGIME4 ,& IF ! PROLET>IAT'S OPPOSITION CANNOT HAVE A NATIONAL *>ACT]1 SO IT CAN UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES BE EV5 MORE EFFECTIVE1 9 ?AT IT WILL LOGICALLY ANSW] ! SOLID>ITY ( ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE ) ! POLITICAL SOLID>ITY ( ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT ?IS DI/ANT CONSEQU5CE ( ITS POLICY CANNOT DIV]T ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T FROM ITS PRES5T C\RSE2 = ! TIME BE+1 IT SEES 9 ! CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ( ,POL& ONLY ! CLASS ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,AS LONG AS ,RUSSIA SEEKS TO MA9TA9 ITS RULE OV] ,POL& 9 ?IS WAY1 ! RIOT\S BLOOM ( 9DU/RY 9 ,POL& WILL REMA9 9SCRIB$ 9 ! PROGRAM ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,?US ?OSE :O AWAIT A GOV]NM5T POLICY DIRECT$ T[>D ! ECONOMIC SEP>ATION ( ,POL& TAKE = FUTURE PH5OM5A ?AT :I* BELONGS TO ! PA/1 & !IR 9SUFFICI5T KN[L$GE ( HI/ORY = DEEP] 9SI<T 9TO ! FUTURE4 

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