,! ,9DU/RIAL ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,POL& 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,=EWORD 

      #e$ ,WORDS2 #c1#f#d#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,MANUFACTUR+ ,P]IOD1 #a#h#b-#a#h#e 

      #b1#h#i#d ,WORDS2 #a#h1#i#d#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,TRANSITION TO ,L>GE-,SCALE ,9DU/RY1 #a#h#e-#a#h#g 

      #a1#a#g#a ,WORDS2 #g1#f#g#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #c 3 ,! ,P]IOD ( ,L>GE-,SCALE ,9DU/RY 9 ,POL& 

      #a1#h#b#f ,WORDS2 #a#e1#e#a#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #d 3 ,POL&'S ,MA9 ,9DU/RIAL ,DI/RICTS 

      #c1#h#i ,WORDS2 #b#c1#f#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #e 3 ,POL&'S ,9DU/RIAL ,M>KET 

      #a1#h#a#d ,WORDS2 #a#b1#f#g#c ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,HI/ORY ( ! ,/RUGGLE ,BETWE5 ,LODZ & ,MOSC[ 

      #b1#a#b ,WORDS2 #a#b1#g#e#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #b 3 ,CONDITIONS ( ,9DU/RIAL ,PRODUCTION 9 ,POL& & 9 ,RUSSIA 

      #d1#h#e#f ,WORDS2 #c#d1#i#d#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #c 3 ,! ,ECONOMIC ,TIES ,BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA 

      #e1#i#e#g ,WORDS2 #c#i1#d#b#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #d 3 ,RUSSIA'S ,POLITICAL ,9T]E/S 9 ,POL& 

      #a1#g#f ,WORDS2 #a1#f#e#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #e 3 ,RUSSIA'S ,ECONOMIC ,9T]E/S 9 ! ,ORI5T 

      #c1#c#i#d ,WORDS2 #b#c1#i#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,CONCLUSION 

      #ggf ,WORDS2 #d1#i#h#b ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,=EWORD 

,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 #a#h#i#h1 UND] ! TITLE ,DIE ,9DU/RIELLE ,5TWICKLUNG ,POL5S 9 ,LEIPZIG4 
,S\RCE3 #aigg BY ,CAMPAIGN] ,PUBLICATIONS1 ( ,NEW ,YORK 
,TRANSLAT$3 7FROM ! ,G]MAN7 ,TESSA ,DE,C>LO .<,TRANSLATOR'S ,NOTE.> ,UPDAT$ BY ,TESSA ,DE,C>LO 9 #bd = ! ,M>XI/S ,9T]NET ,>*IVE4 
,TRANSCRIPTION_/,M>KUP3 ,T$ ,CRAW=D_/,BRIAN ,BAGG9S 
,COPYRI<T3 ,CAMPAIGN] ,PUBLI%]S #a#i#g#g2 PUBLI%$ ) P]MISSION FROM ,CAMPAIGN] ,PUBLI%]S4 

,AL?\< ! SUBJECT ( ! FOLL[+ TREATISE IS A V]Y SPECIALIZ$ ONE1 WE NONE!LESS BELIEVE ?AT IT MAY BE ( MORE ?AN SLI<T 9T]E/ TO ! ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN READ]1 = SEV]AL REASONS4 ,TODAY ECONOMIC QUE/IONS /& 9 ! =EFRONT ( ! 9TELLECTUAL LIFE ( ALL CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES2 !Y HAVE ALREADY BE5 RECOGNIZ$ AS ! MA9SPR+ ( ALL SOCIAL BE+ & BECOM+4 ,! POLITICAL PHYSIOGNOMY1 ! HI/ORIC DE/9Y ( A C\NTRY IS A SEAL$ BOOK TO US IF WE DO NOT KN[ AB\T ITS ECONOMIC LIFE1 ) ALL ! RESULT+ SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES4 

,IT WAS NOT LONG AGO ?AT ,POL&'S NAME E*O$ ?R\<\T ! :OLE CIVILIZ$ WORLD1 ?AT ITS FATE /IRR$ EV]Y S\L & PROVOK$ EXCITEM5T 9 EV]Y HE>T4 ,LATELY ONE NO LONG] HE>S V]Y MU* AB\T ,POL& - S9CE ,POL& IS A CAPITALI/ C\NTRY4 ,DO WE N[ WANT TO KN[ :AT BECAME ( ! OLD REBEL1 :]E HI/ORIC DE/9Y /E]$ IT8 - ! ANSW] CAN ONLY BE GIV5 ?R\< 9VE/IGATION ( ITS ECONOMIC HI/ORY DUR+ ! LA/ DECADES4 ,! SO-CALL$ ,POLI% QUE/ION CAN BE OBS]V$ & DISCUSS$ FROM SEV]AL /&PO9TS1 BUT = ?OSE :O RECOGNIZE ?AT ! MAT]IAL DEVELOPM5T ( A SOCIETY IS ! KEY TO ITS POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T1 ! ,POLI% QUE/ION CAN ONLY BE SOLV$ ON ! BASIS ( ,POL&'S ECONOMIC LIFE & ITS T5D5CIES4 ,WE HAVE 5DEAVOR$ TO COLLECT ! EXI/+ MAT]IAL = ! SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM 9 ! FOLL[+ DISCUSSION1 & TO >RANGE IT AS CLE>LY AS POSSIBLE1 AT ! SAME TIME P]MITT+ \RSELVES SOME DIRECT OBS]VATIONS ( A POLITICAL NATURE H]E & !RE4 ,SO ?IS TOPIC1 :I* AT FIR/ GLANCE MI<T APPE> DRY & SPECIALIZ$1 MAY BE ( SOME 9T]E/ TO ! POLITICIAN AS WELL4 

,BUT = /ILL O!R REASONS4 ,WE LIVE 9 A TIME :5 ! P[]FUL ,EMPIRE ( ! ,NOR? PLAYS AN EV] MORE IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ,EUROPEAN POLITICS4 ,ALL EYES >E TURN$ P]SI/5TLY T[>D ,RUSSIA1 & ! AL>M+ PROGRESS ( ,RUSSIAN POLICY 9 ,ASIA IS WAT*$ ) APPREH5SION4 ,PROBABLY IT WILL SOON BE A SECRET TO NO ONE ?AT EV5 ! MO/ IMPORTANT CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES MU/ SOON] OR LAT] PREP>E !MSELVES = A S]I\S ECONOMIC RIVALRY ) ,RUSSIA 9 ,ASIA4 ,!RE=E! ECONOMIC POLICY ( ! ,CZ>I/ EMPIRE SURELY CANNOT BE A MATT] ( COMPLETE 9DIFF]5CE TO ,WE/]N ,EUROPEANS4 ,POL&1 H[EV]1 CON/ITUTES ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT & MO/ PROGRESSIVE 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE1 9 FACT ONE 9 :OSE HI/ORY ! ECONOMIC POLICY ( ,RUSSIA F9DS P]HAPS ITS CLE>E/ EXPRESSION4 

,! MAT]IAL = \R WORK LAY /REWN 9 C\NTLESS &1 9 MANY CASES1 CONTRADICTORY /ATI/ICAL WORKS1 POLEMICAL BRO*URES1 NEWSPAP] >TICLES1 (FICIAL & UN(FICIAL REPORTS2 A ?OR\< /UDY ( ! HI/ORY ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY AS A :OLE1 & 9 P>TICUL> ( ITS PRES5T POSITION1 IS TO BE F\ND 9 NEI!R ! ,POLI% NOR ! ,RUSSIAN OR ,G]MAN LIT]ATURE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 WE BELIEV$ ?AT ?IS RAW & FRAGM5T>Y MAT]IAL HAD TO BE DIGE/$ & PRES5T$ 9 ! MO/ F9I%$ POSSIBLE =M1 9 ORD] TO BR+ ! READ] TO G5]AL CONCLUSIONS AS SMOO?LY AS POSSIBLE4 

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,MANUFACTUR+ ,P]IOD1 #a#h#b-#a#h#e 
,P>T ,I3 

 ,! ,HI/ORY & ,PRES5T ,/ATE ( ,POLI% ,9DU/RY 

#a4#a ,! ,MANUFACTUR+ ,P]IOD1 #a#h#b-#a#h#e 

,POLITICAL EV5TS MOV$ ,POL& 9TO A COMPLETELY NEW SITUATION AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,! P>TITION BR\<T IT \T ( ! PECULI> NATURAL-ECONOMIC1 FEUDAL-AN>*IC CONDITIONS ( ! REPUBLIC ( ! NOBLES :I* WE F9D 9 ! ,POL& ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 & PLAC$ IT UND] ! RULE ( 5LI<T5$ ABSOLUTISM & UND] ! C5TRALIZ$ BUREAUCRATIC ADM9I/RATION ( ,PRUSSIA4 ,AU/RIA1 & ,RUSSIA4 ,! ,RUSSIAN SECTION ( ,POL&1 :I* 9T]E/S US H]E1 ADMITT$LY MA9TA9$ ITS [N CORPORATIVE CON/ITUTION :ILE /ILL ! ,DU*Y ( ,W>SAW & LAT] AFT] ! ,VI5NA ,CONGRESS4 ,BUT IT WAS AS DIFF]5T FROM ! OLD ,POL& AS HEAV5 FROM E>?1 & ! :OLE ADM9I/RATIVE1 F9ANCIAL1 MILIT>Y1 LEGAL GOV]NM5T APP>ATUS WAS TAILOR$ TO A MOD]N C5TRALIZ$ /ATE4 ,! LATT] F\ND ITSELF 9 ! H>%E/ CONTRADICTION ) ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS ON :I* IT HAD BE5 GRAFT$4 

,POL&'S ECONOMIC LIFE1 AS BE=E1 WAS CONC5TRAT$ ON L& [N]%IP4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( URBAN H&ICRAFT BEGUN 9 ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY HAD CRUMBL$ TO DU/ BY ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY2 ! ATTEMPT BY ! MAGNATES TO />T UP MANUFACTUR+ AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY DIS9TEGRAT$ LIKEWISE4 ,! SY/EM ( L& [N]%IP1 H[EV]1 WAS UTT]LY UNSUIT$ TO S]VE AS ! BASIS ( A MOD]N /ATE ORGANIZATION4 ,ITS DEP5D5CE ON ! WORLD M>KET1 :I* DAT$ FROM ! FIFTE5? C5TURY 9 OLD ,POL&1 DROVE IT TO AN EXTREMELY EXT5SIVE LATIFUNDIA ECONOMY & ! UTMO/ EXACTION ( =C$ LABOR2 IT BECAME MORE & MORE IRRATIONALLY CULTIVAT$ & AS A RESULT MORE & MORE UNPRODUCTIVE4 ,! W>S DUR+ ,POL&'S LA/ EPO*1 !N ! ,NAPOLEONIC SY/EM 9 ! ,DU*Y ( ,W>SAW1 ! ,CONT95TAL ,BLOCKADE & ) IT ! DECL9E ( GRA9 EXPORTS1 ! DROP 9 GRA9 PRICES1 ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM 9 #a#h#g1 ALL !SE BL[S RA9$ D[N ON L&$ PROP]TY 9 ! C\RSE ( APPROXIMATELY T5 YE>S & BR\<T IT TO ! BR9K ( RU94 ,S9CE IT WASMEAN:ILE ! MA9 S\RCE ( REV5UE 9 ! C\NTRY1 ! RELATIVELY HI< CO/ ( ! C\NTRY'S NEW ADM9I/RATION HAD TO FALL ON IT FULL =CE4 ,! T5 P] C5T 9COME TAX ON L&$ PROP]TY1 ALREADY 9TRODUC$ 9 OLD ,POL& BUT ONLY N[ ACTUALLY COLLECT$1 WAS N[ TO BE RAIS$ TO #bd P] C5T4 ,! BURD5 ( QU>T]+ SOLDI]S & PROVID+ SUPPLIES = ! MILIT>Y 9 NATURA FELL ON ! NOBILITY 9 ADDITION4 

,! RESULT WAS ?AT L&$ PROP]TY SOON FELL 9TO ! CLUT*ES ( USURY4 ,:ILE OLD ,POL& POSSESS$ NO URBAN CAPITALI/ CLASS AS A RESULT ( ! DECAY ( URBAN PRODUCTION & TRADE1 SU* A CLASS SURFAC$ RI<T AFT] ! P>TITION ( ,POL&4 ,9 P>T IT CONSI/$ ( IMMIGRAT+ (FICIALS & USUR]S1 9 P>T ( ,POLI% P>V5US :O [$ !IR MAT]IAL EXI/5CE TO ! C\NTRY'S GREAT POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CRISIS4 ,?IS NEW LAY] ( ! POPULATION N[ SUPPLI$ ! NE$Y NOBILITY ) CAPITAL4 ,TO A L>GE EXT5T1 H[EV]1 ! BEG9N+ ( ! NOBILITY'S 9DEBT$NESS DAT$ FROM ! T5 YE>S ( ,PRUSSIAN RULE 7#a#g#i#f-#a#h#f71 DUR+ :I* AN ORGANIZ$ AGRICULTURAL CR$IT WAS WIDELY (F]$ TO ! ,POLI% NOBILITY = ! FIR/ TIME4 

,= ,POLI% L&$ PROP]TY ?IS MEANT A REAL REVOLUTION4 ,:AT WAS ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES DUR+ ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES ?R\< A SL[ & P]SI/5T PROCESS OV] C5TURIES - ! DIS9TEGRATION ( PATRIMONIAL L& [N]%IP ?R\< USURY - WAS N[ A*IEV$ 9 ,POL&1 :]E L&$ PROP]TY HAD KEPT ITSELF FREE FROM USURY UNTIL ! 5D ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 9 LESS ?AN #b YE>S4 ,ALREADY 9 ! YE> #ahba IT HAD TO BE RESCU$ FROM D[NFALL BY ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,K+DOM BY MEANS ( AN EXCEPTIONAL MEASURE3! MORATORIUM4 

,UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! DEFICIT BECAME A P]MAN5T PH5OM5ON 9 ! ,K+DOM'S BUDGET RI<T FROM ! BEG9N+4 ,! CREATION ( NEW S\RCES ( REV5UE = ! EX*EQU] & ( NEW SPH]ES ( ECONOMIC ACTIVITY 9 ! C\NTRY !RE=E BECAME A CONDITION ( EXI/5CE = ! ,K+DOM FROM ! FIR/ MOM5T4 ,FOLL[+ ! EXAMPLE ( O!R C\NTRIES & DRIV5 BY IMM$IATE NE$S1 ! GOV]NM5T UND]TOOK ! E/ABLI%M5T ( URBAN 9DU/RY 9 ,POL&4 

,! DECADE #a#h#b-#a#h#c IS ! P]IOD ( ! RISE ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY1 OR1 MORE CORRECTLY1 ( ,POLI% MANUFACTURE4 

,IT WAS QUITE SIMIL> 9 *>ACT] TO ! E>LI] RISE ( ,POLI% H&ICRAFT BY ! ME?OD ( ATTRACT+ =EIGN1 MA9LY ,G]MAN CRAFTSM54 ,JU/ AS 9 ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY ! ,POLI% PR9CES TRI$ TO 5TICE =EIGN WORK]S TO ,POL& ) A V>IETY ( PRIVILEGES1 SO ALSO ! GOV]NM5T ( ,CONGRESS ,POL&4 ,A :OLE S]IES ( ,CZ>I/ UKASES RELAT+ TO ?IS W]E PROCLAIM$ 9 ! YE>S #ahaf TO #a#h#b#d4 ,! GOV]NM5T PROVID$ H\SES & MADE BUILD+ MAT]IALS AVAILABLE GRATIS1 GAVE R5T EXEMPTIONS1 F\ND$ ! SO-CALL$ IRON FUND = ! CON/RUCTION ( 9DU/RIAL BUILD+S & H\S+ = 9DU/RY4 ,9 #a#h#a#f1 IMMIGRAT+ CRAFTSM5 W]E PROMIS$ FRE$OM FROM ALL TAXES & PUBLIC *>GES = SIX YE>S1 !IR SONS W]E FRE$ FROM MILIT>Y S]VICE1 & ! DUTY-FREE IMPORT ( !IR PROP]TY WAS P]MITT$4 ,9 #ahb ! GOV]NM5T GRANT$ ! IMMIGRANTS A FREE SUPPLY ( BUILD+ MAT]IALS FROM ! /ATE =E/S & CON/RUCT$ ITS [N BRICKY>DS 9 ORD] TO SUPPLY !M ) ! *EAPE/ POSSIBLE BRICKS4 

,A LAW ( ! YE> #ahbb FRE$ ALL 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES FROM ! OBLIGATION TO QU>T] SOLDI]S = ?REE TO SIX YE>S4 ,9 #ahb & #ahbc IT WAS DECRE$ ?AT ! CITIES W]E TO H& OV] LOCATIONS TO !SE 5T]PRISES R5T-FREE = SIX YE>S4 ,! 9DU/RIAL FUND E/ABLI%$ 9 #ahbb = ! 5C\RAGEM5T ( 9DU/RIAL COLONIZATION AM\NT$ TO #d#e1 RUBLES AT ! BEG9N+1 ALREADY TWICE AS MU* 9 #a#h#b#c1 & FROM !N ON #a#b#g1#e RUBLES ANNUALLY4 

,SU* MANIFOLD ATTRACTIONS DID NOT FAIL TO HAVE AN EFFECT4 ,SOON ,G]MAN CRAFTSM5 TROOP$ 9TO ,POL& & SETTL$ D[N4 ,APPROXIMATELY #a1 ,G]MAN FAMILIES IMMIGRAT$ 9 A FEW YE>S AT ?IS TIME4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9DU/RIAL CITIES ( TODAY SOON >OSE3 ,LODZ1 ,ZGI]Z1 ,RAWA1 ,PABIANICE1 & O!RS4 ,9 ADDITION TO CRAFTSM51 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,RUSSIAN ,POL& CALL$ 9 PROM95T =EIGN 9DU/RIALI/S TO DIRECT ITS 5T]PRISES3 ,COQU]IL FROM ,BELGIUM1 ,FRAGET1 ,GIR>D1 & O!RS4 ,RUSSIAN ,POL&'S GOV]NM5T DID NOT CONT5T ITSELF ) ! GRANT+ ( PRIVILEGES TO IMMIGRANTS & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ,G]MAN MANUFACTUR+ T[NS1 H[EV]4 ,UNLIKE ! H&ICRAFTS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 MANUFACTUR+ C\LD NOT CONT5T ITSELF ) ! N>R[ CIRCLE ( CONSUMPTION & CIRCULATION )9 ANY ONE CITY2 TO />T )1 IT REQUIR$ A :OLESALE M>KET &1 FUR!R1 COMMODITY CIRCULATION EMBRAC+ ! :OLE C\NTRY AT LEA/4 ,TOGE!R ) ! F\NDATION ( MANUFACTUR+ COLONIES1 ! GOV]NM5T HAD TO UND]TAKE A :OLE S]IES ( ADM9I/RATIVE & LEGISLATIVE RE=MS :I* W]E TO UNIFY ! C\NTRY ECONOMICALLY 9TO ONE COMPLEX & CREATE ! NECESS>Y LEGAL =MS = 9T]NAL COMMODITY TRAFFIC4 ,! GREATE/ BREA* 9 ! PROP]TY RELATIONS & ESPECIALLY ! L&$ PROP]TY RELATIONS ( OLD ,POL& HAD ALREADY BE5 =C$ BY ! ,CODE ,NAPOLEON 9TRODUC$ 9 ! ,DU*Y ( ,W>SAW 9 #a#h#h4 ,IT HAD GRAFT$ ! LEGAL =MS ( A MOD]N B\RGEOIS ECONOMY 9 QUITE F9I%$ =M ONTO ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ( A PURELY FEUDAL NATURAL ECONOMY4 ,UNABLE TO REORGANIZE ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION AS SU* 9 ! SLI<TE/1 IT HAD NEV]!LESS SEV]ELY VIOLAT$ ! OLD PROP]TY RELATIONS & SO HURRI$ !IR DIS9TEGRATION4 ,) ! ABOLITION ( P]PETUAL R5T1 5TAIL1 ETC41 L&$ PROP]TY WAS TORN \T ( P]MAN5CE & CATAPULT$ 9TO CIRCULATION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ,CODE ,NAPOLEON SUPPLI$ COMM]CE & ! COMM]CIAL C\RTS ) LEGAL /&>DS4 ,9 #a#h#a#g1 FUR!RMORE1 *AMB]S ( COMM]CE & MANUFACTUR+ W]E E/ABLI%$ & ! REGULATION ( TRADE WAS BR\<T TO A CLOSE2 9 ! FOLL[+ YE>1 DE$ REGI/RIES W]E 9TRODUC$2 9 #a#h#b#e1 ! ,AGRICULTURAL ,CR$IT ,ASSOCIATION WAS F\ND$4 ,9 #a#h#a#i1 ! BUILD+ ( HI<WAYS & ! REGULATION ( WAT]WAYS W]E BEGUN BY ORD] ( ! /ATE1 & 9 #a#h#b#e1 ! CON/RUCTION ( ! CANAL BETWE5 ! ,NIEM5 & ! ,VI/ULA4 

,F9ALLY1 ! GOV]NM5T ALSO TOOK ! LEAD - AS 9 O!R C\NTRIES AT ! BEG9N+S ( MANUFACTURE - ) ITS [N 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES1 & E/ABLI%$ MODEL FACTORIES1 MODEL %EEP-RAIS+1 & SO ON4 ,BUT IT GAVE ! /RONGE/ FOO?OLD TO BUDD+ MANUFACTUR+ BY E/ABLI%+ ! ,POLI% ,BANK1 :I* WAS CALL$ 9TO EXI/5CE BY ! ,CZ>I/ UKASE ( #ahbh & ORGANIZ$ AFT] ! MODEL ( ! ,G]MAN ,SEEH&LUNG & ! ,BELGIAN ,SOCIETE G5]ALE4 ,?IS WAS AN ISSU+1 9VE/M5T1 DEPOSIT1 MORTGAGE1 COMMISSION1 & 9DU/RIAL BANK ALL AT ONCE4 ,9ITIALLY 5D[$ ) A FUND AM\NT+ TO #c MILLION RUBLES1 IT ALSO OBTA9$ DEPOSITS1 SECURITIES1 ECCLESIA/ICAL FUNDS1 FIRE 9SURANCE1 P5SIONS1 & O!R CAPITALS ON DEPOSIT1 :I* BY #ahgg REPRES5T$ #bhb MILLION RUBLES TOTAL4 ,! BANK (F]$ CR$IT TO 9DU/RY AS WELL AS TO AGRICULTURE4 ,9 ! P]IOD ( #e YE>S S9CE ITS F\ND+1 IT HAD GIV5 COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES ALONE CR$IT TO ! AM\NT ( #ia MILLION RUBLES4 ,! ACTIVITY ( ! BANK WAS EXTREMELY DIV]SE4 ,IT NOT ONLY E/ABLI%$ FACTORIES ITSELF & C>RI$ ON M9+ & AGRICULTURE1 BUT ALSO ATT5D$ TO MEANS ( TRANSPORT4 ,! FIR/ ,POLI% TRA9 L9E1 ,W>SAW-,VI5NA1 ( #ahde WAS *IEFLY ! WORK ( ! ,POLI% ,BANK4 

,! ACTIVITY ( ! GOV]NM5T SKET*$ ABOVE WAS ! FIR/ IMPORTANT FACTOR 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY 9 ,RUSSIAN ,POL&4 ,:ATEV] O!R CIRCUM/ANCES MAY HAVE ADDITIONALLY 9FLU5C$ ITS HI/ORY1 IT UNQUE/IONABLY [ES ITS EXI/5CE TO ! 9ITIATIVE & EF=TS ( ! GOV]NM5T4 

,WE SEE ( C\RSE - AS WAS SAID - ?AT 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 = EXAMPLE ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY1 GOV]NM5TS /& BY ! CRADLE ( MANUFACTUR+ & TAKE HOLD ( ITS DE/9Y ) 5]GETIC H&S4 ,BUT !RE ! GOV]NM5TS (F]$ !IR HELP ONLY TO A NATURAL DEVELOPM5T ( URBAN PRODUCTION1 :I* MOV$ ( ITSELF & BY VIRTUE ( OBJECTIVE FACTORS SU* AS ! ACCUMULATION ( TRAD+ CAPITAL1 ! WID5+ ( M>KETS1 & ! TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T ( H&ICRAFT T[>D TRANS=MATION 9TO MANUFACTUR+ PRODUCTION ME?ODS4 ,9 ,POL&1 MANUFACTURE1 LIKE URBAN H&ICRAFT E>LI]1 WAS A =EIGN PRODUCT IMPORT$ 9 F9I%$ =M1 :I* C\LD DEVELOP NEI!R A TE*NOLOGICAL NOR A SOCIAL CONNECTION TO ,POL&'S [N ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,H]E1 !N1 ! ACTIVITY ( ! GOV]NM5T WAS ! ONLY POSITIVE FACTOR 9 ! RISE ( MANUFACTURE1 & ?IS EXPLA9S TO US ! PR$ILECTION :I* ,POLI% ECONOMI/S & PUBLICI/S HAVE = REV]T+ TO ?IS PO9T2 ?US ITS SIGNIFICANCE IS ON ! :OLE ONLY TOO (T5 OV]E/IMAT$4 ,ABOVE ALL1 !Y =GET ?AT ! AUTONOM\S ,POLI% GOV]NM5T1 9 ! ACTIVITY ?AT !Y DESCRIBE1 ACT$ 9 ! MO/ 9TIMATE AGREEM5T ) ,RUSSIAN ,CZ>ISM1 :I* WAS GUID$ BY 9T5TIONS :I* W]E 9 NATIONAL T]MS NO?+ LESS ?AN FRI5DLY T[>D ,POL&4 

,FUR!RMORE1 FROM ! FIR/1 ! ASSI/ANCE ( ,RUSSIAN ,POL&'S GOV]NM5T FELL ON ! MO/ FAVORABLE SOIL3 ,POL&'S T>IFF RELATIONS4 ,! ,VI5NA ,CONGRESS ,ACT RESULT$ 9 TWO IMPORTANT MEASURES = ,POL& 9 ?IS CONNECTION3 ,FIR/1 IT WAS UNIT$ ) ,RUSSIA4 ,SECOND1 FREE TRADE ) ! O!R SECTIONS ( :AT WAS =M]LY ,POL&1 OR :AT 9 FACT MEANT ! SAME ?+1 ) ,G]MANY & ,AU/RIA1 WAS SECUR$4 ,AS F> AS ! UNION ) ,RUSSIA IS CONC]N$1 ! TRADE RELATIONS BETWE5 ! TWO C\NTRIES W]E REGULAT$ BY ! T>IFFS ( #ahbb & #ahbd SO ?AT !IR PRODUCTS W]E EX*ANG$ ) EA* O!R ALMO/ DUTY-FREE4 

,! MEAN+ ( ?IS NEW REGULATION = ,POL& ONLY BECOMES CLE>1 H[EV]1 IF IT IS KEPT 9 M9D ?AT S9CE ! YE> #a#h#a1 & ESPECIALLY UND] ! ADM9I/RATION ( ,KANKR91 ,RUSSIA ADH]$ TO AN EXTREME PROHIBITIVE POLICY T[>D ,EUROPE1 (T5 BORD]+ ON ABSURDITY1 & WAS PROTECT$ ON ALL SIDES FROM =EIGN MANUFACTURE BY AN UNBREA*ABLE T>IFF WALL4 ,?R\< ! UNIFICATION ) ,POL&1 ,RUSSIA WAS N[ MADE ACCESSIBLE TO ,G]MAN GOODS FROM ?IS SIDE1 BECAUSE ( ! ABOVE-M5TION$ T>IFF4 ,! RESULT ( ?IS = ,POL& WAS ?AT IT BECAME ! WORK%OP = ! PROCESS+ ( HALF-F9I%$ ,G]MAN GOODS1 MO/ ( :I* W]E IMPORT$ 9TO ,RUSSIAN ,POL& DUTY-FREE1 F9I%$ 9 ,POL&1 & :I* !N F\ND !IR WAY 9TO ,RUSSIA AS ,POLI% PRODUCTS1 AGA9 ALMO/ DUTY-FREE4 ,BY SU* MEANS ,POL&'S L>GE CLO? 9DU/RY1 9 P>TICUL>1 CAME 9TO FULL BLOOM 9 ONLY A FEW YE>S4 

,FIR/ E/ABLI%$ 9 ! YE>S #ahag TO #a#h#b#f1 IT HAD ALREADY1 9 #a#h#b#i1 REA*$ ! = ?AT TIME CONSID]ABLE AM\NT ( #e1#g#e#b1 RUBLES' WOR? ( PRODUCTION4 ,?AT ?IS SURPRIS+LY RAPID GR[? WAS ALMO/ 5TIRELY ?ANKS TO ,RUSSIAN CONSUMPTION IS %[N BY ! FOLL[+ TABLE ( EXPORTS ( WOOL PRODUCTS TO ,RUSSIA1 9 ?\S&S ( RUBLES3 

#a#h#b#c3 
  
#a1#h#f#e 
#a#h#b#e3 
#e1#e#h 
#a#h#b#g3 
#g1#b#a#h 
#a#h#b#i3 
#h1#d#a#h 

,IF ! VALUE ( EXPORT$ PRODUCTS ACCORD+ TO ?IS TABLE EXCE$S ! VALUE ( ?AT PRODUC$ 9 ! C\NTRY1 ?IS IS BECAUSE ( ! FACT ?AT1 ALONG ) GOODS F9I%$ 9 ,POL&1 ,G]MAN F9I%$ PRODUCTS SMUGGL$ 9TO ,POL& W]E MASSIVELY EXPORT$ TO ,RUSSIA UND] ,POLI% LABELS4 

,BUT ?IS T>IFF RELATION%IP HAD /ILL ANO!R IMPORTANT SIDE = ,CONGRESS ,POL&4 ,IT OP5$ TO H] A FREE TRADE R\TE TO ,*9A1 :]E ,POLI% CLO? WAS LIKEWISE EXPORT$ 9 L>GE QUANTITIES4 ,?IS EXPORT SPECIFICALLY AM\NT$ TO 79 ?\S&S ( RUBLES73 

#a#h#b#d3 
  
   #cca 
#a#h#b#f3 
   #ccb 
#a#h#b#h3 
#a1#b#d 
#a#h#c3 
#a1#g 

,AL?\< ,POL&'S :OLE EXPORT TRADE 9 ! FIR/ DECADE ( ITS 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T REALLY EXT5D$ TO ONLY ONE BRAN*1 ! WOOL 9DU/RY1 YET ITS IMPORTANCE = ! C\NTRY WAS GREAT1 = IT ALSO HAD 9VIGORAT+ REP]CUSSIONS ON O!R BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION & /RONGLY 5C\RAG$ ! IMMIGRATION ( ,G]MAN CRAFTSM54 ,A HI/ORIAN ( ! ,POLI% TEXTILE 9DU/RY C5T]1 ! CITY ( ,LODZ1 CALLS ,POL&'S CLO? TRADE ( ?AT TIME ) ,RUSSIA & ,*9A 0! MA9SPR+ ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY40 

,YET 9 #ahca ?IS TRADE CAME TO AN 5D4 ,! ,POLI% UPRIS+1 :I* P>ALYZ$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( MANUFACTURE 9 ! C\NTRY = SOME TIME1 9 ADDITION HAD AS A LA/+ EFFECT ?AT 9 ?IS YE> ! T>IFF BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA WAS SIGNIFICANTLY 9CREAS$4 ,! COMPETITION ( ,POLI% CLO? 9 ,RUSSIA & ,*9A HAD BE5 A ?ORN 9 ! SIDE ( ,RUSSIAN MANUFACTUR]S = A LONG TIME4 ,!IR REPEAT$ PETITIONS TO 9CREASE T>IFFS AT ! ,POLI% BORD] REMA9$ UNSUCCESSFUL1 H[EV]1 UNTIL ! UPRIS+ ( #ahca & ) IT ! /&/ILL ( ,POLI% CLO? EXPORTS TO ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS FURNI%$ ! ,RUSSIAN MANUFACTUR]S ) ! OPPORTUNITY TO QUICKLY TAKE ! DES]T$ FIELD BY EXP&+ !IR [N PRODUCTION & SO PROVE TO ! GOV]NM5T ) FIGURES H[ MU* ! 0,FA!RL&'S0 9DU/RY HAD SUFF]$ FROM ,POLI% COMPETITION UNTIL !N4 ,) ! RAIS+ ( ! T>IFF &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ABOLITION ( FREE TRANSIT TO ,*9A1 ,POLI% EXPORTS SANK RAPIDLY3 

,9 #a#h#c#d1 !Y AM\NT$ TO A TOTAL ( #b1#h#h#g1 RUBLES1 ( ?AT MANUFACTUR$ PRODUCTS #b1#c#h#e1 RUBLES4 ,9 #a#h#e1 !Y AM\NT$ TO A TOTAL ( #a1#b#g#d1 RUBLES1 ( ?AT MANUFACTUR$ PRODUCTS #g#e#e1 RUBLES4 

,= ,POLI% WOOL PRODUCTION1 ?IS WAS A H>D BL[4 ,AFT] ITS VALUE HAD REA*$1 9 #ahbi - AS WE SAW - ! HEI<T ( #e1#g#e#b1 RUBLES1 IT SANK 9 #ahcb TO #a1#i#a#g1 & ROSE ONLY LITTLE BY LITTLE TO #b1#e#f#d1 RUBLES 9 #a#h#e1 ?AT IS1 TO HALF ( ! E>LI] AM\NT4 

,YET ! CLOS+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN BORD] C\LD HAVE NO GREAT SIGNIFICANCE = ! FUR!R DE/9Y ( ,POLI% MANUFACTUR+ AS A :OLE4 ,! CONDITIONS = A GR[+ DEM& = MANUFACTUR$ GOODS DID NOT !N EXI/ 9 ,RUSSIA ITSELF1 NOR W]E ! MEANS ( TRANSPORT ADAPT$ TO MASS TRANSPORT4 ,! L>GE CLO? EXPORT TRADE CAN BE EXPLA9$ 9 ! MA9 ONLY BY ! NE$S ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,>MY4 ,MOREOV]1 ,POLI% MANUFACTUR+ HAD /ILL NOT EV5 HAD TIME TO PROVIDE ITSELF ) AN 9T]NAL M>KET4 ,SO AFT] ! CLOS+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN CU/OMS BORD]1 IT SL[LY SET \T TO GET A FOO?OLD )9 ! C\NTRY1 ) FAVORABLE GOV]NM5T MEASURES & SUPPORT$ 9 P>TICUL> BY ! ,POLI% ,BANK4 ,9 ! NEXT TWO DECADES MANY BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION DEVELOP$ WELL3 9 ! #a#h#cS TANN+ & SOAP-MAK+1 9 ! #a#h#dS SUG> PRODUCTION1 ALSO M9+ 9 ! #a#h#cS & SIMIL>LY PAP] MANUFACTUR+4 ,BUT ! C\NTRY'S SOCIAL SITUATION DREW RA!R N>R[ B\NDS = ! GR[? ( 9DU/RY4 ,TOTAL+ ONLY ! T9Y NUMB] ( #d TO #e MILLION PEOPLE1 ! POPULATION ( ,RUSSIAN ,POL& MOREOV] LIV$ 9 L>GE P>T )9 A NATURAL ECONOMY4 ,DESPITE ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM 9 #a#h#g1 =C$ LABOR REMA9$ ! PR$OM9ANT MODE ( LABOR 9 AGRICULTURE & AS A RESULT ! PROP]TY [N]S1 JU/ LIKE ! PEASANTS1 W]E CUT (F FROM COMMODITY & MONEY EX*ANGE TO A GREAT DEGREE4 ,! CITIES GREW ONLY SL[LY &1 POOR & UND]POPULAT$ AS !Y W]E1 C\LD NOT PROVIDE A /RONG DEM& = MANUFACTUR$ GOODS EI!R4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T IS ?US REALLY A V]Y SL[ ONE4 ,?IRTY YE>S AFT] ,POLI% MANUFACTURE >OSE1 AFT] A P]IOD 9 :I* IT HAD BE5 MA9LY DIRECT$ T[>D ITS [N 9T]NAL M>KET1 WE SEE ?AT IT IS /ILL RE/RICT$ TO QUITE DW>FI% DIM5SIONS4 ,! MO/ ADVANC$ ( ALL 9DU/RIES1 TEXTILES1 WAS /ILL MA9LY RUN ) MANUAL LABOR 9 ! #a#h#eS1 )\T /EAM P[]1 & !RE=E ONLY BY SKILL$ MA/] CRAFTSM5 & J\RNEYM5 & )\T A TRACE ( FEMALE LABOR4 ,ON ! :OLE ! FRAGM5TATION ( PRODUCTION PO9TS TO ITS PR$OM9ANTLY CRAFT *>ACT]1 = 9 ! YE> #aheg WE /ILL SEE #a#b1#e#d#b 0FACTORIES0 9 ,POL& ) #e#f1#c#f#d WORK]S & #b#a1#b#g#h1#e#i#b RUBLES' WOR? ( PRODUCTION3 ON ! AV]AGE1 F\R TO FIVE WORK]S & #a1#g RUBLES' WOR? ( PRODUCTION P] 0FACTORY40 

,CORRESPOND+ TO ?IS SITUATION1 URBAN 9DU/RY ALSO PLAY$ ONLY A SECOND>Y ROLE 9 ,POL&'S SOCIAL LIFE UNTIL ! #a#h#eS & EV5 ! #a#h#fS4 ,L&$ PROP]TY /ILL SET ! TONE 9 ! ECONOMY AS WELL AS ! POLITICS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,9DE$1 ! BROAD MASS ( MIDDLE L&[N]S1 ?OSE :O AT ! TIME REPRES5T$ PUBLIC OP9ION1 REG>D$ BUDD+ URBAN 9DU/RY & ) IT ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY AS A =EIGN & POISON\S WE$1 AS A 0,G]MAN SW9DLE0 ?AT BORE ! GUILT = ! DESP]ATE CONDITION ( L&$ PROP]TY & ( ! :OLE C\NTRY4 

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,TRANSITION TO ,L>GE-,SCALE ,9DU/RY1 #a#h#e-#a#h#g 
,P>T ,I3 

 ,! ,HI/ORY & ,PRES5T ,/ATE ( ,POLI% ,9DU/RY 

#a4#b ,! ,TRANSITION TO 

,L>GE-,SCALE ,9DU/RY1 #a#h#e-#a#h#g 

,WE HAVE BECOME ACQUA9T$ ) ! FIR/ BEG9N+S & DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY 9 ,POL& )9 ! 9T]NAL M>KET4 ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT IT [ES ITS />T TO ! EF=TS ( ! GOV]NM5T1 & ?AT AS A RESULT ( ! LIMIT$ 9T]NAL M>KET IT WAS NOT ABLE TO DIVE/ ITSELF ( ! MANUFACTUR+ =M EV5 9TO ! #a#h#eS4 ,BUT H]E ! FIR/ EPO* ( ITS HI/ORY 5DS1 & A NEW PAGE BEG9S4 ,BEG9N+ 9 ! #a#h#eS A S]IES ( NEW CIRCUM/ANCES >OSE :I*1 AL?\< 9 !MSELVES V]Y DIV]SE1 ULTIMATELY HAD ! EFFECT ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN M>KET WAS OP5$ UP TO ,POLI% PRODUCTION1 :I* WAS ?US ASSUR$ A MASS M>KET4 ,?IS GRADUALLY BR\<T AB\T A COMPLETE REVOLUTION 9 ,POLI% 9DU/RY & TRANS=M$ IT FROM MANUFACTURE 9TO G5U9E MASS-PRODUCTION1 L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY4 ,!RE=E WE CAN *>ACT]IZE ! SECOND P]IOD ( ITS HI/ORY AS ! P]IOD ( L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY4 ,! DECADES #a#h#e-#a#h#g CON/ITUTE ! TRANSITION P]IOD FROM ! FIR/ TO ! SECOND PHASE4 

,F\R IMPORTANT FACTORS REVOLUTIONIZ$ ,POLI% 9DU/RY 9 ?IS P]IOD4 

,FIR/1 ! ABOLITION ( ! CU/OMS-B>RI] BETWE5 ,RUSSIA & ,POL&4 ,9 ! YE> #ahea ,POL&'S T>IFF RELATIONS W]E REMODEL$ 9 TWO WAYS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! T>IFF :I* UNTIL !N HAD CUT ,POL& (F FROM ,RUSSIA WAS SET ASIDE2 ON ! O!R1 AN 5D WAS MADE ( ,POL&'S 9DEP5D5T POLICY ON TRADE COM+ 9 FROM \TSIDE1 & ,POL& WAS ADMITT$ 9TO ! ,RUSSIAN T>IFF ZONE4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ,POL& HAS =M$ A S+LE :OLE ) ,RUSSIA 9 REF]5CE TO TRADE EV] S9CE4 ,= ,POL&1 ! GREAT SIGNIFICANCE ( ! T>IFF RE=M ( #ahea LAY FIR/ ( ALL 9 ! FACT ?AT COMPLETELY FREE EXPORT TRADE TO ,RUSSIA WAS N[ POSSIBLE4 ,SO ,POLI% MANUFACTURE HAD ! PROSPECT ( PRODUC+ = A MASS M>KET1 ( OV]/EPP+ ! N>R[ LIMITS ( ! DOME/IC M>KET & BECOM+ REAL MASS-PRODUCTION 9DU/RY4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS RESULT C\LD ONLY TAKE EFFECT AFT] A LONG P]IOD ( TIME4 ,AT ! MOM5T :5 ! T>IFF B>RI] BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA WAS SET ASIDE1 ?REE IMPORTANT H9DRANCES /ILL /OOD 9 ! WAY ( A REAL MASS EXPORT ( ,POLI% MANUFACTURES TO ,RUSSIA4 ,FIR/1 S9CE IT HAD UNTIL !N BE5 ADJU/$ MA9LY TO ! DEM&S ( ! DOME/IC M>KET1 MANUFACTURE 9 ,POL& WAS /ILL NOT CAPABLE ( ! RAPID EXPANSION BY LEAPS & B\NDS :I* *>ACT]IZES L>GE-SCALE MASS-PRODUCTION 9DU/RY TO SU* A GREAT EXT5T4 ,SECOND1 NO MOD]N MEANS ( TRANSPORT EXI/$ BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA2 ?IRD1 ! DOME/IC M>KET 9 ,RUSSIA WAS ALSO ( LIMIT$ DIM5SIONS1 RE/RICT$ BY ! P]SI/5CE ( S]FDOM & ( NATURAL ECONOMY4 ,BUT SOON A COMPLETE TRANS=MATION OCCURR$ 9 ALL ?REE >EAS4 

,C]TA9LY ! ,CRIMEAN ,W> HAD A REVOLUTIONIZ+ EFFECT ON ,POLI% AS WELL AS ON ,RUSSIAN MANUFACTUR+4 ,! BLOCKADE ( ,RUSSIA'S SEA BORD]S CUT (F ! IMPORT ( =EIGN GOODS = ! MO/ P>T1 & ! RE/ W]E R$IRECT$ TO ! WE/]N L& BORD]S1 TO ,POL&1 :I* BECAME ! R\TE ( LIVELY TRADE TRAFFIC4 ,BUT MORE IMPORTANT WAS ! MASS DEM& CREAT$ BY ! NE$S ( ! ,RUSSIAN >MY1 ABOVE ALL = PRODUCTS ( ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY4 ,9 ,RUSSIA ! GR[? ( ! LATT] 9 ! YE>S #a#h#e#f-#a#h#f AM\NT$ TO #a#a4#f P] C5T YE>LY = COTTON SP9N+1 #e4#e P] C5T = COTTON WEAV+1 & #i4#d P] C5T = DYE+ & F9I%+4 ,9 ,POL&1 AN EV5 GREAT] JUMP IS OBS]VABLE4 

,! VALUE ( PRODUCTION 9 ?\S&S ( RUBLES WAS3 

  
  
#ah$ 
  
#ahf 
  
"4.0 
9 ! L95 9DU/RY 
   #gbc 
#a1#b#d#g 
  "4#g#b.0 
9 ! WOOL 9DU/RY 
#b1#d#d 
#d1#c#e#d 
"4#a#a#c.0 
9 ! COTTON 9DU/RY 
#b1#h#e#c 
#h1#i#a 
"4#a#h#c.0 

,! ,CRIMEAN ,W> P]IOD GAVE RISE TO A PR(\ND TRANS=MATION 9 ! TE*NOLOGY ( ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY AS WELL3 IT BR\<T AB\T ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! ME*ANICAL LOOM & ! ME*ANICAL SP9DLE 9 ,RUSSIA & ,POL&4 ,FIR/1 ! N[-GIGANTIC ,S*EIBL] FACTORY WAS F\ND$ 9 ,LODZ 9 #a#h#e#d1 ) #a LOOMS & #a#h1 SP9DLES4 ,! FOLL[+ YE>1 ! FIR/ ME*ANICAL L95 SP9N+ MILL WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 & 9 #a#h#e#g1 ! BIGGE/ & TODAY /ILL IMPORTANT L95 FACTORY 9 ,POL&1 ! ,ZYRAD[ FACTORY1 WAS CONV]T$ FROM A H& TO A ME*ANICAL WEAV+ MILL4 

,! SECOND IMPORTANT RESULT WAS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A S]IES ( RAILWAY L9ES BETWE5 ,POL& & ! MO/ DI/ANT P>TS ( ,RUSSIA4 ,9 #a#h#f#b1 ,POL& WAS CONNECT$ ) ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 9 #ahff ) ,WOLYNI51 ,:ITE ,RUSSIA1 & ,PODOLI51 9 #ahg ) ,MOSC[1 9 #ahga ) ,KIEV1 9 #ahgg ) S\!RN ,RUSSIA4 ,MOREOV]1 ! FEV]I% BUILD+ ( RAILWAY L9ES 9 9N] ,RUSSIA OP5$ EV] MORE >EAS TO TRADE4 ,! CON/RUCTION ( EA* NEW RAILWAY L9E LEAD+ TO ,RUSSIA WAS FOLL[$ BY AN 9CREASE 9 DEM& = ,POLI% PRODUCTS & AN EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION4 ,DISREG>D+ ! DEPRESSIVE EFFECTS ( ! UPRIS+ ( #ahfd & ! CONSEQU5T TEMPOR>Y P>ALYZES ( TRADE ) ,RUSSIA1 ! DECADE #a#h#f-#a#h#g1 ! P]IOD ( ! TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTION 9 TRANSPORT1 HAD AS A RESULT ?AT :ILE ! TOTAL VALUE ( ,POL&'S 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION AM\NT$ TO ONLY #ca MILLION RUBLES 9 #ahea 7#b#a MILLION1 ACCORD+ TO ANO!R S\RCE71 IT REPRES5T$ #gc MILLION RUBLES 7FROM BO? S\RCES7 9 #a#h#g#b1 AFT] #ae YE>S - AN 9CREASE ( #ace P] C5T & #bdh P] C5T RESPECTIVELY4 

,! ?IRD FACTOR ?AT CONTRIBUT$ TO ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION WAS ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #ahfa & 9 ,POL& 9 #ahfd & ! RESULT+ TRANS=MATION ( AGRICULTURE4 ,N[ ROBB$ ( ! UNPAID LABOR P[] ( ! VILLE9S1 ! L&[N]S TURN$ TO ! EMPLOYM5T ( WAGE LABOR]S & ! PUR*ASE ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTS :I* E>LI] !Y HAD MADE ON !IR [N E/ATES4 ,ON ! O!R SIDE1 ! GREAT MASS ( PEASANTS CONSEQU5TLY HAD MONEY TO SP5D1 & ALSO BECAME BUY]S ( FACTORY GOODS4 ,CONNECT$ ) ?IS WAS A TAX RE=M & ! BEG9N+ ( ! GOV]NM5T'S POLICY ( SQUEEZ+ ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTRY1 :I* VIOL5TLY PU%$ EV5 ! SMALL PEASANT ONTO ! M>KET ) ! PRODUCTS ( HIS LABOR &1 AS IT UND]M9$ ! AGRICULTURAL NATURAL ECONOMY MORE & MORE1 TO ?AT DEGREE PREP>$ ! GR\ND = A MONEY ECONOMY & ! MASS M>KET = MANUFACTUR$ GOODS4 ,! O!R RESULT ( ! RE=M WAS ! PROLET>IANIZATION ( BROAD LAY]S ( ! PEASANTRY1 ?US ! 0SETT+ FREE0 ( A MASS ( WORK]S :O PUT !MSELVES AT 9DU/RY'S DISPOSAL4 

,SO 9 ,RUSSIA WE SEE A TRANS=MATION ( ALL SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 CONNECTION ) ! ,CRIMEAN ,W>4 ,! COLLAPSE ( ! OLD PATRIMONIAL L& [N]%IP & ( NATURAL ECONOMY1 ! RE=MATION ( TAXATION & F9ANCE1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A :OLE NETWORK ( RAILWAYS - ALL ?IS MEANT ! CREATION ( M>KETS1 M>KET *ANNELS1 & WORK]S = ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY4 ,BUT S9CE1 9 T]MS ( TRADE POLICY1 ,POL& =M$ A S+LE :OLE ) ,RUSSIA EV] S9CE ! T>IFF ABOLITION ( #a#h#e#a1 SO ,POLI% MANUFACTURE WAS SWEPT 9TO ! :IRLPOOL ( ,RUSSIA'S ECONOMIC METAMORPHOSIS & WAS TRANS=M$ BY ! RAPIDLY GR[+ M>KET 9TO REAL MASS-PRODUCTION 9DU/RY4 

,BUT AT ! 5D ( ! #a#h#gS YET A F\R? IMPORTANT FACTOR SUP]V5$1 :I* )9 A FEW YE>S MADE ,POLI% 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION 9TO L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY1 SU* AS WE SEE TODAY 9 ,POL&1 & ?IS IS ,RUSSIA'S T>IFF POLICY4 

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #c 3 ,! ,P]IOD ( ,L>GE-,SCALE ,9DU/RY 9 ,POL& 
,P>T ,I3 

 ,! ,HI/ORY & ,PRES5T ,/ATE ( ,POLI% ,9DU/RY 

#a4#c ,! ,P]IOD ( ,L>GE-,SCALE ,9DU/RY 9 ,POL& 

,S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY1 ,RUSSIA1 AS WAS M5TION$1 ADH]$ TO A HI<LY PROTECTIONI/ POLICY4 ,! ,CRIMEAN ,W>1 H[EV]1 CAUS$ A *ANGE H]E AS 9 ALL O!R >EAS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,9 ! 0LIB]AL P]IOD0 ( ! #a#h#fS T>IFFS W]E SIGNIFICANTLY R$UC$4 ,?IS FREE-TRADE TURN DID NOT LA/ LONG1 H[EV]4 ,BECAUSE ( ! RE=MS !MSELVES1 ESPECIALLY ! CO/LY RAILROAD CON/RUCTION1 ! GOV]NM5T RAN 5ORM\SLY 9TO DEBT TO =EIGN C\NTRIES1 & ! GOLD T>IFF WAS 9TRODUC$ 9 #ahgg ) ! OBJECT ( GETT+ HOLD ( GOLD4 ,) ?IS1 ,RUSSIA 5T]$ ONTO A C\RSE ( EV5 /RICT] PROTECTIONI/ POLICIES4 

,) ! EX*ANGE RATE ( ! PAP] RUBLE FALL+1 ! GOLD T>IFF MEANT AN 9CREASE 9 ! T>IFF RATE ( #c P] C5T 9 ! FIR/ YE>S & ( #d TO #e P] C5T 9 FOLL[+ YE>S4 ,9 #ahh A DEFICIT 9 ! /ATE TREASURY DEVELOP$ ONCE MORE AS A RESULT ( ! ABOLITION ( ! SALT TAX4 ,A G5]AL T>IFF 9CREASE ( #a P] C5T 5SU$ 9 #ahha AS A REPLACEM5T4 ,9 #a#h#h#b1 SEV]AL 9DIVIDUAL T>IFF RATES W]E RAIS$1 SU* AS ?OSE = L951 WOOL Y>N1 *EMICAL PRODUCTS1 DYES1 ETC42 9 #a#h#h#d1 A REPEAT$ 9CREASE 9 V>I\S 9DIVIDUAL T>IFF RATES OCCURR$1 = EXAMPLE ?AT = SILK Y>N2 9 #a#h#h#e1 AN ALMO/ G5]AL 9CREASE ( ! T>IFF ( #b P] C5T2 9 #a#h#h#g1 ONCE AGA9 A P>TIAL CLIMB 9 9DIVIDUAL T>IFFS1 & ! SAME 9 #a#h#i#a4 

,OBVI\SLY ! PURPOSE ( PROTECTIONISM1 :5 NOT FISCAL REV5UE1 WAS ABOVE ALL PROTECTION ( DOME/IC 9DU/RY FROM =EIGN COMPETITION4 

,! RESULTS ( SU* A SUB/ANTIAL =C+ UP ( ! T>IFF W]E TW(OLD4 ,FIR/1 ! IMPORT ( =EIGN MANUFACTUR$ & HALF-F9I%$ GOODS DECL9$ RAPIDLY4 ,! TOTAL IMPORTS OV] ,RUSSIA'S ,EUROPEAN BORD]S 9 MILLIONS ( GOLD RUBLES ANNUALLY AM\NT$ TO3 

#a#h#e#a-#e#f 
  
  #gd 
#a#h#e#f-#f#a 
#ab 
#a#h#f#a-#f#f 
#aba 
#a#h#f#f-#g#a 
#bab 
#a#h#g#a-#g#f 
#cfd 
#a#h#g#f-#h#a 
#cbf 
#a#h#h#a-#h#f 
#cd 
#a#h#h#f-#i#a 
#bbd 
#ahia 
#bb 
#ahib 
#bai 

,! IMPORT ( MANUFACTUR$ & HALF-F9I%$ GOODS1 :I* W]E DUTI$ MU* HI<] ?AN RAW MAT]IALS1 %RIVEL$ UP EV5 MORE SEV]ELY ?AN ! ABOVE TABLE 9DICATES4 ,?US A PLACE WAS MADE 9 ,RUSSIAN M>KETS = NATIVE - ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% - 9DU/RY1 :I* WAS FRE$ TO A GREAT EXT5T FROM =EIGN COMPETITION4 

,! O!R NATURAL RESULT WAS ! G5]AL CLIMB 9 COMMODITY PRICES4 ,IT HAS REC5TLY BE5 CALCULAT$ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN CONSUM] MAY PAY MU* MORE = MO/ COMMODITIES ?AN1 E4G41 ! ,G]MAN CONSUM]2 ?US 

= TEA 
  
#c#d.0 
= TOBACCO 
#f#h#g.0 
= COAL 
#b.0 
= PAP] 
#f#i.0 
= L95 
#b#b#e.0 
= COTTON PRODUCTS 
#c#e#g.0 
= AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y 
#a#e#i.0 

,AS = ! METAL 9DU/RY3 A POOD ( WIRE NAILS ( M$IUM SIZE1 = EXAMPLE1 CO/S AN ,AM]ICAN #a TO #a4#e RUBLES1 :ILE A ,RUSSIAN PAYS #c4#b RUBLES 9 T>IFFS ALONE ON !SE >TICLES & #d TO #h RUBLES = ! :OLE PRODUCT4 ,9 RELATION TO ! VALUE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT METALS1 ! T>IFF 9 #ahif MADE UP3 IRON ORE1 #g P] C5T2 IRON1 #de P] C5T2 & /EEL1 #ce P] C5T4 

,UND] SU* MONOPOLY CONDITIONS ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% 9DU/RY BEGAN TO RAKE 9 COLOSSAL PR(ITS FROM ! DOME/IC M>KET4 ,WE CAN GET AN APPROXIMATE NOTION ( !SE PR(ITS FROM ! (FICIAL /ATEM5TS ( ! MANUFACTUR]S !MSELVES4 ,9 #a#h#h#g1 = EXAMPLE1 NET PR(ITS W]E DECL>$3 

BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,COTTON ,SP9N+ ,MILLS1 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG 
  
#a#e4.0 
BY ! ,MOSC[ ,MANUFACTUR+ ,COMPANY 
#a#f4.0 
BY ! ,BAL9 ,MANUFACTUR+ ,COMPANY 
#a#f4.0 
BY ! ,N>VA ,L95 ,SP9N+ ,MILL 
#a#h4.0 
BY ! ,SAMPSON ,COTTON ,SP9N+ ,MILL 
#b#a4#c.0 
BY ! ,YEKAT]9H( ,COTTON ,SP9N+ ,MILL 
#b#c4.0 
,RAB5ECK ,COTTON ,DYE ,WORKS 
#b#e4#d.0 
BY ! ,IZMAILOV ,COTTON ,SP9N+ ,MILL 
#b#f4.0 
BY ! ,S4 ,MOROSOV ,WORKS 
#b#h4.0 
,NEVA ,COTTON ,WEAV+ ,MILL 
#c#h4.0 
BY ! ,KR5HOLM ,WORKS 
#d#d4#i.0 
BY ! ,?ORNTON ,WOOL ,WORKS 
#d#e4.0 

,FROM MORE REC5T TIMES WE HAVE NO LESS SURPRIS+ /ATEM5TS ( PR(ITS 9 ! ,RUSSIAN METAL 9DU/RY4 ,! METALLURGICAL 5T]PRISES ( ! S\!RN DI/RICT YIELD ON ! AV]AGE A PR(IT ( #e P] C5T1 ! COLOSSAL WORKS ( ! ,5GLI%MAN ,HU<ES AS MU* AS #a P] C5T4 0,NOT )\T 9T]E/10 WRITES ! ,M9I/RY ( ,FRANCE'S (FICIAL ORGAN1 0IS ! UTILIZATION ( ! PR(ITS OBTA9$1 :I* GIVES RISE TO ! IMPRESSION ?AT ! COMPANIES1 FAC$ ) A D[NRI<T EXCESS ( PR(ITS1 >E AS IT W]E UNC]TA9 :AT TO DO ) !M10 I4E41 UND] :I* COLUMN 9 ! (FICIAL REPORTS TO 5T] ! W9N+S SO AS TO CONCEAL !IR /AGG]+ SIZE4 

,! 9FLU5CE ( MONOPOLY PRICES ON ! SIZE ( CAPITALI/ PR(ITS1 TOGE!R ) ! RELATION%IP ( ! LATT] TO \TLAYS = LABOR P[]1 IS MO/ /RIK+LY %[N BY ! FOLL[+ LITTLE JUXTAPOSITION4 ,! M>KET PRICE ( RAW IRON 9 ,KIEV 9 ,JULY #ahig AM\NT$ TO #he KOPECKS P] POOD2 ( ?AT1 ! CO/S ( PRODUCTION 9 ,RUSSIA MADE UP #de KOPECKS1 9CLUD+ WAGES AT #d KOPECKS P] POOD - ) A NET PR(IT ( #d KOPECKS4 ,! RELATION ( PR(ITS TO CO/ ( PRODUCTION & TO WAGES WAS ?US #a3#a#a & #a3#a RESPECTIVELY4 

,! PR(ITS ( ,POLI% 5TREPR5EURS W]E 9 NO WAY 9F]IOR TO ! 5ORM\S PR(ITS ( ! ,RUSSIANS1 AS WE WILL SEE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#h#iS ! DIVID5DS ( ! SUG> FACTORIES 9 ,POL& AM\NT$ TO AS MU* AS #bi P] C5T4 ,9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 #d P] C5T PR(ITS W]E REG>D$ AS A NORMAL PH5OM5ON4 ,BUT !SE (FICIAL MANUFACTUR]S' /ATEM5TS >E NOTORI\SLY #c TO #e P] C5T SMALL] ?AN ! PR(ITS ACTUALLY OBTA9$4 

,?US1 AFT] ALL ! MA9 CONDITIONS ( 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T - A DOME/IC M>KET1 MEANS ( TRANSPORT1 AN 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY - HAD BE5 CALL$ TO LIFE 9 ! YE>S #a#h#f-#a#h#g#g1 ! SUP]V5+ T>IFF POLICY CREAT$ A HOT-H\SE ATMOSPH]E ( MONOPOLY PRICES ?AT PLAC$ ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% 9DU/RY 9 AN ABSOLUTE ,EL ,DORADO ( PRIMITIVE CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION4 ,9 ! YE> #ahgg AN ]A ( FEV]I% 5T]PRISE & GR&IOSE ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL BEGAN1 COMB9$ ) ! B\ND+ GR[? ( PRODUCTION4 ,! TOTAL PICTURE ( ,POL&'S 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T UND] ! EFFECT ( ! RELATION%IPS SKET*$ ABOVE %[S ITSELF AS FOLL[S3 

,9 MILLIONS ( RUBLES 

,TOTAL ,PRODUCTION 
,COTTON ,9DU/RY 
,WOOL ,9DU/RY 
,L95 ,9DU/RY 
#ahf 
  #e4 
7#a#h#f#d7 
  #h4#a 
  #d4#c 
#a4#b 
#ahg 
  #f#c4#i 
#a4#b 
  #d4 
#a4#b 
#ahh 
#a#g#a4#h 
#c#c4 
#b#b4 
#e4 
#ahi 
#b#d4 
#d#g4#f 
7#a#h#i#a7 
#c#e4#e 
#f4#e 

,! /RONGE/ UPSW+ BETWE5 #ahg & #ahh - = ALL 9DU/RY "4#a#f#i P] C5T1 = ! COTTON 9DU/RY "4#b#b#c P] C5T1 = ! WOOL 9DU/RY "4#d#e P] C5T1 = ! L95 9DU/RY "4#c#a#g P] C5T - IS *IEFLY A RESULT ( ! FIR/ ?REE YE>S 7#a#h#g#g-#h7 ( ! NEW ]A 9 T>IFF POLICY4 ,AS WE WILL SEE BEL[1 ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! GOLD T>IFF BR\<T ) IT NOT ONLY ! SUDD5 E/ABLI%M5T ( MANY NEW 5T]PRISES BUT ALSO ! TRANSF] ( A NUMB] ( ,G]MAN FACTORIES FROM ,SAXONY & ,SILESIA TO ! WE/]N P>T ( ,POL&4 ,( ! L>GE/ FACTORIES :I* ! (FICIAL 9QUIRY ORGANIZ$ 9 #ahhf F\ND 9 ,POL&1 #a#h4#a.0 W]E F\ND$ BE=E #a#h#e1 

  #f4#h.0 
  
9 #a#h#e-#f 
#a#c4#f.0 
9 #a#h#f-#g 
#b#i.0 
9 #a#h#g-#h 
#c#b4#e.0 
9 #a#h#h-#h#f4 

,?US #fa P] C5T ( ALL L>GE FACTORIES W]E E/ABLI%$ AFT] #a#h#g4 ,AS = ! EXT5T ( PRODUCTION1 9 ! P]IOD #a#h#g-#a#h#i IT HAD ALMO/ SEXTUPL$ 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY AS A :OLE4 ,! FOLL[+ TABLE %[S QUITE SPECIFICALLY ! 9FLU5CE ( ! T>IFF POLICY3 ( ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT FACTORIES1 

#a#h4#a.0 
W]E F\ND$ 
BE=E #a#h#e1 
#c#g4#b.0 
9 #a#h#e-#a#h#g#g 
#d#d4#g.0 
9 #a#h#g#g-#a#h#h#f4 

,?US ALMO/ HALF 7TODAY EV5 MORE7 ( ALL ! L>GE FACTORIES 9 ,POL& ORIG9AT$ S9CE #ahgg AS DIRECT RESULTS ( ! PROTECTIONI/ T>IFF POLICY4 

,?IS EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION W5T H&9H& ) A REVOLUTION 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION !MSELVES4 ,EV]Y:]E 9 PLACE ( ! SMALL1 SCATT]$ FACTORIES APPE>$ MOD]N 9DU/RIAL L>GE-SCALE 5T]PRISES ) EXT5SIVE USE ( /EAM P[] & ! NEWE/ TE*NICAL EQUIPM5T 9 CON/RUCTION & OP]ATION4 ,! CONC5TRATION 9 9DU/RY 9 G5]AL 9 ,POL& PRES5TS ITSELF AS FOLL[S3 

  
#ahga 
  
#ahh 
#ahi 
,NUMB] ( WORK]S 
#g#f1#f#a#f 
#a#b1#g#f#c 
CA4 #a#e1       
,VALUE ( PRODUCTION 79 MILLION RUBLES7 
#f#f4#g 
#a#g#a4#h 
#bd 
,= ONE FIRM 79 RUBLES7 
#c1#b#c#i 
#h1#f#c 
#g#a1#b#d#h 
,= ONE WORK] 79 RUBLES7 
#hhb 
#a1#d#b#b 
#a1#f 

,H[EV] H]E ! AV]AGE FIGURES >E1 AS USUAL1 NOT SUIT$ TO GIV+ A TRUE IDEA ( ! REVOLUTION TAK+ PLACE1 S9CE ?IS WAS ( C\RSE NOT ACCOMPLI%$ EQUALLY 9 ALL BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY4 ,MO/ *>ACT]I/IC >E ! FIGURES = ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY4 ,H]E WE F9D3 

  
#ahga 
  
#ahh 
  
#ahi 
,NUMB] ( FACTORIES 
#a#a1#b#b#g 
#a1#h#g#a 
#fce 
,NUMB] ( WORK]S 
#b#h1#d#f 
#d#e1#g#e#c 
#f1#b#h#h 
,PRODUCTION 79 MILLION RUBLES7 
#a#h4#a 
#e#g4#f 
#h#h4#d 
,WORK]S P] FACTORY 
#b4#e 
#d4#b 
#ie 
,PRODUCTION P] FACTORY 79 RUBLES7 
#a1#f#a#b 
#e1#c#c 
#a#c#i1#b#i#h 

,BUT )9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY ! COTTON 9DU/RY %[S ! REVOLUTION 9 ! MO/ VIVID WAY3 

  
#ahga 
  
#ahh 
  
#ahia 
,NUMB] ( FACTORIES 
#a1#d#i#i 
#c1#h#h#a 
#afc 
,NUMB] ( WORK]S 
#a#i1#h#i#d 
#a#i1#e#g#f 
#b#f1#c#g 
,PRODUCTION 79 MILLION RUBLES7 
#a4#d 
#c4#h 
#d#g4#f 
,WORK]S P] FACTORY 
#a4#i 
#e 
#afb 
,PRODUCTION P] FACTORY 79 RUBLES7 
#iid 
#g1#i#e 
#b#i#a1#g#c#f 

,! SURPRIS+ GR[? ( ! COTTON 9DU/RY CAN ALSO BE MEASUR$ 9 ! NUMB] ( SP9DLES4 ,!SE AM\NT TO3 

#ahcf 
  
    #g1#c 
#ahd 
  #b#g1#c 
#ahe 
  #f#a1#c 
#ahfc 
#a#a#f1#b 
#ahg 
#b#h#i1#e 
#ahge 
#c#h#e1#e 
#ahgi 
#d#d#i1#f 
#ahhb 
#d#f#g1#f 
#ahhh 
CA4 #f1       

,ACCORD+ TO O!R S\RCES ! NUMB] ( SP9DLES GREW DUR+ A P]IOD ( T5 YE>S 7#a#h#g#g-#a#h#h#f7 FROM #b#a#f1#f#d TO #e#e1#f#b#b1 I4E41 #acd P] C5T4 ,9 ! SAME P]IOD1 ! NUMB] ( SP9DLES 9 ! ,RUSSIAN COTTON 9DU/RY %[S AN 9CREASE ( #cb P] C5T 79 P>TICUL>1 #de P] C5T 9 ! ,MOSC[ DI/RICT1 #a P] C5T 9 ! ,PET]SBURG DI/RICT72 ?AT 9 ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN 9DU/RY 7#a#h#h#a-#a#h#i#a71 #c P] C5T2 & 9 ! ,5GLI%1 #h P] C5T4 ,! NUMB] ( LOOMS GREW FROM #ahgg TO #a#h#h#f3 9 ! ,RUSSIAN COTTON 9DU/RY1 #df P] C5T 79 P>TICUL>4 #e P] C5T 9 ! ,MOSC[ DI/RICT1 #be P] C5T 9 ! ,PET]SBURG DI/RICT72 BUT 9 ,POL&1 #aci P] C5T4 

,! USE ( /EAM P[] TO A GREAT] EXT5T BEG9S ONLY 9 ! #a#h#gS1 BUT S9CE !N IT HAS GR[N QUICKLY4 

  
#ahge 
  
#ahi 
,/EAM HORSEP[] 9 

9DU/RY AS A :OLE 
#a#d1#f#e#g 
#e#a1#h 
( ?AT3 

9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY 
  #d1#b#b 
#b#f1#g#g#b 
9 M9+ 
  #a1#h#c 
#a1#d#i#g 

,9 ! BRAN*ES ON :I* AN EXCISE WAS NOT LEVI$1 /EAM HORSEP[] ALMO/ D\BL$ AGA9 9 ! TWO-YE> P]IOD FROM #ahi TO #a#h#i#b1 GR[+ FROM #d#a1#c#c TO #h#a1#c#d#f4 

,9 #be YE>S1 ! :OLE \TW>D APPE>ANCE ( ! C\NTRY HAD *ANG$ FROM ! GR\ND UP4 ,9 ! MID/ ( ?IS1 ! LITTLE T[N ( ,LODZ QUICKLY GREW UP 9TO A L>GE C5T] ( ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 9TO A 0,POLI% ,MAN*E/]10 ) ! TYPICAL APPE>ANCE ( A MOD]N FACTORY CITY - C\NTLESSSMOK+ FACTORY *IMNEYS PACK$ TI<TLY ONE NEXT TO ! O!R1 A POPULATION MADE UP ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ( FACTORY P]SONNEL1 & A MUNICIPAL LIFE REGULAT$ BY FACTORY :I/LES1 REVOLV+ EXCLUSIVELY >\ND 9DU/RY & TRADE4 ,H]E WE F9D A S]IES ( GIANT E/ABLI%M5TS1 AMONG :I* ! ,S*EIBL] FACTORY1 ) ITS YE>LY PRODUCTION ( #ae MILLION & ITS #g1 WORK]S1 CLAIMS FIR/ PLACE4 ,9 ! S\?WE/]N CORN] ( ! C\NTRY1 ON ! ,PRUSSIAN BORD]1 A :OLE NEW 9DU/RIAL >EA SPRANG UP AS ?\< *>M$ \T ( ! GR\ND1 :]E FACTORIES SUDD5LY EM]G$ AMID =E/S & RIV]S1 PREC$+ ! BUILD+ ( CITIES1 ) EV]Y?+ GR\P$ >\ND !M FROM ! BEG9N+4 ,9 ! OLD CAPITAL1 ,W>SAW1 ! COLLECTION PO9T = ALL H&ICRAFTS1 H&ICRAFT GREATLY ELEVAT$ ITSELF4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME IT FREQU5TLY FELL UND] ! DOM9ATION ( M]*ANTS' CAPITAL4 ,SMALL- & MIDDLE-SIZ$ 9DEP5D5T WORK%OPS DISSOLV$ !MSELVES 9TO COTTAGE 9DU/RY1 & L>GE W>EH\SES ( F9I%$ H&CRAFT$ GOODS /EPP$ 9TO ! =EGR\ND AS COLLECTION PO9TS = SMALL PRODUCTION4 ,! TRADE ( ! :OLE C\NTRY WAS CONC5TRAT$ FROM N[ ON 9 ! ,/OCK ,EX*ANGE & 9 C\NTLESS BANK+ & COMMISSION FIRMS4 ,PRAGA1 A SUBURB ( ,W>SAW1 BECAME ! C5T] ( L>GE-SCALE METAL 9DU/RY1 & ! GIGANTIC ,ZYR>D[ L95 FACTORY 9 ,W>SAW1 ) ITS #h1 WORK]S1 TRANS=M$ ITSELF 9TO ITS [N LITTLE CITY4 

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #d 3 ,POL&'S ,MA9 ,9DU/RIAL ,DI/RICTS 
,P>T ,I3 

 ,! ,HI/ORY & ,PRES5T ,/ATE ( ,POLI% ,9DU/RY 

#a4#d ,POL&'S ,MA9 ,9DU/RIAL ,DI/RICTS 

,N[ ?AT WE HAVE GIV5 A G5]AL SUMM>Y ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY1 IT REMA9S = US TO ILLU/RATE ?IS 9 DETAIL 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL HI/ORIES ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY1 & TO SKET* ! \TW>D LOCAL GR\P+ ( FACTORY PRODUCTION4 

,IF WE DISREG>D ! SCATT]$1 9SIGNIFICANT FACTORIES TO ! RI<T ( ! ,VI/ULA & ALONG ! ,PRUSSIAN BORD]1 ! 9DU/RY ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,POL& IS CONC5TRAT$ 9 ?REE DI/RICTS ) /RONGLY /AMP$ PHYSIOGNOMIES1 DIFF]5T *>ACT]S1 & DIFF]5T HI/ORIES4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT AMONG !M IS ! ,LODZ DI/RICT4 ,IT 9CLUDES ! CITY ( ,LODZ & ITS REGION1 ! CITIES ( ,PABIANICE1 ,TOMASZ[1 & SOME DI/RICTS ( ! ,KALIS* ,GUB]NIA4 ,! PRODUCTION ( ?IS DI/RICT AM\NT$ TO #di MILLION RUBLES 9 #a#h#h#e1 & TODAY AT LEA/ #ab MILLION4 ,?IS IS ! REAL TEXTILE 9DU/RY DI/RICT4 ,! HI/ORY ( ITS MA9 C5T]1 ,LODZ1 IS EXTREMELY TYPICAL = ALL ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY4 

,IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO IMAG9E A LESS FAVORABLE PLACE = ! F\ND+ ( AN 9DU/RIAL CITY ?AN ,LODZ4 ,IT LIES 9 A TREELESS1 WAT]LESS PLA91 9 ! MID/ ( BOGS ?AT ONLY AB\T T5 YE>S AGO LAY ON BO? SIDES ( ! MA9 /REET H]E & !RE1 SO ?AT 9 !SE PLACES ! CITY WAS B>ELY #b PACES WIDE4 ,! T9Y ,LODKA ,RIV] IS COMPLETELY F\L$ BY FACTORY WA/E1 & ALL NECESS>Y WAT] COMES TO ! FACTORIES FROM >TESIAN WELLS & PONDS4 ,9 ! YE> #ahba ,LODZ HAD ONLY #aab H\SES ) #h 9HABITANTS1 ,BUT 9 #ahbc COLONIZATION BEGAN1 ,SILESIAN & ,SAXON CLO?MAK]S SETTL$ D[N1 & BY #ahbg ,LODZ C\NT$ #b1#h#d 9HABITANTS1 AMONG !M #cbb MANUFACTUR+ WORK]S4 ,9 #ahcg IT HAD MORE ?AN #a11 9 #ahd #a#h1#f 9HABITANTS & OV] #a4#a MILLION RUBLES' PRODUCTION ANNUALLY4 

,AS A RESULT ( ! 9CREASE ( ! ,RUSSIAN CU/OMS T>IFF 9 #a#h#c#a1 H[EV]1 & ! CRISIS :I* !RE=E OCCURR$ 9 CLO?-MAK+1 ! GR[? ( ! CITY WAS CURB$1 & ! NUMB] ( 9HABITANTS EV5 DECL9$ 9 #ahe TO #a#e1#f4 ,BUT S9CE ! #a#h#fS1 AS A RESULT ( ! CAUSES DESCRIB$ ABOVE1 :I* TOGE!R AM\NT$ TO ! OP5+ UP ( ! ,RUSSIAN M>KET1 !RE BEG9S = ,LODZ AN EPO* ( RAPID DEVELOPM5T ?AT HAS BECOME TORR5TIAL S9CE ! #a#h#gS4 ,= 9 ,LODZ WE SEE3 

#ahf 
  
  #c#b1 9HABITANTS 
  
& 
  #b1#f1 RUBLES' PRODUCTION 
#ah< 
#a1 9HABITANTS 
& 
#b#f11 RUBLES' PRODUCTION 
#ahhe 
#a#e1 9HABITANTS 
& 
#c#f1#e1 RUBLES' PRODUCTION 
#ahie 
#c#a#e1 9HABITANTS 
& 
#i11 RUBLES' PRODUCTION 

,9 ! LA/ #be YE>S1 PRODUCTION 9 ,LODZ WAS ALSO TRANS=M$4 ,UP UNTIL ! #a#h#gS1 COTTON GOODS W]E MADE = A LIMIT$ M>KET1 PRIM>ILY = ! WELL-TO-DO CLASSES4 ,BUT :5 ! ,RUSSIAN M>KET WAS OP5$ TO ,POLI% 9DU/RY & GRADUALLY A NEW CLASS ( CU/OM]S1 ! WORK+ POPULATION1 BEGAN TO PLAY ! LEAD+ ROLE 9 DEM&1 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY 9 ,LODZ HAD TO ADJU/ ITSELF TO ! NEW CU/OM]S4 ,SO ! ,LODZ FACTORIES W5T OV] TO ! PRODUCTION ( *EAP] & SIMPL] COTTON GOODS1 SU* AS TRICOT & O!R CRUDELY PR9T$ MAT]IAL1 BUT ABOVE ALL TO ! PRODUCTION ( FU/IAN4 ,FABRICATION ( ?IS CLO? WAS FIR/ TRANSPLANT$ FROM ,SAXONY TO ! CITY ( ,PABIANICE 9 #a#h#g#c4 ,TODAY IT DOM9ATES ! 5TIRE PRODUCTION ( ! DI/RICT1 AS ! FOLL[+ FIGURES %[4 ,LODZ MANUFACTUR$3 

  
#ahha 
  
#ahhf 
,LANCORT 
 #b#i.0    
 #b#g.0 
,BJAS 
 #d#d.0    
 #b#i.0 
,FU/IAN 
 #a.0    
 #c#e.0 
,MITKAL 
   #e4#e.0 
   #e.0 
,MISCELLANE\S 
 #a#a4#e.0 
   #d.0 

#a4.0 
#a.0 

,! SUDD5 TURN 9 ! T>IFF POLICY 9 #ahgg ALSO CALL$ TO LIFE A NEW BRAN* ( ! COTTON 9DU/RY 9 ! ,LODZ DI/RICT1 NAMELY ! FABRICATION ( SO-CALL$ MIX$ Y>N FROM COTTON & WOOL 7VIGNONE74 ,UNTIL ?AT TIME MASSIVELY IMPORT$ TO ,RUSSIA FROM ,W]DAU & ,CRIMMITS*AU1 ?IS PRODUCT F\ND ITS 5TRY 9TO ,RUSSIA CLOS$ %ORTLY AFT] ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! GOLD T>IFF4 ,TO CIRCUMV5T ?IS T>IFF WALL1 SEV]AL FACTORIES W]E N[ TRANSF]R$ DIRECTLY FROM ,SAXONY TO ,LODZ BY ,G]MAN 5TREPR5EURS1 & BY #ahhf OV] #c#i1 SP9DLES ( MIX$ Y>N W]E MANUFACTUR$ H]E4 

,9 ?IS WAY ! CURR5T CONFIGURATION ( ! L>GE COTTON 9DU/RY 9 ! ,LODZ DI/RICT APPE>S AS A PRODUCT ( ! OP5+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN M>KET & ( ,RUSSIAN CU/OMS POLICY 9 ! #a#h#gS4 

,! DI/RICT'S WOOL 9DU/RY IS DOM9AT$ NO LESS BY ! SAME FACTORS4 ,! P[]FUL JUMP 9 PRODUCTION FROM #d MILLIONS 9 #ahg TO #bb MILLIONS 9 #ahh %[S :AT 9FLU5CE ! ,RUSSIAN M>KET EX]T$ ON ?IS ,POLI% 9DU/RIAL BRAN*4 ,AS = WOOL SP9N+ 9 P>TICUL>1 IT [ES ITS CURR5T DEVELOPM5T QUITE P>TICUL>LY TO ,RUSSIA'S CU/OMS POLICY4 ,! 9TRODUCTION ( ! GOLD T>IFF 9 #ahgg HAD ! TRANSPLANTATION ( MANY =EIGN SP9N+ MILLS TO ,LODZ AS AN IMM$IATE CONSEQU5CE2 ! L>GE/1 ) #b#b1 SP9DLES1 WAS F\ND$ 9 #ahgi BY ,ALL>T ,R\SSEAU ,FILS & IS TODAY /ILL AN AFFILIATE ( ?IS FIRM 9 ,R\BAIX1 :]E IT ALSO OBTA9S ITS HALF-F9I%$ GOODS4 ,S9CE ! #a#h#gS1 ,POL& BECAME ! S\RCE ( SUPPLY ( Y>N = ,RUSSIA1 & ITS PRODUCTION 9 ?IS BRAN* SURPASSES ! ,RUSSIAN BY MORE ?AN #bag P] C5T2 9 ,POL& IT AM\NT$ TO #a#h1#g#d#i1 RUBLES 9 #a#h#i1 9 ,RUSSIA #e1#i#i1 RUBLES4 ,9 ! MO/ REC5T P]IODS1 ! CU/OMS POLICY HAS HELP$ TWO O!R BRAN*ES ( ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY 9 ,LODZ - /OCK+ & KNITT+ MILLS - TO BLOSSOM4 

,A /ILL MORE 9T]E/+ ILLU/RATION ( ! EFFECT ( ,RUSSIAN CU/OMS POLICY ON ,POLI% 9DU/RY IS (F]$ BY ! HI/ORY ( ! SECOND DI/RICT1 ,SOSN[IEC4 

,?IS 9CLUDES ! S\?WE/]N P>T ( ! ,PIOTRKOV ,GUB]NIA1 LY+ CLOSE TO ! ,PRUSSIAN BORD]1 & ! CITIES ( ,CZE/O*OVA1 ,B$Z91 ,ZAVI]CIE1 ,SIELCE1 & ,SOSN[IEC4 ,:ILE ! ,LODZ DI/RICT BEGAN ITS 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! #a#h#bS1 ! 9DU/RY ( ! ,SOSN[IEC DI/RICT1 AS WAS M5TION$1 REPRES5TS A PH5OM5ON ( QUITE REC5T DATE4 

,UP UNTIL ! #a#h#fS !RE WAS NO?+ TO BE SE5 H]E BUT MILES ( ?ICK P9E =E/S1 BUT )9 #ae YE>S ?IS =E/ REGION TRANS=M$ ITSELF 9TO A LIVELY 9DU/RIAL >EA :OSE TEXTILE 9DU/RY IS ALREADY BEG9N+ TO GIVE S]I\S COMPETITION TO ?AT ( OLD ,LODZ4 

,TWO IMPORTANT CIRCUM/ANCES GREATLY FAVOR$ ! RAPID DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY 9 ! ,SOSN[IEC DI/RICT4 ,FIR/1 ! *EAPNESS ( FUEL4 ,! S\!RN P>T ( ! ,PIOTRKOV ,GUB]NIA =MS ! COAL BAS9 ( ,POL&1 & ITS NE>NESS PUT Y\NG ,SOSN[IEC 9DU/RY 9 AN \T/&+LY ADVANTAGE\S POSITION 9 COMP>ISON ) NOT ONLY ,RUSSIA BUT ALSO ! O!R P>TS ( ,POL&4 ,! AV]AGE PRICE ( ONE POOD ( COAL 9 ! DI/RICTS CONC]N$1 BY PLACE1 AM\NTS TO3 

,SOSN[IEC DI/RICT 
  #b4#d -   #i4#g KOPECKS 
,W>SAW DI/RICT 
#a#a4#b#b - #a#c4 KOPECKS 
,LODZ DI/RICT 
#a#a4#e - #a#d4#i KOPECKS 

,SECOND1 ! *EAPNESS ( LABOR4 ,FROM ! \TSET1 ?IS COAL 9DU/RY PLAC$ A CONT+5T ( 0FREE0 FEMALE LABOR P[] AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! FACTORIES ( ! DI/RICT1 9 ! P]SONS ( ! MEMB]S ( ! M9]S' FAMILIES4 ,H]E TOO ! ,SOSN[IEC DI/RICT F9DS ITSELF 9 A SIGNIFICANTLY MORE ADVANTAGE\S POSITION ?AN ! ,LODZ DI/RICT4 ,SPECIFICALLY1 WAGES P] MON? 9 RUBLES AM\NT TO3 

  
,SOSN[IEC ,DI/RICT 
  
,LODZ ,DI/RICT 
,M5 
,WOM5 
,*ILDR5 
,M5 
,WOM5 
,*ILDR5 
,F9I%+ 
#a#c4#e 
#a4#g#e 
#h4#e 
#b#f4 
#a#h4   
#i4#g#e 
,WOOL SP9N+ 
#b#i4#b#e 
#i4 
#f4   
#b#h4#b#e 
#a#h4#b#e 
#f4   
,MIX$ SP9N+ 
#b#a4#b#e 
#a4#b#e 
- 
#b#b4   
#a#c4   
- 
,COTTON SP9N+ 
#a#e4#g#e 
#a#a4   
#d4#g#e 
#b#a4   
#a#g4#g#e 
#d4#e 
,AV]AGE 
#b4   
#a4#b#e 
#f4#b#e 
#b#d4#c 
#a#f4#f   
#f4#g   

,! DIFF]5CE = ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY 9 ,LODZ 9 COMP>ISON ) ,SOSN[IEC AM\NTS TO "4 #b#a4#e P] C5T = M51 = WOM5 "4 #f#a4#i P] C5T1 = *ILDR5 "4 #d4#g P] C5T4 

,! REAL REASON = ! RISE ( 9DU/RY 9 ! ,SOSN[IEC DI/RICT1 H[EV]1 WAS ! NEW ]A 9 ,RUSSIAN CU/OMS POLICY4 ,RI<T AFT] #ahgg A :OLE S]IES ( ,PRUSSIAN & ,SAXON FACTORIES W]E SIMPLY MOV$ FROM ,G]MANY TO ,POL&4 ,CONSID]ABLE 9DU/RY WAS SOON CONC5TRAT$ 9 ONE ZONE ( ?REE ,RUSSIAN MILES ALONG ! BORD]4 ,( ! #bg MO/ SIGNIFICANT FACTORIES ?AT C\LD BE C\NT$ H]E 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ! BORD] 9 #a#h#h#f1 FIVE HAD BE5 F\ND$ BE=E #a#h#g#g1 #bb 9 #a#h#g#g-#a#h#h#f 7#h#a4#e P] C5T74 ,! PRODUCTION ( ! FACTORIES 9 ,SOSN[IEC AM\NT$ TO HALF A MILLION RUBLES 9 #a#h#g#i1 #ac MILLION RUBLES 9 #a#h#h#f1 MAK+ AN 9CREASE ( #b1#e P] C5T 9 SEV5 YE>S4 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( FACTORY PRODUCTION 9 ! ,SOSN[IEC DI/RICT W5T H& 9 H& ) A SURPRIS+ GR[? ( ! COAL 9DU/RY4 ,SUPPORT$ &1 9 ! #a#h#cS 7#a#h#c#c-#a#h#d#b71 EV5 DIRECTLY RUN BY ! ,POLI% ,BANK1 ?IS 9DU/RY DEVELOP$ QUITE SL[LY UP UNTIL ! #a#h#fS & 9 #ahf PRODUC$ A YIELD ( #c4#f MILLION POODS ( COAL4 ,S9CE ?IS TIME1 ?REE IMPORTANT FACTORS HAVE COME 9TO PLAY ONE AFT] ! O!R1 :I* P[]FULLY FUR!R$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( M9+3 FIR/1 ! CON/RUCTION ( RAILROADS 9 ! #a#h#fS & #a#h#gS2 SECOND1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( FACTORY 9DU/RY2 & ?IRD1 ! PROHIBITIVE T>IFF SY/EM4 ,! UPSW+ IS EXPRESS$ 9 ! FOLL[+ FIGURES3 

,COAL PRODUCTION1 9 MILLIONS ( POODS1 WAS3 

#ahf 
  
    #c4#f 
#ahg 
  #a#c4#h 
#ahh 
  #g#h4#d 
#ahi 
#a#e4#h 

,?US1 DUR+ ! #b YE>S FROM #ahg TO #a#h#i1 PRODUCTION 9CREAS$ BY #iic P] C5T4 

,! RAILROADS =M ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT BUY]S ( COAL4 ,! ,POLI% AS WELL AS ! ,S\? ,RUSSIAN COAL BAS9S SUPPLY ,RUSSIA'S RAILWAYS ) FUEL4 ,! CONSUMPTION ( ! LATT] AM\NT$ TO3 

  
,9 MILLIONS ( POODS 
#ahh 
#ahhe 
#ahi 
( ,S\? ,RUSSIAN COAL 
#b#b4#b 
#c#d4#c 
#c#i4#h 
( ,POLI% COAL 
#a4#h 
#a#c4#h 
#a#g4#e 

,BUT FACTORY 9DU/RY IS A /ILL MORE IMPORTANT BUY] ( COAL4 ,9 #ahi ! ,LODZ DI/RICT ALONE US$ #c4#f MILLION POODS ( COAL1 ! ,W>SAW DI/RICT #bf MILLION1 & ! ,SOSN[IEC DI/RICT #d MILLION POODS1 9 :I* ! IRON WORKS PLAY$ A GREAT ROLE4 ,9 #a#h#i#c1 COAL CONSUMPTION 9 ,W>SAW CAME TO #c#e4#e MILLION POODS1 9 ,LODZ 9 ! SAME YE> #c#f4#b MILLION1 & 9 ! YE> #ahif #da MILLION POODS4 

,A NEW EPO* 9 ! ,POLI% COAL 9DU/RY BEG9S ) ! EXT5SION ( ! PROTECTIVE T>IFF POLICY TO ?IS BRAN* ( PRODUCTION 9 #a#h#h#d1 :I* HIT ! UNTIL !N DUTY-FREE IMPORT ( =EIGN COAL ) A T>IFF ( ONE-HALF TO TWO KOPECKS 9 GOLD P] POOD4 ,! IMM$IATE RESULT WAS A GREAT 0COAL CRISIS0 9 ,RUSSIA1 I4E41 A GREAT COAL %ORTAGE AS A RESULT ( ! BACKW>D ME?ODS ( ! ,RUSSIAN COAL WORKS & !IR 9ABILITY TO TAKE ! PLACE ( ,5GLI% COAL ) !IR [N1 RELATIVE TO GR[+ DEM&4 

,?IS WAS TURN$ TO ! ADVANTAGE ( ! ,POLI% COAL WORKS1 :I* RAPIDLY EXP&$ !IR ACTIVITY & 9 A FEW YE>S CONQU]$ ALL ! IMPORTANT M>KETS 9 ,RUSSIA3 ,ODESSA1 ,MOSC[1 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 EV5 ,S\? ,RUSSIA4 ,AL?\< ! CRISIS HAS LONG S9CE BE5 OV]COME1 ,POLI% COAL HAS S9CE !N BEAT5 ,S\? ,RUSSIAN COAL /EPBY/EP \T ( ! FIELD 9 ,RUSSIA1 ON ! ,MOSC[-,KURSK1 ,MOSC[-,BRE/1 ,KIEV-,VORONE%1 ,FA/[1 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG-,W>SAW RAILWAY L9ES & 9 P>T ON ! S\?WE/]N L9ES4 ,9 #a#h#i#d1 #e1#h#b#d1 POODS ( COAL CAME TO ,ODESSA FROM ,POL&1 AS AGA9/ #e1#c1 FROM ! ,S\? ,RUSSIAN BAS94 

,IT /ILL REMA9S TO CA/ A GLANCE AT ! DI/RICT'S IRON 9DU/RY4 ,?IS HAS A LONG] HI/ORY BEH9D IT1 = ALREADY 9 ! ,DU*Y ( ,W>SAW 9 ! YE> #ahad !RE W]E #df BLA/ FURNACES = IRON ORE4 ,DEVELOPM5T PROCE$$ SO SL[LY1 H[EV]1 ?AT UP TO ! #a#h#hS ,POL& HAD NOT BR\<T ?IS 9DU/RY BEYOND A PRODUCTION ( #b4#e MILLION POODS ( RAW IRON1 #a4#d MILLION POODS ( IRON1 & #c4#i MILLION POODS ( /EEL4 

,A NEW PAGE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,POLI% IRON 9DU/RY BEG9S ) ! TURN 9 ,RUSSIAN CU/OMS POLICY4 ,! BRIEF FREE-TRADE P]IOD AFT] ! ,CRIMEAN ,W> LA/$ SOME:AT LONG] = IRON ?AN = O!R COMMODITIES1 S9CE ! ,RUSSIAN IRON WORKS C\LD NOT HAVE SATISFI$ ! 5ORM\S DEM& CREAT$ BY RAILWAY CON/RUCTION EV5 ) ! /RONGE/ PROTECTIVE T>IFF POLICY4 ,BUT S9CE #ahha ! PROTECTIVE T>IFF HAS TAK5 ! PLACE ( FREE TRADE H]E1 TOO1 & AFT] A GRADUAL 9CREASE ! CU/OMS RATE WAS SET 9 #ahhg AT #be & #c KOPECKS 9 GOLD P] POOD ( RAW IRON1 AT #e KOPECKS TO #a4#a RUBLES = IRON1 & AT #g KOPECKS = /EEL2 ! T>IFF ( #ahia BR\<T A NEW 9CREASE 9 CU/OMS4 ,AS ! IMM$IATE EFFECT ( ! REVISION ( ! T>IFF WE SEE ! IMPORT ( =EIGN METALS TO ,RUSSIA DECL9E 9 ! FOLL[+ WAY3 

  
,9 MILLIONS ( POODS 
,RAW ,IRON 
,IRON 
  
,/EEL 
#ahha 
#a#d4#c 
#f4#e 
#a4#d 
#ahia 
#g4#a 
#e4 
#a4 

,CORRESPOND+LY1 METAL PRODUCTION 9 ,RUSSIA & ,POL& GREW - 9 ! LATT]1 AS FOLL[S3 

  
,9 MILLIONS ( POODS 
,RAW ,IRON 
,IRON & ,/EEL 
#ahf 
4#g 
4#c 
#ahg 
#a4#c 
7#a.07 
4#f 
7#a.07 
#ahh 
#b4#d 
#e4#e 
#ahi 
#g4#d 
7"4#d#h#h.07 
#g4#e 
7"4#a#e#d.07  

,! ?IRD 9DU/RIAL DI/RICT1 ! ,W>SAW DI/RICT1 DOES NOT HAVE SO /RONGLY /AMP$ A PHYSIOGNOMY AS ! TWO ALREADY DESCRIB$4 ,H]E WE F9D A GREAT DIV]SITY ( 9DU/RIAL BRAN*ES1 BUT ! MO/ IMPORTANT >E MA*9E PRODUCTION & ! SUG> 9DU/RY4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! FIR/ IS COMPLETELY TOLD 9 ! FOLL[+ SIMPLE COMP>ISON4 ,:ILE UNTIL #ahf ONLY N9E FACTORIES PRODUC+ AGRICULTURAL MA*9ES EXI/$ 9 ,POL&1 9 #a#h#f-#a#h#h#e #db NEW ONES W]E E/ABLI%$4 ,H]E1 AS 9 ALL E>LI] CASES1 WE SEE ! SAME UPSW+ AS A RESULT ( ! TRANS=MATION ( ! M>KET 9 ! #a#h#fS & #a#h#gS4 

,F9ALLY1 LET'S TAKE A LOOK AT ! HI/ORY ( ! SUG> 9DU/RY4 ,IT HAD ALREADY MADE ITS />T 9 ! #a#h#bS BUT UNTIL ! #a#h#eS WAS ONLY A SUBSIDI>Y BRAN* ( AGRICULTURE1 ( SMALL DIM5SIONS & (T5 RUN BY ! L&[N]S !MSELVES4 ,! PRODUCTION ( ! #ca PLANTS 9 OP]ATION 9 #ahdh DID NOT EXCE$ #a#g#g1#e POODS1 AM\NT+ TO NO MORE ?AN #e1 TO #f1 POODS P] FACTORY4 ,! YE> #ah$ %[S ! GREATE/ NUMB] ( SUG> FACTORIES1 :5 !RE W]E #e#e4 ,S9CE ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM & ! REVOLUTION 9 AGRICULTURE1 SUG> PRODUCTION SEV]$ ITSELF FROM AGRICULTURE & BECAME AN 9DEP5D5T BRAN* ( 9DU/RY4 ,! NUMB] ( E/ABLI%M5TS GRADUALLY DECREAS$ ?R\< ! SIMULTANE\S CONC5TRATION ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 #ahg WE F9D /ILL ONLY #da SUG> FACTORIES ) #a4#b MILLION POODS' ANNUAL PRODUCTION4 

,BUT A TRUE REVOLUTION WAS BR\<T AB\T 9 ! SUG> 9DU/RY BY ! TAX & CU/OMS POLICY ( ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T4 ,NAMELY1 9 #ahfg ! S+UL> SY/EM ( SUG> TAXATION ?AT HAD APPLI$ 9 ,POL& UNTIL !N WAS ANNULL$ & REPLAC$ BY ?AT ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE4 ,! LATT] WAS BAS$ ON TAXATION NOT ( ! F9I%$ PRODUCT ACTUALLY PRODUC$1 BUT ON ! AM\NT ( F9I%$ PRODUCT :I* WAS ASSUM$ TO BE PRODUC$ 9 EV]Y FACTORY1 MEASUR$ BY ! FIX$ /&>D PRODUCTIVITY ( ! PRESS APP>ATUS4 

,9 ?IS =M ! SUG> TAX NATURALLY BECAME ! SPUR TO ! IMPROVEM5T ( PRODUCTION2 IT SOON MOV$ ALL SUG> FACTORIES TO 9TRODUCE ! DIFFUSION ME?OD1 :I* PU%$ PRODUCTIVITY ABOVE ! NORM TAK5 AS ! BASIS = ! TAX1 MAK+ ! NOM9AL TAX ( #h KOPECKS P] POOD 9 REALITY ONLY #ce OR EV5 #b4 ,9 #a#h#g#f1 TO 5C\RAGE SUG> EXPORTS1 ! REBATE ON ! EXCISE ON EXPORT$ SUG> WAS ORD]$1 :I* 9 VIEW ( ! ABOVE CIRCUM/ANCES CAME TO ! SAME ?+ AS A COLOSSAL EXPORT SUBSIDY4 ,?IS WAS YET ANO!R SPUR TO A FEV]I% IMPROVEM5T ( PRODUCTION ME?ODS & TO EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION4 

,9 A FEW YE>S ! SUG> 9DU/RY 9 ,RUSSIA & 9 ,POL& TRANS=M$ !MSELVES 9TO L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY4 ,:ILE ,RUSSIA HAD ONLY EXPORT$ #d POODS ( SUG> 9 #a#h#g#d1 SUG> EXPORTS 9 #ahgg ALREADY AM\NT$ TO #c1#h#i#f1#i#b POODS1 = :I* ! GOV]NM5T HAD TO 0REFUND0 R\<LY #c MILLION RUBLES - HALF ( ! 5TIRE SUG> EXCISE LEVI$ 9 ! ,EMPIRE4 ,9 #ahha ! GOV]NM5T TOOK /EPS T[>D ?OR\< RE=M ( TAXATION ( ! SUG> 9DU/RY1 BUT 9 ! MEANTIME ! 9DU/RY HAD REA*$ V]Y HI< LEVELS ( TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 ,POL& !RE W]E3 

,9 #a#h#f#i-#g #da FACTORIES ) #a4#b MILLION POODS' PRODUCTION2 

 ,9 #a#h#i-#i#a #d FACTORIES ) #d4#h MILLION POODS' PRODUCTION4 

,FROM ?IS FEV]I% EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION !RE FOLL[$ A CRISIS 9 #a#h#h#e1 :I* BR\<T 9 ITS WAKE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A SUG> C>TEL EMBRAC+ ALL ( ,RUSSIA & ,POL& & SO IMPR9T$ ?IS BRAN* ( PRODUCTION ) ! CLE>E/ /AMP ( A L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY4 ,ONE FRUIT ( ?IS C>TEL IS ! FACT ?AT ,RUSSIAN SUG>1 :OSE PRODUCTION CO/ AM\NTS TO ONE & FIVE-SIX?S D P] P\ND1 IS B\<T \TSIDE ! ,EMPIRE = ONE & TWO-?IRDS D1 BUT 9 ,KIEV = F\R D P] P\ND4 ,NO WOND] ?AT ) SU* MONOPOLY PRICES ! SUG> FACTORIES >E ABLE TO YIELD 5ORM\S DIVID5DS4 

,! =EGO+ PICTURE ( 9DU/RY 9 ,POL& W\LD NOT BE COMPLETE IF IT W]E NOT AT LEA/ SUPPLEM5T$ ) SOME 9=MATION AB\T ! ROLE ( ?IS 9DU/RY 9 ! ECONOMY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE 9 G5]AL &1 9 P>TICUL>1 9 COMP>ISON ) O!R IMPORTANT 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS4 ,! SIGNIFICANCE ( ,POL& & ! TWO CAPITALS ( ,RUSSIAN FACTORY PRODUCTION - ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & ,MOSC[ - 9 T]MS ( 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY CAN BE G5]ALLY REPRES5T$ BY ! FOLL[+3 

#ahi 
,TOTAL ,PRODUCTION 
79 MILLIONS ( RUBLES7 
,P] ,CAPITA 
79 RUBLES7 
,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE 
#a1#e#i#g 
   #a#c4#e 
,MOSC[ DI/RICT 
   #df 
#* 
,PET]SBURG DI/RICT 
   #bdb 
#d 
,POL& 
   #ba 
#bc 

,AS CAN BE SE51 ,POLI% 9DU/RY TAKES ?IRD PLACE 9 ! ,EMPIRE1 9 ABSOLUTE AS WELL AS 9 RELATIVE T]MS1 :ILE ,MOSC[ 9 ABSOLUTE T]MS & ,PET]SBURG 9 RELATIVE T]MS CLAIMS FIR/ PLACE4 ,IF WE S+LE \T ! TWO MO/ IMPORTANT BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION1 TEXTILES & M9+1 WE OBTA9 ! FOLL[+ COMP>ISON3 

,( ! TOTAL PRODUCTION ( ! ,EMPIRE 7)\T ,F9L&71 :I* AM\NT$ TO #h#b4 MILLION POODS ( RAW IRON1 #b#e4#g MILLION ( IRON1 #c#d4#e MILLION ( /EEL1 & #ee MILLION ( COAL1 ! %>E FALL+ TO3 

  
,RAW ,IRON 
,IRON 
  
,/EEL 
  
,COAL 
,URAL DI/RICT 
#c#f.0 
#e#f.0 
  #g4#g.0 
  #b4#i.0 
,DONETS DI/RICT 
#d.0 
  #f.0 
#d#b4.0 
#e#d4.0 
,POL& 
#a#d.0 
#a#d.0 
#b#c4.0 
#d4.0 

,SPECIFICALLY1 9 METAL & COAL PRODUCTION ! ,DONETS 7,S\? ,RUSSIAN7 BAS9 & ! ,URALS >E ! MO/ IMPORTANT ,RUSSIAN DI/RICTS1 & ,POL& IS 9 COMPETITION ) PRIM>ILY ! =M] BUT 9 P>T ALSO ) ! LATT] = ! ,RUSSIAN M>KET4 ,AS WE SEE1 ,POL& /&S 9 SECOND PLACE 9 ! ,EMPIRE 9 M9+1 RI<T BEH9D ! ,DONETS DI/RICT1 EXCLUD+ ! PRODUCTION ( RAW IRON1 :]E IT TAKES ?IRD PLACE4 ,AL?\< ,POL& HAS ONLY #g4#c P] C5T ( ! ,EMPIRE'S TOTAL POPULATION1 IT HAS A QU>T] ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE'S /EEL PRODUCTION & TWO-FIF?S ( ITS COAL PRODUCTION4 

,SIMIL>LY1 9 ! ,EMPIRE'S TEXTILE 9DU/RY ,POL& PLAYS A V]Y SIGNIFICANT ROLE QUITE \T ( PROPORTION ) ! SIZE ( ITS POPULATION4 ,! %>E ( ! TOTAL NUMB] ( SP9DLES & LOOMS 9 ! ,EMPIRE'S COTTON 9DU/RY1 :I* 9 #ahhf AM\NT$ TO #c1#i#a#c1 & #h#d1#e RESPECTIVELY1 FELL TO3 

,SP9DLES 
,LOOMS 
,MOSC[ DI/RICT 
#e#e.0 
#g#a4#f.0 
,PET]SBURG DI/RICT 
#b#i.0 
#a#b4#h.0 
,POL& 
#a#c.0 
#a#b4#e.0 

,H]E1 TOO1 ,POL& /&S 9 ?IRD PLACE4 ,9 ! O!R BRAN*ES IT HAS A MU* GREAT] SIGNIFICANCE1 AS IS SE5 FROM ! FOLL[+3 ,( ! TOTAL TEXTILE 9DU/RY 9 ! ,EMPIRE1 :OSE VALUE ( PRODUCTION AM\NT$ TO #e#h4#i MILLION RUBLES 9 #a#h#i#b1 #a#i4#e P] C5T FELL TO ,POL&2 ITS %>E 9 9DIVIDUAL BRAN*ES1 H[EV]1 AM\NT$ 9 COTTON SP9N+ TO #a#e4#f P] C5T1 9 COTTON WEAV+ TO #af P] C5T1 9 L95 MAK+ TO #db P] C5T1 9 WOOL WEAV+ & CLO? MAK+ TO #b#i4#f P] C5T1 9 WOOL SP9N+ TO #gg P] C5T1 & 9 KNITT+ TO #< P] C5T4 

,IF ,POL& IS ON ! :OLE \T/RIPP$ BY ! 9DU/RIES ( ! C5TRAL & ,PET]SBURG >EAS1 NEV]!LESS IT LEADS ALL ! O!R P>TS ( ! ,EMPIRE 9 C]TA9 IMPORTANT BRAN*ES ( ! ECONOMY4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 ,POL&'S GREAT SIGNIFICANCE 9 !SE BRAN*ES PO9TS TO A F>-REA*+ DIVISION ( LABOR BETWE5 ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY4 

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #e 3 ,POL&'S ,9DU/RIAL ,M>KET 
,P>T ,I3 

 ,! ,HI/ORY & ,PRES5T ,/ATE ( ,POLI% ,9DU/RY 

#a4#e ,POL&'S ,9DU/RIAL ,M>KET 

,IT HAS BECOME CLE> FROM ! =EGO+ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN M>KET =MS ! REAL MA9SPR+ ( ! CURR5T 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,POL&4 ,IT W\LD !RE=E BE 9T]E/+ TO HE> MORE PRECISE /ATEM5TS AB\T ! EXT5T ( ! M>KET = ,POLI% COMMODITIES 9 ,RUSSIA1 BUT ?IS CAN BE DET]M9$ ONLY ) DIFFICULTY4 ,AS 9 ! /ATI/ICS ( ALL NATIONS1 !RE EXI/S 9 ?OSE ( ,RUSSIA A GREAT LACK ( DATA ON 9T]NAL TRADE4 ,H]E AN OV]VIEW CAN BE OBTA9$ ONLY 9DIRECTLY & APPROXIMATELY4 ,! (FICIAL 9QUIRY ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 #ahhf %[$ ?AT ( ! #ada L>GE/ FACTORIES1 :I* TOGE!R REPRES5T A ?IRD ( ALL PRODUCTION1 

#cg FACTORIES )   #g1#f#a1#i#h#d RUBLES PRODUCE EXCLUSIVELY = ,POL&1 

#bg FACTORIES )   #g1#d#h1#f#d#e RUBLES PRODUCE EXCLUSIVELY = ,RUSSIA1 

#aa FACTORIES ) #a#c1#b#b#d1#e#h#i RUBLES PRODUCE *IEFLY = ,POL&1 

#cd FACTORIES ) #b#b1#h#b#d1#a#c RUBLES PRODUCE *IEFLY = ,RUSSIA1 

#cb FACTORIES ) #a#i1#c#a#a1#f#i#e RUBLES PRODUCE HALF = ,POL& & HALF = ,RUSSIA4 

,IF WE ASSUME ! EXPRESSION 0*IEFLY0 TO BE EQUIVAL5T TO TWO-?IRDS1 !N ,POLI% 9DU/RY'S M>KET CAN BE REPRES5T$ AS FOLL[S3 ,! #ada FACTORIES PRODUCE COMMODITIES 

= ,POL& TO ! VALUE ( #c#c1#a#d#b1#b#b#h RUBLES1 EQUAL+ #d#g.02 

= ,RUSSIA TO ! VALUE ( #c#f1#g#f1#f#i#h RUBLES1 EQUAL+ #e#b.04 

,! G5]AL CONCLUSION REA*$ BY ! COMMISSION ( 9QUIRY WAS ?AT ,POLI% FACTORIES SELL #e TO #ee P] C5T ( !IR PRODUCTS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS CONCLUSION ALSO CONFIRMS P>TICUL> /ATEM5TS ON ! M>KET = ! CITY ( ,LODZ'S TEXTILE 9DU/RY4 ,!SE W]E 79 POODS73 

  
#ahhd 7CRISIS7  
  
#ahhe  
  
#ahhf  

,POL& 
,RUSSIA 
,POL& 
,RUSSIA 
,POL& 
,RUSSIA 
,COTTON WOOL & CLO? 
#c#g#b1#c#i 
#a1#d1#b#h#f 
#c#b#a1#c#d#d 
#a1#a#a#e1#d#f 
#d#d#c1#e#f#e 
#a1#e#g1#b#e#i 
,Y>N 
     #d#e1#b#i 
       #d1#e#b#d 
  #f#c1#e#a 
     #i#i1#i#e#a 
  #e#f1#e#h#c 
     #i1#a#c#f 
,TOTAL 
#d#a#g1#f#h 
#a1#h1#h#a 
#c#h#d1#c#i#e 
#a1#b#a#e1#d#a#a 
#e1#a#d#h 
#a1#e#i#g1#c#i#e 

,?US ! C5T] ( ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY WAS ALREADY SELL+ ?REE-F\R?S ( ITS PRODUCTS 9 ,RUSSIA BY ! MIDDLE ( ! #a#h#hS4 ,9 ! T5 YE>S S9CE ! ABOVE CALCULATIONS W]E MADE1 H[EV]1 IT IS PROBABLE ?AT ?IS SITUATION HAS %IFT$ 9 MU* GREAT] MEASURE 9 FAVOR ( SALES 9 ,RUSSIA1 S9CE PRODUCTION HAS GR[N BY R\<LY HALF AGA9 S9CE !N1 :ILE ! DOME/IC M>KET HAS OBVI\SLY BE5 ABLE TO 9CREASE ONLY RELATIVELY LITTLE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 WE HAVE DIRECT EVID5CE ?AT ! ,POLI% M>KET OP5$ UP NEW >EAS 9 ,RUSSIA DUR+ !SE T5 YE>S1 AB\T :I* WE WILL HAVE MORE TO SAY LAT]4 ,?US ONE CAN ASSUME AS ! M9IMUM SITUATION TODAY ?AT TWO-?IRDS ( ! PRODUCTS ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY >E ABSORB$ BY ,RUSSIA4 ,SPECIFICALLY1 ?IS M>KET 5COMPASSES ?OSE BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY ?AT =M ! MA9 /EM ( L>GE-SCALE CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION 9 ANY C\NTRY3 ! TEXTILE1 METAL1 & COAL 9DU/RIES4 ,NATURALLY A :OLE S]IES ( SMALL] 9DU/RIAL BRAN*ES1 SU* AS SUG> & FANCY-GOODS PRODUCTION1 TANN+1 ETC41 >E ALSO S5D+ !IR PRODUCTS TO ,RUSSIA 9 EV] GR[+ AM\NTS4 

,! ADVANCE ( ! ,POLI% M>KET 9 ,RUSSIA (F]S AN 9T]E/+ PICTURE FROM A GEOGRAPHICAL /&PO9T4 ,AS WAS SAID1 ?IS TRADE BEGAN 9 L>G] SCALE ONLY 9 ! #a#h#gS4 ,= A LONG TIME1 H[EV]1 IT WAS RE/RICT$ TO ONLY ! WE/]N & S\!RN GUB]NIAS ( ! ,EMPIRE - TO ,LI?UANIA & ! ,UKRA9E1 ?US ACTUALLY TO ! OLD P>TS ( :AT WAS !N ,POL&4 ,BUT 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#h#hS1 ,POL& CONQU]$ A NEW M>KET 9 ,RUSSIA'S S\?1 9 SO-CALL$ ,NEW ,RUSSIA4 ,9 ! MIDDLE ( ! #a#h#hS1 ,POLI% TRADE MAKES ANO!R /EP =W>D4 ,9 #ahhc ! FREE TRANSIT TO ! ,TRANSCAUCASUS VIA ,BATUM1 AGRE$ TO 9 ! ,B]L9 ,CONGRESS1 WAS ABOLI%$ & A T>IFF BORD] ]ECT$4 ,) ?IS ! ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 ABOVE ALL ,5GL&1 LO/ A SIGNIFICANT M>KET = !IR PRODUCTS1 A M>KET ?AT N[ W5T OV] TO ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% 9DU/RIALI/S4 ,9 ! YE> #ahhe ,POLI% MANUFACTUR$ GOODS APPE>$ = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ! ,CAUCASUS2 S9CE ?AT TIME !IR IMPORT ( !SE GOODS TO ! ?REE C5T]S ( ,CAUCASIAN TRADE HAS GR[N AS FOLL[S3 

,9 POODS 

  
,BATUM 
  
,TIFLIS 
  
,BAKU 

#a#h#h#e-#h#f 
#c#i1 
  #e#e1 
  #f#h1 

#a#h#h#g-#h#h 
#i#e1#a 
#b1 
#b#e#h1 

,AT ! 5D ( ! #a#h#hS ,POLI% TRADE PU%$ TO ! NOR!A/ - TO ! ,VOLGA REGION4 ,POLI% IMPORTS TO ! C5T] ( ,VOLGA TRADE1 ,TS>ITSYN1 W]E3 

#ahhg 
  
  #e#e1#f#d POODS2 
#ahhh 
  #g#c1#g#b#i POODS2 
#ahhi 
#a#f1#d#c POODS4 

,AT ! SAME TIME ,POL& BEGAN TO TAKE P>T 9 ,EUROPEAN-,ASIATIC TRADE2 ITS PRODUCTS APPE>$ 9 ! TWO COLOSSAL ANNUAL FAIRS 9 ,NIZHNI-,NOVGOROD1 :]E L>GE ,POLI% W>EH\SES W]E BUILT BEG9N+ 9 #a#h#h#i1 & 9 ,IRBIT4 ,F9ALLY1 AT ! 5D ( ! #a#h#hS & ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#h#iS1 ,POLI% TRADE /EPS ONTO ,ASIAN GR\ND4 ,FIR/1 TRADE RELATIONS W]E 5T]$ 9TO ) ,SIB]IA3 9 #ahhh ) ,TOMSK 9 ,WE/ ,SIB]IA1 9 #ahib ) ,N]*9SK 9 S\!A/]N ,SIB]IA1 9 #ahid ,POLI% COMMODITIES APPE> 9 ,OMSK4 ,DUR+ ! SAME TIME ,POLI% TRADE 9 ,ASIA ALSO DEVELOP$ 9 TWO O!R DIRECTIONS1 ON ! ONE H& TO ,*9A1 ON ! O!R TO ,P]SIA & ,ASIA ,M9OR4 

,9 ! C\RSE ( #b YE>S1 #a#h#g-#a#h#i1 ,POLI% TRADE F\ND ACCESS /EP-BY-/EP TO EV]Y CORN] ( ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS RAPID EXPANSION ( ! M>KET1 AS WE HAVE SE51 TURN$ ,POLI% FACTORY PRODUCTION 9TO L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY 9 #b YE>S4 ,S9CE !N1 H[EV]1 IT HAS BE5 PREP>+ ITSELF = A NEW1 IMPORTANT UND]TAK+3 ! CONQUE/ ( ,ASIAN M>KETS4 ,POLI% TRADE HAS ALREADY MADE SEV]AL IMPORTANT /EPS 9 ?IS DIRECTION4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 IS D\BTLESS ONLY ! BEG9N+ ( A BEG9N+1 & ! TREM5D\S PROSPECTS ?AT >E OP5+ TO 9DU/RY ?ANKS TO ! ,TRANS-,SIB]IAN ,RAILWAY & ! P[]FUL EFFECT ( ,RUSSIAN POLICY 9 ,ASIA MEAN A NEW REVOLUTION = ,POLI% 9DU/RY 7AMONG O!R ?+S71A REVOLUTION P]HAPS EV5 MORE ?OR\<GO+ ?AN ?AT :I* IT EXP]I5C$ 9 ! #a#h#gS4 ,POLI% 5TREPR5EURS >E PREP>+ !MSELVES 9 ALL S]I\SNESS = ?IS FUTURE & TURN !IR ATT5TION P]SI/5TLY TO ,ASIA4 ,A MUSEUM ( ! ,EA/ HAS BE5 BUILT 9 ,W>SAW1 :I* HAS ! SPECIAL TASK ( MAK+ MANUFACTUR]S ?OR\<LY FAMILI> ) ! COMMODITIES1 ! TA/ES1 & ! REQUIREM5TS ( ,ASIA4 ,! PROSPECTUS ( ! NEW 9/ITUTION REPORTS3 

0,SUG> & BR&Y1 MA*9ES & PIPE1 GLASS1 FAI5CE1 & PORCELA91 %OES1 CRAVATS1 & GLOVES1 %AWLS1 COTTON & L951 :I* >E MADE H]E DID NOT GO FUR!R ?AN TO A NEI<BOR+ GUB]NIA NOT LONG AGO2 TODAY !Y TRAVEL OV] ! ,DON1 ! ,URALS1 TO ! ,CAUCASUS1 OV] ! ,CASPIAN ,SEA1 TO ,*9A1 ,P]SIA1 & ,ASIA ,M9OR4 ,BUT 9 ORD] TO EXT5D ?IS AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 \R TA/E CANNOT BE IMPOS$ ON ?OSE = :OM ! GOODS >E 9T5D$2 RA!R !Y MU/ BE ADAPT$ TO1 WE MU/ PRODUCE :AT WILL SELL 9 ?OSE M>KETS1 :]E1 H[EV]1 TA/E IS 5DLESSLY DIFF]5T FROM \R [N 444 ,! TYPE ( CLO?1 ! =M1 ! PATT]N1 ! FAVORITE COLORS >E DIFF]5T !RE ?AN H]E444 ,?AT :I* WE HAVE PRODUC$ UNTIL N[ WAS PREEM95TLY 9T5D$ = ! CIVILIZ$ EMIGRANT POPULATION LAY]S ( ?OSE C\NTRIES4 ,! MASSES /& \TSIDE ! SCOPE ( \R 9DU/RY4 ,H[EV]1 WE WANT TO PRODUCE GOODS ?AT CORRESPOND TO ! TA/E & ! CU/OMS ( ! MASSES1 & !RE=E WE MU/ BECOME ACQUA9T$ ) ! NE$S ( !SE MASSES40 

,?IS 9 BRIEF \TL9E IS ! HI/ORY ( 9DU/RY 9 ,RUSSIAN ,POL&4 ,BEG9N+ ) ! EF=TS ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,POL&1 IT ATTEMPTS FROM ! FIR/ MOM5T TO TAKE POSSESSION ( ! ,RUSSIAN M>KET4 ,!N1 ) ACCESS TO ?OSE M>KETS IMP$$1 9DU/RY DEVELOPS SL[LY & /EPBY/EP4 ,! SOCIAL CRISIS ?AT ,RUSSIA EXP]I5C$ 9 ! #a#h#fS ALSO TE>S ,POL& \T ( ITS ECONOMIC /ASIS & DRAGS IT 9TO ! :IRLPOOL ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,) ! R5EW$ & ?IS TIME P]MAN5T OP5+ UP ( ! ,RUSSIAN M>KET1 ,POLI% 9DU/RY GA9S V]Y F]TILE GR\ND & QUICKLY GOES ?R\< ! PROCESS ( TRANS=MATION 9TO L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY4 ,RUSSIA'S T>IFF POLICY MONOPOLIZES ! FAVORS ( ?IS 5ORM\S M>KET >EA = ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% CAPITALI/S & 5G5D]S FEV]I% CAPITAL ACCUMULATION4 ,FACTORY 9DU/RY BECOMES ! LEAD+ FACTOR ( ,POL&'S 5TIRE SOCIAL LIFE1 9 :I* A TOTAL REVOLUTION HAS ALSO OCCURR$ 9 ! LA/ #be YE>S4 

,AS WE HAVE M5TION$ ABOVE1 UNTIL ! #a#h#fS ,POL& PRES]V$ ! *>ACT] ( AN AGRICULTURAL C\NTRY DOM9AT$ BY ! L&[N] CLASS 9 ALL >EAS ( PUBLIC LIFE4 ,! ,PEASANT ,RE=M DIM9I%$ TO A GREAT EXT5T ?IS PR$OM9ANCE ( NOBLE L&$ PROP]TY4 ,! NECESSITY ( LAY+ \T ! MONEY CAPITAL N[ 9DISP5SABLE = OP]ATIONS HEAVILY 9CREAS$ ITS 9DEBT$NESS4 ,! SUP]V5+ G5]AL CRISIS 9 ,EUROPEAN AGRICULTURE 9 ! #a#h#hS & ! FALL 9 ! PRICE ( GRA9 F9I%$ IT (F4 

,! :OLE BROAD LAY] ( M$IUM-SIZ$ NOBLE L&$ PROP]TY ?US MOV$1 & MOVES1 CLOS] TO ITS [N RU9 EV]Y DAY4 ,FIFTE5 P] C5T ( >I/OCRATIC PROP]TY HAS ALREADY PASS$ \T ( ! H&S ( ITS [N]S & 9TO ,G]MAN & ,JEWI% H&S2 ANO!R #ae P] C5T HAS BE5 BROK5 UP 9TO P>CELS & SOLD TO PEASANTS4 ,! REMA9+ L&$ PROP]TY IS BURD5$ ) 4MORTGAGES AM\NT+ TO #h P] C5T ( ! VALUE ON ! AV]AGE1 BUT 9 TWO-FIF?S ( ! CASES TO #a UP TO #be P] C5T4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME 9DU/RY GREW /RONG] & /RONG]1 & SOON IT WAS TO OV]TAKE AGRICULTURE 9 ALL RESPECTS4 ,ALREADY 9 #ahh ! VALUE ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION WAS EQUAL TO ?AT ( GRA9 PRODUCTION4 ,TODAY IT HAS SURPASS$ GRA9 PRODUCTION BY MORE ?AN D\BLE2 ! =M] AM\NTS TO AT LEA/ #bc RUBLES P] CAPITA1 ! LATT] ONLY #aa RUBLES4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ?IS QUANTITATIVELY 9F]IOR AGRICULTURE IS :OLLY R$UC$ TO DEP5D5CE ON 9DU/RY4 ,:ILE ,POL& WAS !N 0A ,EUROPEAN GRAN>Y10 A C\NTRY PRODUC+ GRA9 PR9CIPALLY = ! WORLD M>KET1 IT N[ H>DLY SATISFIES ITS [N NE$S4 ,9DU/RY CREAT$ AN 9T]NAL M>KET ?AT DEV\RS ! 5TIRE F>M PRODUCT4 ,IF TODAY ,POL& /ILL EXPORTS CONSID]ABLE QUANTITIES ( :EAT1 ?IS HAPP5S ONLY BECAUSE %E IMPORTS /ILL GREAT] QUANTITIES ( LESS] K9DS ( GRA9 FROM ,RUSSIA AS SUB/ITUTE4 ,SECONDLY1 AGRICULTURE TODAY1 9 VIEW ( ! CON/ANTLY FALL+ PRICE ( GRA9 IS =C$ TO EMANCIPATE ITSELF ALTOGE!R FROM PURE :EAT PRODUCTION & TO DEVOTE ITSELF MORE & MORE TO ! CULTIVATION ( SO-CALL$ TE*NICAL CROPS = 9DU/RY AS WELL AS CATTLE-BRE$+4 ,IT IS UNNECESS>Y TO EMPHASIZE ?AT H&ICRAFT1 TOO1 :]E IT HAS NOT BE5 DE/ROY$ DIRECTLY BY ! COMPETITION ( FACTORIES1 ON ! CONTR>Y LIVES ON FACTORY 9DU/RY - 9 P>T WORK+ = IT DIRECTLY1 9 P>T PR(IT+ FROM ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL & GR[? 9 ! DOME/IC M>KET ?AT 9DU/RY BR\<T AB\T4 ,9DU/RY HAS N[ BECOME ! /EM FROM :I* ALL O!R BRAN*ES ( ! C\NTRY'S MAT]IAL EXI/5CE DRAW !IR LIFE'S BLOOD4 ,OR BETT] PUT1 IT IS ! MA9SPR+ >\ND :I* ALL ASPECTS ( MAT]IAL EXI/5CE REVOLVE & SUBORD9ATE !MSELVES3 AGRICULTURE1 H&ICRAFT4 TRADE1 & TRANSPORTATION4 ,POL&1 ONCE ! C\NTRY SO V]Y UNIQUE 9 ITS SOCIAL RELATIONS1 HAS BECOME A TYPICAL CAPITALI/ C\NTRY4 ,! ME*ANICAL LOOM & ! /EAM 5G9E HAVE ROBB$ H] ( H] ORIG9AL PHYSIOGNOMY & IMPR9T$ ON H] A LEVEL+ 9T]NATIONAL *>ACT]4 ,ALREADY 9 #ahhd ,POL& SUFF]$ ! SPECIFICALLY CAPITALI/ DISEASE1ITS FIR/ BIG CRISIS4 ,TODAY1 H]E & !RE 9 ! AWAK5+ LABOR MOVEM5T1 ,POLI% CAPITALISM'S ,HYPOCRATIC *>ACT]I/ICS >E EM]G+ AS WELL4 

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,HI/ORY ( ! ,/RUGGLE ,BETWE5 ,LODZ & ,MOSC[ 
,P>T #b3 

 ,RUSSIA'S ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY 9 ,POL& 

,! PICTURE GIV5 ?US F> ( ! DEVELOPM5T & PRES5T /ATE ( 9DU/RY 9 ,POL& IS COMPLETELY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT (F]$ BY ! HI/ORY ( ! URBAN TRADES 9 ! ,POL& ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,DESPITE ! ID5TICAL NATURE ( !IR ORIG9S - >TIFICIAL1 GOV]NM5TAL TRANSPLANT+ FROM ,G]MANY - MANUFACTURE 9 ,POL& NOT ONLY DID NOT P]I%1 AS HAD URBAN H&ICRAFT E>LI]1 BUT DEVELOP$ ITSELF 9TO HEAVY 9DU/RY4 ,& DESPITE ITS =EIGN ,G]MAN BEG9N+S1 IT NOT ONLY DROVE DEEP ROOTS 9TO ,POL&'S NATIONAL LIFE1 BUT ACTUALLY BECAME ! RUL+1 TONE-SETT+ FACTOR4 

,ONLY REC5TLY C]TA9 PH5OM5A HAVE APPE>$ ?AT HAVE AWAK5$ FE>S ON MANY SIDES AB\T ! CONT9U$ FUTURE ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT ! M>KET 9 ,RUSSIA1 & 9 CONNECTION ) ?AT ! M>KET OP5$ UP S9CE !N 9 ,ASIA1 =MS ! MA9SPR+ ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY4 ,9 ALL !SE >EAS1 H[EV]1 ,POLI% PRODUCTS >E ( C\RSE 9 COMPETITION ) ,RUSSIAN GOODS4 ,A NATURAL CONFLICT ( 9T]E/ BETWE5 ! ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% B\RGEOISIES OV] !SE M>KETS APPE>S AT FIR/ GLANCE TO RESULT1 A CONFLICT ?AT MU/ BECOME H>%] ! MORE ,POLI% 9DU/RY GR[S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT SEEMS TO BE JU/ AS NATURAL = ! ,RUSSIAN CAPITALI/ CLASS TO HAVE ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T ON ITS SIDE AGA9/ ! ,POLI% COMPETITION1 ?AT ! GOV]NM5T C\LD USE ITS P[] TO ! DISADVANTAGE ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY1 & P]HAPS ]ECT A T>IFF B>RI] BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA ONCE MORE AS ! SIMPLE/ & MO/ RU?LESS MEANS ( EFFECT+ ?IS4 ,SU* IDEAS HAVE MADE !MSELVES V]Y MU* HE>D REC5TLY1 & H]E & !RE ! OP9ION IS EXPRESS$ ?AT AFT] ! PREVAIL+ P]IOD ( PROSP]ITY A P]IOD ( P]SECUTION & PUNI%M5T FROM ! SIDE ( ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T HAS BEGUN = ,POLI% 9DU/RY1 :I* WILL SOON] OR LAT] GO UND]4 

,!RE=E1 BE=E WE CONCLUDE ! DESCRIPTION ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY1 WE MU/ GO 9TO ! QUE/ION ( :AT SIGNIFICANCE ! CONFLICT ( 9T]E/ BETWE5 ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN FACTORY PRODUCTION 9 FACT HAS1 :AT ! PREP>ATIONS ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY >E 9 ITS COMPETITIVE BATTLE ) ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY1 & :AT ! POSITION ( ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T T[>D ?IS /RUGGLE IS4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 WE WILL BE 9 A POSITION TO COMPLETE ! HI/ORY ( 9DU/RY 9 ,POL& ?R\< A P]SPECTIVE ON ITS FUTURE4 

#b4#a ,! ,HI/ORY ( ! ,/RUGGLE 

,BETWE5 ,LODZ & ,MOSC[ 

,ABOVE ALL1 IT IS TOTALLY UNTRUE ?AT ! COMPETITION & ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! C5TRAL & ! ,POLI% 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS1 ! /RUGGLE AB\T :I* SO MU* FUSS WAS MADE A FEW YE>S AGO1 IS A NEW PH5OM5ON DAT+ ONLY FROM ! #a#h#hS1 AS IS G5]ALLY ASSUM$4 ,QUITE ! CONTR>Y3 ?IS BATTLE IS AS OLD AS ,POLI% 9DU/RY ITSELF4 ,ALREADY 9 ! #a#h#bS ! GOV]NM5T WAS PRES5T$ ) PETITIONS ?AT FROM ! ,RUSSIAN SIDE CONC]N$ ! 9CREASE ( ! ,RUSSIAN-,POLI% T>IFFS1 FROM ! ,POLI% SIDE ! TOTAL ABOLITION ( ! T>IFF B>RI] BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA4 ,S9CE !N ! RIVALRY HAS NEV] REALLY CEAS$4 ,EXCLUD+ ! YE> #a#h#b#f1 !RE W]E #a1#h#c#a PETITIONS FROM ,RUSSIAN 5TREPR5EURS S5T TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG - ALWAYS ) COMPLA9TS AB\T ,POLI% 9DU/RY & ) DEM&S = SUPPORT = ! 0,FA!RL&'S0 9DU/RY 9 ITS FI<T AGA9/ ! ,POLI%4 ,AS ONE OBS]VES FROM ! HI/ORY ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY1 9 ! 5D ! GOV]NM5T NOT ONLY DID NOT FULFILL ! REQUE/S ( ! ,RUSSIAN 5TREPR5EURS1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ABOLI%$ ! T>IFF BORD] BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA 9 #ahea & SO LET ! CONTE/ BETWE5 ! 5EMY 9DU/RIES TAKE ITS [N C\RSE4 ,! BATTLE FL>$ UP 9T5SELY & ANEW 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! #a#h#hS1 FIR/ BECAUSE ,POLI% 9DU/RY AT ?IS TIME - AS WAS M5TION$ - TOOK POSSESSION ( A :OLE S]IES ( NEW M>KET >EAS 9 ,RUSSIA1 9 ! S\? AS WELL AS ! EA/1 & SECOND BECAUSE1 JU/ AT ?AT TIME1 ! :OLE TEXTILE 9DU/RY ( ! ,SOSN[IEC DI/RICT WAS SEEM+LY CONJUR$ UP \T ( ! GR\ND AT ! ,PRUSSIAN BORD]4 ,BUT ON ! O!R H& ! PRICE ( GOODS1 =C$ UP SUDD5LY & SEV]ELY BY ! *ANGE 9 T>IFF POLICIES AT ! 5D ( ! #a#h#gS1 HAD FALL5 SOME:AT T[>D ! MIDDLE ( ! #a#h#hS4 ,! ,MOSC[ 5TREPR5EURS1 UPSET BY ?IS1 BEGAN 0TO SEEK \T ! GUILTY P>TY10 & F\ND IT1 TOO3 ,POLI% COMPETITION4 ,H]E ! BATTLE WAS L$ *IEFLY BY ! ,MOSC[ COTTON MANUFACTUR]S1 9 ! FACE ( ! CONQUE/ ( ,RUSSIAN M>KETS BY ,POLI% COTTON GOODS4 

,A C]TA9 ,%>APOV L$ ! FIR/ ATTACK FROM ! SIDE ( ! ,MOSC[ 5TREPR5EURS 9 A PUBLIC SPEE* :I* HE GAVE 9 ,MOSC[ & 9 ,IVANOVO-,VOZNES5SKI 9 #ahhe & :I* LAT] APPE>$ 9 PR9T4 ,FROM ! />T1 ,%>APOV /RUCK ! KEYNOTES & PUFF$ UP ! :OLE CAMPAIGN ( ,MOSC[ COTTON V]SUS ,LODZ FU/IAN 9TO A HI/ORIC DUEL BETWE5 ! ,SLAVIC & ,G]MAN RACES4 ,HE DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ,POLI% 9DU/RY 9 EV]Y WAY 5JOY$ MORE FAVORABLE CONDITIONS ?AN ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY2 = EXAMPLE1 ACCORD+ TO ,%>APOV1 *EAP] ,G]MAN CR$IT WAS AT ,POL&'S DISPOSAL - IT CO/ #c4#e TO #d P] C5T1 :ILE ! 5TREPR5EURS 9 C5TRAL ,RUSSIA HAD TO PAY #g TO #h P] C5T4 ,SECOND1 *EAP] RAW MAT]IALS W]E AVAILABLE TO ,POL&1 :I* ALSO HAD TO BE> F> L[] TRANSPORTATION CO/S ?AN ! ,MOSC[ DI/RICTS LY+ F> TO ! EA/4 ,?IRD1 ,POL& 5JOY$ MORE FAVORABLE RAILWAY RATES1 :I* IT OBTA9$ AS A RESULT ( ! PRIVATE AGREEM5T AMONG ! RAILWAY COMPANIES4 ,F\R? & F9ALLY1 IT HAD SIGNIFICANTLY L[] TAXES TO PAY3 9 ! C5TRAL DI/RICT AM\NT+ TO #c1#f RUBLES P] #a MILLION RUBLES ( PRODUCTION2 9 ,LODZ1 H[EV]1 #a1#d RUBLES21 & 9 SMALL ,POLI% CITIES ONLY #ai RUBLES4 

,%>APOV CALL$ ! GOV]NM5T TO BATTLE AGA9/ ! 0,G]MAN0 9DU/RY ( ,POL& & TO ! RESCUE ( ! ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% ELEM5TS OPPRESS$ BY IT 7674 

,! NEXT YE>1 #a#h#h#f1 ! ,MOSC[ 5TREPR5EURS ORD]$ A DEPUTATION TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ) ! 0MO/ HUMBLE & OB$I5T0 REQUE/ TO ONCE AGA9 E/ABLI% A T>IFF L9E BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA4 

,! GOV]NM5T1 ?US APPROA*$1 =M$ A COMMISSION 9 ! SAME YE>1 #a#h#h#f1 CONSI/+ ( ,PR(ESSORS ,YAN%UL1 ,ILY91 & ,LANG[OI1 :I* HAD ! TASK ( 9VE/IGAT+ ! CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION ( ! ,POLI% 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS & ( *ECK+ 9TO ! CLAIMS ( ,MOSC[ MANUFACTUR]S & !IR CORRECTNESS4 ,! RESULTS ( ?IS 9VE/IGATION1 C>RI$ \T MORE S]I\SLY & MORE ?OR\<LY ?AN ANY O!R1 WAS ! FOLL[+4 

,ON ! SIDE ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY WE SEE *EAP] FUEL1 SMALL] FIX$ CAPITAL1 L[] TAXES1 A BETT] LABOR =CE1 & MORE ADVANTAGE\S SPATIAL CONC5TRATIONS ( FIRMS 9 A FEW SPOTS4 ,ON ! SIDE ( ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY1 ON ! O!R H&1 *EAP] LABOR P[]1 SMALL] TRANSPORTATION CO/S TO ! M>KETS 7,CAUCASUS1 ,VOLGA REGION1 ,ASIA71 SMALL] \TLAYS ON ! WORK=CE 7HOSPITALS1 S*OOLS1 ETC471 PR(ITS FROM ! FACTORY /ORES1 F9ALLY A SURPLUS ( WAT] TO RUN ! COTTON WEAV+ & SP9N+ MILLS4 ,9 CONCLUSION1 ! COMMISSION CAME \T AGA9/ ! 9TRODUCTION ( A T>IFF L9E BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA1 & LIKEWISE AGA9/ A DIFF]5TIAL T>IFF ON RAW COTTON DIRECT$ AGA9/ ,POL&1 FIR/ BECAUSE ! GOV]NM5T 0W\LD H>DLY DEEM IT POSSIBLE TO TREAT ,POL& AS A =EIGN C\NTRY 9 TRADE & 9DU/RIAL RELATIONS10 & SECOND BECAUSE A HI<] DIFF]5TIAL T>IFF 0W\LD APPE> TO ! 9HABITANTS ( ,POL&1 ,RUSSIAN SUBJECTS1 AS AN 9JU/ICE AGA9/ !M & W\LD D\BTLESS GIVE RISE TO GREAT DISSATISFACTION40 ,! COMMISSION CONSID]$ ! ONLY JU/ MEASURE TO BE AN 9CREASE 9 ! PREVAIL+ TAXES ON ,POLI% 9DU/RY SUFFICI5T TO EQUALIZE !M ) ,RUSSIAN TAXES4 

,9 #ahhg ! ,MOSC[ 5TREPR5EURS ONCE MORE PRES5T$ A PETITION TO ! ,F9ANCE ,M9I/] AT ! ANNUAL FAIR 9 ,NIZHNI-,NOVGOROD 9 :I* !Y REQUE/$ AN 9CREASE 9 ! DUTIES ON COTTON & ! 9TRODUCTION ( A HI<] DIFF]5TIAL T>IFF AT ! ,POLI% BORD]4 ,N[ ! ,LODZ MANUFACTUR]S ALSO 5T]$ ! FRAY4 ,!Y ANSW]$ ! ABOVE-M5TION$ DOCUM5T ) A C\NT]-PETITION1 9 :I* !Y S\<T TO PROVE ?AT !Y SUFF]$ SIGNIFICANTLY LESS ADVANTAGE\S CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION ?AN !IR ,MOSC[ COMPETITORS1 ?AT ! COTTON MILLS ( ! C5TRAL DI/RICT YIELD$ UP TO #h4#d P] C5T PR(ITS :ILE ?OSE 9 ,POL& YIELD$ ONLY #g4#e P] C5T1 ?AT TRANSPORT ( RAW COTTON FROM ,LIV]POOL TO ,MOSC[ CO/ #c#e4#g#g KOPECKS P] POOD BUT FROM ,LIV]POOL TO ,LODZ #c#g4#a KOPECKS P] POOD1 ?AT !RE=E A FUR!R WORS5+ ( !IR SITUATION BY ! 9TRODUCTION ( A DIFF]5TIAL T>IFF ON COTTON W\LD MAKE COTTON PRODUCTION EXTREMELY DIFFICULT = !M4 

,9 #ahhh A COMMISSION WAS ONCE AGA9 SET UP UND] ! *AIRMAN%IP ( ,B] TO 9VE/IGATE ! DISPUTE4 ,ITS CONCLUSIONS ?IS TIME W]E V]Y MU* TO ,POL&'S DISADVANTAGE1 & ! COMMISSION CALL$ = A S]IES ( MEASURES TO PROTECT ! ,MOSC[ 9DU/RIAL DI/RICT AGA9/ BETT]-SITUAT$ ,POLI% 9DU/RY4 ,MEAN:ILE ! ,MOSC[ 9DU/RIALI/S AGA9 SUBMITT$ A PETITION TO ! ,F9ANCE ,M9I/] 9 #a#h#h#h1 9 :I* !Y COMPLA9$ AB\T !IR PRESS+ SITUATION & DEM&$ MEASURES FROM ! GOV]NM5T AGA9/ 0P>ASITICAL0 ,POLI% 9DU/RY4 

,! ,LODZ 9DU/RIALI/S PUBLI%$ AN AGITATIONAL PIECE 9 #ahhi UND] ! TITLE ,MOSC['S ,BATTLE ) ,LODZ1 9 :I* !Y ATTEMPT$ TO %[ ?R\< ! M\? ( 0AN IMP>TIAL1 NONP>TIZAN OBS]V]0 ?AT ,LODZ HAD TO PAY MORE = RAW COTTON ?AN DID ,MOSC[1 ?AT ! ADVANTAGE ( *EAP] FUEL :I* ,LODZ HAD OV] ,MOSC[ ONLY CAME TO ! NEGLIGIBLE AM\NT ( 4#b KOPECKS P] >%9 ( MAT]IAL1 ?AT ! ORIG9S ( ,MOSC['S MORE EXP5SIVE CR$IT LAY ) ,MOSC[ ITSELF1 & ?AT IT IS WAS BECAUSE ( 9SUFFICI5T ORGANIZATION ?AT ,LODZ SUFF]$ FROM A %ORTAGE ( WAT]1 PAID MORE = LABOR1 &1 F9ALLY1 MADE SMALL] PR(ITS ?AN C5TRAL ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY4 

,9 #ahi ! ORGANIZATION & NATIONALIZATION ( ! RAILWAY T>IFF SY/EM UND]TAK5 BY ! GOV]NM5T GAVE RISE ONCE MORE TO ! CONVOCATION ( A NEW COMMISSION4 ,?IS COMMISSION WAS TO 9VE/IGATE1 = ! X? TIME1 :AT ! /ATE ( ! COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS ( ! ,POLI% & C5TRAL ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS WAS1 & H[1 RELATIVE TO ?IS1 ! RAILWAY F>ES = ! L9ES ( IMPORTANCE TO ! COMPETITORS %\LD BE FIGUR$4 ,?IS COMMISSION1 :I* FUNCTION$ UND] ! *AIRMAN%IP ( ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! RAILWAY DEP>TM5T1 ,LAZ>EV1 AGA9 CAME TO NO CONCLUSION4 ,! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,LODZ & ,MOSC[ 9DU/RIALI/S GAVE !IR WELL-KN[N >GUM5TS & C\NT]->GUM5TS AS BE/ !Y C\LD4 ,TWO >GUM5TS FROM ! ,POLI% SIDE W]E ! ONLY NEW ADDITIONS1 NAMELY1 !IR REF]5CE TO ! USE ( *EAP NAPH?A RESIDUE AS FUEL 9 ! ,MOSC[ 9DU/RIAL DI/RICT1 & ! CLAIM ?AT ! TAX BURD5 WAS GREAT] 9 ,POL& ?AN 9 C5TRAL ,RUSSIA1 SPECIFICALLY #e4#h#b RUBLES P] MEMB] ( ! POPULATION 9 ! LATT]1 BUT 9 ! =M] #f4#f#d RUBLES4 

,H[EV] ! NEXT YE>1 #a#h#i#a1 A WELL-KN[N ECONOMI/1 ,BELOV1 WAS AU?ORIZ$ TO 9VE/IGATE ! CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION 9 ,POL& & C5TRAL ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS TOO CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ALL ! DISADVANTAGES W]E ON ! ,LODZ SIDE1 :ILE ALL ! ADVANTAGES W]E ON ,MOSC['S3 SPECIFICALLY1 *EAP] LABOR P[]1 LONG] LABOR TIME 7,MOSC[ #c1#d#b#i H\RS A YE>1 ,POL& #c1#b#a#b71 *EAP] FUEL 7NAPH?A RESIDUE CO/S #fD P] CWT1 :]EAS COAL = ! SAME AM\NT ( HEAT IS SIGNIFICANTLY MORE1 #a4#b#e P] CWT71 *EAP] RAW COTTON1 &1 F9ALLY1 MORE FAVORABLE RAILWAY F>ES4 ,! SAME ,%AP>OV :O HAD S\ND$ ! FIR/ AL>M AGA9/ ,LODZ 9 #ahhe N[ CLAIM$ AS A RESULT ( ! ,BELOV 9VE/IGATION ?AT ! SITUATION HAD COMPLETELY *ANG$ S9CE #ahhe & ?AT ,LODZ N[ ABSOLUTELY DID NOT DES]VE TO BE PUNI%$ 9 ANY WAY4 

,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO TREAT ! V>I\S /AGES ( ! DISPUTE BETWE5 ,LODZ & ,MOSC[ SO ?OR\<LY 9 ORD] TO %[ H[ DIFFICULT IT IS TO =M AN UNBIAS$ OP9ION ON ?IS QUE/ION1 & H[ C>EFULLY CLAIMS AB\T ?IS PO9T USUALLY MU/ BE TAK54 ,= !RE IS NOT A S+LE >GUM5T :I* WAS NOT BR\<T UP BY BO? P>TIES1 ) DIRECTLY CONTRADICTORY FIGURES AS PRO(1 & IT IS ONLY TOO EASY TO UNCONSCI\SLY BECOME A M\?PIECE = ONE ( !SE TWO 9DU/RIALI/S' *OIRS4 

,N[ ?AT WE HAVE BECOME ACQUA9T$ 9 BRIEF ) ! /ORY ( ! ,MOSC[-,LODZ DISPUTE & ! MA9 PO9TS >\ND :I* IT C5T]S1 WE \RSELVES WILL COMP>E ! COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS ( ! TWO 9DU/RIES ) EA* O!R 9 ALL ! MA9 PO9TS1 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE AN OBJECTIVE GRASP ( ! PROBLEM ON ! BASIS ( QUANTITATIVE EVID5CE4 

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #b 3 ,CONDITIONS ( ,9DU/RIAL ,PRODUCTION 9 ,POL& & 9 ,RUSSIA 
,P>T #b3 

 ,RUSSIA'S ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY 9 ,POL& 

#b4#b ,CONDITIONS ( ,9DU/RIAL ,PRODUCTION 

9 ,POL& & 9 ,RUSSIA 

#a4 ,FUEL4 ,ONE ( ! BY F> MO/ IMPORTANT CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION = ANY FACTORY 9DU/RY IS FUEL4 ,= ,POLI% 9DU/RY ?IS FACTOR IS SE5 BY MANY RESE>*]S AS ! DECISIVE ONE 9 ITS DEVELOPM5T1 & IS REG>D$ AS ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9 ITS COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE ) ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY4 ,SO SAYS ! REPORT ( ! ABOVE-M5TION$ COMMISSION ( #a#h#h#f3 0,FUEL IS D\BTLESS ?AT FACTOR ( PRODUCTION :I* MAKES UP ! MO/ IMPORTANT DIFF]5CE 9 ! CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION ( ! C5TRAL GUB]NIAS & ! ,K+DOM ( ,POL&40 

,POLI% 9DU/RY POSSESSES L>GE & RI* COLLI]IES1 :ILE ! C5T] ( ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY1 ! ,MOSC[ DI/RICT1 LIES F> AWAY FROM ! COLLI]IES ( ! ,DONETS >EA & IS 9 ! MA9 =C$ TO RELY ON MORE EXP5SIVE WOOD OR PEAT4 0,! PRICE ( WOOD 9 ! ,MOSC[ GUB]NIA IS HI<] EV]Y DAY1 & ACCORD+ TO ! CALCULATION ( ,5G9E] ,BELIKOV1 CO/S ON ! AV]AGE #a#a4#f TO #a#c4#a KOPECKS P] POOD ( WOOD4 ,PEAT1 :OSE USE 9 ! FACTORIES IS GR[+ RAPIDLY & :I* IS ALREADY BE+ US$ 9 ,MOSC[ TO ! EXT5T ( #a1 CORDS ANNUALLY1 COMES TO #ab & EV5 #af KOPECKS P] POOD1 MA9LY DUE TO HI< TRANSPORT CO/S1 & ITS USE IS 9 ANY CASE ONLY TO A FACTORY'S ADVANTAGE IF IT IS 9 ! CLOSE VIC9ITY ( ! PEATBOG40 

,9 ,MOSC[1 ,RUSSIAN COAL CO/S #a#c4#c KOPECKS 7FROM ,TULA71 #a#g4#e 7FROM ,RIAZAN71 & #be 7FROM ! ,DONETS >EA74 ,5GLI% COAL ALSO CO/S #be KOPECKS P] POOD4 0,H[ MU* MORE RELATIVELY EXP5SIVE ! MO/-US$ FUELS1 WOOD & PEAT1 >E - GIV5 AT ! SAME TIME ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( REPLAC+ !M BY /ILL MORE EXP5SIVE COAL - & H[ VITAL ?IS QUE/ION IS = ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY1 CAN BE JUDG$ BY ! FOLL[+3 ,AV]AGE HEAT PRODUCTION1 ACCORD+ TO ! ACC\NT ( ! SAME ,5G9E] ,BELIKOV1 IS #b1#d#c DEGREES 7,F4,C47 TO #b1#g DEGREES = WOOD1 = ,MOSC[ PEAT #a1#i#b TO #b1#h DEGREES2 ! SAME HEAT PRODUCTION = COAL IS #c1#b#h DEGREES = ?AT FROM ,TULA1 BUT = COAL FROM ,DONETS & = ,5GLI% COAL IT GOES F> ABOVE #e1 DEGREES40 

,9 ?IS CONNECTION1 ,POLI% 9DU/RY F9DS ITSELF 9 A QUITE DIFF]5T SITUATION4 ,! AV]AGE PRICE ( COAL 9 ! MA9 C5T]S ( 9DU/RY - ,SOSN[IEC1 ,LODZ1 & ,W>SAW - >E3 #b4#d-#d4#i#e KOPECKS1 #a#a4#e KOPECKS1 & #ac KOPECKS P] POOD1 ?US LESS ?AN WOOD 9 ,MOSC[1 :ILE HEAT PRODUCTION IS ( C\RSE SIGNIFICANTLY GREAT]4 

,CALCULAT$ P] UNIT ( PRODUCT1 \TLAYS = FUEL AM\NT TO3 

P] POOD ( COTTON Y>N 
  
9 ,POL& 
  
9 ,MOSC[ 
9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG 
#* KOPECKS 
#i KOPECKS 
#ec KOPECKS 

,!SE FIGURES SUFFICE TO %[ ! GREAT ADVANTAGE ?AT ,POLI% 9DU/RY HAS 9 REG>D TO FUEL OV] ITS ,RUSSIAN COMPETITION4 

,PR(ESSOR ,S*ULZE-,GAV]NITZ NEV]!LESS BELIEVES IT POSSIBLE TO SAY ?AT 0NATURAL ADVANTAGES >E ( NO B5EFIT TO ,POLI% 9DU/RY4 ,C]TA9LY *EAP] FUEL IS PO9T$ TO1 BUT ACCORD+ TO ,M5DELEYEV'S DATA1 COMP>$ ) ! ABOVE-M5TION$ REPORT1 ?IS ADVANTAGE DECL9ES TO ! EXT5T ?AT ,MOSC[ GOES OV] TO NAPH?A FUEL 7ONE POOD ( BITUM9\S COAL 9 ,LODZ1 #a#b-#a#c KOPECKS1 ! SAME HEAT VALUE 9 NAPH?A1 #a#b4#g#e KOPECKS740 

,ON ?AT1 ! FOLL[+ %\LD BE NOT$4 ,FIR/1 A POOD ( BITUM9\S COAL DOES NOT CO/ #a#b-#a#c KOPECKS 9 ,LODZ1 AS ,PR(ESSOR ,S*ULZE-,GAV]NITZ SAYS1 BUT #h4#g#e-#a#c4#e 7OR #h4#c-#a#d4#g71 & A POOD ( NAPH?A COAL1 I4E41 A QUANTITY ( NAPH?A CORRESPOND+ CALORIFICALLY TO A POOD ( COAL1 CO/S NOT #a#b4#g#e KOPECKS BUT #a#c-#b KOPECKS1 ?US SIGNIFICANTLY MORE ?AN COAL 9 ,POL&4 ,SECOND1 = ! PRES5T NAPH?A MAKES UP ONLY #b4#e P] C5T ( ALL FUEL 9 ! ,MOSC[ DI/RICT - 9 P>TICUL>1 #b#i4#d P] C5T 9 ! COTTON 9DU/RY 9 ! ,MOSC[ & ,VLADIMIR GUB]NIAS - & SO CANNOT 9FLU5CE ! CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION AMONG ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ! FACTORIES 9 !SE DI/RICTS4 

,BUT ?IRD1 AS F> AS ! FUTURE ( ?IS FUEL ME?OD1 ,PR(ESSOR ,M5DELEYEV SAYS 9 HIS ESSAY D$ICAT$ TO ! NAPH?A 9DU/RY3 ,! USE ( ?IS 7NAPH?A RESIDUE7 AS A FUEL TODAY1 :]E !RE IS NO POSSIBILITY ( UTILIZ+ ! BULK ( ! NAPH?A OBTA9$ 7AS A RESULT ( ! LACK ( A PIPEL9E TO C>RY NAPH?A FROM ,BAKU TO ,BATUM71 IS ! MO/ NATURAL PH5OM5ON1 AL?\< A UNIQUE & TEMPOR>Y ONE40 0,= NORMAL FUEL NE$S1 P>TICUL>LY = FUEL+ /EAM 5G9ES :]E ANY SORT ( FUEL IS SUITABLE1 ! USE ( A FUEL AS CO/LY AS NAPH?A RESIDUE CAN F9D WIDE CIRCULATION ONLY TEMPOR>ILY1 9 ?OSE TRANSITIONAL MOM5TS ( 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY 9 ! NATION :]E 9DU/RY HAS NOT HAD ! TIME TO >RANGE A PROP] B$ = ITSELF2 BUT TODAY 9 ALL C\NTRIES ?AT PRESUMES AS ITS CONDITION - ! USE ( COAL40 

,& /ILL FUR!R4 0,! USE TODAY ( #ac MILLION POODS ( NAPH?A RESIDUE 9 ,RUSSIA MU/ BE REG>D$ AS A TEMPOR>Y PH5OM5ON1 :I* DEP5DS1 ON ! ONE SIDE1 ON ! LACK ( A M>KET = NAPH?A ON ! WORLD M>KET1 &1 ON ! O!R1 ON ! LACK ( PRODUCTIVITY 9 ! EXTRACTION ( COAL & ( ITS DI/RIBUTION ?R\<\T ,RUSSIA1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! C5T] & ! S\!A/40 0,! CON/RUCTION ( RAILWAY L9ES FROM ! ,DONETS COAL DI/RICT TO ! ,VOLGA1 & V>I\S MEASURES DIRECT$ T[>D UTILIZATION ( NAPH?A SUPPLIES 9 ,BAKU & T[>D *EAP EXPORT ( COAL FROM ,DONETS1 =M ! CURR5T TASKS ( ,RUSSIA'S 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T1 & MU/ MAKE AN 5D TO TODAY'S IRRATIONAL1 WIDESPREAD USE ( NAPH?A RESIDUE FROM ,BAKU = /EAM BOIL]S40 

,! ABOVE QUOTATIONS1 :I* EXPRESS ! OP9ION ( ! BE/ JUDGES ON ?IS QUE/ION1 SUFFICE 9 \R OP9ION TO DEMON/RATE ?AT 9 ! COMP>ATIVE VALUATION ( FUELS 9 ,POL& & 9 ,MOSC[1 NAPH?A FUEL 9 ! LATT] MU/ BE DISREG>D$1 AS A TEMPOR>Y PH5OM5ON4 ,:AT IS N[ CALL$ 0NAPH?A RESIDUE0 IS NOT SOME ACTUAL PRODUCTION BYPRODUCT1 BUT ! PRODUCT ( ! NAPH?A EXTRACTION ITSELF1 :I* IS V]Y 9SUFFICI5TLY UTILIZ$ ONLY AS A RESULT ( ! LACK ( A M>KET1 & TO A GREAT EXT5T US$ = FUEL RA!R ?AN LI<T+3 ?US AMONG EXPORTS FROM ,BAKU1 = EV]Y POOD ( NAPH?A 91 = EXAMPLE1 ! YE> #ahia !RE CORRESPONDS #a4#d POODS ( NAPH?A RESIDUE1 & 9 #ahid AS MU* AS #b4#g#c POODS4 ,?US ! SO-CALL$ RESIDUE ACTUALLY =MS ! MA9 PRODUCT1 & NAPH?A ON ! O!R H& ! BYPRODUCT4 

,! ABNORMALITY ( ?IS PH5OM5ON APPE>S 9 ! QUALITY ( ! PRODUCT ITSELF4 ,! 0RESIDUE0 SO OBTA9$ EXPLODES AT #e DEGREES1 #d DEGREES1 & EV5 #c DEGREES ,C5TIGRADE1 :ILE ! NORMAL EXPLOSION TEMP]ATURE = ACTUAL NAPH?A RESIDUE CANNOT BE L[] ?AN #a#d-#a#b DEGREES4 ,?US ALSO ! CO/LY RESULTS ( *EAP FUEL3 9 ! C\RSE ( ! YE>S #ahic & #a#h#i#d1 #b VESSELS ( ! ,A/RAKHAN ,/EAM%IP ,COMPANY ?AT W]E FUEL$ ) 0RESIDUE0 W]E DE/ROY$ BY \TBREAKS ( FIRE4 ,ANO!R DISADVANTAGE ( NAPH?A FUEL IS ! FACT ?AT ?IS RESIDUE1 BECAUSE ( ITS *EMICAL COMPOSITION1 IS 9 FACT US$ 9 MU* GREAT] QUANTITIES TO PRODUCE A SPECIFIC EFFECTIVE HEAT ?AN %\LD BE ! CASE ) REAL NAPH?A RESIDUE4 ,! L>G] CONSUMPTION ( 0RESIDUE0 SOMETIMES AM\NTS TO #d P] C5T1 & WAS CONFIRM$ BY ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! ,PET]SBURG-,MOSC[ RAILWAY L9E AS AN E/ABLI%$ PH5OM5ON4 

,?IS MAKES ! MO/ IMPORTANT ADVANTAGE ( NAPH?A FUEL - ITS *EAPNESS - = ! MO/ P>T COMPLETELY ILLUSORY4 ,H]E & !RE SOME >E ALREADY BEG9N+ TO R5\NCE ! USE ( NAPH?A RESIDUE1 AS ) ! ,RUSSIAN ,S\?-,EA/ RAILWAY1 :I* REC5TLY RETURN$ TO COAL4 ,C]TA9LY ! CONSUMPTION ( NAPH?A RESIDUE 9 ! C5TRAL 9DU/RIAL DI/RICT WILL 9 ! NEXT FEW YE>S 9CREASE BE=E IT WILL DECREASE1 P>TICUL>LY AS A RESULT ( OV]PRODUCTION & L[] PRICES4 ,) ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T'S CURR5T VIGOR 9 PROMOT+ CAPITALISM & PU%+ ASIDE ALL OB/ACLES 9 ITS WAY1 H[EV]1 ! USE ( NAPH?A WILL SOON BE R$UC$ TO ITS RATIONAL PURPOSE1 & FACTORIES WILL BE R$UC$ TO US+ WOOD & COAL4 ,9 ! 5D1 H[EV]1 ,POL&'S ADVANTAGE REMA9S 9 FULL =CE1 = 09 G5]AL FUEL IS HALF AS EXP5SIVE 9 ,POL& AS 9 ,MOSC[40 

  

#b4 ,LABOR P[]4 ,?IS ASPECT ( 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY IS USUALLY CIT$ AS PRO( ?AT ,POL& HAS LESS FAVORABLE CONDITIONS ?AN DOES ,RUSSIA BECAUSE ITS LABOR IS MORE EXP5SIVE ?AN ! LATT]'S4 ,WAGES >E 9 FACT SIGNIFICANTLY HI<] 9 ,POL& ?AN 9 ,RUSSIA1 SPECIFICALLY3 

,COTTON ,SP9N+ 
,COTTON ,WEAV+ 
,F9I%+ 
,WOOL ,SP9N+ 
= M5 
     #a#h4#g#e.0 
#c#f.0 
  #a#i.0 
#e#i.0 
= WOM5 
#d#b.0 
#c#g.0 
#a#g.0 
#i#a.0 
= *ILDR5 
#a#d.0 
#g#i.0 
  #h#e.0 
#b#g.0 

,WOOL ,WEAV+ 
,CLO? ,MAK+ 
,HALF-WOOL ,WEAV+ 
,AV]AGE 
= M5 
  #c#a.0 
#a#c.0 
  #f.0 
#c#b4#b.0 
= WOM5 
#a#e.0 
#c#c.0 
#a#b#b.0 
#g#c4#i.0 
= *ILDR5 
#a#a#b.0 
#d.0 
#a#e.0 
#f4.0 

,LABOR TIME1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS SIGNIFICANTLY LONG] 9 ,RUSSIA ?AN 9 ,POL&4 0,:ILE #a#c- TO #a#d-H\R-LONG LABOR IS V]Y WIDESPREAD 9 ,MOSC[ FACTORIES1 9 ,POL& IT IS TO BE F\ND ONLY 9 N9E FACTORIES1 & 9 ?REE ( !SE CASES ONLY 9 SEP>ATE FACTORY SECTIONS4 ,:ILE LABOR TIME LA/+ MORE ?AN #ad H\RS IS ABSOLUTELY NOT A R>ITY 9 ,MOSC[ FACTORIES & ITS \T] LIMIT IS #af H\RS1 #a#d-H\R LABOR TIME MU/ BE DESCRIB$ AS ! \T] LIMIT 9 ,POL&1 & 9 FACT ?IS WAS F\ND ONLY 9 TWO CLO? FACTORIES40 ,9 G5]AL1 #a TO #ab H\RS W]E WORK$ 9 #ge P] C5T ( ! FACTORIES2 ?US #aa H\RS CAN BE TAK5 AS ! AV]AGE LABOR TIME = ,POL&4 ,9 ,MOSC[1 ! AV]AGE LABOR TIME IS MORE ?AN #ab H\RS4 ,9 ,POL&1 NI<T LABOR IS A R>E EXCEPTION2 9 ,MOSC[ IT IS WIDE-SPREAD4 ,& DESPITE ! FACT ?AT 9 ,POL& ! NUMB] ( WORK-DAYS 9 ! YE> IS #b#i#b1 :ILE 9 ,MOSC[ IT AM\NTS TO #b#h#f2 = ,POL& !RE >E NEV]!LESS ONLY #c1#b#a#b LABOR-H\RS P] YE>1 :ILE ! NUMB] 9 ,MOSC[ 7FIGUR$ ON ! BASIS ( ONLY #ab H\RS A DAY7 IS #c1#d#c H\RS1 ?US #bah H\RS MORE4 

,!SE TWO FACTORS1 L[] WAGES & LONG LABOR TIME1 >E USUALLY REG>D$ AS IMPORTANT ADVANTAGES = ,MOSC[ 9DU/RY 9 ITS COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE ) ,POLI% MANUFACTUR+4 ,YET WE BELIEVE ?AT ?IS OP9ION CAN BE %[N TO BE PREMATURE & SUP]FICIAL4 

,FIR/1 9 COMP>+ WAGES1 USUALLY ! WAGES ( MALE WORK]S 9 ,RUSSIA >E JUXTAPOS$ TO ?OSE ( MALE WORK]S 9 ,POL&1 :ILE LIKEWISE ! WAGES ( FEMALE WORK]S 9 ,RUSSIA >E COMP>$ TO ?OSE ( FEMALE WORK]S 9 ,POL&4 ,?IS IS H[ ! #ahhf COMMISSION = ! 9VE/IGATION ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY1 AMONG O!RS1 PROCE$$4 ,?IS IS WRONG1 AS FACTORY 9SPECTOR ,SVIATLOVSKI P]CEIV$1 9S(> AS1 9 ,POL&1 FEMALE & *ILD LABOR IS F> MORE EXT5SIVE ?AN 9 ,RUSSIA1 SO ?AT FREQU5TLY A FEMALE WORK] 9 ,POL& /&S C\NT]POS$ TO A MALE WORK] 9 ,RUSSIA2 !RE=E1 ! WAGES ( MALE ,RUSSIAN WORK]S MU/ FREQU5TLY BE COMP>$ ) NOT ?OSE ( MALE BUT ( FEMALE ,POLI% WORK]S4 ,9 FACT1 ! NUMB] ( WOM5 EMPLOY$ 9 ! ,POLI% TEXTILE 9DU/RY 7! 9DU/RY ( MO/ IMPORTANCE TO ! QUE/ION ( COMPETITION7 AM\NTS TO MORE ?AN #e P] C5T ( ALL FACTORY P]SONNEL1 :ILE 9 ! ,MOSC[ DI/RICT FEMALE LABOR AM\NTS TO ONLY #cg P] C5T 9 ! COTTON 9DU/RY & ONLY #bh P] C5T 9 ! WOOL 9DU/RY4 

,IF ! WAGES ( MALE WORK]S 9 ,RUSSIA >E COMP>$ ) ?OSE ( FEMALE WORK]S 9 ,POL&1 ! PICTURE %IFTS 9 MANY WAYS TO ! DISADVANTAGE ( ! ,MOSC[ DI/RICT1 OR 9 ANY CASE !RE IS AN EQUALIZATION ( CONDITIONS4 ,! AV]AGE MON?LY WAGES 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY >E 79 RUBLES73 

  
9 ,POL& 
  
9 ,RUSSIA 
= M5 
#b4#a 
#a#e4#b 
= WOM5 
#a#e4#c 
  #h4#h 
= *ILDR5 
  #h4#h 
  #e4#e 

,TO OBTA9 TRUE & EXACT DATA ON RELATIVE WAGE LEVELS 9 ,RUSSIA & ,POL&1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO CONSID] ! COMPOSITION ( ! LABOR =CE 9 T]MS ( AGE & SEX 9 BO? C\NTRIES AS WELL AS NOM9AL WAGES4 ,! RESULT ?US ATTA9$ WILL BE 9 MANY WAYS SIGNIFICANTLY DIFF]5T ?AN ! =EGO+4 ,?IS ABOVE ALL IS ! CORRECTIVE ?AT %\LD BE APPLI$ TO ! USUAL CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM ! COMP>ISON ( WAGES4 

,SECOND1 ! FACT ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN WORK] FREQU5TLY RECEIVES LODG+ 7& H]E & !RE EV5 BO>D7 FROM ! FACTORY IS (T5 DISREG>D$4 ,?IS APPLIES NOT ONLY TO S+LE BUT ALSO TO M>RI$ WORK]S1 :OSE FAMILIES USUALLY LIVE 9 ! SAME FACTORY B>RACKS4 ,H]E HEAT+ FUEL IS LIKEWISE PROVID$ BY ! FACTORY4 ,?IS %\LD BE FIGUR$ 9TO ! WAGES ( ,RUSSIAN WORK]S IF ONE WANTS TO MAKE AN EXACT COMP>ISON4 ,?US ! DIFF]5CE EV5 9 NOM9AL WAGES IS NOT SO GREATLY TO ,POL&'S DISADVANTAGE AS W\LD APPE> FROM A MORE SUP]FICIAL COMP>ISON4 

,BUT F> MORE IMPORTANT >E FUR!R FACTORS :I* %[ ?AT FACTORY LABOR 9 ,POL& IS SIGNIFICANTLY MORE 9T5SIVE ?AN 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,! ,POLI% WORK] IS FIR/ ( ALL MORE 9TELLIG5T & BETT] $UCAT$1 ON ! AV]AGE4 ,9S(> AS ,PR(ESSOR ,YAN%UL 9VE/IGAT$ ?IS QUE/ION1 IT WAS %[N ?AT 9 ! C5TRAL DI/RICT ! NUMB] ( WORK]S :O C\LD READ & WRITE AM\NT$ TO #bb TO #cf P] C5T ( ! TOTAL1 9 ,POL& TO #de TO #fe P] C5T4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ! ,POLI% WORK] IS BETT] F$ ?AN ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]1 & ?IS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE = WOM54 ,?IRD1 ! WORK=CE 9 ,POL& IS A /ABLE LAY] ( ! POPULATION1 DEVOT$ EXCLUSIVELY TO FACTORY LABOR4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 AN OBS]VABLE1 AL?\< GRADUALLY DECREAS+1 PORTION ( ! WORK=CE IS /ILL MADE UP ( PEASANTS :O RETURN TO ! L& 9 ! SUMM] & EX*ANGE PRECISE FACTORY WORK = CRUDE F>M LABOR4 

,F\R?1 ! ,POLI% WORK] IS F> MORE 9DIVIDUALIZ$ 9 HIS WAY ( LIFE ?AN ! ,RUSSIAN4 ,AS WAS ALREADY M5TION$1 ! LATT] 9 MANY CASES LIVES 9 FACTORY B>RACKS & IS ALLOTT$ BO>D BY ! FACTORY4 ,SU* A WAY ( LIFE1 UND] C]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES1 LEADS TO ! /UNT+ ( 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,! ,RUSSIAN WORK] ?US REMA9S CON/ANTLY UND] ! CONTROL ( HIS MA/] & IS B\ND BY ! FACTORY RULES EV5 9 HIS PRIVATE LIFE4 ,! ,MOSC[ FACTORY 9SPECTOR KNEW ( FACTORIES :]E1 HE REPORT$1 S++ - :E!R 9 WORKPLACE OR LIV+ QU>T]S - IS IS PUNI%$ BY A F9E ( FIVE RUBLES2 LIKEWISE WORK]S 9CUR A HI< F9E :5 !Y PAY EA* O!R A VISIT1 & SO =?4 ,NOT 9FREQU5TLY1 WORK]S >E ASSIGN$ TO AN AP>TM5T 9 A DAMP FACTORY CELL>1 OR 9 ROOMS ?AT >E SO MEAN ?AT ONE ALMO/ HAS TO GO ON ALL F\RS TO GET 9TO !M4 ,9 ,POL& ! SITUATION IS DIFF]5T3 ! WORK] ALWAYS RUNS HIS [N H\SEHOLD1 & HIS H\S+ IS SIGNIFICANTLY BETT] OV]ALL4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! UNANIM\S OP9ION ( ALL RESE>*]S :O HAVE MADE WAGE LABOR ! SUBJECT ( !IR 9VE/IGATION1 ALL ! CIT$ FACTORS - $UCATION1 BETT] H\S+ & FOOD1 9DIVIDUAL H\SEHOLDS1 9 %ORT1 EV]Y?+ ?AT RAISES ! LIV+ /&>D ( ! WORK] - >E ( DECISIVE SIGNIFICANCE = ! 9T5SITY ( HIS ACTIVITY4 

,F9ALLY1 PIECE-RATE WAGES PR$OM9ATE 9 ,POL&1 :I*1 IT IS RECOGNIZ$1 RAISES ! 9T5SITY ( LABOR TO ! UTMO/1 :ILE 9 ,RUSSIA ! TIME WAGE PR$OM9ATES4 

,ALL ! ABOVE-M5TION$ FACTORS MAKE IT APP>5T ?AT ! LABOR ( ,POLI% FACTORY WORK]S IS F> MORE 9T5SIVE 9 COMP>ISON TO ?AT ( ,RUSSIAN WORK]S4 ,& ?IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ,POLI% WORK] SO GREATLY \TWEI<S HIS HI<] NOM9AL WAGES & %ORT] WORK TIME ?AT HE TURNS \T TO BE *EAP] TO ! ,POLI% FACTORY [N] ?AN ! ,RUSSIAN WORK] IS TO HIS EMPLOY]4 

,RECKON$ P] POOD1 WAGES AM\NT TO 79 RUBLES73 

  
= COTTON FABRICS 
  
= COTTON Y>N 
9 ,POL& 
4#g#g-#a4#e 
4#f#f-#a4#b 
9 ,RUSSIA 
#b & MORE 
4#h-#a4#e 

,! DIFF]5CE 9 ! L5G? ( ! WORKDAY 9 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA BELONGS TO ! PA/ N[ ?AT ! WORKDAY HAS REC5TLY BE5 R$UC$ BY LAW TO #a#a4#e H\RS4 ,H[EV]1 ! NEW MEASURE WILL PRIM>ILY BE TO ! ADVANTAGE ( ! ,POLI% 9DU/RIALI/S 9 !IR COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE1 P]HAPS = YE>S TO COME1 EV5 IF IT WILL1 9 TIME1 D\BTLESS BECOME A SPUR TO TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T = ! ,MOSC[ DI/RICT4 ,= ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]'S PRODUCTIVITY1 :OSE L[] LEVEL DEP5DS ON SO MANY O!R FACTORS1 WILL OBVI\SLY NOT 9CREASE OV]NI<T4 ,JU/ H[ JU/IFI$ ?IS CONCLUSION IS IS %[N BY ! FACT ?AT ALREADY 9 #ahib ! ,POLI% FACTORY [N]S - 9 P>T TO %[ A FRI5DLY FACE TO ! WORK]S1 :O 9 ,MAY ( ?AT YE> HAD M\NT$ AN IMPRESSIVE /RIKE 9 ,LODZ - W5T TO ! GOV]NM5T ) ! REQUE/ ?AT ! WORKDAY BE R$UC$ TO #aa H\RS ?R\<\T ! ,EMPIRE1 A PROJECT :I* F\ND]$ PRIM>ILY BECAUSE ( ! RESI/ANCE ( ! ,MOSC[ 9DU/RIALI/S4 

  

#c4 ,COMPOSITION ( CAPITAL4 ,?IS IMPORTANT FACTOR IS ALSO DIFF]5TLY %AP$ 9 ,POL& ?AN 9 ,MOSC[4 ,9 ,POL&1 A FIRM'S SUM ( FIX$ CAPITAL IS 9 MO/ CASES EXCE$$ BY ! VALUE ( ITS YE>LY PRODUCTION1 SOMETIMES EV5 TWO OR ?REE TIMES1 BUT ON ! AV]AGE ! RELATION%IP ( FIX$ CAPITAL TO ! VALUE ( PRODUCTION IS #b3#c4#b4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! C5TRAL DI/RICT1 ?IS RELATION%IP IS 9V]T$4 ,H]E ! VALUE ( PRODUCTION 79 ! SAME BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION7 IS (T5 SMALL] ?AN FIX$ CAPITAL1 AT MO/ ! SAME1 & ONLY SELDOM SIGNIFICANTLY HI<]4 ,?IS PH5OM5ON /EMS FROM TWO CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,FIR/1 F> MORE IS SP5T ON BUILD+S = 5T]PRISES 9 ,RUSSIA ?AN 9 ,POL&1 BECAUSE CON/RUCTION MAT]IALS >E V]Y SIGNIFICANTLY MORE EXP5SIVE4 ,SECOND1 H[EV]1 BECAUSE ! GREAT MAJORITY ( FACTORIES 9 ,RUSSIA 9CLUDE !IR [N FACTORY B>RACKS1 :I* NEV] OCCURS 9 ,POL&4 

,IF1 !RE=E1 :AT ,M>X CALLS ! 0ORGANIC COMPOSITION ( CAPITAL0 7! RELATION%IP ( ! CON/ANT TO ! V>IABLE PORTION ( CAPITAL7 IS 0HI<]0 9 ,RUSSIA ?AN 9 ,POL&1 ?IS HAS ABSOLUTELY NO?+ TO DO ) ! HI<] /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIAN PRODUCTION1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y ) ITS PRIMITIVE PLANT1 = ! MO/ P>T4 ,?IS MAKES NECESS>Y A S]IES ( EXP5DITURES ?AT HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) ! ACTUAL PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,AS A RESULT - ALL O!R CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION & SALE BE+ EQUAL - ! ,POLI% 9DU/RIALI/S >E ABLE TO REALIZE A SURPLUS PR(IT FROM ! SALE ( !IR GOODS ON ! ,RUSSIAN M>KET1 9 COMP>ISON ) ! ,RUSSIAN 5TREPR5EURS4 ,9 ADDITION1 ,POLI% LABOR1 AS WAS %[N1 IS F> MORE 9T5SIVE4 

  

#d4 ,! TURNOV] P]IOD ( CAPITAL IS MU* %ORT] 9 ,POL& ?AN 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,FIR/1 RES]VES ( FUEL & RAW MAT]IALS >E /OCK$ = LONG P]IODS4 ,! HI< PRICES & ! G5]AL %ORTAGE ( FUEL 9 9N] ,RUSSIA MEAN1 = ! ,RUSSIAN 5TREPR5EUR1 ! NECESSITY ( LAY+ \T L>GE SUMS ( MONEY = ! PUR*ASE ( =E/S OR PEAT BOGS4 ,9 ?IS WAY ALMO/ EV]Y L>GE ,MOSC[ FACTORY HAS PUT MORE OR LESS CONSID]ABLE DEAD CAPITAL 9TO =E/S & BOGS4 ,9 ADDITION1 WOOD & ESPECIALLY PEAT >E *EAPLY & EASILY DELIV]$ ONLY 9 W9T]2 !RE=E EV]Y ,MOSC[ FACTORY LAYS 9 RES]VES ( !SE FUELS = A FULL YE>1 EV5 = TWO YE>S4 ,9 ,POL&1 BECAUSE ( ! %ORT DI/ANCES 9VOLV$1 /OCKS ( COAL >E LAID 9 = ONLY ONE TO F\R WEEKS1 AT MO/ = ?REE MON?S4 ,SIMIL>LY1 9 ,RUSSIA /OCKS ( RAW MAT]IALS1 P>TICUL>LY COTTON1 >E LAID 9 = L5G?Y P]IODS1 9 ,POL& ONLY = TWO TO SIX MON?S4 

,SECOND1 ! ,POLI% 9DU/RIALI/ REALIZES HIS PRODUCT MU* MORE QUICKLY ?AN DOES ! ,RUSSIAN 5TREPR5EUR4 ,! ,POLES GRANT !IR CU/OM]S ONLY ?REE TO SIX MON?S' CR$IT1 ! ,RUSSIANS #ab TO #ah MON?S4 ,! ,POLES - FOLL[+ ! ,5GLI% & ,G]MAN MODEL - PRODUCE PRODUCE ON ORD]S OBTA9$ BY !IR TRAVEL+ AG5TS2 ! ,RUSSIANS PRODUCE ACCORD+ TO !IR [N E/IMATES1 (T5 /OCK+ = TWO OR ?REE YE>S4 ,?IS FACTOR ALSO SIGNIFIES ?AT ,POLI% 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL - ALL O!R ?+S BE+ EQUAL - IS BETT] >M$ = COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE4 

  

#e4 ,! CONC5TRATION ( PRODUCTION IS SIGNIFICANTLY GREAT] 9 ,POL& ?AN 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! VALUE ( PRODUCTION P] FACTORY 9 ?OSE BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY NOT LEVI$ ) EXCISE DUTIES AV]AG$ 9 RUBLES3 

  
#ahhe 
  
#ahhf 
  
#ahhg 
  
#ahhh 
  
#ahhi 
  
#ahi 
9 ,RUSSIA 
#e1#h#b#d 
#e#b1#b#d#h 
#e#d1#f#a 
#e#h1#b#c#g 
#e#h1#i#g#b 
#e#g1#e#g#h 
9 ,POL& 
#e#g1#h#g#e 
#f#c1#h#f 
#g#a1#h#i#d 
#g#d1#e#a 
#g#a1#c#e 
#g#a1#b#d#h 

,! DIFF]5CE IS /ILL GREAT] IF P>TICUL> BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION >E COMP>$4 ,9 ! COAL 9DU/RY1 = EXAMPLE1 ! SITUATION IS AS FOLL[S4 ,IF ! NUMB] ( PITS & %AFTS AS WELL AS ! QUANTITY ( PRODUCTION 9 ,RUSSIA >E TAK5 TO BE #a1 !N ONE F9DS 9 ,POL& 9 #ahi #f4#h P] C5T PITS1 #f4#b P] C5T %AFTS1 #g4#f P] C5T PRODUCTION4 

,) A NUMB] ( %AFTS #af TIMES SMALL]1 !RE=E1 COAL EXTRACTION 9 ,POL& EQUALS MORE ?AN ELEV5-SIXTE5?S ( ,RUSSIAN COAL EXTRACTION4 ,EI<TY-FIVE P] C5T ( ! QUANTITY ( ! 5TIRE YE>LY PRODUCTION ( ! ,DABROVA DI/RICT 7#a#h#i#c7 IS YIELD$ BY FIVE FIRMS4 

,9 O!R BRAN*ES1 SU* AS ! COTTON 9DU/RY1 ! GROSS PRODUCT P] FACTORY IS GREAT] 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! SMALL] CONC5TRATION ( ?IS SORT ( PRODUCTION 9 ,POL& HAS TO DO ) SPECIAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 H[EV]1 :I* TO GO 9TO H]E W\LD LEAD US 9TO TOO MU* DETAIL & :I* 9 ANY CASE HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) ! DEGREE ( TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T1 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 9 ,POL&1 AS WE WILL SOON SEE1 ! YE>LY VALUE ( PRODUCTION P] WORK] IS 9 ?IS AS 9 MO/ BRAN*ES GREAT] ?AN 9 ,RUSSIA4 

  

#f4 ,! TE*NOLOGY ( PRODUCTION1 LA/LY1 =MS ! MO/ IMPORTANT DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY4 ,WE WILL COMP>E ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION 9 BO? C\NTRIES 9 T]MS ( TE*NOLOGY4 

,TO BEG9 ) ! TEXTILE BRAN*1 FIR/ ! COTTON 9DU/RY %[S3 

#ahi 
  
,FACTORIES 
,SP9DLES 
  
,LOOMS 
,/EAM 

,HORSEP[] 
,RUSSIA 
#cea 
#b1#h#a#i1#c#b#f 
#i#a1#e#d#e 
#c#h1#g#e 
,POL& 
  #id 
   #d#g#b1#h#i 
#a#a1#h#d 
#a#c1#g#a#d 
#ahi 
  
,PRODUCTION 
79 ?\S&S 

( RUBLES7 
  
,WORK]S 
,MALE 
  
,FEMALE 
,RUSSIA 
#b#h1#e#h#a 
#a#c1#i#a#f 
#h#c1#i#d#a 
,POL& 
  #c#a1#d#i#e 
  #a1#d#g#d 
  #i1#e#c#e 

,! TE*NICAL SUP]IORITY ( ! ,POLI% COTTON 9DU/RY IS CLE> FROM ! ABOVE COMP>ISON4 ,9 COMP>ISON ) ! ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY1 IT HAS3 #a P] C5T ( ! WORK]S1 #ae P] C5T ( ! PRODUCTION4 #ce P] C5T ( ! /EAM P[]4 

,= EV]Y WORK] !RE IS #a1#a#a RUBLES PRODUCTION YE>LY 9 ,RUSSIA & #a1#e#g#d RUBLES 9 ,POL&1 ?AT IS1 #db P] C5T MORE4 ,/EAM P[] AM\NTS TO #bd = EV]Y #a1 WORK]S 9 ,RUSSIA1 TO #ahf = EV]Y #a MILLION RUBLES ( PRODUCTION2 IT AM\NTS TO #fhe = EV]Y #a1 WORK]S 9 ,POL&1 TO #dci = EV]Y #a MILLION RUBLES ( PRODUCTION1 ?US #bcf P] C5T & #acf P] C5T MORE1 RESPECTIVELY1 9 ,POL&4 

,F9ALLY4 ! USE ( FEMALE LABOR IS GREAT] 9 ,POL& ?AN 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,9 ! LATT]1 FEMALE WORK]S MAKE UP #d#d4#g P] C5T ( ! P]SONNEL1 9 ! =M] #d#g4#f P] C5T4 ,ACCORD+ TO O!R ACC\NTS :I* WE NOT$ ABOVE & :I* 9SPIRE MORE CONFID5CE BECAUSE !Y W]E DET]M9$ NOT BY SUMM>Y BUREAUCRATIC /ATI/ICS BUT BY A SPECIAL COMMISSION1 ! USE ( FEMALE LABOR 9 ,POL& IS MU* HI<]1 & 9 ,RUSSIA1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 MU* L[]4 

,R\<LY ! SAME RESULT IS OBTA9$ BY COMP>+ ! WOOL 9DU/RY 9 ,POL& & 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,?IS %[S3 

#ahi 
  
,FACTORIES 
  
,SP9DLES 
  
,LOOMS 
,/EAM 

,HORSEP[] 
,RUSSIA 
#afd 
  #g#g1#d#g#d 
#a#a1#g#h#d 
#b1#b#c 
,POL& 
#afh 
#b#d#e1#h#i#b 
  #d1#a#f 
#f1#f#f#g 
#ahi 
  
,PRODUCTION 
79 ?\S&S 

( RUBLES7 
  
,WORK]S 
,MALE 
  
,FEMALE 
,RUSSIA 
#b#a1#e#h#e 
#a#d1#d#g#a 
#g1#e 
,POL& 
#b#f1#a#i#i 
  #h1#d#h#f 
#f1#f#g 

,= ,POL&1 9 COMP>ISON ) ,RUSSIA1 ?IS COMES \T TO3 ,WORK]S #g4#d P] C5T1 PRODUCTION #aba P] C5T1 /EAM P[] #bii P] C5T2 ?US = EV]Y WORK] 9 ,RUSSIA #a1#c RUBLES PRODUCTION ANNUALLY1 = EV]Y WORK] 9 ,POL& #a1#g#b#i RUBLES1 ?AT IS1 #gb P] C5T MORE4 ,/EAM P[] AM\NTS TO #ad = EV]Y #a1 WORK]S 9 ,RUSSIA1 TO #ac = EV]Y #a MILLION RUBLES ( PRODUCTION2 IT AM\NTS TO #dd = EV]Y #a1 WORK]S 9 ,POL&1 TO #b$ = EV]Y #a MILLION RUBLES ( PRODUCTION4 

,?US IF WE TAKE #a AS ! NUMB] = ! /EAMP[] P] #a1 WORK]S OR #a MILLION RUBLES ( PRODUCTION 9 ,RUSSIA1 !N WE F9D ! SAME 9 ,POL& TO BE #cbc P] C5T & #adf P] C5T MORE1 RESPECTIVELY4 ,9 ! USE ( FEMALE LABOR1 WE SEE H]E AN EV5 GREAT] DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA ?AN 9 ! COTTON 9DU/RY1 SPECIFICALLY #c#b4#g P] C5T FEMALE WORK=CE 9 ,RUSSIA1 #dd P] C5T 9 ,POL&4 ,! TE*NICAL SUP]IORITY ( ! ,POLI% TEXTILE 9DU/RY IS EV5 MORE EVID5T 9 ! FACT ?AT HI<] GRADES ( SP9N+ Y>N & F9] SORTS ( CLO? >E MANUFACTUR$ 9 ,POL& 9 MANY BRAN*ES ?AN 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,LET US TURN TO ! SECOND MO/ IMPORTANT BRAN* ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 ! COAL 9DU/RY4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY MADE M5TION ( ! /RONG CONC5TRATION ( ?IS BRAN* 9 ,POL&4 ,( ! PRODUCT EXTRACT$ ANNUALLY COMES3 

  
,COAL 9 POODS 

FROM #a PIT 
  
FROM #a %AFT 
9 ! ,S\? ,RUSSIAN DI/RICT 
   #f#g#h1 
   #b#d1 
,9 ,POL& 
#g1#e1 
#b1#i#h#e1 

7"4#a1#f.07 
7"4 #a1#a#d#d.07 

7,H]E & BEL[ WE COMP>E ! ,POLI% COALFIELDS ) ! ,S\? ,RUSSIAN FIELDS 9 P>TICUL>1 BECAUSE ?AT IS ,RUSSIA'S BIGGE/ RES]VOIR & ! MO/ IMPORTANT = ! FUTURE47 

,A CORRESPOND+ RELATION%IP IS DISCOV]$ :5 ! QUANTITY ( PRODUCTION1 ! NUMB] ( WORK]S EMPLOY$1 & ! /EAM P[] US$ >E COMP>$3 

#ahi 
,/EAMP[] 
,WORK]S 
,PRODUCTION 
79 MILLIONS ( POODS7 
,RUSSIA 
  #f1#g#a 
#c1#g#g 
#b#a#c4#d 
,S\? ,RUSSIAN DI/RICT 
  #e1#h#e#f 
#b#e1#a#f#g 
#a#h#c4#b 
,POL& 
#a1#d#i#g 
  #h1#f#i#b 
#a#e4#h 

,?US1 :ILE 9 ,POL& 7#a#h#i7 ONE WORK] RAISES #a#g1#c#d#h POODS ( COAL A YE>1 9 ,RUSSIA ?IS COMES TO ONLY #g1#i#f POODS P] WORK] & 9 ! ,S\? ,RUSSIAN DI/RICT 9 P>TICUL>1 #g1#b#h#a POODS1 APPROXIMATELY TWO & HALF TIMES LESS ?AN 9 ,POL&4 

= EV]Y 

#a1 WORK]S 
= EV]Y 

%AFT 
,/EAM P[] AM\NTS TO3 
,RUSSIA 
 #bbc 
    #h 
,S\? ,RUSSIAN DI/RICT 
 #bcc 
7#a.07 
- 
,POL& 
#a1#b#h   
7"4#d#a#i.07 
#bb 

,FROM #ahi TO #a#h#i#d1 ! AM\NT ( /EAM-P[] 9 ,POLI% M9+ ROSE BY MORE ?AN #e P] C5T3 FROM #a1#d#i#g TO #a#e1#i#c#d4 

,( ! O!R IMPORTANT BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY WE WANT TO S+LE \T ! SUG> 9DU/RY4 

,SUG>-BEET GR[+ ITSELF IS C>RI$ ON 9 A SIGNIFICANTLY MORE RATIONAL WAY 9 ,POL& ?AN 9 ! TWO ,RUSSIAN SUG> PRODUCTION DI/RICTS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! AV]AGE BEET H>VE/ P] DESYAT9 9 ! YE>S #a#h#h#b-#a#h#i WAS3 

,C5TRAL ,RUSSIA 
  
#g#c4#b-#a#b#e4#c B]KOVEZ 
,S\?WE/]N ,RUSSIA 
#h4#a-#a#a#d4#d B]KOVEZ 
,POL& 
#h#h4-#a#b#g4#f B]KOVEZ 

,9 ! YE> #a#h#i#e3 

,C5TRAL ,RUSSIA 
  
#e#a4#a-#a#a#g4#dB]KOVEZ 
,S\?WE/]N ,RUSSIA 
#i4-#a#b#a4#b B]KOVEZ 
,POL& 
#i#d4#c-#a#d#d4#e B]KOVEZ 

,LIKEWISE1 ! QUALITY ( ! ,POLI% BEET IS MU* HI<] ?AN ! ,RUSSIAN4 ,! SUG> CONT5T ( ! JUICE & ITS PURITY >E3 

#a#h#i-#i#a 
  
,SUG> CONT5T 
9 JUICE 
  
,PURITY 
,S\?WE/]N DI/RICT 
#a#c4#d#i.0 
#h4#h#e.0 
,C5TRAL DI/RICT 
#a#c4#f#c.0 
#g#h4#i#d.0 
,POL& 
#a#d4#h#a.0 
#h#e4#b.0 

,! SAME SUP]IORITY ( ,POLI% TE*NOLOGY IS %[N BY ! HI<] YIELD ( :ITE SUG> FROM ! BEET JUICE & ! L[] YIELD ( MOLASSES 

,9 #a#h#h#a-#h#b-#a#h#i-#i#a ?IS WAS ON AV]AGE3 

  
,:ITE SUG> 
  
,MOLASSES 
,C5TRAL DI/RICT 
#g4-  #i4#d#g.0 
#c4#b#i-#d4#b#d.0 
,S\?WE/]N DI/RICT 
#g4#g-#a4#d#h.0 
#c4#f-#d4#c#a.0 
,POL& 
#h4#b-#a#a4#c#i.0 
#a4#e#c-#b4#b#h.0 

,F9ALLY1 ! UTILIZATION ( PROCESS+ BYPRODUCTS IS F> MORE 9T5SIVE & MORE WIDESPREAD 9 ! ,POLI% SUG> 9DU/RY ?AN 9 ! ,RUSSIAN4 ,9 #a#h#i-#i#a1 ( #ahb FACTORIES 9 ! C5TRAL & S\!RN DI/RICTS1 #a ) #abe OSMOSIS DEVICES CONDUCT$ ! EXTRACTION ( SUG> FROM MOLASSES BY OSMOSIS2 ( #d FACTORIES 9 ,POL&1 #bd ) #bf OSMOSIS DEVICES4 

,! ABOVE COMP>ATIVE ANALYSIS ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION %[S ?AT ,POLI% 9DU/RY IS CONSID]ABLY BETT] EQUIPP$ ?AN ,RUSSIAN & ESPECIALLY C5TRAL ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY4 ,C]TA9LY IT IS A WELL-E/ABLI%$ FACT ?AT ! ,MOSC[ DI/RICT = ITS P>T EXHIBITS AN IMPORTANT ADVANTAGE 9 ! COTTON 9DU/RY1 NAMELY ! ABUNDANCE ( WAT]1 :ILE 9 ?IS RESPECT ! ,LODZ DI/RICT SUFF]S FROM A TREM5D\S %ORTAGE1 AS WAS M5TION$4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,POL& LAGS BEH9D 9 ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT BRAN*ES ( ! ECONOMY - ! IRON 9DU/RY - RELATIVE TO ! NATURAL WEAL? ( ,RUSSIA1 SO ?AT IT MU/ OBTA9 P>T ( ! ORE & LIKEWISE COKE = ITS IRONWORKS FROM ! ,S\? ,RUSSIAN REGION4 ,9 ADDITION1 METAL PRODUCTION 9 ! ,DONETS REGION IS ALSO MU* MORE CONC5TRAT$ ?AN 9 ,POL&4 ,IT IS FUR!RMORE TRUE ?AT ,MOSC[ IS LOCAT$ MU* CLOS] TO ! IMPORTANT M>KET \TLETS = ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY -- ! EA/]N P>T ( ,RUSSIA & ,ASIA -- ?AN ,POL& IS4 

,H[EV]1 ! ADVANTAGES :I* WE F9D 9 EV]Y BRAN* ON ! ,POLI% SIDE - MORE CAPABLE LABOR P[]1 *EAP] FUEL1 HI<] TE*NOLOGY 9 ! PRODUCTION PROCESS & TRADE - C\LD 9 \R OP9ION \TWEI< NUM]\S ADVANTAGES ( ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY4 ,= ALL ! CIT$ FACTORS HAVE AN 9V>IANT SIGNIFICANCE1 9DE$ BECOME MORE DECISIVE 9 ! COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE ) EV]Y PASS+ DAY4 ,H[ V]Y MU* ! SIGNIFICANCE ( 9DU/RY'S DI/ANCE FROM M>KETS HAS ALREADY REC$$ 9TO ! BACKGR\ND1 COMP>$ ) ITS TE*NICAL SUP]IORITY1 WAS REC5TLY PROV$ BY ! AMAZ+ SPREAD ( ! ,G]MAN M>KET 9 ,5GL&1 & EV5 9 ! ,5GLI% COLONIES4 ,)9 ONE & ! SAME CU/OMS ZONE1 ( C\RSE1 ! \TCOME ( COMPETITION 9 ! M>KET DEP5DS TO /ILL GREAT] DEGREE ON ! /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTION1 I4E41 ON JU/ ?OSE FACTORS :I* ,POLI% 9DU/RY HAS ON ITS SIDE4 ,?IS IS CORROBORAT$ BY1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 ! FACT ?AT ! ,POLI% IRON 9DU/RY1 = EXAMPLE1 DESPITE ! ABOVE-M5TION$ DE>? ( NATURAL ADVANTAGES1 IS M\NT+ SEV]E COMPETITION TO ! ,S\? ,RUSSIAN IRON 9DU/RY ITSELF1 & ?AT ! ,POLI% IRON 9DU/RY IS DEVELOP+ P>ALLEL TO ! ,S\? ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY1 AT ! EXP5SE ( EV]Y O!R DI/RICT 9 ! ,EMPIRE4 ,ASIDE FROM ! ,POLI% 9DU/RIAL SECTOR1 9DU/RY 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG IS ALSO %AP+ UP 9TO A PROGRESSIVE & RA!R HI<LY TE*NICALLY DEVELOP$ ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RIAL REGION1 & IT IS A P>TICUL>LY FAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCE = ,POL& ?AT 9 ! MO/ IMPORTANT M>KETS IT IS 9 COMPETITION ) ! ,MOSC[ DI/RICT - ! MO/ ANA*RONI/IC 9DU/RIAL DI/RICT 9 ,RUSSIA1 :I* IS UNIQUE 9 ! ,EMPIRE 9 ITS LONG WORKDAY1 L[ WAGES1 TRUCK SY/EM1 B>RACKS H\S+ ( ! WORK=CE1 5ORM\S /OCKS ( RAW MAT]IALS1 9 %ORT1 ITS ECONOMIC BACKW>DNESS4 

,! COEXI/5CE ( SU* DIV]SE LEVELS ( PRODUCTION1 AS REPRES5T$ BY ! ,POLI% & ,/4 ,PET]SBURG 9DU/RIES ON ! ONE SIDE & ,MOSC[ 9DU/RY ON ! O!R1 IS POSSIBLE ONLY BECAUSE ( TWO CIRCUM/ANCES3 FIR/1 ! SIZE ( ! ,RUSSIAN M>KET1 9 :I* ALL COMPETITORS CAN /ILL F9D ROOM = !MSELVES1 & SECOND1 ! HOT-H\SE ATMOSPH]E CREAT$ BY ! CU/OMS POLICY1 :I* HAS MADE ?IS 5ORM\S M>KET ! EXCLUSIVE MONOPOLY ( DOME/IC - ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% - 5TREPR5EURS4 

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #c 3 ,! ,ECONOMIC ,TIES ,BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA 
#b4#c ,! ,ECONOMIC ,TIES 

,BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA 

,AFT] ! =EGO+1 IT IS CLE> ?AT - W]E ONLY FREE COMPETITION TO BE DECISIVE 9 ! BATTLE BETWE5 ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY - ! FUTURE ( ! =M] W\LD BE ASSUR$1 AT LEA/ TO ! DEGREE ?AT ! CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE IS GRANT$ A %ORT] OR LONG] T]M BY ! G5]AL FATE ( ! WORLD ECONOMY4 

,H[EV]1 WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$ ! O!R IMPORTANT FACTOR ?AT IS ( ! GREATE/ SIGNIFICANCE = ! FUTURE ( ,POLI% CAPITALISM3 WE MEAN ! ECONOMIC POLICY ( ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T4 ,IT IS ALL ! MORE NECESS>Y TO ?R[ SOME LI<T ON PRECISELY ?IS FACTOR1 S9CE ! QUE/ION 7AS IS WELL KN[N7 /IRR$ UP SO MU* DU/ A FEW YE>S AGO & ONE EV5 COMES ACROSS ! NOTION ?AT S9CE ! MIDDLE ( ! #a#h#hS A REAL 0]A ( P]SECUTION0 HAS DAWN$ = ,POLI% 9DU/RY4 

,ACTUALLY !RE >E GR\NDS 5\< TO REG>D ALL ASS]TIONS ( ?IS SORT A PRIORI AS BASELESS4 ,! BE/ & LA/ T\*/ONE = ALL RELEVANT GOV]NM5T ECONOMIC MEASURES - ! GR[? ( 9DU/RY 9 ,POL& UP TO ! PRES5T MOM5T1 & /ILL AT ! SAME IMPETU\S TEMPO - SUFFICI5TLY PROVES 7IT %\LD SEEM7 ?AT ALL ! UPRO> AB\T ,POLI% 9DU/RY'S APPROA*+ 5D WAS WRONG4 ,?IS GR[? IS %[N 9 ! FOLL[+ /RIK+ TABLE3 

#ahga 
#ahhe 
#ahhf 
#ahhg 
"9,\TPUT ( TOTAL 9DU/RY 
  #d#d4#d 
#a#c#d4#h 
#a#c#g4#h 
#a#f#d4#e 
7BRAN*ES NOT LEVI$ ) EXCISE7 

"9,TOTAL \TPUT ( TEXTILE 9DU/RY 
  #a#h4#a 
  #f#f4#g 
  #h#a4#d 
  #h#h4#i 
"9"9,RAW IRON 
    #a4#d 
    #b4#e 
    #b4#h 
    #c4#g 
"9"9,IRON 
    4#i 
    #d4#b 
    #d4#f 
    #c4#h 
"9"9,/EEL 
-- 
    #b4#d 
    #c4#a 
    #c4 
"9"9,COAL 
  #a#b4#f 
#a#i4#c 
#a#b4 
#a#b#a4#a 

#ahhh 
#ahhi 
#ahi 
#ahia 
"9,\TPUT ( TOTAL 9DU/RY 
#a#f#b4#c 
#a#f#h4#c 
#a#g#d4#b 
#a#h#h4#c 
7BRAN*ES NOT LEVI$ ) EXCISE7 

"9,TOTAL \TPUT ( TEXTILE 9DU/RY 
  #h#i4#i 
  #i#f4#f 
  #h#h4#d 
#a4#h 
"9"9,RAW IRON 
    #d4#h 
    #e4#d 
    #g4#d 
    #g4#e 
"9"9,IRON 
    #c4#b 
    #d4 
    #d4#a 
    #d4#d 
"9"9,/EEL 
    #c4#a 
    #b4#d 
    #c4#d 
    #c4 
"9"9,COAL 
#a#d#g4#c 
#a#e#a4#a 
#a#e4#h 
#a#e#h4#h 

#ahib 
#ahic 
#ahid 
#ahie 
"9,\TPUT ( TOTAL 9DU/RY 
#b#b#h4#c 
-- 
-- 
-- 
7BRAN*ES NOT LEVI$ ) EXCISE7 

"9,TOTAL \TPUT ( TEXTILE 9DU/RY 
#a#a#c4#d 
-- 
-- 
-- 
"9"9,RAW IRON 
    #i4 
    #i4#i 
  #a4#g 
  #a#a4#c 
"9"9,IRON 
    #c4#g 
    #c4#e 
    #c4#h 
    #c4#f 
"9"9,/EEL 
    #d4 
    #e4#d 
    #f4#b 
    #g4#i 
"9"9,COAL 
#a#g#f4 
#a#i#b4#a 
#b#b4#d 
#b#b#a4#h 

"9 9 MILLIONS ( RUBLES 

"9"9 9 MILLIONS ( POODS 

,AS CAN BE SE5 FROM ! ABOVE TABLE1 ! GR[? 9 ! SEV5-YE> P]IOD #a#h#h#e-#i#b AM\NT$ TO3 #fi P] C5T 9 9DU/RY AS A :OLE1 #g P] C5T 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY 7SPECIFICALLY1 #d P] C5T 9 COTTON SP9N+ & WEAV+1 #gg P] C5T 9 ! WOOL & CLO? 9DU/RY1 #aa P] C5T 9 ALL O!R BRAN*ES72 9 M9+ OV] ! T5-YE> P]IOD #a#h#h#e-#i#e3 #ceb P] C5T = RAW IRON1 #bbi P] C5T = /EEL1 #ac P] C5T = COAL2 ONLY 9 ! PRODUCTION ( IRON DO WE SEE A DECL9E1 ( #ad P] C5T1 AS 9 REC5T TIMES A VIGOR\S DEVELOPM5T ( /EEL PRODUCTION AT ! EXP5SE ( IRON PRODUCTION BECOMES OBS]VABLE 9 ,POL& & ! ,S\? ,RUSSIAN DI/RICT4 ,/ILL MORE 9T]E/+ ?AN ! GR[? DUR+ ! LATE/ P]IOD 7#a#h#h#e-#i#e7 IS ! COMP>ISON ( ?IS DECADE ) ! PREVI\S P]IOD 7#a#h#g#a-#h#e71 :I* IS HELD TO BE ! TIME ( ,POL&'S GREATE/ ECONOMIC PROSP]ITY4 ,! 9CREASE1 9 ABSOLUTE NUMB]S1 AM\NT$ TO3 

,BRAN*ES NOT LEVI$ ) EXCISE 
  
,TEXTILE 

,9DU/RY 
,RAW 

,IRON 
  
,IRON 
,/EEL 
,COAL 

79 MILLIONS ( RUBLES7 
79 MILLIONS ( POODS7  
,9 ! #a#d-YE> P]IOD #a#h#g#a-#a#h#h#e 
#i4#d 
#d#h4#f 
#a4#a 
#e4#g 
  #i#f4#g 
,9 ! #g-YE> P]IOD #a#h#h#e-#a#h#i#b 
#i#c4#e 
#d#f4#g 
-- 
-- 
-- 
,9 ! #a-YE> P]IOD #a#h#h#e-#a#h#i#e 
-- 
-- 
#h4#h 
#d4#i 
#a#a#b4#e 

,?US1 9 VIEW ( ! ABOVE FIGURES1 NOT ONLY DOES SPECULATION AB\T ! 9CIPI5T DECL9E ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY RE/ ON COMPLETE IGNORANCE ( ! FACTS1 BUT IT IS CLE>1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT 9DU/RY HAS GR[N MORE 9 ! LA/ SEV5- TO T5-YE> P]IOD ?AN 9 ! PREC$+ #a#d-YE> P]IOD4 ,?IS BECOMES MO/ CLE> :5 WE CALCULATE ! GR[? 9 BO? P]IODS BY YE>4 ,! AV]AGE YE>LY GR[? 9 ! LAT] P]IOD WAS GREAT] ?AN 9 ! PREC$+ ONE1 SPECIFICALLY3 #ag P] C5T 9 9DU/RY AS A :OLE1 #i P] C5T 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 #b P] C5T 9 ! PRODUCTION ( IRON & /EEL1 ( COAL #fc P] C5T1 ( RAW IRON #a1#b P] C5T4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 AT ! 5D ( ! FIR/ P>T ( \R WORK WE ALSO CIT$ ,POLI% 9DU/RY'S LATE/ CONQUE/S 9 ,RUSSIAN & ,ASIAN M>KETS 9TO ! #a#h#iS4 ,! BODY ( ,POLI% CAPITALISM ?US SEEMS TO EXHIBIT NOT ONE SYMPTOM ?AT W\LD JU/IFY ! CLAIM ?AT IT IS P9+ AWAY FROM SOME 9T]NAL MALADY2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! MU* CRI$-OV] 9VALID GR[S & BLOOMS 0AS SPL5DIDLY AS ON ! FIR/ DAY40 ,BUT BECAUSE ! QUE/ION WAS ONCE RAIS$ & = YE>S AGITAT$ PUBLIC OP9ION 9 ,POL&1 & ALSO BECAUSE IT IS 9T]E/+ & IMPORTANT 5\< 9 ITSELF1 IT SEEMS APPROPRIATE TO GO 9TO ?IS QUE/ION MORE FULLY &1 ?R\< A ?OR\< EXAM9ATION ( ! SUBJECT1 TO D]IVE AN EXPLANATION ( :AT ! SITUATION IS & CAN BE ) REG>D TO ! ECONOMIC POLICY ( ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T 9 G5]AL & T[>D ,POL& SPECIFICALLY4 

,IT IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ALL ! M5TION$ & QUOT$ /ATEM5TS AB\T ! ANTI-,POLI% C\RSE ?AT !Y >E BAS$ EXCLUSIVELY ON P>TICUL> MEASURES & DECREES1 SOMETIMES 9 ! SPH]E ( CU/OMS POLICY1 SOMETIMES ?AT ( ! RAILWAY F>E SY/EM4 ,BUT IT IS OBVI\S ?AT NO REAL UND]/&+ ( GOV]NM5T POLICY CAN BE REA*$ BY ?IS ROAD4 ,= FIR/ ( ALL1 :AT IS BE+ REF]R$ TO 9 ! CASE AT H& IS A MO/ EXTREMELY V>IABLE QUANTITY3 A T>IFF IMPOS$ TODAY1 A RAILWAY F>E 9TRODUC$ TO-DAY1 WILL BE LIFT$ TOMORR[4 ,?IS IS1 9 FACT1 :AT HAPP5$1 = EXAMPLE ) ! DIFF]5TIAL T>IFF ON RAW COTTON1 :I* AM\NT$ TO #ae KOPECKS 9 GOLD MORE ON ! ,POLI% BORD] ?AN AT ! RE/ ( ,RUSSIA'S BORD]S4 ,:5 IT WAS 9TRODUC$ 9 #a#h#h#g1 A WAIL ( LAM5TATION W5T UP AMONG ! ,POLI% COTTON-FACTORY [N]S1 & IT WAS SAID ?AT ,POLI% 9DU/RY HAD RECEIV$ ITS DEA? BL[4 ,! DIFF]5TIAL T>IFF ALSO PLAY$ ! LEAD+ ROLE AS PRO( ?AT ! 0]A ( P]SECUTION0 HAD BEGUN1 & IT WAS D5\NC$ AT EV]Y OPPORTUNITY4 ,BUT !N ?IS T>IFF DIFF]5CE WAS ONCE AGA9 LIFT$ 9 ! YE> #a#h#i#d1 ON ! GR\NDS ( ! ,RUSSIAN-,G]MAN TRADE AGREEM5T1 MAK+ WAY = A S+LE T>IFF ON COTTON AT ALL ,RUSSIAN BORD]S4 ,! SAME WAS ! CASE ) ! DIFF]5TIAL T>IFF ON COAL & COKE AT ! WE/]N BORD]1 :I* WAS FREQU5TLY REPRES5T$ AS A MEASURE AIM$ DIRECTLY AGA9/ ! ,POLI% IRON 9DU/RY4 ,BUT 9 #ahid ?IS T>IFF WAS LIKEWISE R$UC$ BY HALF4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 RAILWAY F>ES W]E *ANG$ 9 P>T EV]Y YE>1 9DE$ SOMETIMES EV5 MORE FREQU5TLY4 ,?US ! ACTUAL T>IFFS & F>ES BY !MSELVES DO NOT PROVIDE A FIRM FOO?OLD FROM :I* TO GET AN 9SI<T 9TO ,RUSSIA'S ECONOMIC POLICY4 

,TO ATTA9 A ?OR\< UND]/&+ ( ?IS POLICY1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO DISREG>D P>TICUL> MEASURES = ! PRES5T1 TO LOOK DEEP] 9TO ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS ( ,POL& & ,RUSSIA ON ! ONE H& & !IR POLITICAL 9T]E/S ON ! O!R1 & TO SEEK TO D]IVE FROM ?IS ! ECONOMIC POLICY ( ! LATT]4 ,ONLY BY FOLL[+ ! GUIDEL9E ?US OBTA9$ WILL IT BE POSSIBLE TO TRACE ! P>TICUL> MEASURES ( ?IS POLICY BACK TO !IR REAL SIGNIFICANCE4 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 !N1 :AT IS ! NATURE ( ! ECONOMIC TIES BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA8 ,IF ONE W]E TO =M AN OP9ION UND] ! IMM$IATE IMPRESSION ( ! ,LODZ-,MOSC[ 5TREPR5EURS' BATTLE1 ONE W\LD BE 9CL9$ TO ASSUME ?AT ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIES =M TWO COMPLETELY SEP>ATE CAMPS1 :OSE 9T]E/S RUN DIRECTLY C\NT] TO ONE ANO!R AT EV]Y PO9T & :O BO? BATTLE AGA9/ EA* O!R US+ ALL AVAILABLE MEANS4 ,SU* A NOTION W\LD NONE!LESS BE UTT]LY WRONG4 

,:AT PRECLUDES SU* A %>P DIFF]5CE 9 9T]E/S FROM ! \TSET IS ! ?OR\<GO+ DIVISION ( LABOR ?AT EXI/S BETWE5 ! 9DU/RIES ( !SE TWO C\NTRIES4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ,POL& IS = ,RUSSIA A S\RCE ( SUPPLY = WOOL Y>N1 MA*9ES1 COAL1 ETC41 ETC41 :ILE ,RUSSIA FURNI%ES ,POL& ) RAW WOOL1 RAW IRON1 COKE1 & COTTON4 

,SU* A RELATION%IP ALREADY PRESUPPOSES ?AT ! 9T]E/S ( SOME ,POLI% MANUFACTUR]S COH]E ) ! 9T]E/S ( ,RUSSIAN RAW MAT]IALS PRODUC]S1 & ?AT ! 9T]E/S ( SOME ,RUSSIAN MANUFACTUR]S COH]E ) ?OSE ( ,POLI% PRODUC]S ( HALF-F9I%$ GOODS4 ,?IS IS CONFIRM$ BY ABUNDANT DATA4 ,! PRODUC]S ( ,S\? ,RUSSIAN WOOL1 ! PLANT]S ( C5TRAL ,ASIAN COTTON1 EX]CISE PRESSURE ON ! RAILWAY F>E SY/EM 9 !IR [N 9T]E/ TO KEEP TRANSPORT ( !IR RAW PRODUCT TO ! ,POLI% MANUFACTUR]S AS *EAP AS POSSIBLE4 ,RUSSIAN WOOL-WEAV]S LIKEWISE SEEK TO 5C\RAGE ! TRANSPORT ( ,POLI% Y>N TO ,RUSSIA AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 ETC41 ETC4 

,FUR!RMORE1 FROM ! FACT ?AT ! BATTLE BETWE5 ! MANUFACTUR]S & ! PRODUC]S ( RAW MAT]IALS & HALF-F9I%$ GOODS IS F\<T \T 9 ! SPH]E ( ! COMMON T>IFF POLICY ( ! TWO C\NTRIES1 IT FOLL[S ?AT ! BATTL+ P>TIES FROM ,POL& W\LD (T5 UNITE ) ?OSE FROM ,RUSSIA 9 ORD] TO M>* H&-9-H& ) ! NATIONAL 5EMY AGA9/ !IR [N BRO!RS4 ,! HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIAN-,POLI% 9DU/RY PROVIDES EXAMPLES 9 QUANTITY4 ,9 ! YE> #a#h#e1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T1 UND] ! PRESSURE ( JO9T PETITIONS BY ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN WOOL-WEAV]S1 R$UC$ ! T>IFF RATE ON WOOL Y>N4 ,BUT H>DLY HAD ?IS HAPP5$ :5 ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN SP9N]S1 9 T\*+ ACCORD1 BESIEG$ ! GOV]NM5T TO AGA9 PU% UP ! T>IFF RATE ON Y>N1 :I* HAPP5$ 9 #a#h#f#g4 ,BEG9N+ 9 #ahhb ! GOV]NM5T WAS SOLICIT$ BY ! MA*9E PRODUC]S TO 9CREASE ! T>IFF ON =EIGN MA*9]Y4 0,9 ?IS CONNECTION ! 9ITIATIVE WAS ?AT ( ! ,RIGA MANUFACTUR]S1 :O W]E FOLL[$ BY ! O!RS 9 ,W>SAW1 ,KIEV1 ,KH>KOV1 & ,ODESSA ) GREAT UNANIMITY40 ,H[EV]1 :5 ! GOV]NM5T HAD OBEY$ ?IS WI% & 9CREAS$ ! T>IFFS ON MA*9]Y1 A /ORM ( PETITIONS >OSE FROM ! PROP]TY [N]S1 AGA9 FROM ALL OV] ! ,EMPIRE )\T DIFF]5TIATION1 AGA9/ ! 9CREAS$ PRICE ( AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y4 

,JU/ !SE TWO EXAMPLES GIVE US A QUITE DIFF]5T PICTURE ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIES1 9 !IR COLLECTIVE JU/ AS 9 !IR COMPETITIVE 5DEAVORS4 ,NEI!R ( ! TWO NATIONAL CAPITALI/ CLASSES APPE>S FROM ! 9SIDE AS A CLOS$ PHALANX1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y IS FISSUR$1 TORN BY CONFLICTS ( 9T]E/1 SPLIT BY RIVALRIES4 ,YET1 ON ! O!R H&1 !IR DIFF]5T GR\PS1 UNM9DFUL ( ! NATIONAL QU>REL1 REA* \T !IR H&S TO ONE ANO!R 9 ORD] TO DEAL !IR [N C\NTRYM5 AN OPPORTUNE BL[ TO ! WALLET 9 ! GLORI\S PRIZE-FI<T = PR(ITS4 ,?US IT IS NOT NATIONAL BUT CAPITALI/ P>TIES ?AT >E F\ND OPPOS$ ON ! 9DU/RIAL *ESSBO>D1 NOT ,POLES & ,RUSSIANS1 BUT SP9N]S & WEAV]S1 MA*9E PRODUC]S & L&[N]S1 & ON ! FLAGS WAV+ OV] ! COMBATANTS ONE SEES NOT ! ONE-& TWO-HEAD$ EAGLES1 BUT ONLY ! 9T]NATIONAL EMBLEM ( CAPITALISM4 ,F9ALLY1 ! GOV]NM5T UNEXPECT$LY APPE>S 9 ! /RANGE ROLE ( AN 9DULG5T MO!R1 :O IMP>TIALLY HUGS ALL H] PR(IT-MAK+ *ILDR5 TO H] BROAD BOSOM1 EV5 ?\< !Y >E CON/ANTLY SQUABBL+ ) EA* O!R1 & SEEKS TO APPEASE N[ ! ONE1 N[ ! O!R1 AT ! EXP5SE ( ! CONSUM]S4 

,! ABOVE PH5OM5A RECUR C\NTLESS TIMES 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY1 & >E ( SU* DECISIVE IMPORTANCE = ! QUE/ION UND] CONSID]ATION H]E ?AT IT IS WELL WOR?:ILE TO GIVE A FEW MORE TYPICAL CASES AS EXAMPLES4 ,IT IS1 = EXAMPLE1 MO/ HI<LY 9/RUCTIVE TO OBS]VE H[ ! TWO MA9 OPPON5TS - ! 5TREPR5EURS ( ! ,LODZ & ,MOSC[ DI/RICTS1 :OM ONE W\LD BE 9CL9$ TO ACCEPT AS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! 9T]E/S (1 RESPECTIVELY1 ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIES AS A :OLE - TRY AT EV]Y OPPORTUNITY TO TRIP UP ! O!R 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS ( !IR [N C\NTRIES4 ,?US ! ,LODZ COTTON MANUFACTUR]S1 9 !IR ABOVE-M5TION$ POLEMIC1 SEEK TO TURN ! JEAL\SY ( ! ,MOSC[ MANUFACTUR]S AWAY FROM !MSELVES & T[>D ! OLD ,POLI% WOOL 9DU/RY DI/RICT ( ,BIALY/OCK4 0,IF ONE CAN SPEAK ( A COMPETITION1 !N F> MORE DANG]\S TO ,MOSC[ IS ,BIALY/OCK & ITS DI/RICT10 !Y ASSURE !IR ADV]S>IES4 ,MEAN:ILE1 !SE SAME ,LODZ 5TREPR5EURS MO/ HUMBLY & OB$I5TLY D5\NCE !IR BLOOD-BRO!RS ( ! ,SOSN[IEC DI/RICT TO ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T1 PO9T+ TO ! FACT ?AT 9 ! LATT] A FULL ?IRD ( ! WORK=CE >E ,G]MAN SUBJECTS1 :ILE 9 ! ,LODZ DI/RICT - ?ANK ,GOD - ONLY #h P] C5T4 

,NO LESS BRO!RLY S5TIM5T IS DISPLAY$ BY ! ,MOSC[ CAPITALI/S :5 !Y COME TO SPEAK ( ! AFFAIRS ( !IR COMRADES 9 ! O!R ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS4 ,SO WE HE> !M BEWAIL ! RESULT ( A PLAN = ! REGULATION ( WAT]WAYS WORK$ \T BY ! ,M9I/RY ( ,TRANSPORT3 0,! SMALL EXP5DITURES1 JU/ LIKE ?OSE ( MANY MILLIONS1 >E ALLOTT$ EXCLUSIVELY = ,RUSSIA'S WE/]N & S\!RN ZONE4 ,! :OLE C5TRAL REGION ( ,RUSSIA HAS BE5 ALMO/ 5TIRELY =GOTT54 ,?IS REGION1 ?IS NEGLECT$ C5T] ( ,RUSSIA1 KEY ,RUSSIAN GUB]NIAS1 IS RELATIVELY POOR 9 WAT]WAYS10 & SO =? 9 ! SAME WEEPY TONE4 ,H]E ! JEAL\SY ( ! ,MOSC[ CAPITALI/S GU%ES =? ) IMP>TIALITY & TRUE 9T]NATIONALISM AGA9/ ALL O!R 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS 9 ! ,EMPIRE )\T DI/9CTION1 AGA9/ ,POL& & ! ,VOLGA REGION1 AGA9/ ! ,BALTIC ,SEA PROV9CES & ! ,DNIEP] DI/RICT4 

,! FOLL[+ EXAMPLE %[S H[ ELA/IC ! NOTION ( NATIONAL SOLID>ITY & ! 0,FA!RL&0 CAN BE = ! ,POLI% CAPITALI/S UND] C]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,9 ! YE> #ahhg ! L>GE ,W>SAW /EEL FACTORY WAS RELOCAT$ TO ! ,YEKAT]9OSLAV ,GUB]NIA 9 ,S\? ,RUSSIA1 TO BE NE>] TO S\RCES ( SUPPLY ( RAW IRON & COKE4 ,TWO YE>S LAT]1 ITS [N]S - ,POLI% CAPITALI/S - TOGE!R ) ! ,5GLI%1 ,BELGIANS1 ,RUSSIANS1 ETC41 :O HOLD ! ,S\? ,RUSSIAN IRON DI/RICT UND] !IR DOM9ION1 S5T A MO/ HUMBLE & OB$I5T PETITION TO ! GOV]NM5T 9 :I* !Y COMPLA9 AB\T ! ADVANTAGES ( ! ,POLI% IRON 9DU/RY & ! COMPETITION FROM ?AT QU>T] & BEG = AN 9CREAS$ RAILWAY F>E RATE ON ,POLI% IRON = ! PROTECTION ( ! 0,FA!RL&'S0 - I4E41 ?IS TIME ,S\? ,RUSSIA'S - 9DU/RY4 

,LA/1 A CLASSIC EXAMPLE ( ?IS SITUATION WAS PROVID$ 9 REC5T YE>S BY ! QUE/ION ( ! RAILWAY F>E RATES = GRA94 ,9 #ahhi NEW1 /RONGLY DIFF]5TIAL RATES W]E 9TRODUC$ = GRA9 AS P>T ( ! G5]AL REGULATION ( ! ,EMPIRE'S F>E SY/EM1 TO FACILITATE EXPORTS FROM ! GUB]NIAS LY+ DEEP 9 9N] ,RUSSIA TO O!R C\NTRIES4 ,H[EV]1 ! RESULT WAS ?AT MASSES ( GRA9 & FL\R FROM ! 9N] CITY REGIONS1 P>TICUL>LY ! ,VOLGA DI/RICT1 W]E S5T TO ! REGIONS LY+ NE> ! BORD]1 ?US BR++ ON A RAPID FALL 9 ! PRICE ( GRA9 9 ! S\!RN PROV9CES ON ! ,BLACK ,SEA1 9 ! ,BALTIC PROV9CES1 & F9ALLY 9 ,POL&4 ,9JUR$ 9 !IR MO/ VIRTU\S S5TIM5TS1 ! L&[N]S 9 ALL !SE P>TS ( ! ,EMPIRE CRI$ BLOODY MURD]1 MO/ ( ALL ! ,POLI% L&[N]S :O 9 ! BEG9N+ TRI$ TO TAKE ?IS OPPORTUNITY TO AGA9 /EP =W>D 9 ! NAME ( ALL ,POL&1 OPPRESS$ BY *EAP BREAD4 ,YET H>DLY WAS !IR NATIONAL DEF5SE CR[N$ BY SUCCESS & ! EXECRAT$ F>E P>TIALLY ANNULL$ 9 ! BEG9N+ ( #a#h#i#d1 :5 A GR\P ( ,POLI% 5TREPR5EURS & M]*ANTS 5TREAT$ ! ,RAILWAY ,DEP>TM5T 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 BY TELEGRAM1 TO MA9TA9 ! E>LI] F>E RATE 9 ORD]1 AS !Y PUT IT1 NOT TO MAKE BREAD MORE CO/LY = ! PEOPLE4 ,! PICTURE ?US %IFT$ FROM MOM5T TO MOM5T1 & FROM A FI<T BETWE5 TWO NATIONAL P>TIES ! GRA9 T>IFF QUE/ION TURN$ 9TO A DISPUTE BETWE5 ! L&$ PROPRIETORS & ! 9DU/RIALI/S 9 ,POL&4 ,H]E ! LATT] M>*$ TOGE!R ) ! ,RUSSIAN L&[N]S ( ! C5TRAL GUB]NIAS1 :ILE ! ,POLI% L&[N]S TOOK ! FIELD JO9TLY ) ! ,RUSSIAN L&[N]S ( ALL ! BORD] DI/RICTS4 

,?IS MOTLEY GR\P+ ( 9T]E/S WAS P>TICUL>LY EVID5T 9 ! DELIB]ATIONS ON GRA9 T>IFFS 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG 9 ,OCTOB] #a#h#i#f4 ,ON ! ONE SIDE /OOD ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,VOLGA DI/RICT1 :OSE CASE1 AS WE HAVE SE51 WAS AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ( ! ,POLI% 9DU/RIALI/S2 ON ! O!R SIDE1 ! L&$ PROPRIETORS ( ,LIVL&1 ,VITEBSK1 ,ODESSA1 ! ,POLI% L&[N]S1 & ALSO1 :AT IS MO/ 9T]E/+1 ! L&[N]S ( ! ,MOSC[ DI/RICT4 ,H]E ,POLES & ,MUSCOVITES APPE>$ ON ! BE/ ( T]MS1 & ! ,POLI% L&[N]S & MILL]S DECL>$ !MSELVES 9 FULL AGREEM5T ) ! PROGRAM ( ,PR9CE ,%*]BATOV1 ! *AIRMAN ( ! ,MOSC[ ,AGRICULTURAL ,SOCIETY4 ,ALMO/ AS IF TO UND]L9E ! CONFLICT ( 9T]E/S BETWE5 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE 9 ,POL& ITSELF1 ON ! O!R H&1 ,*AIRMAN ,MAXIMOV ( ! ,POLI% REPRES5TATIVES 7AMONG O!RS7 OBJECT$3 ,IF ,POL& W]E P]MITT$ TO SELL ITS FACTORY PRODUCTS 9 9N] ,RUSSIA UNH9D]$1 !N IT W\LD BE HI<LY 9CONSI/5T TO =BID ACCESS TO ,POL& TO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FROM 9N] ,RUSSIA4 

,MAY IT APPE> AS PROV5 AFT] ! ABOVE EXAMPLES1 :I* WE DO NOT WANT TO PILE TOO HI<1 ?AT ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN 5TREPR5EUR GR\PS ABSOLUTELY DO NOT CONTRADICT EA* O!R ON ALL PO9TS - ?AT1 MU* MORE1 !Y CONT9UALLY ME% TOGE!R4 ,BUT ALSO1 ON ! :OLE1 ,POLI% 9DU/RY IS TI$ UP ) SEV]AL IMPORTANT SECTIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE BY A SOLID>ITY ( 9T]E/S1 ABOVE ALL ) ! TWO MO/ IMPORTANT FACTORS ( ECONOMIC LIFE3 ! 9/ITUTIONS ( TRANSPORT & CR$IT & TRADE4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY &1 TOGE!R ) ?IS1 ( ! ,POLI% M>KET 9 ,RUSSIA IS DIRECTLY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,RUSSIAN CR$IT1 FACTOR+1 & RAILWAY CORPORATIONS4 ,TO AGA9 PULL \T ONLY TWO FROM ! ABUNDANCE ( /RIK+ EXAMPLES3 ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN RAILWAY L9E ,RJASAN-,URAL TURN$ TO ! ,W>SAW 5TREPR5EURS 9 ! FALL ( #ahid ) ! (F] TO H& OV] SPACE 9 ALL ITS /ATIONS1 FREE ( *>GE1 SO ?AT ! ,POLI% FACTORY [N]S C\LD HAVE P]MAN5T DISPLAYS ( GOODS !RE TO 5C\RAGE ,POL&'S M>KET 9 ! ,VOLGA REGION4 ,?US1 :ILE ! ,MOSC[ FACTORY [N]S WANT$ TO DO BATTLE ) !IR ,POLI% COMPETITORS OV] EV]Y M>KET 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! ,RUSSIAN RAILWAY CORPORATIONS 9VIT$ ?IS SAME ,POLI% COMPETITION TO =GE AHEAD ) ITS GOODS AS DEEPLY AS POSSIBLE 9TO 9N] ,RUSSIA4 

,ANO!R *>ACT]I/IC CASE TOOK PLACE REC5TLY AS A RESULT ( ! NEW T>IFF ON COTTON4 ,SO LONG AS ! ABOVE-M5TION$ DIFF]5CE 9 CU/OMS RATES WAS MA9TA9$ ON ! WE/]N BORD]1 ! ,LODZ FACTORY [N]S1 9 ORD] TO GET >\ND ! TR\BLESOME T>IFF1 GOT !IR COTTON VIA ,LIBAU & ,ODESSA1 I4E41 BY MEANS ( ,RUSSIAN RAILROADS4 ,:5 ! CU/OMS DIFF]5CE WAS ANNULL$ 9 #a#h#i#d1 COTTON TRANSPORT RETURN$ TO ! OLD L& R\TES3 ,BREM5-,ALEX&ROVO & ,TRIE/-,GRANICA1 ?US TO ,G]MAN & ,AU/RIAN RAILWAYS4 ,N[ ! LATT] US$ ?IS OPPORTUNITY TO SET V]Y L[ FREI<T RATES = COTTON & SO TO MONOPOLIZE ?IS TRANSPORT = !MSELVES AT ! EXP5SE ( ! ,ODESSA-,LODZ L9E4 ,! LOSS ( TRANSPORT1 H[EV]1 HIT ! ,RUSSIAN RAILWAYS H>D1 & SO ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG RAILWAY DEP>TM5T HAS REC5TLY TURN$ TO ! ,LODZ FACTORY [N]S ) ! QUE/ION ( H[ MU* TO DECREASE ! FREI<T RATES ON ! ,RUSSIAN L9ES SO ?AT COTTON TRANSPORT W\LD ONCE MORE GO VIA ,ODESSA4 ,! ,LODZ FACTORY [N]S DICTAT$ A RATE DECREASE ( #c P] C5T4 ,LIKEWISE ! ,RUSSIAN BANKS1 9 !IR [N 9T]E/1 >E PROMOT+ ,POLI% SALES 9 ,RUSSIA :5EV] POSSIBLE4 ,ONCE AGA9 NATIONAL BORD]S CLA% ) CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S1 & :AT ! NATIONAL BANN] %\LD KEEP ASUND] IS 9TIMATELY B\ND TOGE!R BY CAPITALI/ 9T]E/4 

,F9ALLY1 !RE IS ALSO ANO!R >EA 9 :I* ! MO/ T\*+ H>MONY ( 9T]E/S RULES BETWE5 ! :OLE ,POLI% & ! :OLE ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE1 :]E !Y >E ( ONE HE>T & S\L3 ! JEAL\S GU>D+ ( ! PR(ITS S\<T 9 ! DOME/IC M>KET FROM =EIGN COMPETITION4 ,ONE CAN 5C\NT] 9 ONE SECTION ( ! ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN PRESS ! VIEW ?AT ! ,POLI% 5TREPR5EURS >E GREAT] BELIEV]S 9 FREE TRADE ?AN ! ,RUSSIAN4 ,NO?+ C\LD BE MORE MI/AK54 ,9 ! DEEP CONVICTION ?AT ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% WORK]S W]E CREAT$ SOLELY TO PRODUCE SURPLUS VALUE = !M1 ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN CONSUM]S TO ASSI/ ! REALIZATION ( SURPLUS VALUE1 ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T TO F5D (F ANY 9VASION ( =EIGN COMPETITION 9TO ?IS HOLY ,EMPIRE - 9 ?IS CONVICTION ! ,POLI% 5TREPR5EURS >E JU/ AS FIRM & UN%AKABLE AS ! ,RUSSIANS4 ,:5 IT COMES TO TAK+ A /& 9 DEF5SE ( !SE 0FUNDAM5TAL RI<TS0 ( ! CAPITALI/ CON/ITUTION VIS-A-VIS ! GOV]NM5T1 !N ! ,LODZ & ,MOSC[ FACTORY [N]S1 /ILL BE>+ ! BRUISES !Y JU/ 9FLICT$ ON EA* O!R1 GO %\LD] TO %\LD] 9TO BATTLE4 ,9 #a#h#h#h1 ONE YE> AFT] ! TWO ADV]S>IES - AS WAS M5TION$ - HAD S5T A PETITION TO ! GOV]NM5T 9 :I* !Y MO/ %>PLY F\<T EA* O!R ON ! QUE/ION ( DOME/IC COMPETITION1 ! ,MOSC[ 5TREPR5EURS SUBMITT$ A S]IES ( 0MO/ HUMBLE & OB$I5T0 PETITIONS 9 REG>D TO T>IFF POLICY3 ON 9CREAS+ ! 5TRY T>IFFS = PRODUCTS ( ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 ON REIMBURS+ T>IFFS PAID ON RAW MAT]IALS :5 EXPORT$ BY MANUFACTUR]S TO =EIGN C\NTRIES1 ETC4 - ALL DEM&S ?AT HAD ALSO FREQU5TLY BE5 MADE N[ AS WELL AS PREVI\SLY BY ! ,LODZ MANUFACTUR]S4 ,) REASON1 !N1 ! ORGAN ( ! L>GE ,POLI% 9DU/RIALI/S1 9 DISCUSS+ ?IS ACTION BY ! ,MOSC[ 5TREPR5EURS1 WROTE ?AT :ILE MU* US$ TO BE SAID AB\T ! CONFLICT ( 9T]E/S BETWE5 ! TWO 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS1 N[ ?IS PETITION %[S ?AT !RE IS ALSO A COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S BETWE5 ! TWO1 & 9DE$ ON ! MO/ IMPORTANT QUE/IONS4 

,! SAME H>MONY IS EVID5T :5 IT COMES TO DEF5D+ ! MONOPOLY 9 PR(ITS AGA9/ ! 0,G]MANS40 ,! ,MOSC[ FACTORY [N]S - AS WAS %[N - SAW 9 ! /RONG REPRES5TATION ( ,G]MAN ELEM5TS 9 ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE A TEMPT+ PRETEXT TO L5D !IR CALICO & FU/IAN 9T]E/S A BECOM+LY PATRIOTIC LOOK 9 ! BATTLE AGA9/ ,LODZ4 ,:5 !Y CALL$ ! GOV]NM5T TO A CRUSADE AGA9/ ! ,G]MANS ON ! ,VI/ULA RIV]1 !Y BELIEV$ ?AT !Y W]E /RIK+ ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE RI<T 9 ! HE>T4 ,:51 H[EV]1 ! GOV]NM5T ISSU$ ITS WELL- KN[N UKASE 9 #a#h#h#g1 & :51 BECAUSE ( ?IS UKASE1 !RE WAS TALK ON MANY SIDES ( AN ]A ( P]SECUTION AGA9/ ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE1 !N IT TURN$ \T ?AT ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE EXPRESS$ !IR DISSATISFACTION ON QUITE UNEXPECT$ GR\NDS3 NAMELY1 = !M ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T'S ANTI-,G]MAN MEASURES W]E NOT NE>LY 5]GETIC & RADICAL 5\<4 ,=1 AS !Y EXPRESS$ IT1 0,! GOV]NM5T'S DECREE ( TWO YE>S AGO CONC]N+ LANGUAGE EXAM9ATIONS = =EIGN]S BR\<T AB\T AN ADVANTAGE\S *ANGE1 9 ?AT IT OP5$ UP A SPH]E ( ACTION = NATIVE =CES444,CORRESPOND5TS FROM ,LODZ & 9HABITANTS !RE HAVE ALREADY REPORT$ A C]TA9 IMPROVEM5T 9 ?IS SITUATION AL?\< IT IS /ILL F> FROM :AT IT C\LD & %\LD BE40 

,WE HAVE REVIEW$ ! MANY-SID$ COH]5CE ( 9T]E/S BETWE5 ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIES4 ,! PICTURE ?AT EM]GES IS ABSOLUTELY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT :I* MI<T BE GOTT5 UND] ! IMM$IATE IMPRESSION ( ,LODZ & ,MOSC['S BATTLE CRIES4 ,ON C\NTLESS1 EXTREMELY IMPORTANT QUE/IONS1 ! ,POLI% & ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIES >E B\ND TOGE!R 9 A SOLID>ITY ( 9T]E/S1 9 P>TICUL> GR\PS AS MU* AS ON ! :OLE4 ,:AT HAS CREAT$ ?IS COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S IS1 FIR/1 ! DIVISION ( LABOR 9 PRODUCTION1 :I* 9 MANY WAYS UNIFI$ ! TWO 9TO A S+LE PRODUCTIVE ME*ANISM2 SECOND1 /ILL MORE IMPORTANT1 ! COMMON T>IFF BORD]S1 :I* BRE$ SOLID>ITY AGA9/ ! \TSIDE & M]GE ! 5TIRE ,POLI%-,RUSSIAN B\RGEOSIE - FROM FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! M>KET - 9TO A 0NATIONAL0 CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,F9ALLY1 ! COMMON M>KET1 :I* BR$ ! IMPORTANT1 RECIPROCAL DEP5D5CY BETWE5 ,POLI% PRODUCTION ON ! ONE SIDE & ,RUSSIAN TRANSPORT ON ! O!R4 ,&1 AS IS G5]ALLY KN[N1 ?IS FUSION ( ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ADVANCES EV]Y DAY4 ,?IS IS ALSO1 9 P>T1 A DIRECT RESULT ( ! G5]AL DIRECTION ( CURR5T ,RUSSIAN T>IFF POLICY1 :I* 9 EFFECT CLOSES ! WAY 9TO ,RUSSIA TO NOT ONLY =EIGN MANUFACTUR$ GOODS BUT ALSO =EIGN RAW MAT]IALS1 & CREATES DOME/IC RAW MAT]IALS PRODUCTION - 9 :I* TASK IT DOES NOT %Y AWAY FROM ! GREATE/ SACRIFICES \T ( ! POCKETS ( ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% CONSUM]S & TAXPAY]S4 

,=C$ BY PROHIBITIVE T>IFFS1 ,POLI% 9DU/RY IS *ANG+ GRADUALLY FROM ! USE ( ,G]MAN COKE & IRON ORE OV] TO ?AT ( ,DONETS1 FROM ,AM]ICAN & ,9DIAN TO C5TRAL ,ASIAN COTTON1 FROM ,SAXON & ,SILESIAN TO ,S\? ,RUSSIAN WOOL4 ,! RECIPROCAL DEP5D5CY ( ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN PRODUCTION AS A :OLE GR[S TO ! SAME DEGREE1 & ! 9T]E/S ( EV] NEW] CIRCLES ( ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE BECOME TI$ TO ! WEAL & WOE ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY4 

,C]TA9LY JU/ AS MU* 5MITY1 COMPETITION1 & RIVALRY GR[ \T ( !SE SAME RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIES4 ,! SAME 9DU/RIAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 ! COMMON T>IFF B\ND>IES1 & ! COMMON M>KETS TURN ! MO/ V>I$ GR\PS )9 ! B\RGEOISIE 9TO 5EMIES1 & EV]Y P>TICUL> SOLID>ITY ( 9T]E/S CORRESPONDS TO A CONFLICT ( 9T]E/S4 ,AS ! EXAMPLES HAVE %[N US1 L& [N]%IP OPPOSES 9DU/RY1 PRODUCTION OPPOSES TRANSPORT1 & )9 EA* ( !SE GR\PS ONE DI/RICT OPPOSES ! O!RS & EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/ OPPOSES ALL ! O!RS4 ,BUT :AT WE GLIMPSE H]E IS A TYPICAL PICTURE ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 AS IT PUTS =? ITS BLOSSOMS 9 EV]Y C\NTRY4 ,IT IS ! FUNDAM5TAL LAW ( ?IS =M ( PRODUCTION - BELLUM OMNIUM CONTRA OMNES 7A W> ( ALL AGA9/ ALL7 - ?AT IS EXPRESS$ H]E & ?AT HAS NO?+ TO DO ) NATIONAL CONTRADICTIONS & BORD]S1 9DE$1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 CEASELESSLY WIPES AWAY !SE CONTRADICTIONS & BORD]S )9 ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 

,C]TA9LY IF ! CONFLICTS ( ECONOMIC 9T]E/S CO9CIDE ) NATIONAL BORD]S )9 ONE & ! SAME /ATE1 ?IS CREATES A BROAD BASIS1 CIRCUM/ANCES P]MITT+1 = NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS4 ,?IS CAN ONLY BE ! CASE1 H[EV]1 9S(> AS ! 5EMY NATIONALITIES REPRES5T DIFF]5T1 9H]5TLY ANTAGONI/IC =MS ( PRODUCTION2 IF1 = EXAMPLE1 ONE C\NTRY REPRES5TS SMALL BUS9ESS1 ! O!R L>GE 9DU/RY1 ONE NATURAL ECONOMY1 ! O!R MONEY ECONOMY4 ,9 ! GIV5 CASE1 H[EV]1 ! SITUATION IS TOTALLY DIFF]5T1 S9CE ,POL& & ,RUSSIA HAVE GONE ?R\< A COMB9$ DEVELOPM5T FROM A NATURAL TO A MONEY ECONOMY & FROM SMALL TO L>GE 9DU/RY4 ,!IR ANTAGONISM1 :5 & :]E IT COMES TO LI<T1 >ISES NOT FROM ! DISSIMIL>ITY BUT RA!R ! HOMOG5EITY ( ECONOMIC /RUCTURE1 & EXHIBITS ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ALL CAPITALI/ COMPETITIVE BATTLES )9 ONE & ! SAME ECONOMIC ME*ANISM4 

,! COMPETITIVE ,LODZ-,MOSC[ DISPUTE IS NO?+ BUT A FRAGM5T ( ?IS G5]AL W>4 ,SUP]FICIALLY PUFF$ UP TO ,POL&'S NATIONAL DUEL ) ,RUSSIA 9 ! ECONOMIC BATTLEFIELD1 ?IS DISPUTE 9 ITS FUNDAM5TALS R$UCES ITSELF TO AN >GUM5T BETWE5 ! ,LODZ FU/IAN B>ONS & ! ,MOSC[ CALICO K+S4 ,FOLL[+ 9T]NATIONAL CU/OM1 ! TWO CAPITALI/ P>TIES S\<T FIR/ TO COV] OV] ! TRIVIAL COTTON OBJECT ( CONT5TION ) AN IDEOLOGICAL NATIONAL CLOAK & !N TO BANG ! DRUM AS L\DLY AS ?\< !IR V]Y NECKS W]E AT /AKE4 

,NONE!LESS1 9 REALITY NEI!R ONE NOR ! O!R P>TY REPRES5TS ! 9T]E/S ( ! :OLE ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIES - ON ! CONTR>Y1 BO? HAVE C\NTLESS OPPON5TS AMONG !IR [N C\NTRYM54 ,NOR IS ! FI]Y COMPETITIVE BATTLE OV] DOME/IC M>KETS DECISIVE TO OR *>ACT]I/IC ( ! RELATION%IP ( ! DISPUTANTS4 ,!IR RIVALRY OV] ! DOME/IC M>KETS IS CONTRADICT$ BY !IR SOLID>ITY ( 9T]E/S ON A :OLE S]IES ( O!R VITAL CAPITALI/ ISSUES4 

,9 ! 5TIRE CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ( ,POL& & ,RUSSIA1 :I* PROCE$S FROM AN EV] /RONG] BOND BETWE5 ! PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE ( ! TWO C\NTRIES1 ! ,LODZ-,MOSC[ COTTON DISPUTE PLAYS AN 9F9ITESIMALLY T9Y ROLE - IF ONE IS NOT L$ A/RAY BY ! BEHAVIOR ( ! SQUABBL+ 5TREPR5EURS & KEEPS ! WID] P]SPECTIVE ( ! :OLE CAPITALI/ *ESSBO>D 9 VIEW4 

,ONLY N[1 FROM ! BASIS ( !SE MAT]IAL 9T]E/S1 CAN ! ECONOMIC POLICY ( ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T BE EVALUAT$ & EXPLA9$4 ,RUSSIA'S MA9 CONC]N S9CE ! #a#h#gS1 AS IS WELL 5\< KN[N1 IS ! RE>+ ( CAPITALISM4 ,TO ?IS 5D ! PROHIBITIVE T>IFF POLICY IS FOLL[$1 ! HOT-H\SE ATMOSPH]E ( MONOPOLY PRICES & PR(ITS CREAT$ 9 ! ,EMPIRE1 ! CO/LY MEANS ( TRANSPORT BUILT1 SUBSIDIES & PREMIUMS AW>D$ TO 0NE$Y0 CAPITALI/S1 ETC41 ETC4 ,FROM ?IS /&PO9T1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM 9 ,POL& 7JU/ AS 9 O!R P>TS ( ! ,EMPIRE7 APPE>S AS P>TIAL REALIZATION ( ! GOV]NM5T'S [N PROGRAM1 ITS RETROGRESSION AS A ?W>T+ ( ?IS PROGRAM4 ,BUT /ILL MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T'S [N ECONOMIC DESIGNS >E ! OBJECTIVE T5D5CIES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY4 ,! B\RGEOISIE1 RE>$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 ALREADY PLAYS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! GOV]NM5T MU/ N[ S]I\SLY RECKON ) ! B\RGEOISIE'S 9T]E/S1 BUT ALSO WANTS TO C>RY ?R\< ITS [N4 ,! 9T]E/S ( ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE1 H[EV]1 >E - AS WAS %[N - 9T]WOV5 ) ?OSE ( ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE 9 ! MO/ DIV]SE WAYS4 ,!RE IS NO PO9T AT :I* ,POLI% 9DU/RY C\LD BE DEALT A S]I\S & LA/+ BODY BL[ )\T AT ! SAME TIME GRIEV\SLY W\ND+ ! VITAL 9T]E/S ( ?IS OR ?AT GR\P ( ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE4 

,! NOTION ?AT ,RUSSIA IS DE/ROY+ OR C\LD DE/ROY ,POLI% CAPITALISM ASSUMES ?AT ,RUSSIAN ECONOMIC POLICY C\LD BE MADE ! EXCLUSIVE TOOL ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! H&FUL ( ,MOSC[ CALICO MANUFACTUR]S1 AN ASSUMPTION BAS$ ON A MISUND]/&+ ( ! NATURE ( ! B\RGEOISIE JU/ AS MU* AS ( ! NATURE ( A CAPITALI/ GOV]NM5T4 ,GIV5 ! SPLITS & CONTRADICTION ( 9T]E/S )9 ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 ! GOV]NM5T CAN REPRES5T ! 9T]E/S ( ! LATT] ONLY AS A :OLE2 IT CANNOT CONT9UALLY TAKE ! /&PO9T ( ANY P>TICUL> GR\P ( ! B\RGEOISIE )\T BE+ =C$ AWAY FROM ?IS /&PO9T AGA9 BY ! OPPOSITION ( ! O!R GR\PS4 ,EV5 ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T - AL?\< ABSOLUTE - ISNO EXCEPTION TO ?IS RULE4 ,= EV5 9 ,RUSSIA ! B\RGEOISIE IS A POLITICAL TOOL ( ! GOV]NM5T ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! GOV]NM5T IS ! TOOL ( ! B\RGEOISIE'S ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,W]E ! ABSOLUTI/ ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T TO MAKE ITSELF EXCLUSIVELY ! LAWY] = ! ,MOSC[ COTTON 9T]E/S & TRAMPLE ON ,POLI% & !RE=E ,RUSSIAN CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S = ?IS PURPOSE1 !N IT C\LD NOT HELP BUT CALL =? /RONG B\RGEOIS OPPOSITION TO ! GOV]NM5T 9 ,RUSSIA ITSELF4 ,! 5D RESULT ( SU* A POLICY C\LD EV5 BE EF=TS BY ! ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% B\RGEOISIES = A RE=M GOV]NM5T ?AT W\LD KN[ H[ TO SAFEGU>D !IR 9T]E/S AS A :OLE BETT] ?AN ! EXI/+ REGIME4 ,?US1 FROM ?IS SIDE1 ! QUE/ION ( ! FUTURE ( ,POLI% CAPITALISM IS DECID$3 W]E IT TO BE 9JUR$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T1 ! GOV]NM5T'S EF=TS W\LD FALL TO PIECES ?R\< ! VIOL5T OPPOSITION ( ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ,RUSSIA & ,POL&4 

,FROM ?IS /&PO9T WE CAN ALSO R$UCE ! :OLE QUE/ION ( ! ALLEG$ P]SECUTION ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY TO ITS TRUE VALUE4 ,ALL ! MEASURES ?AT >E USUALLY 9TRODUC$ AS PRO( ( ,RUSSIAN ANTI-,POLI% ECONOMIC POLICY HAVE ONE COMMON *>ACT]I/IC3 NAMELY1 !Y >E ALL DIRECT$ TO KEEP+ ,POLI% 9DU/RY FROM ! USE ( =EIGN RAW MAT]IALS & TO ! PUR*ASE ( ,RUSSIAN RAW MAT]IALS4 ,?IS WAS ! CASE ) ! DIFF]5TIAL T>IFFS ON COTTON1 ON COAL1 ON RAW IRON4 ,ALL !SE MEASURES W]E PROCLAIM$ NOT = ! ADVANTAGE ( ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RIES COMPET+ ) ,POL& & NOT ) ! PURPOSE ( DE/ROY+ ,POLI% 9DU/RY1 BUT TO ! ADVANTAGE ( ! ,RUSSIAN RAW MAT]IALS PRODUCTION TI$ TO ,POLI% 9DU/RY & ) ! PURPOSE ( A*IEV+ A P>TICUL> CONFIGURATION ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY4 ,PRECISELY ! SAME ,RUSSIAN 9T]E/S ?AT CALL$ =? !SE MEASURES W\LD =M ! GREATE/ OB/ACLE TO A GOV]NM5T POLICY DIRECT$ AT ! DE/RUCTION ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY4 

,YET FROM ! SAME NECESSITY ( SATISFY+ ALL ! SO V]Y CONTRADICTORY 9T]E/S ( ! DIFF]5T GR\PS ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 !RE >ISES = ! GOV]NM5T ! NECESSITY ( MOV+ 9 AN 9CREAS+ ZIG-ZAG C\RSE 9 ITS ECONOMIC POLICY4 ,ALL LAWS ( ! CAPITALI/ ME?OD ( PRODUCTION >E M]ELY 0LAWS ( GRAVITY10 I4E41 LAWS ?AT DO NOT MOVE 9 A /RAI<T L9E ON ! %ORTE/ R\TE1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y PROCE$ ) CON/ANT DEFLECTIONS 9 CONTR>Y DIRECTIONS4 ,! GOV]NM5T'S G5]AL POLICY ( PROMOT+ CAPITALISM1 CORRESPOND+LY1 CAN ONLY BE REALIZ$ AS IT FAVORS N[ ?IS CAPITALI/ FACTION1 N[ ?AT4 ,! EXAMPLES ( ,RUSSIAN CU/OMS & RAILWAY POLICY GIV5 ABOVE %[$ CRUDELY ! ZIG-ZAG C\RSE ( ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T1 :I* AT ONE TIME PROTECTS MANUFACTURE AT ! EXP5SE ( SEMI-F9I%$ MANUFACTURE1 AT ANO!R TIME TAKES C>E ( ! LATT] AT ! EXP5SE ( ! =M]1 AT ONE TIME PATRONIZES COAL M9+ OV] IRON WORKS1 AT ANO!R TIME PATRONIZES ! IRON WORKS AT ! 0COAL 9T]E/S'0 EXP5SE1 FAVOR+ SOMETIMES ! L&[N]S1 SOMETIMES ! 9DU/RIALI/S4 ,?IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ! GOV]NM5T'S ECONOMIC POLICY ALSO MEANS ?AT IT CAN TEMPOR>ILY & ON V>I\S QUE/IONS DEEPLY (F5D ONE OR ANO!R ,POLI% CAPITALI/ GR\P2 ?IS IS NOT ONLY NOT IMPOSSIBLE1 BUT FOLL[S DIRECTLY1 NECESS>ILY1 FROM ! NATURE ( ! SITUATION4 ,! DIFF]5TIAL RAILWAY T>IFF = GRA91 ETC41 WAS ( ?IS TYPE4 

,H[EV]1 IF ALL !SE TEMPOR>Y & ONE-SID$ PH5OM5A W]E TORN \T ( !IR COMPLICAT$ ECONOMIC CONTEXT & PUFF$ UP 9TO A DOCTR9E ( ,RUSSIA'S ANTI-,POLI% ECONOMIC CONSPIRACY1 !N :AT IS 9VOLV$ IS A COMPLETE LACK ( P]SPECTIVE & OV]VIEW ( ! TOTALITY ( ?IS POLICY4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ! EXAGG]ATION ( ! SKIRMI% BETWE5 ,LODZ FU/IAN & ,MOSC[ CALICO 9TO A DEEP GULF BETWE5 ! 9T]E/S ( ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM REVEALS ! LACK ( AN OV]VIEW ( ! TOTALITY ( ! CAPITALI/ COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/4 ,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ! ,MOSC[ DI/RICT1 MORE ?AN ANY O!R1 HAS UP UNTIL N[ 5JOY$ P>TICUL>LY LOV+ C>E FROM ! GOV]NM5T1 EXPRESS$ 9 GIFTS ( EV]Y SORT4 ,?IS POLICY1 H[EV]1 IS M]ELY ! CONCRETE EXPRESSION ( ! 5C\RAGEM5T ( ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM 9 G5]AL1 S9CE ! C5TRAL DI/RICT 7:]E NE>LY A ?IRD ( ! ,EMPIRE'S 9DU/RY & APPROXIMATELY TWO-?IRDS ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 BY VALUE1 IS CONC5TRAT$7 =MS ITS MA9 BRAN*4 ,! CO/ ( ?IS FAVORITISM T[>D ! ,MUSCOVITES HAS NOT1 H[EV]1 BE5 BORNE SO MU* BY ! O!R 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS ( ! ,EMPIRE1 :I* 9 MO/ CASES 7= EXAMPLE1 ! CU/OMS POLICY71 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ALSO B5EFIT1 BUT MU* MORE BY ! O!R BRAN*ES ( ! ECONOMY1 ABOVE ALL AGRICULTURE4 ,9 FACT1 ! 5MITY BETWE5 ! ,RUSSIAN L&[N]S & ! ,MOSC[ 9DU/RIALI/S IS MU* MORE LA/+ & BITT] ?AN ?AT BETWE5 ,MOSC[ & ,LODZ4 ,AN 9T]E/+ SPOTLI<T ON ! ALLEG$ 0NATIONAL0 POLICY ( ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS ?R[N BY ! WELL-KN[N FACT ?AT ! S\!RN COAL & IRON REGION :I* IS MO/ CODDL$ & ABSOLUTELY OV]:ELM$ ) PATRONAGE - AT ! EXP5SE ( ! ,RUSSIAN METAL 9DU/RY 9 ! ,URALS AS WELL AS ! ,MOSC[ 9DU/RIAL 9T]E/S - IS A REGION :OSE EXPLOITATION IS 9 ! MA9 9 =EIGN H&S3 ,BELGIAN & ,5GLI% CAPITALI/S4 

,IT IS AS SUP]FICIAL AS IT IS ]RONE\S TO ASCRIBE A NATIONAL 79 ! E?NOGRAPHIC S5SE7 0,GREAT ,RUSSIAN0 ECONOMIC POLICY TO ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T4 ,SU* A POLICY EXI/S ONLY 9 ! IMAG9ATION ( ! REPORT] L$ A/RAY BY EXT]NAL APPE>ANCES4 ,9 FACT1 ! ,CZ>I/ GOV]NM5T - JU/ AS ANY O!R 9 ! PRES5T DAY - MA9TA9S NOT A NATIONAL BUT A CLASS POLICY2 IT DIFF]5TIATES NOT BETWE5 ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN 5T]PRISES1 BUT ONLY BETWE5 ?OSE ?AT 0E/ABLI%0 OR 0[N0 & ?OSE ?AT LABOR4 

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #d 3 ,RUSSIA'S ,POLITICAL ,9T]E/S 9 ,POL& 
#b4#d ,RUSSIA'S ,POLITICAL ,9T]E/S 9 ,POL& 

,AL?\< ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWE5 ,RUSSIA & ,POL& TREAT$ ABOVE UNQUE/IONABLY REPRES5T ! LEAD+ FEATURE 9 ! %APE ( ,RUSSIA'S ECONOMIC POLICY T[>D ,POL&1 IT W\LD NEV]!LESS BE ONE-SID$ TO SEE ?IS POLICY AS DET]M9$ SIMPLY & SOLELY BY ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE4 ,= ! PRES5T1 ! ABSOLUTI/ GOV]NM5T ( ,RUSSIA IS MORE ABLE ?AN ?AT ( ANY O!R C\NTRY TO C>RY ?R\< ITS [N POLITICAL 9T]E/S1 ITS SOV]EIGN 9T]E/S1 AS WELL4 ,9 ?IS CONNECTION1 H[EV]1 ! HI/ORIC /ATE ( AFFAIRS BETWE5 ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T & ,POLI% 9DU/RY HAS =M$ A UNIQUE RELATION%IP4 ,IT IS EASY TO SEE ?AT ABSOLUTISM'S 9T]E/S 9 T]MS ( ,POL& >E BAS$ ABOVE ALL ON MA9TA9+ & =TIFY+ ! ANNEXATION4 ,S9CE ! ,VI5NA ,CONGRESS1 ,RUSSIA'S SPECIAL ATT5TION HAS BE5 DIRECT$ TO T5ACI\SLY SUPPRESS+ ALL TRACES ( NATIONAL OPPOSITION 9 ,POL&1 P>TICUL>LY ?AT ( ! SOCIAL CLASS :I* IS ! PILL> ( ! OPPOSITION1 ! NOBILITY4 ,9 ?IS 5DEAVOR ,RUSSIAN ABSOLUTISM SAW 9 ,POL&'S 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE A DESIRABLE ALLY4 ,TO B9D ,POL& TO ,RUSSIA ?R\< MAT]IAL 9T]E/S1 & TO CREATE A C\NT]WEI<T TO ! NATIONALI/ F]M5T ( ! NOBILITY 9 A CAPITALI/ CLASS >IS5 UND] ! V]Y W+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN EAGLE1 A CLASS DISPOS$ T[>D S]VILITY NOT ?R\< ANY TRADITION ( A NATIONAL PA/ BUT ?R\< AN 9T]E/ 9 ITS FUTURE - ?IS WAS ! AIM ( ,RUSSIAN POLICY1 :I* IT FOLL[$ ) ITS USUAL IRON CONSI/5CY4 ,IT MU/ BE ADMITT$ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T DID NOT ]R 9 ITS *OICE ( MEANS1 & ?AT IT HAD CORRECTLY S5S$ ! NATURE ( ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE4 ,H>DLY HAD MANUFACTURE SPR\T$ 9 ,POL&1 H>DLY HAD IT TA/$ ! HONEY ( ! ,RUSSIAN M>KET1 :5 ! ,POLI% 5TREPR5EURS FELT !MSELVES READY = !IR HI/ORIC MISSION3 TO S]VE AS ! SUPPORT 9 ,POL& = ! ,RUSSIAN ANNEXATION4 ,ALREADY 9 #ahbf ! ,POLI% ,F9ANCE ,M9I/] ,DRUCKI-,LUBECKI WAS DELEGAT$ TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ) ! MO/ HUMBLE 5TREATY TO COMPLETELY ABOLI% ! CU/OMS BORD] BETWE5 ,RUSSIA & ,POL&1 0S9CE 9DE$ ! TWO C\NTRIES =M ONE :OLE & ,POL& BELONGS TO ,RUSSIA40 ,9 ?IS DECL>ATION1 ! 5TIRE POLITICAL PROGRAM ( ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE WAS CONCISELY 5UNCIAT$3 ! COMPLETE R5UNCIATION ( NATIONAL FRE$OM 9 EX*ANGE = ! MESS ( POTTAGE ( ! ,RUSSIAN M>KET4 ,S9CE ?AT TIME1 ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T HAS NEV] CEAS$ SUPPORT+ ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE4 ,WE HAVE CIT$ ! LONG LI/ ( LAWS ?AT HAVE BE5 ISSU$ S9CE ! #a#h#bS TO AID 9DU/RIAL COLONIZATION ( ,POL& & ! DEVELOPM5T ( MANUFACTURE1 ! 0IRON FUND0 = ! SUBSIDY ( 9DU/RY1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,POLI% ,BANK1 5D[$ ) EV]Y CONCEIVABLE PRIVILEGE1 ETC41 ETC4 

,?IS POLICY WAS MO/ 5]GETICALLY MA9TA9$ 9 ! LAT] P]IOD2 EV5 9 ! TIME ( ,NI*OLAS ,I WE SEE ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T ISSUE NEW DECREES TO ! SAME EFFECT4 ,NO?+ WAS NEGLECT$ :I* MI<T TRANS=M ! NOBLE1 REBELLI\S ,POLE 9TO A CAPITALI/1 TAME ,POLE4 ,& ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE %[$ ?AT IT POSSESSES A GRATEFUL HE>T1 = IT HAS NEV] CEAS$ TO ?W>T & BETRAY NATIONAL /IRR+S 9 ,POL& ) ALL ITS MI<T2 ITS DISGRACEFUL CONDUCT 9 ! ,POLI% UPRIS+S SUPPLIES SUFFICI5T EVID5CE ( ?IS FACT4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT MILE/ONE ( ?IS T5D5CY 9 ,RUSSIAN POLICY WAS ! ABOLITION ( ! ,RUSSIAN-,POLI% CU/OMS BORD] 9 #a#h#e#a4 ,A HI/ORIAN 9TIMATE ) ! P]T95T >*IVES ( ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T & ! BE/ AU?ORITY ON ! HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIAN CU/OMS T>IFFS1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,LODY%5KI1 WROTE ON ?IS SUBJECT3 

0,! LIFT+ ( ! CU/OMS L9E BETWE5 ! ,EMPIRE & ! ,K+DOM WAS PRIM>ILY ! RESULT ( MOTIVES ( A POLITICAL *>ACT]4 ,AS IS WELL KN[N1 AN 9TELLECTUAL F]M5T ( P>TLY NATIONAL & P>TLY SOCIALI/ *>ACT] BEGAN 9 ,EUROPE 9 ! #a#h#dS4 ,?IS F]M5T1 9 :I* ! POPULATION ( ,RUSSIAN ,POL& ALSO P>TICIPAT$1 DI/URB$ ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T UP TO A C]TA9 PO9T & MOV$ IT TO SEEK \T WAYS TO UNITE ,POL& ) ,RUSSIA AS FIRMLY AS POSSIBLE4 ,ONE ( ! MA9 FACTORS :I* H9D]$ ! DRAW+ TOGE!R ( ! TWO C\NTRIES WAS !IR ECONOMIC SEP>ATION40 

,?US TO ELIM9ATE ?IS 0SEP>ATION10 TO FETT] ,POL& TO ,RUSSIA BY ! MAT]IAL 9T]E/S ( ITS B\RGEOISIE1 ! CU/OMS BORD] WAS ABOLI%$4 ,! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T /ILL HOLDS TO ! SAME /&PO9T TODAY1 & /ILL GREETS ! GR[+ ,POLI% M>KET 9 ,RUSSIA AS ! *A9 ?AT MO/ TI<TLY %ACKLES ! ANNEX$ C\NTRY TO ,RUSSIA4 ,?US ,M5DELEYEV WROTE 9 HIS PREFACE TO ! (FICIAL REPORT ON ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY TO ! ,*ICAGO ,WORLD'S ,FAIR 9 #a#h#i#c3 0,! PRODUCTS ( ?IS & MANY O!R ,POLI% FACTORIES F9D A CON/ANTLY GR[+ M>KET ALL OV] ,RUSSIA4 ,?R\< ! COMPETITION ( ?IS 9DU/RIAL DI/RICT ) ! ,MOSC[ DI/RICT1 ! BASIC GOAL ( ,RUSSIA'S PROTECTIONI/ POLICY WAS A*IEV$ ON ! ONE H& &1 ON ! O!R1 ! ASSIMILATION ( ,POL& ) ,RUSSIA1 :I* IS APPROPRIATE TO ! PEACEABLE \TLOOK ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE0 7READ3 ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T74 

,?IS SPECIAL ROLE ?AT ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE PLAYS T[>D ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T AS ! BULW>K ( ! ANNEXATION ALSO IS IMPORTANT 9 EXPLA9+ ! MA9 PO9T UND] QUE/ION1 I4E41 ! FUTURE ( ,POLI% CAPITALISM4 ,IT REQUIRES1 9 FACT1 AN 5ORM\S DOSE ( NAIVETE TO ASSUME ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T1 :I* HAS GIV5 ITSELF PRECISELY ! TASK ( CULTIVAT+ CAPITALISM 9 ,POL& & HAS = MORE ?AN HALF A C5TURY US$ ALL ! MEANS AT ITS DISPOSAL TO DO SO1 N[ 9T5DS TO DEMOLI% ?AT SAME CAPITALISM1 =CE ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE OV] TO ! OPPOSITION1 & ?US WANTONLY DE/ROY ITS [N H&IWORK4 ,& 9DE$1 SOLELY \T ( LOVE = ! ,MOSC[ 5TREPR5EURS1 TO :OSE COMPLA9TS & LAM5TATIONS ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T HAS TURN$ A DEAF E> = HALF A C5TURY6 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T KN[S BETT] H[ TO PROTECT ITS RUL+ 9T]E/S4 ,:AT !SE 9T]E/S >E 9 REG>D TO ,POL& WE KN[ FROM ! M\?S ( ITS REPRES5TATIVES3 0! PEACEABLE ASSIMILATION0 ( ,POL& ) ,RUSSIA1 I4E41 ! /R5G!N+ ( ITS RULE 9 ,POL& AT ANY PRICE4 ,?IS DECL>ATION WAS MADE 9 #a#h#i#c1 LONG AFT] ! PRESUM$ NEW C\RSE ( ,RUSSIAN POLICY WAS SUPPOS$ TO HAVE BEGUN4 

,! BE/ EVID5CE ( \R 9T]PRETATION IS PROVID$ BY ! REC5T HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIA'S RELATIONS ) ,F9L&4 ,H]E WE F9D ON A SMALL SCALE AN EXACT REPETITION ( ,RUSSIA'S E>LI] POLICY 9 ,POL&4 ,F9L&1 AT PRES5T1 REMA9S CUT (F FROM ! ,CZ>I/ ,EMPIRE BY A CU/OMS BORD] & MA9TA9S AN 9DEP5D5T CU/OMS POLICY T[>D =EIGN C\NTRIES MU* MORE LIB]AL ?AN ,RUSSIA'S4 ,F9NI% 9DU/RY IS N[ 5JOY+ ALL ! ADVANTAGES ?AT HAVE ALREADY HELP$ ,POLI% 9DU/RY TO BLOSSOM4 ,LIKEWISE ,F9NI% PRODUCTS1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE ( ! METAL 9DU/RY1 HAVE F\ND ACCESS TO ,RUSSIA ?ANKS TO1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 L[] CU/OMS AT ! ,RUSSO-,F9NI% BORD] ?AN AT ,RUSSIA'S O!R BORD]S1 & IS N[ GIV+ ,RUSSIA'S DOME/IC 9DU/RY FI]CE COMPETITION4 ,! ,RUSSIAN 5TREPR5EURS1 TO :OM ?IS IS A ?ORN 9 ! SIDE1 HAVE1 ( C\RSE1 NOT NEGLECT$ TO SET 9 MOTION A 0MO/ HUMBLE & OB$I5T0 CAMPAIGN TO PROTECT ! 0,FA!RL&'S0 9DU/RIES AGA9/ 0=EIGN0 RIVALS - EXACTLY LIKE ! CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,POL&4 ,! GOV]NM5T HAS1 UND] ?IS PRESSURE1 LIKEWISE TWICE RAIS$ ! T>IFFS AGA9/ ,F9L& AS AN ECONOMICALLY =EIGN REGION1 BECAUSE ( ITS 9DEP5D5T CU/OMS POLICY1 9 #ahhe & #a#h#i#g4 

,IF ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T W]E N[ TO MAKE ! 9T]E/S ( ?IS OR ?AT GR\P ( 5TREPR5EURS ! CONSI/5T PLUMBL9E = ITS ECONOMIC POLICY T[>D ! NON-,RUSSIAN-SPEAK+ SECTIONS ( ! ,EMPIRE1 !N IT W\LD CONSEQU5TLY HAVE HAD TO CONT9UE ALONG ! ROAD TO CUTT+ ,F9L& (F FROM ,RUSSIA ) A ,*9ESE WALL4 ,BUT PRECISELY ! OPPOSITE IS 9 FACT ! CASE4 ,! GOV]NM5T HAS ALREADY ORD]$ ! TOTAL LIFT+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN-,F9NI% CU/OMS BORD] = ! YE> #aic & ! ABSORPTION ( ,F9L& 9TO ! IMP]IAL ,RUSSIAN CU/OMS ZONE4 ,?US WILL ! 0,FA!RL&'S0 9DU/RIES BE FRE$ ( UN9HIBIT$ 0=EIGN0 COMPETITION4 ,& IF ?IS HAS NOT HAPP5$ EV5 SOON]1 IT IS NOT CONSID]ATION = ! LAM5TATIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN MILL-[N]S ?AT IS RESPONSIBLE1 BUT ! TRADE AGREEM5T ) ,G]MANY1 ?R\< :I* ! ,CZ>I/ ,EMPIRE HAS B\ND ITSELF = A NUMB] ( YE>S4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT ! IMP5D+ RE=M MEANS ! BEG9N+ ( ! 5D ( ,F9NI% 9DEP5D5CE 9 POLITICAL T]MS1 EV5 IF IT PROCE$S FIR/ T[>D DEMOLI%+ ITS ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE4 ,H]E WE HAVE BE=E US ONCE MORE A PORTION ( ! G5]AL POLICY ( ,CZ>ISM1 :I* PASSES OV] ALL P>TICUL> 9T]E/S 9 ORD] TO SPIRITUALLY LEVEL ! V>I\S P>TS ( ! ,EMPIRE ?R\< ! SY/EM ( ,RUSSIFICATION ON ! ONE H& &1 ON ! O!R1 TO GIVE ! UNITY ( ! ,EMPIRE A FIRM MAT]IAL FRAME BY ?IS ECONOMIC WELD+ PROCESS1 & TO PRESS ! :OLE ?+ TOGE!R 9 ! IRON CLAMPS ( ABSOLUTE P[] - A POLICY :I* WE HAVE ALREADY BECOME ACQUA9T$ ) 9 ,POL&4 

,( C\RSE NOT EV]Y?+ 9 ! WORLD GOES ACCORD+ TO ! WI%ES ( ! RUL]S4 ,:ILE ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T ECONOMICALLY 9CORPORATES ,POL& 9TO ! ,EMPIRE & CULTIVATES CAPITALISM AS ! 0ANTIDOTE0 TO NATIONAL OPPOSITION1 AT ! SAME TIME IT RAISES UP A NEW SOCIAL CLASS 9 ,POL& - ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT - A CLASS ?AT IS =C$ BY ITS SITUATION TO BECOME ! MO/ S]I\S OPPON5T ( ! ABSOLUTI/ REGIME4 ,& IF ! PROLET>IAT'S OPPOSITION CANNOT HAVE A NATIONAL *>ACT]1 SO IT CAN UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES BE EV5 MORE EFFECTIVE1 9 ?AT IT WILL LOGICALLY ANSW] ! SOLID>ITY ( ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE ) ! POLITICAL SOLID>ITY ( ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT ?IS DI/ANT CONSEQU5CE ( ITS POLICY CANNOT DIV]T ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T FROM ITS PRES5T C\RSE2 = ! TIME BE+1 IT SEES 9 ! CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ( ,POL& ONLY ! CLASS ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,AS LONG AS ,RUSSIA SEEKS TO MA9TA9 ITS RULE OV] ,POL& 9 ?IS WAY1 ! RIOT\S BLOOM ( 9DU/RY 9 ,POL& WILL REMA9 9SCRIB$ 9 ! PROGRAM ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,?US ?OSE :O AWAIT A GOV]NM5T POLICY DIRECT$ T[>D ! ECONOMIC SEP>ATION ( ,POL& TAKE = FUTURE PH5OM5A ?AT :I* BELONGS TO ! PA/1 & !IR 9SUFFICI5T KN[L$GE ( HI/ORY = DEEP] 9SI<T 9TO ! FUTURE4 

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #e 3 ,RUSSIA'S ,ECONOMIC ,9T]E/S 9 ! ,ORI5T 
#b4#e ,RUSSIA'S ,ECONOMIC ,9T]E/S 

9 ! ,ORI5T 

,( EM95T SIGNIFICANCE = ! QUE/ION WE >E DEAL+ )1 F9ALLY1 IS ! NEW DIRECTION 9 ,RUSSIAN =EIGN ECONOMIC POLICY ?AT HAS BECOME EVID5T 9 ! LA/ T5 YE>S4 ,UP UNTIL ?AT TIME1 ,RUSSIA'S EF=TS W]E DIRECT$ TO SATISFY+ ITS NE$S = MANUFACTUR$ GOODS & RAW MAT]IALS ?R\< ITS [N PRODUCTION & EMANCIPAT+ ITSELF FROM =EIGN IMPORTS4 ,TODAY ITS EF=TS GO FUR!R2 TODAY ,RUSSIA WANTS TO V5TURE \T 9TO ! WORLD M>KET & *ALL5GE ! O!R CAPITALI/ NATIONS ON =EIGN GR\ND4 ,TO BE SURE1 ?IS T5D5CY DOES NOT /EM FROM ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE2 BECAUSE ( ! PECULI> ECONOMIC-POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIA1 POLITICS FREQU5TLY GRASPS ! 9ITIATIVE ( ECONOMIC PROGRESS \T ( ITS [N 9T]E/S4 

,:ILE 9DU/RY 9 MO/ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! B\ND>IES ( ! 9T]NAL M>KET >E TOO N>R[1 PU%ES ! GOV]NM5T TO ACQUIRE NEW M>KETS BY CONQUE/ OR TREATY1 9 ,RUSSIA1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,CZ>I/ POLICY SEES 9 9DU/RIAL EXPORTS A MEANS ( BR++ ! C\NTRIES ( ,ASIA *OS5 AS POLITICAL BOOTY 9TO1 FIR/1 ECONOMIC DEP5D5CE ON ,RUSSIA4 ,!RE=E1 :ILE ! ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RIALI/S = ! MO/ P>T DO NOT LIFT A F+] TO W9 A PLACE 9 ! WORLD M>KET1 ! GOV]NM5T SPURS !M 9CESSANTLY 9 ?IS DIRECTION4 ,EV]Y?+ HAS BE5 US$ TO IMP>T 5]GY & A ?IR/ = EXPORTS3 EXHORTATIONS1 9VITATIONS1 EXP$ITIONS TO 9VE/IGATE NEW M>KET >EAS1 ! CON/RUCTION ( COLOSSAL RAILWAYS SU* AS ! ,SIB]IAN & ,EA/ ,*9ESE1 REBATES ON CU/OMS & TAXES ON EXPORT$ GOODS1 F9ALLY1 DIRECT SUBSIDIES TO ?IS 5D4 ,! C\NTRIES FIR/ 9 CONSID]ATION H]E >E3 ,*9A1 ,P]SIA1 ,C5TRAL ,ASIA1 & ! ,BALKAN /ATES4 ,9 #ahib AN EXP$ITION UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,PR(ESSOR ,POZDNEEV1 :I* WAS TO S]VE SCI5TIFIC AS WELL AS COMM]CIAL 5DS1 WAS S5T TO ,MONGOLIA4 ,EV5 E>LI] ! ,RUSSIANS HAD 9TRODUC$ ! PO/-WAGON SY/EM !RE1 :I* WAS ALSO RUN BY !M4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ YE> ! (FICIAL ( ! ,F9ANCE ,M9I/RY1 ,TOM>A1 WAS S5T TO ,P]SIA TO 9VE/IGATE ! TRADE SITUATION !RE &1 P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT1 ! RECON/RUCTION ( ! ,P]SIAN PORT ( ,5SELI WAS BEGUN 9 ORD] TO SUPPORT ,RUSSIAN TRADE4 ,9 ! SAME YE> ! ,F9ANCE ,M9I/RY WORK$ \T A DRAFT REG>D+ ! IMPROVEM5T ( ! R\TES FROM ! ,RUSSIAN BORD] TO ,TEH]AN1 ,TAURIS1 & ,MES*H$ & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A ,RUSSIAN BANK 9 ,P]SIA4 ,TO MONOPOLIZE ! M>KET 9 ,EA/ ,SIB]IA = ITS [N M]*ANTS & KNOCK ! ,5GLI% \T ( ! FIELD1 ,RUSSIA DECID$ TO ABOLI% ! FREE PORT ON ! ,AMUR RIV] & 9 ! PORT ( ,VLADIVO/OK1 :I* HAS EXT5D$ TO ALL GOODS EXCEPT ?OSE ON :I* AN EXCISE HAD BE5 LEVI$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,H[EV]1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT MEASURE BY :I* ! GOV]NM5T HOP$ TO GIVE A LEG UP TO ,RUSSIAN TRADE 9 ,C5TRAL ,ASIA WAS ! CO/LY CON/RUCTION ( ! ,TRANS-,CASPIAN ,RAILWAY4 

,NO LESS1 OR MORE CORRECTLY1 EV5 MORE ATT5TION DID ,RUSSIA DIRECT T[>D ,*9A4 ,A %ORT TIME AGO ,*9A'S TRADE ) =EIGN C\NTRIES WAS TAK5 C>E ( BY ,G]MAN1 ,FR5*1 & SOME ,5GLI% BANKS4 ,!RE=E1 9 #a#h#i#f1 ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T HURRI$ TO F\ND A ,RUSSIAN BANK 9 ,%AN<AI4 0,ONE TASK ( ! BANK10 WROTE ! ORGAN ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,F9ANCE ,M9I/RY AT ! TIME1 0IS TO CONSOLIDATE ,RUSSIA'S ECONOMIC 9FLU5CE 9 ,*9A & TO !REBY CREATE A C\NT]WEI<T TO ! 9FLU5CE ( O!R ,EUROPEAN NATIONS4 ,FROM ?IS /&PO9T IT IS P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT ?AT ! BANK TRY TO DRAW AS CLOSE TO ! ,*9ESE GOV]NM5T AS POSSIBLE1 ?AT IT COLLECT TAXES 9 ,*9A1 UND]TAKE OP]ATIONS ?AT WILL BR+ IT 9TO CONTACT ) ! ,*9ESE TREASURY1 PAY 9T]E/ ON ! ,*9ESE /ATE DEBT10 ETC4 ,! O!R ,RUSSIAN MEASURES1 = EXAMPLE ! CON/RUCTION ( ! ,EA/ ,*9ESE RAILWAY1 >E WELL 5\< KN[N4 

,! RESULT ( !SE EF=TS SO F> WAS REC5TLY (FICIALLY EXAM9$ & HAS %[N ITSELF TO BE AN ALMO/ TOTAL FIASCO4 ,9 EV]Y C\NTRY :]E ! GOV]NM5T WANT$ TO SET IT UP1 ! ,RUSSIAN M>KET W\LD HAVE HAD TO OV]COME /IFF COMPETITION FROM ,G]MAN1 ,FR5*1 BUT ABOVE ALL ,5GLI% 9DU/RY1 & ! ,RUSSIAN 5TREPR5EURS HAD NOT YET %[N !MSELVES TO HAVE SUFFICI5TLY GR[N TO ! P>T4 ,RUSSIA WAS NO MAT* = O!R NATIONS EV5 9 ITS [N NATIONAL T]RITORY 9 ,EA/ ,SIB]IA1 AS LONG AS IT HAD TO FACE !M 9 FREE COMPETITION4 ,IMPORTS 9 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ,SIB]IAN PORT1 ,VLADIVO/OK1 AM\NT$ TO3 

  
,9 ?\S&S ( RUBLES 
FROM ,RUSSIA 
  
FROM =EIGN 

C\NTRIES 
#ahhg 
#b1#a#f 
#c1#g#b#e 
#ahhh 
#b1#a#b#a 
#c1#g#f#c 
#ahhi 
#b1#c#h#e 
#c1#c#b#e 

,A CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS WAS ! ABOVE-M5TION$ DECISION BY ,RUSSIA TO TAKE ,EA/ ,SIB]IA 9TO ! ,EMPIRE'S T>IFF ZONE4 

,RUSSIAN EXPORTS TO ,*9A >E LIKEWISE H>DLY WOR? M5TION 9 COMP>ISON TO ?OSE ( O!R NATIONS4 ,\T ( TOTAL IMPORTS ( NE>LY #cc MILLION RUBLES1 ,RUSSIA P>TICIPAT$ ) ONLY APPROXIMATELY #d4#e MILLION3 

?\S&S ( RUBLES 
#ahia 
#d1#h#i#f 
#ahib 
#d1#g#h#b 
#ahic 
#d1#h#g 
#ahid 
#d1#d#h#h 

,A SIMIL> PICTURE HAS BE5 PROVID$ BY ! UPRO> AB\T TRADE ) C5TRAL ,ASIA4 ,! ,TRANS-,CASPIAN ,RAILWAY BUILT BY ,RUSSIA1 ON :I* SU* GREAT HOPES W]E SET1 PROV$ ITSELF TO BE A REALLY FIR/-RATE TRADE R\TE - = ! ,5GLI%1 :O N[ HAVE OBTA9$ A WAY ( GETT+ >\ND ! HI< TRANSIT DUTY 9 ,AF<ANI/AN4 ,RUSSIAN EXPORTS TO ! ,TRANS-,CASPIAN1 ,KHIVA1 ,BUKH>A1 & ,TURKE/AN HAVE1 AFT] A BRIEF UPSW+1 BEGUN TO S9K AGA9 9 ! LA/ FEW YE>S4 ,( ! MO/ IMPORTANT >TICLES REGI/]$1 ! FOLL[+ W]E TRANSPORT$3 

?\S&S ( RUBLES 
,YE> 
#ahhh 
#ahhi 
#ahi 
#ahia 
#ahib 
#ahic 
,TOTAL 
#a1#a#d#a 
#a1#b#i#f 
#a1#f#h#e 
#b1#i#b#b 
#b1#a#b 
#a1#h#e#d 
,PRODUCTS ( TEXTILE 9DU/RY 
   #ba 
   #bde 
   #$a 
   #fga 
   #cig 
   #e* 
,SUG> 
   #dbb 
   #deg 
   #eca 
#a1#d#h 
   #eaf 
   #ea 

,5GLI% IMPORTS FROM ,9DIA1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 GREW RAPIDLY DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD ?ANKS TO ! ,RUSSIAN RAILWAY1 AS HAS BE5 (FICIALLY CONFIRM$ FROM ! ,RUSSIAN SIDE4 ,BUKH>A1 = EXAMPLE1 RECEIV$ FROM ! F\R MA9 /ATIONS ON ?IS L9E3 

,9 ?\S&S ( POODS 

#ahhh 
#ahhi 
#ahi 
#ahia 
#ahib 
#ahic 
,TOTAL 
,RUSSIAN PRODUCTS 
   #egb 
#a1#a#g#f 
#a1#h#f#c 
     #ibc 
   #bfg 
   #bdd 
  #e1#d#e 
,5GLI% PRODUCTS 
#a1#a#f 
#d1#b#i 
#h1#e#a#f 
#a#b1#g#f#a 
#d1#d#d#c 
#a#f1#a#e#d 
#d#g1#b#d#c 

,RUSSIA'S EXPORTS TO ,AF<ANI/AN >E 9 JU/ AS BAD A WAY4 ,IMPORTS ( PRODUCTS ( ! ,RUSSIAN TEXTILE 9DU/RY AM\NT$ TO #a#f#c1#b#d#e POODS 9 #a#h#h#h-#a#h#i 7#b#e MON?S71 #a1 POODS 9 #ahic 7#a#b MON?S71 ?AT IS1 APPROXIMATELY EI<T TIMES LESS P] YE>4 

,RUSSIAN TRADE 9 ,P]SIA HAS SUCCE$$ ! BE/1 RELATIVELY4 ,RUSSIAN COTTON PRODUCTS MAKE UP APPROXIMATELY #c P] C5T ( ,P]SIAN CONSUMPTION1 & IMPORTS ( !SE PRODUCTS AM\NT TO #d#h1 POODS P] YE> 9 #a#h#h#g-#a#h#i1 #g#c1 POODS P] YE> 9 #a#h#i#a#a#h#i#d4 

,9 ! NOR!RN PROV9CES ( ,GILAN & ,MAS5D]AN1 ! ,RUSSIAN TEXTILE 9DU/RY HAS ALMO/ SUPPLANT$ ! ,5GLI%1 BUT1 9 TOTAL ,P]SIAN IMPORTS1 ,RUSSIA - ACCORD+ TO (FICIAL EVID5CE - PLAYS A V]Y SMALL ROLE = ! MEANTIME4 ,?IS DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY F9DS ITSELF 9 ! MO/ ADVANTAGE\S SITUATION1 S9CE ! ,P]SIANS & ,>M5IANS LIV+ 9 ! ,CAUCASUS1 C>RY+ ON TRADE AT !IR [N RISK1 S]VE ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY AS ! MO/ SUITABLE AG5TS1 :ILE ! M]*ANTS ( O!R NATIONS MU/ TAKE REC\RSE TO BUS9ESS ON COMMISSION1 & ?AT ONLY 9 ,P]SIA'S L>G] CITIES4 

,! TOTAL PICTURE ( ,RUSSIA'S EXPORTS TO ITS MO/ IMPORTANT ,ASIAN M>KETS LOOKS AS FOLL[S3 

#ahid 
  
,9 MILLIONS ( RUBLES 

TO ,P]SIA 
TO ,*9A 
TO ,C5TRAL 

,ASIA 
,TOTAL 
#ab 
#d4#e 
#c4#h 
,FOOD 
#g4#e 
4#a 
#a4#g 
,MANUFACTUR$ GOODS 
#c4#e 
#c4#d 
4#d 
,RAW MAT]IALS & HALF-F9I%$ GOODS 
-- 
4#g 
4#i 

,WE SEE ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T'S PROGRAM 9 ,ASIA IS /ILL F> FROM BE+ REALIZ$1 & ?AT1 9 ANY CASE1 ! RESULT ATTA9$ CORRESPONDS 9 NO WAY TO ! AM\NT ( EF=T MADE 9 ?IS DIRECTION4 ,IT W\LD BE AN ]ROR TO TRACE ?IS BACK TO ! TE*NOLOGICAL BACKW>DNESS ( ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY ALONE4 ,C]TA9LY ,RUSSIA IS BEH9D O!R 9DU/RIAL /ATES 9 ?IS REG>D1 9 A :OLE S]IES ( IMPORTANT BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY - SU* AS ! METAL & WOOL 9DU/RIES1 ETC4 - & 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO TAKE UP ! COMPETITIVE BATTLE SUCCESSFULLY ON ! WORLD M>KET IT W\LD HAVE TO UNCONDITIONALLY IMPROVE ITS ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT !RE IS A FUR!R & NO LESS IMPORTANT FACTOR 9VOLV$1 :I* HAS L>GELY FRU/RAT$ ! GOV]NM5T'S PLANS 9 ,ASIA UP UNTIL N[4 ,= EV5 :]E ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY C\LD HAVE EASILY WON A VICTORY OV] ! ,5GLI%1 ACCORD+ TO ! COMPET5T TE/IMONY ( 9DIVIDUAL RESE>*]S & EV5 ! ,BRITI% CONSULS 9 ,P]SIA - = EXAMPLE1 9 ! PRODUCTION ( L[] GRADES ( COTTON CLO? - ! ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RIALI/S UP UNTIL N[ HAVE NOT BE5 ABLE TO GO V]Y F>4 

,! REASON IS ! 5TIRE HABITAT ( ! ,RUSSIAN & ESPECIALLY ! ,MOSC[ 5TREPR5EURS1 :I* WAS =M$ BY YE>S ( ,RUSSIA'S PROHIBITIVE T>IFF POLICY4 ,PAMP]$ BY ! GOV]NM5T ) ALL SORTS ( GIFTS & PATRONAGE1 SPOIL$ BY 5ORM\S MONOPOLY PR(ITS1 SPOIL$ FUR!R BY A COLOSSAL DOME/IC M>KET & ! IMMUNITY FROM \TSIDE COMPETITION1 ! ,MOSC[ 5TREPR5EURS FELT NEI!R ! DESIRE NOR ! NE$ TO EXPOSE !MSELVES TO ! R\< WEA!R ( ! WORLD M>KET & CONT5T !MSELVES ) NORMAL PR(ITS4 ,IT IS1 SO TO SPEAK1 PR(IT-HYP]TROPHY :I* MAKES ! ,MUSCOVITES SO SLUGGI% & APA!TIC 9 ! SE>* = POSSIBLE NEW M>KETS2 !Y SEE =EIGN TRADE AS1 AT MO/1 A MEANS TO EI!R POCKET HI<] EXPORT SUBSIDIES OR TO GET A HUCK/]'S ONE-TIME PR(IT BY FRAUDUL5T GOODS DELIV]IES & ! CLUMSIE/ *EAT+4 ,IF NEI!R ! ONE NOR ! O!R IS 9 ! (F+1 !N ! ,MOSC[ MANUFACTUR] ANSW]S ! ORD]S ?AT MI<T P\R 9 FROM \TSIDE ) /UBBORN SIL5CE4 

,?IS ME?OD ( DO+ BUS9ESS IS CLE>LY %[N 9 CONNECTION ) ,ASIA4 ,?US1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,RUSSIAN CALICO MASSIVELY IMPORT$ TO ,BUKH>A & ,KHIVA 9 #ahi & #ahia WAS MANUFACTUR$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ! ,MOSLEMS C\LD HAVE US$ IT MU* LESS = CLO?+ ?AN = DYE+ ,NEW ,YE>'S EGGS4 ,9 SUBSEQU5T YE>S ! POPULATION UND]/&ABLY TURN$ BACK TO ,5GLI% PRODUCTS1 & ?IS1 MORE ?AN ! *OL]A EPIDEMIC & ! BAD H>VE/1 BR\<T AB\T ! PRECIPIT\S FALL 9 ,RUSSIAN IMPORTS 9 ! YE>S #ahib & #a#h#i#c4 ,JU/ AS TELL+ IS ! /ORY ( ! SUG> TRADE ) ,ASIA4 ,SO LONG AS ! EXCISE WAS REBAT$ ON ! EXPORT ( SUG>1 !SE EXPORTS W5T RAPIDLY TO ,P]SIA & ,BUKH>A2 :5 ! REBATES W]E SUSP5D$1 ! BUS9ESS ONCE MORE SEEM$ PO9TLESS TO ! ,RUSSIANS1 & EXPORTS SANK SUDD5LY FROM #a1#d#g1#i#i#f POODS 9 #ahia TO #e#a#f1#b#a POODS 9 #ahib & #a#e1#a#b#h 9 #a#h#i#c4 ,ANO!R 9T]E/+ SIDE ( ! ,MUSCOVITES' COMM]CIAL SPIRIT IS REVEAL$ 9 !IR TRADE ) ,SIB]IA1 :]E !Y MANAG$ TO FIR/ S5D \T TRAVEL]S ) SAMPLES TO W9 ORD]S1 !N AFT]W>DS DECL9$ TO FILL !SE ORD]S4 ,F9ALLY1 ! ,MUSCOVITES' 5]GY COMES TO ! =E MO/ GL>+LY 9 !IR BUS9ESS ) ,*9A2 APPROA*$ FROM !RE ) REQUE/S = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( TRADE RELATIONS1 !Y RETORT$ TO ?IS IMPORTUNATE DEM& ) SIL5CE4 

,AFT] EXHAU/IVE EXAM9ATION ( ! \TCOME ( ,RUSSIA'S ,ASIATIC TRADE1 ! ORGAN ( ! ,F9ANCE ,M9I/RY LIKEWISE CAME TO ! FOLL[+ CONCLUSION3 0,! *>ACT]I/IC TRAITS ( ! NONCOMM]CIAL ,SLAVIC 7MEAN+ H]E3 ,RUSSIAN7 RACE & ! ABSOLUTE APA?Y & 9DOL5CE ( ! ,MOSC[ 5TREPR5EURS >E EXPRESS$ AS CRUDELY AS !Y >E COMPLETELY 9 \R TRADE ) ,C5TRAL ,ASIA40 ,! CAUSES ( ! FAILURE ( ! ,RUSSIAN M>KET 9 ,ASIA >E =MULAT$ 9 ALMO/ ! SAME WORDS BY O!R PAP]S ( DIFF]5T VIEWPO9TS - ! ,NOVO/I1 ,NOVOE ,VREMYA1 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ,NEWS1 AMONG O!RS4 ,& REC5TLY ! ORGAN ( ! ,F9ANCE ,M9I/RY HAPP5$ TO SPEAK ONCE AGA9 ON ! SAME !ME3 0,ONLY ,P]SIA10 IT WROTE 9 ,JANU>Y #a#h#i#g1 0CAN BE CALL$ A M>KET = ! PRODUCTS ( \R COTTON 9DU/RY2 ! ATTEMPTS TO CONQU] ! ,*9ESE & ,C5TRAL ,ASIAN M>KETS = \RSELVES CAN SO F> NOT BE VIEW$ AS SUCCESSFUL1 & :AT IS RESPONSIBLE IS 9 P>T \R 9ABILITY TO ADJU/ TO ! DEM&S & CU/OMS ( ! CU/OM]S1 BUT ABOVE ALL ! FACT ?AT \R 5TREPR5EURS AT ! MOM5T HAVE IT TOO GOOD AT HOME TO WANT TO BO!R ) =EIGN M>KETS40 

,?US IT APPE>S ?AT ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ! ,MOSC[ 5TREPR5EURS1 & P>TICUL>LY !IR EF=TS TO MA9TA9 A PRIVILEG$ PLACE BY MEANS ( A TOTALLY >TIFICIAL ,*9ESE WALL1 >E 9COMPATIBLE ) ! CURR5T T5D5CY ( ,RUSSIAN =EIGN POLICY & 9 FACT GO DIRECTLY AGA9/ IT4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT ! MO/ EFFECTIVE REM$Y = ALL ,MOSC['S 9DOL5CE & ITS TRADE PRACTICES1 AS WELL AS = TE*NOLOGICAL BACKW>DNESS1 W\LD BE ,RUSSIA'S TRANSITION TO A LIB]AL T>IFF POLICY1 :I* W\LD TE> ! ,MOSC[ DI/RICT \T ( ! HOT-H\SE ATMOSPH]E ( MONOPOLY & CONFRONT IT ) =EIGN COMPETITION 9 ITS [N C\NTRY4 ,TO US !RE IS LITTLE D\BT ?AT ! 9T]E/S ( ABSOLUTISM 9 ,ASIA ON ! ONE SIDE1 ON ! O!R ! EXPANSION ( CAPITALI/ AGRICULTURE & ! 9T]E/S ( ! L&[N]S1 WILL SOON] OR LAT] PULL ,RUSSIA D[N ! ROAD TO A MORE MOD]ATE T>IFF POLICY4 ,BUT ABOVE ALL A REM$Y CAN BE CREAT$ ONLY 9 ONE WAY1 NAMELY BY %>P5+ COMPETITION )9 ! ,RUSSIAN CU/OMS BORD]S1 I4E41 SO ?AT ,MOSC[ IS RU?LESSLY AB&ON$ TO ! UNLIMIT$ COMPETITION ( ! PROGRESSIVE 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS ( ,POL& & ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 ,?IS VIEWPO9T IS ALSO ?AT :I* ! MORE 9FLU5TIAL ,RUSSIAN PRESS1 SU* AS ! ,NOVOE ,VREMYA1 /RESS$ EXPLICITLY 9 CONNECTION ) ! DEBATE OV] ! ,CZ>I/ ,EMPIRE'S 9T]E/S 9 ,ASIA4 ,?AT ! GOV]NM5T1 = ITS P>T1 IS N[ 9 FACT PREP>+ TO DO AWAY ) ,MOSC['S ECONOMIC RUT & TO =CE ! ,MUSCOVITES T[>D MOD]N PRODUCTION & TRADE ME?ODS IS BE/ PROV$ BY ! MO/ REC5T LAW ON ! MAXIMUM WORK DAY1 :I* 9DICATES ! MO/ ABRUPT BREAK ) ,MOSC['S PRES5T ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION1 :ILE IT ALSO APPE>S AS A REALIZATION ( ! ,POLI% PROJECT ( #a#h#i#b4 

,TO ! SAME DEGREE TO :I* ,MOSC['S ECONOMIC CONS]VATISM IS A DRAG ON CURR5T ,RUSSIAN POLICY & BECOMES MORE SO EV]Y DAY1 ,POLI% 9DU/RY APPE>S ONCE MORE AS ,CZ>ISM'S COMRADE 9 >MS4 ,WE HAVE %[N BY ! COMP>ISON BETWE5 ! COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS ( ,POLI% & C5TRAL ,RUSSIAN PRODUCTION H[ F> AHEAD ( ,MOSC[ ,POL& IS 9 T]MS ( TE*NOLOGY4 ,= ?IS REASON ALONE1 CAPITALI/ ,POL&1 AS ! MO/ PROGRESSIVE 9DU/RIAL DI/RICT 9 ,RUSSIA1 :I*1 ?R\< COMPETITION1 UNCEAS+LY SPURS ! O!RS1 P>TICUL>LY ,MOSC[1 T[>D TE*NOLOGICAL IMPROVEM5TS1 REALIZES ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T'S CURR5T PROGRAM4 ,BUT ! ,POLI% 9DU/RIALI/S >E ALSO RUNN+ AHEAD ( ! ,RUSSIANS SPECIFICALLY 9 ! OP5+ UP ( ,ASIAN M>KETS4 ,WE HAVE SE5 H[ S]I\SLY & ?OR\<LY !Y PREP>$ !MSELVES = ?IS TASK4 ,)\T AWAIT+ ! 9VITATION ( ! GOV]NM5T1 !Y !MSELVES SEIZE ! 9ITIATIVE & ) !IR [N H&S =GE TRADE L9KS ) =EIGN C\NTRIES4 

,9 ! ONLY C\NTRY :]E ,RUSSIAN TRADE IS RELATIVELY FL\RI%+ - 9 ,P]SIA - ! PRODUCTS ( ! ,POLI% TEXTILE 9DU/RY MAKE UP NE>LY HALF ( ! TOTAL TEXTILE IMPORTS FROM ,RUSSIA - APPROXIMATELY #d P] C5T ( ! IMPORTS VIA ! MO/ IMPORTANT JUNCTION1 ,BAKU4 ,TO ,POL& ALSO BELONG ! 9ITIATIVES T[>D TRADE RELATIONS ) ,P]SIA1 9 MANY RESPECTS3 ALREADY 9 #a#h#h#g1 ?US BE=E ! GOV]NM5T HAD TURN$ ITS ATT5TION TO ?IS C\NTRY1 ,POL& HAD SET AB\T OP5+ UP ITS [N TRADE AG5CY & W>EH\SE 9 ,TEH]AN4 ,LODZ ALSO IMM$IATELY MADE USE ( ! ,TRANS-,CASPIAN ,RAILWAY TO ADVANCE 9TO ,C5TRAL ,ASIA ) ITS GOODS ALONG ) ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & ,MOSC[4 ,IT IS ! ,W>SAW DI/RICT ?AT PROVIDES ! L>GELY IMMIGRANT /RATA ( ! POPULATIONS ( ,BUKH>A & ,TURKE/AN ) GLASSW>E1 FAI5CE1 & PORCELA91 :ILE ! 9F]IOR ,MOSC[ PRODUCTS >E B\<T BY ! POOR] NATIVES4 ,LODZ IS1 AT ?IS PO9T1 ! ONLY 9DU/RIAL DI/RICT 9 ! ,EMPIRE :OSE TEXTILE 9DU/RY'S PRODUCTS HAVE F\ND 5TRY 9TO ,CON/ANT9OPLE & ! ,BALKAN C\NTRIES4 ,ALREADY 9 #ahhg ,POL& HAD TAK5 UP TRADE RELATIONS ) ,RUMANIA & ,BULG>IA4 ,REC5TLY ,LODZ BEGAN TO S5D COTTON PRODUCTS DIRECTLY TO ,S(IA4 ,9DE$1 ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE1 ?R\< USE ( ! ,SIB]IAN RAILWAY L9E1 MAY MAKE ,W>SAW ! C5T] ( ! NEW1 L>GE ,EUROPEAN-,ASIAN TRADE R\TES4 0,! ,BRITI% MANUFACTUR]10 WROTE ! ,5GLI% CONSUL 9 ,W>SAW1 0MAY BE PREP>$ TO F9D 9 !M 7! ,POLI% 5TREPR5EURS7 =MIDABLE RIVALS 9 ! M>KETS ( ! ,EA/40 

,9 ?IS WAY ,POLI% CAPITALISM 9 ,ASIA WORKS DIRECTLY 9TO ! H&S ( ,CZ>I/ POLICY4 

,FROM !SE SO DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ ATTITUDES ( ,MOSC[ & ,POL& T[>D ! AIMS FIX$ BY ,RUSSIAN POLICY1 !RE ALSO FOLL[S A TOTALLY DIFF]5T CURR5T 9 ! PUBLIC OP9ION ( ! TWO DI/RICTS4 ,/RONG] & /RONG] GR[S ! P>TY FAVOR+ DOME/IC FREE TRADE1 FAVOR+ TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS1 ! P>TY ?AT OPPOSES ! (FICIAL GU>DIAN%IP & DEF5SE ( BACKW>D 9DU/RIES1 & !RE=E IS SYMPA!TIC T[>D ! ,POLI% DI/RICT2 & ! ,MOSC[ 5TREPR5EURS /& MORE & MORE ISOLAT$ ) !IR ANCE/RAL BELIEF 9 ! ,TR9ITY3 GU>ANTEES1 BONUSES1 SUBSIDIES4 ,! ANTI-,MOSC[ TEMP] CLE>LY EXPRESS$ ITSELF ON ! OCCASION ( ,MOSC['S PETITION TO ! #ahic ANNUAL FAIR 9 ,NIZHNI-,NOVGOROD = ! IMPOSITION ( A TAX ON ,POLI% TRAVEL+ AG5TS4 ,?US WE READ 9 ,NOVO/I3 

0,DUR+ ! SAME FAIR 444 !SE SAME REPRES5TATIVES ( PROTECTIONISM COMPOS$ & S5T TO ! ,F9ANCE ,M9I/] A PETITION REG>D+ A SPECIAL TAX ON ! TRAVEL+ SALESM5 ( ! ,LODZ FACTORIES1 ) ! UNCONCEAL$ 9T5TION ( LIB]AT+ ! ,MOSC[ 9DU/RIAL DI/RICT FROM ,LODZ'S COMPETITION4 ,ACCORD+ TO HEAL?Y COMMON S5SE1 ! ,MOSC[ MANUFACTUR]S %\LD1 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY & ( ,RUSSIAN CONSUM]S1 M]ELY FOLL[ ! ADMIRABLE EXAMPLE ( ! ,LODZ MANUFACTUR]S & EMPLOY TRAVEL+ SALESM51 BR+ ! PRODUC]S CLOS] TO ! CONSUM]S1 & SO *EAP5 & MAKE EASI] ! M>KET = ITS [N PRODUCTS4 ,BUT NOT NE>LY SO MU* 5TREPR5EURIAL SPIRIT LIES ) ! CU/OMS & HABITS ( !SE PROTECTION-CODDL$ PRACTICAL M52 !Y PREF] TO TRY V>I\S PRANKS AGA9/ !IR COMPETITORS40 

,&1 F9ALLY1 A *>ACT]I/IC EXC]PT FROM ! (FICIAL GOV]NM5T ORGAN ,W>SAW ,TAGESBLATT ON ! G5]AL TASKS ( ,RUSSIA'S 9DU/RIAL =EIGN POLICY3 

0,) ! OP5+ UP ( !SE NEW M>KETS 9 ,C5TRAL ,ASIA & ,P]SIA1 WE RECKON ON ! FL\RI%+ ( \R 9DU/RIES1 & WE REPEAT ?AT IT IS V]Y MU* TO BE DEPLOR$ ?AT ! LION'S %>E ( ! PR(ITS GO TO =EIGN C\NTRIES1 :ILE ONLY ! CRUMBS REMA9 = \R POOR WORK]S 7674 ,\R TRADE ) ,C5TRAL ,ASIA & ,P]SIA HAS NOT YET /RUCK DEEP ROOTS1 & ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ,RUSSIAN TRADE /ILL HAVE MANY VICTORIES TO W9 OV] ,5GLI% COMPETITION TO CONQU] ?OSE M>KETS = ,RUSSIA4 ,9 VIEW ( ! COMMON 5EMY1 ! ,MOSC[ & ,POLI% 5TREPR5EURS %\LD JO9 =CES 9 ORD] TO /RIVE TOGE!R T[>D ! SAME GOAL 444 ,RUSSIA'S MA9 GOAL 9 ! ,ASIAN M>KET IS AT ?IS MOM5T TO EXCLUDE ,5GLI% GOODS4 ,IT W\LD BE A SUBSIDI>Y QUE/ION :I* ( ! ,EMPIRE'S 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS CONTRIBUTES MORE TO ! A*IEVEM5T ( ?IS GOAL1 IF ONLY ! PR(ITS ( 9DU/RY ON ! BANKS ( ! ,VI/ULA W5T EXCLUSIVELY TO ! NATIVE POPULATION & NOT1 AS IS ! CASE1 TO 9CREASE ! CAPITAL = ,G]MAN 5TREPR5EURS1 EMPLOYES1 & WORK]S4 ,W]E ?OSE 9DU/RIES 9 ! H&S ( ,RUSSIA OR ,POL&1 !N WE W\LD BE F> /RONG] 9 \R BATTLE ) ,5GL&1 & \R DOM9ANCE 9 C5TRAL ,ASIA W\LD BE SECUR$40 

,UND]/&ABLY1 ! GOV]NM5T ORGAN DOES NOT NEGLECT TO DEAL A BL[ 9 PASS+ TO ! ,G]MAN 9DU/RIALI/S1 :O >E HEAVILY REPRES5T$ 9 ,POLI% 9DU/RY2 IT *>GES !M ) IGNOR+ ,RUSSIAN NATIONAL 9T]E/S1 EXCLUSIVE1 EGOTI/ICAL CONC]N = ! 0,G]MAN0 9T]E/S ( !IR [N POCKETS1 ETC4 ,BUT 9 ! MA91 WE F9D H]E ! ACTUAL SITUATION ( ! MOM5T1 PO9T$LY EXPRESS$3 ,9 VIEW ( ! PRES5T TASKS 9 ! WORLD M>KET1 ! DOME/IC RIVALRIES ( ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN 5TREPR5EURS /& COMPLETELY 9 ! BACKGR\ND4 ,9S(> AS DIFF]5CES EXI/ BETWE5 !M1 ! BLAME WILL BE PU%$ ONTO ! ,G]MANS1 AN ELEM5T HAT$ JU/ AS MU* BY ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE1 AS WE HAVE SE54 ,POLI% 9DU/RY 9 ITSELF1 ITS DEVELOPM5T1 ITS FL\RI%+1 APPE> H]E 9 A NEW LI<T1 AS LY+ DIRECTLY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,CZ>I/ GOV]NM5T3 ,ONCE IT HAS S]V$ TO ADDITIONALLY CONSOLIDATE ! ,RUSSIAN CONQUE/ 9 ,POL&1 ,CZ>ISM IS N[ ASSIGN+ ,POLI% CAPITALISM ! FLATT]+ ROLE ( S]V+ 9 ,ASIA AS ! H>B+] ( ,CZ>ISM'S COM+ APPETITE = CONQUE/4 ,9DE$1 ,POL& N[ PLAYS ! LEAD+ ROLE1 AS WE SAW1 9 ! REALIZATION ( ?IS L(TY TASK1 :ILE ,MOSC['S />1 I4E41 ! SPECIAL ,MUSCOVITE ECONOMIC POLICY1 IS SL[LY WAN+4 ,! NEW ,RUSSIAN LAW ON ! MAXIMUM WORK DAY SIGNIFIES ?AT EV5 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE ! LOVELY DAYS ( ,>ANJUEZ - ! DAYS ( PRIMITIVE CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION - >E ALMO/ PA/4 

O ,CONCLUSION 
,CONCLUSION 

,\R TASK IS F9I%$4 ,WE BELIEVE ?AT WE CAN CONCLUDE FROM ! =EGO+ ?AT ALL APPREH5SIONS AB\T ! FUTURE ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY - AT LEA/ 9S(> AS !Y RELATE TO ! DANG] ?REAT5$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T - >E QUITE GR\NDLESS & NO?+ BUT AN UNCRITICAL1 SUP]FICIAL REFLECTION ( ! 9TIMATE 5TREPR5EURIAL WRANGLE BETWE5 ! ,LODZ & ,MOSC[ 5TREPR5EURS4 ,IF ONE LOOKS DEEP] 9TO ! SITUATION1 ONE MU/ >RIVE AT ! CONCLUSION ?AT ,POL&1 9 ECONOMIC T]MS1 NOT ONLY DOES NOT HAVE ANY SEP>ATION FROM ,RUSSIA 9 /ORE1 BUT1 RA!R1 ! T5D5CIES >IS+ FROM ! G5]AL 9T]NAL NATURE ( L>GE-SCALE CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ITSELF >E B9D+ ,POL& MU* MORE /RONGLY TO ,RUSSIA ) EV]Y PASS+ YE>4 ,IT IS AN IMMAN5T LAW ( ! CAPITALI/ ME?OD ( PRODUCTION ?AT IT /RIVES TO MAT]IALLY B9D TOGE!R ! MO/ DI/ANT PLACES1 LITTLE BY LITTLE1 TO MAKE !M ECONOMICALLY DEP5D5T ON EA* O!R1 & EV5TUALLY TRANS=M ! 5TIRE WORLD 9TO ONE FIRMLY JO9$ PRODUCTIVE ME*ANISM4 ,?IS T5D5CY1 ( C\RSE1 WORKS MO/ /RONGLY )9 ONE & ! SAME /ATE1 )9 ! SAME POLITICAL & T>IFF BORD]S4 ,! CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ( ,POL& & ,RUSSIA HAS YIELD$ ?IS RESULT4 ,AS LONG AS BO? C\NTRIES W]E PR$OM9ANTLY AGRICULTURAL & 9DE$ NATURAL-ECONOMY C\NTRIES1 ?US UNTIL ! #a#h#fS1 !Y REMA9$ ECONOMICALLY =EIGN TO EA* O!R & EA* REPRES5T$ = ITSELF A CLOS$ :OLE ) P>TICUL> ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,S9CE FACTORY PRODUCTION BEGAN H]E & !RE ON A L>G] SCALE1 H[EV]1 S9CE NATURAL ECONOMY GAVE WAY TO MONEY ECONOMY1 S9CE 9DU/RY BECAME A DET]M9+ FACTOR 9 ! SOCIAL LIFE ( BO? C\NTRIES1 ! SELF-CONTA9M5T ( !IR MAT]IAL EXI/5CE HAS MORE & MORE DISAPPE>$4 ,EX*ANGE & ! DIVISION ( LABOR HAVE /RUNG ?\S&S ( ?READS BETWE5 ,RUSSIA & ,POL&1 & !SE MANIFOLD ECONOMIC 9T]E/S >E SO 9T]TW9$ ?AT ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN ECONOMIES TODAY =M MORE & MORE ONE COMPLICAT$ ME*ANISM4 

,! PROCESS PORTRAY$ ABOVE IS MIRROR$ 9 MANY DIFF]5T WAYS 9 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! DIFF]5T FACTORS 9 ,POLI% PUBLIC LIFE4 ,! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T SEES ,POL& AS A TOOL = ITS PLANS = RULE1 BELIEVES ?AT ,POL& HAS BE5 UNCONDITIONALLY SURR5D]$ UP TO ITS P[] & ?AT IT HAS F\ND$ A ?\S&-YE> EMPIRE ( DESPOTISM4 ,! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE SEES 9 ?IS A FUNDAM5TAL ( ITS [N CLASS RULE 9 ! C\NTRY & AN 9EXHAU/IBLE S\RCE ( RI*ES2 IT 9DULGES 9 ! SWEETE/ DREAMS ( ! FUTURE 9 ITS ?\<TS AB\T ,ASIA & BELIEVES ITSELF ABLE TO BUILD A ?\S&-YE> EMPIRE ( CAPITAL4 ,! V>I\S NATIONALI/ ELEM5TS ( ,POLI% SOCIETY P]CEIVE ! 5TIRE SOCIAL PROCESS AS A UNIQUE1 GREAT NATIONAL MIS=TUNE1 :I* M]CILESSLY %ATT]$ !IR HOPES = ! RECON/RUCTION ( AN 9DEP5D5T ,POLI% /ATE4 ,!Y S5SE 9/9CTIVELY ! P[] ( ! ECONOMIC BONDS :I* CAPITALISM HAS CREAT$ BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA &1 )\T BE+ ABLE TO HOLD BACK ! FATAL PROCESS 9 REALITY1 !Y CAN AT LEA/ PUT AN 5D TO IT 9 !IR [N IMAG9ATION2 !Y CL+ 9 DESP]ATION TO ?IS ILLUSION & EXPECT ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T ITSELF TO NULLIFY ,POL&'S HAT$ CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ) ITS [N H&S & SO RECREATE A BASIS = NATIONALISM4 

,WE BELIEVE ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T1 ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE1 & ! ,POLI% NATIONALI/S HAVE ALL EQUALLY BE5 /RUCK ) BL9DNESS1 & ?AT ! CAPITALI/ FUSION PROCESS BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA ALSO HAS AN IMPORTANT DIALECTICAL SIDE ?AT !Y HAVE COMPLETELY OV]LOOK$4 ,?IS PROCESS IS BR++ TO FRUITION 9 ITS [N WOMB ! MOM5T :5 ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA WILL BE ?R[N 9TO CONTRADICTION ) ! ABSOLUTE =M ( GOV]NM5T1 & :5 ,CZ>I/ RULE WILL BE BR\<T D[N BY ITS [N WORKS4 ,SOON] OR LAT]1 ! H\R WILL /RIKE :5 ! SAME ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE :I* IS TODAY PAMP]$ BY ! ,CZ>I/ GOV]NM5T WILL BECOME WE>Y ( !IR POLITICAL ATTORNEY - ,ABSOLUTISM - & WILL *ECKMATE ! K+4 ,MOREOV]1 ?IS CAPITALI/ PROCESS IS MOV+ ) IMPETU\S HA/E T[>D ! MOM5T :5 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE BECOMES IRRECONCILABLE ) ! RULE ( CAPITAL & :51 9 ! PLACE ( PRIVATE COMMODITY ECONOMY1 A NEW SOCIAL ORD] BAS$ ON PLANN$1 COOP]ATIVE PRODUCTION WILL APPE>4 ,! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIES >E HA/5+ ?IS MOM5T ) !IR COMB9$ =CES2 !Y CANNOT MAKE ONE /EP =W>D )\T 9CREAS+ & PU%+ =W>D ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASSES4 ,! CAPITALI/ FUS+ ( ,POL& & ,RUSSIA IS 5G5D]+ AS ITS 5D RESULT ?AT :I* HAS BE5 OV]LOOK$ TO ! SAME DEGREE BY ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T1 ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE1 & ! ,POLI% NATIONALI/S3 ! UNION ( ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IATS AS ! FUTURE RECEIV] 9 ! BANKRUPTCY (1 FIR/1 ! RULE ( ,RUSSIAN ,CZ>ISM1 & !N ! RULE ( ,POLI%-,RUSSIAN CAPITAL4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #e1 #bba 3 ,! ,9DU/RIAL ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,POL& -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,! ,9DU/RIAL ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,POL& -- ,UPDAT$4 

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