,! ,9DU/RIAL ,VILLAGE ( ! ,FUTURE 

#ahhd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TAGS 3 AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY1 BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY1 SUBURBS ( LONDON1 *AMB] ( COMM]CE1 PETTY TRADES1 DOME/IC TRADES1 SMALL WORK%OPS1 DOME/IC 9DU/RIES1 RURAL 9DU/RIES1 SMALL 9DU/RIES4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,?I]RY ,]HMANN1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,! TWO SI/] >TS ( ,AGRICULTURE & ,9DU/RY W]E NOT ALWAYS SO E/RANG$ FROM ONE ANO!R AS !Y >E N[4 ,!RE WAS A TIME1 & ?AT TIME IS NOT F> (F1 :5 BO? W]E ?OR\<LY COMB9$3 ! VILLAGES W]E !N ! SEATS ( A V>IETY ( 9DU/RIES1 & ! >TISANS 9 ! CITIES DID NOT AB&ON AGRICULTURE2 MANY T[NS W]E NO?+ ELSE BUT 9DU/RIAL VILLAGES4 ,IF ! M$IEVAL CITY WAS ! CRADLE ( ?OSE 9DU/RIES :I* FR+$ >T & W]E 9T5D$ TO SUPPLY ! WANTS ( ! RI*] CLASSES1 /ILL IT WAS ! RURAL MANUFACTURE :I* SUPPLI$ ! WANTS ( ! MILLION2 SO IT DOES UNTIL ! PRES5T DAY 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,BUT !N CAME ! WAT]-MOTORS1 /EAM1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( MA*9]Y1 & !Y BROKE ! L9K :I* =M]LY CONNECT$ ! F>M ) ! WORK%OP4 ,FACTORIES GREW UP1 & !Y AB&ON$ ! FIELDS4 ,!Y GA!R$ :]E ! SALE ( !IR PRODUCE WAS EASIE/1 OR ! RAW MAT]IALS & FUEL C\LD BE OBTA9$ ) ! GREATE/ ADVANTAGE4 ,NEW CITIES ROSE1 & ! OLD ONES 5L>G$ ) AN A/ONI%+ RAPIDITY2 ! FIELDS W]E DES]T$4 ,MILLIONS ( LABOR]S1 COMPELL$ TO LEAVE !IR COTTAGES1 GA!R$ 9 ! CITIES 9 SE>* ( LABOR1 & SOON =GOT ! BONDS :I* =M]LY ATTA*$ !M TO ! SOIL4 ,& WE1 9 \R ADMIRATION ( ! PRODIGIES A*IEV$ UND] ! NEW FACTORY SY/EM1 OV]LOOK$ ! ADVANTAGES ( ! OLD SY/EM UND] :I* ! TILL] ( ! SOIL WAS AN 9DU/RIAL WORK] AT ! SAME TIME4 ,WE DOOM$ TO DISAPPE>ANCE ALL ?OSE BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY :I* =M]LY US$ TO PROSP] 9 ! VILLAGES2 WE CONDEMN$ 9 9DU/RY ALL ?AT WAS NOT A BIG FACTORY4  

 ,TRUE1 ! RESULTS W]E GR& AS REG>DS ! 9CREASE ( ! PRODUCTIVE P[]S ( MAN4 ,BUT !Y PROV$ T]RIBLE AS REG>DS ! MILLIONS ( HUMAN BE+S :O W]E PLUNG$ 9TO AN UNPREC$5T$1 UNHE>D-( MIS]Y 9 \R CITIES4 ,! SY/EM1 AS A :OLE1 BR\<T AB\T ?OSE QUITE ABNORMAL CONDITIONS :I* ,I HAVE 5DEAVOR$ TO EXPOSE 9 TWO PREC$+ >TICLES4#a ,WE >E ?US DRIV5 9TO A CORN]2 & :ILE A ?OR\< *ANGE 9 ! PRES5T RELATIONS BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL IS BECOM+ AN IMP]I\S NECESSITY1 A ?OR\< REMODEL+ ( ! :OLE ( \R 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION HAS ALSO BECOME UNAVOIDABLE4 ,! 9DU/RIAL NATIONS >E B\ND TO REV]T TO AGRICULTURE1 !Y >E COMPELL$ TO F9D \T ! BE/ MEANS ( COMB9+ IT ) 9DU/RY1 & !Y MU/ DO SO )\T LOSS ( TIME4 ,TO EXAM9E ! SPECIAL QUE/ION AS TO ! POSSIBILITY ( SU* A COMB9ATION IS ! AIM ( ! FOLL[+ PAGES4 ,IS IT POSSIBLE1 FROM A TE*NICAL PO9T ( VIEW8 ,IS IT DESIRABLE8 ,>E !RE1 9 \R PRES5T 9DU/RIAL LIFE1 SU* FEATURES AS MI<T LEAD US TO PRESUME ?AT A *ANGE 9 ! ABOVE DIRECTION W\LD F9D ! NECESS>Y ELEM5TS = ITS ACCOMPLI%M5T8 -- ,SU* >E ! QUE/IONS :I* RISE BE=E ! M9D4 ,& TO ANSW] !M1 !RE IS1 ,I SUPPOSE1 NO BETT] MEANS ?AN TO /UDY ?AT IMM5SE1 BUT OV]-LOOK$ & UND]RAT$1 BRAN* ( 9DU/RIES :I* >E DESCRIB$ UND] ! NAMES ( RURAL 9DU/RIES1 DOME/IC TRADES1 & PETTY TRADES3 TO /UDY !M1 NOT 9 ! WORKS ( ! ECONOMI/S :O >E TOO MU* 9CL9$ TO CONSID] !M AS OBSOLETE TYPES ( 9DU/RY1 BUT 9 !IR LIFE ITSELF1 9 !IR /RUGGLES1 !IR FAILURES & A*IEVEM5TS4  

 ,MO/ ( ! PETTY TRADES1 WE MU/ ADMIT1 >E 9 A V]Y PREC>I\S CONDITION4 ,! WAGES ( ! WORK]S >E V]Y L[ & ! EMPLOYM5T UNC]TA92 ! DAY ( LABOR IS BY TWO1 ?REE1 OR F\R H\RS LONG] ?AN 9 ! FACTORIES2 ! CRISES >E FREQU5T1 & !Y LA/ = YE>S4 ,& EA* TIME A CRISIS RAVAGES SOME BRAN* ( ! PETTY TRADES1 !RE IS NO LACK ( WRIT]S TO PR$ICT ! SPE$Y DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! TRADE4 ,DUR+ ! CRISIS :I* ,I WITNESS$ 9 #ahgg AMID ! ,SWISS WAT*-MAK]S1 ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( A RECOV]Y ( ! TRADE 9 ! FACE ( ! COMPETITION ( MA*9E-MADE WAT*ES WAS A CURR5T TOPIC 9 ! PRESS4 ,! SAME WAS SAID 9 #ahhb ) REG>D TO ! SILK-TRADE ( ,LYONS1 &1 9 FACT1 :]EV] A CRISIS HAS BROK5 \T 9 ! PETTY TRADES4 ,& YET1 NOT)/&+ ! GLOOMY PR$ICTIONS1 & ! /ILL GLOOMI] PROSPECTS ( ! WORK]S1 ?AT =M ( 9DU/RY DOES NOT DISAPPE>4 ,NAY1 WE F9D IT 5D[$ ) AN A/ONI%+ VITALITY4 ,IT UND]GOES V>I\S MODIFICATIONS1 IT ADAPTS ITSELF TO NEW CONDITIONS1 IT /RUGGLES )\T ALTOGE!R LOS+ HOPE ( BETT] TIMES TO COME4 ,ANYH[1 IT HAS NOT ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( A DECAY+ 9/ITUTION4 ,9 SOME 9DU/RIES ! BIG FACTORY IS UND\BT$LY VICTORI\S2 BUT !RE >E O!R BRAN*ES 9 :I* ! PETTY TRADES HOLD !IR [N POSITION4 ,EV5 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RIES :I* (F] SO MANY ADVANTAGES = ! FACTORY SY/EM1 ! H&-LOOM /ILL COMPETES ) ! P[]-LOOM4 ,AS A :OLE1 ! TRANS=MATION ( ! PETTY TRADES 9TO GREAT 9DU/RIES GOES ON ) A SL[NESS :I* CANNOT FAIL TO A/ONI% EV5 ?OSE :O >E CONV9C$ ( ITS NECESSITY4 ,NAY1 SOMETIMES WE MAY EV5 SEE ! REV]SE MOVEM5T GO+ ON -- OCCASIONALLY1 ( C\RSE1 & ONLY = A TIME4 ,I CANNOT =GET MY AMAZEM5T :5 ,I SAW AT ,V]VI]S1 SOME T5 YE>S AGO1 ?AT MO/ ( ! WOOL5 CLO? FACTORIES -- IMM5SE B>RACKS FAC+ ! /REETS1 ) MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ W9D[S EA* -- W]E SIL5T1 & !IR CO/LY MA*9]Y WAS RU/+1 :ILE CLO? WAS WOV5 9 H&LOOMS 9 ! WEAV]S' H\SES1 = ! [N]S ( ?OSE V]Y SAME FACTORIES4 ,H]E WE HAVE1 ( C\RSE1 BUT A TEMPOR>Y FACT1 FULLY EXPLA9$ BY ! SPASMODIC *>ACT] ( ! TRADE & ! HEAVY LOSSES SU/A9$ BY ! [N]S ( ! FACTORIES :5 !Y CANNOT RUN !IR MILLS ALL ! YE> R\ND4 ,BUT IT ILLU/RATES ! OB/ACLES :I* ! TRANS=MATION HAS TO COMPLY )4 ,AS TO ! SILK TRADE1 IT CONT9UES TO SPREAD OV] ,EUROPE 9 ITS RURAL 9DU/RY %APE2 :ILE HUNDR$S ( NEW PETTY TRADES APPE> EV]Y YE>1 & :5 !Y F9D NOBODY TO C>RY !M ON 9 ! VILLAGES -- AS IS ! CASE 9 ?IS C\NTRY -- !Y %ELT] !MSELVES 9 ! SUBURBS ( ! CITIES1 AS WE N[ LE>N FROM ! 9QUIRY 9TO ! ',SWEAT+ ,SY/EM4'  

 ,N[ ! ADVANTAGES (F]$ BY A BIG FACTORY 9 COMP>ISON ) H&-WORK >E SELF-EVID5T AS REG>DS ! ECONOMY ( LABOR1 ! FACILITIES BO? = SALE & = HAV+ ! RAW PRODUCE AT A L[] PRICE1 & SO ON4 ,H[ CAN WE !N EXPLA9 ! P]SI/5CE ( ! PETTY TRAD]S8 ,MANY CAUSES1 MO/ ( :I* CANNOT BE VALU$ 9 %ILL+S & P5CE1 >E AT WORK 9 FAVOR ( ! PETTY TRADES1 & !SE CAUSES WILL BE BE/ SE5 FROM ! FOLL[+ ILLU/RATIONS4 ,I MU/ SAY1 H[EV]1 ?AT EV5 A BRIEF SKET* ( ! C\NTLESS 9DU/RIES :I* >E C>RI$ ON ON A SMALL SCALE 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 & ON ! ,CONT95T1 W\LD BE F> BEYOND ! SCOPE ( A REVIEW >TICLE4 ,:5 ,I BEGAN TO /UDY ! SUBJECT SOME SEV5 OR EI<T YE>S AGO1 ,I NEV] GUESS$1 FROM ! LITTLE ATT5TION DEVOT$ TO IT BY ! OR?ODOX ECONOMI/S1 :AT A WIDE1 COMPLEX1 IMPORTANT1 & 9T]E/+ ORGANIZATION W\LD APPE> AT ! 5D ( A CLOS] 9QUIRY4 ,SO ,I SEE MYSELF COMPELL$ TO GIVE H]E ONLY A FEW TYPICAL ILLU/RATIONS1 & TO PREP>E A SEP>ATE WORK :I* WILL EMBODY ! BULK ( ! MAT]IALS :I* ,I HAVE GA!R$ 9 CONNECTION ) ! SUBJECT4  

 ,AS F> AS ,I KN[1 !RE >E 9 ?IS C\NTRY NO /ATI/ICS AS TO ! EXACT NUMB]S ( WORK]S 5GAG$ 9 ! DOME/IC TRADES1 ! RURAL 9DU/RIES1 & ! PETTY TRADES4 ,! :OLE SUBJECT HAS NEV] RECEIV$ ! ATT5TION BE/[$ UPON IT 9 ,G]MANY1 & ESPECIALLY 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,& YET WE CAN GUESS ?AT EV5 9 ?IS C\NTRY ( GREAT 9DU/RIES1 ! NUMB]S ( ?OSE :O E>N !IR LIVELIHOOD 9 ! PETTY TRADES MO/ PROBABLY EQUALS1 IF IT DOES NOT SURPASS1 ! NUMB]S ( ?OSE EMPLOY$ 9 ! BIG FACTORIES4#b ,WE KN[1 AT ANY RATE1 ?AT ! SUBURBS ( ,LONDON1 ,GLASG[1 & O!R GREAT CITIES SW>M ) SMALL WORK%OPS1 & !RE >E REGIONS :]E ! DOME/IC 9DU/RIES >E AS DEVELOP$ AS !Y >E 9 ,SWITZ]L& OR 9 ,G]MANY4 ,%EFFIELD IS A WELL-KN[N EXAMPLE 9 PO9T4 ,! ,%EFFIELD CUTL]Y -- ONE ( ! GLORIES ( ,5GL& -- IS NOT MADE BY MA*9]Y3 IT IS *IEFLY MADE BY H&4 ,!RE >E AT ,%EFFIELD A FEW FIRMS :I* MANUFACTURE CUTL]Y RI<T ?R\< FROM ! MAK+ ( /EEL TO ! F9I%+ ( TOOLS1 & EMPLOY WAGE WORK]S2 & YET EV5 !SE FIRMS -- ,I AM TOLD BY MY FRI5D1 ,E4 ,C>P5T]1 :O K9DLY GA!R$ = ME 9=MATION AB\T ! ,%EFFIELD TRADE -- LET \T SOME P>T ( ! WORK TO ! 'SMALL MA/]S4' ,BUT BY F> ! GREATE/ NUMB] ( ! CUTL]S WORK 9 !IR HOMES1 ) !IR RELATIVES1 OR 9 SMALL WORK%OPS SUPPLI$ ) :EEL-P[]1 :I* !Y R5T = A FEW %ILL+S A WEEK4 ,IMM5SE Y>DS >E COV]$ ) BUILD+S1 :I* >E SUBDIVID$ 9TO S]IES ( SMALL WORK%OPS4 ,SOME ( !M COV] ONLY A FEW SQU>E Y>DS1 & !RE ,I SAW SMI?S HAMM]+1 ALL ! DAY LONG1 BLADES ( KNIVES ON A SMALL ANVIL1 CLOSE BY ! BLAZE ( !IR FIRES2 OCCASIONALLY ! SMI? MAY HAVE ONE HELP1 OR TWO4 ,9 ! UPP] /ORIES SCORES ( SMALL WORK%OPS >E SUPPLI$ ) :EEL-P[]1 & 9 EA* ( !M1 ?REE1 F\R1 OR FIVE WORK]S & A 'MA/]' FABRICATE1 ) ! OCCASIONAL AID ( A FEW PLA9 MA*9ES1 EV]Y DESCRIPTION ( TOOLS3 FILES1 SAWS1 BLADES ( KNIVES1 RAZORS1 & SO ON4 ,GR9D+ & GLAZ+ >E DONE 9 O!R SMALL WORK%OPS1 & EV5 /EEL IS CA/ 9 A SMALL F\NDRY ! WORK+ /AFF ( :I* CONSI/S ONLY ( FIVE OR SIX M54 ,:5 WALK+ ?R\< !SE WORK%OPS ,I EASILY IMAG9$ MYSELF 9 A ,RUSSIAN CUTL]Y VILLAGE1 LIKE ,PAVLOVO OR ,VORSMA4 ,! ,%EFFIELD CUTL]Y HAS ?US MA9TA9$ ITS OLD5 ORGANIZATION1 & ! FACT IS ! MORE REM>KABLE AS ! E>N+S ( ! CUTL]S >E V]Y L[ AS A RULE2 BUT1 EV5 :5 R$UC$ TO A FEW %ILL+S A WEEK1 ! CUTL] PREF]S TO VEGETATE ON HIS SMALL E>N+S ?AN TO GO AS A WAG$ LABOR] 9 A 'H\SE4' ,! SPIRIT ( ! OLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* W]E SO MU* SPOK5 ( FIVE-&-TW5TY YE>S AGO1 IS ?US /ILL ALIVE4  

 ,UNTIL LATELY1 ,LE$S & ITS 5VIRONS W]E ALSO ! SEAT ( EXT5SIVE DOME/IC 9DU/RIES4 ,:5 ,$W>D ,BA9ES WROTE1 9 #a#h#e#g1 HIS FIR/ ACC\NT ( ! ,YORK%IRE 9DU/RIES 79 ,?OMAS ,BA9ES'S ,YORK%IRE1 ,PA/ & ,PRES5T71 MO/ ( ! WOOL5 CLO? :I* WAS MADE 9 ?AT REGION WAS WOV5 BY H&4#c ,TWICE A WEEK ! H&-MADE CLO? WAS BR\<T TO ! ,CLO?I]S' ,HALL1 & BY NOON IT WAS SOLD TO ! M]*ANTS1 :O HAD IT DRESS$ 9 !IR FACTORIES4 ,JO9T-/OCK MILLS W]E RUN BY COMB9$ CLO?I]S 9 ORD] TO PREP>E & SP9 ! WOOL1 BUT IT WAS WOV5 9 ! H&LOOMS BY ! CLO?I]S & ! MEMB]S ( !IR FAMILIES4 ,TWELVE YE>S LAT] ! H&-LOOM WAS SUP]S$$ TO A GREAT EXT5T BY ! P[]-LOOM2 BUT ! CLO?I]S1 :O W]E ANXI\S TO MA9TA9 !IR 9DEP5D5CE1 RESORT$ TO A PECULI> ORGANIZATION3 !Y R5T$ A ROOM1 OR P>T ( A ROOM1 & SOMETIMES ALSO ! P[]-LOOMS 9 A WORK%OP1 & !Y WORK$ 9DEP5D5TLY -- A *>ACT]I/IC ORGANIZATION P>TLY MA9TA9$ UNTIL N[1 & WELL 9T5D$ TO ILLU/RATE ! EF=TS ( ! PETTY TRAD]S TO KEEP !IR GR\ND1 NOT)/&+ ! COMPETITION ( ! FACTORY4 ,& IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT ! TRIUMPHS ( ! FACTORY W]E TOO (T5 A*IEV$ ONLY BY MEANS ( ! MO/ FRAUDUL5T ADULT]ATION & ! UND]PAID LABOR ( ! *ILDR54 ,COTTON-W>P BECAME QUITE USUAL 9 GOODS LABEL$ 'PURE WOOL1' & '%ODDY' -- I4E4 WOOL COMB$ \T ( OLD RAGS GA!R$ ALL OV] ! ,CONT95T & =M]LY US$ ONLY = BLANKETS FABRICAT$ = ! ,9DIANS 9 ,AM]ICA -- BECAME ( G5]AL USE4 ,9 !SE K9DS ( GOODS ! FACTORIES EXCELL$4 ,& YET !RE >E BRAN*ES ( ! WOOL5 TRADE :]E H&-WORK IS /ILL ! RULE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! FANCY GOODS :I* CONT9UALLY REQUIRE NEW ADAPTATIONS = TEMPOR>Y DEM&S4 ,?US1 9 #ahha ! H&LOOMS ( ,LE$S W]E PRETTY WELL OCCUPI$ ) ! FABRICATION ( WOOL5 IMITATIONS ( SEALSK9S4  

 ,! V>IETY ( DOME/IC 9DU/RIES C>RI$ ON 9 ! ,LAKE ,DI/RICT IS MU* GREAT] ?AN MI<T BE EXPECT$1 BUT !Y /ILL WAIT = C>EFUL EXPLOR]S4 ,I WILL ONLY M5TION ! HOOP-MAK]S1 ! BASKET TRADE1 ! *>COAL-BURN]S1 ! BOBB9-MAK]S1 ! SMALL IRON FURNACES WORK+ ) *>COAL AT ,BACKB>R[1 & SO ON4#d ,AS A :OLE1 WE DO NOT WELL KN[ ! PETTY TRADES ( ?IS C\NTRY1 & !RE=E WE SOMETIMES COME ACROSS QUITE UNEXPECT$ FACTS4 ,FEW CONT95TAL WRIT]S ON 9DU/RIAL TOPICS W\LD GUESS1 9DE$1 ?AT NAILS >E /ILL MADE BY H& BY ?\S&S ( M51 WOM51 & *ILDR5 9 ! ,BLACK ,C\NTRY ( ,S\? ,/AF=D%IRE1 AS ALSO 9 ,D]BY%IRE4#e ,*A9S >E ALSO MADE BY H& AT ,DUDLEY & ,CRADLEY1 & AL?\< ! PRESS IS P]IODICALLY MOV$ TO SPEAK ( ! WRET*$ CONDITION ( ! *A9-MAK]S1 ! TRADE /ILL MA9TA9S ITSELF2 :ILE NE>LY #g1 M5 >E BUSY 9 !IR SMALL WORK%OPS 9 MAK+ LOCKS1 EV5 ( ! PLA9E/ DESCRIPTION1 AT ,WALSALL1 ,WOLV]HAMPTON1 & ,WILL5HALL4 ,! V>I\S IRONMONG]IES CONNECT$ ) HORSE-CLO?+ -- BITS1 SPURS1 BRIDLES1 & SO ON -- >E ALSO L>GELY MADE BY H& AT ,WALSALL4 ,NAY1 ,MR4 ,BEVAN TELLS US ?AT EV5 NE$LES >E L>GELY MADE BY H& AT ,R$DIT*4  

 ,! ,BIRM+HAM GUN & RIFLE TRADES >E WELL KN[N4 ,AS TO ! V>I\S BRAN*ES ( DRESS1 !RE >E /ILL IMPORTANT DIVISIONS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM :]E A V>IETY ( DOME/IC TRADES CONNECT$ ) DRESS IS C>RI$ ON ON A L>GE SCALE4 ,I NE$ ONLY M5TION ! COTTAGE 9DU/RIES ( ,IREL& & LACE MADE BY H& 9 ,S\? ,DEVON1 AS ALSO 9 ! %IRES ( ,BUCK+HAM1 ,OX=D1 & ,B$=D2 HOSI]Y IS A COMMON OCCUPATION 9 ! VILLAGES ( ! C\NTIES ( ,NOTT+HAM & ,D]BY1 & SEV]AL GREAT ,LONDON FIRMS S5D \T CLO? TO BE MADE 9 ! VILLAGES ( ,SUSSEX & ,HAMP%IRE4 ,WOOL5 HOSI]Y IS AT HOME 9 ! VILLAGES ( ,LEICE/]1 & ESPECIALLY 9 ,SCOTL&2 /RAW-PLAIT+ & HAT-MAK+ 9 MANY P>TS ( ! C\NTRY2 :ILE AT ,NOR?AMPTON1 ,LEICE/]1 ,IPSWI*1 & ,/AF=D %OE-MAK+ IS A WIDELY SPREAD DOME/IC OCCUPATION1 OR IS C>RI$ ON 9 SMALL WORK%OPS2 EV5 AT ,NORWI* IT REMA9S A PETTY TRADE TO A GREAT EXT5T1 NOT)/&+ ! COMPETITION ( ! FACTORIES4  

 ,! PETTY TRADES >E ?US AN IMPORTANT FACTOR ( 9DU/RIAL LIFE EV5 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA91 AL?\< MANY ( !M HAVE GA!R$ 9TO ! T[NS4 ,BUT IF WE F9D 9 ?IS C\NTRY SO MU* LESS ( RURAL 9DU/RIES ?AN ON ! ,CONT95T1 WE MU/ NOT IMAG9E ?AT !IR DISAPPE>ANCE IS DUE ONLY TO A KE5] COMPETITION ( ! FACTORIES4 ,! *IEF CAUSE IS ! COMPULSORY EXODUS FROM ! VILLAGES & ! ACCUMULATION ( IMM5SE NUMB]S ( DE/ITUTE 9 ! CITIES4 ,! WORK-%OPS1 MU* MORE EV5 ?AN ! FACTORIES1 MULTIPLY :]EV] !Y F9D *EAP LABOR2 & ! SPECIFIC FEATURE ( ?IS C\NTRY IS1 ?AT ! *EAPE/ LABOR -- ?AT IS1 ! GREATE/ NUMB] ( DE/ITUTES -- IS F\ND 9 ! GREAT CITIES4 ,! AGITATION RAIS$ 7) NO RESULT7 9 CONNECTION ) '! ,DWELL+S ( ! ,POOR1' ! ',UNEMPLOY$1' & ! ',SWEAT+ ,SY/EM' HAS FULLY DISCLOS$ ?AT *>ACT]I/IC FEATURE ( ! ECONOMICAL LIFE ( ,5GL& & ,SCOTL&2 & ! PA9/AK+ RESE>*ES MADE BY ,MR4 ,BOO? & COMMUNICAT$ TO ! ,/ATI/ICAL ,SOCIETY HAVE %[N ?AT ONE-QU>T] ( ! POPULATION ( ,LONDON -- ?AT IS1 #a11 \T ( #c1#h1 -- W\LD BE HAPPY IF ! HEADS ( !IR FAMILIES C\LD HAVE REGUL> E>N+S ( LESS ?AN #aL4 A WEEK ALL ! YE> R\ND4 ,HALF ( !M W\LD BE SATISFI$ ) MU* LESS ?AN ?AT4 ,*EAP LABOR IS (F]$ 9 SU* QUANTITIES AT ,:ITE*APEL & ,S\?W>K1 AT ,%AWL&S & O!R SUBURBS ( ! GREAT CITIES1 ?AT ! PETTY & DOME/IC TRADES :I* >E SCATT]$ ON ! ,CONT95T 9 ! VILLAGES1 GA!R 9 ?IS C\NTRY 9 ! CITIES4 ,EXACT FIGURES AS TO ! SMALL 9DU/RIES >E WANT+1 BUT A SIMPLE WALK ?R\< ! SUBURBS ( ,LONDON W\LD DO MU* TO REALIZE ! V>IETY ( PETTY TRADES :I* SW>M 9 ! METROPOLIS1 &1 9 FACT1 9 ALL *IEF URBAN AGGLOM]ATIONS4 ,! EVID5CE GIV5 BE=E ! ',SWEAT+ ,SY/EM' ,COMMITTEE HAS %[N H[ F> ! FURNITURE & READY-MADE CLO? PALACES & ! ',BONHEUR DES ,DAMES' BAZA>S ( ,LONDON >E M]E EXHIBITIONS ( SAMPLES1 OR M>KETS = ! SALE ( ! PRODUCE ( ! SMALL 9DU/RIES4 ,?\S&S ( 'SWEAT]S1' SOME ( !M HAV+ !IR [N WORK%OPS1 & O!RS M]ELY DI/RIBUT+ WORK TO SUB-SWEAT]S :O DI/RIBUTE IT AGA9 AMID ! DE/ITUTES1 SUPPLY ?OSE PALACES & BAZA>S ) GOODS MADE 9 ! SLUMS OR 9 V]Y SMALL WORK%OPS4 ,! COMM]CE IS C5TRALIZ$ 9 ?OSE BAZA>S -- NOT ! 9DU/RY4 ,! FURNITURE PALACES & BAZA>S >E ?US M]ELY PLAY+ ! P>T :I* ! FEUDAL CA/LE =M]LY PLAY$ 9 AGRICULTURE3 !Y C5TRALIZE ! PR(ITS -- NOT ! PRODUCTION4  

 ,9 REALITY ! EXT5SION ( ! PETTY TRADES1 SIDE BY SIDE ) ! BIG FACTORIES1 IS NO?+ TO BE WOND]$ AT4 ,! ABSORPTION ( ! SMALL 9DU/RIES IS A FACT1 BUT !RE IS ANO!R PROCESS :I* IS GO+ ON P>ALLEL ) ! =M]1 & :I* CONSI/S 9 ! CONT9U\S CREATION ( NEW 9DU/RIES1 USUALLY MAK+ !IR />T ON A SMALL SCALE4 ,EA* NEW FACTORY CALLS 9TO EXI/5CE A NUMB] ( SMALL WORK%OPS1 P>TLY TO SUPPLY ITS [N NE$S & P>TLY TO SUBMIT ITS PRODUCE TO A FUR!R TRANS=MATION4 ,?US1 TO QUOTE BUT ONE 9/ANCE1 ! COTTON MILLS HAVE CREAT$ AN IMM5SE DEM& = WOOD5 BOBB9S & REELS1 & ?\S&S ( M5 9 ! ,LAKE ,DI/RICT SET TO MANUFACTURE !M -- BY H& FIR/1 & LAT] ON ) ! AID ( SOME PLA9 MA*9]Y4 ,ONLY QUITE REC5TLY1 AFT] YE>S HAD BE5 SP5T 9 9V5T+ & IMPROV+ ! MA*9]Y1 ! BOBB9S BEGAN TO BE MADE ON A L>GE SCALE 9 FACTORIES4 ,& EV5 YET1 AS ! MA*9ES >E V]Y CO/LY1 A GREAT QUANTITY ( BOBB9S >E MADE 9 SMALL WORK- %OPS1 ) BUT LITTLE AID FROM MA*9ES1 :ILE ! FACTORIES !MSELVES >E RELATIVELY SMALL1 & SELDOM EMPLOY MORE ?AN FIFTY OP]ATIVES -- *IEFLY *ILDR54 ,AS TO ! REELS ( IRREGUL> %APE1 !Y >E /ILL MADE BY H&1 OR P>TLY 9 SMALL MA*9ES CONT9UALLY 9V5T$ BY ! WORK]S4 ,NEW 9DU/RIES ?US GR[ TO SUPPLANT ! OLD ONES2 EA* ( !M PASSES ?R\< A PRELIM9>Y /AGE ON A SMALL SCALE BE=E REA*+ ! FACTORY /AGE2 & ! MORE ACTIVE ! 9V5TIVE G5IUS ( A NATION IS1 ! MORE IT HAS ( !SE AUXILI>Y 9DU/RIES4  

 ,BESIDES1 ! FACTORY /IMULATES ! BIR? ( NEW PETTY TRADES BY CREAT+ NEW WANTS4 ,! *EAPNESS ( COTTONS & WOOL5S1 ( PAP] & BRASS1 HAVE CREAT$ HUNDR$S ( NEW SMALL 9DU/RIES4 ,\R H\SEHOLDS >E FULL ( !IR PRODUCE -- MO/LY ?+S ( QUITE MOD]N 9V5TION4 ,& :ILE SOME ( !M ALREADY >E TURN$ \T BY ! MILLION 9 ! FACTORY1 ALL HAVE PASS$ ?R\< ! SMALL WORK%OP /AGE BE=E ! DEM& WAS GREAT 5\< TO REQUIRE ! FACTORY ORGANIZATION4 ,! MORE WE MAY HAVE ( NEW 9V5TIONS1 ! MORE %ALL WE HAVE ( SU* SMALL 9DU/RIES2 & AGA91 ! MORE WE %ALL HAVE ( !M1 ! MORE %ALL WE HAVE ( ! 9V5TIVE G5IUS1 ! WANT ( :I* IS SO JU/LY COMPLA9$ ( BY ,WILLIAM ,>M/RONG .<#a/ ,B>ON.>4 ,WE MU/ NOT WOND]1 !RE=E1 IF WE SEE SO MANY SMALL TRADES 9 ?IS C\NTRY2 BUT WE MU/ REGRET ?AT ! GREAT NUMB] HAVE AB&ON$ ! VILLAGES 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! BAD CONDITIONS ( L& T5URE1 & ?AT !Y HAVE MIGRAT$ 9 SU* NUMB]S TO ! CITIES1 TO ! DETRIM5T ( AGRICULTURE4  

 ,! V>IETY ( PETTY TRADES C>RI$ ON 9 ,FRANCE1 BO? 9 ! VILLAGES & ! CITIES1 IS V]Y GREAT1 & IT W\LD BE MO/ 9/RUCTIVE TO HAVE A G5]AL DESCRIPTION ( ?OSE SMALL 9DU/RIES1 & TO %[ !IR IMPORTANCE 9 ! NATIONAL ECONOMY4 ,LET ME ONLY SAY ?AT ! V]Y MA9T5ANCE ( ! SMALL PEASANT PROPRIETOR%IP 9 SEV]AL P>TS ( ,FRANCE IS DUE1 TO A GREAT EXT5T1 TO ! ADDITIONAL 9COMES :I* MANY PEASANTS D]IVE FROM ! RURAL MANUFACTURES4 ,9 FACT1 IT IS E/IMAT$ ?AT :ILE ONE-HALF ( ! POPULATION ( ,FRANCE IS LIV+ UPON AGRICULTURE & ONE-F\R? P>T UPON 9DU/RY1 ?IS F\R? P>T IS EQUALLY DI/RIBUT$ BETWE5 ! GREAT 9DU/RY & ! PETTY TRADES1 :I* ?US GIVE ! MEANS ( EXI/5CE TO NO LESS ?AN #a1#e1 WORK]S -- MORE ?AN #d11 P]SONS1 FAMILIES 9CLUD$4 ,AS TO ! RURAL FOLK :O RESORT TO DOME/IC TRADES )\T AB&ON+ AGRICULTURE1 WE ONLY CAN SEE ?AT !IR NUMB]S >E V]Y CONSID]ABLE1 )\T KN[+ ! EXACT FIGURES4  

 ,! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC FEATURE ( ! ,FR5* PETTY TRADES IS1 ?AT !Y /ILL HOLD SO IMPORTANT A POSITION 9 ! TEXTILE MANUFACTURES4 ,?US1 IT WAS RECKON$ DUR+ ! LA/ EXHIBITION 7#a#h#g#h7 ?AT !RE W]E 9 ,FRANCE #c#b#h1 H&LOOMS1 AS AGA9/ #a#b1 P[]-LOOMS1 & AL?\< A GREAT NUMB] ( ! =M] >E N[ SIL5T1 /ILL ! H&LOOMS AT WORK NUMB] MU* MORE ?AN A QU>T] ( A MILLION4 ,IT IS NOT MY 9T5TION TO 5T] H]E 9TO A DETAIL$ DESCRIPTION ( ! ,FR5* PETTY TRADES1 & ,I WILL M5TION ONLY F\R *IEF C5T]S -- ,T>>E1 ! ,NOR?1 ,LYONS1 & ,P>IS -- AS F\R DIFF]5T & *>ACT]I/IC TYPES ( SMALL 9DU/RIES4 ,9 ! MANUFACTURE ( MUSL9S1 ,T>>E HOLDS ! SAME POSITION AS ,LE$S =M]LY HELD 9 ! CLO?I]S' TRADE4 ,ITS FACTORIES PREP>E ! MAT]IALS = WEAV+ ! MUSL9S1 & !Y F9I% ! /UFFS :I* >E WOV5 9 ! VILLAGES4 ,EA* PEASANT'S H\SE1 EA* F>M & METAIRIE .<SMALLHOLD+.>1 ALL R\ND ,T>>E1 >E SO MANY WORK%OPS1 & ,EEYBAUD SAYS ?AT Y\ (T5 SEE A LAD ( TW5TY :O EMBROID]S F9E MUSL9S AFT] HAV+ CLEAN$ HIS /ABLES4 ,! GREAT V>IETY ( /UFFS WOV5 & ! CONT9U\S 9V5TION ( NEW DESIGNS1 TOO (T5 *ANG$ TO BE PR(ITABLY MADE BY MA*9]Y1 >E ! REAL KEY TO ! MA9T5ANCE ( ?AT RURAL MANUFACTURE4 ,AS TO ! RESULTS ( ITS COMB9ATION ) AGRICULTURE1 ALL DESCRIPTIONS AGREE 9 RECOGNIZ+ ?AT IT IS B5EFICIAL = ! MA9T5ANCE ( AGRICULTURE1 & ?AT )\T IT ! PEASANTRY C\LD H>DLY RESI/ ! DEPRESS+ AG5CIES :I* >E AT WORK AGA9/ !M4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ) REG>D TO NOR!RN ,FRANCE1 :]E WE HAVE WIDELY SPREAD MANUFACTURES1 SIDE BY SIDE ) SU* IMPORTANT MANUFACTUR+ C5T]S AS ,AMI5S1 ,LILLE1 ,E\BAIX1 ,E\51 & SO ON4 ,EV5 COTTON VELVETS & PLA9 COTTONS >E WOV5 TO A V]Y CONSID]ABLE AM\NT 9 ! VILLAGES ( ! ,NORD & ,NORM&Y4#f ,9 ! VALLEY ( ! ,AUDELLE1 9 ! D8P>TM5T ( ! ,EURE1 EA* VILLAGE & HAMLET >E 9DU/RIAL BEEHIVES1 & EV]Y:]E AGRICULTURE ?RIVES BE/ :]E IT IS COMB9$ ) 9DU/RY4 ,! COMP>ISON BETWE5 ! WEAV]S' COTTAGES 9 ! C\NTRY & ! WEAV]S' SLUMS 9 ! 9DU/RIAL CITIES IS /RIK+1 & IT IS /ILL MORE TO ! ADVANTAGE ( ! C\NTRY IF ! VILLAGE KEEPS A COMMUNAL FACTORY1 AS IS ! CASE OCCASIONALLY 9 ,NORM&Y4 ,! ATTA*M5T ( ! WEAV]S TO ! SOIL IS SO /RONG1 ?AT ! CLO?I]S ( ,ELBEUF1 :O CANNOT KEEP 5\< LIVE/OCK TO TILL ! SOIL !MSELVES1 RESORT TO A CU/OM :I* ,I SAW ALSO 9 ,HAUTE-,SAVOIE1 & NOTIC$ AT ,CLAIRVAUX1 NAMELY1 ?AT ( HAV+ ONE H\SEHOLD] 9 ! VILLAGE :O KEEPS ! NECESS>Y TEAM ( HORSES1 & TILLS ! SOIL = ALL ! O!RS1 ! TURN BE+ ALWAYS KEPT ) A SCRUPUL\S EQUITY1 AS IT IS ALSO KEPT = ! ?RA%+ MA*9E1 OR1 9 W9E-GR[+ DI/RICTS1 = ! PRESSOIR4  

 ,! IMPORTANCE ( ! SILK TRADE1 = :I* ,LYONS IS A C5T]1 IS BE/ SE5 FROM ! FACT ?AT IT OCCUPIES NO LESS ?AN #a#a1 LOOMS 9 ! DEP>TEM5T ( ! ,EHONE & SEV5 NEI<BOR+ D8P>TM5TS4 ,GREAT ADVANCE HAS BE5 MADE ( LATE AS REG>DS WEAV+ ! MO/ COMPLICAT$ DESIGNS 9 ! P[]-LOOM2 /UFFS =M]LY REPUT$ UNFEASIBLE BY MA*9]Y >E N[ MADE BY ! IRON-WORK]4 ,YET SILK-WEAV+ /ILL REMA9S *IEFLY A DOME/IC TRADE1 & ! FACTORY P5ETRATES 9TO IT V]Y SL[LY4 ,! NUMB] ( P[]-LOOMS 9 ! ,LYONS REGION WAS FROM #f1 TO #h1 9 #a#h#f#e1 & IT WAS EXPECT$ ?AT !Y W\LD RAPIDLY MULTIPLY2 BUT TW5TY YE>S LAT] !Y NUMB]$ ONLY FROM #b1 TO #b#e11 \T ( ! #a#a1 LOOMS :I* W]E AT WORK4 ,! SL[NESS ( ! PROGRESS A/ONI%ES EV5 ?OSE MANUFACTUR]S :O >E P]SUAD$ ?AT ! P[]-LOOMS MU/ SUPPLANT MO/ ( ! H&LOOMS4#g ,! ORGANIZATION ( ! TRADE /ILL REMA9S ! SAME AS BE=E -- ?AT IS1 ! ,LYONS WEAV] IS MORE ( AN >TI/ :O EXECUTES 9 SILK ! DESIGNS VAGUELY SUGGE/$ BY ! M]*ANT -- :ILE 9 ! SURR\ND+ REGION ALL K9DS ( SILKS1 EV5 TO ! PLA9E/ ONES1 >E WOV5 9 ! H\SES ( ! WORK]S4 ,! CONDITIONS ( ! ,FR5* SILK-WEAV]S HAVE BE5 MO/ PREC>I\S DUR+ ! LA/ FEW YE>S1 P>TLY BECAUSE ,FRANCE HAS NO LONG] ! MONOPOLY ( ! TRADE1 & P>TLY BECAUSE ( ! COMPETITION ( ! FACTORY1 :I* N[ MANUFACTURES ALL *EAP DESCRIPTIONS ( SILKS :I* =M]LY W]E RESORT$ TO EV5 BY ! BE/ H&-WEAV]S :5 ORD]S = HI<] SORTS W]E NOT =?COM+4 ,NEV]!LESS ! H& FABRICATION ( SILK SPREADS 9 ,FRANCE2 IT HAS EXT5D$ OV] ! NEI<BOR+ DEP>TEM5TS AS F> AS ,UPP] ,SAVOY1 & GONE OV] TO ,SWITZ]L&2 AS TO ,LYONS1 ! 9DU/RY AB&ONS IT1 & IT BECOMES MORE & MORE A M]E C5T] = ! BE/ WEAV]S :O >E CAPABLE ( PROMPTLY EXECUT+ ANY ORD] = NEW & COMPLICAT$ /UFFS :I* MAY BE RECEIV$ BY ! M]*ANTS4  

 ,! NEW FACTORIES HAVE BE5 BUILT *IEFLY 9 ! VILLAGES1 & !RE WE CAN SEE H[ !Y RU9 ! PEASANTRY4 ,! ,FR5* PEASANTS1 OV]BURD5$ AS !Y >E ) TAXES & MORTGAGES1 >E COMPELL$ TO SEEK AN ADDITIONAL 9COME 9 9DU/RY2 !IR LADS & LASSES >E ?US READY TO TAKE WORK 9 ! SILK OR RIBBON MANUFACTURE1 H[EV] L[ ! SAL>IES4 ,BUT !IR HOMES BE+ SCATT]$ 9 ! C\NTRY AT CONSID]ABLE DI/ANCES FROM ! FACTORY1 & ! H\RS ( LABOR BE+ LONG1 !Y >E MO/LY COMPELL$ TO /AY 9 B>RACKS AT ! FACTORY1 & TO RETURN HOME ONLY ON ,SATURDAY4 ,ON ,MONDAY1 AT SUNRISE1 A VAN IS S5T R\ND ! VILLAGES TO BR+ !M BACK TO ! LOOMS4 ,9 ?IS WAY !Y WILL SOON HAVE TOTALLY AB&ON$ AGRICULTURE1 & AS SOON AS !Y >E COMPELL$ TO SETTLE SEP>ATELY FROM !IR P>5TS !Y WILL F9D IT IMPOSSIBLE TO LIVE ON ! PRES5T L[ WAGES4 ,!N SOME ( ! FACTORIES DEP5D+ ON L[ WAGES WILL P]I%1 & !IR OP]ATIVES WILL BE COMPELL$ TO MIGRATE TO ! CITIES4 ,ONE EASILY SEES ALL ! MIS*IEF :I* ! VICI\S ORGANIZATION IS ?US DO+ 9 ! VILLAGES1 9/EAD ( BE+ A S\RCE ( WELL-BE+1 AS IT \<T TO BE UND] DIFF]5T CONDITIONS4 

,I \<T H]E TO M5TION ! LACE TRADE1 :I* GIVES OCCUPATION TO NE>LY #g1 WOM5 9 ,NORM&Y1 & TO NE>LY #b1 P]SONS 9 ,FRANCE ALTOGE!R2 ! CUTL]Y ( ! ,HAUTE-,M>NE1 A TRADE ( REC5T ORIG91 :I* HAS REA*$ A HI< DEGREE ( P]FECTION1 & N[ HAS SPREAD ?\< ?IRTY VILLAGES 9 ! NIE<B\RHOOD ( ,NOG5T2 ! KNITT+ TRADE AB\T ,TROYES1 :]E #b1 P]SONS1 US+ A V>IETY ( SMALL MA*9ES1 >E MAK+ KNITT$ GOODS ( EV]Y DESCRIPTION2 ! WELL-KN[N WAT*1 JEWELRY1 & TURN+ TRADES ( ! ,JURA2 & ! V>IETY ( PETTY TRADES--SILK RIBBONS1 RIBBONS ) WOV5 9SCRIPTIONS1 H>DW>E1 >MS1 & SO ON--9 ! REGION ( ,/4 ,ETI5NE4#h ,BUT ,I ECONOMIZE MY SPACE1 AS ,I HAVE TO SAY A FEW WORDS MORE AB\T ! PETTY TRADES ( ,P>IS4 

,! CAPITAL ( ,FRANCE IS AN EMPORIUM = PETTY TRADES & DOME/IC 9DU/RIES1 & :ILE IT HAS A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( GREAT FACTORIES1 ! SMALL WORK%OPS PREVAIL TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT ! AV]AGE NUMB] ( OP]ATIVES 9 ! NE>LY #f#e1 FACTORIES & WORK%OPS ( ,P>IS IS ONLY N9E4 ,9 FACT1 NE>LY FIVE-SIX?S ( ! ,P>IS WORK]S >E CONNECT$ ) ! DOME/IC TRADES1 & !Y FABRICATE ! MO/ A/ONI%+ V>IETY ( GOODS REQUIR+ SKILL1 TA/E1 & 9V5TION4 ,MO/ ( ! PETTY TRADES ( ,P>IS >E CONNECT$ ) DRESS1#i BUT JEWELRY1 >TIFICIAL FL[]S1 /ATION]Y1 BOOKB9D+1 MOROCCO LEA!R GOODS 7#e1L4 EV]Y YE>71 C>RIAGE-MAK+1 BASKET-MAK+1 & MANY O!RS1 >E V]Y IMPORTANT BRAN*ES1 EA* ( :I* IS DI/+UI%$ BY ! HI< P]FECTION ( ITS PRODUCE4 ,IT IS WOR?Y ( NOTE ?AT :ILE ! ,P>IS 9DU/RIES >E MO/LY *>ACT]IZ$ BY >TI/IC WORKMAN%IP1 !Y >E REM>KABLE ALSO = ! V>IETY ( H&Y & 9EXP5SIVE MA*9ES :I* >E 9V5T$ EV]Y YE> BY ! WORKM51 = ! PURPOSE ( FACILITAT+ PRODUCTION4 ,! ',GAL]IE DU ,TRAVAIL' .<,WORK ,GALL]Y.> ( ! ,EXHIBITION ( #ah< WAS EXCE$+LY 9/RUCTIVE ON ?AT ACC\NT1 AS IT DISPLAY$ 9 A ?\S& V>IETIES ! 9V5TIVE G5IUS ( ! MASSES2 &1 :5 WALK+ ?R\< IT1 ONE ASK$ ONESELF IF ALL ?AT G5IUS REALLY MU/ BE KILL$ BY ! FACTORY1 9/EAD ( BECOM+ A NEW F]TILE S\RCE ( PROGRESS UND] A BETT] ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION4 

,! PETTY TRADES & DOME/IC 9DU/RIES ( ,G]MANY >E P]HAPS /ILL MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ?OSE ( ,FRANCE4 ,N9ETY-SEV5 P]C5T ( ALL ! 9DU/RIAL E/ABLI%M5TS ( ,G]MANY EMPLOY LESS ?AN FIVE OP]ATIVES1 & MU* MORE ?AN ONE-HALF ( ! #e1#e1 P]SONS CONNECT$ ) 9DU/RY >E AT WORK 9 ?OSE SMALL WORK%OPS2 :ILE !Y >E1 ON ! :OLE1 LESS ?AN #a1 FACTORIES :I* EMPLOY MORE ?AN FIFTY WORK]S4 ,MOREOV]1 #e#d#e1 P]SONS >E 5GAG$ 9 DOME/IC TRADES -- ?AT IS1 !Y MANUFACTURE = ! TRADE 9 !IR [N H\SES OR ROOMS -- & TWO-?IRDS ( !M BELONG TO ! TEXTILE 9DU/RIES4 ,!RE >E :OLE REGIONS1 SU* AS ! ,BLACK ,=E/1 P>TS ( ,SAXONY1 ,BAV>IA1 ,SILESIA1 & ! ,RH9E PROV9CES1 :]E ! DOME/IC TRADES1 P>TLY CONNECT$ ) AGRICULTURE1 >E ! *IEF MEANS ( EXI/5CE = NUM]\S POPULATIONS4 ,LET ME ADD ALSO ?AT WE HAVE1 9 ! WORKS ( ,?UN1 ,5GEL1 & MANY O!RS1 EXCELL5T DESCRIPTIONS ( SEV]AL BRAN*ES ( ! ,G]MAN PETTY TRADES4 ,IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO EXAM9E H]E ! ,G]MAN PETTY & DOME/IC TRADES )\T 5T]+ 9TO TE*NICAL DETAILS1 SO LET ME M]ELY M5TION ?AT ONE ( ! MO/ PROM95T FEATURES ( ! ,G]MAN TRADES IS1 SO TO SAY1 !IR REM>KABLE PLA/ICITY4 ,! PROGRESS REALIZ$ 9 SOME ( !M -- AS1 = 9/ANCE1 9 ! CUTL]Y ( ,SOL+5 OR ! TOY TRADE ( ! ,BLACK ,=E/ -- IS /RIK+4 ,! =M] HAS BE5 TOTALLY RE=M$ 9 ORD] TO RESPOND TO ! NEW DEM&S ( ! M>KET1 & ! LATT] HAS MADE A RAPID />T 9 ! PRODUCTION ( >TI/IC & SCI5TIFIC TOYS1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( S*OOLS = MODEL+ 9 CLAY & G5]AL $UCATION SPREAD AMID ! WORK]S4 ,! ORGANIZATION ( SOME ( !SE 9DU/RIES 7ESPECIALLY ( ! KNITT+ TRADE7 (F]S MO/ SUGGE/IVE ILLU/RATIONS ( SUCCESSFUL COMB9ATION 9 ORD] TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! BIG CAPITALI/S1 & ADAPT !MSELVES TO ! NEW CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION1 AMONG ?\S&S ( PEASANTS :O >E SPREAD OV] A V]Y WIDE >EA -- FROM ,SWITZ]L& TO ,SAXONY4 ,BUT ,I MU/ REFRA9 FROM 5T]+ H]E 9TO ?AT MO/ 9T]E/+ SUBJECT1 AS ,I HAVE TO ADD A FEW WORDS AB\T O!R C\NTRIES4 

,9 ,HUNG>Y1 NO LESS ?AN SIX P]C5T ( ! POPULATION -- ?AT IS1 #h#a1#f P]SONS -- >E 5GAG$ 9 DOME/IC 9DU/RIES1 ! TEXTILES ALONE GIV+ EMPLOYM5T TO MORE ?AN #f#h1 WORK]S4 ,SWITZ]L&1 ,ITALY1 & EV5 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 HAVE ALSO CONSID]ABLY DEVELOP$ DOME/IC 9DU/RIES2 & !RE >E P>TS ( ,BELGIUM ( :I* WE MAY SAY ) FULL SAFETY ?AT IF AGRICULTURE CONT9UES TO ?RIVE !RE1 NOT)/&+ SO MANY HO/ILE 9FLU5CES1 IT IS *IEFLY BECAUSE ! PEASANTS HAVE ! POSSIBILITY ( ADD+ TO !IR 9COMES ! E>N+S 9 A V>IETY ( 9DU/RIES4 ,BUT IT IS ESPECIALLY 9 ,RUSSIA ?AT WE CAN FULLY APPRECIATE ! IMPORTANCE ( ! RURAL 9DU/RIES1 & ! LOSS :I* ! C\NTRY W\LD SU/A9 IF !Y W]E TO DISAPPE>4 

,! MO/ EXHAU/IVE 9QUIRIES 9TO ! PRES5T /ATE1 ! GR[?1 ! TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! RURAL 9DU/RIES1 & ! DIFFICULTIES !Y HAVE TO CONT5D )1 HAVE BE5 MADE 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! H\SE-TO-H\SE 9QUIRY EMBRACES NE>LY ONE MILLION ( PEASANTS' H\SES ALL OV] ,RUSSIA2 & 9 ! FIFTE5 VOLUMES PUBLI%$ BY ! ,PETTY ,TRADES' ,COMMITTEE1 & NE>LY ALL ! *IEF PROV9CIAL ASSEMBLIES1 WE F9D ! EXHAU/IVE LI/S GIV+ ! NAME ( EA* WORK]1 ! EXT5T & ! /ATE ( HIS FIELDS1 HIS LIVE /OCK1 ! VALUE ( HIS AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTIONS1 HIS E>N+S FROM ! TE*NICAL1 ECONOMICAL1 & SANIT>Y PO9TS ( VIEW4 

,! RESULTS OBTA9$ FROM !SE 9QUIRIES >E REALLY IMPOS+1 AS IT APPE>S ?AT \T ( ! #h11 POPULATION ( ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA NO LESS ?AN #g1#e1 P]SONS >E 5GAG$ 9 ! DOME/IC TRADES1 & ?AT !IR PRODUCTION REA*ES1 AT ! L[E/ E/IMATES1 MORE ?AN #a#e11L41 & MO/ PROBABLY #b11L4 7#b111 RUBLES EV]Y YE>74#a ,IT ?US EQUALS ! TOTAL PRODUCTION ( ! GREAT 9DU/RY4 ,AS TO ! RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ( BO? = ! WORK+ CLASSES1 SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT EV5 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,MOSC[1 :I* IS ! *IEF MANUFACTUR+ REGION ( ,RUSSIA 7ITS FACTORIES YIELD UPW>DS ( ONE-FIF? 9 VALUE ( ! AGGREGATE 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION ( ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA71 ! AGGREGATE 9COMES D]IV$ BY ! POPULATION FROM ! DOME/IC 9DU/RIES >E ?REE TIMES L>G] ?AN ! AGGREGATE WAGES E>N$ 9 ! FACTORIES4 ,BUT ! MO/ /RIK+ FEATURE ( ! ,RUSSIAN DOME/IC TRADES IS ?AT ! SUDD5 /ATE :I* WAS MADE ( LATE BY ! FACTORIES >E GR[+ UP FA/E/4 ,ANO!R MO/ SUGGE/IVE FEATURE IS ! FOLL[+3 AL?\< ! MO/ UNF]TILE PROV9CES ( ,C5TRAL ,RUSSIA HAVE BE5 FROM TIME TO TIME IMMEMORIAL ! SEAT ( ALL K9DS ( PETTY TRADES1 SEV]AL DOME/IC 9DU/RIES ( MOD]N ORIG9 >E DEVELOP+ ,9 ?OSE PROV9CES :I* >E BE/ FAVOR$ BY SOIL & CLIMATE4 ,?US1 ! ,/AVROPOL GOV]NM5T ( ,NOR? ,CAUCASUS1 :]E ! PEASANTRY HAVE PL5TY ( F]TILE SOIL1 HAS SUDD5LY BECOMES ! SEAT ( A WIDELY DEVELOP$ SILK-WEAV+ 9DU/RY 9 ! PEASANTS' H\SES1 & N[ IT SUPPLIES ,RUSSIA ) *EAP SILKS :I* HAVE COMPLETELY EXPELL$ FROM ! M>KET ! PLA9 SILKS =M]LY IMPORT$ FROM ,FRANCE4 

,! CAPACITIES ( ! ,RUSSIAN DOME/IC 9DU/RIAL WORK]S = COOP]ATIVE ORGANIZATION W\LD BE WOR?Y ( MORE ?AN A PASS+ M5TION4 ,AS TO ! *EAPNESS ( ! PRODUCE MANUFACTUR$ 9 ! VILLAGES1 :I* IS REALLY A/ONI%+1 IT CANNOT BE EXPLA9$ 9 FULL BY ! EXCE$+LY LONG H\RS ( LABOR & ! />VATION WAGES1 BECAUSE OV]WORK 7TWELVE TO SIXTE5 H\RS ( LABOR7 & V]Y L[ WAGES >E *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ,RUSSIAN FACTORIES AS WELL4 ,IT DEP5DS ALSO UPON ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ! PEASANT :O GR[S HIS [N FOOD1 BUT SUFF]S FROM A CON/ANT WANT ( MONEY1 SELLS ! PRODUCE ( HIS 9DU/RIAL LABOR AT ANY PRICE4 ,!RE=E1 ALL MANUFACTUR$ W>E US$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTRY1 SAVE A FEW PR9T$ COTTONS1 IS A PRODUCE ( ! RURAL MANUFACTURES4 ,BUT MANY >TICLES ( LUXURY1 TOO1 >E MADE 9 ! VILLAGES1 ESPECIALLY >\ND ,MOSC[1 BY PEASANTS :O CONT9UE TO CULTIVATE !IR ALLOTM5TS4 ,! SILK HATS :I* >E SOLD 9 ! BE/ ,MOSC[ %OPS1 & BE> ! /AMP ( ',N\VEAUTES ,P>ISI5NES1' .<,NEW ,P>ISIANS.> >E MADE BY ! ,MOSC[ PEASANTS2 SO ALSO ! ',VI5NA' FURNITURE ( ! BE/ ',VI5NA' %OPS1 EV5 IF IT FOES TO SUPPLY ! PALACES4 ,& :AT IS MO/ TO BE WOND]$ AT IS NOT ! SKILL ( ! PEASANTS -- AGRICULTURAL WORK IS NO OB/ACLE TO ACQUIR+ 9DU/RIAL SKILL -- BUT ! RAPIDITY ) :I* ! FABRICATION ( F9E GOODS HAS SPREAD 9 SU* VILLAGES AS =M]LY MANUFACTUR$ ONLY GOODS ( ! R\<E/ DESCRIPTION4 

,AS TO ! RELATIONS BETWE5 AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY1 ONE CANNOT P]USE ! DOCUM5TS ACCUMULAT$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN /ATI/ICIANS )\T COM+ TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT1 F> FROM DAMAG+ AGRICULTURE1 ! DOME/IC TRADES1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 >E ! BE/ MEANS = IMPROV+ IT1 & ?IS ! MORE1 AS = SEV]AL MON?S EV]Y YE> ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANT HAS NO?+ TO DO 9 ! FIELDS4 ,!RE >E REGIONS :]E AGRICULTURE HAS BE5 TOTALLY AB&ON$ = ! 9DU/RIES2 BUT !SE >E REGIONS :]E IT WAS R5D]$ IMPOSSIBLE BY ! V]Y SMALL ALLOTM5TS & ! POV]TY ( ! PEASANTS1 :O W]E RU9$ BY HI< TAXATION & R$EMPTION TAXES4 ,BUT AS SOON AS ! ALLOTM5TS >E REASONABLE & ! PEASANTS >E LESS OV]TAX$ !Y CONT9UE TO CULTIVATE ! L&2 !IR FIELDS >E KEPT 9 BETT] ORD]1 & ! AV]AGE NUMB]S ( LIVE/OCK >E HI<] :]E AGRICULTURE GOES H& 9 H& ) ! DOME/IC TRADES4 ,EV5 ?OSE PEASANTS :OSE ALLOTM5TS >E SMALL F9D ! MEANS ( R5T+ MORE L& IF !Y E>N SOME MONEY FROM !IR 9DU/RIAL WORK4 ,AS TO ! RELATIVE WELF>E1 ,I NE$ H>DLY ADD ?AT IT ALWAYS /&S ON ! SIDE ( ?OSE VILLAGES :I* COMB9E BO? K9DS ( WORK4 ,VORSMA & ,PAVLOVO -- TWO CUTL]Y VILLAGES1 ONE ( :I* IS PURELY 9DU/RIAL1 & ! O!R CONT9UES TO TILL ! SOIL -- C\LD BE QUOT$ AS /RIK+ 9/ANCE = SU* A COMP>ISON4#a#a 

,MU* MORE \<T TO BE SAID ) REG>D TO ! RURAL 9DU/RIES ( ,RUSSIA1 ESPECIALLY TO %[ H[ EASILY ! PEASANTS ASSOCIATE = BUY+ NEW MA*9]Y1 OR = AVOID+ ! MIDDLEM5 9 !IR PUR*ASES ( RAW PRODUCE -- AS SOON AS MIS]Y IS NO OB/ACLE TO ! ASSOCIATION4 ,BELGIUM1 & ESPECIALLY ,SWITZ]L&1 C\LD ALSO BE QUOT$ = MORE 9T]E/+ ILLU/RATIONS1 BUT ! ABOVE WILL BE 5\< TO GIVE A G5]AL IDEA ( ! IMPORTANCE1 ! VITAL P[]S1 & ! P]FECTIBILITY ( ! RURAL 9DU/RIES4 

,! FACTS :I* WE HAVE BRIEFLY REVIEW$ WILL ALSO %[1 TO SOME EXT5T1 ! B5EFITS :I* C\LD BE D]IV$ FROM A COMB9ATION ( AGRICULTURE ) 9DU/RY1 IF ! LATT] C\LD COME TO ! VILLAGE1 NOT 9 ITS PRES5T %APE ( CAPITALI/ FACTORY1 BUT 9 ! %APE ( A SOCIALLY ORGANIZ$ 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION4 ,9 FACT1 ! MO/ PROM95T FEATURE ( ! PETTY TRADES IS ?AT A RELATIVE WELF>E IS F\ND ONLY :]E !Y >E COMB9$ ) AGRICULTURE4 ,AP>T FROM A FEW >TI/IC TRADES :I* GIVE A COMP>ATIVE WELL-BE+ TO ! WORK]S 9 ! CITIES1 EV]Y:]E WE F9D BUT A LONG RECORD ( OV]WORK1 EXPLOITATION ( *ILDR5'S LABOR1 & MIS]Y4 ,BUT EV5 AMID ! G5]AL MIS]Y !RE >E OASES ( RELATIVE WELL-BE+1 & !SE OASES 9V>IABLY APPE> :]E ! WORK]S HAVE REMA9$ 9 POSSESSION ( ! SOIL & CONT9UE TO CULTIVATE IT4 ,EV5 AMID ! COTTON-WEAV]S ( ! NOR? ( ,FRANCE ( ,MOSC[1 :O HAVE TO RECKON ) ! COMPETITION ( ! FACTORY1 RELATIVE WELF>E PREVAILS AS LONG AS !Y >E NOT COMPELL$ TO P>T ) ! SOIL4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 AS SOON AS HI< TAXATION OR ! IMPOV]I%M5T DUR+ A CRISIS HAS COMPELL$ ! DOME/IC WORK] TO AB&ON HIS LA/ PLOT ( L& TO ! USUR]1 MIS]Y CREEPS 9TO HIS H\SE1 AL?\< ! COMPETITION ( ! FACTORY MAY BE ( NO MOM5T 9 HIS TRADE 7AS 9 ! TOY TRADE74 ,! SWEAT] BECOMES ALL-P[]FUL1 FRI<TFUL OV]WORK IS RESORT$ TO1 & ! :OLE TRADE (T5 FALLS 9TO DECAY4 

,SU* FACTS1 AS WELL AS ! PRON\NC$ T5D5CY ( ! FACTORIES T[>DS MIGRAT+ TO ! VILLAGES1 >E V]Y SUGGE/IVE4 ,( C\RSE IT W\LD BE A GREAT MI/AKE TO IMAG9E ?AT 9DU/RY \<T TO RETURN TO ITS H&-WORK /AGE 9 ORD] TO BE COMB9$ ) AGRICULTURE4 ,:5EV] A SAV+ ( HUMAN LABOR CAN BE OBTA9$ BY MEANS ( A MA*9E1 ! MA*9E IS WELCOME & WILL BE RESORT$ TO2 & !RE IS H>DLY A S+LE BRAN* ( 9DU/RY 9TO :I* MA*9]Y WORK C\LD NOT BE 9TRODUC$ ) GREAT ADVANTAGE1 AT LEA/ 9 SOME ( ! PRELIM9>Y /AGES ( FABRICATION4 ,9 ! PRES5T *AOTIC /ATE ( 9DU/RY WE CAN MAKE NAILS & P5KNIVES BY H&1 OR WEAVE PLA9 COTTONS 9 ! H&-LOOM2 BUT SU* A *AOS WILL NOT LA/4 ,! MA*9E WILL SUP]S$E H&-WORK 9 ! MANUFACTURE ( PLA9 GOODS1 :ILE H&-WORK PROBABLY WILL EXT5D ITS DOMA9 9 ! >TI/IC F9I%+ ( MANY ?+S :I* >E N[ MADE 5TIRELY 9 ! FACTORY4 ,BUT ! QUE/ION >ISES1 :Y %\LD NOT ! COTTONS1 ! WOOL5 CLO?1 & ! SILKS1 N[ WOV5 BY H& 9 ! VILLAGES1 BE WOV5 BY MA*9]Y 9 ! SAME VILLAGES1 )\T CEAS+ TO REMA9 CONNECT$ ) WORK 9 ! FIELDS8 ,:Y %\LD NOT HUNDR$S ( DOME/IC 9DU/RIES1 N[ C>RI$ ON 5TIRELY BY H&1 RESORT TO LABOR-SAV+ MA*9ES AS !Y ALREADY DO 9 ! KNITT+ TRADE8 ,!RE IS NO REASON :Y ! SMALL MOTOR %\LD NOT BE ( MU* MORE G5]AL USE ?AN N[1 :]EV] !RE IS NO NE$ TO HAVE A FACTORY2 & !RE IS NO REASON :Y ! VILLAGE %\LD NOT HAVE ITS FACTORY :]EV] FACTORY WORK IS USEFUL1 AS WE ALREADY SEE IT OCCASIONALLY 9 ,NORM&Y4 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT N[1 UND] ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 ! FACTORY IS ! CURSE ( ! VILLAGE1 AS IT COMES TO MAKE PAUP]S \T ( ITS 9HABITANTS2 & IT IS QUITE NATURAL ?AT IT IS OPPOS$ BY ALL MEANS BY ! WORK]S1 IF !Y HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 MA9TA9+ !IR OLD5 TRADES' ORGANIZATIONS 7AS AT ,%EFFIELD1 OR ,SOL+571 OR IF !Y HAVE NOT YET BE5 R$UC$ TO %E] MIS]Y 7AS 9 ! ,JURA74 ,BUT UND] A MORE RATIONAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ! FACTORY W\LD F9D NO SU* OB/ACLES3 IT W\LD BE A BOON TO ! VILLAGE4 

,! MORAL & PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES :I* MAN W\LD D]IVE FROM DIVID+ HIS WORK BETWE5 ! FIELD & ! FACTORY >E SELF-EVID5T4 ,BUT ! DIFFICULTY IS1 WE >E TOLD1 9 ! NECESS>Y C5TRALIZATION ( ! MOD]N 9DU/RIES4 ,9 9DU/RY1 AS WELL AS 9 POLITICS1 C5TRALIZATION HAS SO MANY ADMIR]S6 ,BUT 9 BO? SPH]ES ! IDEAL ( ! C5TRALIZ]S BADLY NE$S REVISION4 ,9 FACT1 IF WE ANALYZE ! MOD]N 9DU/RIES1 WE SOON DISCOV] ?AT = SOME ( !M ! COOP]ATION ( HUNDR$S1 OR EV5 ?\S&S1 OR WORK]S GA!R$ AT ! SAME SPOT IS REALLY NECESS>Y4 ,! GREAT IRON-WORKS & M9+ 5T]PRISES DECID$LY BELONG TO ?AT CATEGORY2 OCEANIC /EAM]S C\LD NOT BE MADE 9 VILLAGE FACTORIES4 ,BUT V]Y MANY ( \R BIG FACTORIES >E NO?+ ELSE BUT AGGLOM]ATIONS UND] A COMMON MANAGEM5T ( SEV]AL DI/9CT 9DU/RIES2 :ILE O!RS >E M]ELY AGGLOM]ATIONS ( HUNDR$S ( COPIES ( ! V]Y SAME MA*9E4 ,SU* >E MO/ ( \R GIGANTIC SP9N+ & WEAV+ E/ABLI%M5TS4 ,! MANUFACTURE BE+ A /RICTLY PRIVATE 5T]PRISE1 ITS [N]S F9D IT ADVANTAGE\S TO HAVE ALL ! BRAN*ES ( A GIV5 9DU/RY UND] !IR [N MANAGEM5T2 !Y ?US CUMULATE ! PR(ITS ( ! AUXILI>Y 9DU/RIES4 ,BUT1 FROM A TE*NICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ! ADVANTAGES ( SU* ACCUMULATION >E TRIFL+ & D\BTFUL4 ,EV5 SO C5TRALIZ$ AN 9DU/RY AS ?AT ( ! COTTONS DOES NOT SUFF] AT ALL FROM ! DIVISION ( PRODUCTION BETWE5 SEV]AL SEP>ATE FACTORIES3 WE SEE IT AT ,MAN*E/] & ! NEI<BOR+ T[NS4 ,AS TO ! PETTY TRADES1 NO 9CONV5I5CE IS EXP]I5C$ FROM A /ILL GREAT] SUBDIVISION BETWE5 ! WORK%OPS 9 ! WAT* TRADE & MANY O!RS4 

,WE (T5 HE> ?AT ONE HORSEP[] CO/S SO MU* 9 A SMALL 5G9E1 & SO MU* LESS 9 AN 5G9E T5 TIMES MORE P[]FUL2 ?AT ! P\ND ( COTTON Y>N CO/S MU* LESS :5 ! FACTORY D\BLES ! NUMB] ( ITS SP9DLES4 ,BUT SU* CALCULATIONS >E GOOD ONLY = ?OSE 9DU/RIES :I* PREP>E ! HALF-MANUFACTUR$ PRODUCE = FUR!R TRANS=MATIONS4 ,AS TO ?OSE C\NTLESS DESCRIPTIONS ( W>E :I* D]IVE !IR VALUE *IEFLY FROM ! 9T]V5TION ( SKILL$ LABOR1 !Y CAN BE BE/ FABRICAT$ 9 SMALL] FACTORIES :I* EMPLOY A FEW HUNDR$S1 OR EV5 A FEW SCORES1 ( OP]ATIVES4 ,EV5 UND] ! PRES5T CONDITIONS ! LEVIA?AN FACTORIES (F] GREAT 9CONV5I5CES1 AS !Y CANNOT RAPIDLY RE=M !IR MA*9]Y ACCORD+ TO ! CON/ANTLY V>Y+ DEM&S ( ! CONSUM]S4 ,AS TO ! NEW BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY :I* ,I M5TION$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS >TICLE1 !Y MU/ MAKE A />T ON A SMALL SCALE2 & !Y CAN PROSP] 9 SMALL T[NS1 AS WELL AS 9 BIG CITIES1 IF ! SMALL] AGGLOM]ATIONS >E PROVID$ ) 9/ITUTIONS /IMULAT+ >TI/IC TA/E & ! G5IUS ( 9V5TION4 ,! PROGRESS A*IEV$ ( LATE 9 ,G]MANY 9 ?OSE VILLAGES :I* >E BUSY 9 TOY-MAK+1 AS ALSO ! HI< P]FECTION ATTA9$ 9 ! FABRICATION ( MA!MATICAL & OPTICAL 9/RUM5TS1 >E 9/ANCES 9 PO9T4 ,>T & SCI5CE >E NO LONG] ! MONOPOLY ( ! GREAT CITIES1 & FUR!R PROGRESS WILL BE 9 SCATT]+ !M OV] ! C\NTRY4 

,AS TO ! NATURAL CONDITIONS UPON :I* DEP5DS ! GEOGRAPHICAL DI/RIBUTION ( 9DU/RIES 9 A GIV5 C\NTRY1 IT IS OBVI\S ?AT !RE >E SOME SPOTS :I* >E MO/ SUIT$ = ! DEVELOPM5T ( C]TA9 9DU/RIES4 ,! BANKS ( ! ,CLYDE & ! ,TYNE >E C]TA9LY MO/ APPROPRIATE = %IPBUILD+ Y>DS1 & %IPBUILD+ Y>DS MU/ BE SURR\ND$ BY A V>IETY ( WORK%OPS & FACTORIES4 ,! 9DU/RIES WILL ALWAYS F9D SOME ADVANTAGES 9 BE+ GR\P$1 TO A LIMIT$ EXT5T1 ACCORD+ TO ! NATURAL FEATURES ( SEP>ATE REGIONS4 ,BUT WE MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT NOT !Y >E NOT GR\P$ ACCORD+ TO ?OSE FEATURES4 ,HI/ORICAL CAUSES -- *IEFLY RELIGI\S W>S & NATIONAL RIVALRIES -- HAVE HAD A GOOD DEAL TO DO ) !IR GR[? & GEOGRAPHICAL DI/RIBUTION1 & /ILL MORE CONSID]ATIONS AS TO ! FACILITIES = SALE & EXPORT2 ?AT IS1 CONSID]ATIONS :I* >E ALREADY LOS+ !IR IMPORTANCE ) ! 9CREAS$ FACILITIES ( TRANSPORT1 & WILL LOSE IT /ILL MORE :5 ! PRODUC]S PRODUCE = !MSELVES1 & NOR = CU/OM]S F> AWAY4 ,BUT :Y1 9 A RATIONALLY ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY1 \<T ,LONDON TO REMA9 A GREAT C5T] = ! JAM & PRES]V+ TRADE1 & MANUFACTURE UMBRELLAS = NE>LY ! :OLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM8 ,:Y %\LD ! ,:ITE*APEL PETTY TRADES REMA9 :]E !Y >E1 9/EAD ( BE+ SPREAD ALL OV] ! C\NTRY8 ,:Y %\LD ,P>IS REF9E SUG> = ALMO/ ! :OLE ( ,FRANCE & ,GRE5OCK = ,RUSSIA8 ,:Y %\LD ONE-HALF ( ! BOOTS & %OES US$ 9 ,UNIT$ ,/ATES BE MANUFACTUR$ 9 ! #a1#e WORK%OPS ( ,MASSA*USETTS8 ,!RE IS ABSOLUTELY NO REASON :Y !SE & LIKE ANOMALIES %\LD P]SI/2 & ! SCATT]+ ( 9DU/RIES AMID ALL CIVILIZ$ NATIONS WILL BE NECESS>ILY FOLL[$ BY A FUR!R SCATT]+ ( FACTORIES OV] ! T]RITORIES ( EA* NATION4 

,AGRICULTURE IS SO MU* 9 NE$ ( AID FROM ?OSE :O 9HABIT ! CITIES1 ?AT EV]Y SUMM] ?\S&S ( M5 LEAVE !IR SLUMS 9 ! T[NS & GO TO ! C\NTRY = ! SEASON ( CROPS4 ,! ,LONDON DE/ITUTES GO 9 ?\S&S TO ,K5T & ,SUSSEX AS HAY-MAK]S & HOP-PICK]S2 :OLE VILLAGES 9 ,FRANCE AB&ON !IR HOMES & !IR COTTAGE 9DU/RIES 9 ! SUMM] & W&] TO ! MORE F]TILE P>TS ( ! C\NTRY2 & 9 ,RUSSIA !RE IS EV]Y YE> AN EXODUS ( MANY HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( M5 :O J\RNEY FROM ! NOR? TO ! S\!RN PRAIRIES = H>VE/+ ! CROPS' :ILE MANY ,/4 ,PET]SBURG MANUFACTUR]S R$UCE !IR PRODUCTION 9 ! SUMM]1 BECAUSE ! OP]ATIVES RETURN TO !IR NATIVE VILLAGES = ! CULTURE ( !IR ALLOTM5TS4 ,EXT5SIVE AGRICULTURES CANNOT BE C>RI$ ON )\T ADDITIONAL H&S 9 ! SUMM]2 BUT IT /ILL MORE NE$S A TEMPOR>Y AID = IMPROV+ ! SOIL1 = T5FOLD+ ITS PRODUCTIVE P[]S4 ,/EAM-DIGG+1 DRA9AGE1 & MANUR+ W\LD R5D] ! HEAVY CLAYS TO ! NOR?-WE/ ( ,LONDON A MU* RI*] SOIL ?AN ?AT ( ! ,AM]ICAN PRAIRIES4 ,TO BECOME F]TILE1 ?OSE CLAYS WANT ONLY PLA91 UNSKILL$ HUMAN LABOR1 SU* AS IS NECESS>Y = DIGG+ ! SOIL1 LAY+ 9 DRA9AGE TUBES1 PULV]IZ+ PHOSPHATES1 & ! LIKE2 & ?AT LABOR W\LD BE GLADLY DONE BY ! FACTORY WORK]S IF IT W]E PROP]LY ORGANIZ$ 9 A FREE COMMUNITY = ! B5EFIT ( ! :OLE SOCIETY4 ,! SOIL CLAIMS ?AT AID1 & IT W\LD HAVE IT UND] A PROP] ORGANIZATION1 EV5 IF IT W]E NECESS>Y TO /OP MANY MILLS 9 ! SUMM] = ?AT PURPOSE4 ,NO D\BT1 ! PRES5T FACTORY [N]S W\LD CONSID] IT RU9\S IF !Y HAD TO /OP !IR MILLS = SEV]AL MON?S EV]Y YE>1 BECAUSE ! CAPITAL 5GAG$ 9 A FACTORY IS EXPECT$ TO PUMP MONEY EV]Y DAY & EV]Y H\R1 IF POSSIBLE4 ,BUT ?AT IS ! CAPITALI/'S VIEW ( ! MATT]1 NOT ! COMMUNITY'S VIEW4 ,AS TO ! WORK]S1 :O \<T TO BE ! REAL MANAG]S ( 9DU/RIES1 !Y WILL F9D IT HEAL?Y NOT TO P]=M ! SAME MONOTON\S WORK ALL ! YE> R\ND1 & !Y WILL AB&ON IT = ! SUMM]1 IF 9DE$ !Y DO NOT F9D ! MEANS ( KEEP+ ! FACTORY RUNN+ BY RELIEV+ EA* O!R 9 GR\PS4 

,! SCATT]+ ( 9DU/RIES OV] ! C\NTRY -- SO AS TO BR+ ! FACTORY AMID ! FIELDS1 & TO MAKE AGRICULTURE D]IVE ALL ?OSE PR(ITS :I* IT ALWAYS F9DS 9 BE+ COMB9$ ) 9DU/RY 7SEE ! ,EA/]N ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA7 -- & ! COMB9ATION ( 9DU/RIAL ) AGRICULTURAL WORK >E SURELY ! NEXT /EP TO BE MADE1 AS SOON AS A REORGANIZATION ( \R PRES5T CONDITIONS IS POSSIBLE4 ,?AT /EP IS IMPOS$ BY ! V]Y NECESSITIES ( PRODUC+ = ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES2 IT IS IMPOS$ BY ! NECESSITY = EA* HEAL?Y MAN & WOMAN TO SP5D A P>T ( !IR LIVES 9 FREE WORK 9 ! FREE AIR1 & IT WILL BE R5D]$ ! MORE NECESS>Y :5 ! GREAT SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 :I* HAVE N[ BECOME UNAVOIDABLE1 COME TO DI/URB ! PRES5T 9T]NATIONAL TRADE1 & COMPEL EA* NATION TO REV]T TO H] [N RES\RCES = H] [N MA9T5ANCE4 ,HUMANITY AS A :OLE1 AS WELL AS EA* SEP>ATE 9DIVIDUAL1 WILL BE GA9]S BY ! *ANGE1 & ! *ANGE WILL TAKE PLACE4 ,BUT SU* A *ANGE ALSO IMPLIES A ?OR\< MODIFICATION ( \R PRES5T SY/EM ( $UCATION4 ,IT IMPLIES A SOCIETY COMPOS$ ( M5 & WOM5 EA* ( :OM IS ABLE TO WORK ) HIS OR H] H&S1 AS WELL AS ) HIS OR H] BRA91 & TO DO SO 9 MORE DIRECTIONS ?AN ONE4 

,P4 ,KROPOTK94 

#a ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY1 ,APRIL & ,JUNE1 #a#h#h#h4 

#b ,WE F9D IT /AT$ 9 V>I\S ECONOMICAL WORKS ?AT !RE >E NE>LY #a11 WORK]S EMPLOY$ 9 ! BIG FACTORIES ( ,5GL& ALONE1 & #a1#d#g1 EMPLOY$ 9 ! PETTY TRADES -- ! V>I\S TRADES CONNECT$ ) FOOD 7BAK]S1 BUT*]S1 & SO ON71 & ! BUILD+ TRADES BE+ 9CLUD$ 9 ! LA/ FIGURE4 ,BUT ,I DO NOT KN[ H[ F> !SE FIGURES >E RELIABLE4 

#c ,NE>LY ONE-HALF ( ! #d#c1 OP]ATIVES :O W]E EMPLOY$ AT ?AT TIME 9 ! WOOL5 TRADE ( ?IS C\NTRY W]E WEAV+ 9 H&LOOMS4 ,SO ALSO ONE-FIF? ( ! #g#i1 P]SONS EMPLOY$ 9 ! WOR/$ TRADE4 

#d ,E4 ,ROSCOE'S NOTES 9 ! ,5GLI% ,ILLU/RAT$ ,MAGAZ9E1 ,MAY #a#h#h#d4 

#e ,BEVAN'S ,GUIDE TO ,5GLI% ,9DU/RIES4 

#f ,ACCORD+ TO ,BAUDRILL>T1 #b1#e1L4 WOR? ( PLA9 COTTONS W]E WOV5 9 #ahh 9 ! VILLAGES >\ND ,R\54 

#g ,\T ( ! #a#a1 LOOMS1 ONLY FROM #a#e1 TO #a#h1 H&LOOMS HAVE REMA9$ AT ,LYONS1 AS AGA9/ #b#e1 TO #b#h1 9 #a#h#f#e4 ,I AM 9DEBT$ = !SE FIGURES TO ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,LYONS ,*AMB] ( ,COMM]CE1 :O K9DLY GAVE ME1 9 A LETT] DAT$ ,APRIL #b#e1 #a#h#h#e1 ALL K9DS ( 9=MATION AB\T ! PETTY TRADES ( ! ,LYONS REGION & TO :OM ,I AM GLAD TO EXPRESS MY FULL GRATITUDE1 AS ALSO TO ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,*AMB] ( ,COMM]CE ( ,/4 ,ETI5NE :O SUPPLI$ ME ) MO/ 9T]E/+ DATA ) REG>D TO ! V>I\S TRADES ( ! ,/4 ,ETI5NE REGION4 

#h ,\T ( ! #a#e1 TO #a#h1 LOOMS 5GAGES 9 ! WEAV+ ( RIBBONS AT ,/4 ,ETI5NE & ITS NEI<BORHOOD1 NO LESS ?AN FROM #a#b1 TO #a#d1 BELONG TO ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,! TRADE WAS ONCE PROSP]\S1 SO ?AT MO/ ( ! H\SES 9 ! SUBURBS ( ,/4 ,ETI5NE W]E BUILT BY ! WEAV]S1 BUT = SEV]AL YE>S S9CE ITS PROSPECTS HAVE BE5 V]Y GLOOMY4 ,! MANUFACTURE ( >MS OCCUPIES FROM #e1 TO #f1 WORK]S4 ,AS TO H>DW>E1 IT IS FABRICAT$ 9 A GREAT NUMB] ( SMALL WORK%OPS ALL R\ND ,/4 ,ETI5NE1 ,LE ,*AMBON1 ,FIRM9Y1 ,RIVE DE ,GI]S1 & SO ON4 ,( O!R PETTY TRADES1 SOME ( :I* HAVE A CONSID]ABLE IMPORTANCE1 LET ME M5TION ! SILK-GR[+ ( ! ,>DE*E1 ! WIRE TRADES ( ! ,D\BS1 ! CLO?I]S & ! GLOVE-MAK]S ( ! ,IS]E1 ! /AY-MAK]S1 ! BROOM & BRU% MAK]S ( ! ,OISE 7#h1L4 EV]Y YE>71 ! BUTTON-MAK]S1 ! %OE-MAK]S ( ! ,DROME1 & SO ON4 

#i  ,! READY-MADE CLO? & MANTLES ALONE >E VALU$ AT #e1#d1L4 EV]Y YE>2 LADIES' /AYS >E MADE TO ! VALUE ( #d1L4 AT ,P>IS1 & #b11L4 9 ,FRANCE ALTOGE!R4 

#a ,IT APPE>S FROM ! H\SE-TO-H\SE 9QUIRY1 :I* EMBODIES #h#e#e1 WORK]S1 ?AT ! YE>LY VALUE ( ! PRODUCE :I* !Y USE TO MANUFACTURE REA*ES #b#a1#h#g1L4 7! RUBLE AT #b#dD471 ?AT IS1 AN AV]AGE ( NE>LY #b#eL4 P] WORK]4 ,AN AV]AGE ( #bL4 = ! #g1#e1 P]SONS 5GAG$ 9 DOME/IC 9DU/RIES W\LD ALREADY GIVE #a#e11L4 = !IR AGGREGATE PRODUCTION2 BUT ! MO/ AU?ORITATIVE 9VE/IGATORS CONSID] ?AT FIGURE AS BEL[ ! REALITY4 

#aa ,PURGAV91 9 ! ,VYE/NIK ,PROMY%L5NO/I1 ,JUNE #a#h#h#d4 

7,S\RCE3 ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY1 #a#h#h#h1 PP4 #e#a#c-#e#c47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,MAY #c#a1 #ahhd 3 ,! ,9DU/RIAL ,VILLAGE ( ! ,FUTURE -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#a1 #bag 3 ,! ,9DU/RIAL ,VILLAGE ( ! ,FUTURE -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,! ,9DU/RIAL ,VILLAGE ( ! ,FUTURE -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/