,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,F$]AZIONE ,DEI ,COMUNI/I ,AN>*ICI 

,TEXT 3 

,PREFACE 

  

,?IS IS ! /ORY ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS ?AT WAS HELD AT ! ,PLANCIUS ,HALL 9 ,AM/]DAM1 ! ,NE!RL&S1 FROM #bf TO #ca ,AUGU/ #a#i#g4 ,! PREVI\S AN>*I/ CONGRESS HAD BE5 BACK 9 #ahha 9 ,LONDON & WAS AN ATTEMPT TO RE-LAUN* ! OLD ,9T]NATIONAL1 ?\< IT 9AUGURAT$ ! AGE ( 0AN>*I/ T]RORISM01 MOV+ ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T AWAY FROM ! MASSES ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE4 

,! P]IOD BETWE5 #ahha & #aig SAW HUGE *ANGES )9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,BY !N1 H[EV]1 ! AN>*I/S HAD PLAC$ !MSELVES FIRMLY \TSIDE ! SPH]E ( LABOR1 ?\< SOME COMRADES DID REMA9 CLOSE TO ! WORK]S4 ,:5 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T EV5TUALLY UND]/OOD ?AT IT HAD TO PUT AN 5D TO ITS ISOLATION1 ! RESULT WAS ! CALL+ ( AN 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESS TO BE HELD 9 ,AM/]DAM :I* WAS TO DEAL ) ! MO/ IMPORTANT ISSUES ( ! DAY3 ! ATTITUDE ( AN>*I/S TO ! NEW PH5OM5ON ( SYNDICALISM & ! QUE/ION ( AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION4 

,9 ! 9TRODUCTION TO ! #ai< BOOK 0,DIBATTITO SUL S9DACALISMO3 ,ATTI DEL ,CONGRESSO ,9T]NAZIONALE AN>*ICO DI ,AM/]DAM 7#a#i#g701 LABOR HI/ORIAN ,MAURIZIO ,ANTONIOLI EXAM9ES ! PROCESS ?AT L$ TO ! ,AM/]DAM ,CONGRESS & ITS SIGNIFICANCE BO? )9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T & ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,ANTONIOLI !N GOES ON TO COMPILE ! V>I\S REPORTS 9 AN>*I/ J\RNALS ( ! TIME1 PRODUC+ :AT IS POSSIBLY ! MO/ COMPLETE RECORD ( ! ,CONGRESS & ! DEBATES ?AT LA/$ SIX DAYS4 ,WE PRES5T H]E ,ANTONIOLI'S 9TRODUCTION TOGE!R ) A SLI<TLY ABRIDG$ V]SION ( ! RE/ ( ! BOOK1 HAV+ OMITT$ SOME ( ! LESS] DEBATES & 9TRODUCTORY SPEE*ES4 ,) TIME WE HOPE TO 9CLUDE !SE ALSO4 ,! FOOTNOTE NUMB]S >E ?OSE 9 ! ORIG9AL TEXT4 

,AN>*ISM &_/OR ,SYNDICALISM 

  

,! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ ,CONGRESS 9 ,LONDON 7,JULY #a#h#h#a71 :I* GA!R$ TOGE!R ! FEW REMA9+ ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN ELEM5TS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL :O W]E SPREAD >\ND ! WORLD .<#a.>1 WAS ! LA/ AN>*I/ ATTEMPT TO 0GET ! OLD ,9T]NATIONAL BACK ON ITS FEET 9 SOME WAY0 .<#b.>4 ,!RE W\LD BE NO FUR!R EF=TS1 ?ANKS TO ! FACT ?AT ! *OICE ( 0ILLEGALITY0 AS ! ONLY POSSIBLE ME?OD ( /RUGGLE 7JU/IFI$ AS IT MAY HAVE BE5 BY ! CIRCUM/ANCES7 REMOV$ ANY POSSIBILITY = ! REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITIES1 :O W]E MORE & MORE CONV9C$ ( ! IMM95CE ( A DIRECT CLA%1 TO MA9TA9 ORGANIC L9KS ) ! MASS ORGANIZATIONS ?AT W]E CONSOLIDAT+ !MSELVES ?R\<\T MO/ P>TS ( ,EUROPE4 

0,! DELIB]ATIONS 9 ,LONDON01 WROTE ,G9O ,C]RITO .<#c.>1 0444 (FICIALLY 9AUGURAT$ ! ]A ( AN>*I/ T]RORISM1 :I* 74447 COMPLET$ ! TRANS=MATION ( GR\PS 9TO SECT>IAN ORGANIZATIONS1 AT TIMES BE+ R$UC$ TO 9DIVIDUALS HAV+ CASUAL CONTACT ) EA* O!R1 & MOV+ ! ,AN>*I/ ,MOVEM5T AWAY FROM ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE1 :O !RE=E REMA9$ UND] ! EXCLUSIVE LEAD]%IP ( ! LEGALIT>IANS04 

,)9 ! SPACE ( A FEW YE>S1 & P>TLY AS A RESULT ( H>% GOV]NM5T REPRESSION 7:I* 9DE$ HAD BE5 ! PR9CIPAL REASON = ! ,LONDON DECISIONS71 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAD PRACTICALLY SIGN$ ITS [N DEA? W>RANT AS AN ORGANIZ$ MOVEM5T4 ,?\< AN>*ISM DID MA9TA9 AN UN>GUABLE VITALITY 9 MANY C\NTRIES1 ALMO/ EV]Y:]E -- EXCEPT = ,SPA9 -- 0! S5SE ( ORGANIZATIONAL CONT9UITY1 ( 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS 744471 ( A COH]5T REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY0 .<#d.> HAD BE5 LO/4 ,NEI!R DID C]TA9 ISOLAT$ ATTEMPTS1 SU* AS ! ONE BY ,MALATE/A 9 #ahhd .<#e.>1 SEEM ABLE TO *ANGE ?IS T5D5CY & RE-LAUN* AN 9T]NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T CLOS] TO ! ORIG9AL ONE4 

,:51 9 ! LATE #a#h#hS & E>LY #a#h#iS -- & NOT )\T SOME P]PLEXITY1 CONTRADICTIONS & CLA%ES -- A NEW ,9T]NATIONAL DID F9ALLY GIVE =M TO ! 0NO/ALGIA0 = ! OLD ,I,W,M,A :I* WAS SO PREVAL5T 9 ,EUROPEAN SOCIALI/ CIRCLES1 AN>*I/S W]E R$UC$ TO ! ROLE ( MORE ONLOOK]S4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT1 HAV+ PUT ASIDE EV]Y ALT]NATIVE HOPE1 ! ONLY SOLUTION ?AT C\LD BE SE5 -- AT LEA/ BY ?OSE FR+ES ?AT HAD SURVIV$ ! ANTI-ORGANIZATIONALI/ /ORM & T5ACI\SLY HUNG ON TO ! ,SA9T ,IMI] TRADITION -- SEEM$ TO BE ?AT ( C>V+ \T A PLACE 9 ! NEW ORGANIZATIONS BY MAK+ ! MO/ ( ITS /ILL DECID$LY 0MIX$0 NATURE4 

,AS IS WELL KN[N1 ! V>I\S ATTEMPTS -- ,BRUSSELS 7#a#h#i#a71 ,ZURI* 7#a#h#i#c7 & ,LONDON 7#a#h#i#f7 -- CAME TO NO GOOD4 ,! MAJORITY AT !SE CONGRESSES VOT$ = ! EXCLUSION ( ! AN>*I/S1 ?\< ) SIZABLE M9ORITIES & = V>I\S REASONS4 ,H[EV]1 DESPITE ! LACK ( SUCCESS AS F> AS ! OBJECTIVE WAS CONC]N$1 !SE EF=TS TO RETURN TO ! 9T]NATIONAL CIRCUIT W]E NOT )\T POSITIVE RESULTS4 ,CONTACTS W]E R5EW$1 DEBATE WAS /IMULAT$1 IDEAS1 DISCUSSION PO9TS & =MS ( /RUGGLE CIRCULAT$ 7A TYPICAL EXAMPLE BE+ ! G5]AL /RIKE7 & ! POSSIBILITY WAS MOOT$ ( ALLIANCE ) O!R REVOLUTION>Y =CES4 ,AS ,*RI/IAAN ,CORNELISS5 RECALL$ YE>S LAT] .<#f.>1 ,ZURI* & ,LONDON HAD NOT JU/ MEANT DEFEAT = AN>*I/S1 !Y W]E ALSO AN OPPORTUNITY TO MEET UP1 0DANS L'OMB] DU ,CONGRES \VRI] SOCIALI/E04 

,?AT WAS NO SMALL MATT]1 ESPECIALLY IF ONE CONSID]S ?AT ?OSE W]E ! YE>S ( ! HEI<T ( ! T]RORI/ BOOM & ( ILLEGALISM1 & AN>*ISM WAS CAU<T 9 ! GRIP ( A MASSIVE GOV]NM5T C\NT]-(F5SIVE ?AT CULM9AT$ 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ANTI-,AN>*I/ ,CONF]5CE 9 ,ROME 9 #ahih :I* SAW ! P>TICIPATION ( ,EUROPE'S MA9 P[]S1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ,GREAT ,BRITA9 & ,SWITZ]L&4 

,9 FACT1 NOT)/&+ ! 0T]RORI/0 NATURE ( ! P]IOD -- & ?IS WAS ! IDEA ?AT B\RGEOIS 7& NOT ONLY7 PUBLIC OP9ION HAD ( AN>*ISM -- IT WAS 9 ! #a#h#iS ?AT ! FIR/ SYMPTOMS ( A *ANGE )9 ! MOVEM5T BEGAN TO BE SE54 ,!RE BEGAN TO BE FELT ! 0NE$0 = A PROGRAMMATIC & OP]ATIONAL AGREEM5T AMONG SOCIALI/ AN>*I/S .<#g.> 9 ORD] TO 0PUT AN 5D TO ! ISOLATION :I* AN>*I/S 9 C]TA9 C\NTRIES .<HAD.> PLAC$ !MSELVES & TO ! SEP>ATION FROM ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE0 .<#h.>4 ,NOT ONLY 9 ,FRANCE1 BUT ALSO 9 ,ITALY & ! ,NE!RL&S1 !RE WAS A GR[+ T5D5CY T[>DS A CON/ANT1 NON-9/RUM5TAL PRES5CE 9 ! RAPIDLY-GR[+ LABOR ORGANIZATIONS4 

,IT IS NOT EASY TO E/ABLI% ! REASONS = ?IS EVOLUTION4 ,P]HAPS IT WAS ! REPEAT$ EXCLUSION FROM ! ,CONGRESSES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL .<#i.>1 ! URG5T NE$ TO C\NT]ACT ! REBELLI\S1 ANTI-ORGANIZATIONALI/ WAVE ) SOME?+ MORE SOLID .<#a.>1 ! HEI<T5+ SOCIAL & POLITICAL T5SION 9 MANY C\NTRIES1 P]HAPS ONE OR O!R 7OR ALL7 ( !SE HAD SP>K$ (F ! DESIRE TO RECOMPOSE ! MOVEM5T &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 TO DEVELOP A PROJECT = IT4 

,9 #a#i1 :5 ,BRESCI'S ASSASS9ATION ( ,ITALY'S ,K+ ,HUMB]T ,I BR\<T TO A CLOSE 7AT LEA/ 9 ,EUROPE7 ! 0CLASSIC0 PHASE ( ! 9DIVIDUALI/ ACT1 ! TURN+ PO9T HAD BE5 REA*$4 ,! CLE>E/ SIGN WAS ! CALL+ BY ,FR5* LIB]T>IANS ) SYNDICALI/ LEAN+S ( AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,WORK]S' ,CONGRESS 9 ,P>IS1 FROM #a#i-#b#c ,SEPTEMB] #a#i4 ,AS ! ORGANIZ+ COMMITTEE'S CIRCUL>-LETT] CL>IFI$1 0!RE IS A G5]AL REVOLUTION>Y & ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y T5D5CY DEVELOP+ AMONG ! WORK]S1 & IT SEEMS USEFUL ?AT ! TRADE UNIONS :I* >E REJECT$ BY SOCIAL DEMOCRACY CAN DEBATE ! QUE/IONS :I* AFFECT ! PROLET>IAT 9 G5]AL0 .<#a#a.>4 ,DESPITE ! G5]AL TONE & ! ASSURANCES ( ! 0WORK]0 NATURE ( ! 9ITIATIVE1 :I* WAS NOT -- AS ,DELESALLE .<#a#b.> SAID -- AN ATTEMPT TO HOLD 0A LITTLE AN>*I/ P>LIAM5T01 ! CONGRESS HAD A DEF9ITE AN>*I/ FLAVOR1 BO? 9 ITS AG5DA & 9 ITS P>TICIPANTS .<#a#c.>4 ,BUT ! ,P>IS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,EXPOSITION WAS DUE TO HO/ A GREAT MANY EV5TS ?AT YE>3 FROM #e-#h ,SEPTEMB]1 ! ,CONGRESS ( ! ,F$]ATION DES ,B\RSES2 FROM #a-#a#d ,SEPTEMB]1 ! ,NATIONAL ,CORPORATIVE ,CONGRESS 7,C,G,T72 FROM #a#g-#a#h ,SEPTEMB]1 AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,CORPORATIVE ,CONGRESS PROMOT$ BY ! ,F$]ATION DES ,B\RSES & ! ,C,G,T 9 OP5 CONTRA/ TO ! ,SOCIALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 :OSE CONGRESS WAS DUE TO OP5 9 ,P>IS ON #bd ,SEPTEMB]4 

,& IT WAS NOT BY *ANCE ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,WORK]S' ,CONGRESS 7LAT] KN[N AS ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>Y ,CONGRESS1 LE/ !RE BE ANY D\BT AB\T ITS NATURE7 WAS SET TO OCCUR BETWE5 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,CORPORATIVE ,CONGRESS & ! ,CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! AIM WAS CLE>1 AT LEA/ AS F> AS ! ORGANIZ]S W]E CONC]N$3 TO 9VOLVE ! DELEGATES ( ! FIR/ ,CONGRESS & TO BOYCOTT ! SECOND1 OR AT ! V]Y LEA/ TO RAISE ! 0AN>*I/0 QUE/ION AGA9 UND] ANO!R GUISE -- ?AT ( ! AUTONOMY ( ! LABOR ORGANIZATION FROM POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,H[EV]1 ONLY A FEW DAYS BE=E IT WAS DUE TO OP51 ! ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>Y ,CONGRESS HAD TO BE CALL$ (F AS A RESULT ( ! BAN PLAC$ ON IT BY ! ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU GOV]NM5T4 

,WE HAVE NO WAY ( KN[+ :AT ! EFFECTS ( ! CONGRESS W\LD HAVE BE51 ?\< LEAV+ ASIDE ! 9T5D$ P>TICIPATION ( ELEM5TS FROM ,ROMANIA1 ,BELGIUM1 ,BOHEMIA & SO ON1 IT W\LD MO/ LIKELY HAVE BE5 LIMIT$ TO ,FRANCE & ! EMIGRANT GR\PS !RE 7,ITALIANS1 ,RUSSIANS1 ETC474 ,9 ANY EV5T1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,CORPORATIVE ,CONGRESS1 ATT5D$ BY ONLY A FEW ,5GLI%1 ,FR5*1 ,ITALIAN & ,SWISS DELEGATES1 DID NOT APPE> TO MEET ) ANY GREAT SUCCESS EI!R4 

,BUT AP>T =M ! \TCOME1 EV5 ! WILL TO GET TOGE!R = A WIDE DEBATE ON A 0WORK]0 BASIS WAS 9 ITSELF AN IMPORTANT FACT4 ,IT WAS EVID5CE ?AT1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! ISOLATION WAS COM+ TO AN 5D &1 ON ! O!R H&1 WIDE SECTORS ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T W]E RAPIDLY MOV+ BACK TO CLASS-/RUGGLE POSITIONS4 

,! FAIL$ ,P>IS CONGRESS APPE>$ NOT TO HAVE PRODUC$ ANY EFFECT1 SEEM+ ONLY TO ACT AS AN 9DICATION ( A DEVELOP+ T5D5CY4 ,BUT IT IS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO FOLL[ ! L9ES ( PROPAGATION )9 ! MOVEM5T ( C]TA9 IMPULSES & TO E/ABLI% EXACTLY :O OR :AT WAS RESPONSIBLE = IT4 ,IT IS CLE>1 ?\<1 ?AT P[]FUL IDEAS SU* AS ! G5]AL /RIKE1 :I* WAS TO HAVE BE5 ! FOCUS ( ONE P>TICUL> DEBATE 9 ,P>IS 7WE >E 9 POSSESSION1 9 FACT1 ( ! REPORT :I* WAS TO BE PRES5T$7.<#a#d.>1 W]E BEG9N+ TO SPREAD & TAKE ROOT AMONG LIB]T>IAN CIRCLES BO? 9 ,FRANCE & ELSE:]E4 ,AS E>LY AS #a#i-#a1 ?R\< EMIGRANT *ANNELS & ! BE/-KN[N NEWSPAP]S1 NUM]\S AN>*I/ GR\PS 7SOME ( :OM W]E (T5 DECL>$LY ANTI-ORGANIZATIONALI/7 ?R\<\T ,EUROPE & ! ,AM]ICAS W]E />T+ TO FOCUS !IR ATT5TION ON AN OBJECTIVE :I* ! NOTABLE EXPANSION ( LABOR ORGANIZATIONS1 ADD$ TO A NEW AGGRESSIV5ESS1 APPE>$ TO PUT )9 EASI] REA* ?AN ! TRADITIONAL 9SURRECTIONAL EXPLOSION4 

,9 ANY EV5T1 ! NEW C5TURY 7AT LEA/ FROM #a#i#b-#c ON7 DID SEEM TO (F] AN>*I/S OBJECTIVE POSSIBILITIES = A REVIVAL ON AN 9T]NATIONAL LEVEL1 ?\< !RE W]E V>IANCES 9 ! SPE$ ( GR[? 9 ! V>I\S NATIONAL MOVEM5TS AS EA* HAD TO ADAPT TO ! PECULI>ITIES ( ITS [N CONTEXT4 ,UND\BT$LY ! /IMULUS ( GREAT] HOMOG5EITY 9 ! POLICIES ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES PRODUC$1 BY WAY ( RESPONSE1 A HOMOG5E\S OPPOSITION )9 ?OSE =CES :O W]E NOT PREP>$ TO ACCEPT ?OSE POLICIES4 ,IT WAS ABOVE ALL1 H[EV]1 ! BEG9N+ ( A CYCLE ( /RUGGLES 9VOLV+ ALMO/ ALL ( ,EUROPE :I*1 DESPITE RAPIDLY FLUCTUAT+ =TUNES1 9FLU5C$ ! COMPOSITION ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,A MOVEM5T :I*1 BY ! WAY1 HAD NEV] DIVID$ ITSELF ACCORD+ TO GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION4 ,BUT DUE TO ITS V]Y 9/ABILITY -- A RESULT ( GOV]NM5T REPRESSION1 9T]NAL FLUCTUATIONS & ! CONT9UALLY-*ANG+ MILITANT P]SONNEL -- IT HAD SPLIT 9TO FACTIONS1 CURR5TS :I* REGUL>LY APPE>$ 9 V>I\S PLACES1 SOMETIMES DUE TO EXT]NAL 9FLU5CES1 BUT :I* AT O!R TIMES HAD DEVELOP$ SPONTANE\SLY4 

,?IS IS NOT ! PLACE TO DEAL ) ! 9T]NATIONALIZATION ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,TO ?IS DAY WE LACK ! MEANS ) :I* TO DO SO1 !RE >E GAPS :I* >E TOO GREAT TO FILL1 & ?US F> !RE HAVE BE5 NO COMP>ATIVE /UDIES ON ! MATT]4 ,NONE!LESS1 IT IS C]TA9 ?AT 9 ?OSE YE>S ! CONDITIONS = SU* A PH5OM5ON W]E DEVELOP+1 MODE/ AS IT MAY HAVE BE5 9 SIZE 7GIV5 ! NON-C5TRAL ROLE PLAY$ BY AN>*ISM72 IT C\LD BY NO MEANS BE COMP>$ TO ! P]IOD ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,IT IS1 ?\<1 LEGITIMATE TO ?9K ?AT 9 #a#i#f1 :5 ! IDEA ( BUILD+ AN ,AN>*I/ ,9T]NATIONAL WAS ONCE AGA9 GA9+ GR\ND1 IT WAS NOT SIMPLY A CO9CID5CE OR ! FANCY ( A FEW GR\PS :O FELT LIKE TAK+ A RISK4 

,! FIR/ PROPOSAL TO CREATE A ,LIB]T>IAN ,9T]NATIONAL1 :I* W\LD BE ABLE TO CONNECT & COORD9ATE ! MOVEM5TS 9 ! V>I\S C\NTRIES1 WAS PUT =W>D DUR+ ! SECOND CONGRESS ( ! ,GR\PEM5T ,COMMUNI/E ,LIB]TAIRE 9 ,BELGIUM1 HELD AT ,/OCKEL-,BOIS ON #bb ,JULY #aif .<#a#e.>4 ,! IDEA WAS IMM$IATELY ADOPT$ ON ! FOLL[+ #bc ,SEPTEMB]1 DUR+ ! SECOND G5]AL ASSEMBLY 79 ,UTRE*T7 ( ! ,F$]ATIE VAN ,VRIJHEIDLIEV5DE ,KOMMUNI/5 9 ! ,NE!RL&S1 :I* PROPOS$ AN 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESS1 TO BE HELD 9 ,AM/]DAM ! FOLL[+ YE> .<#a#f.>4 

,9 ORD] TO PREP>E ! WAY = SU* AN 9ITIATIVE1 PUBLICATION ( A 0,BULLET9 DE L',9T]NATIONALE ,LIB]TAIRE0 WAS COMM5C$ 9 ,H]/AL1 NE> ,LIEGE1 UND] ! $ITOR%IP ( ,GEORGES ,?ON>1 SECRET>Y ( ! ,GR\PEM5T4 ,! APPEAL LAUN*$ 9 ! FIR/ ISSUE 9 ,OCTOB] .<#a#g.> CONFIRMS \R PREVI\S IMPRESSION3  
  
  

0,AL?\< A L>GE NUMB] ( LIB]T>IANS HAVE BE5 ?9K+ AB\T ! CREATION ( AN 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATION = QUITE SOME TIME N[1 IT CANNOT BE D5I$ ?AT ?IS T5D5CY -- AT LEA/ 9 C]TA9 C\NTRIES -- IS CURR5TLY /RONG] ?AN EV] BE=E4 

,WE >E FIRM BELIEV]S 9 ! IDEA & WE REJOICE TO SEE ! PROGRESS IT IS MAK+ EA* DAY4 ,WE HAVE DECID$ ?AT DISCUSSIONS >E NO LONG] 5\<1 ?AT WE WILL NOT BE CONT5T ) ! PURELY !ORETICAL PROPAG&A ( ! IDEAL1 ?AT WE WILL RESOLUTELY PLANT ! EMBRYO ( ?IS ,9T]NATIONAL :I* WILL SURELY DEVELOP 9TO SOME?+ GOOD -- ?AT MU* WE CAN SAY4 ,SO IT IS SETTL$2 ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,9T]NATIONAL WILL BE CREAT$ )9 A FEW MON?S40  
  
  

,! TIMESCALE 9VOLV$ LEFT LITTLE ROOM = MANEUV]4 ,A MON? LAT]1 ! ,DUT* F$]ATION ANN\NC$ ?AT ! CONGRESS W\LD TAKE PLACE ! FOLL[+ ,JULY OR ,AUGU/ 7! *OICE WAS TO FALL ON ,AUGU/7 & MADE IT QUITE CLE> ?AT !IR OBJECTIVE 7!IR MA91 IF NOT ONLY1 ONE7 WAS ! 0ORGANIZATION ( AN 9T]NATIONAL LIB]T>IAN ASSOCIATION0 .<#a#h.>4 

,BUT :Y WAS ! DRIVE TO 0CREATE0 AN ,9T]NATIONAL COM+ FROM ! ,BELGIANS & ! ,DUT* 7O!R ?AN IT BE+ A SORT ( 0VOCATION0 = ! ,BELGIANS1 :O W]E ALSO HEAVILY 9VOLV$ 9 ! E>LY DAYS ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL78 ,:Y W]E MOVEM5TS 9 PLACES :I* MO/ HI/ORIANS HAD ALWAYS CONSID]$ P]IPH]AL TO AN>*ISM'S EPIC5T]1 NOT TO M5TION ! FACT ?AT !Y W]E C\NTRIES ) HUGE SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC T5D5CIES1 ! FIR/ TO DO ANY?+ CONCRETE REG>D+ 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATION8 ,! ANSW] IS NOT A SIMPLE ONE & W\LD REQUIRE A ?OR\< ANALYSIS ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ( ! TWO C\NTRIES1 SOME?+ :I* IS NOT POSSIBLE4 ,BUT IT MU/ BE SAID1 CONTR>Y TO :AT IS COMMONLY ?\<T1 ?AT BO? ,BELGIUM & ! ,NE!RL&S -- & ABOVE ALL ! ,NE!RL&S -- W]E 9 REALITY ANY?+ BUT P]IPH]AL AT ! TIME1 :5 COMP>$ TO ! 0CLASSICAL0 ZONE ( AN>*ISM -- ,SPA91 ,FRANCE & ,ITALY4 

,WE CAN HAZ>D ONE OR TWO HYPO!SES4 ,9 BO? C\NTRIES1 ! LIB]T>IAN TRADITION HAD DEEP ROOTS GO+ BACK TO ! E>LY YE>S ( ! OLD ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,9 BO? C\NTRIES AN>*I/ F$]ALISM HAD A LONG HI/ORY ( LOCAL & REGIONAL AUTONOMY4 ,BO? CONTA9$ SOME ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT PORTS 9 ,EUROPE & ! IMPORTANCE ( SAILORS 9 ! SPREAD+ ( PROPAG&A CANNOT BE UND]E/IMAT$4 ,BO? C\NTRIES =M$ A CU%ION BETWE5 GREAT P[]S & W]E HOME TO A DEEP PACIFI/ TRADITION :I* WAS ! BASIS = ACTIVE AN>*I/ ANTI-MILIT>ISM4 ,NEI!R %\LD IT BE =GOTT5 ?AT ,AM/]DAM WAS ! SEAT ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ANTI-,MILIT>I/ ,ASSOCIATION 7,9T]NATIONAAL ,ANTI-MILIT>I/IS*E ,V]E5IG+71 =M$ 9 #aid ?ANKS TO ! DRIVE & UNTIR+ ACTIVITY ( ,F]D9& ,DOMELA ,NIEUW5HUIS1 ONE ( ! FEW ,EUROPEAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC LEAD]S TO PASS OV] TO AN>*ISM4 ,NOR ?AT 9 ,BELGIUM1 ! NATURAL PLACE ( REFUGE = ,FR5* DES]T]S1 ANTI-MILIT>I/ AGITATION 9 #aif HAD REA*$ 9T5SE LEVELS1 ABOVE ALL 9 ! PAGES ( ! AGGRESSIVE 0,L'ACTION DIRECTE0 NEWS%EET1 DIRECT$ BY ,H5RI ,FUSS-,AMORE .<#a#i.>4 

,BELGIUM & ! ,NE!RL&S1 9DE$1 W]E AMONG ! FIR/ C\NTRIES TO HAVE NATIONAL AN>*I/ F$]ATIONS 7A DECID$LY RELEVANT FACT1 EV5 ?\< !Y W]E NEV] HUGE7 & TO ORGANIZE UNION OPPOSITION TO RE=MISM ?R\< SEP>ATE ORGANIZATIONS -- ! OLD ,NATIONAAL-,>BEIDS-,SEKRET>IAAT 7F\ND$ 9 #ahic BY ,CORNELISS5 & =M]LY ! ONLY UNION 9 ! C\NTRY1 BUT LAT] AB&ON$ BY ! RE=MI/S7 & ! 0T9Y0 ,C,G,T ( ! ,LIEGE REGION4 ,YET AGA91 IT WAS ! ,DUT* :O PROPOS$1 FIR/ 9 #aii & AGA9 9 #a#i#a#c1 ! =MATION ( A REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,NATURALLY1 ! IMPORTANCE ( ! ,BELGIAN & ,DUT* MOVEM5TS MU/ NOT BE EXAGG]AT$4 ,BY =CE ( ?+S1 !Y OP]AT$ ON A RA!R LIMIT$ LEVEL1 BO? 9 !IR PHYSICAL RANGE ( ACTION & 9 !IR 0POLITICAL WAVEL5G?01 & !Y W]E 9 REALITY DEP5D5T1 IDEOLOGICALLY SPEAK+1 ON ! ,FR5* MOVEM5T4 ,BUT !Y MU/ HAVE REA*$ A LEVEL ( DE-PROV9CIALIZATION & MATURITY :I* W\LD ALL[ !M TO ORGANIZE SUCCESSFULLY SU* AN 9ITIATIVE 7SOME?+ :I* W\LD HAVE BE5 UN?9KABLE1 = EXAMPLE1 = ! ,ITALIANS74 

,! PROPOSAL1 NONE!LESS1 WAS GREET$ ) A CRESC5DO ( ADH]5TS & NEI!R ! ISOLAT$ RES]VATION ( 9DIVIDUALI/S & ANTI-ORGANIZATIONALI/S NOR ! SKEPTICISM ( O!R 7SU* AS ,JEAN ,GRAVE7 W]E 5\< TO ?R[ ! VALIDITY ( ! 9ITIATIVE 9TO CRISIS4 ,IT WAS A TANGIBLE SIGN ( ! EXT5T TO :I* AN>*I/ CIRCLES FELT ! PRESS+ NE$ TO BR+ BACK AN 9T]NATIONAL DIM5SION TO AN>*ISM4 ,ABOVE ALL1 ! NE$ WAS FELT TO DO AWAY ) ! ISOLATION ( GR\PS1 TO HAVE AN EX*ANGE ( 9=MATION1 TO F9D \T H[ ! MOVEM5TS 9 ! V>I\S C\NTRIES W]E GETT+ ON4 0,) \R BRO!RS BEYOND \R BORD]S01 COMPLA9$ ONE ANONYM\S PIECE 9 0,BULLET9 DE L',9T]NATIONALE ,LIB]TAIRE0 .<#b.>1 0WE HAVE ONLY PURELY !ORETICAL RELATIONS4 ,WE B>ELY KN[ ?AT !Y EXI/04 

,BUT OBVI\SLY1 ?IS WAS NOT ! ONLY PROBLEM4 ,IT WAS NOT JU/ A 0LETT]BOX0 ?AT WAS NE$$4 ,!RE WAS ALSO A NE$ = A MOTOR1 SOME?+ :I* W\LD BE ABLE TO /IMULATE GR[? 9 ! MOVEM5T1 TO LAUN* & COORD9ATE 9ITIATIVES 9 ! /RUGGLE1 TO FACILITATE WIDESPREAD AGITATION1 SOLID>ITY CAMPAIGNS &1 :Y NOT1 ! SP>K ( REVOLUTION4 

,9 ! SPACE ( A FEW WEEKS ! ,AM/]DAM CONGRESS BECAME A REALITY4 ,! FIR/ TO ANN\NCE !IR P>TICIPATION W]E ! ,BOHEMIANS 7! ,CESKA ,AN>*I/ICKA ,F$]ACE & ITS J\RNAL 0,NOVA ,OMLAD9E01 ! ,CZE* SECTION ( ! ,ANTI-,MILIT>I/ ,9T]NATIONAL & ! J\RNAL 0,MATICE ,SVOBODY071 CLOSELY FOLL[$ BY ! ,AN>*I/IS*E ,FOD]ATION ,DEUTS*L&S & NUM]\S ,G]MAN-LANGUAGE J\RNALS 70,D] ,REVOLUTION>01 0,D] FREIE ,>BEIT]01 0,D] ,AN>*I/01 0,DIE FREIE ,G5]ATION074 ,!SE W]E FOLL[$ BY ! ,JIDDIS*-,SPRE*5DE ,AN>*I/IS*E ,FOD]ATION & ! NEWLY-CON/ITUT$ ,F$]ATION ,COMMUNI/E-,AN>*I/E DE LA ,SUISSE ,ROM&E4 ,ITALIAN GR\PS LIKE ! ,F$]AZIONE SOCIALI/A AN>*ICA DEL ,LAZIO & ! J\RNALS 0,IL ,P5SI]O01 0,LA ,GIOV5TU ,LIB]T>IA0 & 0,LA ,VITA ,OP]AIA0 ANN\NC$ !IR 9T5TION TO ATT5D4 ,F9ALLY1 !RE W]E ADHESIONS FROM V>I\S P]IODICALS & 9DIVIDUALS FROM ,ALG]IA1 ,AU/RIA1 ,BULG>IA1 ,CANADA1 ! ,U,S,A1 ,GREAT ,BRITA91 ,FRANCE1 ,GREECE1 ,>G5T9A1 ,RUSSIA1 ,TUNISIA1 ,SPA9 ,PORTUGAL1 ,BRAZIL & ELSE:]E4 

,9 E>LY #a#i#g1 ,AM$EE ,DUNOIS SET UP A PROPAG&A GR\P = ! CONGRESS .<#b#a.> 9 ,P>IS4 ,9 ,APRIL1 ! 0,BULLET90 RECORD$ N9E O!R SU* GR\PS1 9 ,AM/]DAM1 ,PORTALEGRE 7,PORTUGAL71 ,B>I & ,NAPLES 7,ITALY71 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,LONDON1 ,PORTO ,ALEGRE 7,BRAZIL71 ,BU5OS ,AIRES1 ,B]L9 & ,NOT]-,DAME DE ,L\RDES 7,CANADA7 .<#b#b.>4 

,! 9ITIATIVE ( ! CONGRESS ALSO SEEM$ TO ELICIT A NEW PRO-ORGANIZATION DRIVE 9 SEV]AL C\NTRIES4 ,! ,ITALIANS 9 ! ,F$]AZIONE SOCIALI/A AN>*ICA DEL ,LAZIO MET 9 ,ROME ON #be ,M>* #aig & CALL$ A NATIONAL CONGRESS = ! FOLL[+ ,JUNE 9 ORD] TO CREATE AN ORGANIZATION ) A WID] T]RITORIAL REA* .<#b#c.>4 ,! ,PORTUGUESE GR\P1 ,CONQUI/A DO ,PAO1 ANN\NC$ 9 ! SAME P]IOD A CONGRESS TO BE HELD 9 ,LISBON FOLL[+ ! ,AM/]DAM CONGRESS .<#b#d.>4 ,! ,RUSSIANS1 TOO1 W]E PLANN+ ! =MATION ( AN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION1 ACCORD+ TO 0,D] FREIE ,>BEIT]0 .<#b#e.>4 

,! QUICK REACTION FROM L>GE SECTORS ( 9T]NATIONAL AN>*ISM WAS NOT1 H[EV]1 MAT*$ BY AN ADEQUATE LIVEL9ESS & WEAL? ( DEBATE 9 PREP>ATION = ! CONGRESS4 ,?IS WAS P]HAPS :AT ,GEORG ,H]ZIG WAS REF]R+ TO ON ! EVE ( ! CONGRESS1 :5 HE SPOKE ( A LACK ( 5?USIASM & ( 0EMULATION PRELIM9AIRE0 .<#b#f.>4 ,9 FACT1 :ILE MO/ LIB]T>IAN NEWSPAP]S PROVID$ NEWS ON ! PREP>ATORY PHASE1 PUBLI%+ APPEALS & MESSAGES FROM ! ORGANIZ+ COMMITTEE1 V]Y FEW PR9T$ >TICLES :I* DEALT SPECIFICALLY ) ! QUE/IONS ?AT ! CONGRESS W\LD DEAL )4 

,9 FACT1 IT WAS LIMIT$ TO CON/ANT1 BUT NEV] MORE ?AN SUP]FICIAL1 WORRIES ( A PRACTICAL NATURE4 ,FROM ! V]Y />T1 ! ,DUT* MADE IT CLE> ?AT !Y WANT$ TO ADDRESS 0PRACTICAL MATT]S0 .<#b#g.>1 :ILE ! ,BRAZILIANS ( 0,A ,T]RA LIVRE0 EXPRESS$ !IR FE> ?AT !RE W\LD BE A SLIDE 9TO ACADEME 0)\T ADDRESS+ ANY?+ CONCRETE & PRACTICAL0 .<#b#h.>4 ,?IS WAS ALSO ! VIEW ( ! ,ITALIANS FROM 0,LA ,GIOV5TU ,LIB]T>IA01 :O UND]L9$ ! NE$ TO 0DISCUSS ! BE/ =M ( ACTION1 9/EAD ( WA/+ TIME ON !ORETICAL SPEE*IFY+ & WORD-MONG]+0 .<#b#i.>1 & ( ! ,BELGIANS :O1 9 ! WORDS ( ,H5RI ,FUSS-,AMORE1 REPEAT$ ?AT !Y W]E 0COM+ TO ,AM/]DAM NOT JU/ TO TALK BUT TO ORGANIZE0 .<#c.>4 

,BUT MO/LY IT WAS A MATT] ( G5]AL WILL TO DO SOME?+1 NEV] GO+ BEYOND A C]TA9 PO9T4 ,9 EFFECT1 ! CIRCUL> S5T \T BY ! ORGANIZ+ COMMITTEE AT ! 5D ( #a#i#f1 SIGN$ BY ,LODEWIJK1 ,?ON>1 ,FRAUBOSE1 ,VOHRYZEK & ,KNOTEK1 ,%APIRO -- 9 O!R WORDS ! SECRET>IES ( ! MA9 7& ONLY7 NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS -- ALREADY \TL9$ A PRECISE DISCUSSION PLAN3 0,9 REC5T YE>S1 LIB]T>IAN & AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ PR9CIPLES & TACTICS HAVE TAK5 ON A NEW LI<T4 ,)\T WI%+ TO ANTICIPATE ! AG5DA1 :I* IS YET TO BE F9ALLY DECID$ BY ! GR\PS1 WE WI% TO SAY ?AT DIRECT ACTION HAS BE5 SO /RONGLY & CONSCI\SLY ADOPT$ 9 SO MANY C\NTRIES1 BY REASON ( ! 9FLU5CE ( \R COMRADES1 TE/IMONY TO ! PROGRESS \R IDEAS >E MAK+ )9 WORK]S' CIRCLES1 ?AT DISCUSSION ( ! PROBLEMS IT RAISES W\LD ALREADY ( ITSELF JU/IFY ! CALL+ ( AN 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESS0 .<#c#a.>4 ,BASICALLY :AT !Y W]E SAY+ WAS ?AT IF A CONGRESS WAS BE+ SE5 AS A GOOD IDEA1 IT WAS BECAUSE AN>*ISM 9 REC5T YE>S HAD RE-DISCOV]$ ITS VITALITY ?ANKS TO ITS USE ( DIRECT ACTION & !RE=E1 9 ! T]M9OLOGY ( ! TIMES1 ?ANKS TO REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM & SYNDICALI/ PRACTICE4 ,?US1 ,H]ZIG WAS NOT WRONG TO SPEAK ( A CIRCUL> PROMOT+ 0SYNDICALI/ PROPAG&A0 .<#c#b.>4 ,! PROBLEM ( SYNDICALISM1 !RE=E1 WAS ALREADY LOOK+ LIKE IT W\LD BE ! MAJOR PO9T ( ! ,CONGRESS4 

,& YET1 DESPITE ?IS ONE GETS ! IMPRESSION READ+ ! AN>*I/ PRESS DUR+ ! P]IOD LEAD+ UP TO ! CONGRESS ?AT !RE WAS SOME RETIC5CE ON ! QUE/ION4 ,P]HAPS IT WAS ! FE> ( 9FLU5C+ ! \TCOME ( ! 9ITIATIVE1 BY COLOR+ IT TOO MU*1 ?AT L$ A PROM95T 0SYNDICALI/ AN>*I/0 LIKE ,FUSS-,AMORE TO 9SI/ ON ! 0AN>*I/0 RA!R ?AN ! 0WORK]I/0 NATURE 7UNLIKE ,DELESALLE 9 #a#i7 ( ! CONGRESS 7:]E 0WORK]I/0 SIMPLY MEANT SYNDICALI/7.<#c#c.>8 ,:Y DID ,CORNELISS51 :O HAD EV5 TRI$ TO BR+ ,P\GET & ,YVETOT TO ,AM/]DAM & HAD !N 0FALL5 BACK0 ON ,MONATTE .<#c#d.>1 ALSO SEEM TO BE M9IMIZ+ ! PROBLEM .<#c#e.>8 ,:Y !N DID ! POLEMIC ?AT WAS TO EM]GE DUR+ ! CONGRESS1 & EV5 MORE SO AFT] ! CONGRESS1 NOT ALSO EM]GE BE=EH&8 ,! FACT ?AT ,H]ZIG CAU<T A :IFF ( 0SYNDICALI/ PROPAG&A0 9 ! 9ITIAL CALL = ! CONGRESS & ?AT ! ,F$]ATION ,COMMUNI/E-,AN>*I/E DE LA ,SUISSE ,ROM&E 9T]PRET$ ! NEW ,9T]NATIONAL BE+ SET UP AS AN 0,AN>*I/ ,SYNDICALI/0 ,9T]NATIONAL .<#c#f.> WAS NOT 5TIRELY 9SIGNIFICANT4 

,! ONLY ONE TO 9T]V5E ON ?IS SUBJECT1 & :O DID SO ) GREAT CL>ITY1 WAS ,AM$EE ,DUNOIS1 BETWE5 ,DECEMB] #aif & ,JULY #a#i#g4 ,DUNOIS' >GUM5T BEGAN ) ! AW>5ESS ( ! EXI/5CE ( TWO DI/9CT CURR5TS )9 AN>*ISM3 0A C]TA9 TYPE ( !ORETICAL AN>*ISM1 DEAL+ 9 AB/RACT G5]ALIZATIONS0 -- ! SORT ( AN>*ISM ?AT1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! SPR+ ( #aif OPPOS$ ! FI<T = ! EI<T-H\R DAY .<#c#g.> -- ?AT HE DESCRIB$ AS 0PURE01 & ! 0WORK]I/ AN>*ISM0 :I*1 0)\T EV] AB&ON+ ! FIRM GR\ND ( CONCRETE REALITY1 DEVOT$ ITSELF CONSI/5TLY TO ! ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! LI<T ( ! ECONOMIC REVOLT1 O!RWISE KN[N AS ! CLASS /RUGGLE04 ,?IS SECOND SORT1 ?\<1 WAS NOT1 9 ,DUNOIS' EYES1 SIMPLY ONE ( ! V>IETIES ?AT AN>*ISM SEEM$ TO HAVE SPLIT 9TO1 BUT ! TRUE & AU!NTIC 9T]PRETATION ( 0REVOLUTION>Y ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM01 ! CONT9UATION ( ! COLLECTIVISM ( ! ,BAKUN9I/ ,9T]NATIONAL :I*1 LO/ 9 ! REACTION>Y /ORM ?AT FOLL[$ ! ,COMMUNE & ! 09DIVIDUALI/0 WAVE ( ! ,N9ETIES1 HAD REAPPE>$ AT ! TIME ( ! FIR/ %[+S ( REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM1 ! 0PRACTICAL0 ASPECT ( AN>*ISM .<#c#h.>4 

,IT WAS !RE=E NECESS>Y TO PU% ASIDE ALL ?OSE NON-G5U9E 7NOT TO M5TION ANA*RONI/IC7 =MS ( AN>*ISM1 & 5SURE ?AT AN>*ISM C\LD ROOT ITSELF SOLIDLY 9 ! CLASS ORGANIZATIONS & BECOME A VANGU>D = ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 :OSE TASK W\LD NOT BE TO DIRECT ! MOVEM5T1 0BUT TO UND]/& IT1 TO 9SPIRE IT & TO LI<T UP ! D>KNESS ( ITS FUTURE0 .<#c#i.>4 

,ALL ?IS DID NOT MEAN ?AT IT W\LD BE SUP]FLU\S = !RE TO BE 0AN OP9ION GR\P01 0A P>TICUL>LY IDEOLOGICAL MOVEM5T01 9 O!R WORDS A SPECIFIC MOVEM5T1 DI/9CT FROM ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y4 ,DUNOIS WAS CONV9C$ ?AT SYNDICALISM 9 ITSELF WAS NOT SUFFICI5T1 & WAS PROPOS+ ! SETT+-UP ( A NETWORK ( AN>*I/ GR\PS 7& !RE=E ) A PRECISE IDEOLOGICAL POSITION7 :I* W\LD BE ABLE TO FULFILL ! P>TICUL> FUNCTION ( ! VANGU>D )\T 9 ANY WAY DAMAG+ ! AUTONOMY ( ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS .<#d.>4 

,DUNOIS' >TICLES W]E =CEFUL 5\< TO BE SE5 EV5 AS BE+ SOME:AT PROVOCATIVE4 ,BUT EV5 !Y DID NOT ELICIT ANY RESPONSE4 ,BUT !N1 AP>T FROM A C]TA9 EXCLUSIVI/ TONE1 !RE WAS NO?+ 9 !M ?AT WAS NOT %>$ BY A L>GE P>T ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,= SOME TIME ALREADY1 BO? 9 ,ITALY 7ABOVE ALL ?R\< ! WORK ( ,LUIGI ,FABBRI7 & 9 ,FRANCE 7,CAU<I1 ,PI]ROT1 ,GOLDSMI?71 ! CONT9UITY BETWE5 ! ,BAKUN9I/ ,9T]NATIONAL & REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM WAS BE+ OP5LY /AT$ .<#d#a.>4 ,EV5 ,KROPOTK9 HAD SUPPORT$ ?IS IDEA .<#d#b.> JU/ BE=E ! ,CONGRESS OP5$4 ,IF ANY?+1 ! POLEMICS W]E C5T]$ ON ?OSE =MS ( SYNDICALISM ( ,M>XI/ ORIG9 7,LEONE1 ,LABRIOLA1 ETC4 9 ,ITALY & ,LAG>DELLE 9 ,FRANCE7 ?AT D5I$ ANY CONNECTION BETWE5 SYNDICALISM & AN>*ISM4 ,C]TA9LY1 ,DUNOIS SEEM$ TO GIVE GREAT PRIORITY TO UNION ORGANIZATION OV] SPECIFIC ORGANIZATION1 BUT !N EV5 ,FABBRI AGRE$ .<#d#c.> & ,B]TONI & ,PI]ROT W]E NOT F> (F %>+ ! NOTION .<#d#d.>4 

,N[1 ) ! B5EFIT ( H9DSI<T1 WE CAN MAKE \T A S]IES ( DIFF]5CES 9 ! V>I\S TR5DS1 :I* EXI/$ NOT SO MU* 9 :AT WAS SAID1 BUT 9 :AT WAS NOT SAID4 ,IF WE TAKE 9TO ACC\NT HIS LAT] DEVELOPM5T1 ,DUNOIS PROBABLY CONSID]$ IT ( SECOND>Y IMPORTANCE1 EV5 ?\< HE DID NOT QUE/ION ! IDEOLOGICAL ASPECT1 :OSE CONT9UITY & SURVIVAL WAS A MATT] = ! OP9ION GR\PS4 ,:AT1 !N1 WAS RESPONSIBLE -- ABOVE ALL 9 ,FRANCE -- = ?AT REVIVAL ( AN>*I/ 0SPIRIT0 ON :I* EV]YONE WAS AGRE$8 ,C]TA9LY NOT ! SIMPLE1 BUT CONSI/5T1 9PUT ( ?OSE 0HI/ORIC0 MILITANTS4 ,MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE1 IT WAS ! FACT ?AT AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS W]E ADOPT+ LIB]T>IAN PRACTICES 9 ! /RUGGLES 7REJECTION ( M$IATION1 CLASS AUTONOMY1 ANTI-9/ITUTIONALISM1 & SO ON71 & :AT WAS KN[N AS DIRECT ACTION4 ,BASICALLY1 AN>*ISM C\LD ONLY BR+ AB\T AN>*Y IF IT BECAME AN ESS5TIAL ELEM5T ( ! WORK]S' CONDITION & BEHAVIOR & NOT BECAUSE ( ANY 9TR9SIC VALUE4 ,AT ?IS PO9T IT WAS DIFFICULT TO ?9K ?AT SOMEONE LIKE ,FABBRI1 OR ,B]TONI1 OR EV5 ,KROPOTK91 C\LD BE 9 AGREEM5T4 

,9 REALITY1 A POSITION LIKE ,DUNOIS' F\ND ITS JU/IFICATION 9 A PRECISE READ+ ( ! POLITICAL SITUATION AT ! TIME1 EV5 ?\< IT WAS P]HAPS OV]LY RELIANT ON ?IS4 ,:Y WAS AN>*ISM 9 ?OSE YE>S APP>5TLY GO+ ?R\< A R5AISSANCE8 ,= A S]IES ( REASONS1 BUT ABOVE ALL BECAUSE ( ! G5]AL 9T]NATIONAL SITUATION1 :I* SAW :AT WAS BASICALLY A FAVORABLE ECONOMIC SITUATION ) A WORK+ CLASS ON ! ATTACK MAT*$ BY AN 9CREAS+LY UN/ABLE POLITICAL SITUATION4 

,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 ) ! NEW C5TURY & 9 P>TICUL> AFT] #a#i#b-#c1 ! QUALITY ( ! WORK]S' /RUGGLES BECAME M>K$LY BITT]4 ,MAYBE IT WAS ! AW>5ESS ( A NEW /R5G? 7! MASSIVE EXPANSION ( ! UNIONS7 ?AT HAD SP>K$ (F A WAVE ( DEM&S ?AT WAS )\T PREC$5T4 ,?IS WAVE AFFECT$ ALMO/ EV]Y ,EUROPEAN NATION OV] A P]IOD ( TIME ) G5]AL /RIKES & MASS /RIKES4 ,:E!R ! /RIKES W]E = UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE 7AS 9 ,BELGIUM & ,SW$571 OR TO DEF5D CIVIL S]VANTS' FRE$OM TO /RIKE 7AS 9 ! ,NE!RL&S71 OR 9 ORD] TO PROTE/ \TRAGES AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT 7AS 9 ,ITALY71 SU* /RIKES SOON 5D$ UP TURN+ 9TO DIRECT CLA%ES ) ! ,/ATE4 ,?IS WAS TO LEAD TO A PROGRESSIVE 9CREASE 9 ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! WORK]S & ! ,/ATE4 

,!N1 9 #a#i#e1 ) ! EV5TS 9 ,RUSSIA REM9D+ EV]YONE 9 ,EUROPE ?AT SOME?+ :I* SEEM$ TO HAVE SURVIV$ ONLY 9 ! HE>TS ( ! FEW -- REVOLUTION -- WAS1 AFT] ALL1 POSSIBLE & ) ! RIS+ RISK ( W> 9 ! WAKE ( ! FIR/ ,MOROCCAN CRISIS1 ! LEVEL ( ! CLA% ROSE PRECIPIT\SLY4 ,ANTI-MILIT>ISM1 TOO1 BECAME AN 9CREAS+ ELEM5T ( ! AGITATION4 ,ONCE AGA9 ! ,/ATE WAS SE5 AS ONE & ! SAME ?+ AS ! CLASS 5EMY4 

,?IS EXPLA9S ! SPREAD ( ?AT AN>*I/ 0SPIRIT0 WE M5TION$ E>LI]1 & ( ! RECOV]Y 9 PRO-ORGANIZATION AN>*ISM4 ,9DE$ IT WAS NO CO9CID5CE ?AT ! ,G]MAN1 ,CZE*1 ,BELGIAN & ,DUT* NATIONAL F$]ATIONS W]E BORN AFT] ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9 #aie & ?AT1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATIONS 7! ,CESKA ,F$]ACE ,VSE* ODBORU1 ! ,BELGIAN ,C,G,T & ! ,F$]ATION DES ,UNIONS ,\VRI]ES DE LA ,SUISSE ,ROM&E7 W]E E/ABLI%$ BE=E !SE4 

,FROM ALL ?IS1 IT C\LD BE D$UC$ ?AT ! GR[? ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS 9 SOME WAY DEP5D5T ON ! G5]AL SITUATION4 ,IT WAS ! RADICALIZATION ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T ?AT HAD GIV5 AN>*ISM A BREA? ( LIFE & NOT VICE V]SA4 ,BUT SU* A RADICALIZATION TOOK PLACE ALSO 7NOT ONLY1 OBVI\SLY7 ?ANKS TO ! 9/RUM5TS ( /RUGGLE ?AT SYNDICALI/ PRACTICE (F]$1 9 P>TICUL> ! G5]AL /RIKE1 :OSE 5ORM\S *>GE ( SPONTANEITY -- ONLY B>ELY CONTROLLABLE BY ! C5TRALI/ TYPE ( ORGANIZATION -- WAS ABLE TO ?R[ ,SECOND-,9T]NATIONALI/ SOCIALI/ /RATEGY 9TO CRISIS4 ,?IS L$ TO ! CONCLUSION DRAWN BY C]TA9 SECTORS ( ! MOVEM5T1 ?AT AN>*ISM HAD TO BE SYNDICALI/ OR ELSE RISK$ EXT9CTION4 

,AS WE SAID BE=E1 H[EV]1 NONE ( ?IS CAME TO LI<T BE=E ! ,CONGRESS1 :I* OP5$ 9 A CLIMATE ( APP>5T UNITY4 

,IT IS PO9TLESS TO DEAL H]E ) EV]Y?+ ?AT WAS SAID AT ! ,CONGRESS1 DOCUM5T$ AS IT IS 9 ! FOLL[+ REPORT4 ,WE WILL LIMIT \RSELVES TO ! MATT] ( SYNDICALISM4 

,IT IS WELL-KN[N FROM CONTEMPOR>Y HI/ORIOGRAPHY1 9 P>TICUL> ,FR5*1 FROM ,MAITRON'S BY N[ CLASSIC WORK .<#d#e.> TO ! REC5T 0,COLLOQUE DU ,CREUZOT0 .<#d#f.>1 ?AT ! ,AM/]DAM ,CONGRESS M>K$ ! DECISIVE SEP>ATION BETWE5 0OR?ODOX0 AN>*ISM & A SYNDICALISM ?AT NO LONG] HAD ANY?+ AN>*I/ AB\T IT4 ,?IS VISION ALL[$ ,ROL&E ,TREMPE TO IMAG9E ,MALATE/A ( ALL PEOPLE SAY+ TO ,MONATTE3 0,Y\ >E NO LONG] AN AN>*I/0 .<#d#g.>4 

,IT IS AN 9T]PRETATION :I* 9 REALITY PROVIDES LITTLE COM=T4 ,MONATTE'S SPEE* WAS C]TA9LY 5TIRELY WRAPP$ UP 9 ! QUE/ION ( SYNDICALISM1 A SORT ( HYMN TO SYNDICALISM & ! ,C,G,T4 ,BUT IT WAS ! SAME ,MONATTE :O1 DUR+ ! NEXT DEBATE1 /AT$ 0,LIKE EV]YONE ELSE H]E1 \R F9AL GOAL IS AN>*ISM0 & :O SEV]AL TIMES REAFFIRM$ ! VALIDITY ( 0HIS0 AN>*ISM4 ,AS = ,MALATE/A1 HE ACTUALLY DECL>$ 9 AN >TICLE ?AT WAS PUBLI%$ 9 V>I\S J\RNALS & APP5D$ AS A PREFACE TO ,FABBRI'S CONGRESSIONAL REPORT .<#d#h.>3 0,I AM CONV9C$1 4441 ?AT ,MONATTE & ! 'Y\NG' GR\P >E S9C]ELY & PR(\NDLY AN>*I/ AS MU* AS ANY 'BE>D$ OLD COMRADE'04 

,BUT1 MORE SO ?AN ,MONATTE'S SPEE*1 :I* (T5 AVOID$ ! PROBLEM1 IT WAS ,DUNOIS' REPORT ON ORGANIZATION ?AT WAS FUNDAM5TAL4 ,9 FACT1 IT %\LD NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT HE WAS ON ! RECEIV+ 5D ( MO/ ( ! PRE-CONGRESS ATTACKS & ! PO/-CONGRESS POLEMICS4 ,) REG>D TO ! PROBLEM ( SPECIFIC ORGANIZATION 7A C5TRAL ELEM5T1 AS W\LD BECOME CLE> LAT]1 TOO71 ,DUNOIS W5T ON FROM :AT HAD BE5 SAID 9 PREVI\S >TICLES4 ,BUT HE DID 9TRODUCE A NEW ELEM5T BY SPEAK+ ( 0SYNDICALI/S0 :O W]E 0HO/ILE -- OR AT LEA/ 9DIFF]5T -- TO ALL ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON AN ID5TITY ( ASPIRATIONS1 S5TIM5T & ORGANIZATIONS0 & ( 0SYNDICALI/ AN>*I/S01 AMONG :OM HE 9CLUD$ HIMSELF1 0:O WILL+LY ASSIGN$ FIR/ PLACE 9 ! FIELD ( ACTION TO ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T0 7)\T H[EV] REJECT+ A 0SPECIFICALLY AN>*I/ MOVEM5T07 ) 0ITS [N ACTION1 TO BE C>RI$ \T DIRECTLY04 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT HE !N TRI$ TO R$UCE ! DIFF]5CE TO A MISUND]/&+ BY ! =M] ( ! LATT] 70,?IS IS H[ ! SYNDICALI/S TALK4 ,BUT ,I DO NOT SEE :]E !IR OBJECTIONS >E VALID AGA9/ \R PROJECT TO ORGANIZE \RSELVES4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,I SEE ?AT IF !Y W]E VALID1 !Y W\LD ALSO BE AGA9/ AN>*ISM ITSELF1 AS A DOCTR9E ?AT SEEKS TO DI/+UI% ITSELF FROM SYNDICALISM & REFUSES TO ALL[ ITSELF TO BE ABSORB$074 ,BUT IT IS EQUALLY TRUE ?AT HIS POSITION WAS NOT AN ISOLAT$ CASE4 ,9 FACT1 IT WAS JU/ :AT ,FABBRI HAD BE5 SU/A9+ = SOME TIME 7,FABBRI HAD (T5 REPUBLI%$ ,DUNOIS' >TICLES 9 0,IL ,P5SI]O0 & WAS ALONE 9 PUBLI%+ ,DUNOIS' REPORT1 AGA9 9 0,IL ,P5SI]O074 ,NEI!R WAS IT F> FROM ! ?9K+ ( ,B]TONI & ,W9TS*1 :O 9 #a#i#a#c-#a#d W]E TO BE SYNDICALISM'S H>%E/ CRITICS .<#d#i.>4 

,9 FACT1 WE CAN SAY ?AT ! VIEWPO9TS ( ! ,FR5* SYNDICALI/ AN>*I/S1 ! ,F$]ATION ,COMMUNI/E-,AN>*I/E FROM FRANCOPHONE ,SWITZ]L& & ! ,ITALIANS FROM ! ,F$]AZIONE ,SOCIALI/A AN>*ICA W]E TO ALL 9T5TS & PURPOSES ID5TICAL4 

,IF ANYONE'S POSITION C\LD BE DESCRIB$ AS SOME:AT 0ANOMAL\S0 IT WAS ,MALATE/A1 :O WAS CLOS] TO ! ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ COMRADES4 ,ON ! PROBLEM NOT SO MU* ( ORGANIZATION AS ( ! ATTITUDE TO TAKE T[>DS ! ANTI-ORGANIZATIONALI/S1 ,MALATE/A DIFF]$ %>PLY FROM ! SYNDICALI/ AN>*I/S & ?OSE FAVORABLE TO SYNDICALISM4 ,AS A DY$-9-!-WOOL PLURALI/1 HE F\<T H>D = ! 0P>TY01 COMBAT+ ! /RICTE/ =MS ( 9DIVIDUALISM1 BUT HE WAS PREP>$ TO ACCEPT A C]TA9 OP5+ T[>DS ! ANTI-ORGANIZATIONALI/ COMMUNI/S4 ,?IS WAS DEMON/RAT$ BY ONE ( HIS SPEE*ES1 :]E HE S\<T TO M9IMIZE ! DIFF]5CES AS BE+ MISUND]/&+S CAUS$ BY WORDS 70,5\< >GU+2 LET US /ICK TO DE$S6 ,WORDS DIVIDE BUT ACTION UNITES071 SOME?+ ) :I* ,FABBRI1 = EXAMPLE1 DECL>$ HIMSELF TO BE 9 DISAGREEM5T .<#e.>4 

,! SIMPLE FACT IS ?AT :ILE ,MALATE/A TRI$ ABOVE ALL TO PROTECT ! UNITY ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 O!RS W]E MORE ?AN WILL+ TO DO )\T C]TA9 ELEM5TS IF IT MEANT SAV+ ! UNITY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,! UNIFY+ P[] ( ACTION WAS SOME?+ ?AT ! SYNDICALI/S TOO C\LD SEE1 BUT :O TO UNIFY -- AN>*I/S8 ,:Y NOT ! PROLET>IAT 9/EAD8 

,& JU/ :AT WAS ! BASIC DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,MALATE/A & ,MONATTE8 ,MALATE/A WAS BY NO MEANS ANTI-SYNDICALI/4 ,HE DECL>$ ?AT HE WAS 7&1 9 FACT1 HAD ALWAYS BE57 0A SUPPORT] ( ! UNIONS0 & HE CON/ANTLY 5C\RAG$ AN>*I/S TO JO9 ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS4 ,NEI!R HAD HE EV] DREAM$ ( 0DAMAG+0 ! AUTONOMY ( ! LABOR ORGANIZATIONS 7ANO!R PO9T ON :I* HE AGRE$ ) ! SYNDICALI/S74 ,C]TA9LY1 ,MALATE/A WAS 9SI/5T ?AT ! G5]AL /RIKE WAS 9SUFFICI5T AS ! DEF9ITIVE WEAPON & UND]L9$ ! NE$ = AN 9SURRECTION1 = >M$ DEF5SE1 :I* W\LD RUN P>ALLEL TO & CONT9UE AFT] ANY EV5TUAL P>ALYZES ( ! PRODUCTION4 ,BUT1 AFT] ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ! V>I\S O!R EXP]I5CES ( G5]AL /RIKES1 WAS !RE ANYONE :O ?\<T ?AT 0D[N+ TOOLS0 W\LD BE 5\< TO A*IEVE A SOCIAL REVOLUTION8 

,NOR W]E ! DANG]S ( CORPORATIVISM M9IMIZ$ BY ,DUNOIS OR BY ,MONATTE4 ,9 FACT1 IT WAS 9 ORD] TO LIMIT !M1 TO NEUTRALIZE !M1 ?AT ! ORGANIC P>TICIPATION ( AN>*I/S WAS REQUIR$4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT 0SYNDICALI/ AN>*I/S0 SEEM$ 9CL9$ NOT TO REJECT SO-CALL$ FONCTIONN>ISME1 OR AT LEA/ NOT TO REJECT IT A PRIORI1 :]EAS ,MALATE/A WAS1 ON ?AT PO9T1 RIGIDLY 9TRANSIG5T 7BUT !N SO WAS ,B]TONI44474 ,BUT WAS ?IS 5\< TO DIVIDE ! TWO SIDES8 

,UND\BT$LY !RE WAS A DIFF]5CE1 & A DEEP ONE AT ?AT4 ,& TO SOME EXT5T WE HAVE ALREADY E/ABLI%$ :AT IT WAS4 ,IT LAY NOT SO MU* 9 ! *OICE BETWE5 SYNDICALISM AS AN 5D OR MEANS1 :I* WAS LAT] TO BECOME AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! POLEMICS )9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,MONATTE1 :ILE REFUS+ TO SEE 09 ! ORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAT M]ELY A F]TILE T]RA9 = PROPAG&A0 & R$UC+ IT 0TO A SIMPLE MEANS0 7,MALATE/A WAS CLE>LY REF]R+ TO ! PRACTICE ( SYNDICALISM1 NOT TO ! ORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAT1 ?\< NOT IF IT MEANT M]ELY A MASS TO BE MANEUV]$71 WAS BY NO MEANS QUE/ION+ AN>*Y AS AN 5D1 AS WE /RESS$ ABOVE4 

,! NUB ( ! MATT] LAY ELSE:]E4 ,MALATE/A C\LD NOT %>E ! IDEA ?AT AN>*ISM HAD TO BE PRACTICALLY REBORN CONT9UALLY )9 ! PROCESS ( ! WORK]S' EMANCIPATION1 ?AT IT WAS 9 O!R WORDS 0/UCK0 TO ! HI/ORY ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,! T]RA9 ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 AS UND]/OOD BY ! SYNDICALI/ AN>*I/S1 SEEM$ TOO N>R[ TO HIM4 ,& ANYWAY1 AS HE HIMSELF EXPLA9$1 HE DID NOT BELIEVE 9 ! EXI/5CE ( CLASSES 09 ! PROP] S5SE ( ! T]M01 NOR 9 ! EXI/5CE ( 0CLASS 9T]E/S04 ,! />T+ PO9T ( ! /RUGGLE ( ! EXPLOIT$ MU/ NOT & C\LD NOT BE %>$ CLASS 9T]E/S1 EV5 0IDEAL0 ID5TITY ) ! AIM ( A 0COMPLETE LIB]ATION ( HUMANITY1 AT PRES5T 9 S]VITUDE1 FROM ! ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & MORAL PO9T ( VIEW04 ,:]EAS ! BASIS ( ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ VISION WAS PRODUCTION1 SOCIETY TI$ TO ! FACTORY & ! WORK+ CLASS AS A WORLD ( ITS [N ) ITS [N SPECIFIC EXI/5CE1 ,MALATE/A BAS$ HIS [N POLITICAL VISION ON ! ME*ANISM = ! REPRODUCTION ( P[]1 ON ! *OICE BETWE5 FRE$OM & AU?ORITY4 

,IT HAS TO BE SAID1 ?\<1 ?AT SU* COMPLEXITY ESCAP$ MO/ ( ! P>TICIPANTS AT ! CONGRESS4 ,SOME SAW 9 ! ,MALATE/A-,MONATTE CLA% NO?+ BUT ! REEM]G5CE ( TRADITIONAL 9SURRECTIONALISM OV] ! G5]AL /RIKE4 ,O!RS CRY/ALLIZ$ !IR ATT5TION ON ! PROBLEM ( 5DS & MEANS1 EMPHASIZ+ ?AT IT WAS AN>*ISM :I* HAD TO GA!R SYNDICALISM )9 IT & NOT ! O!R WAY >\ND4 ,YET O!RS LIMIT$ !MSELVES TO SEE+ ONLY ,MALATE/A'S CRITICISM ( CORPORATIVISM1 ( ! POT5TIAL 0CONS]VATISM0 ( ! UNIONS4 ,FEW UND]/OOD ! TRUE NATURE ( ! CLA%4 ,MALATE/A HIMSELF CONFIRM$ ?IS IMPRESSION .<#e#a.>3 0,ON !SE QUE/IONS1 AS EXP\ND$ BY ,MONATTE & ,I1 !RE FOLL[$ A DEBATE :I* WAS MO/ 9T]E/+1 H[EV] MU* SMO!R$ BY A LACK ( TIME & BY ! TIRESOME NE$ = TRANSLATION 9TO MANY LANGUAGES4 ,IT 5D$ ) ! PROPOSAL ( V>I\S RESOLUTION1 BUT ,I DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT ! DIFF]5CES 9 ! T5D5CIES W]E WELL DEF9$2 9 FACT1 A GREAT DEAL ( P5ETRATION IS REQUIR$ TO UND]/& !M &1 9DE$1 MO/ ( ?OSE PRES5T DID NOT DO SO & VOT$ NONE!LESS ON ! V>I\S RESOLUTIONS4 ,:I*1 ( C\RSE1 DOES NOT D5Y ! FACT ?AT TWO QUITE REAL T5D5CIES HAVE APPE>$1 H[EV] MU* ! DIFF]5CE EXI/S = ! MO/ P>T 9 PR$ICT$ FUTURE DEVELOPM5TS RA!R ?AN 9 ! PRES5T 9T5TIONS ( ! COMRADES04 

,FABBRI1 TOO1 CONTRIBUT$ AT ! TIME BY WAY ( A LETT] ( CL>IFICATION TO 0,LA ,PROTE/A ,UMANA0 .<#e#b.>1 M9IMIZ+ ! DIV]G5CE & REPORT+ H[ ,MALATE/A BELIEV$ ?AT 0IF TWO T5D5CIES DID EM]GE FROM ! CONGRESS ON SYNDICALISM1 IT WAS SO B>ELY P]CEPTIBLE ?AT IT W\LD BE H>D TO DEF9E !M CONCRETELY 9TO TWO AG5DAS2 & ?AT 9 ANY EV5T ! DIFF]5CE LAY 9 A DIV]SITY ( !ORETICAL APPRECIATION & NOT 9 ANY REAL DIFF]5CE04 

,IF WE BELIEVE :AT ,MALATE/A SAYS !N ?AT WAS CLE>LY NOT ! CASE4 ,BUT ?AT IS NOT :AT MATT]S4 ,! ESS5TIAL PO9T IS ?AT ! DIFF]5CE /RUGGL$ TO COME TO LI<T & P]HAPS SOME W\LD HAVE PREF]R$ IT NOT TO4 ,IF PRO( BE NE$$1 WE ONLY HAVE TO SEE ! ATTITUDE ( ,B]TONI1 :O WAS LAT] TO BECOME ONE ( ! FI]CE/ 0,MALATE/ANS04 ,9 A LONG >TICLE ( HIS S]IALIZ$ 9 0,LE ,REVEIL SOCIALI/E-AN>*I/E0 .<#e#c.>1 ,B]TONI 7:O WAS FROM ! ,ITALIAN-SPEAK+ ,TIC9O CANTON 9 ,SWITZ]L&7 CONFESS$ ?AT HE DID NOT UND]/& ,MALATE/A'S POSITION ON ! RE=MI/ NATURE ( TRADE UNIONS & SAW IT AS BE+ DANG]\SLY CLOSE TO ?AT ( ! 0POLITICIANS ( SOCIALISM01 T5D+ TO EXPLOIT ! TRADE UNION = ! GOOD ( ! P>TY4 

,! SITUATION W\LD PROBABLY HAVE REMA9$ /ATIC IF1 ON ! P>T ( ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 ,DUNOIS 7:O ELSE87 HAD NOT PU%$ ! MATT]4 ,DESPITE ! S]IES ( MISUND]/&+S ?AT WE HAVE JU/ SE51 ! SYNDICALI/ AN>*I/S HAD CLE>LY UND]/OOD ?AT !Y HAD BE5 UNABLE TO /E] ! ,CONGRESS T[>DS 0WORK]I/ AN>*ISM04 ,! BLOC :I* =M$ >\ND ,MALATE/A WAS1 ALL TOLD1 DECID$LY 9 ! MAJORITY4 ,IT WAS AT ?IS PO9T ?AT ! ATTACK ON 0TRADITIONAL0 AN>*ISM TOOK A MU* H>%] TURN4 

,ONE MON? AFT] ! ,CONGRESS1 :ILE 0,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX0 WAS PUBLI%+ ,MALATE/A'S FIR/ >TICLE1 A LONG PIECE BY ,DUNOIS APPE>$ 9 0,LE ,REVEIL SOCIALI/E-AN>*I/E0 9 :I* HE PULL$ NO PUN*ES 9 HIS CRITICISM ( ,MALATE/A 7?\< HE DID ADMIT3 0,MALATE/A IS 9F9ITELY CLOS] TO US SYNDICALI/S ?AN MANY ( ?OSE :O GAVE HIM !IR VOTES071 HE REPEAT$ QUITE EXPLICITLY ?AT AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM W]E ONE & ! SAME ?+1 & 9DICAT$ ! ROAD AN>*ISM %\LD TAKE3 0,IT MU/1 F9ALLY1 /OP TRY+ TO DIVIDE ITSELF 'BETWE5 ! B\RGEOIS SKY & ! WORK+-CLASS E>?'1 TO P>APHRASE ,BAKUN9'S NEAT EXPRESSION1 & BECOME ONCE AGA9 :AT1 FRANKLY1 IT %\LD NEV] HAVE CEAS$ BE+4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT MU/ BECOME WORK]I/ AN>*ISM AGA9 74447 ,IT IS FROM )9 ?AT AN>*ISM WILL BE ABLE TO CL>IFY1 TO 5LIV51 TO F]TILIZE ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 ! WORK]S' PRACTICE4 ,I DO NOT SEE IT GO+ SO F> AS TO DIRECT IT1 NOR EV5 TO 9FLU5CE IT FROM )\T 74447 ,AN>*ISM MU/ BOLDLY P5ETRATE ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 M+LE CLOSELY ) ITS LIFE1 ITS DAILY ACTIVITY1 ) ITS /RUGGLES1 DEFEATS OR VICTORIES -1 LET IT TAKE ITS %>E ( TASKS & COMMON RESPONSIBILITIES1 LET IT IMPREGNATE ! :OLE SPIRIT & FEEL+S ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 -- & ?US1 ONLY ?US1 WILL IT F9D ! /R5G? TO A*IEVE ALL ITS REVOLUTION>Y MISSION0 .<#e#d.>4 

,& ,DUNOIS DID NOT /OP !RE4 ,9 A LAT] >TICLE 9 ! 0,PAGES ,LIBRES0 J\RNAL .<#e#e.>1 HE SPOKE OP5LY ( A CRISIS )9 AN>*ISM1 DUE TO ! FACT ?AT 0SO MANY VA9LY CL+ TO OLD =MULAS01 :ILE 0! M9ORITY 7HAS7 BOLDLY ALLI$ ITSELF TO REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM01 DEF9$ AS A NEW PHILOSOPHY1 0A LAUN*+ PLAT=M = A :OLE >MY ( BRILLIANT ?9K]S & 9TELLECTUALS1 BUT444 M]RILY UN5CUMB]$ ) ! EXP]I5CE & CONSCI\SNESS ( A PROLET>IAT EAG] = WELL-BE+ & FRE$OM0 .<#e#f.>4 

,IT WAS NOT A QUE/ION1 ?\<1 ( *ANG+ OP9ION & MOV+ FROM AN>*ISM TO REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM1 S9CE 0REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM IS AN>*ISM -- BUT A REG5]AT$ AN>*ISM1 REFRE%$ BY ! BREEZE ( PROLET>IAN ?\<T1 A REALI/IC & CONCRETE AN>*ISM :I* IS NO LONG] SATISFI$1 AS WAS ! OLD AN>*ISM1 ) AB/RACT NEGATIONS & /ATEM5TS1 A WORK]I/ AN>*ISM :I* TRU/S 9 A WORK+ CLASS /R5G!N$ BY ! /RUGGLE OV] ! YE>S1 & NO LONG] SOLELY 9 ITS 9ITIATES1 = ! REALIZATION ( ITS DREAMS04 

,:ILE ,MALATE/A1 L9E> & CONSI/5T 9 HIS DEF5SE ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T'S UNITY1 HAD S\<T NOT TO WORS5 ! DIVIDE :5 NOT+ ! DIV]G5CE1 ,DUNOIS PREF]R$ NOT TO 0CAM\FLAGE0 ! 0!ORETICAL & PRACTICAL CONFLICT04 0,9 ,AM/]DAM1 TRADITIONAL AN>*ISM SAW WORK]I/ AN>*ISM RANG$ AGA9/ IT = ! FIR/ TIME4 ,& !RE WILL BE O!R OCCASIONS TO FOLL[ ?IS FIR/ MEET+4 ,BUT TRADITIONAL AN>*ISM1 5VELOP$ 9 ITS MANTLE ( IDEALISM :I* TOMORR[ WILL BE ITS %R\D1 IS AS HALF-DEAD AS ! O!R IS ALIVE04 

,AS WE CAN SEE1 !RE W]E NO HALF MEASURES4 ,= ,DUNOIS1 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS AT A CROSSROADS3 EI!R IT MU/ ACCEPT ! POSITIONS ( 0WORK]I/ AN>*ISM0 OR IT W\LD DIE1 OR AT ! V]Y LEA/ VEGETATE 9 A /ATE ( CONT9UAL CRISIS4 ,BUT AT ! V]Y SAME TIME1 ,MALATE/A WAS EXPLOR+ ! QUE/ION ( AN>*ISM &_/OR SYNDICALISM 9 AN >TICLE PUBLI%$ 9 0,FRE$OM0 & AGA9 9 0,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX0 & O!R PAP]S .<#e#g.>1 GO+ SO F> AS TO /ATE3 0,! FAULT ( HAV+ AB&ON$ ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T WAS MO/ DAMAG+ = AN>*ISM1 BUT AT LEA/ IT WAS LEFT ) ITS DI/9CTIVE *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,! ]ROR ( CONFUS+ ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ) SYNDICALISM WILL PROVE TO BE A S]I\S ONE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! 0PURITY0 ( ! IDEAL FIR/ & =EMO/4 

,9 LATE #aig & E>LY #a#i#h1 ! RESPECTIVE POSITIONS SEEM$ TO HAVE BE5 CLE>LY LAID \T4 ,& YET IT CAN BE SAID ?AT !Y PROVOK$ NO P>TICUL> REACTION 9 AN>*I/ CIRCLES4 ,! PROBLEM ( 0SYNDICALISM0 CONT9U$ TO BE DISCUSS$ MORE OR LESS EV]Y:]E1 BUT )\T ANY?+ MU* NEW BE+ SAID4 ,! >TICLES BY ,MALATE/A & ,DUNOIS DID NOT SEEM TO HAVE EX]T$ MU* 9FLU5CE1 OR RA!R1 !Y DID NOT SEEM TO HAVE MOV$ ! DEBATE ON TO ANY EXT5T4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 ,*>LES-,ALB]T & ,JEAN ,GRAVE RECOMM5C$ !IR OLD CRITICISM ( SYNDICALISM .<#e#h.>1 :]EAS 9 ,ITALY1 V>I\S >TICLES 9 0,L',ALLEANZA ,LIB]T>IA0 7A NEW J\RNAL :I* EM]G$ FROM ! ,CONGRESS ( ,ROME7 MO/LY FOLL[$ ! PRE-,AM/]DAM L9E .<#e#i.> ( PRUD5T1 IF OP51 SUPPORT = SYNDICALISM4 ,! SAME C\LD BE SAID = ,FR5*-SPEAK+ ,SWITZ]L&1 :]E 0,LE ,REVEIL SOCIALI/E-AN>*I/E0 FIRMLY PLAC$ ITSELF HALF-WAY BETWE5 ,DUNOIS & ,MALATE/A .<#f.>4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 0,D] ,REVOLUTION>0 HO/$ A REASON$ DEBATE BETWE5 C]TA9 ELEM5TS = & AGA9/ SYNDICALISM .<#f#a.>4 ,9 ,RUSSIAN EMIGRANT CIRCLES ! CLA% BETWE5 ! T5D5CIES W5T ON AS OP5LY AS BE=E .<#f#b.>4 

,SO1 NO EXAGG]AT$ RESPONSES4 ,9 FACT1 EV5 ! DI/ANC+ ( ! ,FR5* SYNDICALI/ AN>*I/S 7BUT NOT ALL7 WAS GRADUAL4 ,!IR MA9 WORRY WAS NOT SO MU* CLA%+ ) O!R AN>*I/S AS TRY+ TO =M A UNIT>Y FRONT ) ! O!R T5D5CIES )9 SYNDICALISM4 ,9 E>LY #a#i#h1 !RE APPE>$ 9 ,P>IS 0,L'ACTION DIRECTE01 DESIGN$ AS AN ATTEMPT TO BR+ TOGE!R ELEM5TS ( V>Y+ ORIG9 -- PURE SYNDICALI/S1 SYNDICALI/ SOCIALI/S1 SYNDICALI/ AN>*I/S1 AS ,MONATTE HIMSELF WROTE 7AP>T FROM HIM1 ! O!R COLLABORATORS 9CLUD$ ,GRIFFUELHES1 ,M]RHEIM1 ,P\GET1 ,DELESALLE1 ,LAG>DELLE1 ,DUNOIS & ,CORNELISS57.<#f#c.>4 ,!N1 T[>DS ! 5D ( #a#i#h1 ,DUNOIS CONTRIBUT$ TO ! 0,BULLET9 DE L',9T]NATIONALE ,AN>*I/E0 9 HIS CAPACITY AS MEMB] ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ITSELF1 ?\< BY ?IS /AGE1 AS HE HIMSELF CONFESS$1 HE WAS 9CREAS+LY L$ TO BELIEVE ?AT SPECIFIC GR\PS W]E 0PO9TLESS & SUP]FLU\S0 .<#f#d.>4 

,BY #a#i#i-#a1 ! PROCESS ( BREAK+ AWAY C\LD BE SAID TO BE COMPLETE4 ,MO/ ( ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 AP>T FROM SOME ISOLAT$ CASES1 HAD EI!R RETURN$ TO POSITIONS CLOSE TO ?OSE ( ,MALATE/A 7,FABBRI OR ,B]TONI1 = EXAMPLE7 OR HAD DEF9ITIVELY OPT$ = SYNDICALISM )\T ANY FUR!R SPECIFICATION4 ,:51 9 #a#i#i1 ,MONATTE F\ND$ 0,LA ,VIE ,\VRI]E01 AMONG ! 9ITIAL NUCLEUS ( ! J\RNAL W]E ,DUNOIS1 ,FUSS-,AMORE & ,LEON ,CLEM5T1 TO NAME JU/ ?OSE :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,AM/]DAM ,CONGRESS 79 EFFECT1 ,CLEM5T HAD ONLY S5T 9 HIS REPORT74 ,CORNELISS5 WAS BY N[ ?OR\<LY OCCUPI$ ) $IT+ ! 0,BULLET9 9T]NATIONAL DU MOVEM5T SYNDICALI/E04 ,ONLY LAT]1 AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 W\LD AN>*O-SYNDICALISM ONCE AGA9 BE SPOK5 ( AS A PH5OM5ON AT 9T]NATIONAL LEVEL4 

,DESPITE ALL ! CONTRADICTIONS1 ! MISUND]/&+S1 ! SIL5CES & ! 9COMPREH5SION ?AT WE HAVE HI<LI<T$1 ! ,AM/]DAM EV5T HAD1 & /ILL HAS1 IMPORTANT REP]CUSSIONS 7REP]CUSSIONS :I* W]E NOT AS IMM$IATE AS ,MALATE/A HAD PR$ICT$7 ON ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,AM/]DAM DID NOT LEAD TO ! DEF9ITIVE LIQUIDATION ( 0TRADITIONAL0 AN>*ISM AS ! SYNDICALI/ AN>*I/S HAD HOP$1 9 ORD] ?AT AN>*ISM C\LD REGA9 ITS LEAD+ ROLE 9 ! PROCESS ( ! PROLET>IAT'S EMANCIPATION4 

,E/ABLI%+ :E!R !IR ALT]NATIVE W\LD HAVE MET ) GREAT] SUCCESS1 OR AT LEA/ ATTEMPT+ TO E/ABLI% IT1 W\LD BE \TSIDE ! SCOPE ( ?IS WORK4 ,ONE ?+1 ?\<1 DOES EM]GE FROM A CLOSE ANALYSIS ( ! GO+S ON :I* PROVIDE ! BACKDROP TO ! ,AM/]DAM ,CONGRESS3 IT IS NO LONG] POSSIBLE TO LIMIT \RSELVES TO ACCEPT+ UNCRITICALLY ! L9ES ( ! ,MONATTE-,MALATE/A CLA%1 ON ! BASIS ( :AT IS FREQU5TLY DI/ORT$ TRADITION OR HI/ORIOGRAPHY4 ,IF WE LOOK AS ,AM/]DAM 9 ITS TRUE CONTEXT1 TAK+ 9TO CONSID]ATION ! SITUATION AT ! TIME ?IS 9ITIATIVE CAME AB\T1 WE CAN F9D MANY ANSW]S TO ! QUE/IONS ?AT ! HI/ORY ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T CONT9UES TO ?R[ UP4 

,MAURIZIO ,ANTONIOLI 

,TRANSLATION BY ,NE/OR ,MC,NAB1 #b#g4 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS 

  

HELD AT ! ,PLANCIUS ,HALL 9 ,AM/]DAM1 #b#f-#c#a ,AUGU/ #aig 

,FIR/ SESSION - ,MONDAY #bf ,AUGU/ - ,MORN+ SESSION 

  
  

,! SESSION OP5$ AT N9E O'CLOCK ) ,H5RI ,FUSS NOM9AT$ AS *AIRMAN4 ,! AG5DA IS DISCUSS$4 

,F]D9& ,DOMELA ,NIEUW5HUIS PO9TS \T ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ANTI-,MILIT>I/ ,ASSOCIATION1 ( :I* HE IS G5]AL SECRET>Y1 WILL HAVE ITS #bND ,CONGRESS ON ,FRIDAY & PROPOSES ?AT ! ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS TAKE P>T1 9 LIEU ( ITS [N DISCUSSION ( ANTI-MILIT>ISM4 ,HE IS SUPPORT$ 9 ?IS BY ,RAPHAEL ,FRI$EB]G1 ,PI]RE ,RAMUS1 ,MAX ,BAG9SKY & ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN4 ,! PROPOSAL IS VIGOR\SLY OPPOS$ BY ,]RICO ,MALATE/A & ,]NE DE ,M>M&E & A C\NT]PROPOSAL IS PUT =? REQUE/+ ?AT ! AG5DA BE ADH]$ TO4 ,FOLL[+ L5G?Y DISCUSSIONS1 ! PROPOSALS >E PUT TO A VOTE1 ) ,MALATE/A'S W9N+ #* VOTES AGA9/ #cc = ! ,DOMELA-,FRI$EB]G MOTION4 ,MALATE/A'S PROPOSAL IS !RE=E ADOPT$4  

,SECOND SESSION - ,MONDAY #bf ,AUGU/ - ,AFT]NOON SESSION 

  
  

,?IS SESSION IS DEVOT$ TO ! REPORTS ON ! /ATE ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,BELGIUM1 ,BOHEMIA1 ! ,NE!RL&S1 ,ROM&Y 7,FRANCOPHONE ,SWITZ]L&71 ! ,U,S,A & ,VI5NA 7,AU/RIA74  

,?IRD SESSION - ,MONDAY #bf ,AUGU/ - ,EV5+ SESSION 

  
  

,MORE REPORTS ON ! /ATE ( ! MOVEM5T1 FROM ,G]MANY1 ,LONDON'S ,JEWS1 ,RUSSIA1 ,S]BIA1 ,ITALY & ,BRITA94  

,F\R? SESSION - ,TUESDAY #bg ,AUGU/ - ,MORN+ SESSION 

  
  

,! SESSION BEG9S AT N9E O'CLOCK4 ,RUDOLF ,LANGE IS NOM9AT$ AS *AIRMAN ( ! CONGRESS1 ) ,*RI/IAAN ,CORNELISS5 & ,R4 DE ,M>M&E AS ADJUTANTS4 

,FIR/ ON ! AG5DA IS 0,SYNDICALISM & ,AN>*ISM04 ,BUT AS ONE ( ! SPEAK]S1 COMRADE ,TURN]1 HAS NOT YET >RIV$ .<#f#e.>1 ,CONGRESS DECIDES TO DEAL ) ! TOPIC 0,AN>*ISM & ,ORGANIZATION0 9/EAD4 ,AM$EE ,DUNOIS TAKES ! FLOOR4  
  

,A,M,$,E,E ,D,U,N,O,I,S3.<#f#f.> ,IT IS NOT LONG S9CE \R COMRADES W]E ALMO/ UNANIM\S 9 !IR CLE> HO/ILITY T[>DS ANY IDEA ( ORGANIZATION4 ,! QUE/ION WE >E DEAL+ ) TODAY W\LD1 !N1 HAVE RAIS$ 5DLESS PROTE/S FROM !M1 & ITS SUPPORT]S W\LD HAVE BE5 VEHEM5TLY ACCUS$ ( A HIDD5 AG5DA & AU?ORIT>IANISM4 

,!Y W]E TIMES :5 AN>*I/S1 ISOLAT$ FROM EA* O!R & EV5 MORE SO FROM ! WORK+ CLASS1 SEEM$ TO HAVE LO/ ALL SOCIAL FEEL+2 9 :I* AN>*I/S1 ) !IR UNCEAS+ APPEALS = ! SPIRITUAL LIB]ATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 W]E SE5 AS ! SUPREME MANIFE/ATION ( ! OLD 9DIVIDUALISM ( ! GREAT B\RGEOIS !ORETICIANS ( ! PA/4 

,9DIVIDUAL ACTIONS & 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE W]E ?\<T TO SUFFICE = EV]Y?+2 & !Y APPLAUD$ 0,5EMY ( ! ,PEOPLE0 :5 IT DECL>$ ?AT A MAN ALONE IS ! MO/ P[]FUL ( ALL4 ,BUT !Y DID NOT ?9K ( ONE ?+3 ?AT ,IBS5'S CONCEPT WAS NEV] ?AT ( A REVOLUTION>Y1 9 ! S5SE ?AT WE GIVE ?IS WORD1 BUT ( A MORALI/ PRIM>ILY CONC]N$ ) E/ABLI%+ A NEW MORAL ELITE )9 ! V]Y BREA/ ( ! OLD SOCIETY4 

,9 PA/ YE>S1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 LITTLE ATT5TION WAS PAID TO /UDY+ ! CONCRETE MATT]S ( ECONOMIC LIFE1 ( ! V>I\S PH5OM5A ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE1 & SOME ( \R PEOPLE1 :OSE RACE HAS NOT YET DISAPPE>$1 W5T SO F> AS TO D5Y ! EXI/5CE ( ?AT BASIC PH5OM5ON - ! CLASS /RUGGLE - TO ! PO9T ( NO LONG] DI/+UI%+ 9 ! PRES5T SOCIETY1 9 ! MANN] ( ! PURE DEMOCRATS1 ANY?+ EXCEPT DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION1 :I* AN>*I/ PROPAG&A HAD TO PREP>E 9DIVIDUALS =1 AS A WAY ( TRA9+ !M = !ORETIC DISCUSSION4 

,9 ITS ORIG9S1 AN>*ISM WAS NO?+ MORE ?AN A CONCRETE PROTE/ AGA9/ OPPORTUNI/ T5D5CIES & ! AU?ORIT>IAN WAY ( ACT+ ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY2 & 9 ?IS REG>D IT CAN BE SAID TO HAVE C>RI$ \T A USEFUL FUNCTION 9 ! SOCIAL MOVEM5T ( ! PA/ TW5TY-FIVE YE>S4 ,IF SOCIALISM AS A :OLE1 AS A REVOLUTION>Y IDEA1 HAS SURVIV$ ! PROGRESSIVE B\RGEOISATION ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 IT IS IS UND\BT$LY DUE TO ! AN>*I/S4 

,:Y HAVE AN>*I/S NOT BE5 CONT5T TO SUPPORT ! PR9CIPLE ( SOCIALISM & F$]ALISM AGA9/ ! B>E-FAC$ DEVIATIONS ( ! CAVALI]S ( ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]8 ,:Y HAS TIME BR\<T !M TO ! AMBITION ( RE-BUILD+ A :OLE NEW IDEOLOGY ALL OV] AGA91 FAC$ ) P>LIAM5T>Y & RE=MI/ SOCIALISM8 

,WE CANNOT BUT RECOGNIZE IT3 ?IS IDEOLOGICAL ATTEMPT WAS NOT ALWAYS AN EASY ONE4 ,MORE (T5 ?AN NOT WE HAVE LIMIT$ \RSELVES TO CONSIGN+ TO ! FLAMES ?AT :I* SOCIAL DEMOCRACY WOR%IP$1 & TO WOR%IP+ ?AT :I* BURN$4 ,?AT IS H[ UNWITT+LY & )\T EV5 REALIZ+ IT1 SO MANY AN>*I/S W]E ABLE TO LOSE SI<T ( ! ESS5TIALLY PRACTICAL & WORK]I/ NATURE ( SOCIALISM 9 G5]AL & AN>*ISM 9 P>TICUL>1 NEI!R ( :I* HAVE EV] BE5 ANY?+ O!R ?AN ! !ORETICAL EXPRESSION ( ! SPONTANE\S RESI/ANCE ( ! WORK]S AGA9/ ! OPPRESSION BY ! B\RGEOIS REGIME4 ,IT HAPP5$ TO ! AN>*I/S AS IT HAPP5$ TO ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIALISM BE=E #ahdh - AS WE CAN READ 9 ! 0,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O0 - :I* PRID$ ITSELF ON BE+ ABLE TO REMA9 09 CONTEMPT ( ALL CLASS /RUGGLES0 & DEF5D+ 0NOT ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT1 BUT ! 9T]E/S ( ,HUMAN ,NATURE1 ( ,MAN 9 G5]AL1 :O BELONGS TO NO CLASS1 HAS NO REALITY1 :O EXI/S ONLY 9 ! MI/Y REALM ( PHILOSOPHICAL FANTASY04 

,?US1 MANY ( \R PEOPLE CAME BACK CURI\SLY T[>DS IDEALISM ON ! ONE H& & 9DIVIDUALISM ON ! O!R4 ,& !RE WAS R5EW$ 9T]E/ 9 ! OLD !MES ( '#d#h ( JU/ICE1 LIB]TY1 BRO!RHOOD & ! EMANCIPATORY OMNIPOT5CE ( ! ,IDEA ( ! WORLD4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! ,9DIVIDUAL WAS EXALT$1 9 ! ,5GLI% MANN]1 AGA9/ ! ,/ATE & ANY =M ( ORGANIZATION CAME1 MORE OR LESS OP5LY1 TO BE VIEW$ AS A =M ( OPPRESSION & M5TAL EXPLOITATION4 

,C]TA9LY1 ?IS /ATE ( M9D WAS NEV] ABSOLUTELY UNANIM\S4 ,BUT ?AT DOES NOT TAKE AWAY FROM ! FACT ?AT IT IS RESPONSIBLE1 = ! MO/ P>T1 = ! ABS5CE ( AN ORGANIZ$1 COH]5T AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,! EXAGG]AT$ FE> ( ALI5AT+ \R [N FREE WILLS AT ! H&S ( SOME NEW COLLECTIVE BODY /OPP$ US ABOVE ALL FROM UNIT+4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT !RE EXI/$ AMONG US 0SOCIAL /UDY GR\PS01 BUT WE KN[ H[ EPHEM]AL & PREC>I\S !Y W]E3 BORN \T ( 9DIVIDUAL CAPRICE1 !SE GR\PS W]E DE/9$ TO DISAPPE> ) IT2 ?OSE :O MADE !M UP DID NOT FEEL UNIT$ 5\<1 & ! FIR/ DIFFICULTY !Y 5C\NT]$ CAUS$ !M TO SPLIT UP4 ,FUR!RMORE1 !SE GR\PS DO NOT SEEM TO HAVE EV] HAD A CLE> NOTION ( !IR GOAL4 ,N[1 ! GOAL ( AN ORGANIZATION IS AT ONE & ! SAME TIME ?\<T & ACTION4 ,9 MY EXP]I5CE1 H[EV]1 ?OSE GR\PS DID NOT ACT AT ALL3 !Y DISPUT$4 ,& MANY REPROA*$ !M = BUILD+ ALL ?OSE LITTLE *APELS1 ?OSE TALK+ %OPS4 

,:AT LIES AT ! ROOT ( ! FACT ?AT AN>*I/ OP9ION N[ SEEMS TO BE *ANG+ ) REG>D TO ! QUE/ION ( ORGANIZATION8 

,!RE >E TWO REASONS = ?IS3 

,! FIR/ IS ! EXAMPLE FROM ABROAD4 ,!RE >E SMALL P]MAN5T ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,5GL&1 ,HOLL&1 ,G]MANY1 ,BOHEMIA1 ,ROM&Y & ,ITALY :I* HAVE BE5 OP]AT+ = SEV]AL YE>S N[1 )\T ! AN>*I/ IDEA HAV+ VISIBLY SUFF]$ = ?IS4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 ,FRANCE WE DO NOT HAVE A GREAT DEAL ( 9=MATION ON ! CON/ITUTION & LIFE ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS2 IT W\LD BE DESIRABLE TO 9VE/IGATE ?IS4 

,! SECOND CAUSE IS MU* MORE IMPORTANT4 ,IT CONSI/S ( ! DECISIVE EVOLUTION ?AT ! M9DS & PRACTICAL HABITS ( AN>*I/S HAVE BE5 UND]GO+ MORE OR LESS EV]Y:]E = ! LA/ SEV5 YE>S OR SO1 :I* HAS L$ !M TO JO9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T ACTIVELY & P>TICIPATE 9 ! PEOPLE'S LIVES4 

,9 A WORD1 WE HAVE OV]COME ! GAP BETWE5 ! PURE IDEA1 :I* CAN SO EASILY TURN 9TO DOGMA1 & REAL LIFE4 

,! BASIC RESULT ( ?IS HAS BE5 ?AT WE HAVE BECOME LESS & LESS 9T]E/$ 9 ! SOCIOLOGICAL AB/RACTIONS ( YORE & MORE & MORE 9T]E/$ 9 ! PRACTICAL MOVEM5T1 9 ACTION4 ,PRO( IS ! GREAT IMPORTANCE ?AT REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM & ANTI-MILIT>ISM1 = EXAMPLE1 HAVE ACQUIR$ = US 9 REC5T YE>S4 

,ANO!R RESULT ( \R P>TICIPATION 9 ! MOVEM5T1 ?IS TOO V]Y IMPORTANT1 HAS BE5 ?AT !ORETICAL AN>*ISM ITSELF HAS GRADUALLY %>P5$ ITSELF & BECOME ALIVE ?R\< CONTACT ) REAL LIFE1 ?AT ET]NAL F\NTA9 ( ?\<T4 ,AN>*ISM 9 \R EYES IS NO LONG] A G5]AL CONCEPTION ( ! WORLD1 AN IDEAL = EXI/5CE1 A REBELLION ( ! SPIRIT AGA9/ EV]Y?+ ?AT IS F\L1 IMPURE & BEA/LY 9 LIFE2 IT IS ALSO & ABOVE ALL A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 A CONCRETE PROGRAM ( DE/RUCTION & SOCIAL RE-ORGANIZATION4 ,REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM - & ,I EMPHASIZE ! WORD 0REVOLUTION>Y0 - ESS5TIALLY SEEKS TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! SPONTANE\S MOVEM5T ( ! MASSES1 WORK+ T[>DS :AT ,KROPOTK9 SO NEATLY CALL$ ! 0,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD04 

,N[1 IT IS ONLY FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM ?AT ! QUE/ION ( AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION CAN BE DEALT )4 

,! 5EMIES ( ORGANIZATION TODAY >E ( TWO SORTS4 

,FIR/LY1 !RE >E ?OSE :O >E OB/9ATELY & SY/EMATICALLY HO/ILE TO ANY SORT ( ORGANIZATION4 ,!Y >E ! 9DIVIDUALI/S4 ,!RE CAN BE F\ND AMONG !M ! IDEA POPUL>IZ$ BY ,R\SSEAU ?AT SOCIETY IS AN EVIL1 ?AT IT IS ALWAYS A LIMITATION ON ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,! SMALLE/ AM\NT ( SOCIETY POSSIBLE1 OR NO SOCIETY AT ALL2 ?AT IS !IR DREAM1 AN ABSURD DREAM1 A ROMANTIC DREAM ?AT BR+S US BACK TO ! /RANGE/ FOLLIES ( ,R\SSEAU'S LIT]ATURE4 

,DO WE NE$ TO SAY & TO DEMON/RATE ?AT AN>*ISM IS NOT 9DIVIDUALISM1 !N8 ,HI/ORICALLY SPEAK+1 AN>*ISM WAS BORN1 ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIALISM1 9 ! CONGRESSES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 9 O!R WORDS1 FROM ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T ITSELF4 ,& 9 FACT1 LOGICALLY1 AN>*Y MEANS SOCIETY ORGANIZ$ )\T POLITICAL AU?ORITY4 ,I SAID ORGANIZ$4 ,ON ?IS PO9T ALL ! AN>*I/S - ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN91 ?OSE ( ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION1 ,KROPOTK9 - >E 9 AGREEM5T4 ,F> FROM TREAT+ ORGANIZATION & GOV]NM5T AS EQUAL1 ,PR\DHON NEV] CEAS$ TO EMPHASIZE !IR 9COMPATIBILITY3 0,! PRODUC] IS 9COMPATIBLE ) GOV]NM5T 7HE SAYS 9 ! 0,IDEE G5]ALE DE LA ,REVOLUTION AU ,X,I,XE SIECLE071 ORGANIZATION IS OPPOS$ TO GOV]NM5T04 

,EV5 ,M>X HIMSELF1 :OSE DISCIPLES N[ SEEK TO HIDE ! AN>*I/ SIDE TO HIS DOCTR9E1 DEF9$ AN>*Y ?US3 0,ALL ,SOCIALI/S UND]/& BY ,AN>*Y ! FOLL[+3 ?AT ONCE ! GOAL ( ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T - ! ABOLITION ( CLASSES - IS REA*$1 ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE - :I* S]VES TO MA9TA9 ! L>GE PRODUC+ MAJORITY UND] ! YOKE ( A SMALL EXPLOIT+ M9ORITY - DISAPPE>S & ! FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T >E TRANS=M$ 9TO SIMPLE ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS04 ,9 O!R WORDS1 AN>*Y IS NOT ! NEGATION ( ORGANIZATION BUT ONLY ( ! GOV]N+ FUNCTION ( ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE4 

,NO1 AN>*ISM IS NOT 9DIVIDUALI/1 BUT BASICALLY F$]ALI/4 ,F$]ALISM IS ESS5TIAL TO AN>*ISM3 IT IS 9 FACT ! V]Y ESS5CE ( AN>*ISM4 ,I W\LD HAPPILY DEF9E AN>*ISM AS COMPLETE F$]ALISM1 ! UNIV]SAL EXT5SION ( ! IDEA ( ! FREE CONTRACT4 

,AFT] ALL1 ,I CANNOT SEE H[ AN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION C\LD DAMAGE ! 9DIVIDUAL DEVELOPM5T ( ITS MEMB]S4 ,NO-ONE W\LD BE =C$ TO JO91 JU/ AS NO-ONE W\LD BE =C$ TO LEAVE ONCE !Y HAD JO9$4 ,SO :AT IS AN AN>*I/ F$]ATION8 ,SEV]AL COMRADES FROM A P>TICUL> REGION1 FROM ,ROM&Y = EXAMPLE1 HAV+ E/ABLI%$ ! IMPOT5CE ( ISOLAT$ =CES1 ( PIECEMEAL ACTION1 AGREE ONE F9E DAY TO REMA9 9 CONT9UAL CONTACT ) EA* O!R1 TO UNITE !IR =CES ) ! AIM ( WORK+ TO SPREAD COMMUNI/1 AN>*I/ & REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS & ( P>TICIPAT+ 9 PUBLIC EV5TS ?R\< !IR COLLECTIVE ACTION4 ,DO !Y ?US CREATE A NEW 5TITY :OSE DESIGNAT$ PREY IS ! 9DIVIDUAL8 ,BY NO MEANS4 ,!Y V]Y SIMPLY1 & = A PRECISE GOAL1 B& TOGE!R !IR IDEAS1 !IR WILL & !IR =CES1 & FROM ! RESULT+ COLLECTIVE POT5TIALITY1 EA* GA9S SOME ADVANTAGE4 

,BUT WE ALSO HAVE1 AS ,I SAID E>LI]1 ANO!R SORT ( ADV]S>Y4 ,!Y >E ?OSE :O1 DESPITE BE+ SUPPORT]S ( WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS F\ND$ ON AN ID5TITY ( 9T]E/S1 PROVE TO BE HO/ILE - OR AT LEA/ 9DIFF]5T - TO ANY ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON AN ID5TITY ( ASPIRATIONS1 FEEL+S & PR9CIPLES2 !Y >E1 9 A WORD1 ! SYNDICALI/S4 

,LET US EXAM9E !IR OBJECTIONS4 ,! EXI/5CE 9 ,FRANCE ( A WORK]S' MOVEM5T ) A REVOLUTION>Y & ALMO/ AN>*I/ \TLOOK IS1 9 ?AT C\NTRY1 CURR5TLY ! GREATE/ OB/ACLE ?AT ANY ATTEMPT AT AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION RISKS F\ND]+ ON - ,I DO NOT WI% TO SAY BE+ WRECK$ ON4 ,& ?IS IMPORTANT HI/ORICAL FACT IMPOSES C]TA9 PRECAUTIONS ON US1 :I* DO NOT AFFECT1 9 MY OP9ION1 \R COMRADES 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 

- ,! WORK]S' MOVEM5T TODAY1 ! SYNDICALI/S OBS]VE1 (F]S AN>*I/S AN ALMO/ UNLIMIT$ FIELD ( ACTION4 ,:]EAS IDEA-BAS$ GR\PS1 LITTLE SANCTU>IES 9TO :I* ONLY ! 9ITIAT$ MAY 5T]1 CANNOT HOPE TO GR[ 9DEF9ITELY1 ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATION1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS A WIDELY-ACCESSIBLE ASSOCIATION2 IT IS NOT A TEMPLE :OSE DOORS >E CLOS$1 BUT A PUBLIC >5A1 A ,=UM OP5 TO ALL WORK]S )\T DI/9CTION ( SEX1 RACE OR IDEOLOGY1 & !RE=E P]FECTLY ADAPT$ TO 5COMPASS+ ! :OLE PROLET>IAT )9 ITS FLEXIBLE & MOBILE RANKS4 

,N[1 ! SYNDICALI/S CONT9UE1 IT IS !RE 9 ! WORK]S' UNIONS ?AT AN>*I/S MU/ BE4 ,! WORK]S' UNION IS ! LIV+ BUD ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY2 IT IS ! =M] :I* WILL PAVE ! WAY = ! LATT]4 ,! ]ROR IS MADE 9 /AY+ )9 ONE'S [N F\R WALLS1 AMONG ! O!R 9ITIATES1 *EW+ ! SAME QUE/IONS ( DOCTR9E OV] & OV] AGA91 ALWAYS MOV+ )9 ! SAME CIRCLE ( IDEAS4 ,WE MU/ NOT1 UND] ANY PRETEXT1 SEP>ATE \RSELVES =M ! PEOPLE1 = NO MATT] H[ BACKW>D & LIMIT$ ! PEOPLE MAY BE1 IT IS !Y1 & NOT ! IDEOLOGUE1 :O >E ! 9DISP5SABLE DRIV+ =CE ( EV]Y SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,DO WE P]HAPS1 LIKE ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 HAVE ANY 9T]E/S WE WI% TO PROMOTE O!R ?AN ?OSE ( ! GREAT WORK+ MASS8 ,P>TY1 SECT OR FACTIONAL 9T]E/S8 ,IS IT UP TO ! PEOPLE TO COME TO US OR IS IT WE :O MU/ GO TO !M1 LIV+ !IR LIVES1 E>N+ !IR TRU/ & /IMULAT+ !M ) BO? \R WORDS & \R EXAMPLE 9TO RESI/ANCE1 REBELLION1 REVOLUTION8 - 

,?IS IS H[ ! SYNDICALI/S TALK4 ,BUT ,I DO NOT SEE H[ !IR OBJECTIONS HAVE ANY VALUE AGA9/ \R PROJECT TO ORGANIZE \RSELVES4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y4 ,I SEE CLE>LY ?AT IF !Y HAD ANY VALUE1 IT W\LD ALSO BE AGA9/ AN>*ISM ITSELF1 AS A DOCTR9E ?AT SEEKS TO BE DI/9CT FROM SYNDICALISM & REFUSES TO ALL[ ITSELF TO BECOME ABSORB$ 9TO IT4 

,ORGANIZ$ OR NOT1 AN>*I/S 7BY :I* ,I MEAN ?OSE ( \R T5D5CY1 :O DO NOT >BITR>ILY SEP>ATE AN>*ISM FROM ! PROLET>IAT7 DO NOT BY ANY MEANS EXPECT ?AT !Y >E 5TITL$ TO ACT 9 ! ROLE ( 0SUPREME SAVIORS01 AS ! SONG GOES4 ,WE WILL+LY ASSIGN PRIDE ( PLACE 9 ! FIELD ( ACTION TO ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 CONV9C$ AS WE HAVE BE5 = SO LONG ?AT ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S WILL BE AT ! H&S ( ?OSE CONC]N$ OR IT WILL NOT BE4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 9 \R OP9ION ! SYNDICATE MU/ NOT JU/ HAVE A PURELY CORPORATIVE1 TRADE FUNCTION AS ! ,GUESDI/ SOCIALI/S 9T5D IT1 & ) !M SOME AN>*I/S :O CL+ TO N[ \TDAT$ =MULAS4 ,! TIME = PURE CORPORATIVISM IS 5D$3 ?IS IS A FACT ?AT C\LD 9 PR9CIPLE BE CONTR>Y TO PREVI\S CONCEPTS1 BUT :I* MU* BE ACCEPT$ ) ALL ITS CONSEQU5CES4 ,YES1 ! CORPORATIVE SPIRIT 9 T5D+ MORE & MORE T[>DS BECOM+ AN ANOMALY1 AN ANA*RONISM1 & IS MAK+ ROOM = ! SPIRIT ( CLASS4 ,& ?IS1 M>K MY WORDS1 IS NOT ?ANKS TO ,GRIFFUELHES1 NOR TO ,P\GET -- IT IS A RESULT ( ACTION4 ,9 FACT IT IS ! NE$S ( ACTION ?AT HAVE OBLIG$ SYNDICALISM TO LIFT UP ITS HEAD & WID5 ITS CONCEPTIONS4 ,N[ADAYS ! WORK]S' UNION IS ON ! ROAD TO BECOM+ = PROLET>IANS :AT ! ,/ATE IS = ! B\RGEOISIE3 ! POLITICAL 9/ITUTION P> EXCELL5CE2 AN ESS5TIAL 9/RUM5T 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITAL1 A WEAPON ( DEF5SE OR ATTACK ACCORD+ TO ! SITUATION4 

,\R TASK AS AN>*I/S1 ! MO/ ADVANC$1 ! BOLDE/ & ! MO/ UN9HIBIT$ SECTOR ( ! MILITANT PROLET>IAT1 IS TO /AY CON/ANTLY BY ITS SIDE1 TO FI<T ! SAME BATTLE AMONG ITS RANKS1 TO DEF5D IT AGA9/ ITSELF1 NOT NECESS>ILY ! LEA/ DANG]\S 5EMY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 WE WANT TO PROVIDE ?IS 5ORM\S MOV+ MASS ?AT IS ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT1 ,I WILL NOT SAY ) A PHILOSOPHY & AN IDEAL1 SOME?+ ?AT C\LD SEEM PRESUMPTU\S1 BUT ) A GOAL & ! MEANS ( ACTION4 

,F> BE IT FROM US !RE=E ! 9EPT IDEA ( WANT+ TO ISOLATE \RSELVES FROM ! PROLET>IAT2 IT W\LD BE1 WE KN[ ONLY TOO WELL1 R$UC+ \RSELVES TO ! IMPOT5CE ( PR\D IDEOLOGIES1 ( AB/RACTIONS EMPTY ( ALL IDEAL4 ,ORGANIZ$ OR NOT ORGANIZ$1 !N1 ! AN>*I/S WILL REMA9 TRUE TO !IR ROLE ( $UCATORS1 /IMULATORS & GUIDES ( ! WORK+ MASSES4 ,& IF WE >E TODAY ( A M9D TO ASSOCIATE 9TO GR\PS 9 NEI<BORHOODS1 T[NS1 REGIONS OR C\NTRIES1 & TO F$]ATE !SE GR\PS1 IT IS ABOVE ALL 9 ORD] TO GIVE \R UNION ACTION GREAT] /R5G? & CONT9UITY4 

,:AT IS MO/ (T5 MISS+ 9 ?OSE ( US :O FI<T )9 ! WORLD ( LABOR1 IS ! FEEL+ ( BE+ SUPPORT$4 ,SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC SYNDICALI/S HAVE BEH9D !M ! CON/ANT ORGANIZ$ P[] ( ! P>TY FROM :I* !Y SOMETIMES RECEIVE !IR WAT*WORDS & AT ALL TIMES !IR 9SPIRATION4 ,AN>*I/ SYNDICALI/S ON ! O!R H& >E AB&ON$ UNTO !MSELVES &1 \TSIDE ! UNION1 DO NOT HAVE ANY REAL L9KS BETWE5 !M OR TO !IR O!R COMRADES1 !Y DO NOT FEEL ANY SUPPORT BEH9D !M & !Y RECEIVE NO HELP4 ,SO1 WE WI% TO CREATE ?IS L9K1 TO PROVIDE ?IS CON/ANT SUPPORT2 & ,I AM P]SONALLY CONV9C$ ?AT \R UNION ACTIVITIES CANNOT BUT B5EFIT BO? 9 5]GY & 9 9TELLIG5CE4 ,& ! /RONG] WE >E - & WE WILL ONLY BECOME /RONG BY ORGANIZ+ \RSELVES - ! /RONG] WILL BE ! FL[ ( IDEAS ?AT WE CAN S5D ?R\< ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 :I* WILL ?US BECOME SL[LY IMPREGNAT$ ) ! AN>*I/ SPIRIT4 

,BUT WILL !SE GR\PS ( AN>*I/ WORK]S1 :I* WE W\LD HOPE TO SEE CREAT$ 9 ! NE> FUTURE1 HAVE NO O!R ROLE ?AN TO 9FLU5CE ! GREAT PROLET>IAN MASSES 9DIRECTLY1 BY MEANS ( A MILITANT ELITE1 TO DRIVE !M SY/EMATICALLY 9TO H]OIC RESOLUTIONS1 9 A WORD TO PREP>E ! POPUL> REVOLT8 ,WILL \R GR\PS HAVE TO LIMIT !MSELVES TO P]FECT+ ! $UCATION ( MILITANTS1 TO KEEP ! REVOLUTION>Y FEV] ALIVE 9 !M1 TO ALL[ !M TO MEET EA* O!R1 TO EX*ANGE IDEAS1 TO HELP EA* O!R AT ANY TIME8 

,9 O!R WORDS1 WILL !Y HAVE !IR [N ACTION TO C>RY \T DIRECTLY8 

,I BELIEVE SO4 

,! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 :E!R ONE IMAG9ES IT 9 ! GUISE ( A G5]AL /RIKE OR AN >M$ 9SURRECTION1 CAN ONLY BE ! WORK ( ! MASSES :O MU/ B5EFIT FROM IT4 ,BUT EV]Y MASS MOVEM5T IS ACCOMPANI$ BY ACTS :OSE V]Y NATURE - D>E ,I SAY1 :OSE TE*NICAL NATURE - IMPLIES ?AT !Y BE C>RI$ \T BY A SMALL NUMB] ( PEOPLE1 BUT ! MO/ P]SPICACI\S & D>+ SECTOR ( ! MASS MOVEM5T4 ,DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 9 EA* NEI<BORHOOD1 9 EA* T[N1 9 EA* PROV9CE1 \R AN>*I/ GR\PS WILL =M MANY SMALL FI<T+ ORGANIZATIONS1 :O WILL TAKE ?OSE SPECIAL1 DELICATE MEASURES :I* ! L>GE MASS IS ALMO/ ALWAYS UNABLE TO DO4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT ! GR\PS %\LD EV5 N[ /UDY & E/ABLI% !SE 9SURRECTIONAL MEASURES SO AS NOT TO BE1 AS HAS (T5 HAPP5$1 SURPRIS$ BY EV5TS4 

,N[ = ! PR9CIPAL1 REGUL>1 CONT9U\S AIM ( \R GR\PS4 ,IT IS 7Y\ WILL BY N[ HAVE GUESS$7 AN>*I/ PROPAG&A4 ,YES1 WE WILL ORGANIZE \RSELVES ABOVE ALL TO SPREAD \R !ORETICAL IDEAS1 \R ME?ODS ( DIRECT ACTION & UNIV]SAL F$]ALISM4 

,UNTIL TODAY \R PROPAG&A HAS BE5 MADE ONLY OR ALMO/ ONLY ON AN 9DIVIDUAL BASIS4 ,9DIVIDUAL PROPAG&A HAS GIV5 NOTABLE RESULTS1 ABOVE ALL 9 ! H]OIC TIMES :5 AN>*I/S W]E COMP5SAT+ = ! L>GE NUMB] !Y NE$$ ) A FEV] ( PROSELYTISM ?AT RECALL$ ! PRIMITIVE ,*RI/IANS4 ,BUT IS ?IS CONT9U+ TO HAPP58 ,EXP]I5CE OBLIGES ME TO CONFESS ?AT IT IS NOT4 

,IT SEEMS ?AT AN>*ISM HAS BE5 GO+ ?R\< A SORT ( CRISIS 9 REC5T YE>S1 AT LEA/ 9 ,FRANCE4 ,! CAUSES ( ?IS >E CLE>LY MANY & COMPLEX4 ,IT IS NOT MY TASK H]E TO E/ABLI% :AT !Y >E1 BUT ,I DO WOND] IF ! TOTAL LACK ( AGREEM5T & ORGANIZATION IS NOT ONE ( ! CAUSES ( ?IS CRISIS4 

,!RE >E MANY AN>*I/S 9 ,FRANCE4 ,!Y >E MU* DIVID$ ON ! QUE/ION ( !ORY2 BUT EV5 MORE SO ON PRACTICE4 ,EV]YONE ACTS 9 HIS [N WAY :5EV] HE WANTS2 9 ?IS WAY ! 9DIVIDUAL EF=TS >E DISP]S$ & (T5 EXHAU/$1 SIMPLY WA/$4 ,AN>*I/S CAN BE F\ND 9 MORE OR LESS EV]Y SPH]E ( ACTION3 9 ! WORK]S' UNIONS1 9 ! ANTI-MILIT>I/ MOVEM5T1 AMONG ANTI-CL]ICALI/ FREE ?9K]S1 9 ! POPUL> UNIV]SITIES1 & SO ON1 & SO =?4 ,:AT WE >E MISS+ IS A SPECIFICALLY AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 :I* CAN GA!R TO IT1 ON ! ECONOMIC & WORK]S' GR\ND ?AT IS \RS1 ALL ?OSE =CES ?AT HAVE BE5 FI<T+ 9 ISOLATION UP TO N[4 

,?IS SPECIFICALLY AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WILL SPONTANE\SLY >ISE FROM \R GR\PS & FROM ! F$]ATION ( !SE GR\PS4 ,! MI<T ( JO9T ACTION1 ( CONC]T$ ACTION1 WILL UND\BT$LY CREATE IT4 ,I DO NOT NE$ TO ADD ?AT ?IS ORGANIZATION WILL BY NO MEANS EXPECT TO 5COMPASS ALL ! PICTURESQUELY DISP]S$ ELEM5TS :O DESCRIBE !MSELVES AS FOLL[]S ( ! AN>*I/ IDEAL2 !RE >E1 AFT] ALL1 ?OSE :O W\LD BE TOTALLY 9ADMISSIBLE4 ,IT W\LD BE SUFFICI5T = ! AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION TO GR\P TOGE!R1 >\ND A PROGRAM ( CONCRETE1 PRACTICAL ACTION1 ALL ! COMRADES :O ACCEPT \R PR9CIPLES & :O WANT TO WORK ) US1 ACCORD+ TO \R ME?ODS4 

,LET ME MAKE IT CLE> ?AT ,I DO NOT WI% TO GO 9TO SPECIFICS H]E4 ,I AM NOT DEAL+ ) ! !ORY SIDE ( ! ORGANIZATION4 ,! NAME1 =M & PROGRAM ( ! ORGANIZATION TO BE CREAT$ WILL BE E/ABLI%$ SEP>ATELY & AFT] REFLECTION BY ! SUPPORT]S ( ?IS ORGANIZATION4 

,G,E,O,R,G,E,S ,?,O,N,>3 ,I WI% TO ASSOCIATE MYSELF ) EV]Y?+ ,DUNOIS HAS JU/ SAID ON ! PROBLEM ( ORGANIZATION & ,I WILL AB/A9 FROM SPEAK+1 ?\< NOT )\T FIR/ MAK+ A /ATEM5T4 

,YE/]DAY1 WE CLOS$ ! LONG DISCUSSION :I* >OSE FROM ! PROPOSAL BY ,DOMELA ,NIEUW5HUIS ) A VOTE4 ,I VOT$1 DESPITE BE+ OPPOS$ TO ANY VOTE1 AS IT SEEM$ TO ME ?AT ! MATT] UND] DISCUSSION WAS NOT IMPORTANT4 ,MANY H]E W]E SURELY 9 A SIMIL> SITUATION4 ,I AM SIMPLY ASK+ ,CONGRESS TO DECL>E TODAY ?AT IT ACT$ UNREASONABLY & TO AGREE TO ACT MORE WISELY H5CE=?4  
  

,?ON>'S WORDS CREATE A M9OR 9CID5T4 ,SOME P>TICIPANTS APPLAUD NOISILY1 :ILE LIVELY PROTE/S >E ALSO TO BE HE>D4  
  

,],R,I,C,O ,M,A,L,A,T,E,/,A3 ,! PROBLEM ( ! VOTE ?AT ,?ON> RAISES IS ( C\RSE P>T ( ! QUE/ION ( ORGANIZATION ?AT WE >E DISCUSS+4 ,LET US DISCUSS ! PROBLEM ( ! VOTE1 !N2 AS F> AS ,I AM CONC]N$1 ,I CAN SEE NO?+ 9CONV5I5T 9 IT4 

,P,I,],R,E ,M,O,N,A,T,T,E3 ,I CANNOT UND]/& H[ YE/]DAY'S VOTE CAN BE CONSID]$ ANTI-AN>*I/1 9 O!R WORDS AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,IT IS ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE TO COMP>E ! VOTE ) :I* AN ASSEMBLY DECIDES A PROC$URAL QUE/ION TO UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE OR TO P>LIAM5T>Y POLLS4 ,WE USE VOTES AT ALL TIMES 9 \R TRADE UNIONS &1 ,I REPEAT1 ,I DO NOT SEE ANY?+ :I* GOES AGA9/ \R AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES4 

,!RE >E COMRADES :O FEEL ! NE$ TO RAISE QUE/IONS ( PR9CIPLE ON EV]Y?+1 EV5 ! SMALLE/ ?+S4 ,UNABLE AS !Y >E TO UND]/& ! SPIRIT ( \R ANTI-P>LIAM5T>IANISM1 !Y PLACE IMPORTANCE ON ! M]E ACT ( PLAC+ A SLIP ( PAP] 9 AN URN OR RAIS+ ONE'S H& TO %[ ONE'S OP9ION4 

,*,R,I,/,I,A,A,N ,C,O,R,N,E,L,I,S,S,53 ,VOT+ IS TO BE CONDEMN$ ONLY IF IT B9DS ! M9ORITY4 ,?IS IS NOT ! CASE H]E1 & WE >E US+ ! VOTE AS AN EASY MEANS ( DET]M9+ ! SIZE ( ! V>I\S OP9IONS ?AT >E BE+ CONFRONT$4 

,],N,E ,D,E ,M,>,M,&,E3 ,IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO DO )\T ! VOTE1 EV5 9 ?IS WAY4 ,IF WE DECIDE NOT TO VOTE AFT] EV]Y DEBATE1 H[ WILL WE KN[ ! OP9ION ( ! ,CONGRESS OR H[ MANY CURR5TS ( OP9ION !RE >E 9 ! ,CONGRESS8 

,FIF? SESSION - ,TUESDAY #bg ,AUGU/ - ,AFT]NOON SESSION 

  
  

,COMRADE ,H4 ,CROISET FROM ,AM/]DAM1 REPRES5T+ ! 9DIVIDUALI/ T5D5CY AT ! ,CONGRESS1 TAKES ! FLOOR4  
  

,H,Y,N,A,N ,C,R,O,I,S,E,T3 ,:AT MATT]S FIR/ & =EMO/ IS TO PROVIDE A DEF9ITION ( AN>*Y ?AT WILL S]VE AS A BASIS = MY CONTRIBUTION4 ,WE >E AN>*I/S 9 ! S5SE ?AT WE WANT TO E/ABLI% A SOCIAL /ATE 9 :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL WILL F9D A GU>ANTEE ( HIS TOTAL LIB]TY1 9 :I* EV]YONE WILL BE ABLE TO LIVE !IR LIVES FULLY2 9 O!R WORDS1 9 :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL WILL BE ALL[$1 )\T RE/RICTION ( ANY SORT1 TO LIVE HIS [N LIFE & NOT1 AS TODAY1 ! LIVES ( O!RS1 BY :I* ,I MEAN ! LIFE IMPOS$ ON HIM BY O!RS4 

,MY MOTTO IS3 ,ME1 ME1 ME444 & !N ! O!RS6 

,9DIVIDUALS NE$ ASSOCIATE ONLY :5 IT IS CLE> ?AT !IR 9DIVIDUAL EF=TS CANNOT ALL[ !M TO REA* ! GOAL ALONE4 ,BUT ! GR\P1 ! ORGANIZATION1 MU/ NEV]1 UND] ANY PRETEXT1 BECOME A CON/RICTION = ?OSE :O HAVE FREELY JO9$4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL IS NOT MADE = SOCIETY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS SOCIETY ?AT IS MADE = ! 9DIVIDUAL4 

,AN>*Y SEEKS TO 5ABLE EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL TO DEVELOP ALL HIS FACULTIES FREELY4 ,ORGANIZATIONS1 H[EV]1 HAVE ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( LIMIT+ ! FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO A GREAT] OR LESS] DEGREE4 ,AN>*Y IS !RE=E CONTR>Y TO ANY P]MAN5T SY/EM ( ORGANIZATION4 ,= ! VA9 AMBITION ( BECOM+ PRACTICAL1 AN>*I/S HAVE RECONCIL$ !MSELVES TO ORGANIZATION4 ,!Y HAVE EMB>K$ ON A SLIPP]Y SLOPE4 ,SOON] OR LAT] !Y WILL RECONCILE !MSELVES TO AU?ORITY ITSELF - JU/ LIKE ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS4 

,AN>*I/ IDEAS MU/ PRES]VE !IR ANCI5T PURITY1 9/EAD ( TRY+ TO BECOME MORE PRACTICAL4 ,LET US RETURN TO ! ANCI5T PURITY ( \R IDEAS4 

,S,I,E,G,F,R,I,$ ,N,A,*,T3 ,I WILL NOT FOLL[ ,CROISET ONTO ! T]RA9 :]E HE HAS V5TUR$4 ,:AT SEEMS TO ME TO REQUIRE CL>ITY ABOVE ALL IS ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 AN>*ISM1 OR MORE EXACTLY AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS1 & ! WORK]S' UNIONS4 ,IT IS 9 ORD] TO FACILITATE ! TASK ( ! LATT] ?AT WE1 AS AN>*I/S1 MU/ CREATE SPECIAL GR\PS = PREP>ATION & REVOLUTION>Y $UCATION4 

,! WORK]S' MOVEM5T HAS A MISSION ( ITS [N1 :I* >ISES \T ( ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ?AT TODAY'S SOCIETY IMPOSES ON ! PROLET>IAT3 ?IS MISSION IS ! CONQUE/ ( ECONOMIC P[]1 ! COLLECTIVE APPROPRIATION ( ALL ! S\RCES ( PRODUCTION & ( LIFE4 ,AN>*ISM TOO HAS ! SAME ASPIRATION3 BUT IT W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO BR+ IT AB\T ) ONLY ITS IDEOLOGICAL PROPAG&A GR\PS4 ,VALID AS IT MAY BE1 \R !ORY DOES NOT P5ETRATE AMONG ! PEOPLE & IT IS ABOVE ALL ?R\< ACTION ?AT ! PEOPLE CAN $UCATE !MSELVES4 ,LITTLE BY LITTLE1 ACTION WILL GIVE !M A REVOLUTION>Y M5TALITY4 

,! IDEAS ( ! G5]AL /RIKE & DIRECT ACTION EX]T A GREAT ATTRACTION ON ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK+ MASSES4 ,9 ! FUTURE REVOLUTION1 !SE MASSES WILL 9 SOME =M OR O!R CON/ITUTE ! 9FANTRY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y >MY4 ,\R AN>*I/ GR\PS1 SPECIALIZ$ 9 TE*NICAL MATT]S WILL1 SO TO SPEAK1 =M ! >TILL]Y :I*1 ?\< LESS NUM]\S1 IS NO LESS NECESS>Y ?AN ! 9FANTRY4 

,?,O,N,>3 ,COMMUNISM & 9DIVIDUALISM >E EQUAL & 9SEP>ABLE )9 ! COMPLEX :OLE ( ! AN>*I/ IDEA4 ,ORGANIZATION1 JO9T ACTION1 IS 9DISP5SABLE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN>*ISM & DOES NOT CONTRADICT ITS !ORETICAL PREMISES4 ,ORGANIZATION IS A MEANS1 NOT A PR9CIPLE2 BUT IT FOLL[S ?AT 9 ORD] TO BE ACCEPTABLE IT MU/ BE CON/ITUT$ 9 A LIB]T>IAN WAY4 

,ORGANIZATION PROV$ USELESS :5 WE W]E JU/ A T9Y NUMB] ( AN>*I/S :O KNEW EA* O!R & FREQU5T$ EA* O!R REGUL>LY4 ,WE HAVE BECOME A LEGION & WE MU/ TAKE C>E NOT TO DISP]SE \R =CES4 ,SO LET US ORGANIZE \RSELVES1 NOT JU/ = AN>*I/ PROPAG&A1 BUT ALSO & ABOVE ALL = DIRECT ACTION4 

,I AM NOT AT ALL HO/ILE TO SYNDICALISM ABOVE ALL :5 IT IS ( A REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CY4 ,BUT WORK]S' ORGANIZATION IS NOT AN>*I/ & CONSEQU5TLY WE WILL NEV] BE COMPLETELY \RSELVES )9 IT3 \R ACTIVITY CAN NEV] BE TOTALLY AN>*I/4 ,?US ! NE$ TO CREATE LIB]T>IAN GR\PS & F$]ATIONS1 F\ND$ ON ! RESPECT = ! FRE$OM & 9ITIATIVE ( EA* & EV]YONE4 

,K,>,E,L ,V,O,H,R,Y,Z,E,K3 ,IT IS AS AN 9DIVIDUALI/ ?AT ,I WI% TO DEF5D ! CAUSE ( ORGANIZATION6 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DEM& ?AT AN>*ISM CANNOT ALL[ ORGANIZATION BY REASON ( ITS PR9CIPLES4 ,NOT EV5 ! MO/ DY$-9-!-WOOL 9DIVIDUALI/ CONDEMNS ! ASSOCIATION ( 9DIVIDUALS \TRI<T4 

,SAY+1 AS SOMETIMES IS SAID1 EI!R ,/IRN] OR ,KROPOTK91 !REBY OPPOS+ !SE TWO ?9K]S1 IS WRONG4 ,KROPOTK9 & ,/IRN] CANNOT BE OPPOS$ AGA9/ EA* O!R3 !Y EXP\ND$ ! SAME IDEA FROM DIFF]5T PO9TS ( VIEW4 ,?AT IS ALL4 ,& ! PRO( ?AT ,MAX ,/IRN] WAS NOT ! CRAZ$ 9DIVIDUALI/ ?AT HE IS MADE \T TO BE IS ?AT HE PRON\NC$ HIMSELF 9 FAVOR ( 0ORGANIZATION04 ,HE EV5 D$ICAT$ A :OLE *APT] TO ! ASSOCIATION ( EGOI/S4 

,AS \R ORGANIZATION HAS NO EXECUTIVE P[] IT WILL NOT RUN CONTR>Y TO \R PR9CIPLES4 ,9 ! WORK]S' UNIONS WE DEF5D ! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( ! WORK]S4 ,AS = ! RE/1 WE MU/ BE A DI/9CT GR\P & CREATE ORGANIZATIONS ON A LIB]T>IAN BASIS4 

,E,M,M,A ,G,O,L,D,M,A,N3 ,I1 TOO1 AM 9 FAVOR ( ORGANIZATION 9 PR9CIPLE4 ,H[EV]1 ,I FE> ?AT SOON] OR LAT] ?IS WILL FALL 9TO EXCLUSIVISM4 

,DUNOIS HAS SPOK5 AGA9/ ! EXCESSES ( 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,BUT !SE EXCESSES HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) TRUE 9DIVIDUALISM1 AS ! EXCESSES ( COMMUNISM HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) REAL COMMUNISM4 ,I SET \T MY PO9T ( VIEW 9 A REPORT :OSE CONCLUSIONS T5D MORE OR LESS TO ABSORB ! 9DIVIDUALITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,?IS IS A DANG] ?AT MU/ BE =ESE54 ,I1 TOO1 WILL ACCEPT AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION ON JU/ ONE CONDITION3 ?AT IT BE BAS$ ON ! ABSOLUTE RESPECT = ALL 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVES & NOT OB/RUCT !IR DEVELOPM5T OR EVOLUTION4 

,! ESS5TIAL PR9CIPLE ( AN>*Y IS 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL WILL NOT BE AN>*I/ UNLESS IT :OLLY RESPECTS ?IS PR9CIPLE4 

,P,I,],R,E ,R,A,M,U,S3 ,I AM 9 FAVOR ( ORGANIZATION & ( ALL EF=TS WE MAY MAKE 9 ?AT REG>D4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! >GUM5TS PRES5T$ 9 ,DUNOIS' REPORT DO NOT SEEM TO ME TO BE QUALITATIVELY ACCEPTABLE4 ,WE MU/ 5DEAVOR TO RETURN TO AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES AS !Y W]E SET \T BY ,CROISET A %ORT :ILE AGO1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME WE MU/ SY/EMATICALLY ORGANIZE \R MOVEM5T4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE MU/ RE/ ON ! /R5G? ( ! COLLECTIVE & ! COLLECTIVE MU/ F9D EXPRESSION 9 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE4 ,BUT 9 ORD] = ?IS TO HAPP5 9 PRACTICE1 WE MU/ KEEP \R BASIC PR9CIPLES 9TACT4 ,AS = ! RE/1 WE >E F> FROM CREAT+ ANY?+ NEW4 ,9 REALITY1 WE >E ! IMM$IATE SUCCESSORS ( ?OSE :O /OOD ) ,BAKUN9 AGA9/ ,M>X 9 ! OLD ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION4 ,WE >E NOT BR++ ANY?+ NEW & WE CAN ONLY GIVE \R OLD PR9CIPLES NEW LIFE & 5C\RAGE ! T5D5CY TO ORGANIZATION EV]Y:]E4 

,AS = ! AIM ( ! NEW ,9T]NATIONAL1 IT MU/ NOT ACT AS AN AUXILI>Y =CE ( REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM4 ,IT MU/ OCCUPY ITSELF ) ! PROPAG&A ( AN>*ISM 9 ITS 5TIRETY4 

,SIX? SESSION - ,TUESDAY #bg ,AUGU/ - ,EV5+ SESSION 

  
  

,! SESSION OP5S AT EI<T-?IRTY4 ,A L>GE PUBLIC ?RONGS ! HALL & COMRADE ,I4,I4 ,SAMSON1 ( HIS [N 9ITIATIVE SUMM>IZES ! EV5TS ( ! DAY4 ,MALATE/A !N TAKES ! FLOOR1 TO TALK AB\T ORGANIZATION4  
  

,M,A,L,A,T,E,/,A3 ,I HAVE LI/5$ ATT5TIVELY TO EV]Y?+ ?AT HAS BE5 SAID BE=E ME ON ! PROBLEM ( ORGANIZATION & ,I HAVE ! DI/9CT IMPRESSION ?AT :AT SEP>ATES US IS ! DIFF]5T MEAN+ WE GIVE WORDS4 ,LET US NOT SQUABBLE OV] WORDS4 ,BUT AS F> AS ! BASIC PROBLEM IS CONC]N$1 ,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT WE >E 9 TOTAL AGREEM5T4 

,ALL AN>*I/S1 :ATEV] T5D5CY !Y BELONG TO1 >E 9DIVIDUALI/S 9 SOME WAY OR O!R4 ,BUT ! OPPOSITE IS NOT TRUE2 NOT BY ANY MEANS4 ,! 9DIVIDUALI/S >E ?US DIVID$ 9TO TWO DI/9CT CATEGORIES3 ONE :I* CLAIMS ! RI<T TO FULL DEVELOPM5T = ALL HUMAN 9DIVIDUALITY1 !IR [N & ?AT ( O!RS2 ! O!R :I* ONLY ?9KS AB\T ITS [N 9DIVIDUALITY & HAS ABSOLUTELY NO HESITATION 9 SACRIFIC+ ! 9DIVIDUALITY ( O!RS4 ,! ,CZ> ( ALL ! ,RUSSIAS BELONGS TO ! LATT] CATEGORY ( 9DIVIDUALI/S4 ,WE BELONG TO ! =M]4 

,IBS5 WRITES ?AT ! MO/ P[]FUL MAN 9 ! WORLD IS ! ONE :O IS MO/ ALONE6 ,ABSOLUTELY ABSURD6 ,DOCTOR ,/OCKMANN HIMSELF .<#f#g.>1 :OM ,IBS5 HAS PRON\NCE ?IS MAXIM1 WAS NOT EV5 ISOLAT$ 9 ! FULL S5SE ( ! WORD2 HE LIV$ 9 A CON/ITUT$ SOCIETY1 NOT ON ,ROB9SON'S ISL&4 ,MAN 0ALONE0 CANNOT C>RY \T EV5 ! SMALLE/ USEFUL1 PRODUCTIVE TASK2 & IF SOMEONE NE$S A MA/] ABOVE HIM IT IS EXACTLY ! MAN :O LIVES 9 ISOLATION4 ,?AT :I* FREES ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ?AT :I* ALL[S HIM TO DEVELOP ALL HIS FACULTIES1 IS NOT SOLITUDE1 BUT ASSOCIATION4 

,9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO C>RY \T WORK ?AT IS REALLY USEFUL1 COOP]ATION IS 9DISP5SABLE1 TODAY MORE ?AN EV]4 ,)\T D\BT1 ! ASSOCIATION MU/ ALL[ ITS 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S FULL AUTONOMY & ! F$]ATION MU/ RESPECT ?IS SAME AUTONOMY = ITS GR\PS4 ,WE >E C>EFUL NOT TO BELIEVE ?AT ! LACK ( ORGANIZATION IS A GU>ANTEE ( FRE$OM4 ,EV]Y?+ GOES TO %[ ?AT IT IS NOT4 

,AN EXAMPLE3 !RE >E C]TA9 ,FR5* NEWSPAP]S :OSE PAGES >E CLOS$ TO ALL ?OSE :OSE IDEAS1 /YLE OR SIMPLY P]SON HAVE ! MIS=TUNE TO BE UNWELCOME 9 ! EYES ( ! $ITORS4 ,! RESULT IT3 ! $ITORS >E 9VE/$ ) A P]SONAL P[] :I* LIMITS ! FRE$OM ( OP9ION & EXPRESSION ( COMRADES4 ,! SITUATION W\LD BE DIFF]5T IF !SE NEWSPAP]S BELONG$ TO ALL1 9/EAD ( BE+ ! P]SONAL PROP]TY ( ?IS OR ?AT 9DIVIDUAL3 !N ALL OP9IONS C\LD BE FREELY DEBAT$1 

,!RE IS MU* TALK ( AU?ORITY1 ( AU?ORIT>IANISM4 ,BUT WE %\LD BE CLE> :AT WE >E SPEAK+ ( H]E4 ,WE PROTE/ ) ALL \R HE>T AGA9/ ! AU?ORITY EMBODI$ 9 ! ,/ATE1 :OSE ONLY PURPOSE IS TO MA9TA9 ! ECONOMIC SLAV]Y )9 SOCIETY1 & WE WILL NEV] CEASE TO REBEL AGA9/ IT4 ,BUT !RE DOES EXI/ A SIMPLY MORAL AU?ORITY ?AT >ISES \T ( EXP]I5CE1 9TELLIG5CE & TAL5T1 & DESPITE BE+ AN>*I/S !RE IS NO-ONE AMONG US :O DOES NOT RESPECT ?IS AU?ORITY4 

,IT IS WRONG TO PRES5T ! 0ORGANIZ]S01 ! F$]ALI/S1 AS AU?ORIT>IANS2 BUT IT IS EQUALLY QUITE WRONG TO IMAG9E ! 0ANTI-ORGANIZ]S01 ! 9DIVIDUALI/S1 AS HAV+ DELIB]ATELY CONDEMN$ !MSELVES TO ISOLATION4 

,= ME1 ,I REPEAT1 ! DISPUTE BETWE5 9DIVIDUALI/S & ORGANIZ]S IS A SIMPLE DISPUTE OV] WORDS1 :I* DOES NOT HOLD UP TO C>EFUL EXAM9ATION ( ! FACTS4 ,9 ! PRACTICAL REALITY1 :AT DO WE SEE8 ,?AT ! 9DIVIDUALI/S >E AT TIMES 0ORGANIZ]S0 = ! REASON ?AT ! LATT] TOO (T5 LIMIT !MSELVES TO PREA*+ ORGANIZATION )\T PRACTIC+ IT4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ONE CAN COME ACROSS MU* MORE EFFECTIVE AU?ORIT>IANISM 9 ?OSE GR\PS :O NOISILY PROCLAIM ! 0ABSOLUTE FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL01 ?AN 9 ?OSE ?AT >E COMMONLY CONSID]$ AU?ORIT>IAN BECAUSE !Y HAVE A BUREAU & TAKE DECISIONS4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 EV]YONE ORGANIZES !MSELVES - ORGANIZ]S & ANTI-ORGANIZ]S4 ,ONLY ?OSE :O DO LITTLE OR NO?+ CAN LIVE 9 ISOLATION1 CONTEMPLAT+4 ,?IS IS ! TRU?2 :Y NOT RECOGNIZE IT4 

,IF PRO( BE NE$$ ( :AT ,I SAY3 9 ,ITALY ALL ! COMRADES :O >E CURR5TLY ACTIVE 9 ! /RUGGLE REF] TO MY NAME1 BO? ! 09DIVIDUALI/S0 & ! 0ORGANIZ]S01 & ,I BELIEVE ?AT !Y >E ALL RI<T1 AS :ATEV] !IR RECIPROCAL DIFF]5CES MAY BE1 !Y ALL PRACTICE COLLECTIVE ACTION NONE!LESS4 

,5\< ( !SE V]BAL DISPUTES2 LET US /ICK TO ACTION6 ,WORDS DIVIDE & ACTIONS UNITE4 ,IT IS TIME = ALL ( US TO WORK TOGE!R 9 ORD] TO EX]T AN EFFECTIVE 9FLU5CE ON SOCIAL EV5TS4 ,IT PA9S ME TO ?9K ?AT 9 ORD] TO FREE ONE ( \R [N PEOPLE FROM ! CLUT*ES ( ! HANGMAN IT WAS NECESS>Y = US TO TURN TO O!R P>TIES 9/EAD ( \R [N4 ,F]R] W\LD NOT !N [E HIS FRE$OM TO MASONS & B\RGEOIS FREE ?9K]S1 IF ! AN>*I/S GA!R$ TOGE!R 9 A P[]FUL & FE>$ ,9T]NATIONAL HAD BE5 ABLE TO RUN = !MSELVES ! WORLDWIDE PROTE/ AGA9/ ! CRIM9AL 9FAMY ( ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T4 

,LET US 5SURE ?AT ! ,AN>*I/ ,9T]NATIONAL F9ALLY BECOMES A REALITY4 ,TO 5ABLE US TO APPEAL QUICKLY TO ALL \R COMRADES1 TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! REACTION & TO ACT1 :5 ! TIME IS RI<T1 ) REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVE1 !RE MU/ BE AN ,9T]NATIONAL6 

,SEV5? SESSION - ,W$NESDAY #bh ,AUGU/ - ,MORN+ SESSION 

  
  

,! SESSION OP5S %ORTLY AFT] N9E O'CLOCK4 ,FIR/ COMRADE ,R4 ,LANGE IS CONFIRM$ 9 HIS ROLE AS *AIRMAN4 ,!1 FOLL[+ ! ,DUT* & ,G]MAN TRANSLATIONS ( ,MALATE/A'S SPEE*1 ! CORRESPOND5CE IS READ1 ABOVE ALL A LETT] FROM COMRADE ,TSUM9 :O WRITES FROM ,P>IS TO EXCUSE HIMSELF = NOT TAK+ P>T 9 ! ,CONGRESS = HEAL? REASONS4 ,! DISCUSSION ON ORGANIZATION BEGUN ! PREVI\S DAY IS ONCE MORE TAK5 UP4  
  

,M,A,X ,B,A,G,9,S,K,Y3 ,AN ]ROR ?AT IS TOO (T5 MADE IS BELIEV+ ?AT 9DIVIDUALISM REJECTS ORGANIZATION4 ,! TWO T]MS >E1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 9SEP>ABLE4 ,9DIVIDUALISM MORE SPECIFICALLY MEANS WORK+ = 9N] M5TAL LIB]ATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 :ILE ORGANIZATION MEANS ASSOCIATION BETWE5 CONSCI\S 9DIVIDUALS ) A GOAL TO REA* OR AN ECONOMIC NE$ TO SATISFY4 ,WE MU/ NOT H[EV] =GET ?AT A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION REQUIRES P>TICUL>LY 5]GETIC & CONSCI\S 9DIVIDUALS4 

,! ACCUSATION ?AT AN>*Y IS DE/RUCTIVE RA!R ?AN CON/RUCTIVE & ?AT ACCORD+LY AN>*Y IS OPPOS$ TO ORGANIZATION IS ONE ( ! MANY FALSEHOODS SPREAD BY \R ADV]S>IES4 ,!Y CONFUSE TODAY'S 9/ITUTIONS ) ORGANIZATION & ?US CANNOT UND]/& H[ ONE CAN FI<T ! =M] & FAVOR ! LATT]4 ,! TRU? IS1 ?\<1 ?AT ! TWO >E NOT ID5TICAL4 

,! ,/ATE IS G5]ALLY CONSID]$ TO BE ! HI<E/ =M ( ORGANIZATION4 ,BUT IS IT REALLY A TRUE ORGANIZATION8 ,IS IT NOT RA!R AN >BITR>Y 9/ITUTION CUNN+LY IMPOS$ ON ! MASSES8 

,9DU/RY1 TOO1 IS CONSID]$ AN ORGANIZATION2 YET NO?+ IS FUR!R FROM ! TRU?4 ,9DU/RY IS PIRACY ( ! POOR AT ! H&S ( ! RI*4 

,WE >E ASK$ TO BELIEVE ?AT ! >MY IS AN ORGANIZATION1 BUT C>EFUL ANALYSIS WILL %[ ?AT IT IS NO?+ LESS ?AN A CRUEL 9/RUM5T ( BL9D =CE4 

,PUBLIC $UCATION6 ,>E NOT ! UNIV]SITIES & O!R S*OLA/IC 9/ITUTIONS P]HAPS MODELS ( ORGANIZATION1 :I* (F] PEOPLE F9E OPPORTUNITIES TO $UCATE !MSELVES8 ,F> FROM IT2 S*OOL1 MORE ?AN ANY O!R 9/ITUTION1 >E NO?+ MORE ?AN B>RACKS1 :]E ! HUMAN M9D IS TRA9$ & MANIPULAT$ 9 ORD] TO BE SUBJECT$ TO ! V>I\S SOCIAL & M5TAL PHANTOMS1 & ?US R5D]$ CAPABLE ( CONT9U+ ?IS SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION ( \RS4 

,9/EAD1 ORGANIZATION AS WE UND]/& IT IS SOME?+ DIFF]5T4 ,IT IS BAS$ ON FRE$OM4 ,IT IS A NATURAL1 SPONTANE\S GR\P+ ( 5]GIES TO GU>ANTEE B5EFICIAL RESULTS TO HUMANITY4 

,IT IS ! H>MONY ( ORGANIC DEVELOPM5T ?AT PRODUCES ! V>IETY ( COLORS & =MS1 ! COMB9ATION ?AT WE SO ADMIRE 9 A FL[]4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ! ORGANIZ$ ACTIVITY ( FREE HUMAN BE+S IMBU$ ) ! SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY WILL RESULT 9 ! P]FECTION ( SOCIAL H>MONY1 :I* WE CALL AN>*Y4 ,9DE$1 ONLY AN>*Y MAKES ! NON-AU?ORIT>IAN ORGANIZATION ( COMMON 9T]E/S POSSIBLE1 S9CE IT ABOLI%ES ! ANTAGONISM ?AT EXI/S BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & CLASSES4 

,9 ! CURR5T SITUATION1 ! ANTAGONISM ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL 9T]E/S PRODUCES AN UNCEAS+ W> BETWE5 SOCIAL UNITS & REPRES5TS AN 9SURM\NTABLE OB/ACLE ON ! ROAD TO COLLECTIVE WELL-BE+4 

,!RE EXI/S AN ]RONE\S CONVICTION ?AT ORGANIZATION DOES NOT 5C\RAGE 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM & ?AT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT CAUSES A DECAY ( 9DIVIDUAL P]SONALITY4 ,! REALITY IS1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! TRUE FUNCTION ( ORGANIZATION LIES 9 P]SONAL DEVELOPM5T & GR[?4 

,JU/ AS ! CELLS ( AN ANIMAL1 ?R\< RECIPROCAL COOP]ATION1 EXPRESS LAT5T P[]S 9 ! =MATION ( ! COMPLETE ORGANISM1 SO ! 9DIVIDUAL REA*ES ! HI<E/ LEVEL ( HIS DEVELOPM5T ?R\< COOP]ATION ) O!R 9DIVIDUALS4 

,AN ORGANIZATION1 9 ! TRUE S5SE ( ! WORD1 CANNOT BE ! PRODUCT ( A UNION ( PURE NO?+NESS4 ,IT MU/ BE MADE UP ( SELF-CONSCI\S & 9TELLIG5T P]SONS4 ,9 FACT1 ! SUM ( ! POSSIBILITIES & ACTIVITIES ( AN ORGANIZATION IS REPRES5T$ BY ! EXPRESSION ( ! S+LE 5]GIES4 

,IT FOLL[S LOGICALLY ?AT ! GREAT] ! NUMB] ( /RONG1 SELF-CONSCI\S 9DIVIDUALS 9 AN ORGANIZATION1 ! LESS] ! DANG] ( /AGNATION & ! MORE 9T5SE ITS VITAL ELEM5T4 

,AN>*ISM SUPPORTS ! POSSIBILITY ( ORGANIZATION )\T DISCIPL9E1 FE> OR PUNI%M5T1 )\T ! PRESSURE ( POV]TY3 A NEW SOCIAL ORGANISM ?AT WILL 5D ! T]RIBLE /RUGGLE = ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 ! VICI\S /RUGGLE ?AT DAMAGES MAN'S BE/ QUALITIES & CONT9UALLY WID5S ! SOCIAL ABYSS4 ,9 %ORT1 AN>*ISM /RUGGLES = A =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ?AT WILL 5SURE WELL-BE+ = ALL4 

,! EMBRYO ( ! ?IS ORGANIZATION CAN BE F\ND 9 ! TYPE ( SYNDICALISM ?AT HAS FRE$ ITSELF FROM C5TRALIZATION1 BUREAUCRACY & DISCIPL9E1 ?AT 5C\RAGES AUTONOM\S1 DIRECT ACTION BY ITS MEMB]S4 

,D,U,N,O,I,S3 ,I MU/ PO9T \T ?AT :ILE ,I TRI$ TO BR+ ! DISCUSSION FROM ! L(TY HEI<TS ( VAGUE1 AB/RACT IDEAS D[N TO ! CONCRETE1 PRECISE & HUMBLY RELATIVE IDEAS ( ! E>?1 ,CROISET HAS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 S5T IT BACK UP TO ! HEAV5S1 BACK TO METAPHYSICAL HEI<TS :]E ,I REFUSE TO FOLL[4 

,! MOTION ,I PROPOSE = ADOPTION BY ,CONGRESS IS NOT 9SPIR$ BY SPECULATIVE IDEAS ON ! RI<T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO FULL DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT IS BAS$ ON COMPLETELY PRACTICAL CONSID]ATIONS REG>D+ ! NE$ TO ORGANIZE1 TO BR+ GREAT] SOLID>ITY TO \R PROPAG&A & /RUGGLE4  
  

,AT ?IS PO9T1 ,DUNOIS READS ! MOTION1 :OSE SLI<TLY MODIFI$ TEXT CAN BE F\ND BEL[4  
  

,C,O,R,N,E,L,I,S,S,53 ,NO?+ IS MORE RELATIVE ?AN ! CONCEPT ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,9DIVIDUALITY 9 ITSELF DOES NOT EXI/ 9 REALITY1 :]E IT IS ALWAYS LIMIT$ BY O!R 9DIVIDUALITIES4 ,! 9DIVIDUALI/S TOO (T5 =GET !SE REAL LIMITS & 9 FACT ! GREAT B5EFIT ( ORGANIZATION WILL BE TO MAKE ! 9DIVIDUAL AW>E ( ?OSE LIMITS BY ALL[+ HIM TO GET US$ TO CONCILIAT+ HIS RI<T TO P]SONAL DEVELOPM5T ) ! RI<TS ( O!RS4 

,B,5,O,I,T ,B,R,\,T,*,\,X3 ,MY EXP]I5CE AS A REVOLUTION>Y MILITANT HAS DEF9ITELY TAU<T ME ?AT ORGANIZATION IS /ILL ! MO/ EFFECTIVE MEANS TO PREV5T ?AT FETI%ISM :I* IS TOO (T5 APPLI$ ) REG>D TO ! P]SON BY C]TA9 AGITATORS1 :I* CONF]S ON !M AN AU?ORITY ?AT IS ACTUALLY EXTREMELY DANG]\S4 ,Y\ MAY KN[ ?AT 9 ,PAS-DE-,CALAIS WE HAVE A P[]FUL M9]S' ORGANIZATION4 ,WELL1 NO-ONE W\LD F9D AMONG US EV5 ! SLI<TE/ TRACE ( AU?ORITY OR AU?ORIT>IANISM4 ,ONLY \R 5EMIES CAN CLAIM O!RWISE & D5\NCE1 = EXAMPLE1 SOME?+ RESEMBL+ A CON/ITUT$ AU?ORITY 9 ! =M ( ! SECRET>IES ( \R UNION BRAN*ES4 

,G,],H,>,T ,R,I,J,N,D,],S3 ,NEI!R AM ,I HO/ILE TO ORGANIZATION4 ,9 FACT1 !RE IS NOT ONE AN>*I/ :O IS AGA9/ IT1 UND]NEA? IT ALL4 ,EV]Y?+ DEP5DS ON ! WAY 9 :I* ! ORGANIZATION IS CONCEIV$ & SET UP4 ,:AT WE MU/ AVOID ABOVE ALL >E P]SONALITIES4 ,9 ,HOLL&1 = EXAMPLE1 ! EXI/+ ,F$]ATION F> FROM SATISFIES EV]YONE2 BUT IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT ?OSE :O DO NOT APPROVE CAN SIMPLY *OOSE NOT TO JO94 

,E,M,I,L,E ,*,A,P,E,L,I,]3 ,I W\LD ASK ?AT SPEE*ES BE A LITTLE %ORT] & TO ! PO9T4 ,S9CE ,MALATE/A'S SPEE* YE/]DAY EV5+1 :I* DEALT ?OR\<LY ) ! MATT]1 NOT ONE NEW >GUM5T = OR AGA9/ ORGANIZATION HAS BE5 PRODUC$4 ,BE=E TALK+ AB\T AU?ORITY & LIB]TY1 WE %\LD AGREE ON ! MEAN+ ( !SE WORDS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 :AT IS AU?ORITY8 ,IF IT IS ! 9FLU5CE ?AT M5 ( REAL ABILITY EX]CISE 9 A GR\P1 !N ,I HAVE NO?+ TO SAY AGA9/ IT4 ,BUT ! AU?ORITY ?AT WE MU/ AVOID AT ALL CO/S IS ! AU?ORITY :I* >ISES FROM ! FACT ?AT SOME COMRADES BL9DLY FOLL[ ONE MAN OR ANO!R4 ,?IS IS A DANG] & 9 ORD] TO AVOID IT ,I W\LD ASK ?AT ! ORGANIZATION TO BE CREAT$ BE )\T LEAD]S & G5]AL COMMITTEES4 

,G,O,L,D,M,A,N3 ,AS ,I HAVE ALREADY SAID1 ,I AM 9 FAVOR ( ORGANIZATION4 ,I W\LD JU/ LIKE ,DUNOIS' MOTION TO AFFIRM ! LEGITIMACY ( 9DIVIDUAL ACTION EXPLICITLY1 ALONGSIDE ?AT ( COLLECTIVE ACTION .<#f#h.>4 ,I AM !RE=E PRES5T+ AN AM5DM5T TO ! ,DUNOIS MOTION4  
  

,GOLDMAN READS H] AM5DM5T :I*1 AFT] BE+ ACCEPT$ BY ,DUNOIS1 IS LAT] ADD$ TO ! LATT]'S MOTION 9 AN ABBREVIAT$ =M4  
  

,I,S,A,K ,S,A,M,S,O,N3 ,H]E 9 ,HOLL& !RE IS A ,F$]ATION ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNI/S TO :I* ,I BELONG4 ,UND\BT$LY1 AS COMRADE ,RIJND]S WAS SAY+ A %ORT :ILE AGO1 MANY COMRADES HAVE REFUS$ TO JO94 ,= REASONS ( PR9CIPLE8 ,NO1 = REASONS ?AT >E EXCLUSIVELY P]SONAL4 ,WE DO NOT EXCLUDE1 NOR HAVE EV] EXCLUD$1 ANYONE4 ,LET !M COME TO US1 !N1 IF !Y WANT TO4 ,9 FACT1 ,I DO NOT HIDE FROM ! VIEW ?AT1 :ATEV] ! =M ( ORGANIZATION1 !Y WILL ALWAYS BE MALCONT5T4 ,!Y >E SO BY NATURE & WE %\LD NOT WORRY TOO MU* AB\T !IR CRITICISM4 

,V,O,H,R,Y,Z,E,K3 ,! ,DUNOIS MOTION SAYS NO?+ AB\T :AT ! NATURE ( ! AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION %\LD BE2 ,I !RE=E ASK ?AT IT BE COMPLET$ BY MEANS ( AN ADDITION SPECIFY+ ?IS1 AN ADDITION ?AT ,MALATE/A HAS AGRE$ TO SIGN ) ME4  
  

,VOHRYZEK READS ! ADDITION1 :I* CAN BE F\ND BEL[4 ,! DISCUSSION 5DS4 ,! MOTIONS PRES5T$ >E N[ VOT$ ON4 ,!RE >E TWO3 FIR/LY1 ! ,DUNOIS MOTION1 SLI<TLY AM5D$ BY ,GOLDMAN & COMPLET$ BY ,VOHRYZEK & ,MALATE/A2 ! SECOND IS ! MOTION PRES5T$ BY COMRADE ,PI]RE ,RAMUS4  
  

,D,U,N,O,I,S ,M,O,T,I,O,N3  
  

0,! AN>*I/S MEET+ 9 ,AM/]DAM1 #bg ,AUGU/ #a#i#g1 

CONSID]+ ?AT ! IDEAS ( AN>*Y & ORGANIZATION1 F> FROM BE+ 9COMPATIBLE AS IS (T5 /AT$1 COMPLEM5T & CL>IFY EA* O!R1 AS ! V]Y PR9CIPLE ( AN>*Y LIES 9 ! FREE ORGANIZATION OR PRODUC]S2 

CONSID]+ ?AT 9DIVIDUAL ACTION1 IMPORTANT AS IT MAY BE1 CANNOT MAKE UP = ! LACK ( COLLECTIVE ACTION ( A COMB9$ MOVEM5T1 TO ! SAME DEGREE ?AT COLLECTIVE ACTION CANNOT MAKE UP = ! LACK ( 9DIVIDUAL ACTION2 

CONSID]+ ?AT ! ORGANIZATION ( MILITANT =CES W\LD 5SURE NEW DEVELOPM5T ( PROPAG&A & C\LD ONLY ACCEL]ATE ! P5ETRATION ( ! IDEAS ( F$]ALISM & REVOLUTION 9TO ! WORK+ CLASS2 

CONSID]+ ?AT WORK]S' ORGANIZATION1 BAS$ ON COMMON 9T]E/S1 DOES NOT EXCLUDE AN ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON %>$ ASPIRATIONS & IDEAS2 

>E ( ! OP9ION ?AT COMRADES FROM EV]Y C\NTRY %\LD PROCE$ TO =M AN>*I/ GR\PS & F$]ATE ! GR\PS ONCE !Y HAVE BE5 =M$40  
  

,V,O,H,R,Y,Z,E,K-,M,A,L,A,T,E,/,A ,A,D,D,5,D,U,M3  
  

0,! ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION IS AN ASSOCIATION ( GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS 9 :I* NO-ONE CAN IMPOSE HIS WILL NOR BELITTLE ! 9ITIATIVE ( O!RS4 ,ITS GOAL ) REG>D TO ! PRES5T SOCIETY IS TO *ANGE ALL ! MORAL & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS & ACCORD+LY IT SUPPORTS ! /RUGGLE ) ALL APPROPRIATE MEANS40  
  

,R,A,M,U,S ,M,O,T,I,O,N3  
  

0,! ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS AT ,AM/]DAM PROPOSES ?AT ! GR\PS FROM ALL C\NTRIES UNITE 9 LOCAL & REGIONAL F$]ATIONS1 ACCORD+ TO ! V>I\S GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS4 

,WE DECL>E ?AT \R PROPOSAL IS 9SPIR$ BY ! V]Y PR9CIPLES ( AN>*ISM1 AS WE CANNOT SEE ! POSSIBILITY ( 9ITIATIVE & 9DIVIDUAL ACTION \TSIDE ! GR\P1 :I*1 F\ND$ ACCORD+ TO \R WI%ES1 ONLY PROVIDES A PRACTICAL T]RA9 = ! FREE EXPANSION ( ALL 9DIVIDUALITY4 

,! F$]ATIVE ORGANIZATION IS ! MO/ SUITABLE =M = ! AN>*I/ PROLET>IAT4 ,IT UNITES EXI/+ GR\PS 9TO AN ORGANIC :OLE ?AT GR[S ?R\< ! ADDITION ( NEW GR\PS4 ,IT IS ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,IT DOES NOT ALL[ = ANY C5TRAL LEGISLATIVE P[] :I* CAN MAKE OBLIGATORY DECISIONS = ! GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS1 :O HAVE ! RI<T TO DEVELOP FREELY )9 \R COMMON MOVEM5T & TO ACT 9 AN AN>*I/ & ECONOMIC S5SE )\T ANY ORD]S OR OB/ACLES4 ,! F$]ATION DOES NOT EXCLUDE ANY GR\P & EV]Y GR\P IS FREE TO LEAVE ) ANY FUNDS IT HAS PAID OV] OR TO JO9 AGA91 :5EV] IT CONSID]S IT NECESS>Y4 

,WE LIKEWISE RECOMM5D ?AT \R COMRADES =M GR\PS ACCORD+ TO ! NE$S ( !IR RESPECTIVE MOVEM5TS & NOT =GET ?AT ! /R5G? ( ! NATIONAL OR 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T DEP5DS ON ITS CON/ITUTION ON AN 9T]NATIONAL LEVEL1 AS ! MEANS ( EMANCIPATION CAN ONLY D]IVE FROM COMB9$ 9T]NATIONAL ACTION40 

,COMRADES ( ALL C\NTRIES1 ORGANIZE Y\RSELVES 9 AUTONOM\S GR\PS & UNITE 9 AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,F$]ATION3 ! ,AN>*I/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,FOLL[+ ! READ+ ( ! ,FR5*1 ,DUT* & ,G]MAN MOTIONS1 A VOTE IS TAK54 ,! ,DUNOIS MOTION OBTA9S #df VOTES1 ! ,VOHRYZEK ADD5DUM1 #d#h4 ,AGA9/1 ONLY ONE H& IS RAIS$ AGA9/ ! MOTION1 NONE AGA9/ ! ADD5DUM :I* ?US OBTA9S ! UNANIMITY ( VOTES4 

,! ,RAMUS MOTION IS !N PUT TO ! VOTE IMM$IATELY1 OBTA9+ #ac = & #ag AGA9/4 ,MANY ( ?OSE 9 ATT5DANCE DECL>E ?AT !Y >E AB/A9+ AS ! ,RAMUS MOTION ADDS NO?+ TO ! ONE ALREADY VOT$ ON4 

,! REPORT PUBLI%$ 9 0,PAGES ,LIBRES0 UND]L9$ ! IMPORTANCE ( ! VOT+ AT ! ,CONGRESS3  
  

0,! ,AM/]DAM RESOLUTION IS NOT )\T IMPORTANCE3 N[ IT WILL NO LONG] BE POSSIBLE = \R SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC 5EMIES TO 9VOKE \R OLD HATR$ ( ANY SORT ( ORGANIZATION 9 ORD] TO BANI% US FROM SOCIALISM )\T ANY FUR!R TRIAL4 ,! LEG5D>Y 9DIVIDUALISM ( AN>*I/S HAS BE5 PUBLICLY PUT TO DEA? 9 ,AM/]DAM BY ! AN>*I/S !MSELVES1 & ALL \R 5EMIES' BAD FAI? WILL NOT BE ABLE TO RESUSCITATE IT0 .<#f#i.>4  
  

,IT WILL BE SE5 NONE!LESS ?AT BO? 9 ! PREC$+ DISCUSSIONS & 9 ! MOTIONS PRES5T$ ?US F>1 ORGANIZATION WAS DEALT ) ONLY FROM A !ORETICAL PO9T ( VIEW4 ,!RE /ILL REMA9$ TO MAKE DECISIONS ( A PRACTICAL NATURE1 TO CREATE ! ,AN>*I/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,?AT WAS ! TASK ( ! NEXT SESSION4  

,EI<? SESSION - ,W$NESDAY #bh ,AUGU/ - ,AFT]NOON SESSION 

  
  

,?IS WAS A PRIVATE SESSION4 ,! PRESS WAS =EW>N$ ?AT IT W\LD NOT BE ADMITT$ & DID NOT TURN UP4 ,AP>T FROM ?OSE ATT5D+ ! CONGRESS - & A ROLL WAS CALL$ BY NATIONALITY 9 ORD] TO AVOID GATE-CRA%]S - ONLY A SMALL NUMB] ( OBS]V]S WAS PRES5T 9 ! HALL1 AMONG :OM ,FRITZ ,KAT]1 PRESID5T ( ! ,FREIE ,V]E9IGUNG DEUTS*] ,GEW]KS*AFT5 :O HAD BE5 FOLL[+ ! ,CONGRESS PROCE$+S = TWO DAYS FROM ! RANKS ( ! ,G]MAN DELEGATES1 & SEV]AL COMRADES FROM ,AM/]DAM KN[N TO ! ORGANIZ]S4 

,AT ! />T ( ! SESSION ! ORGANIZ+ COMMITTEE ( ! ,CONGRESS PRES5T$ ITS F9ANCIAL REPORT1 FROM :I* IT C\LD BE SE5 ?AT EXP5SES HAD EXCE$$ ! FUNDS 9 H& & A DEFICIT ( >\ND #be FRANCS WAS =ESE54 ,AFT] A %ORT EX*ANGE ( VIEWS1 IT WAS DECID$ TO HAVE A COLLECTION AMONG ?OSE 9 ATT5DANCE AT ! 5D ( ! SESSION & ?AT AN APPEAL = SOLID>ITY TO COMRADES FROM EV]Y C\NTRY W\LD BE MADE AS SOON AS POSSIBLE BY ! ,CONGRESS' TREASUR] 7,J4 ,DE ,BRUIJN7 TO ALL AN>*I/ NEWSPAP]S4 

,AS ,CONGRESS DECID$ ?AT ! REPORT ( ?IS SESSION C\LD NOT BE PUBLI%$ 9 DETAIL1 WE MU/ LIMIT \RSELVES TO A BRIEF GLANCE4 ,ALL W]E 9 AGREEM5T REG>D+ ! USEFULNESS ( E/ABLI%+ 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS AMONG AN>*I/S BUT OP9ION WAS SOME:AT DIVID$ ON ! BE/ WAYS TO E/ABLI% ?OSE RELATIONS4 ,MANY DELEGATES SPOKE DUR+ ! DISCUSSION3 ,GEORGES ,?ON>1 ,H5RI ,FUSS1 ,*APELI]1 ,MALATE/A1 ,FABBRI1 ,CECC>ELLI1 ,MONATTE1 ,ZIEL9SKA1 DE ,M>M&E1 ,BR\T*\X1 ,WALT]1 ,WILQUET1 ,NA*T1 ,SAMSON1 ,CORNELISS51 ,ROGDAEV1 ,VOHRYZEK1 ,LANGE & ,FRI$EB]G4 

,?ON> REQUE/$ ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL BE MADE UP ( NATIONAL & REGIONAL F$]ATIONS EA* GA!R+ A C]TA9 NUMB] ( LOCAL SECTIONS2 ! F$]ATION W\LD CORRESPOND DIRECTLY ) EA* O!R ?R\< TRU/$ P]SONS4 ,FUSS REPLI$ TO ?IS1 SAY+ ?AT RA!R ?AN GO 9TO SU* DETAIL1 ,CONGRESS %\LD LIMIT ITSELF TO CREAT+ A CORRESPOND5CE BUREAU ) ! TASK ( L9K+ ! V>I\S NATIONAL MOVEM5T4 ,VOHRYZEK RAIS$ ! PROBLEM :E!R OR NOT TO ACCEPT ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUALS AS MEMB]S & ASK$ ?AT !Y BE ACCEPT$ ONLY UPON PRES5TATION4 ,NA*T SUPPORT$ ! IDEA ?AT ! DELEGATES ( EXI/+ ORGANIZATIONS %\LD BEG9 BY MAK+ >RANGEM5TS AMONG !MSELVES & LAT] PRES5T+ ,CONGRESS ) A DEF9ITE PLAN = ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,LANGE PROPOS$ ! CREATION ( AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,BUREAU ( ,CORRESPOND5CE ( FIVE MEMB]S1 BAS$ 9 ,LONDON ) ! TASK ( ACT+ AS 9T]M$I>Y BETWE5 ! GR\PS & ?IS PROPOSAL1 AS WILL BE SE51 WAS ACCEPT$ BY ,CONGRESS4 ,!N ,FRI$EB]G ASK$ ?AT ! ,BUREAU REMA9 9 P]MAN5T CONTACT ) ! GR\PS & SET UP ! >*IVES ( 9T]NATIONAL AN>*ISM ) ! NEWSPAP]S & WRITT5 REPORTS ?AT IT W\LD RECEIVE4 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN OPPOS$ ! IDEA ( A ,BUREAU ( ,CORRESPOND5CE4 ,%E ?\<T ?AT ! EXP5SES ?AT A ,BUREAU W\LD 9CUR W\LD BE BETT] SP5T ON ! PUBLICATION ( AN 9T]NATIONAL ,BULLET91 ! CO/S ( :I* ! ,AM]ICAN COMRADES AGRE$ TO BE>4 ,AT ?IS PO9T ,CORNELISS5 REPLI$ ?AT 9 EFFECT ! ,BULLET9 SEEM$ MO/ USEFUL BUT ?AT IT W\LD BE/ BE PUBLI%$ BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BUREAU4 

,AT A C]TA9 PO9T ! *AIRMAN1 ,LANGE1 ANN\NC$ ?AT SEV]AL CONCRETE PROPOSALS HAD BE5 DEPOSIT$ ON HIS DESK DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! DISCUSSIONS4 ,! PROPOSALS CAME FROM COMRADES ,VOHRYZEK1 DE ,M>M&E1 ,FRI$EB]G1 ,LANGE1 ,NA*T1 ,FABBRI1 ,FUSS1 ,BR\T*\X & ,SAMSON &1 F> FROM BE+ 9COMPATIBLE1 COMPLEM5T$ EA* O!R4 ,IT WAS !N PROPOS$ TO FUZE ALL ! PROPOSALS 9TO ONE & ! SESSION WAS SUSP5D$ 9 ORD] TO DO ?IS4 

,! SESSION RECOMM5C$ AFT] HALF AN H\R4 ,VOHRYZEK1 DE ,M>M&E1 ,FRI$EB]G & ! O!RS HAD COME TO AGREEM5T ON ! FOLL[+ TEXT :I* OBTA9$ #dc VOTES AGA9/ #f :5 SUBMITT$ = APPROVAL TO ,CONGRESS3 

0,! AN>*I/S 7F$]ATIONS1 REPRES5T$ GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS7 GA!R$ AT ! ,CONGRESS ( ,AM/]DAM DECL>E ! 0,AN>*I/ ,9T]NATIONAL0 H]EBY F\ND$4 

,IT IS MADE UP ( ! EXI/+ ORGANIZATIONS & ! GR\PS & S+LE COMRADES ?AT MAY JO9 SUCCESSIVELY4 ,! 9DIVIDUALS1 GR\PS & F$]ATIONS %ALL REMA9 AUTONOM\S4 

,AN 9T]NATIONAL BUREAU TO BE COMPOS$ ( #e MEMB]S IS H]EBY E/ABLI%$4 ,?IS BUREAU %ALL HAVE ! TASK ( CREAT+ AN 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ >*IVE1 ACCESSIBLE TO COMRADES4 

,IT %ALL E/ABLI% RELATIONS ) AN>*I/S FROM ! V>I\S C\NTRIES1 BO? DIRECTLY & ?R\< ! M$IATION ( ?REE COMRADES *OS5 BY ! F$]ATIONS & GR\PS FROM ! C\NTRIES 9VOLV$4 

,9 ORD] TO JO9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ON AN 9DIVIDUAL BASIS1 COMRADES MU/ FIR/ BE V\*$ = BY AN ORGANIZATION1 BY ! BUREAU & BY O!R COMRADES KN[N TO HIM4 

,! EXP5SES 9CURR$ BY ! BUREAU1 >*IVE1 ETC41 %ALL BE COV]$ BY ! F$]ATIONS1 GR\PS & 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S40 

,= !IR P>T1 ,BAG9SKY1 ,GOLDMAN & ,RAMUS PRES5T$ ! FOLL[+ MOTION1 :I* OBTA9$ ONLY #d VOTES3 

0,! ,AN>*I/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS DECL>ES ! ,9T]NATIONAL TO BE F\ND$4 ,?IS ,9T]NATIONAL WILL NOT HAVE A C5TRAL BUREAU4 ,ITS FUNCTIONS WILL BE 5SUR$ 9 ! FOLL[+ WAY3 ! F$]ATIONS1 GR\PS & MOVEM5TS ( AN AN>*I/ T5D5CY 9 EV]Y C\NTRY %ALL 9DIVIDUALLY OR COLLECTIVELY ELECT TWO CORRESPOND5TS :OSE NAMES & ADDRESSES %ALL BE PUBLI%$ 9 EV]Y ISSUE ( 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ P]IODICALS4 ,!SE CORRESPOND5TS1 ACCORD+ TO ! 9/RUCTIONS RECEIV$ FROM !IR GR\PS & F$]ATIONS1 %ALL REMA9 9 CON/ANT CONTACT ) ! CORRESPOND5TS FROM O!R C\NTRIES4 ,! PUBLICATION ( AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,BULLET9 IS H]EBY E/ABLI%$40 

,& ?US CAME AB\T ! F\ND+ ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,9T]NATIONAL ?AT SO MANY COMRADES 9 ! ,NE!RL&S1 ,BELGIUM1 ,G]MANY & ,BOHEMIA HAD BE5 LOOK+ =W>D TO = SO LONG4 ,ON ! ANN\NCEM5T ( ! RESULT ( ! VOTE1 UNANIM\S APPLAUSE BROKE \T4 ,IT WAS SEV5 O'CLOCK & ! SESSION DREW TO A CLOSE ) ! S++ ( 0,! ,9T]NATIONALE04  

,N9? SESSION - ,W$NESDAY #bh ,AUGU/ - ,EV5+ SESSION 

  
  

,AT #i O'CLOCK ! L>GE ,PLANCIUS ,HALL IS LIT]ALLY PACK$4 ,LANGE DECL>ES ! SESSION OP54 ,ON ! AG5DA IS ! DISCUSSION ( ! FOLL[+ PO9T3 0,SYNDICALISM & ,AN>*ISM04 ,COMRADE ,PI]RE ,MONATTE FROM ,P>IS1 A COMMITTEE MEMB] ( ! ,CONF$]ATION ,G5]ALE DU ,TRAVAIL1 TAKES ! FLOOR AS ! FIR/ SPEAK]4  
  

,M,O,N,A,T,T,E3 ,MY AIM IS NOT TO (F] A !ORETICAL EXPOSITION ( REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM BUT TO DEMON/RATE IT TO Y\ AT WORK & ?US TO LET ! FACTS SPEAK = !MSELVES4 ,REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM1 UNLIKE SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM :I* CAME BE=E IT1 HAS F\ND A PLACE = ITSELF MORE ?R\< ACTION ?AN ?R\< !ORY & IT MU/ BE S\<T 9 ACTION RA!R ?AN 9 BOOKS4 

,ONE W\LD NE$ TO BE BL9D NOT TO SEE ALL ?AT AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM HAVE 9 COMMON4 ,BO? HAVE ! AIM ( ! COMPLETE DE/RUCTION ( CAPITALISM & ! WAGE SY/EM BY MEANS ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,SYNDICALISM1 :I* IS ! PRO( ( A REAWAK5+ 9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 HAS REM9D$ AN>*ISM ( ITS WORK] ORIG9S2 & 9DE$ AN>*I/S HAVE CONTRIBUT$ 9 NO SMALL WAY TO DRAGG+ ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T ALONG ! REVOLUTION>Y PA? & POPUL>IZ+ ! IDEA ( DIRECT ACTION4 ,SO1 SYNDICALISM & AN>*ISM HAVE REACT$ TO EA* O!R1 TO ! GREAT] B5EFIT ( EA*4 

,IT IS AMONG ! RANKS ( ! ,CONF$]ATION ,G5]ALE DU ,TRAVAIL 9 ,FRANCE ?AT REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ IDEAS HAVE TAK5 =M & DEVELOP$4 ,! ,CONF$]ATION OCCUPIES A PLACE ALL ( ITS [N )9 ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,IT IS ! ONLY ORGANIZATION ?AT1 :ILE DECL>+ ITSELF OP5LY REVOLUTION>Y HAS NO L9KS ) POLITICAL P>TIES1 EV5 ! MORE ADVANC$ ONES4 ,9 MO/ O!R C\NTRIES1 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY PLAYS ! LEAD+ ROLE4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 ! ,C,G,T LEAVES ! SOCIALI/ P>TY 9 ITS WAKE1 ?ANKS TO ITS %E] NUMB]S & ! 9FLU5CE IT EX]TS3 IT EXPECTS TO REPRES5T ALONE ! WORK+ CLASS & HAS OP5LY REJECT$ ALL ! ADVANCES MADE TO IT OV] REC5T YE>S4 ,ITS AUTONOMY IS ITS /R5G? & IT 9T5DS TO REMA9 AUTONOM\S4 

,?IS ATTITUDE ( ! ,C,G,T ( REFUS+ TO DEAL ) P>TIES HAS L$ ITS EXASP]AT$ 5EMIES TO LABEL IT AN>*I/4 ,BUT NO?+ IS FUR!R FROM ! TRU?4 ,! ,C,G,T IS A WIDE GR\P+ ( SYNDICATES & WORK]S' UNIONS & HAS NO (FICIAL DOCTR9E4 ,ALL DOCTR9ES >E REPRES5T$ )9 IT & >E EQUALLY TOL]AT$4 ,! CONF$]AL COMMITTEE DOES CONTA9 A NUMB] ( AN>*I/S1 :O MEET & COOP]ATE ) SOCIALI/S1 ! MAJORITY ( :OM - IT IS WOR? EMPHASIZ+ - >E NO LESS HO/ILE ?AN ! AN>*I/S TO ! IDEA ( AGREEM5TS BETWE5 ! UNIONS & ! SOCIALI/ P>TY4 

,! /RUCTURE ( ! ,C,G,T IS WOR? DESCRIB+4 ,UNLIKE SO MANY O!R WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS IT NEI!R T5DS TO C5TRALIZE NOR IS IT AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,! CONF$]AL COMMITTEE IS NOT1 AS \R RUL]S OR REPORT]S FROM ! B\RGEOIS PRESS IMAG9E1 A MANAG+ COMMITTEE UNIT+ LEGISLATIVE & EXECUTIVE P[]S3 IT IS FREE ( ALL AU?ORITY4 ,! ,C,G,T IS GOV]N$ FROM BEL[ UPW>DS2 ! UNION HAS NO MA/] O!R ?AN ITSELF2 IT IS FREE TO ACT OR NOT TO ACT2 NO EXT]NAL WILL 9T]F]ES OR 9FLU5CES ITS ACTIVITY4 

,! BASIS ( ! ,CONF$]ATION IS ! SYNDICATE4 ,BUT ! SYNDICATE ITSELF DOES NOT JO9 ! ,CONF$]ATION DIRECTLY2 IT DOES SO ONLY ?R\< ITS CORPORATIVE 7TRADE7 F$]ATION ON ! ONE H&1 & ITS ,B\RSE DU ,TRAVAIL ON ! O!R4 ,! ,CONF$]ATION CONSI/S ( ! UNION ( F$]ATIONS & B\RSES4 

,! LIFE ( ! ,CONF$]ATION IS COORD9AT$ BY ! CONF$]AL COMMITTEE :I* IS MADE UP ( DELEGATES FROM BO? ! B\RSES & ! F$]ATIONS4 ,SOME ( ITS MEMB]S GO ON TO =M COMMISSIONS :I* FUNCTION 9 P>ALLEL - ! NEWSPAP] COMMISSION 70,LA ,VOIX DU ,PEUPLE071 ! CONTROL COMMISSION DEAL+ ) F9ANCIAL MATT]S1 & ! /RIKES & G5]AL /RIKE COMMISSION4 

,ONLY CONGRESS HAS ! P[] TO DELIB]ATE COLLECTIVE MATT]S4 ,EV]Y SYNDICATE1 NO MATT] H[ WEAK1 HAS ! RI<T TO BE REPRES5T$ BY A DELEGATE ( ITS [N *OOS+4 

,! ,CONF$]ATION'S ACC\NTS >E RA!R MODE/4 ,LESS ?AN #c1 FRANCS A YE>4 ,! CONT9U\S AGITATION ?AT >OSE FROM ! GREAT MOVEM5T ( ,MAY #aif .<#g.> = ! #h-H\R DAY DID NOT CO/ MORE ?AN #f1 FRANCS4 ,SU* A SMALL FIGURE PROVOK$ GREAT SURPRISE AMONG J\RNALI/S :5 IT WAS ANN\NC$4 ,:AT8 ,! ,CONF$]ATION WAS ABLE TO SUPPORT MON?S & MON?S ( 9T5SE WORK]S' AGITATION ) JU/ A FEW ?\S& FRANCS8 ,! FACT IS ?AT ,FR5* SYNDICALISM1 :ILE POOR ON A F9ANCIAL LEVEL1 IS RI* 9 5]GY1 D$ICATION & 5?USIASM1 & !SE >E RI*ES ?AT >E H>D TO BECOME SLAVES TO4 

,BUT ! ,FR5* WORK]S' MOVEM5T HAS NOT BECOME :AT IT IS TODAY )\T EF=T & TIME4 ,OV] ! LA/ ?IRTY-FIVE YE>S - S9CE ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE - IT HAS GONE ?R\< V>I\S PHASES4 ,! IDEA ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ORGANIZ$ 9TO 0RESI/ANCE SOCIETIES01 BE+ ! AG5T ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS ! IDEA ?AT LAY AT ! HE>T ( ! GREAT ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION F\ND$ 9 ,LONDON 9 #a#h#f#d4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL'S MOTTO WAS1 Y\ WILL RECALL1 0! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S WILL BE ! TASK ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES01 & IT IS /ILL \R MOTTO1 ALL ( US1 ! PROMOT]S ( DIRECT ACTION & 5EMIES ( P>LIAM5T>IANISM4 ,! IDEAS ( AUTONOMY & F$]ATION1 SO POPUL> AMONG US1 ONCE 9SPIR$ ALL ?OSE 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL :O ROSE UP AGA9/ ! ABUSE ( P[] BY ! G5]AL C\NCIL & :O TOOK SIDES ) ,BAKUN9 AFT] ! ,HAGUE CONGRESS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 EV5 ! IDEA ( ! G5]AL /RIKE1 SO POPUL> TODAY1 IS AN IDEA FROM ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 :]E ITS 9NATE P[] WAS FIR/ UND]/OOD4 

,! DEFEAT ( ! ,COMMUNE SP>K$ (F A T]RIBLE REACTION 9 ,FRANCE4 ,! WORK]S' MOVEM5T SUFF]$ A BRUSQUE DECL9E ONCE ITS MILITANTS W]E KILL$ OR =C$ 9TO EXILE4 ,! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 H[EV]1 F\ND ITS FEET AGA9 AFT] A FEW YE>S1 AT FIR/ SL[LY & TIMIDLY1 LAT] TO GR[ MORE & MORE C\RAGE\S4 ,A FIR/ CONGRESS WAS HELD 9 ,P>IS 9 #ahgf .<#g#a.> & WAS 5TIRELY DOM9AT$ BY ! PEACEFUL SPIRIT ( ! COOP]ATIVI/S & ! MUTUALI/S4 ,AT ! FOLL[+ CONGRESS .<#g#b.>1 SOME SOCIALI/S SPOKE UP REG>D+ ! ABOLITION ( ! WAGE SY/EM4 ,F9ALLY1 9 ,M>SEILLES 9 #ahgi .<#g#c.> ! NEW >RIVALS TRIUMPH$ & GAVE ! CONGRESS A M>K$LY SOCIALI/ & REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT]4 ,H[EV]1 !RE QUICKLY >OSE DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! SOCIALI/S ( DIFF]5T S*OOLS & T5D5CIES4 ,9 ,LE ,HAVRE .<#g#d.>1 ! AN>*I/S )DREW1 UN=TUNATELY LEAV+ ! FIELD OP5 TO ! SUPPORT]S ( M9IMUM PROGRAMS & ! CONQUE/ ( P[]4 ,LEFT ALONE1 ! COLLECTIVI/S ALSO 5D$ UP 9 DISAGREEM5T4 ,! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ,GUESDE & ,BR\SSE DE/ROY$ ! NASC5T WORK]S' P>TY1 LEAD+ TO A FULL-SCALE SPLIT .<#g#e.>4 

,BUT NEI!R ! ,GUESDI/S NOR ! ,BR\SSI/S 7:O W]E TO BE SPLIT AGA9 SOME TIME LAT] BY ,ALLEM&E7.<#g#f.> W]E ABLE TO SPEAK = ! PROLET>IAT ANY MORE4 ,! PROLET>IAT1 QUITE RI<TLY 9DIFF]5T TO ! POLEMICS RAG+ BETWE5 ! V>I\S S*OOLS ( ?\<T1 HAD TRANS=M$ ITS UNIONS 9TO :AT IT N[ CALL$ SYNDICATES4 ,LEFT TO !IR [N DEVICES1 9 SAFETY - ?ANKS TO !IR WEAKNESS & ! JEAL\SIES ( ! V>I\S CLIQUES - ! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T GRADUALLY ACQUIR$ /R5G? & CONFID5CE4 ,IT GREW4 ,9 #a#h#i#b1 ! ,F$]ATION DES ,B\RSES WAS =M$ .<#g#g.>4 ,S9CE ITS 9CEPTION 9 #ahie .<#g#h.>1 ! ,CONF$]ATION ,G5]ALE DU ,TRAVAIL HAS PLAC$ MU* EMPHASIS ON MA9TA9+ ITS POLITICAL NEUTRALITY4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 A WORK]S' CONGRESS 9 #ahid 79 ,NANTES7 HAD VOT$ = ! PR9CIPLE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y G5]AL /RIKE .<#g#i.>4 

,?IS IS ! AGE :5 MANY AN>*I/S1 HAV+ F9ALLY REALIZ$ ?AT PHILOSOPHY ALONE IS NOT 5\< TO MAKE A REVOLUTION1 5T]$ ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 :I* ! MORE P]SPICACI\S SAW (F]$ ! BE/ HOPES4 ,F]N& ,PELL\TI] WAS ! MAN :O1 MORE ?AN ANYONE ELSE1 EMBODI$ ?IS EVOLUTION ( ! AN>*I/S .<#h.>4 

,ALL ! LAT] CONGRESSES T5D$ TO %>P5 ! DIVISION BETWE5 ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASS & POLITICS4 ,9 ,T\L\SE 9 #ahig .<#h#a.>1 \R COMRADES ,DELESALLE & ,P\GET HAD :AT >E KN[N AS ! TACTICS ( BOYCOTT & SABOTAGE ADOPT$4 ,9 #a#i1 ! NEWSPAP] 0,LA ,VOIX DU ,PEUPLE0 WAS F\ND$ ) ,P\GET AS ITS *IEF $ITOR .<#h#b.>4 ,! ,C,G,T OV]CAME ITS 9ITIAL DIFFICULTIES & DEMON/RAT$ ITS GR[+ /R5G? MORE & MORE EV]Y DAY4 ,IT WAS BECOM+ A =CE :I* BO? ! GOV]NM5TS & SOCIALI/ P>TIES HAD TO DEAL )4 

,! NEW MOVEM5T WAS !N SUBJECT$ TO A F]OCI\S ASSAULT BY ! GOV]NM5T1 SUPPORT$ BY ALL ! RE=MI/ SOCIALI/S4 ,MILL]&1 :O WAS N[ A GOV]NM5T M9I/] .<#h#c.>1 TRI$ TO REGIM5T ! SYNDICATES & TURN EV]Y ,B\RSE 9TO A BRAN* ( HIS M9I/RY4 ,HE HAD HIR$ AG5TS WORK+ = HIM )9 ! ORGANIZATIONS & TRU/$ MILITANTS W]E ! OBJECT ( ATTEMPTS TO CORRUPT !M4 ,IT WAS A DANG]\S TIME4 ,! DANG]1 H[EV]1 WAS AV]T$ ?ANKS TO ! AGREEM5T BETWE5 ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y FACTIONS - AN>*I/S1 ,GUESDI/S & ,BLANQUI/S4 ,& ONCE ! DANG] WAS OV] ! AGREEM5T REMA9$4 ,/R5G!N$ AFT] #aib ) ! 9FLUX ( ! ,F$]ATION DES ,B\RSES .<#h#d.>1 AN EV5T :I* CREAT$ WORK]S' UNITY1 ! ,CONF$]ATION TODAY DRAWS ITS /R5G? FROM ITSELF2 & IT IS FROM ?IS PACT ?AT REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM WAS BORN1 A DOCTR9E :I* MAKES ! SYNDICATE ! ORGAN & ! G5]AL /RIKE ! 9/RUM5T ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 

,H[EV] - & ,I W\LD CALL ! ATT5TION ( ALL ! NON-,FR5* COMRADES TO ?IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT PO9T - NEI!R ! A*IEVEM5T ( WORK]S' UNITY NOR ! COALITION ( REVOLUTION>IES C\LD ALONE HAVE BR\<T ! ,C,G,T TO ITS PRES5T /R5G? & 9FLU5CE IF WE HAD NOT REMA9$ TRUE1 9 \R UNION PRACTICE1 TO ! BASIC PR9CIPLE ?AT 9 EFFECT EXCLUDES SYNDICATES ( OP9ION3 ONE S+LE SYNDICATE 9 EA* T[N = EA* TRADE4 ,! CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS PR9CIPLE IS ! POLITICAL NEUTRALITY ( ! SYNDICATE1 :I* CANNOT & MU/ NOT BE AN>*I/1 NOR ,GUESDI/1 NOR ,ALLEM&I/1 NOR ,BLANQUI/1 BUT SIMPLY ( ! WORK]S4 ,DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION1 (T5 SUBTLE & >TIFICIAL1 FALL 9TO ! BACKGR\ND 9 ! SYNDICATE1 5ABL+ AGREEM5T4 ,9 PRACTICE1 9T]E/S PREVAIL OV] IDEAS3 ALL ! POLEMICS BETWE5 ! V>I\S S*OOLS & SECTS CANNOT ELIM9ATE ! FACT ?AT ! WORK]S1 :O >E ALL EQUALLY SUBJECT TO ! LAWS ( ! WAGE SY/EM1 HAVE ID5TICAL 9T]E/S4 ,& ?IS IS ! SECRET ( ! AGREEM5T REA*$ BETWE5 !M1 :I* MAKES SYNDICALISM SO /RONG & :I* ALL[$ IT AT ! ,CONGRESS ( ,AMI5S LA/ YE> TO /ATE PR\DLY ?AT IT WAS SUFFICI5T UNTO ITSELF .<#h#e.>4 

,MY CONTRIBUTION H]E W\LD BE DECID$LY 9COMPLETE IF ,I DID NOT DEMON/RATE ! MEANS ?AT REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM C\NTS ON TO A*IEVE ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,!SE MEANS CAN BE SUMM$ UP 9 TWO WORDS3 DIRECT ACTION4 ,BUT :AT IS DIRECT ACTION8 

,= A LONG TIME1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! SOCIALI/ S*OOLS ( ?\<T & 9 P>TICUL> ! ,GUESDI/ S*OOL1 ! WORK]S 5TRU/$ ! TASK ( SATISFY+ !IR DEM&S TO ! ,/ATE4 ,REMEMB] ! WORK]S' M>*ES L$ BY SOCIALI/ DEPUTIES1 DELIV]+ ! F\R? E/ATE'S PETITIONS TO ! PUBLIC P[]S6 ,GIV5 ?AT SU* ME?ODS ( ACTION BR\<T BITT] DISAPPO9TM5T1 IT GRADUALLY CAME TO BE ?\<T ?AT ! WORK]S C\LD ONLY OBTA9 ?OSE RE=MS ?AT !Y W]E ABLE TO IMPOSE BY !MSELVES2 9 O!R WORDS1 ?AT ! MOTTO ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ?AT ,I PREVI\SLY M5TION$ %\LD BE UND]/OOD & APPLI$ AS RIGOR\SLY AS POSSIBLE4 

,DO+ ?+S ONESELF1 DEP5D+ ON ONESELF ALONE - ?AT IS DIRECT ACTION4 ,BUT ?IS NATURALLY TAKES ON DIFF]5T =MS4 

,ITS MA9 =M1 OR RA!R ITS MO/ NOTICEABLE =M1 IS ! /RIKE4 ,A D\BLE-$G$ SWORD1 IT WAS SAID REC5TLY3 A SOLID & WELL-TEMP]$ SWORD1 WE SAY & ONE :I* CAN /RIKE AT ! HE>T ( ! BOSSES IF ABLY H&L$ BY ! WORK]4 ,IT IS ?R\< ! /RIKE ?AT ! WORK+ MASSES 5T] ! CLASS /RUGGLE & FAMILI>IZE !MSELVES ) ! NOTIONS ?AT >ISE !REFROM2 IT IS ?R\< ! /RIKE ?AT !Y RECEIVE !IR REVOLUTION>Y $UCATION1 MEASURE UP !IR /R5G? AGA9/ ! /R5G? ( !IR 5EMY CAPITALISM1 GA9 TRU/ 9 !IR [N P[] & LE>N TO BE AUDACI\S4 

,SABOTAGE IS NO LESS VALUABLE EI!R4 ,IT WORKS ALONG !SE L9ES3 BAD WORK = BAD PAY4 ,LIKE ! /RIKE1 IT HAS ALWAYS EXI/$1 BUT IT HAS ONLY ACQUIR$ ITS REVOLUTION>Y SIGNIFICANCE 9 REC5T YE>S4 ,! RESULTS A*IEV$ BY SABOTAGE >E ALREADY NOTABLE4 ,:]E /RIKES HAVE PROV$ USELESS1 SABOTAGE HAS MANAG$ TO BREAK ! BOSSES' RESI/ANCE4 ,A REC5T EXAMPLE3 ! SABOTAGE ?AT FOLL[$ ! /RIKE & DEFEAT ( ! ,P>ISIAN BUILD+ WORK]S 9 #a#i#f4 ,! BUILD+ WORK]S W5T BACK TO !IR SITES DET]M9$ ?AT !IR PEACE ) ! BOSSES W\LD BE MORE T]RIBLE ?AN !IR W>4 ,& SO1 TACITLY & UNANIM\SLY 9 AGREEM5T1 !Y BEGAN TO SL[ PRODUCTION D[N2 AS IF BY *ANCE1 SACKS ( PLA/] OR CEM5T W]E F\ND TO BE RU9$1 ETC41 ETC4 ,?IS W> IS /ILL CONT9U+ TODAY &1 ,I REPEAT1 ! RESULTS HAVE BE5 IMPRESSIVE4 ,NOT ONLY HAVE ! BOSSES (T5 HAD TO CONC$E1 BUT ! CON/RUCTION WORK]S HAVE COME \T ( ?IS CAMPAIGN MU* MORE CONSCI\S1 MORE 9DEP5D5T1 MORE REBELLI\S4 

,BUT IF ,I DEALT ONLY ) SYNDICALISM AS A :OLE1 =GETT+ TO M5TION ITS P>TICUL> MANIFE/ATIONS1 :AT SORT ( APOLOGY W\LD ?AT BE6 ,! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT 9 ,FRANCE WAS DY+1 YE> AFT] YE> IT LANGUI%$4 ,GUESDE'S REVOLUTIONISM1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS ONLY 9 WORDS OR1 WORSE /ILL1 = ! B5EFIT ( ELECTIONS & P>LIAM5T2 ! REVOLUTIONISM ( ,JAURES1 ON ! O!R H&1 W5T EV5 FUR!R3 IT WAS SIMPLY1 & OP5LY1 M9I/]IAL & GOV]NM5TAL4 ,AS = ! AN>*I/S1 !IR REVOLUTIONISM HAD TAK5 REFUGE 9 ! L(TY HEI<TS ( ! IVORY T[] ( PHILOSOPHICAL SPECULATION4 ,BUT IT WAS AMONG ALL !SE DEFAILLANCES1 9 FACT BECAUSE ( !M1 ?AT SYNDICALISM WAS BORN2 ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT CAME ALIVE AGA91 BECAME R5EW$ AT CONTACT ) IT1 & ! B\RGEOISIE1 = ! FIR/ TIME S9CE AN>*I/ DYNAMITE HAD HU%$ ITS GR&IOSE VOICE1 ! B\RGEOISIE TREMBL$6 

,IT IS IMPORTANT1 !N1 ?AT ! SYNDICALI/ EXP]I5CE ( ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT BE ( USE TO ! PROLET>IAT ( EV]Y C\NTRY4 ,& IT IS ! TASK ( AN>*I/S TO 5SURE ?AT ?IS EXP]I5CE BEG9S AGA9 EV]Y:]E !RE IS A WORK+ CLASS ?AT IS /RUGGL+ = ITS [N EMANCIPATION4 ,9/EAD ( OP9ION-BAS$ SYNDICALISM1 :I* GAVE RISE TO AN>*I/ TRADE-UNIONS 91 = EXAMPLE1 ,RUSSIA & TO ,*RI/IAN & SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC TRADE UNIONS 9 ,BELGIUM & ,G]MANY1 AN>*I/S MU/ PROVIDE ! OPTION ( ,FR5*-/YLE SYNDICALISM1 A NEUTRAL - OR MORE PRECISELY1 9DEP5D5T - =M ( SYNDICALISM4 ,JU/ AS !RE IS ONLY ONE .<WORK+.> CLASS1 SO !RE %\LD BE ONLY ONE S+LE WORK]S' ORGANIZATION1 ONE S+LE SYNDICATE1 = EA* TRADE & 9 EA* T[N4 ,ONLY ON ?IS CONDITION CAN ! CLASS /RUGGLE - NO LONG] FAC+ ! OB/ACLE ( >GUM5TS BETWE5 ! V>I\S S*OOLS ( ?\<T & RIVAL SECTS ON EV]Y PO9T - DEVELOP TO ITS FULLE/ EXT5T & HAVE ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE EFFECT4 

,! ,CONGRESS ( ,AMI5S PROCLAIM$ ?AT SYNDICALISM IS SUFFICI5T UNTO ITSELF4 ,N[ ,I KN[ ?AT ?IS WORD HAS NOT ALWAYS BE5 COMPLETELY UND]/OOD1 NOT EV5 BY AN>*I/S4 ,BUT :AT DOES IT MEAN1 IF NOT ?AT ! N[ MATURE WORK+ CLASS F9ALLY 9T5DS TO BE SUFFICI5T UNTO ITSELF & NOT TO 5TRU/ ITS EMANCIPATION TO ANYONE O!R ?AN ITSELF8 ,:AT AN>*I/ C\LD OBJECT TO SU* A CLE>LY-EXPRESS$ WILL = ACTION8 

,SYNDICALISM DOES NOT WA/E TIME PROMIS+ ! WORK]S HEAV5 ON E>?4 ,IT ASKS !M TO CONQU] IT & ASSURES !M ?AT !IR ACTION WILL NOT BE 5TIRELY 9 VA94 ,IT IS A S*OOL ( WILL1 ( 5]GY1 ( FRUITFUL ?\<T4 ,IT OP5S NEW HOPES & PROSPECTS TO AN>*ISM1 TOO LONG CLOS$ 9 ON ITSELF4 ,LET AN>*I/S EMBRACE SYNDICALISM1 !N2 !IR WORK WILL BE ALL ! MORE FRUITFUL1 !IR /RIKES AGA9/ ! SOCIAL REGIME ALL ! MORE DECISIVE4 

,AS ) EV]Y HUMAN 5DEAVOR1 ! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T IS NOT )\T ITS FAULTS1 BUT F> FROM WI%+ TO HIDE !M1 ,I BELIEVE IT IS USEFUL TO REMEMB] !M CON/ANTLY SO ?AT WE CAN ACT TO OV]COME !M4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT IS ! T5D5CY ( 9DIVIDUALS TO 5TRU/ ! TASK ( /RUGGLE TO !IR SYNDICATES1 TO ! ,F$]ATION1 TO ! ,CONF$]ATION1 TO RELY ON COLLECTIVE /R5G? :5 !IR 9DIVIDUAL 5]GY W\LD BE 5\<4 ,BY CON/ANTLY APPEAL+ TO ! WILL ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 TO HIS 9ITIATIVE & HIS D>+1 WE AN>*I/S CAN REACT VIGOR\SLY AGA9/ ?IS NEGATIVE T5D5CY TO RESORT CONT9U\SLY TO ! COLLECTIVE /R5G? = SMALL & L>GE MATT]S ALIKE4 

,SYNDICALI/ FONCTIONNAIRISME1 FUR!RMORE1 PROVOKES LIVELY CRITICISM :I*1 IT MU/ BE SAID1 IS (T5 JU/IFI$4 ,IT CAN & DOES HAPP5 ?AT SOME MILITANTS NO LONG] FULFILL !IR FUNCTION 9 ORD] TO FI<T 9 ! NAME ( !IR COMRADES1 BUT 9 ORD] TO MAKE A LIV+4 ,BUT WE MU/ NOT D$UCE FROM ?IS ?AT ! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS MU/ DO )\T (FICIALS4 ,MANY ORGANIZATIONS CANNOT DO )\T !M4 ,BUT !Y >E A NECESSITY :OSE DEFECTS CAN BE CORRECT$ BY AN EV]-VIGILANT SPIRIT ( CRITICISM4 

,T5? SESSION - ,?URSDAY #bi ,AUGU/ - ,MORN+ SESSION 

  
  

,! SESSION OP5S AT N9E-?IRTY4 ,IT IS DECID$ ?AT ! *AIRMAN %ALL REMA9 UN*ANG$ UNTIL ! 5D ( ! ,CONGRESS4 ,AFT] ! TRANSLATIONS ( ,MONATTE'S SPEE* 9TO ,DUT* & ,G]MAN1 ,FRI$EB]G SPEAKS TO OBS]VE ?AT ALL ! MA9 ,EUROPEAN PAP]S HAVE PUBLI%$ REPORTS ON ! ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRAT PAP]S4 ,!SE PAP]S1 MO/ NOTABLY 0,VORW>TS01 HAVE OBS]V$ ! MO/ RELIGI\S SIL5CE2 !Y UND\BT$LY PREF] TO 5T]TA9 !IR READ]S ) ! DIPLOMATIC F>CE CURR5TLY BE+ PLAY$ \T 9 ! ,HAGUE6  
  

,M,A,L,A,T,E,/,A3 ,RA!R ?AN REGRET ?IS UNANIM\S SIL5CE1 ,I W\LD BE HAPPY AB\T IT1 P]SONALLY SPEAK+4 ,9 ! PA/1 EV]Y TIME ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC PRESS HAS DEALT ) AN>*I/S IT HAS BE5 TO SL&] !M4 ,N[ IT SAYS NO?+3 ?AT AT LEA/ IS A /EP =W>D4  
  

,BUT ,MONATTE DID NOT WANT 0,L',HUMANITE01 ! ,FR5* SOCIALI/ PAP]1 & 0,VORW>TS01 ! RI* & P[]FUL 0C5TRAL ORGAN0 ( ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 TO BE PLAC$ ON ! SAME LEVEL4 0,L',HUMANITE0 WAS POOR & HAD NO CORRESPOND5TS 9 ,AM/]DAM4 ,MONATTE WAS CONV9C$ ?AT ?IS WAS ! ONLY REASON = ! SIL5CE ON ! P>T ( 0,L',HUMANITE0 .<#h#f.>4  
  

,M,A,L,A,T,E,/,A3 ,TIME IS PASS+ & WE >E /ILL F> FROM HAV+ GOT ?R\< \R TOO-FULL AG5DA4 ,WE /ILL HAVE ?REE IMPORTANT PROBLEMS TO DISCUSS3 0,SYNDICALISM & ,AN>*ISM02 0,! ECONOMIC G5]AL /RIKE & ! POLITICAL G5]AL /RIKE02 0,ANTI-MILIT>ISM & ,AN>*ISM01 NOT TO M5TION MANY QUE/IONS ( SECOND>Y IMPORTANCE4 ,AS IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEP>ATE SYNDICALISM FROM ! G5]AL /RIKE1 ,I W\LD ASK ?AT 9 ORD] TO SAVE TIME1 !Y BE DISCUSS$ TOGE!R4  
  

,IT IS DECID$ ?AT ! QUE/IONS ( SYNDICALISM & ! G5]AL /RIKE BE UNIFI$ UND] ! TITLE 0,SYNDICALISM & ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE0 & ?AT ! DISCUSSION TAKE PLACE 9 ! AFT]NOON4 

,COMRADE ,NIKOLAI ,ROGDAEV TAKES ! FLOOR TO SPEAK AB\T 0,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION04 ,ROGDAEV SPEAKS 9 ,RUSSIAN & MO/ PEOPLE ATT5D+ ! ,CONGRESS DO NOT UND]/& HIM .<#h#g.>4 ,EV]YONE'S EYES1 H[EV]1 >E FIX$ ON ?AT PALE Y\? 9 :OSE EYES BURN A /RANGE FLAME4 ,& EV]YONE CAN GUESS AT :AT HE IS SAY+4 ,HE SPEAKS AB\T ! /RUGGLE 9 :I* ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S 79CLUD+ HIMSELF7 >E 5GAG$ AGA9/ MURD]\S CZ>ISM2 HE RECALLS ! REVOLTS & ! M>TYRS1 ! SUFF]+ & ! EXECUTIONS1 ALL ! 5ORM\S DRAMA ?AT IS BE+ PLAY$ \T 9 ,RUSSIA ONLY TO BE MET ) ! 9DIFF]5CE ( ,EUROPE4 

,AT ?IS PO9T1 ,SIEGFRI$ ,NA*T RAIS$ AN 9CID5T4 ,HE ACCUS$ COMRADE ,CROISET ( HAV+ GIV5 9=MATION TO SOME B\RGEOIS J\RNALI/S FROM ,AM/]DAM ! PREVI\S EV5+ ON YE/]DAY'S PRIVATE SESSION4 ,HE SUGGE/$ ?AT ,CROISET GIVE SOME PUBLIC EXPLANATION4 

,NA*T'S WORDS PROVOK$ GREAT EMOTION ?R\<\T ! ASSEMBLY4 ,IT WAS NOT KN[N :AT 9=MATION ,CROISET HAD PROVID$ & IT WAS FE>$ ?AT IT C\LD POSSIBLY BE DAMAG+ TO SOME DELEGATES 79 P>TICUL> ! ,G]MANS7 ONCE !Y RETURN$ TO !IR C\NTRIES4 

,BUT ,CROISET ROSE & ASK$ TO SPEAK4 ,HE WAS PALE4 ,HIS DEF5SE1 ALT]NATELY 9 ,DUT*1 ,G]MAN & ,FR5*1 WAS LI/5$ TO 9 SIL5CE4  
  

,C,R,O,I,S,E,T3 ,:AT ,NA*T SAYS IS 9 EFFECT TRUE1 ,I REALIZE ?AT ) DEEP REGRET4 ,I AM WOR?Y ( Y\R REPROA*1 & ,I ACCEPT IT A PRIORI1 A RESULT ( MY GUILTY ?\<TLESSNESS4 ,I WI% ONLY TO PROTE/ VEHEM5TLY ONE EXPRESSION US$ BY ,NA*T4 ,HE SAYS ?AT HE 0SURPRIS$0 ME4 ,ONLY ONE :O HIDES CAN BE SURPRIS$4 ,H[EV]1 IT WAS DUR+ ! C\RSE ( YE/]DAY'S PUBLIC MEET+ ?AT ,I SPOKE TO ! J\RNALI/S4 ,I W\LD ADD ?AT ! 9=MATION GIV5 CANNOT COMPROMISE ANY ( \R COMRADES4 

,M,A,L,A,T,E,/,A3 ,:ILE ,I DEPLORE COMRADE ,CROISET'S ?\<TLESSNESS1 ,I W\LD ASK ,CONGRESS TO CONT9UE ) ! AG5DA BE=E IT4  
  

,! MAJORITY %>$ ,MALATE/A'S PO9T ( VIEW & =MALLY REPROA*$ ,CROISET4 ,IT %\LD BE ADD$ ?AT SOME ( ?OSE PRES5T1 REPRES5T$ BY ,*APELI]1 W]E CONTR>Y TO ?IS REPROA*1 GIV5 ,CROISET'S APOLOGY & ! PRACTICALLY 9EXI/5T DAMAGE4  

,ELEV5? SESSION - ,?URSDAY #bi ,AUGU/ - ,AFT]NOON SESSION 

  
  

,AS SOON AS ! SESSION OP5$1 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN READ \T A RESOLUTION 9 SUPPORT ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION PROPOS$ BY COMRADES ,ROGDAEV & ,VLADIMIR ,ZABREZHNEV TOGE!R ) ,GOLDMAN1 ,CORNELISS51 ,BAG9SKY1 ,PETR ,MUNZIC1 ,LUIGI ,FABBRI & ,MALATE/A4 ,! RESOLUTION WAS UNANIM\SLY PASS$4 

,DISCUSSION ( ! G5]AL /RIKE & SYNDICALISM !N RESUM$4 ,! FIR/ TO SPEAK WAS ,*RI/IAAN ,CORNELISS54  
  

,C,O,R,N,E,L,I,S,S,53 ,I DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT ANY AN>*I/ C\LD OBJECT TO ,MONATTE'S SPEE*4 ,H[EV]1 IT %\LD BE AGRE$ ?AT HE SPOKE SOLELY FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( A SYNDICALI/ MILITANT & ?AT FROM AN AN>*I/ VIEWPO9T HIS SPEE* REQUIRES COMPLETION4 

,AN>*I/S1 WE MU/ SUPPORT BO? SYNDICALISM & DIRECT ACTION1 BUT ON ONE CONDITION3 ?AT !IR GOAL BE REVOLUTION>Y & ?AT !Y DO NOT CEASE TO AIM AT TRANS=M+ TODAY'S SOCIETY 9TO A COMMUNI/ & LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 

,WE CANNOT HIDE FROM ! FACT ?AT NEI!R SYNDICALISM NOR DIRECT ACTION >E ALWAYS1 NECESS>ILY REVOLUTION>Y4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE TO USE !M = CONS]VATIVE1 EV5 REACTION>Y1 5DS4 ,?US ! DIAMOND WORK]S ( ,AM/]DAM & ,ANTW]P HAVE GREATLY IMPROV$ !IR WORK+ CONDITIONS )\T RESORT+ TO P>LIAM5T>Y MEANS1 BY ! SOLE USE ( DIRECT SYNDICALI/ ACTION4 ,& :AT DO WE SEE N[8 ,! DIAMOND CUTT]S HAVE MADE A SORT ( CLOS$ CA/E ( !IR CORPORATION1 >\ND :I* !Y HAVE BUILT A ,*9ESE WALL4 ,!Y HAVE LIMIT$ ! NUMB] ( APPR5TICES & !Y OPPOSE EX-CUTT]S RETURN+ TO ! TRADE ONCE !Y HAVE LEFT4 ,C]TA9LY WE CANNOT APPROVE ( SU* PRACTICES6 

,& NEI!R IS ?IS A ,DUT* SPECIALTY4 ,9 ,5GL& & 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! UNIONS HAVE (T5 PRACTIC$ DIRECT ACTION4 ,!Y HAVE US$ DIRECT ACTION TO CREATE A /ATE ( PRIVILEGE = !IR MEMB]S2 !Y PREV5T =EIGN WORK]S FROM WORK+ EV5 :5 !Y >E MEMB]S ( UNIONS2 & LA/LY1 BE+ MADE UP ( 0QUALIFI$0 WORK]S1 !Y HAVE AT TIMES OPPOS$ ! MOVEM5TS ( MANUAL LABOR]S1 ( 0UNQUALIFI$0 WORK]S4 ,WE CAN APPROVE ( NONE ( ?IS4 

,SIMIL>LY1 WE CANNOT APPROVE ( ! ATTITUDE ( ! ,FR5* & ,SWISS TYPOGRAPH]S :O REFUSE TO WORK ) WOM54 ,!RE IS AT PRES5T A ?REAT ( W> BETWE5 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,JAPAN1 BUT ! FAULT LIES NOT ) ! ,AM]ICAN CAPITALI/S & B\RGEOISIE1 :O W\LD DRAW EV5 GREAT] B5EFIT FROM EXPLOIT+ ,JAPANESE WORK]S ?AN ,AM]ICAN WORK]S4 ,NO1 IT IS ! ,AM]ICAN WORK]S !MSELVES :O >E SP>K+ (F ! W> BY VIOL5TLY OPPOS+ ! IMPORTATION ( ,JAPANESE MANP[]4 

,F9ALLY1 !RE >E ALSO O!R =MS ( DIRECT ACTION ?AT WE MU/ NEV] CEASE TO COMBAT3 = EXAMPLE1 ?OSE ?AT SEEK TO OPPOSE ! 9TRODUCTION ( MA*9]Y 7L9OTYPES1 HOI/S1 ETC471 9 O!R WORDS ! IMPROVEM5T ( PRODUCTION ?R\< ! IMPROVEM5T ( ! TOOLS ( PRODUCTION4 

,I 9T5D TO COND5SE !SE IDEAS 9TO ! =M ( A MOTION ?AT WILL SET \T :I* =MS ( SYNDICALISM & DIRECT ACTION AN>*I/S CAN SUPPORT4  
  

,COMRADE ,MALATE/A IMM$IATELY TAKES ! FLOOR & REPLIES TO ,MONATTE ) ONE ( HIS MO/ VIGOR\S SPEE*ES4 ,FROM ! MOM5T ! OLD REVOLUTION>Y BEG9S TO SPEAK1 ) ! D[N-TO-E>? ELOQU5CE & FRANKNESS SO APPRECIAT$ BY ALL1 SIL5CE FALLS ON ! HALL4  
  

,M,A,L,A,T,E,/,A3 ,I WI% TO /ATE /RAI<T AWAY ?AT ,I WILL ONLY DEAL H]E ) ?OSE >EAS 9 :I* ,I AM 9 DISAGREEM5T ) ! PREVI\S SPEAK]S1 & 9 P>TICUL> ,MONATTE4 ,O!RWISE ,I W\LD BE NE$LESSLY 9FLICT+ Y\ ) PO9TLESS REPETITION1 SOME?+ :I* WE CAN ALL[ \RSELVES TO DO AT A RALLY1 = EXAMPLE1 FAC$ ) A HO/ILE OR 9DIFF]5T AUDI5CE4 ,BUT H]E WE >E AMONG COMRADES & ,I AM SURE ?AT ON HE>+ ME CRITICIZE :AT !RE IS TO BE CRITICIZ$ 9 SYNDICALISM NONE ( Y\ WILL BE TEMPT$ TO TAKE ME = AN 5EMY ( ORGANIZATION & WORK]S' ACTION2 W]E ?AT TO HAPP5 IT W\LD MEAN Y\ DO NOT KN[ ME V]Y WELL6 

,! CONCLUSION >RIV$ AT BY ,MONATTE IS ?AT SYNDICALISM IS A NECESS>Y & SUFFICI5T MEANS = SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,MONATTE HAS DECL>$ ?AT SYNDICALISM IS SUFFICI5T UNTO ITSELF4 ,& ?IS IS1 9 MY OP9ION1 A RADICALLY ]RONE\S DOCTR9E4 ,! AIM ( MY SPEE* IS TO C\NT] ?IS DOCTR9E4 

,SYNDICALISM1 & MORE PRECISELY ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T 7! WORK]S' MOVEM5T IS A FACT ?AT NO-ONE CAN IGNORE1 :]EAS SYNDICALISM IS A DOCTR9E1 A SY/EM1 & WE MU/ AVOID CONFUS+ !M71 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 ,I REPEAT1 HAS ALWAYS F\ND 9 ME A /AUN*1 BUT NOT BL9D1 DEF5D]4 ,IT IS BECAUSE ,I SEE IT AS A P>TICUL>LY FAVORABLE T]RA9 = \R REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&A & AT ! SAME TIME A PO9T ( CONTACT BETWE5 ! MASSES & \RSELVES4 ,I DO NOT NE$ TO 9SI/ ON ?IS PO9T4 ,IT MU/ BE ADMITT$ ?AT ,I HAVE NEV] BE5 ONE ( ?OSE AN>*I/ 9TELLECTUALS :O B5EVOL5TLY WALL$ !MSELVES UP 9 ! IVORY T[] ( PURE SPECULATION ONCE ! OLD ,9T]NATIONAL DISAPPE>$2 ?AT ,I HAVE NEV] /OPP$ FI<T+ ?AT ATTITUDE ( HAU<TY ISOLATION :]EV] ,I HAVE F\ND IT1 BE IT 9 ,5GL&1 ,ITALY1 ,FRANCE1 OR ELSE:]E1 NOR PU%+ COMRADES BACK TO ! PA? ?AT ! SYNDICALI/S1 =GETT+ A GLORI\S PA/1 CALL NEW1 BUT ?AT ! FIR/ AN>*I/S HAD ALREADY E/ABLI%$ & FOLL[$ )9 ! 9T]NATIONAL4 

,I WANT AN>*I/S TO 5T] ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T TODAY1 AS !Y DID 9 ! PA/4 ,I AM A SYNDICALI/1 9 ! S5SE ( BE+ A SUPPORT] ( ! SYNDICATES1 TODAY AS ,I WAS 9 ! PA/4 ,I DO NOT DEM& AN>*I/ SYNDICATES ?AT W\LD IMM$IATELY JU/IFY SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC SYNDICATES1 OR REPUBLICAN1 OR ROYALI/ OR O!RS :I* W\LD AT BE/ BE ABLE TO DIVIDE ! WORK+ CLASS MORE ?AN EV]4 ,I DO NOT EV5 WANT R$ SYNDICATES1 BECAUSE ,I DO NOT WANT YELL[ SYNDICATES4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,I WANT SYNDICATES ?AT >E OP5 TO ALL WORK]S )\T DI/9CTION ( OP9IONS1 ABSOLUTELY NEUTRAL SYNDICATES4 

,SO !N1 ,I AM = ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE P>TICIPATION 9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,BUT ,I AM = IT ABOVE ALL 9 ! 9T]E/ ( \R PROPAG&A1 :OSE RANGE ( ACTION W\LD BE CONSID]ABLY 9CREAS$4 ,IT IS JU/ ?AT ?IS P>TICIPATION CANNOT RESULT 9 \R R5\NC+ \R DE>E/ IDEAS4 ,9 ! SYNDICATES WE MU/ REMA9 AS AN>*I/S1 ) ALL ! =CE & BREAD? ( ! T]M4 ,! WORK]S' MOVEM5T IS NO?+ MORE ?AN A MEANS - ALBEIT OBVI\SLY ! BE/ ( ALL ! MEANS AT \R DISPOSITION4 ,BUT ,I REFUSE TO TAKE ?IS MEANS AS AN 5D1 & ,I W\LD REJECT IT IF IT W]E TO MAKE US LOSE SI<T ( ! O!R ELEM5TS ( \R AN>*I/ IDEAS1 OR MORE SIMPLY \R O!R MEANS ( PROPAG&A & ACTION4 

,! SYNDICALI/S ON ! O!R H& TEA* US TO MAKE AN 5D ( ! MEANS1 TO TAKE ! P>TIAL = ! :OLE4 ,?AT IS H[ 9 ! M9DS ( SOME ( \R COMRADES SYNDICALISM IS AB\T TO BECOME A NEW DOCTR9E1 ?REAT5+ ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( AN>*ISM4 

,N[1 EV5 IF IT IS RE9=C$ BY ! PO9TLESS USE ( ! ADJECTIVE REVOLUTION>Y1 SYNDICALISM IS & ALWAYS WILL BE A LEGALIT>IAN1 CONS]VATIVE MOVEM5T ) NO O!R POSSIBLE GOAL - AT BE/ - ?AN ! IMPROVEM5T ( WORK+ CONDITIONS4 ,I NE$ GO NO FUR!R = PRO( ?AN ! EXAMPLE (F]$ BY ! GREAT ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN UNIONS4 ,HAV+ PRES5T$ !MSELVES AS RADICALLY REVOLUTION>Y1 AT A TIME :5 !Y W]E /ILL WEAK1 ONCE !Y GREW 9 SIZE & WEAL? !SE UNIONS !SE UNIONS BECAME M>K$LY CONS]VATIVE ORGANIZATIONS1 SOLELY OCCUPI$ ) CREAT+ PRIVILEGES = !IR MEMB]S 9 ! FACTORY1 WORK%OP OR M9E1 & >E MU* LESS HO/ILE TO ! BOSSES' CAPITALISM ?AN ! NON-ORGANIZ$ WORK]S1 ?AT RAGG$ PROLET>IAT SO MALIGN$ BY ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS6 ,N[1 ?IS CONT9UALLY-GR[+ PROLET>IAT ( ! UNEMPLOY$1 :I* C\NTS = NO?+ ) SYNDICALISM1 OR RA!R :I* C\NTS ONLY AS AN OB/ACLE1 CANNOT BE =GOTT5 BY US AN>*I/S & WE MU/ DEF5D IT BECAUSE IT IS SUBJECT$ TO ! WOR/ SUFF]+S4 

,LET ME REPEAT3 AN>*I/S MU/ 5T] ! WORK]S' SYNDICATES4 ,FIR/LY1 9 ORD] TO C>RY \T AN>*I/ PROPAG&A2 SECONDLY1 BECAUSE IT IS ! ONLY MEANS ?AT CAN PROVIDE US ) GR\PS ?AT WILL BE 9 A POSITION TO TAKE OV] ! RUNN+ ( PRODUCTION COME ! DAY2 FUR!RMORE1 WE MU/ JO9 9 ORD] TO C\NT]ACT TO ! BE/ ( \R ABILITIES ?AT DETE/ABLE /ATE ( M9D ?AT LEADS ! UNIONS TO DEF5D ONLY P>TICUL> 9T]E/S4 

,! BASIC ]ROR ( ,MONATTE & ( ALL REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S1 9 MY OP9ION1 D]IVES FROM AN OV]LY SIMPLI/IC CONCEPTION ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,IT IS A CONCEPTION :]EBY ! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( ALL WORK]S - ( ! WORK+ CLASS - >E HELD TO BE EQUAL1 :]EBY IT IS 5\< = WORK]S TO SET AB\T DEF5D+ !IR [N P>TICUL> 9T]E/S 9 ORD] = ! 9T]E/S ( ! :OLE PROLET>IAT AGA9/ ! BOSSES TO BE DEF5D$4 

,! REALITY IS V]Y DIFF]5T1 9 MY VIEW4 ,! WORK]S1 LIKE ! B\RGEOISIE1 LIKE EV]YONE1 >E SUBJECT TO ! LAW ( UNIV]SAL COMPETITION ?AT D]IVES FROM ! SY/EM ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & ?AT WILL ONLY BE EXT+UI%$ TOGE!R ) ?AT SY/EM4 

,!RE >E !RE=E NO CLASSES1 9 ! PROP] S5SE ( ! T]M1 BECAUSE !RE >E NO CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,!RE EXI/S COMPETITION & /RUGGLE )9 ! WORK+ 0CLASS01 JU/ AS !RE DOES AMONG ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( ONE CATEGORY ( WORK] >E IMPLACABLY 9 CONTRA/ ) ?OSE ( ANO!R CATEGORY4 ,& 9DE$ WE SOMETIMES SEE SOME WORK]S MU* CLOS]1 ECONOMICALLY & M5TALLY1 TO ! B\RGEOISIE ?AN TO ! PROLET>IAT4 ,CORNELISS5 GAVE US SOME EXAMPLES ( ?IS FACT H]E 9 ,HOLL&4 ,& !RE >E O!RS4 ,I NE$ NO REM9D Y\ ?AT WORK]S V]Y (T5 USE VIOL5CE DUR+ !IR /RIKES444 AGA9/ ! POLICE OR ! BOSSES8 ,NO1 AGA9/ ! SCABS :O TOO >E EXPLOIT$ & EV5 MORE UN=TUNATE1 :ILE ! WORK]S' TRUE 5EMIES1 ! ONLY REAL OB/ACLE TO SOCIAL EQUALITY1 >E ! POLICE & ! BOSSES4 

,H[EV]1 MORAL SOLID>ITY BETWE5 PROLET>IANS IS POSSIBLE1 IF ECONOMIC SOLID>ITY IS NOT4 ,WORK]S :O LIMIT !MSELVES TO ! DEF5SE ( !IR CORPORATIVE 9T]E/S WILL NOT KN[ :AT IT IS1 BUT !RE WILL COME ! DAY :5 ! %>$ WILL TO TRANS=M SOCIETY WILL MAKE NEW M5 ( !M4 ,9 TODAY'S SOCIETY1 SOLID>ITY CAN ONLY BE ! RESULT ( %>+ A COMMON IDEAL4 ,IT IS ! TASK ( AN>*I/S TO 9CITE ! SYNDICATES TO ! IDEAL1 GUID+ !M LITTLE BY LITTLE T[>DS ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION - AT ! RISK ( DAMAG+ ?OSE 0IMM$IATE GA9S0 :I* !Y >E SO FOND ( TODAY4 

,ONE CAN NO LONG] D5Y ?AT UNION ACTION C>RIES RISKS4 ,! GREATE/ ( !SE RISKS C]TA9LY LIES 9 MILITANTS ACCEPT+ (FICIAL POSITIONS 9 ! UNIONS1 ABOVE ALL :5 !Y >E PAID POSITIONS4 ,AS A G5]AL RULE1 ! AN>*I/ :O ACCEPTS P]MAN5T1 PAID (FICE )9 A UNION IS LO/ TO PROPAG&A1 & LO/ TO AN>*ISM6 ,HE BECOMES 9DEBT$ TO ?OSE :O PAY HIM &1 AS !Y >E NOT AN>*I/S1 ! PAID (FICIAL :O F9DS HIMSELF TORN BETWE5 HIS [N CONSCI5CE & HIS [N 9T]E/S WILL EI!R FOLL[ HIS CONSCI5CE & LOSE HIS POSITION OR ELSE FOLL[ HIS 9T]E/S & SO1 GOODBYE AN>*ISM6 

,! (FICIAL IS A DANG] TO ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 COMP>ABLE ONLY TO P>LIAM5T>IANISM3 BO? LEAD TO CORRUPTION & FROM CORRUPTION TO DEA? IT IS ONLY A %ORT /EP4 

,N[1 LET US MOVE ON TO ! G5]AL /RIKE4 ,AS F> AS ,I AM CONC]N$1 ,I ACCEPT ! PR9CIPLE & PROMOTE IT AS MU* AS ,I CAN1 & HAVE DONE SO = SEV]AL YE>S4 ,! G5]AL /RIKE HAS ALWAYS /RUCK ME AS AN EXCELL5T MEANS TO SET (F ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,H[EV]1 LET US TAKE C>E TO AVOID FALL+ UND] ! DANG]\S ILLUSION ?AT ! G5]AL /RIKE CAN MAKE ! REVOLUTION SUP]FLU\S4 

,WE >E EXPECT$ TO BELIEVE ?AT BY SUDD5LY HALT+ PRODUCTION ! WORK]S WILL />VE ! B\RGEOISIE 9TO SUBMISSION )9 A FEW DAYS4 ,P]SONALLY SPEAK+1 ,I CAN ?9K ( NO?+ MORE ABSURD4 ,! FIR/ TO />VE TO DEA? DUR+ A G5]AL /RIKE WILL NOT BE ! B\RGEOISIE :O HAVE ALL ! ACCUMULAT$ PRODUCE AT !IR DISPOSAL1 BUT ! WORK]S1 :O ONLY HAVE !IR LABOR TO LIVE ON4 

,! G5]AL /RIKE AS IT IS DESCRIB$ TO US IS A PURE UTOPIA4 ,EI!R ! WORK]S1 />V+ AFT] ?REE DAYS ( /RIK+1 WILL GO BACK TO WORK ) HIS TAIL BETWE5 HIS LEGS & WE ADD YET ANO!R DEFEAT TO ! LI/1 OR HE WILL DECIDE TO TAKE ! PRODUCTS 9TO HIS [N H&S BY =CE4 ,& :O WILL TRY TO /OP HIM8 ,SOLDI]S1 G5D>MES1 ! B\RGEOISIE ITSELF1 & ! :OLE MATT] WILL BE NECESS>ILY DECID$ ) RIFLES & BOMBS4 ,IT WILL BE AN 9SURRECTION & VICTORY WILL LIE ) ! /RONGE/4 

,SO !N1 LET US PREP>E = ?IS 9EVITABLE 9SURRECTION 9/EAD ( LIMIT+ \RSELVES TO EXALT+ ! G5]AL /RIKE AS IF IT W]E A PANACEA = ALL EVILS4 ,& PLEASE DO NOT RAISE ! OBJECTION ?AT ! GOV]NM5T IS >M$ TO ! TEE? & WILL ALWAYS BE /RONG] ?AN ! 9SURG5TS4 ,9 ,B>CELONA 9 #a#i#b1 ! >MY WAS NOT SO NUM]\S .<#h#h.>4 ,BUT !RE HAD BE5 NO PREP>ATION = >M$ /RUGGLE & ! WORK]S1 :O DID NOT UND]/& ?AT POLITICAL P[] WAS !IR REAL 5EMY1 S5T DELEGATES TO ! GOV]NOR TO ASK HIM TO GET ! BOSSES TO GIVE 94 

,FUR!RMORE1 ! G5]AL /RIKE1 EV5 TAK5 ON ! LEVEL ( :AT IT REALLY IS1 IS /ILL A TWO-$G$ SWORD ?AT MU/ BE US$ ) PRUD5CE4 ,! SUBSI/5CE S]VICES W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO COPE ) A PROLONG$ /OPPAGE4 ,IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO TAKE CONTROL ( FOOD SUPPLIES BY =CE1 & /RAI<T AWAY - )\T WAIT+ = ! /RIKE TO TURN 9TO 9SURRECTION4 

,RA!R ?AN 9VIT+ ! WORK]S TO /OP WORK+1 :AT WE %\LD BE DO+ IS ASK+ !M TO GO ON WORK+1 BUT = !IR [N B5EFIT4 ,UNLESS ?AT HAPP5S1 ! G5]AL /RIKE WILL SOON BECOME A G5]AL FAM9E1 EV5 IF WE W]E /RONG 5\< TO COMM&E] ALL ! PRODUCE 9 ! W>EH\SES /RAI<T AWAY4 ,! IDEA ( ! G5]AL /RIKE HAS ITS ORIG9S 9 A COMPLETELY ]RONE\S CONVICTION3 ! CONVICTION ?AT HUMANITY C\LD CONSUME ! PRODUCE ACCUMULAT$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE = MON?S & YE>S )\T HAV+ TO PRODUCE ANY?+4 ,?IS CONVICTION 9SPIR$ ! AU?ORS ( TWO PROPAG&A PAMPHLETS PUBLI%$ AB\T TW5TY YE>S AGO3 0,LES PRODUITS DE LA ,T]RE0 & 0,LES PRODUITS DE L',9DU/RIE0 .<#h#i.>1 PAMPHLETS ?AT HAVE DONE MORE H>M ?AN GOOD 9 MY OP9ION4 ,TODAY'S SOCIETY IS NOT AS RI* AS IS ?\<T4 ,9 ONE PIECE1 ,KROPOTK9 %[$ ?AT IF !RE W]E TO BE A SUDD5 9T]RUPTION 9 PRODUCTION1 ,5GL& W\LD SURVIVE = ONLY ONE MON?1 & ,LONDON NO MORE ?AN ?REE DAYS4 ,I AM FULLY AW>E ( ! PH5OM5ON ( OV]PRODUCTION4 ,BUT EV]Y OV]PRODUCTION IS IMM$IATELY CORRECT$ BY CRISES ?AT QUICKLY RE/ORE ORD] TO 9DU/RY4 ,OV]PRODUCTION IS ALWAYS TEMPOR>Y & RELATIVE4 

,BUT IT IS TIME TO CONCLUDE4 ,I US$ TO DEPLORE ! FACT ?AT COMRADES ISOLAT$ !MSELVES FROM ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,TODAY1 ,I DEPLORE ! FACT ?AT MANY ( US >E GO+ TO ! OPPOSITE EXTREME & ALL[+ \RSELVES TO BE ABSORB$ BY ?AT MOVEM5T4 ,ONCE AGA9 ,I REPEAT1 WORK]S' ORGANIZATION1 ! /RIKE1 ! G5]AL /RIKE1 DIRECT ACTION1 ! BOYCOTT1 SABOTAGE & >M$ 9SURRECTION >E ALL SIMPLY MEANS4 ,AN>*Y IS ! GOAL4 ,! AN>*I/ REVOLUTION ?AT WE WANT GOES F> BEYOND ! 9T]E/S ( ONE CLASS3 :AT IS PROPOS$ IS ! COMPLETE LIB]ATION ( HUMANITY1 :I* IS CURR5TLY 9 A /ATE ( S]VITUDE1 FROM AN ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & M5TAL PO9T ( VIEW4 ,SO1 LET US BE W>Y ( ANY UNILAT]AL1 SIMPLI/IC MEANS ( ACTION4 ,SYNDICALISM1 AN EXCELL5T MEANS ( ACTION BECAUSE ( ! WORK] =CES IT PLACES AT \R DISPOSAL1 CANNOT BE \R ONLY GOAL4 ,& EV5 LESS SO %\LD IT ALL[ US TO LOSE SI<T ( ! ONLY GOAL ?AT IS WOR? ! EF=T3 ,AN>*Y4 

,TWELF? SESSION - ,?URSDAY #bi ,AUGU/ - ,EV5+ SESSION 

  
  

,! SESSION BEG9S T[>DS N9E O'CLOCK ) ! ,DUT* TRANSLATION ( ,MALATE/A'S SPEE*1 AFT] :I* ! DISCUSSION CONT9UES4  
  

,F,R,I,$,E,B,],G3 ,AS ,I AGREE ) ,MALATE/A ON ! QUE/ION ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 AN>*ISM ON ! ONE H& & SYNDICALISM & ! G5]AL /RIKE ON ! O!R1 ,I W\LD BE WA/+ ,CONGRESS' TIME IF ,I SPOKE AT ANY L5G?4 

,LIKE ,MALATE/A1 ,I DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT AN>*ISM GIVES ITSELF ! SOLE OBJECTIVE ( EMANCIPAT+ ONE CLASS1 H[EV] 9T]E/+ IT MAY BE1 BUT ! :OLE ( HUMANITY1 )\T DI/9CTION ( CLASS1 SEX1 NATIONALITY OR RACE4 ,KEEP+ ALL AN>*I/ ACTION )9 ! B\ND>IES ( ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T MEANS1 9 MY OP9ION1 DO+ GRAVE 9JU/ICE TO ! ESS5TIAL & PR(\ND *>ACT]I/IC ( AN>*ISM4 

,I SET BE=E ! *AIR A MOTION 9SPIR$ BY ?IS IDEA & SUBMIT IT TO ! APPROVAL ( ,CONGRESS4 

,F,U,S,S3 ,I W\LD PO9T \T TO ,MALATE/A ?AT !RE >E /ILL SOME AN>*I/S :O1 = ALL !IR 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 REMA9 NO LESS FAI?FUL1 & DECL>$LY SO1 TO !IR CONVICTIONS4 ,! TRU? IS ?AT !Y F9D IT IMPOSSIBLE TO VIEW ! ORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAT AS M]ELY F]TILE T]RA9 = PROPAG&A4 ,F> FROM CONSID]+ IT A SIMPLE MEANS1 !Y ATTRIBUTE TO IT ITS [N VALUE & WI% = NO?+ MORE ?AN TO BE ! VANGU>D ( ! >MY ( LABOR ON ! M>* T[>DS EMANCIPATION4 

,WE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE1 ?AT IS TO SAY AGA9/ CAPITAL & AGA9/ AU?ORITY4 ,?IS IS ! CLASS /RUGGLE2 BUT UNLIKE POLITICAL /RUGGLES1 IT TAKES PLACE ESS5TIALLY ON ! ECONOMIC T]RA91 >\ND ?OSE FACTORIES :I* WILL ONE DAY HAVE TO BE TAK5 OV]4 ,WE >E NO LONG] LIV+ 9 TIMES :5 ! REVOLUTION MEANS TAK+ OV] A FEW T[N HALLS & DECREE+ ! NEW SOCIETY FROM A BALCONY4 ,! SOCIAL REVOLUTION WE >E WORK+ T[>DS WILL MEAN ! EXPROPRIATION ( A CLASS4 ,! COMBAT UNIT IS !RE=E NOT AS 9 ! PA/ AN OP9ION GR\P1 BUT A TRADE GR\P1 WORK]S' UNION OR SYNDICATE4 ,! LATT] IS ! MO/ APPROPRIATE ORGAN ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,BUT IT IS ESS5TIAL ?AT IT BE PROGRESSIVELY GUID$ T[>DS ! APPROPRIAT+ G5]AL /RIKE & ?AT IS :AT WE 9VITE COMRADES 9 EV]Y C\NTRY TO DO4 

,S,A,M,S,O,N3 ,AMONG ! MEANS ( WORK]S' ACTION RECOMM5D$ BO? BY SYNDICALI/S & AN>*I/S1 SABOTAGE OCCUPIES A LEAD+ ROLE4 ,H[EV]1 ,I FEEL OBLIG$ TO PO9T \T C]TA9 RES]VATION 9 ITS REG>D4 ,SABOTAGE DOES NOT FULFILL ITS AIM2 IT SEEKS TO DAMAGE ! BOSS1 BUT 9/EAD IT DAMAGES ?OSE :O USE IT &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 SETS ! PUBLIC AGA9/ ! WORK]S4 

,WE MU/ SEEK TO P]FECT ! WORK+ CLASS ) ALL \R /R5G?2 BUT ,I BELIEVE ?AT SABOTAGE WORKS AGA9/ ?IS OBJECTIVE2 IF IT ONLY DAMAG$ MA*9]Y1 IT W\LD NOT BE SU* A BAD ?+1 BUT IT DAMAGES ABOVE ALL ! PR(ESSIONAL MORALITY ( ! WORK] & = ?IS REASON ,I AM AGA9/ IT4 

,B,R,\,T,*,\,X3 ,I AM F> FROM %>+ ,MALATE/A'S FE>S REG>D+ SYNDICALISM & ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,AS ,I HAVE ALREADY SAID1 ,I BELONG TO A M9]S' UNION :I* IS TOTALLY WON OV] TO REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS & ME?ODS4 ,?IS UNION HAS SUPPORT$ 5]GETIC1 VIOL5T /RIKES :I* HAVE NOT BE5 =GOTT5 - & WILL SUPPORT O!RS 9 ! FUTURE2 9 \R UNION WE KN[ ONLY TOO WELL :AT ! HYPOCRITICAL TACTICS ( CONCILIATION & >BITRATION PREA*$ BY ! APO/LES ( SOCIAL PEACE LEAD TO1 & WE BELIEVE ONLY 9 /RUGGLE1 9 VIOL5T DEM&S & 9 REVOLT4 ,! EVOLUTION TAK+ PLACE AMONG US 9 WORK]S' CIRCLES SEEMS TO ME TO GIVE LIE =MALLY TO ,MALATE/A'S !ORIES4 

,V,O,H,R,Y,Z,E,K3 ,I AM HOP+ TO PROPOSE A SPECIFIC MOTION ON ! POLITICAL G5]AL /RIKE TO ,CONGRESS4 ,! IDEA ( ?IS G5]AL /RIKE IS GA9+ GR\ND DAY BY DAY 9 ! ,G]MAN C\NTRIES1 ESPECIALLY S9CE ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS HAVE MADE IT !IR [N1 NO D\BT BELIEV+ !Y CAN ?US DAMAGE ! ECONOMIC G5]AL /RIKE SUPPORT$ BY ! AN>*I/S4 

,AN>*I/ MU/ OPPOSE ! PROPAG&A 9 FAVOR ( A /RIKE DE/9$ NOT TO PUT AN 5D TO ! EXPLOITATION ( ! PROLET>IAT BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 BUT TO SAFEGU>D ! 9/ITUTION ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE UND] ?REAT FROM ! GOV]NM5T OR TO CONQU] POLITICAL P[]4 

,NONE!LESS1 IF SU* A /RIKE BROKE \T1 AN>*I/S W\LD HAVE TO TAKE P>T 9 ORD] TO PU% ! WORK]S FIRMLY 9 ! DIRECTION ( REVOLUTION & TO 9/ILL ! MOVEM5T ) ! GOAL ( ECONOMIC DEM&S4 

,R,A,M,U,S3 ,:ILE COMRADE ,MONATTE MAY HAVE JU/IFI$ 9 ADVANCE ALL ! RES]VES ?AT ,MALATE/A LAT] EXPRESS$ BY SPEAK+ FROM AN EXCLUSIVELY REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ PO9T ( VIEW1 ,I CAN ONLY ASSOCIATE MYSELF FULLY ) ,MALATE/A4 

,IT SEEMS ABSOLUTELY ESS5TIAL TO ME ?AT WE NEV] LOSE SI<T ( ! FACT ?AT SYNDICALISM1 ! G5]AL /RIKE & DIRECT ACTION ) ALL ITS V>I\S =MS CANNOT BE CONSID]$ AS ANY?+ BUT TRULY AN>*I/ MEANS ( ACTION4 ,SYNDICALISM CAN BE SAID TO BE CONTA9$ )9 AN>*ISM2 BUT IT W\LD BE WRONG TO SAY ?AT SYNDICALISM CONTA9S AN>*ISM4 

,! GREAT M]IT ( SYNDICALISM1 ( UNION ACTION1 ESS5TIALLY CONSI/S 9 OPPOS+ B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>IANISM 9 PRACTICE1 SOME?+ :I* IS EVID5T4 ,BUT JU/ AS ,I CANNOT LOOK AT ! G5]AL /RIKE AS A SURROGATE ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ,I CANNOT ADMIT ?AT SYNDICALISM IS SUFFICI5T UNTO ITSELF1 AS ! SYNDICALI/S DO4 ,AN>*ISM HAS ALREADY PROVID$ IT ) ALL ITS WEAPONS ( W>2 :5 IT HAS ALSO RECEIV$ A PHILOSOPHY & AN IDEAL ONLY !N WILL WE ADMIT ?AT SYNDICALISM IS SUFFICI5T UNTO ITSELF4 ,& IT WILL BE SUFFICI5T UNTO ITSELF BECAUSE IT WILL HAVE BECOME444 AN>*ISM6 

,9 CLOS+ LET ME SAY ?IS3 WE >E AN>*I/S FIR/ & =EMO/1 !N SYNDICALI/S4 ,BUT NEV] ! OPPOSITE4  
  

,IT IS PA/ MIDNI<T :5 COMRADE ,RAMUS F9I%ES HIS SPEE*4 ,?OSE PRES5T AT ! ,CONGRESS >E V]Y TIR$ & ! ATMOSPH]E 9 ! HALL HAS GRADUALLY BECOME MORE & MORE HEAT$ & AGITAT$4 ,!RE IS A G5]AL DESIRE TO BR+ ! DEBATE ON SYNDICALISM TO A CLOSE AT ANY CO/ & ,DUNOIS VA9LY REQUE/S ?AT ,MONATTE'S REPLY BE PO/PON$ TO ! NEXT DAY4  
  

,M,O,N,A,T,T,E3 ,LI/5+ TO ,MALATE/A ?IS EV5+ AS HE BITT]LY CRITICIZ$ NEW REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS1 ,I ?\<T ,I WAS HE>+ AN E*O FROM ! DI/ANT PA/4 ,MALATE/A'S BE/ RESPONSE TO ! NEW IDEAS1 :OSE BRUTAL REALISM FRI<T5S HIM1 IS TO DRAG UP ! OLD IDEAS ( ,BLANQUISM ?AT ONCE L$ US TO BELIEVE ?AT ! WORLD C\LD BE R5EW$ BY MEANS ( A TRIUMPHANT >M$ 9SURRECTION4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S H]E ?IS EV5+ HAVE BE5 WIDELY REPROA*$ = SACRIFIC+ AN>*ISM & ! REVOLUTION TO SYNDICALISM & ! G5]AL /RIKE4 ,WELL !N1 ,I CAN P]SONALLY TELL Y\ ?AT \R AN>*ISM IS WOR? JU/ AS MU* AS Y\RS & WE HAVE NO 9T5TION :ATSOEV] ( HAUL+ D[N \R FLAG1 JU/ LIKE Y\4 ,LIKE EV]YONE ELSE H]E1 AN>*ISM IS \R F9AL GOAL4 ,IT IS JU/ ?AT AS ! TIMES HAVE *ANG$1 WE TOO HAVE *ANG$ \R CONCEPTION ( ! MOVEM5T & ! REVOLUTION4 ,REVOLUTION CAN NO LONG] BE C>RI$ \T AS IT WAS 9 '#d#h4 ,AS = SYNDICALISM1 :ILE IT MAY 9 PRACTICE HAVE GIV5 RISE TO ]RORS & DEVIATIONS 9 SOME C\NTRIES1 EXP]I5CE WILL /OP US FROM REPEAT+ !M4 ,9/EAD ( CRITICIZ+ SYNDICALISM'S PA/1 PRES5T & EV5 FUTURE DEFEATS FROM ON HI<1 IF AN>*I/S BECAME MORE CLOSELY 9VOLV$ ) ITS WORK1 ! DANG]S ?AT SYNDICALISM CAN HIDE WILL BE AV]T$ = EV]4 

,?,O,N,>3 ,DESPITE :AT ,MONATTE SAYS1 !RE >E NO Y\NG OR OLD PEOPLE H]E DEF5D+ NEW IDEAS OR OLD IDEAS4 ,MANY Y\NG PEOPLE1 & ,I AM ONE ( !M1 GLORY 9 NOT AB&ON+ ONE IOTA ( AN>*I/ IDEAS1 :I* >E SAFELY %ELT]$ FROM ! RAVAGES ( ! /ORM4 

,IF ANY?+1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT !RE >E SIMPLY DIFF]5CES ( JUDGM5T BETWE5 ! 0Y\NG0 ON ONE SIDE & ! 0OLD0 ON ! O!R1 DIFF]5CES :I* >E NOT 5\< TO DIVIDE ! AN>*I/ >MY 9TO TWO RIVAL CAMPS4  
  

,! SESSION CAME TO A CLOSE AT ONE O'CLOCK 9 ! MORN+4  

,?IRTE5? SESSION - ,FRIDAY #c ,AUGU/ - ,MORN+ SESSION 

  
  

,IT IS N9E O'CLOCK :5 ,LANGE1 :O HAS REMA9$ AS *AIRMAN1 DECL>ES ! SESSION OP54 ,! DEBATE ON SYNDICALISM & ! G5]AL /RIKE IS F9I%$ & !RE REMA9S ONLY TO VOTE ON ! V>I\S MOTIONS ?AT HAVE BE5 PRES5T$1 BE=E MOV+ ON TO ! SUBJECT ( ANTI-MILIT>ISM4 ,COMRADE ,>I/IDE ,CECC>ELLI1 ?\<1 ASKS TO SAY A FEW WORDS ON ! ,>G5T9EAN WORK]S' & AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,HE TAKES ! FLOOR4  
  

,>,I,/,I,D,E ,C,E,C,C,>,E,L,L,I3 ,= SOME YE>S N[ 9 ,>G5T9A A /RONG WORK]S' MOVEM5T HAS BE5 DEVELOP+4 ,!RE EXI/S A GR\P ( MILITANTS :O DESCRIBE !MSELVES AS SYNDICALI/4 ,BUT1 LIKE ! ,ITALIAN SYNDICALI/S :OM !Y GREATLY RESEMBLE1 !Y HAVE NOT R5\NC$ ! ME?ODS ( P>LIAM5T>IANISM2 ! ONLY ONES TO C>RY \T ANY S]I\S WORK )9 ! WORK+ CLASS ALONG REVOLUTION>Y L9ES >E ! AN>*I/S4 ,IT CAN BE SAID ?AT ALMO/ ALL ! ORGANIZATION 9 ! ,F$]ACION ,OBR]A ,REGIONAL ,>G5T9A .<#i.> %[ LIB]T>IAN T5D5CIES2 & MANY ( !SE C>RY \T AN>*I/ PROPAG&A DIRECTLY4 ,! REC5T ,>G5T9EAN WORK]S' CONGRESS1 DESCRIB$ AS A UNIFICATION CONGRESS .<#i#a.>1 APPROV$ ) A L>GE MAJORITY ! PROPOSAL MADE TO ! UNIONS TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! PROPAG&A ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM4  
  

,CECC>ELLI GOES ON TO \TL9E ! MIS]ABLE /ATE ( ! ,>G5T9EAN WORK]S & 5DS BY DECL>+ ?AT HE IS AU?ORIZ$ TO PROPOSE ! AN>*I/ CONGRESS VOTE ON A RESOLUTION AIM$ AT IMP$+ AS MU* AS POSSIBLE ,EUROPEAN EMIGRATION TO A C\NTRY :]E1 AS MU* IF NOT MORE ?AN ANY O!R1 !RE IS NEI!R BREAD NOR FRE$OM4 

,]RICO ,MALATE/A & SEV]AL O!R DELEGATES !N OBS]VE ?AT ! RESOLUTION PROPOS$ BY ,>I/IDE ,CECC>ELLI M]ITS SPECIAL DISCUSSION1 :I* CONGRESS CANNOT 5GAGE 9 AT ! MOM5T AS IT MU/ FIR/ F9I% DEAL+ ) ! MATT] ( SYNDICALISM4 

,)\T DELIB]AT+ ON ! PROBLEM RAIS$ BY ,CECC>ELLI1 IT IS DECID$ TO MOVE ON TO ! VOTE ON ! MOTIONS RELAT+ TO SYNDICALISM & ! G5]AL /RIKE1 ( :I* !RE >E F\R4  

,F,I,R,/ ,M,O,T,I,O,N3 ,C,O,R,N,E,L,I,S,S,5 - ,V,O,H,R,Y,Z,E,K - ,M,A,L,A,T,E,/,A 

  
  

0,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS CONSID]S ! ,SYNDICATES AS BO? FI<T+ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE = ! BETT]M5T ( WORK+ CONDITIONS & AS UNIONS ( PRODUC]S ?AT CAN S]VE 9 ! TRANS=MATION ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9TO AN ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 

,?US ,CONGRESS1 :ILE RECOGNIZ+ ?AT IT MAY BE NECESS>Y TO CREATE SPECIAL REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALI/ GR\PS1 RECOMM5DS ?AT COMRADES SUPPORT ! G5]AL ,SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATIONS :I* >E OP5 TO ALL ! WORK]S ( ! SAME CATEGORY4 

,BUT ,CONGRESS CONSID]S ?AT IT IS ! FUNCTION ( ,AN>*I/S TO CON/ITUTE ! REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5T 9 !SE ORGANIZATIONS & TO PROPAGATE ONLY ?OSE =MS & MANIFE/ATIONS ( DIRECT ACTION 7/RIKES1 BOYCOTTS1 SABOTAGE1 ETC47 ?AT >E 9H]5TLY REVOLUTION>Y & AIM$ AT TRANS=M+ SOCIETY4 

,AN>*I/S CONSID] ! ,SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T & ! G5]AL /RIKE AS P[]FUL REVOLUTION>Y MEANS1 BUT NOT AS SUB/ITUTES = REVOLUTION4 

,!Y ALSO RECOMM5D ?AT 9 ! EV5T ( ! PROCLAMATION ( A ,G5]AL ,/RIKE = ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]1 COMRADES P>TICIPATE 9 ! /RIKE BUT AT ! SAME TIME SEEK TO USE !IR 9FLU5CE TO 5C\RAGE ! ,SYNDICATES TO PU% !IR ECONOMIC DEM&S4 

,AN>*I/S ?9K ?AT ! DE/RUCTION ( CAPITALI/1 AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY CAN ONLY COME AB\T ?R\< >M$ 9SURRECTION & VIOL5T EXPROPRIATION1 & ?AT USE ( ! /RIKE1 MORE OR LESS G5]AL1 & ! ,SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T MU/ NOT ALL[ US TO =GET MORE DIRECT MEANS ( /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! MILIT>Y MI<T ( GOV]NM5TS40 

,?IS MOTION IS SIGN$ NOT ONLY BY ITS AU?ORS1 BUT ALSO BY COMRADES ,WILQUET1 ,GOLDMAN1 DE ,M>M&E1 ,ROGDAEV & ,KNOTEK1 & IS PASS$ ) #cc VOTES = & #a AGA9/4  

,S,E,C,O,N,D ,M,O,T,I,O,N3 ,F,R,I,$,E,B,],G 

  
  

0,! CLASS /RUGGLE & ! ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT >E NOT ID5TICAL TO ! IDEAS & ASPIRATIONS ( ,AN>*ISM1 :I* GO BEYOND ! IMM$IATE ASPIRATIONS ( CLASSES & >E AIM$ AT ! ECONOMIC & MORAL LIB]ATION ( ALL HUMANS1 AT AN 5VIRONM5T FREE FROM AU?ORITY & NOT AT A NEW P[]1 ?AT ( ! MAJORITY OV] ! M9ORITY4 

,AN>*ISM1 H[EV]1 SEES 9 ! ELIM9ATION ( CLASS OPPRESSION1 9 ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ECONOMIC 9EQUALITIES1 AN ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y & ESS5TIAL /AGE T[>DS ! A*IEVEM5T ( ITS F9AL GOAL4 ,AN>*ISM MU/ OPPOSE ! /RUGGLE = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT BE+ WAG$ ) MEANS ?AT CONTRADICT AN>*I/ IDEAS & IMP$E ! TRUE GOAL ( ,AN>*ISM4 ,AN>*I/S !RE=E REFUSE TO WAGE ! /RUGGLE ACCORD+ TO ! ME?ODS ( ,M>XI/ SOCIALISM1 ?AT IS TO SAY P>LIAM5T>IANISM & A CORPORATIVE UNION MOVEM5T :OSE ONLY GOAL IS ! BETT]M5T ( ! PROLET>IAT'S CONDITIONS1 MEANS ?AT IMPLY ! CONSEQU5TIAL DEVELOPM5T ( A NEW BUREAUCRACY1 ( AN APPROV$ OR UNAPPROV$ 9TELLECTUAL AU?ORITY1 & ! OPPRESSION ( ! M9ORITY BY ! MAJORITY4 ,AN>*I/ MEANS = ! ABOLITION ( CLASS OPPRESSION CAN ONLY BE ?OSE ?AT >ISE DIRECTLY FROM ! AFFIRMATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL P]SON3 0DIRECT ACTION0 & 09DIVIDUAL DISOB$I5CE0 - ?AT IS TO SAY ACTIVE & PASSIVE 9DIVIDUALISM1 BO? BY ONE P]SON & BY A MASS1 MOV+ ) A COLLECTIVE WILL4 

,! ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNI/ ,CONGRESS !RE=E REJECTS ! /RIKE = POLITICAL RI<TS 7POLITIS*] ,MASS5/REIK71 :OSE GOAL IS UNACCEPTABLE TO ,AN>*ISM1 BUT RECOGNIZES ! ECONOMIC & REVOLUTION>Y ,G5]AL ,/RIKE1 ?AT IS TO SAY ! REFUSAL ( ! :OLE PROLET>IAT AS A CLASS TO WORK1 AS A FITT+ MEANS = ! DISORGANIZATION ( ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( TODAY'S SOCIETY & = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT FROM ! SLAV]Y ( ! WAGE SY/EM4 ,9 ORD] TO A*IEVE ?IS G5]AL /RIKE IT IS ESS5TIAL ?AT ! AN>*I/ IDEAL P5ETRATE ! ,SYNDICATES4 ,A ,SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T ?AT IS ANIMAT$ BY AN ,AN>*I/ SPIRIT CAN1 ?R\< ! REVOLUTION>Y ,G5]AL ,/RIKE1 DE/ROY CLASS DOM9ATION & OP5 ! PA? TO ,AN>*ISM'S F9AL GOAL3 ! REALIZATION ( A SOCIETY )\T AU?ORITY40 

,?IS MOTION IS PASS$ ) #cf VOTES = & #f AGA9/4  

,?,I,R,D ,M,O,T,I,O,N3 ,D,U,N,O,I,S 

  

,C\NT]SIGN$ BY ,MONATTE1 ,FUSS1 ,NA*T1 ,ZIEL9SKA1 ,FABBRI1 ,WALT]4  
  

0,! ,AN>*I/S GA!R$ 9 ,AM/]DAM FROM #bf TO #ca ,AUGU/ #a#i#g1 CONSID]+ 

,?AT ! CURR5T ECONOMIC & JURIDICAL REGIME IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! EXPLOITATION & 5SLAVEM5T ( ! MASS ( PRODUC]S1 & E/ABLI%ES ABSOLUTELY IRRECONCILABLE OPPOS+ 9T]E/S ?AT MAKE UP ! CLASS /RUGGLE2 

,?AT BY SOLID>IZ+ ! RESI/ANCE & REBELLIONS ON ! ECONOMIC T]RA9 )\T DOCTR9AIRE WORRIES1 ! ,SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION IS ! FUNDAM5TAL SPECIFIC ORGAN ( ?IS /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE & ALL ! B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTIONS2 

,?AT IT IS NECESS>Y = AN 9CREAS+LY AUDACI\S REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT TO GUIDE ! EF=TS ( ! ,SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION T[>DS ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! CAPITALI/S & ! SUPPRESSION ( ALL AU?ORITY2 

,?AT AS EXPROPRIATION & ! TAK+ ( COLLECTIVE POSSESSION ( ! 9/RUM5TS & PRODUCE ( LABOR CAN ONLY BE ! TASK ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 ! ,SYNDICATE IS DE/9$ TO TRANS=M ITSELF 9TO AN ASSOCIATION ( PRODUC]S & IS !RE=E ! LIV+ BUD 9 TODAY'S SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY2 

,9VITE COMRADES ( ALL C\NTRIES1 )\T =GETT+ ?AT ,AN>*I/ ACTION IS NOT LIMIT$ ONLY TO ! SPH]E ( ! ,SYNDICATE1 TO P>TICIPATE ACTIVELY 9 ! AUTONOM\S MOVEM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS & TO DEVELOP )9 ! ,SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATIONS ! IDEAS ( REVOLT1 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE & SOLID>ITY1 :I* >E ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ,AN>*ISM40 

,?IS MOTION IS PASS$ ) #bh VOTES = & #g AGA9/4 ,AS IT CONTA9$ NO?+ REG>D+ ! G5]AL /RIKE1 IT WAS COMPLET$ BY ! FOLL[+ MOTION3  

,F,\,R,? ,M,O,T,I,O,N3 ,N,A,*,T - ,M,O,N,A,T,T,E 

  

,C\NT]SIGN$ BY ,FUSS1 ,DUNOIS1 ,FABBRI1 ,ZIEL9SKA & ,WALT]4  
  

0,! ,AN>*I/S GA!R$ 9 ,AM/]DAM FROM #bf TO #ca ,AUGU/ #a#i#g1 DECL>E ?AT !Y CONSID] ! EXPROPRIAT+ ,G5]AL ,/RIKE AS A REM>KABLE /IMULUS TO ORGANIZATION & ! SPIRIT ( REBELLION 9 TODAY'S SOCIETY & AS ! =M ) :I* ! COMPLETE EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT CAN BE ACCOMPLI%$4 

,! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE CANNOT BE CONFUS$ ) ! ,POLITICAL ,G5]AL ,/RIKE 7POLITIS*] ,MASS5/REIK71 :I* IS NO?+ MORE ?AN AN ATTEMPT BY POLITICK+ ELEM5TS TO DEVIATE ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE FROM ITS ECONOMIC & REVOLUTION>Y 5DS4 

,) ! SPREAD ( /RIKES TO :OLE LOCALITIES1 REGIONS OR TRADES1 ! WORK+ CLASS WILL PROGRESSIVELY RISE UP & DRAG ITSELF T[>DS ! ,EXPROPRIAT+ ,G5]AL ,/RIKE1 ?AT WILL 9CLUDE ! DE/RUCTION ( TODAY'S SOCIETY & ! EXPROPRIATION BO? ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ( ! PRODUCE ITSELF04 

,?IS LA/ MOTION OBTA9S #be VOTES & IS CONSEQU5TLY PASS$4 

,! READ] MAY BE RA!R SURPRIS$ ?AT !SE F\R MOTIONS C\LD HAVE ALL BE5 PASS$1 GIV5 ! EVID5T CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 !M4 ,IT DEFIES ! P>LIAM5T>Y NORM1 BUT IT IS A CONSCI\S TRANSGRESSION4 ,9 ORD] ?AT ! OP9ION ( ! MAJORITY NOT SUFFOCATE1 OR SEEM TO SUFFOCATE1 ?AT ( ! M9ORITY1 ! MAJORITY PRES5T$ ! S+LE MOTIONS ONE BY ONE = VOTE4 ,ALL F\R HAD A MAJORITY ( VOTES =4 ,9 CONSEQU5CE1 ALL F\R W]E APPROV$4 

,AT ?IS /AGE IT APPE>S ?AT ! SUBJECT ( SYNDICALISM & ! G5]AL /RIKE >E F9ALLY EXHAU/$4 ,BUT ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN /&S UP & ANN\NCES ?AT IT W\LD BE /RANGE = AN AN>*I/ CONGRESS NOT TO PRON\NCE ITSELF 9 FAVOR ( ! RI<T TO REVOLT1 9 ITS WIDE/ S5SE1 & READS ! FOLL[+ DECL>ATION1 C\NT]SIGN$ BY COMRADE ,BAG9SKY3 

0,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS DECL>ES ITS RECOGNITION ( ! RI<T ( BO? ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! :OLE MASS TO REVOLT4 

,CONGRESS HOLDS ?AT ACTS ( REVOLT1 ABOVE ALL :5 !Y >E DIRECT$ AGA9/ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,/ATE & ! PLUTOCRACY1 MU/ BE CONSID]$ UND] A PSY*OLOGICAL PR(ILE1 BE+ ! RESULTS ( ! DEEP IMPRESSION MADE ON ! PSY*OLOGY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL BY ! T]RIBLE WEI<T ( SOCIAL 9JU/ICE4 

,IT C\LD BE E/ABLI%$1 AS A G5]AL RULE1 ?AT ONLY ! MO/ NOBLE1 MO/ S5SITIVE & MO/ DELICATE *>ACT]S >E SUBJECT TO SU* DEEP IMPRESSIONS AS TO MANIFE/ !MSELVES 9 9W>D OR \TW>D ACTS ( REVOLT4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 ACTS ( REVOLT >E ! SOCIO-PSY*OLOGICAL CONSEQU5CES ( AN UNACCEPTABLE SY/EM2 & AS SU*1 !Y MU/1 ) !IR CAUSES & MOTIVES1 BE UND]/OOD RA!R ?AN EXALT$ OR CONDEMN$4 

,DUR+ REVOLUTION>Y P]IODS SU* AS 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! ACT ( REVOLT - EV5 )\T CONSID]+ ITS PSY*OLOGICAL NATURE - HAS A D\BLE GOAL3 IT UND]M9ES ! V]Y BASIS ( TYRANNY & EXCITES ! 5?USIASM ( ?OSE :O D>E NOT REBEL4 ,?IS IS ABOVE ALL ! CASE ) T]RORI/ ATTACKS DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! MO/ BRUTAL & HATEFUL REPRES5TATIVES ( DESPOTISM40 

,9 ACCEPT+ ?IS RESOLUTION1 ,CONGRESS EXPRESSES ITS SUPPORT = ! 9DIVIDUAL ACT ( REVOLT & ITS SOLID>ITY ) COLLECTIVE 9SURRECTION4  
  

,M,A,L,A,T,E,/,A3 ,AS F> AS ,I AM CONC]N$1 ,I ACCEPT ! ,GOLDMAN-,BAG9SKY DECL>ATION4 ,BUT AS IT CANNOT BE L9K$ EI!R TO ! DISCUSSION ON SYNDICALISM1 :I* IS CLOS$1 OR TO ?AT ON ANTI-MILIT>ISM1 :I* IS %ORTLY TO BEG91 ,I PROPOSE ?AT IT BE CONSID]$ AS A SIMPLE DECL>ATION ( PR9CIPLES & NOT AS AN ORD9>Y MOTION1 & ?AT ,CONGRESS VOTE ON IT AS SU*4 

,G,O,L,D,M,A,N3 ,IRRESPECTIVE ( H[ Y\ WANT TO CALL IT1 ,MAX ,BAG9SKY & ,I W\LD ABOVE ALL LIKE ,CONGRESS TO VOTE ON IT4  
  

,PUT TO ! VOTE1 ! ,GOLDMAN-,BAG9SKY DECL>ATION IS UNANIM\SLY APPROV$4 

,! DISCUSSION ON ANTI-MILIT>ISM IS !N OP5$1 BUT [+ TO ! LACK ( TIME & ! FACT ?AT ! ,ANTI-,MILIT>I/ ,CONGRESS HAS JU/ OP5$1 IT IS DECID$ ?AT ! AN>*I/S %\LD JO9 ! LATT] CONGRESS1 PRES5T+ A MOTION PASS$ BY ! ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS4 ,! MOTION IS SIGN$ BY ,MALATE/A1 DE ,M>M&E1 ,?ON>1 ,CORNELISS51 ,RAMUS & ,DOMELA ,NIEUW5HUIS4  

,M,O,T,I,O,N3 

  
  

0,! ,AN>*I/S1 DESIR+ ! 9TEGRAL EMANCIPATION ( HUMANITY & ! ABSOLUTE LIB]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 >E NATURALLY ! DECL>$ 5EMIES ( ALL >M$ =CES 9 ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE - >MY1 NAVY OR POLICE4 

,!Y URGE ALL COMRADES1 ACCORD+ TO CIRCUM/ANCES & 9DIVIDUAL TEMP]AM5T1 TO REVOLT & REFUSE TO S]VE 7EI!R 9DIVIDUALLY OR COLLECTIVELY71 TO PASSIVELY & ACTIVELY DISOBEY1 & TO JO9 9 A MILIT>Y /RIKE = ! DE/RUCTION ( ALL ! 9/RUM5TS ( DOM9ATION4 

,!Y EXPRESS ! HOPE ?AT ! PEOPLE ( ALL C\NTRIES AFFECT$ WILL REPLY TO A DECL>ATION ( W> BY 9SURRECTION4 

,!Y DECL>E IT TO BE !IR OP9ION ?AT ! ,AN>*I/S WILL SET ! EXAMPLE40 

,! MOTION IS APPROV$ )\T DISCUSSION & ! SESSION COMES TO A CLOSE AT MIDDAY4  

,F\RTE5? SESSION - ,FRIDAY #c ,AUGU/ - ,AFT]NOON SESSION 

  
  

,?IS SESSION IS HELD AS P>T ( ! ,ANTI-,MILIT>I/ ,CONGRESS ) ! DELEGATE ( ! ,BOHEMIAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION1 ,VOHRYZEK1 BE+ ELECT$ AS *AIRMAN4 ,DE ,M>M&E1 :O IS DELEGAT$ TO SPEAK 9 ! NAME ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS1 MAKES HIS REPORT ON ! HI/ORY & DEVELOPM5T ( ! ANTI-MILIT>I/ MOVEM5T1 EMPHASIZ+ ! LEAD+ ROLE PLAY$ BY AN>*I/S4 ,HE CONCLUDES BY PUTT+ TO ! VOTE ! MOTION APPROV$ BY ! MORN+ SESSION ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS & IT IS PASS$ UNANIM\SLY4 ,!RE FOLL[ A S]IES ( SPEAK]S 9CLUD+ ,FRI$EB]G1 ,ROGDAEV1 ,DOMELA ,NIEUW5HUIS1 ,CROISET1 ,RAMUS1 ,GOLDMAN & ,FABBRI4  

,FIFTE5? SESSION - ,FRIDAY #c ,AUGU/ - ,EV5+ SESSION 

  
  

,! SESSION OP5S T[>DS N9E O'CLOCK & IS POORLY ATT5D$1 MANY ( ! DELEGATES HAV+ REMA9$ AT ! ,ANTI-,MILIT>I/ ,CONGRESS4 ,O!RS >E 9 A NE>BY ROOM1 AT A MEET+ ( REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S4 

,! AG5DA =ESEES DISCUSSION ( ,ALCOHOLISM & ,AN>*ISM & ,PR(ESSOR ,J4 ,VAN ,REES PRES5TS A %ORT REPORT4 ,DISCUSSION ( ! TOPIC IS PO/PON$ UNTIL ! FOLL[+ DAY4  
  

.<#a.> ,! ONLY ORGANIZATION REPRES5T$ AT ! ,LONDON ,CONGRESS WAS ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION4 ,G]MANS1 ,AU/RIANS1 ,SPANI>DS1 ,RUSSIANS & ,SWISS-,G]MANS W]E REPRES5T$ BY EMIGRANTS LIV+ 9 ,LONDON 7,V]A ,ZASULIC = ! ,RUSSIANS2 ,MALATE/A & ,M]L9O = ! ,ITALIANS74 

.<#b.> ,P4,C4 ,M,A,S,9,I1 ,/ORIA DEGLI AN>*ICI ITALIANI DA ,BAKUN9 A ,MALATE/A1 ,RIZZOLI1 ,MILAN #a#i#f#i1 P4 #b#c4 

.<#c.> ,G4 ,C,],R,I,T,O1 ,DALL'9SURREZIONALISMO ALLA SETTIMANA ROSSA1 ,C,P ,$ITRICE1 ,FLOR5CE #a#i#g#g1 P4 #a#c4 

.<#d.> ,P4,C4 ,M,A,S,9,I1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #b#b4 

.<#e.> ,SEE ,G4 ,C,],R,I,T,O1 OP4 CIT41 P4#c#d & FOLL[+2 ,P4,C4 ,M,A,S,9,I1 OP4 CIT41 P4#b#a#e & FOLL[+4 

.<#f.> ,C4 ,C,O,R,N,E,L,I,S,S,51 ,LE ,CONGRES ,\VRI] ,REVOLUTIONNAIRE ET ,LIB]TAIRE D',AM/]DAM 7#a#i#g71 9 ,ALMANA* DE LA ,REVOLUTION P\R #a#i#g1 ,LA ,PUBLICATION ,SOCIALE1 ,P>IS UNDAT$ 7#a#i#g74 

.<#g.> ,SEE ,F4,S4 ,M,],L,9,O1 ,NECESSITE ET BASES D'UNE 5T5TE1 ,IMPR4 ,A4 ,LONGFILS1 ,BRUSSELS #a#h#i#b4 

.<#h.> ,FROM ,E4 ,MALATE/A'S PREFACE TO ! ,ITALIAN $ITION ( ,M]L9O'S ABOVE-M5TION$ PAMPHLET 7,NECESSITA E BASI DI UN ACCORDO1 ,LA ,POPOL>E $41 ,PRATO #a#h#i#b74 

.<#i.> ,?IS IS ALSO ! OP9ION1 ?\< LIMIT$ TO ,FRANCE1 ( ,R4 ,B,R,E,C,Y1 ,LE ,M\VEM5T SYNDICAL 5 ,FRANCE #a#h#g#a-#a#i#b#a1 ,M\TON @& ,CO41 ,P>IS -- ,LA ,HAYE #a#i#f#c1 P4 ,X,I,I4 

.<#a.> ,READ]S %\LD NE$ NO REM9D] ( ! 0SYNDICALI/0 *OICE ( ,PELL\TI] & ,P\GET 9 REACTION TO 09DIVIDUAL444DYNAMITE01 & ,MALATE/A'S ATTEMPTS TO CONTA9 ! RISE ( ILLEGALISM BY SEEK+ TO PROMOTE ! USEFULNESS ( ! 0AN>*I/ P>TY04 

.<#a#a.> ,LE ,CONGRES \VRI] REVOLUTIONNAIRE 9T]NATIONAL DE ,P>IS #a#i1 9 0,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX0 DU #ca M>S AU #f AVRIL #a#i4 

.<#a#b.> ,P4 ,D,E,L,A,S,A,L,L,E1 ,LE ,CONGRES REVOLUTIONNAIRE1 9 0,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX0 DU #ba AU #bg JUILLET #a#i4 

.<#a#c.> ,! PR9CIPAL QUE/IONS DISCUSS$ W]E3 COMMUNISM & AN>*ISM2 COMMUNISM & 9DIVIDUALISM2 ! G5]AL /RIKE2 ! ATTITUDE ( AN>*I/S T[>DS COOP]ATIVES1 ANTI-MILIT>ISM1 ,SEMITISM1 ,ZIONISM1 ,TOL/OYISM2 ! QUE/ION ( WOM52 ! V>I\S MEANS ( PROPAG&A2 ORGANIZATION BETWE5 REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNI/ GR\PS FROM ! SAME C\NTRY OR FROM DIFF]5T C\NTRIES2 ! ATTITUDE ( AN>*I/S 9 ! CASE ( W>1 UPRIS+ OR 9SURRECTION2 ! ORGANIZATION ( SOLID>ITY2 AID FUNDS2 PUBLICATION ( AN 9T]NATIONAL J\RNAL4 ,P>TICIPANTS 9CLUD$ ! ,ETUDIANTS ,SOCIALI/ES ,REVOLUTIONNAIRES ,9T]NATIONALI/ES1 MANY ,FR5* LIB]T>IAN LIBR>IES & /UDY GR\PS1 SOME LOCAL TRADE UNIONS1 ! NEWSPAP]S 0,LE ,P]E ,PE9>D01 0LE ,LIB]TAIRE01 0,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX01 ! ,P>ISIAN ANTI-MILIT>I/ GR\P1 ! ,P>ISIAN ,ITALIAN GR\P1 ,BULG>IANS1 ,CZE*S & ,BELGIANS4 

.<#a#d.> 0,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX0 PUBLI%$ A SPECIAL ISSUE ) ALL ! REPORTS4 

.<#a#e.> ,SEE 0,HET ,VOLKSDAGBLAD01 #bf JULI #a#i#f1 = ! REPORT ON ! CONGRESS4 ,ALSO 0,GROND 5 ,VRIJHEID01 AUGU/ #aif 7,E5 NIEUWE ,9T]NATIONAAL74 

.<#a#f.> ,SEE 0,GROND 5 ,VRIJHEID01 OKTOB] #aif 7,M$$EEL+5 VAN DE ,F$]ATIE VAN ,VRIJHEIDLIEV5DE ,KOMMUNI/574 

.<#a#g.> ,AUX ,AN>*I/ES1 9 0,BULLET9 DE L',9T]NATIONALE ,LIB]TAIRE01 OCTOBRE #a#i#f4 

.<#a#h.> ,LE ,CONGRES D',AM/]DAM1 9 0,BULLET9 DE L',9T]NATIONALE ,LIB]TAIRE01 NOVEMBRE #a#i#f4 

.<#a#i.> 0,L'ACTION DIRECTE01 $IT$ BY ,GILLY 7,HA9AUT7 WAS NOT$ = ITS 0WORK]I/ ANTI-MILIT>ISM04 ,SEE 0,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX01 #g AVRIL #a#i#f4 

.<#b.> ,V]S L',9T]NATIONALE1 9 0,BULLET9 DE L',9T]NATIONALE ,LIB]TAIRE01 OCTOBRE #a#i#f4 

.<#b#a.> ,SEE 0,BULLET9 DE L',9T]NATIONALE ,LIB]TAIRE01 FEVRI] #a#i#g4 

.<#b#b.> ,IBID1 AVRIL #a#i#g4 

.<#b#c.> ,UN ,CONGRESSO ,AN>*ICO ,ITALIANO4 ,APPELLO AGLI AN>*ICI D',ITALIA1 9 0,LA ,GIOV5TU ,LIB]T>IA01 #c M>ZO #a#i#g4 

.<#b#d.> ,SEE 0,BULLET9 DE L',9T]NATIONALE ,LIB]TAIRE01 MAI #a#i#g4 

.<#b#e.> ,SEE 0,D] FREIE ,>BEIT]01 D5 #b4 ,APRIL #a#i#g4 

.<#b#f.> ,G4 ,H,],Z,I,G1 ,LE ,CONGRES D',AM/]DAM1 9 0,LE ,REVEIL SOCIALI/E-AN>*I/E01 #b JUILLET #a#i#g4 

.<#b#g.> ,LE ,CONGRES D',AM/]DAM1 CIT4 

.<#b#h.> ,L',9T]NATIONALE ,LIB]TAIRE1 9 0,BULLET9 DE L',9T]NATIONALE ,LIB]TAIRE01 FEVRI] #a#i#g4 

.<#b#i.> ,L,A ,G4,L41 ,RIFLESSIONI 7,A PROPOSITO DEL ,CONGRESSO ,9T]NAZIONALE ,LIB]T>IO DI ,AM/]DAM71 9 0,LA ,GIOV5TU ,LIB]T>IA01 #bc FEBBRAIO #a#i#g4 

.<#c.> ,H4 ,F,U,S,S-,A,M,O,R,E1 ,GR\PEM5T ,COMUNI/E ,LIB]T>IE1 9 0,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX01 #bf JANVI] #a#i#g4 

.<#c#a.> ,! CIRCUL> APPE>$ 9 MO/ ( ! AN>*I/ PRESS 9 ,JANU>Y_/,FEBRU>Y #a#i#g4 

.<#c#b.> ,G4 ,H,],Z,I,G1 CIT4 

.<#c#c.> ,H4 ,F,U,S,S-,A,M,O,R,E1 ,LE ,CONGRES D',AM/]DAM1 9 0,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX01 #i M>S #a#i#g4 

.<#c#d.> ,ACCORD+ TO :AT ,MONATTE WROTE1 9 A LONG >TICLE :I* DEALT ) ! F\ND+ & LIFE ( 0,LA ,VIE ,\VRI]E01 9 0,LA ,REVOLUTION PROLET>I5NE01 OCTOBRE #aiei -- JANVI] #aif 7! COMM5T ?AT 9T]E/S US IS 9 ! ,OCTOB] ISSUE74 

.<#c#e.> ,C4 ,C,O,R,N,E,L,I,S,S,51 CIT4 

.<#c#f.> ,SEE ! NOTE TO ,RAPPORT SUR LE MOVEM5T AN>*I/E 5 ,SUISSE ,ROM&E1 9 0,BULLET9 DE L',9T]NATIONALE ,LIB]TAIRE01 #bi FEVRI] #a#i#h4 

.<#c#g.> ,! REF]5CE IS TO ! FAM\S /RIKES ( ,APRIL-,MAY #a#i#f1 PROMOT$ BY ! ,C,G,T 9 DEM& ( AN #h-H\R WORK+ DAY4 

.<#c#h.> ,A4 ,D,U,N,O,I,S1 ,LES AN>*I/ES ET LE MOVEM5T \VRI] 5 ,FRANCE1 9 0,BULLET9 DE L',9T]NATIONALE ,LIB]TAIRE01 JUILLET #aig 7ALSO PUBLI%$ 9 0,D] ,FREIE ,>BEIT]01 D5 #c#a4 ,AUGU/ #a#i#g74 

.<#c#i.> ,A4 ,D,U,N,O,I,S1 ,UN ,CONGRES AN>*I/E1 9 0,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX01 #a DECEMBRE #aif 7ALSO PUBLI%$ 9 0,IL ,P5SI]O01 #af G5NAIO #a#i#g74 

.<#d.> ,A4 ,D,U,N,O,I,S1 ,SUR LE ,CONGRES D',AM/]DAM1 9 0,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX01 #af FEVRI] #a#i#g4 

.<#d#a.> ,9 ?IS REG>D1 SEE MY ,BAKUN9 TRA S9DACALISMO RIVOLUZION>IO E AN>*ISMO1 9 ,BAKUN9 C5T'ANNI DOPO1 ,L',ANTI/ATO1 ,MILAN #a#i#g#g1 PP4 #g-#g#a4 

.<#d#b.> ,P4 ,K,R,O,P,O,T,K,91 ,LES ,AN>*I/ES ET LES ,SYNDICATS1 9 0,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX01 #be MAI #a#i#g4 

.<#d#c.> ,) REG>D TO ,FABBRI1 SEE MY 9TRODUCTION TO ,L4 ,F,A,B,B,R,I1 ,L'ORGANIZZAZIONE OP]AIA E L'AN>*IA1 ,CRESCITA ,POLITICA ,$ITRICE1 ,FLOR5CE #a#i#g#e4 

.<#d#d.> ,SEE = EXAMPLE BY ,PI]ROT1 ,LE SYNDICALISME1 9 0,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX01 #aa MAI #aig & BY ,BRETONI1 ,GLI AN>*ICI E L'ORGANIZZAZIONE OP]AIA 7EXTRACT FROM ! REPORT S5T TO ! ,ROME AN>*I/ CONGRESS71 9 0,IL ,P5SI]O01 #af GIUGNO #a#i#g4 

.<#d#e.> ,J4 ,M,A,I,T,R,O,N1 ,HI/OIRE DU MOVEM5T AN>*I/E 5 ,FRANCE 7#a#h#h-#a#i#a#d71 ,S,E,L,I1 ,P>IS #a#i#e#a1 P4 #c#f4 

.<#d#f.> ,SEE 0,LE ,M\VEM5T SOCIAL01 AVRIL-JU9 #a#i#g#g4 

.<#d#g.> ,IBID4 

.<#d#h.> ,RESOCONTO G5]ALE DEL ,CONGRESSO ,9T]NAZIONALE ,AN>*ICO DI ,AM/]DAM1 ,LIBR]IA ,SOCIOLOGICA1 ,PAT]SON #a#i#g1 P4 #e4 

.<#d#i.> ,SEE ,BAKUN9 TRA S9DACALISMO RIVOLUZION>IO E AN>*ISMO1 ALREADY CIT$4 

.<#e.> ,L4 ,F,A,B,B,R,I1 ,A PROPOSITO DEL ,CONGRESSO DI ,AM/]DAM4 ,DUE P>OLE DI S*I>IM5TO1 9 0,LA ,PROTE/A ,UMANA01 #bh SETTEMBRE #a#i#g4 

.<#e#a.> ,SEE ,RESOCONTO G5]ALE 4441 CIT41 P4#e4 

.<#e#b.> ,L4 ,F,A,B,B,R,I1 OP4 CIT4 

.<#e#c.> ,L4 ,B,],T,O,N,I1 ,AN>*ISME ET SYNDICALISME1 9 0,LE ,REVEIL SOCIALI/E-AN>*I/E01 #c NOVEMBRE #aig 7! >TICLE WAS CONCLUD$ 9 ! FOLL[+ #h? ,AUGU/ ISSUE74 

.<#e#d.> ,A4 ,D,U,N,O,I,S1 ,LE ,CONGRES D',AM/]DAM1 9 0,LE ,REVEIL SOCIALI/E-AN>*I/E01 #ba SEPTEMBRE -- #b NOVEMBRE #a#i#g4 

.<#e#e.> ,A4 ,D,U,N,O,I,S1 ,LE ,CONGRES D',AM/]DAM ET L'AN>*ISME1 9 0,PAGES LIBRES01 #bc NOVEMBRE #a#i#g4 

.<#e#f.> 0,BI5-ETRE ET LIB]TE0 WAS ! MOTTO ( ! ,CONF$]ATION ,G5]ALE DU ,TRAVAIL4 

.<#e#g.> ,E4 ,M,A,L,A,T,E,/,A1 ,AN>*ISME ET SYNDICALISME1 9 0,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX01 #bh DECEMBRE #a#i#h4 

.<#e#h.> ,*,>,L,E,S-,A,L,B,],T1 ,APRES LE ,CONGRES1 9 0,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX01 #g DECEMBRE #a#i#g4 ,J4 ,G,R,A,V,E1 ,SYNDICALISME ET AN>*IE1 9 0,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX01 #a1 #h1 #ae FEVRI] #a#i#h4 ,!RE IS A CURI\S COMM5T BY ,MALATO 9 0,LA ,GU]RE ,SOCIALE01 DU #bh A\T AU #c SEPTEMBRE #a#i#g1 :]E HE TALKS AB\T TWO T5D5CIES1 ONE 0OBJECTIVE0 & ONE 0SUBJECTIVE01 ! =M] SEEK+ TO *ANGE ! 5VIRONM5T 9 ORD] TO TRANS=M ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ! LATT] AIM+ TO P]FECT ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,! TWO T5D5CIES ?AT APPE>$1 H[EV]1 DO NOT SEEM TO US TO BE DI/+UI%$ 9 ?IS WAY4 

.<#e#i.> ,SEE = EXAMPLE ,A4 ,B,O,R,<,I1 ,AN>*ISMO E S9DACALISMO1 9 0,L',ALLEANZA ,LIB]T>IA01 #a E #h MAGGIO #a#i#h2 ,E4 ,S,O,T,T,O,V,I,A1 ,L'9FLU5ZA S9DACALI/A NEL MOVIM5TO AN>*ICO1 IVI1 #ag LUGLIO #a#i#h2 ,L4 ,F,A,B,B,R,I1 ,COME E P]*E SIAMO S9DACALI/I1 IVI1 #bh AGO/O #a#i#h1 ETC4 

.<#f.> ,SEE ,L4 ,B,],T,O,N,I1 ,AN>*ISME ET SYNDICALISME1 CIT42 ,J4 ,W7,9,T,S,*71 ,IDEOLOGIE DU SYNDICALISME1 9 0,LE ,REVEIL SOCIALI/E-AN>*I/E01 #ac JU9 #a#i#h4 

.<#f#a.> ,SEE ! DEBATE 5TITL$ ,SYNDIKALISMUS UND ,AN>*ISMUS1 BETWE5 ,LUIGI 7,FABBRI7 & ,K>L ,HOLFMANN & ,G4 ,/9E 9 0,D] ,REVOLUTION>01 9 ! ISSUES ( #af & #b ,NOVEMB] & #g & #ba ,DECEMB] #a#i#g4 

.<#f#b.> ,SEE ,P4 ,A,V,R,I,*1 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S1 ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 ,PR9CETON #a#i#f#g1 P4 #ha & FOLL[+4 

.<#f#c.> ,! FIR/ ISSUE ( 0,L'ACTION DIRECTE0 CAME \T ON #ae ,JANU>Y #a#i#h1 ! LA/ ISSUE COM+ \T ON #c ,OCTOB] ( ! SAME YE>4 

.<#f#d.> ,SEE 0,BULLET9 DE L',9T]NATIONALE ,AN>*I/E01 DECEMBRE #a#i#h4 

.<#f#e.> ,TURN] HAD 9 FACT GONE TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SYNDICALI/ ,CONF]5CE4 

.<#f#f.> ,RAPPORTO PRES5TATO AL ,CONGRESSO ,9T]NAZIONALE ,AN>*ICO DI ,AM/]DAM 7#b#d-#c#a AGO/O #a#i#g71 FROM 0,IL ,P5SI]O01 #af NOVEMBRE #a#i#g4 

.<#f#g.> ,MALATE/A WAS REF]R+ TO ,IBS5'S PLAY ,AN ,5EMY ( ! ,PEOPLE 7#a#h#h#b74 ,! FIGURE ( ,DR ,/OCKMANN HAD BE5 V]Y POPUL> AMONG 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*I/S & MORE ?AN ONE 9DIVIDUALI/ US$ 0,DR ,/OCKMANN0 AS A PSEUDONYM 7= EXAMPLE1 ,C>LO ,MOLAS*I74 0,L'5NEMI DU PEUPLE0 WAS ALSO ! TITLE ( A FAM\S ,FR5* 9DIVIDUALI/ J\RNAL4 ,! SAME CAN BE SAID = ! V]SE TRAG$Y 0,BR&04 ,ONE ( ! MO/ FAM\S ,SW$I% LIB]T>IAN NEWSPAP]S1 F\ND$ 9 #ahih & :I* BECAME 9 #aih ! M\?PIECE ( ! Y\NG SOCIALI/S P>TY 7( AN>*I/ T5D5CY71 WAS ALSO CALL$ 0,BR&04 ,EV5 TODAY AN AN>*I/ P]IODICAL ( ! SAME NAME IS PUBLI%$ 9 ,SW$54 

.<#f#h.> ,?IS PROPOSAL BY ,GOLDMAN WAS MADE ) ,B]KMAN 9 M9D4 

.<#f#i.> ,?IS IS1 ( C\RSE1 AN 5TIRELY BIAS$ CONSID]ATION ON ! P>T ( ! $ITOR4 

.<#g.> ,9 ,MAY #a#i#f1 #a#e#h1 PEOPLE W]E ON /RIKE 9 ,FRANCE 9 SUPPORT ( ! #h-H\R DAY4 ,SEE ,*4 ,T,I,L,L,Y - ,$,W4 ,%,O,R,T,]1 ,/RIKES 9 ,FRANCE 7#a#h#i-#a#i#f#h71 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 ,CAMBRIDGE #a#i#g1 PP4 #a#a#i1 #a#b4 

.<#g#a.> #b-#a ,OCTOB] #a#h#g#f4 

.<#g#b.> ,LYONS1 #bh ,JANU>Y - #h ,FEBRU>Y #a#h#g#h4 

.<#g#c.> #b-#c#a ,OCTOB] #a#h#g#i4 ,! CONGRESS PRON\NC$ ITSELF 9 FAVOR ( ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & WAS ORI5T$ T[>DS 0LA F$]ATION G5]ALE DE T\TES LES CORPORATIONS04 ,9 ,M>SEILLES1 ! ,F$]ATION DU ,P>TI DES TRAVAILLEURS SOCIALI/ES DE ,FRANCE .<,F$]ATION ( ! ,P>TY ( ,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S ( ,FRANCE.> WAS F\ND$4 

.<#g#d.> ,9 ,NOVEMB] #a#h#h4 

.<#g#e.> ,!RE HAD ALREADY BE5 ! FIR/ SIGNS ( DISS5T BETWE5 ! ,BR\SSI/S & ! ,GUESDI/S AT ! ,CONGRESS ( ,RHEIMS 7#c ,OCTOB] - #f ,NOVEMB] #a#h#h#a71 :]E ! ,F$]ATION TRANS=M$ ITSELF 9TO ! ,P>TI DES TRAVAILLEURS SOCIALI/ES4 ,AT ! FOLL[+ CONGRESS 9 ,SA9T-,ETI5NE1 :I* OP5$ ON #be ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#h#b1 ! ,GUESDI/S WALK$ \T & SET UP ! ,P>TI \VRI] .<,WORK]S ,P>TY.>1 LAT] TO BECOME ! ,P>TI \VRI] FRANCAIS .<,FR5* ,WORK]S ,P>TY.>4 ,! FOLL[]S ( ,BR\SSE 9/EAD F\ND$ ! ,P>TI \VRI] SOCIALI/E REVOLUTIONNAIRE .<,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY.>1 :I* LAT] BECAME ! ,F$]ATION DES TRAVAILLEURS SOCIALI/ES DE ,FRANCE .<,F$]ATION ( ,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S ( ,FRANCE.>4 

.<#g#f.> ,9 #ahi ! POSSIBILI/ LEFT W+ L$ BY ,JEAN ,ALLEM&E =M$ A P>TY :I* TOOK ! OLD NAME ,P>TI \VRI] SOCIALI/E REVOLUTIONNAIRE4 

.<#g#g.> ,SA9T-,ETI5NE ,CONGRESS1 #g-#h ,FEBRU>Y #a#h#i#b4 

.<#g#h.> ,LIMOGES ,CONGRESS1 #b#c-#b#h ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#i#e4 

.<#g#i.> #a#g-#b#b ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#i#d4 

.<#h.> ,PELL\TI] 7#a#h#f#g-#a#i#a7 WAS SECRET>Y ( ! ,F$]ATION DES ,B\RSES DU ,TRAVAIL FROM #ahid & A SUPPORT] ( AN>*I/S JO9+ ! SYNDICATES4 

.<#h#a.> #b-#b#e ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#i#g4 ,! ,CONGRESS PROCLAIM$ ! G5]AL /RIKE TO BE 0SYNONYM\S ( REVOLUTION04 

.<#h#b.> 0,LA ,VOIX DU ,PEUPLE0 WAS ! M\?PIECE ( ! ,C,G,T & BEGAN PUBLICATION ON #a ,DECEMB] #a#i4 ,! PRE-W> S]IES 5D$ ON #c ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#d1 :5 HO/ILITIES BROKE \T4 ,EMILE ,P\GET 7#a#h#f-#a#i#c#a71 :O HAD BE5 BEH9D ! OLD 0,P]E ,PE9>D0 J\RNAL1 WAS ITS *IEF $ITOR UNTIL #a#i#i4 ,HIS PLACE WAS TAK5 BY ,YVETOT 7#a#i#i-#a#i#a#b71 :O WAS 9 TURN SUCCE$$ UNTIL #aiad BY ,DUM\L94 

.<#h#c.> ,9 #ahih ,ALEX&RE ,MILL]&1 AN 9DEP5D5T SOCIALI/1 ACCEPT$ ! PO/ ( ,M9I/] ( ,9DU/RY & ,TRADE 9 ! ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU CAB9ET4 

.<#h#d.> ,MONTPELLI] ,CONGRESS1 #b#b-#b#g ,SEPTEMB] #aib 7#a#c? NATIONAL CORPORATIVE CONGRESS & #g? ,C,G,T CONGRESS74 

.<#h#e.> #h-#a#f ,OCTOB] #a#i#f4 

.<#h#f.> ,9 ACTUAL FACT1 0,L',HUMANITE0 DID C>RY NEWS FROM ! AG5CIES 9 ITS #bh & #bi ,AUGU/ ISSUES4 

.<#h#g.> ,CF4 ,APP5DIX TO ,DIBATTITO SUL S9DACALISMO4 ,ATTI DEL ,CONGRESSO ,9T]NAZIONALE AN>*ICO DI ,AM/]DAM 7#a#i#g71 $IT$ BY ,MAURIZIO ,ANTONIOLI1 ,FLOR5CE #a#i#g#h4 

.<#h#h.> ,MALATE/A WAS REF]R+ TO ! G5]AL /RIKE :I* BROKE \T 9 ,B>CELONA ?AT YE>4 

.<#h#i.> ,M4 ,NETTLAU 7,BIBLIOGRAPHIE DE L'AN>*IE1 ,BRUSSELS-,P>IS1 #a#h#i#g1 P4 #g7 ATTRIBUTES BO? PAMPHLETS1 :I* CAME \T 9 #ahhe 9 ,G5EVA & #ahhg 9 ,P>IS RESPECTIVELY1 TO ,ELISEE ,RECLUS & AN ANONYM\S HELP]4 ,9 ! REPORT C>RI$ BY 0,PUBLICATION ,SOCIALE0 A NOTE ATTRIBUTES !M ONLY TO ,RECLUS' HELP]4 

.<#i.> ,ON #be ,MAY #aia 9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES1 ! ,F$]ACION ,OBR]A ,>G5T9A .<,>G5T9EAN ,WORK]S ,F$]ATION.> WAS F\ND$ AS A UNION C5TRAL ?AT WAS 0AUTONOM\S0 FROM ! POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,IT WAS /RONGLY F$]ALI/ & 9FLU5C$ BY AN>*I/S4 ,= ?IS REASON1 ! SOCIALI/ OPPOSITION :I* WAS CONTR>Y TO ! G5]AL /RIKE & TO DIRECT ACTION1 SET UP ! ,UNION ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES .<,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,WORK]S.> 9 ,M>* #a#i#b4 ,! #d? CONGRESS ( ! ,F,O,A 7HELD 9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES FROM #c ,JULY TO #b ,AUGU/ #a#i#d71 DECID$ TO ADD ! T]M ,REGIONAL TO ! NAME1 !REBY CREAT+ ! ,=,A4 

.<#i#a.> ,9 ,M>* #aig 9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES1 ! ,=,A & ! ,U,G,T MET 9 CONGRESS 9 AN ATTEMPT TO M]GE4 ,! OP]ATION FAIL$ ?ANKS TO ! 9TRANSIG5CE ( ! AN>*I/ DELEGATES :O ANN\NC$ ?AT !Y W]E 9 FAVOR ( AN ORGANIZATION ORI5T$ T[>DS 0LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM01 OBTA9+ A MAJORITY4 ,?IS ATTITUDE ( 0NON-NEUTRALITY0 WAS H>%LY CRITICIZ$ BY ,LUIGI ,FABBRI 7SEE HIS >TICLE ,UNA SPIEGAZIONE NECESS>IA7 9 ! #g ,MAY ISSUE ( 0,LA ,VITA ,OP]AIA04 ,! >TICLE WAS REPUBLI%$ 9 0,LA ,PROTE/A0 ON #g ,JULY & 9 0,L',ACCION ,SOCIALI/A0 ON #af ,JULY4 

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON #a#g? ,OCTOB] #bba FROM WWW4FDCA4IT47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a#e1 #bbb 3 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS -- ,ADD$4 

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